9780816676507 - page_i: "START TEXT: HEALTH RIGHTS ARE CIVIL RIGHTS\n" ******* END TEXT: "HEALTH RIGHTS ARE CIVIL RIGHTS\n"
9780816676507 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_iii: "START TEXT: Health Rights Are Civil Rights\n• • • •\nPeace and Justice Activism in Los Angeles, 1963–1978\nJenna M." ******* END TEXT: "ghts Are Civil Rights\n• • • •\nPeace and Justice Activism in Los Angeles, 1963–1978\nJenna M. Loyd\n\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_iv: "START TEXT: Portions of chapters 2 and 7 were previously published as “Where Is Community Health? Racism, the Cl" ******* END TEXT: "esota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer.\n20 19 18 17 16 15 14    10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_v: "START TEXT: In memory of Sam Ragent, Clyde Woods,Neil Smith, and Dara Greenwald\n" ******* END TEXT: "In memory of Sam Ragent, Clyde Woods,Neil Smith, and Dara Greenwald\n"
9780816676507 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Of all forms of inequality, injustice in health is the most shocking and inhumane.\n—MARTIN LUTHER KI" ******* END TEXT: "that won’t travel, that can’t be stolen away.\n—ADRIENNE RICH, “NOTES TOWARD A POLITICS OF LOCATION”\n"
9780816676507 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\nAbbreviations\nIntroduction: War, American Exceptionalism, and the Place of " ******* END TEXT: "the Divided City\nEpilogue: The Right to Health Meets the Right to the City\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex\n"
9780816676507 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nALONG THE WAY, so many colleagues have contributed to the intellectual development o" ******* END TEXT: "he archivists and librarians at the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, the "
9780816676507 - page_xii: "START TEXT: Charles E. Young Research Library at UCLA, the Tamiment Library at New York University, the Manuscri" ******* END TEXT: "nt of Geography at California State University, Northridge; and C. S. Soong at Against the Grain.\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: Abbreviations\n\n\n\n\nABM\nAnti-Ballistic Missile\n\n\nACLU\nAmerican Civil Liberties Union\n\n\nAFDC\nAid to Fam" ******* END TEXT: "h Center\n\n\nHEW\nDepartment of Health, Education, and Welfare\n\n\nHMO\nHealth Maintenance Organization\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: HOLC\nHome Owners Loan Corporation\n\n\nHUAC\nHouse Committee on Un-American Activities\n\n\nHUD\nDepartment " ******* END TEXT: "ed Auto Workers\n\n\nUCLA\nUniversity of California, Los Angeles\n\n\nUCRC\nUnited Civil Rights Committee\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_xv: "START TEXT: UNIDAD\nUnited Neighbors in Defense against Displacement Coalition\n\n\nUSC\nUniversity of Southern Calif" ******* END TEXT: "elfare rights organization (local organization affiliated with NWRO)\n\n\nWSP\nWomen Strike for Peace\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_1: "START TEXT: • INTRODUCTION •\nWar, American Exceptionalism, and the Place of Health Activism\nNo student of social" ******* END TEXT: "result of the Baby Tooth Survey, a wildly successful public research and education project to which "
9780816676507 - page_2: "START TEXT: Pauling had contributed. The project tested children’s deciduous teeth for strontium-90, one of the " ******* END TEXT: "ately enmeshed with alternative theories of and strategies for social change and remaking the city.\n"
9780816676507 - page_3: "START TEXT: Social Crisis in Medicine\nIn his award-winning book, The Social Transformation of American Medicine," ******* END TEXT: "dical toward broader-scale policy change. Indeed, the hopeful, utopian definition of health adopted "
9780816676507 - page_4: "START TEXT: by the World Health Organization in 1948—“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social " ******* END TEXT: "oad scope of activism that I do discuss and how change accumulated over time, I have focused on how "
9780816676507 - page_5: "START TEXT: discourses of health and bodily well-being circulated among different social movement sectors and cr" ******* END TEXT: "iscusses provides one visceral context for Cold War body politics. Galbraith understood the nuclear "
9780816676507 - page_6: "START TEXT: rupture in relation to The Affluent Society, the title of his 1958 book, which treated the wealth en" ******* END TEXT: "llenged the very geographic imaginaries undergirding the government’s claims of state protection.10\n"
9780816676507 - page_7: "START TEXT: Home Front Geopolitics\nHealth Rights Are Civil Rights situates struggles over bodily well-being and " ******* END TEXT: "the number 1 center in defense contracting in the United States,” which created a Southland economy "
9780816676507 - page_8: "START TEXT: dependent on volatile defense contracts.16 Geographer Stephen Graham uses the term urban geopolitics" ******* END TEXT: " southern California favored white men and fostered white suburban exclusivity. This investment, in "
9780816676507 - page_9: "START TEXT: turn, “entrenched” the Southland’s racially differentiated residential landscape and fueled the righ" ******* END TEXT: "ddle-class mothers rejected the notion that Cold War militarization could secure the suburban “good "
9780816676507 - page_10: "START TEXT: life,” and argued that it actually endangered the “home front.” As the Vietnam War raged on, Black a" ******* END TEXT: " its effects (such as accounting for the lingering effects of Agent Orange or nuclear materials).26\n"
9780816676507 - page_11: "START TEXT: Like the war–peace dualism, the dominant understanding of health as the opposite of violence creates" ******* END TEXT: " are sourced (e.g., plutonium), and residents in places where weapons are tested. War-making leaves "
9780816676507 - page_12: "START TEXT: violence and creates harms for humans and nonhumans at each site of the process, where people who ar" ******* END TEXT: " relations that create and sustain the uneven distribution of life’s necessities constitute a daily "
9780816676507 - page_13: "START TEXT: “violence [that] is built into the structure and shows up as unequal power and consequently unequal " ******* END TEXT: "ing these longings into vital needs, into things that we cannot and will no longer live without.”37 "
9780816676507 - page_14: "START TEXT: Fulfilling bodily freedom is not about narcissism, acquisitiveness, or exploitation. Rather, “Cultiv" ******* END TEXT: "As a dialectical process, struggles for health connect the necessity of meeting immediate needs and "
9780816676507 - page_15: "START TEXT: healing with long-term, broadscale organizing efforts to create healthier, freer, and socially just " ******* END TEXT: "al reform, and technological progress. It seeks to dislodge the individual body and dominant health "
9780816676507 - page_16: "START TEXT: institutions as the singular sites and sources of health. Such dominant understandings often have wo" ******* END TEXT: "f health discourses. For example, while the process of medicalization can socially sanction special "
9780816676507 - page_17: "START TEXT: treatment for previously unrecognized issues, this process is double-edged.44 Groups that try to mak" ******* END TEXT: "tity of the white home. Chapter 2 focuses on efforts to establish the War on Poverty in Los Angeles "
9780816676507 - page_18: "START TEXT: before and after the 1965 Watts uprising. It also discusses the challenge to health segregation repr" ******* END TEXT: "l Chicana/o and Asian American groups formed their own serve-the-people, or survival, programs as a "
9780816676507 - page_19: "START TEXT: concrete response to the needs in their communities. These projects would simultaneously serve as de" ******* END TEXT: "untermobilizations against progressive antiracist, antiviolence movements seized on urban crisis to "
9780816676507 - page_20: "START TEXT: consolidate the New Right. Militarized austerity would undermine the grounds for a progressive metro" ******* END TEXT: "m remain grounded in articulating claims to the city that challenge declared and undeclared wars.\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_21: "START TEXT: • I •Desegregating Health, Transforming Health Care\n" ******* END TEXT: "• I •Desegregating Health, Transforming Health Care\n"
9780816676507 - page_22: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_23: "START TEXT: • CHAPTER 1 •\nUrban Geopolitics and the Fight for “Equal Justice in Health Care Now”\nNegroes pay a “" ******* END TEXT: "n legislation. Hill-Burton was a postwar program that provided public funds for the construction of "
9780816676507 - page_24: "START TEXT: private hospitals, which in turn were required to provide some measure of free care to the public. T" ******* END TEXT: "t Dwight D. Eisenhower delivered a warning about the ways in which war-making priorities could come "
9780816676507 - page_25: "START TEXT: to dominate industrial, state, and societal capacities to the detriment of other state commitments a" ******* END TEXT: "nts were not evenly shared; indeed, they stamped white privilege with the Cold War defense project.\n"
9780816676507 - page_26: "START TEXT: Building the Cotton Curtain and Missile Crescent\nBy the early 1960s southern California constituted " ******* END TEXT: "le and Space Division. Reproduced by permission of the Los Angeles Public Library Photo Collection.\n"
9780816676507 - page_27: "START TEXT: Racial Restriction in the Los Angeles Landscape\nThe dominant story about postwar “white flight” pain" ******* END TEXT: "er of Black economic, political, and cultural life, and the residential spaces adjoining the street "
9780816676507 - page_28: "START TEXT: were shared by African Americans and Japanese Americans, who also were restricted from moving east o" ******* END TEXT: "rogram was short-lived, but the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), established in 1934, used the "
9780816676507 - page_29: "START TEXT: HOLC valuation methods to underwrite home mortgages, thereby providing public insurance on private i" ******* END TEXT: ", informed the “market imperative” rationale for residential segregation, making racial segregation "
9780816676507 - page_30: "START TEXT: an apparently neutral economic necessity to secure property values and “healthful” living spaces.21\n" ******* END TEXT: "inked spaces of concentrated wealth and health in some places, and poverty and illness in others.26\n"
9780816676507 - page_31: "START TEXT: The 1937 Housing Act, established to create jobs, fund slum clearance, and construct low-income hous" ******* END TEXT: "eversed), the LA County Sheriff’s department released a report that asserted that people of Mexican "
9780816676507 - page_32: "START TEXT: descent were biologically disposed to committing crime. This further connected race, slums, and juve" ******* END TEXT: "nonetheless regarded federal defense housing “as a means to consolidate and extend the humanitarian "
9780816676507 - page_33: "START TEXT: social welfare policies of the New Deal.”41 Progressive social and labor leaders also regarded publi" ******* END TEXT: "hat the 1949 Housing Act would effectively become a mechanism for land grabs, construction of elite "
9780816676507 - page_34: "START TEXT: housing, and dispersal of low-income residents.46 The act had budgeted ten thousand units of public " ******* END TEXT: "an entry into the field, these fields were dominated by white, middle-aged, and middle-class men.52\n"
9780816676507 - page_35: "START TEXT: \nMap 1. Los Angeles County military and defense industry sites, circa 1961. By Monica G. Stephens. A" ******* END TEXT: ". Stephens. Adapted from Roger W. Lotchin, Fortress California: From Warfare to Welfare, 1910–1961.\n"
9780816676507 - page_36: "START TEXT: Municipal incorporation along the lines of the so-called Lakewood Plan further entrenched racial and" ******* END TEXT: "he grounds on which civil rights activists would push for access to housing, jobs, and health care.\n"
9780816676507 - page_37: "START TEXT: Metropolitan Geopolitics of Civil Rights\nIn 1961 more than 25,000 people assembled at the Los Angele" ******* END TEXT: "hallenge these exceptionalist myths, and the ways in which they obscured racism in Northern cities.\n"
9780816676507 - page_38: "START TEXT: Jim Crow Hospitals in the North\nThe 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision barring “separate but " ******* END TEXT: "e proprietary hospitals, only two of them were accredited, and some had failed state inspection for "
9780816676507 - page_39: "START TEXT: having mice, roaches, or improper waste disposal. Although twenty-two Black doctors had admitting pr" ******* END TEXT: "what could be considered scientifically backed or professionally legitimate health interventions.75\n"
9780816676507 - page_40: "START TEXT: For example, in the early 1950s the Southern California Chapter of the National Council of Arts, Sci" ******* END TEXT: "ogressive Black-led organization, mounted a “protective demonstration” in front of her house.78 The "
9780816676507 - page_41: "START TEXT: concerted response from a range of other organizations reflected the strong Black–Jewish coalitions " ******* END TEXT: "ination in Los Angeles hospitals was more in line with the AMA’s own foot dragging on the issue—the "
9780816676507 - page_42: "START TEXT: organization still had no official policy against discrimination, an issue that was on the ballot fo" ******* END TEXT: " militant direct action arms of the civil rights movement soon joined the fray. CORE’s James Farmer "
9780816676507 - page_43: "START TEXT: and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee’s (SNCC) James Forman came to town to lead a subse" ******* END TEXT: "ford legislation was important because it signaled that the government would put its weight against "
9780816676507 - page_44: "START TEXT: discrimination. Yet, the Rumford Act would only apply to dwellings with five or more units and to ow" ******* END TEXT: ", some members of UCRC sought to use rapid change on integration to contain the Nation’s appeal.103\n"
9780816676507 - page_45: "START TEXT: \nFigure 2. CORE and UCRC demonstrators picket a segregated housing tract in Torrance, 1963. Reproduc" ******* END TEXT: "The Nation on housing politics, explained in Daedalus: “California now became the battle ground for "
9780816676507 - page_46: "START TEXT: a nationwide campaign to end, once and for all, the long struggle for equal access to shelter. Anti-" ******* END TEXT: "rcent of Mexican American, and 15 percent of white voters opposed the proposition. In the Bay Area, "
9780816676507 - page_47: "START TEXT: 42 percent of voters opposed it, while only 32 percent of Angeleno voters rejected Proposition 14.11" ******* END TEXT: "ducing institutions in this vision. These abstractions were buttressed by landscape representations "
9780816676507 - page_48: "START TEXT: that linked together densely crowded, poor neighborhoods, racial difference, and disease. In this wa" ******* END TEXT: "ral cities. The up shot, however, was that the cost inflation fueled by rapid hospital construction "
9780816676507 - page_49: "START TEXT: undermined the middle class’s ability to pay for health care. This dynamic, in turn, created a favor" ******* END TEXT: "politicians, residents, and activists struggled to create a truly public health and welfare system.\n"
9780816676507 - page_50: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_51: "START TEXT: • CHAPTER 2 •\nWatts, the War on Poverty, and the Promise of Community Control\nThe black poor, as wel" ******* END TEXT: "th activists had been saying for years: the inaccessibility of medical care for Watts residents was "
9780816676507 - page_52: "START TEXT: deadly serious. The nearest public outpatient clinic and hospital were some ten miles away from Watt" ******* END TEXT: "new that the limits of racial liberalism had been reached when the Democratic Party refused to seat "
9780816676507 - page_53: "START TEXT: Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) delegates at the 1964 national convention. For others, t" ******* END TEXT: "een 1960 and 1965, median family income declined 7.5 percent, the rate of poverty increased from 24 "
9780816676507 - page_54: "START TEXT: to 27 percent, and the proportion of habitable housing dropped from 82 to 67 percent. Over 40 percen" ******* END TEXT: "t of the 1960s. Indeed, as we saw in chapter 1, these conceits ignore the ways that white privilege "
9780816676507 - page_55: "START TEXT: was built into the urban landscape and postwar white “massive resistance” to basic demands for equal" ******* END TEXT: "y rose after World War II, the unemployment rate for nonwhite workers during the 1958 recession was "
9780816676507 - page_56: "START TEXT: twice that of white workers. In 1960 almost 56 percent of nonwhite people nationwide lived below the" ******* END TEXT: "historian Lisa McGirr, grassroots activists were slowly building what would become the New Right.25\n"
9780816676507 - page_57: "START TEXT: While President Kennedy’s assassination sealed the election for Vice President Lyndon Johnson, 1964 " ******* END TEXT: " undercut his analysis of poverty as symptomatic of capitalism by focusing on poverty as a cultural "
9780816676507 - page_58: "START TEXT: condition. Harrington’s cultural explanation, rather than his socialist critique, ultimately would p" ******* END TEXT: "es and pathological families. These concepts buttressed slum reasoning and organic idioms of closed "
9780816676507 - page_59: "START TEXT: cycles of poverty transmission. This logic appealed to the middle-class electorate and nation’s mayo" ******* END TEXT: "withheld $2.7 million from Los Angeles’s poverty agency because its proposed advisory board did not "
9780816676507 - page_60: "START TEXT: include sufficient representation of the poor. The impasse over the board became national news, and " ******* END TEXT: "’s involvement as a democratic project: “It’s not making progress to make the rich richer while the "
9780816676507 - page_61: "START TEXT: poor smother in the air-tight cage of poverty. And the decision making power must rest with the peop" ******* END TEXT: " to investigate the causes of the Watts uprising. The report the commission issued would contribute "
9780816676507 - page_62: "START TEXT: to the racialized culture of poverty argument that Hawkins had written against. The McCone Commissio" ******* END TEXT: "and support their families. This theory assumed and naturalized the (white) male breadwinner, while "
9780816676507 - page_63: "START TEXT: implicitly making Black women responsible for racist and gendered hiring practices. As prominent civ" ******* END TEXT: "urrent of support in the labor movement for organizing in Black and Mexican American communities.52 "
9780816676507 - page_64: "START TEXT: WLCAC regarded the hospital as an important economic anchor for building a strong economy for Black " ******* END TEXT: "ude. We want to encourage self-esteem and self-sufficiency in the community and we feel that giving "
9780816676507 - page_65: "START TEXT: the community the responsibility of supporting its own hospital will instill those qualities.”55 Hil" ******* END TEXT: " the orbit of UCLA’s and University of Southern California’s powerful medical schools. They ran the "
9780816676507 - page_66: "START TEXT: county’s large public hospitals, which also served as teaching hospitals. The state’s Hospital Counc" ******* END TEXT: "that all you think about doing is burning, robbing, looting and not acting like decent citizens.”63\n"
9780816676507 - page_67: "START TEXT: Supervisors and members of a local Black medical society blamed the “heal-in” organized by medical r" ******* END TEXT: "ood family health service center,” a representation local and national poverty warriors embraced.69\n"
9780816676507 - page_68: "START TEXT: \nFigure 3. Coretta Scott King addresses gathering for dedication of King Hospital, May 17, 1972. Rep" ******* END TEXT: "e, that educational improvements meant nothing to children whose physical impairments made learning "
9780816676507 - page_69: "START TEXT: impossible and that lack of prenatal care could cause harm that no later intervention could reverse." ******* END TEXT: "isease—an ambitious goal based on the assumption that sickness and poverty reinforce each other.”79 "
9780816676507 - page_70: "START TEXT: They aimed to do this by providing health training for local residents, which would lessen the short" ******* END TEXT: "untable to people who otherwise remained disenfranchised from the existing social welfare system.85\n"
9780816676507 - page_71: "START TEXT: The OHA reached out to medical schools instead, but this tactic overlooked conflicts between communi" ******* END TEXT: "lth council would pivot on what sort of opportunity the health center itself represented: Was it in "
9780816676507 - page_72: "START TEXT: or of the community? Was the council merely symbolic, or would it be able to craft effective policy?" ******* END TEXT: "board and accused them of serving the interests of USC. They also charged that the center wanted to "
9780816676507 - page_73: "START TEXT: rip off the community by not paying decent wages. The tensions the society pointed to were real. Amo" ******* END TEXT: "itively. It was written anonymously, and there are few details about how much power Watts residents "
9780816676507 - page_74: "START TEXT: held in shaping the center’s future. It does give a window into dissent over the board, which Freita" ******* END TEXT: "Los Angeles following the Watts uprising, he spoke with President Johnson on the phone. Johnson was "
9780816676507 - page_75: "START TEXT: already complaining to King about the lack of congressional support the War on Poverty program was r" ******* END TEXT: " from rightful patriarchal authority, and Black men who expected too many rewards from honest work.\n"
9780816676507 - page_76: "START TEXT: By situating urban disorder in the Black home, Moynihan portrays Black mothers as even more potent s" ******* END TEXT: "h facilities as part of their broader efforts to end war, racial violence, and gender oppression.\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_77: "START TEXT: • II •Urban Crisis\n" ******* END TEXT: "• II •Urban Crisis\n"
9780816676507 - page_78: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_79: "START TEXT: • CHAPTER 3 •\nEconomic Conversion, Survival, and Race in “Dodge City”\nIn discussing “Watts,” we are " ******* END TEXT: "ce the civil rights struggle. The group contended: “Without peace, there can be no freedom. Without "
9780816676507 - page_80: "START TEXT: jobs, freedom becomes a mockery. Without opportunity, the future remains insecure.”1\nSuch increasing" ******* END TEXT: "n interracial political terrain on which even conflictual political relationships transformed these "
9780816676507 - page_81: "START TEXT: movements and understandings of the ties between racism and war. So, how did racial liberation and p" ******* END TEXT: "nd other movements would develop their own critical interpretations of and remedies to urban crisis "
9780816676507 - page_82: "START TEXT: and the intertwined violence of war-making, police repression, institutionalized racism, and poverty" ******* END TEXT: "us are involved in various CR [civil rights] groups.”6 For example, over the course of one month in "
9780816676507 - page_83: "START TEXT: 1964, Southern California WSP hosted a speaking event by housing advocate Frank Wilkinson called “Se" ******* END TEXT: ": “Millions of dollars should be invested and many thousands of jobs created for the improvement of "
9780816676507 - page_84: "START TEXT: living conditions. Raising living standards for people means more markets for consumer goods.”14 As " ******* END TEXT: "truggle for peace and understanding between nations must include the struggle for the rights of the "
9780816676507 - page_85: "START TEXT: Negro people in the United States. We feel that we cannot achieve peace amongst nations with our own" ******* END TEXT: " must work for an overwhelming DEFEAT of fascism, racism, and nuclear recklessness at the polls.”23\n"
9780816676507 - page_86: "START TEXT: \nMap 2. Race and Residential Property Values in Los Angeles County, 1960, 1970, and 1980, with defen" ******* END TEXT: "s County, 1940–1994, and Roger W. Lotchin, Fortress California: From Warfare to Welfare, 1910–1961.\n"
9780816676507 - page_87: "START TEXT: The committee that organized the Walk and Rally for Peace, Jobs and Freedom also sent a resolution t" ******* END TEXT: ", believed that social change would only come by the poor themselves exerting political power. They "
9780816676507 - page_88: "START TEXT: were committed to creating an explicitly interracial movement toward this end.28 Soon after King’s e" ******* END TEXT: "uced tensions that erupt into irrational violence. It has happened right here in the United States, "
9780816676507 - page_89: "START TEXT: and it is certain to happen many times again until—and unless—the complex syndrome of poverty-in-the" ******* END TEXT: "kely Carmichael and Charles Hamilton’s 1967 influential Black Power made these connections vividly: "
9780816676507 - page_90: "START TEXT: “The problems of the city and of institutional racism are clearly intertwined. Nowhere are people so" ******* END TEXT: "yed or in the professions. The turn to self-employment was a way around pervasive discrimination by "
9780816676507 - page_91: "START TEXT: employers. Further, following the experience of internment, Pulido writes that many Japanese America" ******* END TEXT: "icalized Michael Harrington’s “pockets of poverty” thesis in The Other America. Rather than poverty "
9780816676507 - page_92: "START TEXT: resulting from an unbreakable cycle of cultural breakdown and economic isolation, the Third World Le" ******* END TEXT: "reign occupation, but tied to the domestic treatment of internal threats. As geographer Matt Farish "
9780816676507 - page_93: "START TEXT: describes in The Contours of America’s Cold War, the dualistic Cold War formulation of external enem" ******* END TEXT: "fficials. The relationship between self-defense and the Panthers’ survival programs continues to be "
9780816676507 - page_94: "START TEXT: one of the most debated aspects of the Panthers’ organizing. Chapter 5 takes up the question of self" ******* END TEXT: "ent has never been concerned about our survival, we must be. We have to create programs which serve "
9780816676507 - page_95: "START TEXT: the people. Now what do we do? We have to feed the people, we have to clothe the people, we have to " ******* END TEXT: "orld Left took the Black Panthers’ (and Chairman Mao’s) lead in creating their own serve-the-people "
9780816676507 - page_96: "START TEXT: programs.61 Hallmark examples include community media, health projects, legal services, and rights e" ******* END TEXT: "bers and alcohol and drug users to reject the so-called “lumpen” life and instead support la causa.\n"
9780816676507 - page_97: "START TEXT: One approach to dealing with drugs involved getting drug dealers out of their neighborhoods. The Yel" ******* END TEXT: "pport of trafficking in Southeast Asia, Asian American movement organizers focused on the corporate "
9780816676507 - page_98: "START TEXT: overproduction of speed and barbiturates. They cited a widely discussed U.S. Senate hearing that est" ******* END TEXT: " but continued to work on the issues by advocating alternative treatments, including acupuncture.77\n"
9780816676507 - page_99: "START TEXT: Independent Health Clinics and Government Abandonment\nBesides free breakfast programs, the Panthers’" ******* END TEXT: " violence, and sexually transmitted infections.82 Rona Fields Fox, a graduate student who was doing "
9780816676507 - page_100: "START TEXT: participant observation research with the Berets, detailed the community’s medical needs: “Despite t" ******* END TEXT: "lice provocation and loss of leases. This was especially true in the case of clinics established by "
9780816676507 - page_101: "START TEXT: radical people of color.90 The Panthers established their first free clinics in 1968 in Chicago, Sea" ******* END TEXT: " counseling for all people who would otherwise have to use the services now in existence (i.e., the "
9780816676507 - page_102: "START TEXT: County and State hospitals). We, of course, do not intend to be a carbon copy of those institutions " ******* END TEXT: "hat under this present system, under capitalism, that they will be able to solve these problems.100\n"
9780816676507 - page_103: "START TEXT: \nFigure 4. Black Panther headquarters following Los Angeles Police Department raid, December 9, 1969" ******* END TEXT: "be considerable debate, detailed in chapter 7, over whether free clinics were Band-Aids on a broken "
9780816676507 - page_104: "START TEXT: medical system or nonreformist reforms that would foster a whole new health system, perhaps the most" ******* END TEXT: "gle and come closer to articulating a revolutionary, antiracist perspective on peace and freedom.\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_105: "START TEXT: • CHAPTER 4 •\nMothering Underground\nThe Home in Women’s Welfare and Peace Organizing\nLet’s tell them" ******* END TEXT: "r “responsibilities and rights as citizens.”2 In contrast, the nascent group Women Strike for Peace "
9780816676507 - page_106: "START TEXT: regarded civil defense as a “hoax” that merely instilled fear in children. WSP formed in 1961 when w" ******* END TEXT: "s Photographic Archive, Department of Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA.\n"
9780816676507 - page_107: "START TEXT: As urban crisis increasingly framed discussions of race and social change in the latter half of the " ******* END TEXT: "eceived histories of this era, even some critical ones, have reproduced the militarized ideology of "
9780816676507 - page_108: "START TEXT: war as external to the United States as a nation. Likewise, the gendering of these histories—namely " ******* END TEXT: "t only a gendered split between public and private spaces, but was constructed through a racialized "
9780816676507 - page_109: "START TEXT: division marking domestic and foreign space: “Domestic in this sense is related to the imperial proj" ******* END TEXT: "d. More so than the direct health effects of war-making, I argue that the racialized contradictions "
9780816676507 - page_110: "START TEXT: of Cold War domesticities—in which the white home exclusively was a site of protection and social su" ******* END TEXT: "lain how groups of women are able to form cross-class, interracial political coalitions. Historians "
9780816676507 - page_111: "START TEXT: Seth Koven and Sonya Michel show how maternalist politics infused the founding of welfare states bet" ******* END TEXT: "ts over, maternalism and domesticity as hegemonic forms of motherhood. The term political mothering "
9780816676507 - page_112: "START TEXT: also enables me to foreground how women with differing political consciousnesses could work together" ******* END TEXT: "umulation of extended cross-class, interracial organizing efforts.33 Amy Swerdlow, a New York–based "
9780816676507 - page_113: "START TEXT: WSP activist and later WSP historian, cautioned me against reading too much into WSP support for the" ******* END TEXT: "cs to peace. For example, Alicia Escalante, head of the Chicana Welfare Rights Organization in East "
9780816676507 - page_114: "START TEXT: Los Angeles, gave a speech at the Chicano Moratorium that linked the severity of Chicana/o poverty t" ******* END TEXT: " Un-American Activities (HUAC). Like Catholic Worker Dorothy Day’s demonstrations against mandatory "
9780816676507 - page_115: "START TEXT: civil defense exercises in the mid-1950s, WSP activists infused the congressional hearing with the f" ******* END TEXT: "Arkansas, was living in the Nickerson Gardens public housing projects in Watts. She had heard other "
9780816676507 - page_116: "START TEXT: mothers talk about how they’d been mistreated by social workers, who sometimes even made unannounced" ******* END TEXT: "it of equalizing welfare supports across states, thereby working to remedy the effects of Jim Crow.\n"
9780816676507 - page_117: "START TEXT: George Wiley, who had been associate director of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), agreed with" ******* END TEXT: "around the idea that the government should prioritize human needs. This demand enabled activists to "
9780816676507 - page_118: "START TEXT: connect state spending on war to antiwelfare populism and revanchism that were increasingly prominen" ******* END TEXT: " their children to die, and had rejected the militarist common sense of “masculinist protection.”68\n"
9780816676507 - page_119: "START TEXT: Soon after the brigade, several of its organizers formed a National Women’s Emergency Coalition to “" ******* END TEXT: "mes of a shared peace and welfare political agenda that will become evident in subsequent chapters.\n"
9780816676507 - page_120: "START TEXT: \nFigure 6. Johnnie Tillmon addresses the Mother’s Day March, the event opening the Poor People’s Cam" ******* END TEXT: " Kennedy look on in the background. Reproduced with permission of the Wisconsin Historical Society.\n"
9780816676507 - page_121: "START TEXT: “War Is Not Healthy for Children and Other Living Things”\nA second key area that united welfare and " ******* END TEXT: "cine that contradicted official proclamations and civil defense preparations by showing that it was "
9780816676507 - page_122: "START TEXT: impossible to prepare for surviving a nuclear war.81 The doctors concluded that the only medical sol" ******* END TEXT: "” Their report documents eighteen nuclear facilities that could significantly contaminate the area. "
9780816676507 - page_123: "START TEXT: They pointed out that fifteen of these sites were not subject to regular oversight, that there was o" ******* END TEXT: "that the testing of weapons put Strontium 90 into our children’s bones—that the sight of societally "
9780816676507 - page_124: "START TEXT: sanctioned murder in Vietnam, in Laos, in the mideast [sic] pollutes their minds—and that the threat" ******* END TEXT: "posed to swap land with a VA site in West Los Angeles. The proposal echoed other government efforts "
9780816676507 - page_125: "START TEXT: to put “blighted” spaces to better use, and its inequities were clear. The “blighted” neighborhood s" ******* END TEXT: "omparable to a Marshall Plan for U.S. cities, which in 1966 amounted to $1 trillion of spending.101\n"
9780816676507 - page_126: "START TEXT: If in 1963 Establishment reporters Evans and Novak would anguish over the unholy alliance between ci" ******* END TEXT: "and demilitarization in terms that would not reproduce the racialized conditions of urban crisis?\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_127: "START TEXT: • CHAPTER 5 •\nThe War at Home\nForging Interracial Solidarities for Peace and Freedom\nIf the Peace Mo" ******* END TEXT: "they’d effectively ignored the women’s presence, the supervisors did vote unanimously to advise the "
9780816676507 - page_128: "START TEXT: California Legislature to reinstate the citizenship requirement for welfare payments. This would be " ******* END TEXT: "r Reagan coldly defended the use of police and National Guard forces that resulted in one death and "
9780816676507 - page_129: "START TEXT: hundreds of injuries: “If it’s a blood bath they want, let it be now.”8 One of Reagan’s first acts a" ******* END TEXT: " antiwar efforts: “You can learn when it is that a society gets together and plans and executes and "
9780816676507 - page_130: "START TEXT: allows its members to murder and then go free. And if you can learn something about that, then maybe" ******* END TEXT: "ussions of issues that are typically treated separately—police brutality, self-defense, and welfare "
9780816676507 - page_131: "START TEXT: repression—and thereby provides another way of understanding both militarized domesticities and the " ******* END TEXT: "heir night sticks to forcibly disperse the march, leaving hundreds injured, and prompting a lengthy "
9780816676507 - page_132: "START TEXT: debate over civil liberties and the role of the police in Los Angeles. The LAPD’s own investigation " ******* END TEXT: "tiwar, pro-black liberation electoral movement of the 1960s,” according to historian Joel Wilson.22\n"
9780816676507 - page_133: "START TEXT: One of the next large demonstrations in Los Angeles was the April 27, 1968, LA peace rally, which dr" ******* END TEXT: "t-wing paramilitary organizations’ domestic terrorism. The committee—which comprised groups who had "
9780816676507 - page_134: "START TEXT: been attacked by paramilitary or state forces, included the Peace and Freedom Party, the Black Survi" ******* END TEXT: "same month the LAPD raided the LA Panthers, the Chicano Moratorium Committee held its first antiwar "
9780816676507 - page_135: "START TEXT: protest. The Brown Berets helped form the committee with a group of college students, including Muño" ******* END TEXT: "e instances leading them to embrace the ‘convict’ or ‘outlaw’ as emblems of masculine rebellion.”38\n"
9780816676507 - page_136: "START TEXT: The emergence of the Southern California Chapter of the Black Panther Party can be understood within" ******* END TEXT: ", Betty Shabazz, Maulana Karenga, and Reies Tijerina, leader of the New Mexico land grant struggle. "
9780816676507 - page_137: "START TEXT: Later that fall, some three thousand people gathered for “Free Huey, Free the Strip,” which united p" ******* END TEXT: " the police and the military, the institutions could not go on in their racism and exploitation.”46\n"
9780816676507 - page_138: "START TEXT: The party’s emphasis on self-defense is part of a longer history of organized self-defense against r" ******* END TEXT: " Security claimed that the Black Panthers’ serve-the-people programs represented a “swing away from "
9780816676507 - page_139: "START TEXT: military posturing to ‘political’ work.” This partially echoes Cleaver’s own position.54 Both regard" ******* END TEXT: "liarity with and expectation of violent confrontation with the force of law.”58 More fundamentally, "
9780816676507 - page_140: "START TEXT: the question is the degree to which the white supremacist formation of the law could be widely recog" ******* END TEXT: "y’ a Fact of Black Life,” published later that year illustrates the fundamental challenge of making "
9780816676507 - page_141: "START TEXT: police violence a visible and illegitimate fact. “It is called police brutality. Real or imagined, i" ******* END TEXT: " Survival programs and self-defense can be understood as two related aspects of self-determination, "
9780816676507 - page_142: "START TEXT: and two ways of grappling with the direct and indirect harms of colonialism and imperialism. This is" ******* END TEXT: "’t go!” streamed down Whittier Boulevard as the demonstrators made their way to Laguna Park for the "
9780816676507 - page_143: "START TEXT: rally. The day had passed without incident until a dispute at a liquor store, the only business sell" ******* END TEXT: "this event and their public defense of their response increased the number of Mexican Americans who "
9780816676507 - page_144: "START TEXT: regarded police brutality as a major issue. It also radicalized many of them into supporters of the " ******* END TEXT: " raises taxes. It is cynical to think our people cannot face their roles, although passive ones, as "
9780816676507 - page_145: "START TEXT: executioners internationally in this war. And of course, we cannot think they want to be.74\nIwasaki " ******* END TEXT: "e working-class and people of color neighborhoods of Venice, Compton, Willowbrook, and Dominguez.76\n"
9780816676507 - page_146: "START TEXT: Repressing the Urban Crisis\nThe second main area in which early 1970s interracial antiwar work conti" ******* END TEXT: "nstead, [we call for] subsidies for poor people, to end poverty and promote full social justice.”80\n"
9780816676507 - page_147: "START TEXT: Likewise, in 1972, the national coordinator of WSP, Rita Handmen, wrote a message to other members o" ******* END TEXT: "y 5, 1971, traveled up the Central Valley, and arrived in Sacramento on August 7. The demonstration "
9780816676507 - page_148: "START TEXT: brought together under one banner issues of deportation, the Vietnam War, cuts to welfare and the Ed" ******* END TEXT: "n that Moynihan’s (1965) The Negro Family gained after the Watts rebellion. As we saw in chapter 2, "
9780816676507 - page_149: "START TEXT: its focus on the dangers of the “matrifocal family”—and implicitly the independence from proper patr" ******* END TEXT: "rd racial self-determination in the United States. Peace in one place would mean peace in the other."
9780816676507 - page_150: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_151: "START TEXT: • III •Cold War Body Politics\n" ******* END TEXT: "• III •Cold War Body Politics\n"
9780816676507 - page_152: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_153: "START TEXT: • CHAPTER 6 •\nPopulation Scares and Antiviolence Roots of Reproductive Justice\nNext to the pursuit o" ******* END TEXT: "men from having and raising children: “Today’s arms race is especially threatening to women because "
9780816676507 - page_154: "START TEXT: now the very testing of weapons contaminates our food supply … , threatening the health of our chil" ******* END TEXT: "reproduction is often understood, this chapter situates the postwar history of reproductive justice "
9780816676507 - page_155: "START TEXT: within Cold War debates over population, poverty, peace, and revolution. Thomas Malthus—an eighteent" ******* END TEXT: "on. Food, housing, child care, and quality education are at once issues of survival and liberation.\n"
9780816676507 - page_156: "START TEXT: Population, Welfare, and Reproductive Freedom\nIn 1967 a group of people picketed members of Women St" ******* END TEXT: "Our central cities would still be deteriorating, slum-ridden jungles breeding crime and despair … .\n"
9780816676507 - page_157: "START TEXT: Our environmental crisis would remain critical … .\nHowever, having conceded the danger of advocating" ******* END TEXT: "rvices and the absence of standardized consent protocols made the environment ripe for coercion.”10\n"
9780816676507 - page_158: "START TEXT: As Mrs. Hamer’s experience signals, most of the state and federal birth control programs that did ex" ******* END TEXT: "the value of family planning as a social measure” to the president by virtue of it being “a crucial "
9780816676507 - page_159: "START TEXT: part of community efforts to reduce poverty and dependency.”16 In the subsequent Nixon administratio" ******* END TEXT: "asculinist terms of community control. In Pittsburgh, when the city’s antipoverty coalition refused "
9780816676507 - page_160: "START TEXT: federal funding for the local Planned Parenthood clinics, welfare mothers organized to have the fund" ******* END TEXT: "the meantime it was administered to millions of women around the world, and in the United States.28\n"
9780816676507 - page_161: "START TEXT: The Abortion Underground and Self-Help Gynecology\nIt is within this coercive population control cont" ******* END TEXT: "proved by doctors on the basis of a woman’s medical condition—gradually became legal in the mid- to "
9780816676507 - page_162: "START TEXT: late 1960s, access to abortion services remained geographically uneven. In California in the mid-196" ******* END TEXT: "had good reason to oppose the reform bills. Therapeutic abortions were approximately 3.6 times more "
9780816676507 - page_163: "START TEXT: likely if a woman was a patient in a private room than if she were a ward patient, effectively meani" ******* END TEXT: "ged the constitutionality of California abortion law, though it would be decided after Roe v. Wade.\n"
9780816676507 - page_164: "START TEXT: Meanwhile in 1969 a California Municipal Court (in People v. Barksdale) invalidated the Beilenson Th" ******* END TEXT: "ion Growth, and sexist Freudian, legal, and church ideologies. Cover of Sister magazine, July 1973.\n"
9780816676507 - page_165: "START TEXT: In early 1971 Downer and a small group of women formed a consciousness-raising group on reproductive" ******* END TEXT: "n explained, they “learned that, in fact, women para medics helping women is a very real thing. And "
9780816676507 - page_166: "START TEXT: they’re doing the job better. We realized that the medical mystique surrounding termination of pregn" ******* END TEXT: "e reified as conditions of the poor and their ghettos, while (contrary to the evidence he provides) "
9780816676507 - page_167: "START TEXT: the middle class deals with their “unwanted” children through their responsible use of birth control" ******* END TEXT: "zing and litigation continued to expose the extent of systemic sterilization. This agitation led to "
9780816676507 - page_168: "START TEXT: federal investigations and changes in informed consent guidelines. Stories of unwanted sterilization" ******* END TEXT: "rd Rosenfeld, a resident at County-USC Hospital, was the lead author of the study. He felt that the "
9780816676507 - page_169: "START TEXT: cavalier treatment of women in urban public hospitals reflected the unquestioned use of the poor for" ******* END TEXT: "mands for birth control must be in this context. When women are forced by their poverty to agree to "
9780816676507 - page_170: "START TEXT: sterilization, this is not liberating—it is forced sterilization.” For “women to be truly free,” she" ******* END TEXT: "ed sterilizations.79 There was plenty of cause for concern. The deputy director of the OEO admitted "
9780816676507 - page_171: "START TEXT: that the guidelines it issued in 1971, which only regulated federally funded sterilizations, “quoted" ******* END TEXT: "t was practically too late to influence the politics of the abortion rights movement.”84 But how is "
9780816676507 - page_172: "START TEXT: the women’s movement partly responsible for this failure? This is an important question, because by " ******* END TEXT: "ssures toward sterilization so well documented in Los Angeles. As women’s health historian Jennifer "
9780816676507 - page_173: "START TEXT: Nelson observes, NOW “in particular, fought the sterilization guidelines with the argument that any " ******* END TEXT: "ould remain oppressed. Narrowing the debate to apparently overarching terms of patriarchal violence "
9780816676507 - page_174: "START TEXT: “often failed,” Angela Davis wrote in 1981, “to provide a voice for women who wanted the right to le" ******* END TEXT: " write, “having fewer children could create more jobs, higher wages, better schools, etc., etc.”100\n"
9780816676507 - page_175: "START TEXT: Phelan and Maginnis’s understanding of women’s bodies as profitable property for men struck a chord " ******* END TEXT: "ology of common sisterhood—a fiction that does not substitute for building interracial, cross-class "
9780816676507 - page_176: "START TEXT: solidarities—the family planning–population control hegemony emerged relatively unscathed. As Anne V" ******* END TEXT: "ate. Moreover, many middle-class white women, in an attempt to undo paternalistic and racist social "
9780816676507 - page_177: "START TEXT: relations, were trying to reject the charity and volunteer roles into which they had been consigned." ******* END TEXT: "oots and national levels over the coming years. Following their high-profile Operation Nevada, NWRO "
9780816676507 - page_178: "START TEXT: joined with People’s Coalition for Peace and Justice (PCPJ) to hold a People’s Lobby in Washington, " ******* END TEXT: "ns. In militarized contests over spending priorities, as feminist Cynthia Enloe writes, human needs "
9780816676507 - page_179: "START TEXT: tend to be “ghettoized as ‘women’s issues.’”118 But as we have seen in the U.S. struggle over urban " ******* END TEXT: "ons are not present within the hegemonic history that revolves insistently around Roe and “choice.” "
9780816676507 - page_180: "START TEXT: Such a narrowed memory of reproductive justice does nothing to replace the notion of magic bullet cu" ******* END TEXT: "ctive justice would mean replacing this deadly war economy with a democratic, human-oriented one.\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_181: "START TEXT: • CHAPTER 7 •\nWhere Is Health?\nThe Place of the Clinic in Social Change\nDoes the physician attend th" ******* END TEXT: "unethical. The discriminatory practices they identified included refusing service to people because "
9780816676507 - page_182: "START TEXT: of their eligibility or participation in Medicaid; different waiting rooms and patient care faciliti" ******* END TEXT: "nized as a human right, observers from across the class and political spectrum agreed that the U.S. "
9780816676507 - page_183: "START TEXT: health care system was in crisis. The crisis was one of soaring costs, as we will see, but the medic" ******* END TEXT: "bsence of universal health care. Whereas architects of the Office of Economic Opportunity’s (OEO’s) "
9780816676507 - page_184: "START TEXT: neighborhood health center program and free clinics alike aimed to create health programs that would" ******* END TEXT: "urther submit that meritorious as our efforts may be toward improving services to the poor that, in "
9780816676507 - page_185: "START TEXT: the larger sense, we are putting band-aids on spinal meninghitis [sic], that we are treating cancer " ******* END TEXT: " antiwar movement and the New Left after he was imprisoned for refusing to provide medical training "
9780816676507 - page_186: "START TEXT: for Special Forces troops being deployed in Vietnam—and Dr. H. Jack Geiger. Geiger, a medical doctor" ******* END TEXT: "munity organizing up to organizers), but advocates for food or housing as health issues, while also "
9780816676507 - page_187: "START TEXT: retaining responsibility for practicing curative remedies.18 Geiger thereby articulates a model of s" ******* END TEXT: "schools backed with federal dollars. Geiger rejoined that Levy had maligned “the struggle of 16,000 "
9780816676507 - page_188: "START TEXT: rural, poverty-stricken Blacks to gain control over their own programs, lives, and destinies against" ******* END TEXT: "ht more readily seek drug services at a clinic they perceived as clearly disconnected from policing "
9780816676507 - page_189: "START TEXT: arms of the state. For others, particularly on the Third World Left, autonomy was more explicitly a " ******* END TEXT: "undamental questions of transforming the broader system, including private control of public funds.\n"
9780816676507 - page_190: "START TEXT: The Promise of Community–Worker Control: Feminists Debate Self-Help\nThe women’s health movement’s de" ******* END TEXT: " journalist Deirdre English wrote extensively on the political history of women’s health. For them, "
9780816676507 - page_191: "START TEXT: self-help, “which emphasizes self-examination and self-knowledge, is an attempt to seize the technol" ******* END TEXT: "fferent from a standard service organization, which featured a split between providers and clients:\n"
9780816676507 - page_192: "START TEXT: We realized that the Self-Help Clinic is not organized to serve the community of women—we are the co" ******* END TEXT: "] over women’s medicine,” its potential was diluted.47 The strategy effectively became a well-woman "
9780816676507 - page_193: "START TEXT: self-care practice, which would help a woman to know her healthy body so she may turn to a doctor wh" ******* END TEXT: "the health care system, and the establishment of community health centers. White women concentrated "
9780816676507 - page_194: "START TEXT: on health care, women of color and of the working class on health status with a gut understanding of" ******* END TEXT: "WRO (apparently the same local welfare rights organization started by Johnnie Tillmon, Aid to Needy "
9780816676507 - page_195: "START TEXT: Children Mothers Anonymous) responded that all of the issues listed on the survey needed action:\nLon" ******* END TEXT: "rvices as sites for education and job-creation, as imagined by Watts Labor Community Action Center.\n"
9780816676507 - page_196: "START TEXT: A final example of Rodriguez-Trias’s observation can be seen in the efforts of low-income women and " ******* END TEXT: "than before its implementation, and the same was the case for adults under the age of sixty-five.71\n"
9780816676507 - page_197: "START TEXT: TABLE 1\n\nNational Health Expenditures and Cost Inflation, 1960–1980\n\nHealth care inflation helped fu" ******* END TEXT: " the nation for many years, stands now on the brink of chaos. To be sure, our medical practitioners "
9780816676507 - page_198: "START TEXT: have their great moments of drama and triumph. But much of U.S. medical care, particularly the every" ******* END TEXT: "Auto Workers) was backing Kennedy’s legislation. As the health left repeated tirelessly, hospitals, "
9780816676507 - page_199: "START TEXT: pharmaceutical companies, medical technology manufacturers, and insurance companies stood to profit " ******* END TEXT: "ed to fund health care for very low-income people, it seems counterintuitive that the program would "
9780816676507 - page_200: "START TEXT: destabilize the public hospital system across the country. Medicaid immediately infused federal and " ******* END TEXT: "ships, and closure. New York City closed and privatized part of its hospital system, in addition to "
9780816676507 - page_201: "START TEXT: removing 1.2 million people from its Medicaid rolls.82 Medicaid wouldn’t end charity medicine by ens" ******* END TEXT: "y replacing activist staff with “professional administrators and business managers.” “As a result,” "
9780816676507 - page_202: "START TEXT: health center scholar Jude Thomas May observed, “the initial measures taken to guarantee the account" ******* END TEXT: "unty Sheriff’s Office”.)94 The advocacy role explicitly does not assume independence from the state "
9780816676507 - page_203: "START TEXT: or broader institutions (a mythical prospect), but it places that relationship at the center of stra" ******* END TEXT: "l rights movements through ties with the Asian Women’s Center and the Southern Christian Leadership "
9780816676507 - page_204: "START TEXT: Conference. (Irene Hirano was the first full-time director and turned leadership of the clinic over " ******* END TEXT: "edicine that Geiger captured so well—an abolitionist vision where doctors work to create conditions "
9780816676507 - page_205: "START TEXT: where their services aren’t used to remedy social problems—is possible only in moments of tremendous" ******* END TEXT: "ation of an exclusive and individualized health system went hand in hand with racialized austerity.\n"
9780816676507 - page_206: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_207: "START TEXT: • CHAPTER 8 •\n“Property Rights over Human Life”\nTaxes and Austerity in the Divided City\nThe cost of " ******* END TEXT: "t, placed property rights over human life.”1 Dallek’s fear was not editorial page hyperbole. In the "
9780816676507 - page_208: "START TEXT: first year of its implementation, tax revenues to counties dropped by 40 percent, slashing health, w" ******* END TEXT: "ral cities and the poor. These forces would represent a triumph of property rights over human life. "
9780816676507 - page_209: "START TEXT: Prop. 13 would build on efforts to maintain residential exclusivity, including the vote against open" ******* END TEXT: "itlement programs, which, unlike poverty spending, remained “politically untouchable,” for a time.7\n"
9780816676507 - page_210: "START TEXT: Class polarization also took geographic form. It fostered a metropolitan geopolitics of “suburban ex" ******* END TEXT: " with this story is that it situates “backlash” as a discrete moment and response to people’s peace "
9780816676507 - page_211: "START TEXT: and freedom movements. Recounting the 1978 vote as the result of newly emboldened middle-class power" ******* END TEXT: "ty times greater than federal spending on public housing, ten times more than the mortgage interest "
9780816676507 - page_212: "START TEXT: tax deduction, and five times greater than Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC).16\nMartin’" ******* END TEXT: "s, which is positioned as an apparently neutral actor. Closer attention to the geopolitics of urban "
9780816676507 - page_213: "START TEXT: crisis reveals a quite different history of politics leading austerity rather than austerity inevita" ******* END TEXT: "ate Supreme Court ruled the cutbacks illegal, service levels had not returned to expected levels.25\n"
9780816676507 - page_214: "START TEXT: TABLE 2\n\nMedi-Cal Total Expenditures and County Share of Health Spending, 1966–1978\n\nThis was only t" ******* END TEXT: "or public health that had been built up during the 1940s and sustained almost through the 1960s.”26\n"
9780816676507 - page_215: "START TEXT: \nFigure 11. Save Medi-Cal Committee protests cutbacks to Medi-Cal, September 21, 1967. Reproduced by" ******* END TEXT: "ned (hopefully) from the Watts conflagration (or riot, if you must) was that a large segment of the "
9780816676507 - page_216: "START TEXT: population of civilized Los Angeles had been sorely neglected … particularly healthwise … but co" ******* END TEXT: " Human Rights, spoke at an event organized by MCHR and the Committee for the Rights of the Disabled "
9780816676507 - page_217: "START TEXT: where he decried “how the requirements for ‘Prior Authorization’ will take the indigent patient out " ******* END TEXT: "county hospital net costs rose a stunning 876 percent between 1966–67 and 1973–74.35 Medi-Cal under "
9780816676507 - page_218: "START TEXT: the “county option” paid for 58 percent of county hospital expenditures in 1970–71, but by 1973–74 M" ******* END TEXT: "he most damning criticism was a study of the Prepaid Health Plans conducted by the California Joint "
9780816676507 - page_219: "START TEXT: Legislative Audit Committee. While the PHPs technically were not-for-profit entities, they could pur" ******* END TEXT: " and private agencies, [which] also reduces political—electoral—accountability for policymakers.”45\n"
9780816676507 - page_220: "START TEXT: Reagan’s 1971 Medi-Cal reforms had the same effects. Rather than target the source of inflation, fed" ******* END TEXT: "tly, however. After all, the ideal of the clinic without walls did not mean a clinic with no walls.\n"
9780816676507 - page_221: "START TEXT: New Left theorists like James O’Connor were more optimistic about the possibilities presented by “ne" ******* END TEXT: "ons. Their first protest was slated for a June 1976 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors meeting "
9780816676507 - page_222: "START TEXT: where supervisors were considering a $59 million budget cut that would eliminate 3,700 jobs, half of" ******* END TEXT: "ver 10 percent more patients than budgeted, yet the county was forced to implement a hiring freeze, "
9780816676507 - page_223: "START TEXT: leaving 450 positions unfilled—a severe staffing shortage that jeopardized accreditation of its faci" ******* END TEXT: "ipients, would “make it harder for all poor people, resident or nonresident, to get health care.”71\n"
9780816676507 - page_224: "START TEXT: The Body Politics of Austerity\nEven as medicine as a scientific and humanist project faced a deep “c" ******* END TEXT: "e modification of life styles, with or without therapeutic help.”76 Crawford did not interpret this "
9780816676507 - page_225: "START TEXT: preoccupation in the apolitical terms that Lasch advanced, but instead argued that healthism represe" ******* END TEXT: "omen’s health care and government’s protection of a woman’s right to choose to have an abortion.”80\n"
9780816676507 - page_226: "START TEXT: Feminist scholar and activist Rosalind Petchesky describes privatism as an ideological project simil" ******* END TEXT: "nted migrants their preferred target in their efforts to rein in health care spending. In 1976, for "
9780816676507 - page_227: "START TEXT: example, Supervisor Pete Schabarum, a conservative Republican appointed to the board by Governor Rea" ******* END TEXT: " seen as a government subsidy as compared to spending in central cities. Dan HoSang observes: “Much "
9780816676507 - page_228: "START TEXT: of [anti-tax crusaders] Jarvis and Gann’s attack on excessive property taxes drew from the same clai" ******* END TEXT: "2 This movement would “counter [Nixon’s] repressive budget” and advocate for property tax reform.93\n"
9780816676507 - page_229: "START TEXT: \nMap 3. Proposition 13 vote returns (1978) and race in Los Angeles County (1970 census). By Monica G" ******* END TEXT: "ted Diversity: Race-Ethnicity, Space, and Political Fragmentation in Los Angeles County, 1940–1994.\n"
9780816676507 - page_230: "START TEXT: It is instructive to recall that the debates over property tax and fiscal crises took place within t" ******* END TEXT: "was unconvincing. He sometimes arbitrarily split the Pacific and Mountain states from the Sunbelt’s "
9780816676507 - page_231: "START TEXT: share of defense investments, but his own evidence points to the Pacific garnering more than the nat" ******* END TEXT: "from federal funds, compared to 19 percent of New York City’s and 27 percent of Chicago’s. By 1985, "
9780816676507 - page_232: "START TEXT: under Reagan’s new federalism, Los Angeles received only 2 percent of its budget from the feds, New " ******* END TEXT: "These activities brought together an interracial, cross-class coalition of organized labor, the Los "
9780816676507 - page_233: "START TEXT: Angeles chapter of the National Organization for Women, and community groups from across the city.10" ******* END TEXT: "inflation.112 Nixon’s initial response actually confirms Cloward and Piven’s fiscal crisis strategy "
9780816676507 - page_234: "START TEXT: of welfare reform.113 This is doubly ironic because while neither were naïve about the seriousness o" ******* END TEXT: "ition to Nixon’s New Federalism tacitly addressed metropolitan power and distribution of resources.\n"
9780816676507 - page_235: "START TEXT: Such an antimilitarist metropolitan strategy may have been the only way out of the ideological impas" ******* END TEXT: "hn Lindsay and President Jimmy Carter, 1978. Reproduced by permission of The Herb Block Foundation.\n"
9780816676507 - page_236: "START TEXT: Immediate conflicts over the welfare state were resolved in and through race in ways that obscured t" ******* END TEXT: " to climb, and the numbers of uninsured soared to 35 million nationwide by the end of the 1980s.124\n"
9780816676507 - page_237: "START TEXT: Meanwhile, southern California’s defense sector was buoyed by Reagan’s increased defense spending. E" ******* END TEXT: "sis. Furthermore, militarized inflation and austerity eroded the common ground that might unite the "
9780816676507 - page_238: "START TEXT: poor and middle class around a shared project of economic and urban reconstruction. Rebuilding that " ******* END TEXT: "s for violence into the grounds for the beautiful, self-determined futures so many people desire.\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_239: "START TEXT: Epilogue\nThe Right to Health Meets the Right to the City\nNEW LIGHT RAIL TRACKS gleamed in the street" ******* END TEXT: "sed the lauded health promotoras program run jointly by Esperanza Community Housing Corporation and "
9780816676507 - page_240: "START TEXT: the St. John’s Well Child and Family Center, and an innovative health sciences high school. The hosp" ******* END TEXT: "Los Angeles and around the world. For some viewers, he was the Black male folk devil whose inherent "
9780816676507 - page_241: "START TEXT: violence and criminality would always justify the police’s behavior. For many others, the beating Ki" ******* END TEXT: " suppress uprisings in Los Angeles in 1992, troops were not occupying otherwise “peaceful” grounds, "
9780816676507 - page_242: "START TEXT: but a place where war and security defined the city’s policies and urban fabric. At the time of the " ******* END TEXT: " and Medicaid, and twenty-seven times faster than other discretionary programs, such as housing and "
9780816676507 - page_243: "START TEXT: economic development.11 This militarized austerity, in turn, fuels domestic warfare. Pitched battles" ******* END TEXT: "arch and agendas for change. For example, Los Angeles Community Action Network (LA CAN) joined with "
9780816676507 - page_244: "START TEXT: Esperanza Housing, SAJE, St. John’s Well Child and Family Center, and the Southside Coalition of Com" ******* END TEXT: "ncarceration, thus leading to an overwhelmed criminal justice system rather than healthy community;\n"
9780816676507 - page_245: "START TEXT: Discrimination and institutional racism remain a substantial barrier in access to jobs and achieving" ******* END TEXT: "for the site negotiated by UNIDAD and Palmer. The agreement stipulated a twenty-year free lease and "
9780816676507 - page_246: "START TEXT: funding for a community health and wellness clinic, local hiring provisions for construction and per" ******* END TEXT: "liced. That is, “urban” remains the racially coded lever splitting economically struggling suburban "
9780816676507 - page_247: "START TEXT: places from economically struggling central city places. This ideological barrier remains a fortifie" ******* END TEXT: "g the city is as much a health issue as the peace and justice project for the twenty-first century.\n"
9780816676507 - page_248: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_249: "START TEXT: Notes\nIntroduction\n1. A note on racial and ethnic terms: I capitalize Black and Brown to signal that" ******* END TEXT: "”; Farish, The Contours of America’s Cold War.\n19. Farish, The Contours of America’s Cold War, 236.\n"
9780816676507 - page_250: "START TEXT: 20. James O’Connor, The Fiscal Crisis of the State, 231.\n21. Lassiter, The Silent Majority, 5, 7.\n22" ******* END TEXT: ".”\n43. Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic.\n44. Zola, “Medicine as an Institution of Social Control.”\n"
9780816676507 - page_251: "START TEXT: 45. Tesh, Hidden Arguments; Klawiter, The Biopolitics of Breast Cancer; Ehlers and Krupar, “The Body" ******* END TEXT: ", Fortress California, 323.\n13. Nicolaides, My Blue Heaven.\n14. Mike Davis, City of Quartz, 160–64.\n"
9780816676507 - page_252: "START TEXT: 15. Kurashige, The Shifting Grounds of Race, 27.\n16. Ibid., 36–43.\n17. Freund, Colored Property, 89." ******* END TEXT: "ban Development in California,” 57; Kurashige, The Shifting Grounds of Race.\n53. Waldie, Holy Land.\n"
9780816676507 - page_253: "START TEXT: 54. Miller, Cities by Contract.\n55. Mike Davis, City of Quartz, 153–219; McGirr, Suburban Warriors; " ******* END TEXT: "ngs against Jews or other colored people or some race” (Leonard, “‘No Jews and No Coloreds,’” 243).\n"
9780816676507 - page_254: "START TEXT: 81. Ibid., 238.\n82. “‘Tokenism’ Held Rap at Negro MDs,” Los Angeles Times, August 11, 1963.\n83. Harr" ******* END TEXT: "uly 14, 1963; Tyler, “Black Radicalism in Southern California,” 405; Horne, Fire This Time, 122–32.\n"
9780816676507 - page_255: "START TEXT: 104. While most supporters of Proposition 14 deflected charges of overt racial hostility by defendin" ******* END TEXT: "amilton, The Dual Agenda, 127.\n122. Cited in Lee and Estes, “New Federalism and Health Policy,” 96.\n"
9780816676507 - page_256: "START TEXT: 2. Watts, the War on Poverty, and the Promise of Community Control\n1. James Goodrich, “Deadwyler Kil" ******* END TEXT: "te, the Movement, and the Urban Poor.”\n27. This section draws on Loyd, “Where Is Community Health?”\n"
9780816676507 - page_257: "START TEXT: 28. Alice O’Connor, Poverty Knowledge, 100–101, 117–18.\n29. Ibid., 151, 143, 149.\n30. Ibid., 126.\n31" ******* END TEXT: " Tranquada, “A Health Center for Watts”; Viseltear, Kisch, and Roemer, “The Watts Hospital,” 10–11.\n"
9780816676507 - page_258: "START TEXT: 54. Viseltear, Kisch, and Roemer, “The Watts Hospital,” 17–24.\n55. Ibid., 21–22.\n56. Stevens, In Sic" ******* END TEXT: "nd was assistant director of the OEO, director of the Head Start program, and “the point man in the "
9780816676507 - page_259: "START TEXT: OEO for new ideas on health care” (Couto, Ain’t Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Round, 268).\n79. Davis and " ******* END TEXT: "nquada detail tensions between USC and the community health council in “A Sociological Evaluation.”\n"
9780816676507 - page_260: "START TEXT: 106. Oden, in-person interview; Hambrick, in-person interview.\n107. Los Angeles County Department of" ******* END TEXT: "x 1, series B, WSP, Swarthmore.\n15. Ibid. Los Angeles Women Strike for Peace, 1963 (March), “Why We "
9780816676507 - page_261: "START TEXT: Need a California Confrence [sic] on Industrial Conversion” flyer, “Literature (1961–1963)” folder, " ******* END TEXT: "nomic Integration’ in the Suburbs,” 120.\n35. Beauregard, Voices of Decline, 172.\n36. Ibid., 120–21.\n"
9780816676507 - page_262: "START TEXT: 37. Zinn, Postwar America, xxii.\n38. Carmichael and Hamilton, Black Power, 149.\n39. Boggs and Boggs," ******* END TEXT: "t you would by necessity have to be a socialist” (Newton, “Huey Newton Talks to the Movement,” 50).\n"
9780816676507 - page_263: "START TEXT: 57. “Bobby Seale’s Election Day Speech at Hofstra University,” Black Panther 9, no. 6 (November 23, " ******* END TEXT: "abbell, “Long Beach Free Clinic Serves Area’s Medical Needs,” Los Angeles Free Press, July 4, 1969.\n"
9780816676507 - page_264: "START TEXT: 81. Evon Carter, “Open Letter from the Panthers,” Los Angeles Free Press, July 18, 1969.\n82. Fox, “T" ******* END TEXT: "he Politics of Motherhood.\n6. There is an immense literature on gender and militarization, war, and "
9780816676507 - page_265: "START TEXT: violence. Among the edited collections and books, see Enloe, Does Khaki Become You?; Enloe, Bananas," ******* END TEXT: "dentity.”\n19. Mohanty and Martin, “What’s Home Got to Do with It?,” 90.\n20. hooks, “Homeplace,” 42.\n"
9780816676507 - page_266: "START TEXT: 21. Koven and Michel, “Womanly Duties,” 1079.\n22. Mink, “The Lady and the Tramp,” 102.\n23. Ibid., 11" ******* END TEXT: "ts movement. See Estepa, “Taking the White Gloves Off.”\n34. Swerdlow, personal communication, 2007.\n"
9780816676507 - page_267: "START TEXT: 35. Loyd, “‘War Is Not Healthy.’”\n36. Estepa, “Taking the White Gloves Off.”\n37. Alexander, in-perso" ******* END TEXT: "ovement, 102; Tillmon, interview by Sherna Berger Gluck, interview 1 wmjtillmon1.mp3 (23:35–26:06).\n"
9780816676507 - page_268: "START TEXT: 55. Tillmon, interview by Sherna Berger Gluck, interview 1 wmjtillmon1.mp3 (23:35–26:06).\n56. Cited " ******* END TEXT: "17 meeting, “National Women’s Emergency Coalition” folder, box 1, Jeannette Rankin Brigade Records.\n"
9780816676507 - page_269: "START TEXT: 70. Tillmon and other NWRO women played a role in educating King about welfare issues. See West, The" ******* END TEXT: "Peace, 1976, “The Nuclear Presence in Los Angeles County” report, AMP, Southern California Library.\n"
9780816676507 - page_270: "START TEXT: 91. Physicians for Social Responsibility—Los Angeles, 2006, “Military Tour of Southern California, J" ******* END TEXT: "ia Legislature, box 1, “Women Strike for Peace 1965–1967” folder, WSP, Southern California Library.\n"
9780816676507 - page_271: "START TEXT: 10. Bauman, “Race, Class and Political Power,” 75.\n11. Cited in Carson, In Struggle, 184–85.\n12. Hia" ******* END TEXT: " and the G.I. Civil Liberties Defense Committee. The Panthers did not send a representative because "
9780816676507 - page_272: "START TEXT: so many of them were imprisoned; Elaine Brown told the UDC that they should be devoting their time t" ******* END TEXT: "untries], that the agents of government speak the language of pure force. The intermediary does not "
9780816676507 - page_273: "START TEXT: lighten the oppression, nor seek to hide the domination; he shows them up and puts them in practice " ******* END TEXT: "ebruary 1973.\n74. Bruce Iwasaki, “You May Be a Lover but You Ain’t no Dancer,” Gidra, January 1973.\n"
9780816676507 - page_274: "START TEXT: 75. East Los Angeles Peace Committee, 1967 [October 6], memo to friends of Peace Action Council, fol" ******* END TEXT: " University, http://larson.library.emory.edu/marbl/DigProjects/swh/images/Curry%20818/0818-053.pdf.\n"
9780816676507 - page_275: "START TEXT: 2. Ellen Kay Blunt, “Still to Overcome: She Found No Freedom,” Washington Post, January 27, 1965; Ro" ******* END TEXT: "oundaries of the Women’s Movement.”\n24. Johnnie Tillmon, “Welfare Is a Women’s Issue,” Ms., 115–16.\n"
9780816676507 - page_276: "START TEXT: 25. Mrs. Bobby McMahan, February 19, 1970, Testimony to Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Labor a" ******* END TEXT: "e decided to make the clinic public in order to challenge abortion laws, an action widely supported "
9780816676507 - page_277: "START TEXT: by the feminist community of Greater Los Angeles. Feminists had a much more fractious relationship w" ******* END TEXT: "dian Health Service and the Sterilization of Native American Women”; Andrea Smith, Conquest, 80–85.\n"
9780816676507 - page_278: "START TEXT: 62. Ishi Houmah, “Oklahoma Genocide,” Sister, October 1974.\n63. Barbara Allen, “Stop Forced Steriliz" ******* END TEXT: "pproach to abortion rights were opposed from several directions. Some women felt that these broader "
9780816676507 - page_279: "START TEXT: demands could not be won, and thus were cynical to propose; others opposed them as the work of left " ******* END TEXT: "ness, 86, cited in Haraway, “Fetus,” 196.\n106. Valk, “Fighting for Abortion,” 138.\n107. Ibid., 156.\n"
9780816676507 - page_280: "START TEXT: 108. Tillmon, “Welfare Is a Women’s Issue,” 111.\n109. Solinger, Beggars and Choosers, 183–224.\n110. " ******* END TEXT: "ns and Stevens, Welfare Medicine in America.\n10. Breslow and Cornely, Health Crisis in America, iv.\n"
9780816676507 - page_281: "START TEXT: 11. Ibid., 25–27, iv.\n12. Louis E Lomax, 1969, “The Inner City: Why It Is, What It Is” (text for key" ******* END TEXT: "ovement”; Frankfort, Vaginal Politics.\n35. Ehrenreich and English, Complaints and Disorders, 84–85.\n"
9780816676507 - page_282: "START TEXT: 36. Gage, in-person interview. Also see Federation of Feminist Women’s Health Centers, A New View of" ******* END TEXT: "n Women’s Health Politics”; Marieskind, “The Women’s Health Movement,” 217–23). Downer claimed that "
9780816676507 - page_283: "START TEXT: “Self-Help comes out of a lower-class consciousness” (Downer, “Self-Help, What Is It?”). Helen Rodri" ******* END TEXT: "e Politics of Health Care,” 305.\n67. Ibid.\n68. Kotelchuck and Levy, “Federal Health Cutbacks,” 403.\n"
9780816676507 - page_284: "START TEXT: 69. Ibid., 394.\n70. Marmor, The Politics of Medicare, 97.\n71. Health/PAC, “Who Will Pay Your Bills?," ******* END TEXT: "Callan and Fein, “NENA.”\n100. Health Policy Advisory Center, “Editorial: Federal Health Policy,” 2.\n"
9780816676507 - page_285: "START TEXT: 8. “Property Rights over Human Life”\n1. Geraldine Dalleck [sic], “Prop. 13’s Impact on Public Health" ******* END TEXT: "8, 1967; Blake and Bodenheimer, Closing the Doors on the Poor.\n26. Breslow, oral history interview.\n"
9780816676507 - page_286: "START TEXT: 27. Greater Los Angeles Urban League, “Ghetto Health View Given at MediCal-Medicare Hearing,” Health" ******* END TEXT: "rs on the Poor.\n49. Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, Biennial Report 1974–1976, 2.\n"
9780816676507 - page_287: "START TEXT: 50. Health Policy Advisory Center, “Editorial: Federal Health Policy,” 2.\n51. James O’Connor, The Fi" ******* END TEXT: "e Culture of Narcissism, 4.\n76. Crawford, “Healthism and the Medicalization of Everyday Life,” 368.\n"
9780816676507 - page_288: "START TEXT: 77. Ibid., 381.\n78. Porter, Health, Civilization and the State, 301.\n79. Diamond, Roads to Dominion," ******* END TEXT: "is, “Who Killed LA?,” 11.\n102. Joassart-Marcelli, Musso, and Wolch, “Federal Expenditures,” 218–19.\n"
9780816676507 - page_289: "START TEXT: 103. Wolch, Law, and Takahashi, Defense Industries, Workers, and Communities; Pastor, “Looking for R" ******* END TEXT: "w, Wolch, and Takahashi, “Defense-less Territory,” 293.\n126. Wolch, “From Global to Local,” 395–96.\n"
9780816676507 - page_290: "START TEXT: 127. Ibid., 396–97.\n128. King Hospital was built on the county-owned thirty-acre, three-hundred-unit" ******* END TEXT: "lthandhumanrights.org/.\n20. Wu, “Los Angeles Coalition Wins Health Clinic and Jobs from Developer.”\n"
9780816676507 - page_291: "START TEXT: 21. Ibid.\n22. CODEPINK, “CODEPINK’s Anti-war Resolution Passes at U.S. Mayors’ Conference,” CODEPINK" ******* END TEXT: "ng Cities,” New York Times, June 17, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/18/us/18cities.html?_r=3.\n"
9780816676507 - page_292: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_293: "START TEXT: Bibliography\nArchival Collections\nBancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley\nSan Francisco" ******* END TEXT: "Committee, 1966–1967\nHuman Services Coalition, 1981\nMark Keats Photograph Collection\nVertical Files\n"
9780816676507 - page_294: "START TEXT: Health, 1976–1980\nHealth Care\nWomen Strike for Peace Collection\nSwarthmore College Peace Collection," ******* END TEXT: " C. Boyer, 1988.\nSale, June. In-person interview with author. October 26, 2007, Los Angeles, Calif.\n"
9780816676507 - page_295: "START TEXT: Tranquada, Robert E. In-person interview with author. May 10, 2004, Los Angeles, Calif.\nThe Virtual " ******* END TEXT: "men and the Growth of Feminist Consciousness in SNCC, 1964–1975.” In Still Lifting, Still Climbing: "
9780816676507 - page_296: "START TEXT: African American Women’s Contemporary Activism, edited by Kimberly Springer, 49–69. New York: New Yo" ******* END TEXT: "sh over Watts: The Failure of the McCone Commission Report.” Trans-Action 3, no. 3 (1966): 3–9, 54.\n"
9780816676507 - page_297: "START TEXT: Bloomfield, Constance. “De Tox: Clearing Their Heads.” Health/PAC Bulletin no. 37 (1972): 8–9.\nBoden" ******* END TEXT: "ealth Care in Los Angeles: Poverty Amid Affluence, Competition Leading to Crisis.” In Changing U.S. "
9780816676507 - page_298: "START TEXT: Health Care: A Study of Four Metropolitan Areas, edited by Eli Ginzberg, Howard S. Berliner, and Mir" ******* END TEXT: "nd the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the Panthers and Their Legacy. New York: Routledge, 2001.\n"
9780816676507 - page_299: "START TEXT: Cloward, Richard A., and Frances Fox Piven. “The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty.” The" ******* END TEXT: "edicalization of Everyday Life.” International Journal of Health Services 10, no. 3 (1980): 365–88.\n"
9780816676507 - page_300: "START TEXT: ———. “You Are Dangerous to Your Health: The Ideology and Politics of Victim Blaming.” International " ******* END TEXT: " (1998): 29–62.\nDelgado, Sylvia. “Chicana: The Forgotten Woman.” Regeneración 2, no. 1 (1971): 2–4.\n"
9780816676507 - page_301: "START TEXT: Department of Defense. The Economics of Defense Spending: A Look at the Realities. Washington, D.C.:" ******* END TEXT: "ng Feminist Sense of International Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990 [1989].\n"
9780816676507 - page_302: "START TEXT: ———. The Curious Feminist: Searching for Women in a New Age of Empire. Berkeley: University of Calif" ******* END TEXT: "the Federation of Feminist Women’s Health Centers. Los Angeles: Feminist Health Press, 1991 [1981].\n"
9780816676507 - page_303: "START TEXT: Fee, Elizabeth. “The Pleasures and Perils of Prophetic Advocacy: Henry E. Sigerist and the Politics " ******* END TEXT: "g, Johan. “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research.” Journal of Peace Research 6, no. 3 (1969): 167–91.\n"
9780816676507 - page_304: "START TEXT: Garb, Paula, and Galina Komarova. “Victims of ‘Friendly Fire’ at Russia’s Nuclear Weapons Sites.” In" ******* END TEXT: " by Eli Ginzberg, Howard S. Berliner, and Miriam Ostow, 1–14. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993.\n"
9780816676507 - page_305: "START TEXT: Gluck, Sherna Berger, Maylei Blackwell, Sharon Cottrell, and Karen S. Harper. “Whose Feminism, Whose" ******* END TEXT: "il Rights and Antiwar Movements in the 1960s. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.\n"
9780816676507 - page_306: "START TEXT: ———. “Race, Articulation, and Societies Structured in Dominance.” In Sociological Theories: Race and" ******* END TEXT: "n the Health Care System, edited by David Kotelchuck, 449–75. New York: Vintage Books, 1976 [1974].\n"
9780816676507 - page_307: "START TEXT: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Recognizing Outstanding Leadership in Health: The Nelson Mandela " ******* END TEXT: "ifornia. Los Angeles: University of California Los Angeles Institute of Industrial Relations, 1971.\n"
9780816676507 - page_308: "START TEXT: Isserman, Maurice. If I Had a Hammer … The Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left. Ne" ******* END TEXT: "ism and the 1971 California MediCal Reforms.” Urban and Social Change Review 16, no. 2 (1983): 3–8.\n"
9780816676507 - page_309: "START TEXT: Kelley, Robin D. G. Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination. Boston: Beacon Press, 2002.\nKing," ******* END TEXT: " edited by Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue, 120–43. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.\n"
9780816676507 - page_310: "START TEXT: Latham, Michael E. Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and “Nation Building” in the K" ******* END TEXT: "rbanism.” City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action 16, no. 4 (2012): 431–38.\n"
9780816676507 - page_311: "START TEXT: ———. “‘A Microscopic Insurgent’: Militarization, Health, and Critical Geographies of Violence.” Anna" ******* END TEXT: ", Elaine Tyler. Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era. New York: Basic Books, 1988.\n"
9780816676507 - page_312: "START TEXT: May, Jude Thomas. “The Professionalization of Neighborhood Health Centers.” Health/PAC Bulletin 12, " ******* END TEXT: " Washington, D.C.: Office of Policy Planning and Research, United States Department of Labor, 1965.\n"
9780816676507 - page_313: "START TEXT: ———. The Politics of a Guaranteed Income: The Nixon Administration and the Family Assistance Plan. N" ******* END TEXT: "olicy, and the Poor in Twentieth-Century U.S. History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.\n"
9780816676507 - page_314: "START TEXT: O’Connor, James. The Fiscal Crisis of the State. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 2002 [1973].\nOden" ******* END TEXT: "aginnis. The Abortion Handbook for Responsible Women. North Hollywood, Calif.: Contact Books, 1969.\n"
9780816676507 - page_315: "START TEXT: Phillips, Kevin. The Emerging Republican Majority. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1970 [1969].\n———" ******* END TEXT: "e Welfare State, 1945–1996.” Special issue, Journal of Health and Social Behavior 45 (2004): 25–44.\n"
9780816676507 - page_316: "START TEXT: Quon, Merilynne Hamano. “Individually We Contributed, Together We Made a Difference.” In Asian Ameri" ******* END TEXT: "0.\nRuddick, Sara. Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace. Boston: Beacon Press, 1995 [1989].\n"
9780816676507 - page_317: "START TEXT: Rustin, Bayard. “The Watts ‘Manifesto’ and the McCone Report.” Commentary 41, no. 3 (1966): 29–35.\nR" ******* END TEXT: "ic Hospitals: The California Experience.” Journal of Public Health Policy 3, no. 2 (1982): 182–204.\n"
9780816676507 - page_318: "START TEXT: Sides, Josh. L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present" ******* END TEXT: " eds. Captive Genders: Trans Embodiment and the Prison Industrial Complex. Oakland: AK Press, 2011.\n"
9780816676507 - page_319: "START TEXT: Starr, Paul. The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and " ******* END TEXT: "Welfare Rights in Washington, D.C., 1966–1972.” Journal of Women’s History 11, no. 4 (2000): 34–58.\n"
9780816676507 - page_320: "START TEXT: Velez-I, Carlos G. “Se Me Acabó La Canción: An Ethnography of Non-Consenting Sterilizations among Me" ******* END TEXT: "lation, Uneven Development and Public Health.” Social Science & Medicine 47, no. 6 (1998): 795–808.\n"
9780816676507 - page_321: "START TEXT: Wilkinson, Richard G. Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality. New York: Routledge, 1996." ******* END TEXT: ". “Medicine as an Institution of Social Control.” The Sociological Review 20, no. 4 (1972): 487–504."
9780816676507 - page_322: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_323: "START TEXT: Index\nAbernathy, Ralph, 88, 146\nabortion, 154, 161–66\nabortion mills, 163–64\ncrackdowns, 161\ndebate," ******* END TEXT: "ital desegregation, 41–42\nMedicare, opposition to, 19\nnational health insurance, opposition to, 181\n"
9780816676507 - page_324: "START TEXT: and population control, 156–57\nand segregation, 182\nAnaheim, CA, 83\nAnglo: as term, 249n1\nAnother Mo" ******* END TEXT: "Bivens, James, 202\nBlack Congress, 113, 133, 136, 159\nBlack freedom movement, 2, 6, 37, 62, 12, 128\n"
9780816676507 - page_325: "START TEXT: and peace movement, 80–85, 113, 129\nradicalization of, 85. See also Black politics\nBlack nationalism" ******* END TEXT: "t surplus under, 223\nBrown, Michael, 233–34\nBrown, Willie, 233\nBrown Berets, 96\nantiwar stance, 132\n"
9780816676507 - page_326: "START TEXT: Barrio Free Clinic, 99, 100, 116, 170\ncolonial critique of, 100. See also Chicano activism\nBrownness" ******* END TEXT: " 40\ncivil rights movement, 37, 42, 54–55, 109\nand health care, 17, 42, 48–49, 52, 99, 203, 236, 240\n"
9780816676507 - page_327: "START TEXT: and labor, 256n23\nliberalism, limits of, 52–53\nin Los Angeles, 37\nand peace movement, 81–82, 113, 26" ******* END TEXT: "09, 241, 256n23, 260n105\nDay, Dorothy, 114–15\nDeadwyler, Barbara, 51\nDeadwyler, Leonard, 51, 64, 66\n"
9780816676507 - page_328: "START TEXT: Declaration on Health and Human Rights, 244–45\ndefense contracting: in CA, 231\npost-Reagan, 242\ndefe" ******* END TEXT: " 135, 149\nin Los Angeles, 37, 42, 47\nFamily Assistance Program, 233–34\nwhite antagonism toward, 234\n"
9780816676507 - page_329: "START TEXT: family planning, 18, 158–59, 173, 176, 275n4\nfeminist responses to, 172, 196\nand population control," ******* END TEXT: "eography of, 10\nin Vietnam, 144\ngentrification, 243\ngeographic scale, 16\nsocial construction of, 16\n"
9780816676507 - page_330: "START TEXT: geopolitics, 25\nof civil rights, 37–42\nhealth, 224–25\nmetropolitan, 24–25, 27, 48, 208–10, 212, 227\n" ******* END TEXT: "rvative, 225\nHealth Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), 198–99, 218–20\nhealth movement, feminist, 154\n"
9780816676507 - page_331: "START TEXT: Health Policy Advisory Committee (Health/PAC), 5, 189, 196, 220\ncommunity control, abandonment of, 2" ******* END TEXT: "y Services–Asian Involvement, 221\nJapanese Americans, 90–91\nactivism of, 97\nin defense industry, 36\n"
9780816676507 - page_332: "START TEXT: internment of, 31, 33, 97. See also Asian American movement\nAsian Americans\nJarvis, Howard, 228\nJean" ******* END TEXT: " 210\nL. A. uprising (1992), 240–41, 242\nas multicultural riot, 241\nlaw and order politics, 128, 146\n"
9780816676507 - page_333: "START TEXT: Lear, Walter, 39\nLee, Phillip, 219\nLevy, Howard, 185–86, 196–97\nGeiger debate, 185–88\nVietnam War, o" ******* END TEXT: "95, 263n61\nMarable, Manning, 72\nMarcuse, Herbert, 13\nMarieskind, Helen, 282n51\nMarkusen, Ann, 251n7\n"
9780816676507 - page_334: "START TEXT: Marmor, Theodore, 197, 198, 218\nMartin, Biddy, 110\nMartin, Isaac, 211\nMarxism, 93\nand Chicano activi" ******* END TEXT: "\nand reproductive justice, 280n112\nand segregation, 24\nand suburbanization, 8\nand urban crisis, 236\n"
9780816676507 - page_335: "START TEXT: and white supremacy, 108. See also militarized domesticities\nwar-making\nmilitarized domesticities, 8" ******* END TEXT: "port for, 160\nChildren’s March for Survival, 178\ncoalitions, 234\nguaranteed annual income, advocacy "
9780816676507 - page_336: "START TEXT: for, 176, 178–79\nhealth rights campaign, 194\nand King, Martin Luther, 269n70\nMother’s Day March, 119" ******* END TEXT: "rs, 70–71\nOkabe, Tom, 144\nOne Stop Immigration Center, 227\nOno, Shinya, 221\nOperation Bootstrap, 92\n"
9780816676507 - page_337: "START TEXT: Orleck, Annalise, 128, 146\nOrthopaedic Hospital, 239, 240, 244\nOsborn, Jim, 133\nOur Bodies, Our Selv" ******* END TEXT: "ty, 157\nas racist, 155. See also family planning\nsterilization, forced\nPopulation Council, 159, 171\n"
9780816676507 - page_338: "START TEXT: Porter, Dorothy, 225\npoverty: as behavioral issue, 58\nBlack, 62\nand capitalism, 57–58, 89\nand class " ******* END TEXT: ", 89, 119, 179, 189\nwelfare, 19, 126, 130–31, 146–47, 154, 179, 209, 243. See also police brutality\n"
9780816676507 - page_339: "START TEXT: reproductive justice, 19, 153, 154–60\nbody, focus on, 174–75\nchoice, limits of, 178–80\nand Cold War," ******* END TEXT: "ters\nSelf-Help Clinic\nShabazz, Betty, 136\nShah, Nayan, 30\nShapin, Ruth, 153–54\nShapiro, Thomas, 166\n"
9780816676507 - page_340: "START TEXT: Shelley, John, 60\nSherry, Michael, 235\nShriver, Sargent, 67–68\nSilent Majority, 89, 128. See also Ni" ******* END TEXT: "Economy (SAJE), 239, 244, 245\nStudent American Medical Association, 182\nStudent Health Project, 185\n"
9780816676507 - page_341: "START TEXT: Student Mobilization Committee, 131, 142\nStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 43, 83, 1" ******* END TEXT: "–43, 44, 60, 25 fig. 2\nelectoral power of, 44–45\non health, 48, 255n118\nresidential segregation, 46\n"
9780816676507 - page_342: "START TEXT: United Farm Workers (UFW), 135\nuniversal health care, 4, 20, 190, 204\nand free clinic movement, 204\n" ******* END TEXT: "lth Council, 71–72, 73–76\nwomen, centrality of, 71, 73, 259n88. See also South Central Multipurpose\n"
9780816676507 - page_343: "START TEXT: Health Center\nWatts Neighborhood Health Center\nWatts Labor Community Action Center (WLCAC), 60, 63–6" ******* END TEXT: "for Peace (WSP), 1–2, 18, 82–87, 105–7, 106 fig. 5\nantidraft resolution, 112\nanti-war spending, 232\n"
9780816676507 - page_344: "START TEXT: Chicano Moratorium, support for, 145\non child rearing, 153–54\nand civil rights movement, 112–13, 266" ******* END TEXT: " (YLP), 98, 135\nZinn, Howard, 54, 89\nzoning laws, 228, 239\nrestrictive, 28\nand “white flight,” 36\n\n\n"
9780816676507 - page_345: "START TEXT: JENNA M. LOYD is assistant professor of public health policy and administration at the Joseph J. Zil" ******* END TEXT: "in–Milwaukee. She is the coeditor of Beyond Walls and Cages: Prisons, Borders, and Global Crisis.\n\n\n"
9780816680610 - page_v: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816680610 - page_iv: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\n My universe is populated with many wonderful people, without whom this proje" ******* END TEXT: " grace, good humor, and wise advice have made the entire process a genuine pleasure.\n \n \n\n"
9780816680610 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\n Immortal Postmortems\n OF STONE, AN ALMOST HUMAN FORM. Legs and genitals " ******* END TEXT: "bear, if Atlas shrugs, then the result is not so much ecstatic communion as fatal collapse.\n "
9780816680610 - page_2: "START TEXT: \n \n \n Figure 1. Michelangelo’s Blockhead or Atlas Slave (1532). Accademia, " ******* END TEXT: "Slave (1532). Accademia, Florence, Italy. Courtesy Alinari/Art Resource, New York.\n \n "
9780816680610 - page_3: "START TEXT: \n \n \n Figure 2. Michelangelo’s David (1501–4). Accademia, Florence, Italy. " ******* END TEXT: "eal nor more ideal than Blockhead, as the performative contradiction of the former’s identity—stone "
9780816680610 - page_4: "START TEXT: embodying spirit—is foregrounded. Here, too, Blockhead’s lack of definition is less a failure to be " ******* END TEXT: " . . . aspirational selves.”3\n Such a transcendence makes the movie a fitting avatar of what "
9780816680610 - page_5: "START TEXT: has come to be known as posthumanism. Although commonly associated with near-future forms of technol" ******* END TEXT: "of the posthuman.”8 His assimilation into the Pandoran ecology results not, as Bruno Latour claims, "
9780816680610 - page_6: "START TEXT: in a “redefin[ition]” of “what it means to have a body, a mind, and a world” but in a repackaged, se" ******* END TEXT: "e ‘environment’ . . . imbue[s] it with life” and then approvingly quotes Northrop Frye’s contention "
9780816680610 - page_7: "START TEXT: that “the goal of art is to ‘recapture . . . that original lost sense of iden- tity with our surroun" ******* END TEXT: " metaphysics it supposedly corrects, ending the dialectic with otherness only to achieve a final syn"
9780816680610 - page_8: "START TEXT: thesis of the self. Read in this light, the question “why should our bodies end at the skin?” sounds" ******* END TEXT: "de natural; the paranormal, normal; the invisible, visible. Waiting to fulfill its destiny and relin"
9780816680610 - page_9: "START TEXT: quish its secrets, Nature would at last kneel, conquered and redeemed, before its rightful master.\n " ******* END TEXT: "man’s “Song of Myself” (“I know I am solid and sound / To me the converging objects of the universe "
9780816680610 - page_10: "START TEXT: perpetually flow / . . . I know I am deathless”), or Thoreau’s “Walking” (“I believe that there is a" ******* END TEXT: "t in the self’s abandonment but in its self-gratifying transformation; in both, we not only survive "
9780816680610 - page_11: "START TEXT: our integration into the larger world, we are, at last, realized by it.34\n THERE IS, HOWEVER," ******* END TEXT: " in Continental philosophy. Recognizing, for instance, power and vitality in nonhuman entities—both "
9780816680610 - page_12: "START TEXT: animate and inanimate, natural and artificial—normally denied such status, my authors preemptively a" ******* END TEXT: "acter of language” (Paul de Man); in body, too, we see “the fundamental non-definition of the human "
9780816680610 - page_13: "START TEXT: as such.”42 In both senses—linguistic and material—the “I” within these universes is not alone but m" ******* END TEXT: "ning of knowledge over the century spanning Poe’s and Hurston’s careers (roughly 1835–1945). It was "
9780816680610 - page_14: "START TEXT: during this period that the academic separation of the humanities from the so-called natural science" ******* END TEXT: "rant or “merely” fictional. My interest in them, however, is less in their empirical validity or suc"
9780816680610 - page_15: "START TEXT: cessful depiction of reality than in the ways they anticipate, to a surprising extent, the concerns " ******* END TEXT: "rrently “disunited atoms . . . return[ing] into One”—as manifest in the law of gravity—so that they "
9780816680610 - page_16: "START TEXT: can reconstitute the God whose original act of self-diffusion created the cosmos.55 From this inhuma" ******* END TEXT: "isters Adams’s attempt to reduce, in the mode of his contemporaries, both individuals and societies "
9780816680610 - page_17: "START TEXT: to the operation of deterministic universal laws.61 Yet contra the anthropocentric evolutionary theo" ******* END TEXT: " reading his life, we live to escape it, The Education repeatedly promises that Adams’s fate is our "
9780816680610 - page_18: "START TEXT: own. The chapter concludes by exploring how this fatal consistency both resonates with and challenge" ******* END TEXT: " Srinivas Aravamudan, Valerie Smith, and Saidiya Hartman in challenging the notion that they did so "
9780816680610 - page_19: "START TEXT: by embracing an African cosmology rather than by extending an Enlightenment one to include themselve" ******* END TEXT: " human. In these popularizations (including Pauline Hopkins’s Ethiopianist Of One Blood) as well as "
9780816680610 - page_20: "START TEXT: in the increasingly prominent demand for mass-market conjure or voodoo items, cosmic energies were c" ******* END TEXT: "usion to be overcome, whereas in the latter it follows from a universal law that cannot be.\n "
9780816680610 - page_21: "START TEXT: Far from romanticizing slavery, this cosmology explodes its ontological justifications by leveling s" ******* END TEXT: "rmine people’s lives presumes the oscillation-unto-indistinction between subjects and objects. Yet, "
9780816680610 - page_22: "START TEXT: unlike the textually thin Aunt Peggy in The Conjure Woman, in Mules and Men (and the later Tell My H" ******* END TEXT: "In so doing, hoodoo conjures forth the perhaps impossible specter of a posthumanist ethics.\n "
9780816680610 - page_23: "START TEXT: POE, ADAMS, CHESNUTT, AND HURSTON: an unlikely grouping, whether from the perspective of literary cr" ******* END TEXT: "better or worse outcomes rather than the former’s undeviating fatalism. The forces in the diasporic "
9780816680610 - page_24: "START TEXT: cosmos are still all-encompassing, still beyond our mastery, but now they are heterogeneous, even an" ******* END TEXT: "c or negative any more than self- affirming. It would be merely another version of anthropocentrism "
9780816680610 - page_25: "START TEXT: to believe that the cosmos is innately misanthropic.71 Thus the arc of my chapters: from Poe’s and A" ******* END TEXT: "h its environment without the ability to overcome it, thereby precluding reactionary, destructive at"
9780816680610 - page_26: "START TEXT: tempts at mastery. Rather than reinscribing a defensive or sublime dualism between one’s self and on" ******* END TEXT: " war nor a lasting peace, they only whisper that something other than “us” might be.\n \n \n\n"
9780816680610 - page_27: "START TEXT: 1\n Edgar Allan Poe’s Meta/Physics\n IN 1852, Herbert Mayo, renowned professor of physio" ******* END TEXT: "ries premised on the existence of an omnipresent force or principle—including philosophical systems "
9780816680610 - page_28: "START TEXT: (panpsychism, Schelling’s Naturphilosophie, Fichte’s Wissenschafts- lehre, Hegelianism, American tra" ******* END TEXT: "ctice’s condition of possibility. The metaphysical consequence of this deindividualization was that "
9780816680610 - page_29: "START TEXT: humanity was no longer a creation apart, an isolated point of significance within an essentially mea" ******* END TEXT: "ns were at the heart of the American dialectic between fierce individualism and those suprapersonal "
9780816680610 - page_30: "START TEXT: “forces” (whether political, economic, or religious) understood to both transcend and subtend it. Ea" ******* END TEXT: " an immanent development within romantic and transcendentalist thought, a universalism that assents "
9780816680610 - page_31: "START TEXT: to the claim that everything is connected but then adds that it’s to our peril, as the strangeness w" ******* END TEXT: ", both physical and spiritual, consist of a common material substrate, an “ultimate, or unparticled "
9780816680610 - page_32: "START TEXT: matter, [that] not only permeates all things but impels all things—and thus is all things within its" ******* END TEXT: "external world” requires that the self become pure externality, dissolved as a discrete entity into "
9780816680610 - page_33: "START TEXT: the totality of vibrating, “unparticled matter.” We continue to exist in death, that is, only to the" ******* END TEXT: "eriencing them, but Deleuze and Guattari, unlike many who conjure endless pleasures in their names, "
9780816680610 - page_34: "START TEXT: acknowledge that such processes are “not reassuring. . . . [They] can be terrifying, and lead you to" ******* END TEXT: "e only realities,” Poe never suggests that the science of Eureka is inaccurate.24 Rather, he argues "
9780816680610 - page_35: "START TEXT: in the truest romantic spirit that feelings, dreams, and Schellingian “intuitive leaps” are the mean" ******* END TEXT: " indication of this telos—the return to unity through the revocation of individuality—it is not the "
9780816680610 - page_36: "START TEXT: only means of apprehending our fate; innate within our consciousness is a latent knowledge of our fu" ******* END TEXT: "egration with the waters on which she traveled. This is a fitting image for Poe’s conception of the "
9780816680610 - page_37: "START TEXT: assimilation of individual life into a larger field of being, the inevitable loss of one’s person fo" ******* END TEXT: "c stories, these tales’ characters access universal truth only in death. In the first, the deceased "
9780816680610 - page_38: "START TEXT: Eiros, now “overburthened with the majesty of all things,” recounts the destruction of the world by " ******* END TEXT: " this immortality, the grave was still a home, and the corrosive hours co-mates.35\n \n "
9780816680610 - page_39: "START TEXT: Transitioning from the sentience of an individual to a sensation of deindividuation, Monos here reco" ******* END TEXT: "y awful” (Eureka, 1356). These “memories,” Poe suggests, are of our past unity, our existence prior "
9780816680610 - page_40: "START TEXT: to our differentiation from One, and therefore are also necessarily omens of our future destiny. The" ******* END TEXT: "heir “handiness” or purposiveness for Dasein is interrupted (Being and Time, 69). What is important "
9780816680610 - page_41: "START TEXT: about this interruption is that it briefly suspends Dasein’s normal being-in-the-world by short-circ" ******* END TEXT: "g-power,” Poe’s things exist “beyond the grid of intelligibility,” “as a recognizable yet illegible "
9780816680610 - page_42: "START TEXT: remainder or as the entifiable that is unspecifiable.”41 But, and this is the rub, our inability to " ******* END TEXT: "sence only when “unhandy,” then, Poe’s things attain prominence by forcefully propelling themselves "
9780816680610 - page_43: "START TEXT: from the indiscernibility of mere materiality to the hypervisibility of people’s lives—before all fa" ******* END TEXT: "Black Cat,” 856). Similarly, the narrator feels “terror . . . horror” and “an absolute dread of the "
9780816680610 - page_44: "START TEXT: beast,” which is “not exactly a dread of physical evil,” yet one that he is “at a loss how otherwise" ******* END TEXT: " According to the “Imp” and the narrative trajectory of “The Black Cat” (which also identifies this "
9780816680610 - page_45: "START TEXT: impulse, seventy-five years before Freud, as an “indivisible primary facult[y] . . . of Man” [“Black" ******* END TEXT: "oking into her eyes with viewing “the commonest objects of the universe”: “a rapidly growing vine,” "
9780816680610 - page_46: "START TEXT: “a moth,” “a butterfly,” “a chrysalis,” “a stream of running water,” “a falling meteor,” the “glance" ******* END TEXT: " the spheres”; characterize humanity as “Mimes” and “puppets” controlled by “vast formless things,” "
9780816680610 - page_47: "START TEXT: “chas[ing]” but never “seiz[ing]” the “Phantom” they seek; and con- ceive of life as “a circle that " ******* END TEXT: " office to even more things, picturing yet more ways in which we are “puppets” of our surroundings. "
9780816680610 - page_48: "START TEXT: Indeed, the story offers numerous synecdochic examples of the concrete forms universal forces can as" ******* END TEXT: " incestuous because the “very ancient” family tree never “put forth . . . any enduring branch” that "
9780816680610 - page_49: "START TEXT: lived beyond the mansion’s walls (“Usher,” 399). Suffering equally from lines that are absences (the" ******* END TEXT: "the walls. The result was discoverable . . . in that silent, yet importunate and terrible influence "
9780816680610 - page_50: "START TEXT: which for centuries had moulded the destinies of his family, and which made him . . . what he was. (" ******* END TEXT: "ror” of “even the most trivial” thing: “I shall perish . . . I must perish” (“Usher,” 403).\n "
9780816680610 - page_51: "START TEXT: But what exactly is threatening here? Whence the “horror” and “terror”? Roderick, at least, feels th" ******* END TEXT: "able things,” is not itself insane in Poe’s universe, but it may cause insanity, one symptom of the "
9780816680610 - page_52: "START TEXT: self-estrangement that contact with a vital world produces. Alternatively, insanity or a “morbid acu" ******* END TEXT: "ow the opaque waters of the tarn (“Usher,” 412–13).62 In a significant anticipation of Eureka, only "
9780816680610 - page_53: "START TEXT: the “blood-red moon” remains over the place where persons once were (“Usher,” 417).\n The comm" ******* END TEXT: " that gradually “pervaded [the narrator’s] frame” (“Usher,” 411). As he is “infected” by Roderick’s "
9780816680610 - page_54: "START TEXT: “instinctive spirit” of “extreme terror” (“Usher,” 411), so, in turn, are we. And the same holds tru" ******* END TEXT: "mpel [readers] to feel.”74 He even uses the loaded language of the “clay” of the artistic work (and "
9780816680610 - page_55: "START TEXT: presumably of the reader) being “the slave of the artist,” a figuration that later will be literaliz" ******* END TEXT: "e “I,” too, becomes a thing. His closed, deterministic, teleological cosmos—darkly beautiful in its "
9780816680610 - page_56: "START TEXT: crystalline perfection—defies our attempts to humanize it, to conscript it to our ends, but at the c" ******* END TEXT: "gating) much current work in the posthumanist implications of chaos and deep time.85\n \n \n\n"
9780816680610 - page_57: "START TEXT: 2\n Henry Adams’s Half-Life\n The Science of Autobiography\n \n If we now " ******* END TEXT: "ted from their subject, picturing something simultaneously more and less than a self. Like a series "
9780816680610 - page_58: "START TEXT: of circumstances given an arbitrary, ill-suited name, they seem only casually or accidentally relate" ******* END TEXT: "for Adams’s precarious status. Critics, that is, have largely ignored or disavowed the relationship "
9780816680610 - page_59: "START TEXT: between the ostensibly biographical elements of The Education, on one hand, and the text’s parallel " ******* END TEXT: "hey have been “called God or Nature” (Education, 487). Consequently, we are not merely “capture[d]” "
9780816680610 - page_60: "START TEXT: by “the forces of nature,” we are their “sum,” composed—like “the surface foliage of a vegetable” (E" ******* END TEXT: " . . in the hands of the physicists” (“Rule,” 283). The Education’s subjection of its author to the "
9780816680610 - page_61: "START TEXT: dynamic theory thus participates in a project long explored by Adams, one of “converting metaphysics" ******* END TEXT: "lity, nonhuman temporalities, and speculative realism, their determinism forecloses the possibility "
9780816680610 - page_62: "START TEXT: of rehabilitating them for recuperative ends. For Adams, chaos is not liberating; it is annihilating" ******* END TEXT: "maining a phenomenon apart, the human in evolutionary theory was considered an entity subject, like "
9780816680610 - page_63: "START TEXT: any other, to nonhuman processes.\n Despite this epistemic shift, however, many evolutionist t" ******* END TEXT: "ntified as the reification of an exclusionary notion of the human by the emerging human sciences of "
9780816680610 - page_64: "START TEXT: the nineteenth century, these theorists assumed that Western civilization represented either the pen" ******* END TEXT: "on, 401]), but the decline is clear.20 This is no small step: rather than evolutionism’s promise of "
9780816680610 - page_65: "START TEXT: perfectibility, “the law of Entropy imposes a servitude on all energies,” including the one most ess" ******* END TEXT: "opments in human history that seemed “voluntary” were “in fact . . . as mechanical as the fall of a "
9780816680610 - page_66: "START TEXT: feather,” with “all mankind . . . dragged on by an attractive power . . . as the planets obeyed grav" ******* END TEXT: "sions of modern science.28 Others understand them to be serious but primarily aesthetic, harnessing "
9780816680610 - page_67: "START TEXT: the power of prevailing symbols to create a modern mythology.29 Even those who believe that Adams’s " ******* END TEXT: "ashed case for rejecting Adams’s “inhuman” theories, however, comes from someone who actually takes "
9780816680610 - page_68: "START TEXT: them seriously. In his 1919 review of The Education, Robert Shafer criticizes what he understands to" ******* END TEXT: "g universal principles through their action on a single person. Pressuring the Emersonian notion of "
9780816680610 - page_69: "START TEXT: representative men (and the larger American ethos of individualistic self-determination) to the poin" ******* END TEXT: "forward and back, with a steady progress oceanwards. . . . The process is possible only for men who "
9780816680610 - page_70: "START TEXT: have exhausted auto-motion. Adams never knew why, knowing nothing of Faraday, he began to mimic Fara" ******* END TEXT: " In The Education, however, a “pen work[ing] for itself” is attributable to neither spirits nor the "
9780816680610 - page_71: "START TEXT: unconscious (both anthropocentric explanations) but rather, like the book and author thereby compose" ******* END TEXT: "se in the universe of The Education, Adams is always more instrument than instrumental, registering "
9780816680610 - page_72: "START TEXT: environmental effects without fully comprehending or mastering them (Education, 456).45 And though t" ******* END TEXT: "nineteenth-century psychology “that the ψυχή—soul or mind—was . . . not a unit”:\n \n "
9780816680610 - page_73: "START TEXT: The new psychology . . . seemed convinced that it had actually split personality not only into duali" ******* END TEXT: "d Testament” to the diminution of human life within a chaotic and deterministic universe.50\n "
9780816680610 - page_74: "START TEXT: Such a “necrospective” vision both accords with and departs from posthumanist theorizations of chaos" ******* END TEXT: "ch comfort. Where others believe universal process to be inherently democratic, Adams sees only the "
9780816680610 - page_75: "START TEXT: despotism of nonhuman powers (recall the title of The Degradation of the Democratic Principle); wher" ******* END TEXT: " something still exists is made obvious, paradoxically, by the very claims to the contrary.\n "
9780816680610 - page_76: "START TEXT: This seeming survival of death—in conjunction with the paradox of an autobiography written in the th" ******* END TEXT: "the prison, we might rule it. In this, posthumanism and poststructuralism can surprisingly echo the "
9780816680610 - page_77: "START TEXT: anthropocentrism of Adams’s humanist contemporaries (albeit in revised form): if we can no longer fi" ******* END TEXT: " a ghost,” neither fully “dead” nor fully “alive” because at least partially (“a little bit”) both, "
9780816680610 - page_78: "START TEXT: existing in a liminal space somewhere between being “buried” and being “real” (as de Man writes of W" ******* END TEXT: "reflexive regress.73 And The Education is the disorienting product of exactly such a “misrelation,” "
9780816680610 - page_79: "START TEXT: a text in which Adams’s self is forced by its encounter with the universe to “continually go over an" ******* END TEXT: "or dates be inscribed on it. As a figure, in Adams’s words (recounted by his friend John La Farge), "
9780816680610 - page_80: "START TEXT: of “the acceptance . . . of the inevitable,” the sculpture—shrouded, impersonal, eyes closed—is a mo" ******* END TEXT: "end of the immense economies which his mother Nature stored for his support” (Letter, 218).\n "
9780816680610 - page_81: "START TEXT: \n \n \n Figure 3. Augustus Saint-Gaudens’s Adams Memorial (1886–91). Rock Cre" ******* END TEXT: "point of view, Man, as a . . . natural force, . . . [has] no function except that of dissipating or "
9780816680610 - page_82: "START TEXT: degrading energy” (Letter, 216). We have an “instinct for destruction” (Letter, 217; my emphasis), w" ******* END TEXT: "without ending in literal extinction. I thus turn in the remaining chapters to an African diasporic "
9780816680610 - page_83: "START TEXT: worldview that, though not reducible to its encounter with New World slavery, offers a powerful chal" ******* END TEXT: "mation rather than annihilation and thus would not preclude a new community of “we.”\n \n \n\n"
9780816680610 - page_84: "START TEXT: 3\n “By an Act of Self-Creation”\n On Becoming Human in America\n THE PREVIOUS TWO" ******* END TEXT: "human, no one self-possessed. Correlatively, no thing may be reduced to the death sentence of “bare "
9780816680610 - page_86: "START TEXT: life” or mere, passive nature.1 Nothing is ontologically killable because everything is, at least po" ******* END TEXT: "eously the condition of our existence and the principle of its estrangement. From this perspective, "
9780816680610 - page_87: "START TEXT: the conjure cosmology’s erosion of man-made/man-making ontological difference works to expose the ap" ******* END TEXT: "As we shall see, this tradition offers its own poignant presentation of the enmeshment of human and "
9780816680610 - page_88: "START TEXT: world as “a dynamically developing cluster of forces” rather than a “static and unchanging being.”14" ******* END TEXT: " then, that Douglass not be seen as merely agitating for the greater inclusiveness of Enlightenment "
9780816680610 - page_89: "START TEXT: ideals because, were this the case, it would negate Douglass’s availability for illustrating the fac" ******* END TEXT: " intelligence to countenance such dealings with the devil, as this power implied.” Moreover, though "
9780816680610 - page_90: "START TEXT: Douglass confesses to being momentarily compelled by the “earn-est[ness]” of Sandy’s “superstition,”" ******* END TEXT: "slaves in the colonies depended on the enlightenment strategy by which humans ruled the universe of "
9780816680610 - page_91: "START TEXT: things, including, through a fantasy of reification, slaves. Descartes’s experiment with himself to " ******* END TEXT: " guarantee the recognition of African Americans’ humanity in slave society—and that the idea itself "
9780816680610 - page_92: "START TEXT: risks “reiterating the evolutionary narrative so dear to early abolitionists, that of humanizing the" ******* END TEXT: "another’s property to owning—in all senses of the word—one’s self (my bondage, my freedom).\n "
9780816680610 - page_93: "START TEXT: Contra Gilroy, therefore, Douglass believes that “the Enlightenment project” can “be repaired by int" ******* END TEXT: "hysical self.”36 This may seem an abstract concern relative to the dehumanizations of slavery until "
9780816680610 - page_94: "START TEXT: we realize that Douglass’s achievement of personhood paradoxically threatens to naturalize the very " ******* END TEXT: "be differentially distributed.\n The epigraph adorning My Bondage and My Freedom’s title page "
9780816680610 - page_95: "START TEXT: is telling in this regard: “By a principle essential to christianity, a person is eternally differen" ******* END TEXT: "nd My Freedom, indeed, as the very junction between Douglass’s bondage and his freedom. And lest we "
9780816680610 - page_96: "START TEXT: overlook the principle, Douglass makes it the resounding culmination of the chapter’s closing lines " ******* END TEXT: " bondsmen who are “without force,” lack “signs of power,” or cannot “strike the first blow” are, by "
9780816680610 - page_97: "START TEXT: Douglass’s logic, not fully human. They are instead in an uncanny parallel to pro-slavery discourse," ******* END TEXT: " own project is indebted to his (and others’) example of looking to African American literature for "
9780816680610 - page_98: "START TEXT: a perspective through which to question conceptions of Being that informed the slave era—and arguabl" ******* END TEXT: "ianity,” Equiano is quick to dismiss these survivals of his native belief system as “superstitions” "
9780816680610 - page_99: "START TEXT: or naive misperceptions—thus distancing himself, his new Enlightened self, from them (and the no-lon" ******* END TEXT: "to a rigid sense of their ontological hierarchy.57 One can never be sure that a thing is not alive, "
9780816680610 - page_100: "START TEXT: never know with certainty that one holds dominion over it rather than vice versa. You finally can’t " ******* END TEXT: "that although they work toward the same end—leveling the hierarchy of being between white and black—"
9780816680610 - page_101: "START TEXT: conventional abolitionism represents the conceptual inverse to the diasporic cosmology: the former e" ******* END TEXT: "category of selfhood?62\n Again, this is not to minimize slavery’s horrific dehumanization of "
9780816680610 - page_102: "START TEXT: slaves, nor is it to deny the necessity of their resisting this brutalization by asserting their hum" ******* END TEXT: "ituted nation could define its own progressive modernity. An 1898 article in the San Francisco Call "
9780816680610 - page_103: "START TEXT: (“Queer Practices of the Negro Voodoo Doctors”) was typical in its diagnosis of the cultural import " ******* END TEXT: "Herskovits’s 1932 Boasian ethnography, Life in a Haitian Valley, for example, presented voodoo as a "
9780816680610 - page_104: "START TEXT: syncretic religion more closely aligned to Christianity than not, thereby countering sensationalisti" ******* END TEXT: " white people, too, prove susceptible to voodoo’s “powerful effect . . . on the nervous system”; in "
9780816680610 - page_105: "START TEXT: this way, they can therapeutically explore the dark continent of their own unconscious: “Hidden dept" ******* END TEXT: "so many current analyses of the therapeutic role of voodoo and conjure in African American culture, "
9780816680610 - page_106: "START TEXT: where these practices are said to “affir[m] personhood and hea[l] persons,” facilitate a “process of" ******* END TEXT: " though the diasporic cosmology does not mandate extinction—as do those of Poe and Adams—the threat "
9780816680610 - page_107: "START TEXT: of individual bodily death immanent to voodoo dolls and black cat rituals betokens a universal destr" ******* END TEXT: "sent the conjure universe in such a way as to underscore its direct repudiation of the master–slave "
9780816680610 - page_108: "START TEXT: ontology in both its racial and its anthropocentric guises. Admittedly, Chesnutt’s and Hurston’s tex" ******* END TEXT: "r non- or para-Christian beliefs, such as spiritualism, New Thought, and Theosophy, that celebrated "
9780816680610 - page_109: "START TEXT: the self’s enfolding within the cosmic One88 and early environmental conservation and preservation m" ******* END TEXT: "undamental sense like every other thing: compositions of relations that give rise to, but cannot be "
9780816680610 - page_110: "START TEXT: bounded by, “us”—temporary closures that emerge and disappear according to alien-yet-immanent proces" ******* END TEXT: " of our world—don’t. “We” may be dethroned as lords over creation, but a transformed, heterogeneous "
9780816680610 - page_111: "START TEXT: version of “us” may yet survive. Stripped of the easy finalities of extinction and immortality, dete" ******* END TEXT: "y may be put into most productive conversation, as both stipulate what we might otherwise reject as "
9780816680610 - page_112: "START TEXT: ignorance or unscientific superstition: the animistic possibility that agency and vitality are abund" ******* END TEXT: " our selves. Or perhaps we may sense, fleetingly, that such a loss might already be.\n \n \n\n"
9780816680610 - page_113: "START TEXT: 4\n Hoodoo You Think You Are?\n Self-Conjuration in Chesnutt’s The Conjure Woman\n " ******* END TEXT: "g vestiges of an artificially sustained archaism, of interest only as analogues to the early stages "
9780816680610 - page_114: "START TEXT: of “the white man’s civilization.” Chesnutt, in other words, offers an evolutionary cultural histori" ******* END TEXT: "s, white interest in black folk beliefs spiked at the turn of the century, but mostly as a means to "
9780816680610 - page_115: "START TEXT: “bolster white superiority and regional distinctiveness” in the face of homogenizing industrial forc" ******* END TEXT: "of the world onto Julius in this way. Unlike his wife, Annie, John consistently fails to appreciate "
9780816680610 - page_116: "START TEXT: the actual or symbolic truth of Julius’s accounts of conjure offering slaves an alternative power wi" ******* END TEXT: "t, that of Julius, and that of Aunt Peggy, the primary conjurer in most of the tales. Although only "
9780816680610 - page_117: "START TEXT: the last is associated directly with actual conjure practices, Sundquist can claim that the other tw" ******* END TEXT: "s and transformation.”17\n I cite Sundquist to this extent because of the power and influence "
9780816680610 - page_118: "START TEXT: of his account, which has rightly become a touchstone for the past twenty years of Chesnutt studies." ******* END TEXT: "on[s]” take priority over material charms, “improvisational flexibility” over bodily metamorphosis, "
9780816680610 - page_119: "START TEXT: the spoken, in a word, over the token.23 Consequently, the drama of the conjure tales is made indist" ******* END TEXT: "er version of white privilege; the conjure cosmology—as illustrated in Chesnutt’s tales—offers just "
9780816680610 - page_120: "START TEXT: such a rebuke.\n Significantly, though, the cosmology also disavows the apparent inverse of th" ******* END TEXT: "th body and mind—suggests that “we” are not discrete entities but ephemeral, hybridized confluences "
9780816680610 - page_121: "START TEXT: of impersonal, nonhuman powers. “We” exist, but we cannot finally delineate the boundary between “us" ******* END TEXT: "ral elements and are not based in diasporic folklore, the characters are more recognizably “human”; "
9780816680610 - page_122: "START TEXT: not coincidentally, then, “Dave’s Neckliss” is the one story in which Julius appears as both narrato" ******* END TEXT: "l autonomy, purity, and priority.\n CHESNUTT’S FIRST MAJOR PUBLICATION, “The Goophered Grape- "
9780816680610 - page_123: "START TEXT: vine,” crystallizes many of these points. Originally published in the Atlantic Monthly in 1887, subs" ******* END TEXT: "’ ’tater, but des ez soon ez de young leaves begun ter come out on de grapevimes, de ha’r begun ter "
9780816680610 - page_124: "START TEXT: grow out on Henry’s head, en by de middle er de summer he had de bigges’ head er ha’r on de plantati" ******* END TEXT: "enue from the product of the neglected grapevines.” He surmises that “this, doubtless accounted for "
9780816680610 - page_125: "START TEXT: [Julius’s] advice . . . not to buy the vineyard” (“Goophered Grapevine,” 43). Perhaps unsurprisingly" ******* END TEXT: "hn of a similar end, Julius can be seen to deconstruct the ongoing metaphysics of racial difference "
9780816680610 - page_126: "START TEXT: in his own era.39\n But the story’s deconstructive force need not result from Julius’s rhetori" ******* END TEXT: " the insubstantiality of his own—and, thus, the imposture of his (or anyone else’s) mastery. In the "
9780816680610 - page_127: "START TEXT: conjure universe, equality comes from the ground up, denuding all anthropocentric claims to the natu" ******* END TEXT: "his growth in the summer but also by his deterioration in the winter. It’s thus a break-even proposi"
9780816680610 - page_128: "START TEXT: tion at best, and when we factor in the consideration that the vines’ susceptibility to injury has f" ******* END TEXT: "ed both an unprecedented expansion of industrial mining and logging operations that wrought immense "
9780816680610 - page_129: "START TEXT: environmental destruction and, correlatively, an intensified interest in preservationist and conserv" ******* END TEXT: "armonies of “utopian eco-language” in favor of “a new ecological aesthetics: dark ecology.”54 First "
9780816680610 - page_130: "START TEXT: discarding the romantic ideal of holistic equilibrium, Morton’s dark ecology next abandons the conce" ******* END TEXT: "s surrounding a conjure woman (Tenie) who metamorphoses her enslaved husband (Sandy) into a tree so "
9780816680610 - page_131: "START TEXT: that he won’t continue to be loaned to other plantations for months at a time.61 As Myers notes (and" ******* END TEXT: "would be! Everything in the mountains would find me and come to me, and everything from the heavens "
9780816680610 - page_132: "START TEXT: like light”), Sandy’s fusion is anything but self-affirming: though it momentarily enables him to es" ******* END TEXT: "). In each, “our” selves are lost to bodies no longer our own. “Lonesome Ben” perhaps best captures "
9780816680610 - page_133: "START TEXT: this axiom, despite the fact that it does not explicitly rely on conjure to make its point. Having r" ******* END TEXT: "eing a threat that can be named (and overcome) as other, the horror—the difference, the sameness—is "
9780816680610 - page_134: "START TEXT: within; it is the within. Not knowing who or what “he” is independent of a body that he does not ack" ******* END TEXT: "own se’f”; “he felt mo’ lak a stranger ’n he did lak Ben”) after discovering “himself” to be turned "
9780816680610 - page_135: "START TEXT: into clay demonstrates a universal principle of the conjure cosmology: the self’s radical contingenc" ******* END TEXT: "hese observations are run through with paternalistic racism. Although John elsewhere intimates that "
9780816680610 - page_136: "START TEXT: Julius’s oddities can be explained by the historical circumstances of his enslavement (e.g., “he had" ******* END TEXT: "to consider himself “the property of another” long after emancipation might be something other than "
9780816680610 - page_137: "START TEXT: pathological; such a blurring between personhood and objecthood might signal the fundamental ontolog" ******* END TEXT: "r can “we” be certain that “we” are not “it.”83 This doesn’t mean that everything is the same, only "
9780816680610 - page_138: "START TEXT: that all things are prosthetic compositions of difference. Like Henry, Sandy, and Ben, “we” cannot d" ******* END TEXT: "elves. This is not to romanticize slavery but to disassemble it from the inside out.\n \n \n\n"
9780816680610 - page_139: "START TEXT: 5\n “It Might Be the Death of You”\n Hurston’s Voodoo Ethnography\n PUBLISHED THIR" ******* END TEXT: "claim that Hurston, like Chesnutt before her, only seems to conform to the generic expectations she "
9780816680610 - page_140: "START TEXT: announces herself as meeting, all the while actually signifying on her white audience’s desire to re" ******* END TEXT: "s the racial distinctions that are the occasion of Mules and Men’s publication, they share a common "
9780816680610 - page_141: "START TEXT: conception of the authorial subject as the locus from which the text’s antiethnographic strategies o" ******* END TEXT: "the text’s insistence on the consequences of inhabiting the voodoo universe that circumscribes (and "
9780816680610 - page_142: "START TEXT: enables) both the epistemological possibilities of Hurston’s anthropological project and the ontolog" ******* END TEXT: "s prizing of “absolute individualism and consequent self-reliance” above all else.17 An initiate in "
9780816680610 - page_143: "START TEXT: various hoodoo and voodoo traditions, she finally abandoned them for fear that they threatened her l" ******* END TEXT: "t ontological discrimination. Voodoo need not be read as an allegory or political masque to realize "
9780816680610 - page_144: "START TEXT: this potentiality; it does so according to its own immanent principles. Power inequalities still exi" ******* END TEXT: "ield research in New Orleans and published in earlier form in the Journal of American Folklore, the "
9780816680610 - page_145: "START TEXT: “Hoodoo” section of Mules and Men, like the book’s introduction, advertises itself as granting unpre" ******* END TEXT: "West (particularly in the wake of the First World War and the rise of Taylorist industrialization), "
9780816680610 - page_146: "START TEXT: Mason represented a shift in attitude among certain educated northern whites in the 1930s.27 Where p" ******* END TEXT: "lity burned up the one that had eaten supper with us,” Hurston continues. “Before our very eyes, he "
9780816680610 - page_147: "START TEXT: walked out of his nordic body and changed. . . . Africa was in his tones. He throbbed and glowed. He" ******* END TEXT: "es and Men, 223]) to winning lovers (“Man and woman cases” [Mules and Men, 187]) to killing enemies "
9780816680610 - page_148: "START TEXT: or driving them insane (“case[s] of death-to-the enemy” [Mules and Men, 239]), and Tell My Horse sim" ******* END TEXT: "“foreign” materials: “the most powerful part of any man” is not properly of him but an alien agency "
9780816680610 - page_149: "START TEXT: (a “duppy”), which, however, is paradoxically also the very thing that gave life “to [his] parts” (T" ******* END TEXT: "sacrificing our persons to forces greater than—yet intimately indissociable from—ourselves.\n "
9780816680610 - page_150: "START TEXT: Even Marie Leveau, greatest of the New Orleans voodoo priestesses, is said to have been able to acce" ******* END TEXT: "eaves her incapable of either clearly narrating or understanding the events unfolding around her.41 "
9780816680610 - page_151: "START TEXT: After being warned to “look out! This is liable to kill you,” she can only recall that\n \n " ******* END TEXT: " that the challenge (and the fear and confusion that compose it) originates in something other than "
9780816680610 - page_152: "START TEXT: strategy or ideology? What if Hurston is actually telling the truth, honestly reporting as best she " ******* END TEXT: "e was afraid that the subject of her research was threatening her life: “Hurston was convinced that "
9780816680610 - page_153: "START TEXT: [a sudden, serious] illness and her voodoo studies were related.”49\n The threat of voodoo kil" ******* END TEXT: "differentiated unity” remains prevalent.56 Perhaps surprisingly, given the different religious tradi"
9780816680610 - page_154: "START TEXT: tions, this arc also characterizes the host of recent interpretations that read Mules and Men and/or" ******* END TEXT: "only describes “indescribable noises, sights, feelings” or repeats “I don’t know”—it is because the "
9780816680610 - page_155: "START TEXT: voodoo universe has made its author no longer fully available to dictate her life or her text.60 A H" ******* END TEXT: "and that “nobody wanted the Marines to go away” [Tell My Horse, 337, 352]), the diasporic cosmology "
9780816680610 - page_156: "START TEXT: that she documents powerfully invalidates the philosophical under- pinnings of imperialism.62 It doe" ******* END TEXT: "dly depicts graphic instances of the “enormous and unconscious cruelty” (Tell My Horse, 347) of the "
9780816680610 - page_157: "START TEXT: Haitian people toward animals: “the tongue of [a] red rooster torn out before it is killed” (Tell My" ******* END TEXT: "nholy but not-necessarily-secular cosmology might take is indicated in Hurston’s complex expression "
9780816680610 - page_158: "START TEXT: that her “flesh drew up like tripe” in reaction to the torture of the chicken and its subsequent “cr" ******* END TEXT: "of others” (Dust Tracks, 767).\n Hurston has in mind here the ongoing fact of “human bondage” "
9780816680610 - page_159: "START TEXT: despite the West’s hypocritical trumpeting of “the dignity of man,” but her critique of the perpetua" ******* END TEXT: "ss matter” (Tell My Horse, 374) but a recognition of the common flesh behind all forms, so that the "
9780816680610 - page_160: "START TEXT: “mingl[ing]” of “bodies and parts of bodies” becomes a principle of life and not only of death (Tell" ******* END TEXT: ", exclusive, tyrannical “we”—don’t. According to Dana Rush and others, this is perhaps the defining "
9780816680610 - page_161: "START TEXT: feature of West African Vodun and cognate diasporic spiritualities: a perpetual “dialectic” of “the " ******* END TEXT: "ity is Pavlić’s recommendation of “humility and caution,” even a little “healthy fear,” as a way of "
9780816680610 - page_162: "START TEXT: checking our attempts at either enslaving or becoming the universe.84 More generally, we might enter" ******* END TEXT: "immediately following the portentous string of “I don’t know[s]”—each pregnant with the possibility "
9780816680610 - page_163: "START TEXT: of a nonexistence that cannot quite be borne—the closing line of the chapter domesticates the entire" ******* END TEXT: "ke Sis Cat, washing my face and usin’ my manners” (Mules and Men, 246)—it might appear that Hurston "
9780816680610 - page_164: "START TEXT: has consolidated herself through an empowering identification with the tradition she has been docume" ******* END TEXT: "ry rather than the mastery of our existence. When the “I” of “I don’t know” is lost to itself, when "
9780816680610 - page_165: "START TEXT: an epistemological rupture widens to become an ontological abyss, then might we glimpse what the con" ******* END TEXT: "nbecoming—in the voodoo universe: “I danced, I don’t know how” (Mules and Men, 242).\n \n \n\n"
9780816680610 - page_166: "START TEXT: Coda\n “The Cosmopolitical Party”\n ALTERNATE UNIVERSES, none our own. Poe’s inrushing, " ******* END TEXT: "eir ontological privilege now ceded to dynamic, co-prosthetic relations with things and energies no "
9780816680610 - page_168: "START TEXT: longer dependent on “us” for their vitality or meaning. Both more and less than previously imagined," ******* END TEXT: "ense (Cary Wolfe notes that “posthumanist theory need not indulge . . . Foucauldian dystopianism”), "
9780816680610 - page_169: "START TEXT: testifies to this dual refusal; each text is suffused with an uncanny unease that forestalls our dom" ******* END TEXT: "s (serially episodic, largely noncumulative) manifest the provisionality of knowledge and existence "
9780816680610 - page_170: "START TEXT: in the conjure cosmos. Unlike Eureka or “The Tendency of History,” therefore, which omnisciently for" ******* END TEXT: "nt attempts to cast the cosmos either in our image or as our shadow, do my authors’ cosmologies—and "
9780816680610 - page_171: "START TEXT: Hurston’s in particular—articulate an affirmative alternative? More specifically, is there a positiv" ******* END TEXT: "the concept of its purchase? What is a democracy in the absence of a coherent, human demos?\n "
9780816680610 - page_172: "START TEXT: Because his work informs my own theoretical sensibilities, and because it is the most familiar in th" ******* END TEXT: "ication of the germ responsible for tuberculosis). Not unlike the identity-in-heterogeneity we have "
9780816680610 - page_173: "START TEXT: seen in Hurston’s hoodoo, this thing that is “we” is a congressing, a connecting, a gathering, a ver" ******* END TEXT: "e parliament of things,” as when he claims that “other circulating entities have to be granted back "
9780816680610 - page_174: "START TEXT: some rights of citizenry, so that they, too, can have a seat with the older members.”27 Elsewhere he" ******* END TEXT: " Philadelphia.\n \n Although there are aspects of Latour’s presentation that invite the "
9780816680610 - page_175: "START TEXT: criticism that he impossibly expands rather than interrogates liberal subjectivity, on the whole he " ******* END TEXT: "s conception, the “human . . . is in the pass, in the sending, in the continuous exchange of forms. "
9780816680610 - page_176: "START TEXT: Of course it is not a thing, but things are not things either.”34 This is not to say, then, that hum" ******* END TEXT: "nterlineated with our own, to which Latour rightly entreats us to be cognizant, but he implies that "
9780816680610 - page_177: "START TEXT: the ability to compose a common world that accommodates their heterogeneity depends on “us” (who els" ******* END TEXT: "ur assuredness has often proven lethal, from slavery to Manifest Destiny to social Darwinism to the "
9780816680610 - page_178: "START TEXT: operationalization of the world). In this sense, such a failure might even be considered a kind of c" ******* END TEXT: "or instrumentalized. Like Hurston’s voodoo, it may yet dispossess us of ourselves.45\n \n \n\n"
9780816680610 - page_179: "START TEXT: Notes\n Notes to Introduction\n \n \n 1\tBegun circa 1519, the sculptu" ******* END TEXT: " \n \n 4\tFor studies that situate posthumanism transhistorically, see Caroline "
9780816680610 - page_180: "START TEXT: Bynum Walker, Metamorphosis and Identity (New York: Zone Books, 2001); Jeffrey Jerome Cohen, Medieva" ******* END TEXT: "p://www.bruno-latour.fr/articles/article/120-COMPO_MANIFESTO.pdf.\n \n \n "
9780816680610 - page_181: "START TEXT: 10\tFor two versions of Adorno’s quotation, see Martin Jay, Refractions of Violence (New York: Routle" ******* END TEXT: " \n \n 16\tTim Lenoir, “Makeover: Writing the Body into the Posthuman Tech"
9780816680610 - page_182: "START TEXT: noscape. Part One: Embracing the Posthuman,” Configurations 10 (2002): 218.\n \n \n " ******* END TEXT: " \n \n 26\tSamuel Taylor Coleridge, “The Eolian Harp,” in The Great Romantics "
9780816680610 - page_183: "START TEXT: (New York: Quality Paperback Book Club, 1994), 579; William Wordsworth, “Influence of Natural Object" ******* END TEXT: " \n \n 34\tMarjorie Levinson, for instance, traces a common anthropocentric "
9780816680610 - page_184: "START TEXT: attitude toward nature from the British romantics to posthumanist deep ecology: “For deep ecology, p" ******* END TEXT: "nd Reality, ed. David Ray Griffin and Donald W. Sherburne (New York: Free Press, 1978), esp. 27–28, "
9780816680610 - page_185: "START TEXT: 55–56, 128–29, 214–15. In this I depart from Graham’s object-oriented ontology, which makes relation" ******* END TEXT: "\n \n 46\tAlthough the examples of such alternatives are varied, see in particular "
9780816680610 - page_186: "START TEXT: Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity (Durham, N.C.: Duke Univer" ******* END TEXT: "is time, see Mark Seltzer, Bodies and Machines (New York: Routledge, 1992); Laura Otis, Networking: "
9780816680610 - page_187: "START TEXT: Communicating with Bodies and Machines in the Nineteenth Century (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan " ******* END TEXT: " Ronald E. Martin includes Adams within the naturalist tradition.\n \n \n "
9780816680610 - page_188: "START TEXT: 64\tAdams, Education, 382.\n \n \n 65\tRuss Castronovo, Necro Citizenship: D" ******* END TEXT: "ing the natural world into anthropocentric schemas of identity. For recent posthumanist engagements "
9780816680610 - page_189: "START TEXT: with Adorno, see Butler, Giving an Account of Oneself; Bennett, Vibrant Matter, 14–17; Wolfe, “In Se" ******* END TEXT: "nia Press, 1982); Bret Carroll, Spiritualism in Antebellum America (Bloomington: Indiana University "
9780816680610 - page_190: "START TEXT: Press, 1997); and Samuel Coale, Mesmerism and Hawthorne: Mediums of American Romance (Tuscaloosa: Un" ******* END TEXT: " see Steven Lukes, Individualism (Oxford: Basil-Blackwell, 1984).\n \n \n "
9780816680610 - page_191: "START TEXT: 9\tFor Poe’s hostility toward nationalism in particular, see J. Gerald Kennedy, “‘A Mania for Compos" ******* END TEXT: " \n \n 15\tEdgar Allan Poe, “Mesmeric Revelation,” in Edgar Allan Poe: Tales and "
9780816680610 - page_192: "START TEXT: Sketches, ed. Thomas Ollive Mabbot, 2 vols. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000), 2:1033; he" ******* END TEXT: " Penguin, 1976), xvi, and Jonathan Elmer’s more sophisticated situating of Poe within the “cultural "
9780816680610 - page_193: "START TEXT: logic of the hoax” in Reading at the Social Limit: Affect, Mass Culture, and Edgar Allan Poe (Stanfo" ******* END TEXT: "stinction. For the scientific sources on which Poe draws in Eureka, including Newton’s gravity, see "
9780816680610 - page_194: "START TEXT: Margaret Alterton’s still useful Origins of Poe’s Critical Theory (Iowa City: University of Iowa Pre" ******* END TEXT: "nations, and meditations of mankind” (Tales and Sketches, 1:189).\n \n \n "
9780816680610 - page_195: "START TEXT: 33\tEdgar Allan Poe, “The Power of Words,” in Tales and Sketches, 2:1213.\n \n \n " ******* END TEXT: " \n \n 43\tLater in his career, Heidegger put more emphasis on the etymology "
9780816680610 - page_196: "START TEXT: of thing as a “gathering” and “we” as “the be-thinged,” but he still believed that only certain thin" ******* END TEXT: "ural Context (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987), 159.\n \n \n "
9780816680610 - page_197: "START TEXT: 49\tFor Heidegger’s exposition of how hammers further the being of Dasein, see Being and Time, 64–65." ******* END TEXT: ", “Impersonal Matter,” in Coole and Frost, New Materialisms, 118.\n \n \n "
9780816680610 - page_198: "START TEXT: 56\tEdgar Allan Poe, “The Fall of the House of Usher,” in Tales and Sketches, 1:397–98, 401; hereinaf" ******* END TEXT: " in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, ed. Kevin J. Hayes (Cambridge: Cambridge University "
9780816680610 - page_199: "START TEXT: Press, 2002), 180.\n \n \n 63\tEdgar Allan Poe, “Nathaniel Hawthorne, Twice" ******* END TEXT: " \n \n 74\tEdgar Allan Poe, “Byron and Miss Chaworth,” in Poetry, Tales, and "
9780816680610 - page_200: "START TEXT: Selected Essays, 947.\n \n \n 75\tEdgar Allan Poe, “Marginalia—April 1846,”" ******* END TEXT: " Adams, ed. Ernest Samuels (1918; repr., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), 6, 93, 313, 109, 381; here"
9780816680610 - page_201: "START TEXT: inafter cited parenthetically by page number.\n \n \n 2\t“A Law of Acceler" ******* END TEXT: " Bononno (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010), 182.\n \n \n "
9780816680610 - page_202: "START TEXT: 9\tTurgot was a French economist who postulated the existence of fixed phases of historical progress" ******* END TEXT: "l Determinism” (80–107). See also Robert C. Bannister, Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo- "
9780816680610 - page_203: "START TEXT: American Social Thought (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979), and Ivan Hannaford, Race: The" ******* END TEXT: "can Modernity (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008).\n \n \n "
9780816680610 - page_204: "START TEXT: 24\tFor Adams’s deviation from reformist sociology, see Henry S. Kariel, “The Limits of Social Scienc" ******* END TEXT: "gineers deterministic sciences that “mutilated the individual,” “accept[ing] the materials . . . of "
9780816680610 - page_205: "START TEXT: twentieth-century thought [only] as the decorum for his poetry.” Blackmur, Henry Adams, ed. Veronica" ******* END TEXT: "f Omniscience,” in Henry Adams and the Need to Know, ed. William Decker and Earl N. Harbert, 315–44 "
9780816680610 - page_206: "START TEXT: (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 2005), and Caleb Smith, “Bodies Electric: Gender, Technol" ******* END TEXT: "ing published in the same year as The Education, see Arthur Conan Doyle’s The New Revelation (1918; "
9780816680610 - page_207: "START TEXT: repr., Guilford, U.K.: White Crow Books, 2009). The first example of surrealist automatic writing—An" ******* END TEXT: "the notion that “correlationism” (5) is a wholly human predicate.\n \n \n "
9780816680610 - page_208: "START TEXT: 47\tIt is appropriate, then, that what should be the most cathected moment of The Education, Adams’s " ******* END TEXT: " \n \n 53\tManuel DeLanda, A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History (New York: "
9780816680610 - page_209: "START TEXT: Zone Books, 1997), 17.\n \n \n 54\tManuel DeLanda, A New Philosophy of Scie" ******* END TEXT: " \n \n 67\tDe Man, “Rhetoric of Temporality,” 218, 219, 222. See also Kronick, "
9780816680610 - page_210: "START TEXT: “Limits of Contradiction,” 407.\n \n \n 68\tSee Nancy Armstrong, How Novels" ******* END TEXT: "re part of the same series. Of another of Michelangelo’s works, Adams writes, in language perfectly "
9780816680610 - page_211: "START TEXT: suited to the Blockhead, that it was “a mere formless effort, impossible to complete, useless to def" ******* END TEXT: ", 1999): “radical passivity” “is passive with regard to itself, and thus . . . submits to itself as "
9780816680610 - page_212: "START TEXT: though it were an external power” (1).\n \n \n 3. “By an Act of Self-Creation”\n " ******* END TEXT: "pirit and human, is almost non-existent; it is extremely fluid.” Coleman, Tribal Talk, 25. See also "
9780816680610 - page_213: "START TEXT: Thompson, Flash of the Spirit, 117–45; Henry Mitchell, Black Belief: Folk Beliefs in America and Wes" ******* END TEXT: "he New World (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2007), 9.\n \n \n "
9780816680610 - page_214: "START TEXT: 12\tBruno Latour, Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor- Network-Theory (New York: Oxford" ******* END TEXT: "tence on the race’s humanity characterizes all of African American literature. See Carlyle Fielding "
9780816680610 - page_215: "START TEXT: Stewart III, Soul Survivors: An African-American Spirituality (Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Kno" ******* END TEXT: " Roland L. Williams Jr., African American Autobiography and the Quest for Freedom (Westport, Conn.: "
9780816680610 - page_216: "START TEXT: Greenwood Press, 2000), xii. Douglass’s autobiography thus “offers a profound endorsement of the fun" ******* END TEXT: "te, then representing the lowest forms of organic life, and passing through every subordinate grade "
9780816680610 - page_217: "START TEXT: . . . , until he reaches the last and highest—manhood. In like manner . . . has Frederick Douglass p" ******* END TEXT: "ve narratives, see the University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill’s “North American Slave Narratives” "
9780816680610 - page_218: "START TEXT: website, edited by William L. Andrews (http://docsouth.unc.edu/).\n \n \n " ******* END TEXT: ", African Religions; Evan M. Zuesse, Ritual Cosmos: The Sanctification of Life in African Religions "
9780816680610 - page_219: "START TEXT: (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1979); S. A. Thorpe, African Traditional Religions: An Introduction " ******* END TEXT: "mples of this sensationalized call to arms, see “Voodooism Is the Faith of Haiti,” Jasper News, Janu"
9780816680610 - page_220: "START TEXT: ary 6, 1921, which includes the descriptive deck “Kill Humans, Drink Blood,” and “Haitians Held by V" ******* END TEXT: ": Haiti (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1939), 73–74. For similar rhetoric from the period, see Annice "
9780816680610 - page_221: "START TEXT: Calland’s poem “Voodoo,” in Voodoo (New York: Harold Vinal, 1926), 1–4, and William J. Makin’s trave" ******* END TEXT: "cally minded ex-slave auto-biographies to folklore collections, see Bruce Jackson’s introduction to "
9780816680610 - page_222: "START TEXT: The Negro and His Folklore in Nineteenth-Century Periodicals (Austin: University of Texas Press, 196" ******* END TEXT: " \n \n 91\tMechal Sobel, Trabelin’ On: The Slave Journey to an Afro-Baptist Faith "
9780816680610 - page_223: "START TEXT: (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979), 10.\n \n \n 92\tLevi Bryant, The " ******* END TEXT: " Black Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 12–13.\n \n \n "
9780816680610 - page_224: "START TEXT: 6\tJeffrey E. Anderson, Conjure in African American Society (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University" ******* END TEXT: "nutt and Uncle Julius: Black Storytellers at the Crossroads,” Studies in American Fiction 15, no. 2 "
9780816680610 - page_225: "START TEXT: (1988): 161–74; Craig Werner, “The Framing of Charles W. Chesnutt: Practical Deconstruction in the A" ******* END TEXT: " Press, 1993), 154. Given his adamant de-emphasis of racial distinctions (in rejecting “race pride” "
9780816680610 - page_226: "START TEXT: as “a modern invention of the white people,” he once asked, “Why and to what good end, should we wis" ******* END TEXT: "University Press, 1996) and John Mac Kilgore, “The Cakewalk of Capitalism in Charles Chesnutt’s The "
9780816680610 - page_227: "START TEXT: Marrow of Tradition,” American Literature 84, no. 1 (2012): 61–87. For a commentary by Ida B. Wells," ******* END TEXT: "296–98; and Slote, “Listening to ‘The Goophered Grapevine,’” 689.\n \n \n "
9780816680610 - page_228: "START TEXT: 33\tIn this regard, it is telling that conjurers in general and Peggy in particular are depicted as l" ******* END TEXT: ", and Lee Rozelle, Ecosublime: Environmental Awe and Terror from New World to Oddworld (Tuscaloosa: "
9780816680610 - page_229: "START TEXT: University of Alabama Press, 2006).\n \n \n 39\tMyers argues that McAdoo’s " ******* END TEXT: "rated: Industrialization and the Waters of New England (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, "
9780816680610 - page_230: "START TEXT: 1994); and David Mazel, American Literary Environmentalism (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 200" ******* END TEXT: "” which “transform[s]” “humility” into “self-apotheosis” and “validat[es] the individual’s dominion "
9780816680610 - page_231: "START TEXT: over the nonhuman world” (605, 606, 608). Despite wanting to “resist [this] traditional reinscriptio" ******* END TEXT: "\n \n 66\tMuir, First Summer in the Sierra, 251.\n \n \n "
9780816680610 - page_232: "START TEXT: 67\tMyers imputes the macabre ending of “Po’ Sandy” to the white characters’ “exploitation of the lan" ******* END TEXT: "of Philosophy, 2nd ed. (New York: D. Appleton, 1870), 285. See also McWilliams’s discussion of this "
9780816680610 - page_233: "START TEXT: and other passages as possibly engaging Spencer’s racism in Charles W. Chesnutt, 91. Baker rightly c" ******* END TEXT: " Will Coleman, Tribal Talk: Black Theology, Hermeneutics, and African/American Ways of “Telling the "
9780816680610 - page_234: "START TEXT: Story” (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), 13.\n \n \n " ******* END TEXT: "f Culture, rev. ed. (Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira Press, 2001).\n \n \n "
9780816680610 - page_235: "START TEXT: 2\tZora Neale Hurston, Mules and Men (1935; repr., New York: Harper and Row, 1990), 251, 273; herein" ******* END TEXT: "ridity, and Ethnography,” African American Review 38, no. 3 (2004): 417–27; and Lynda Hoffman-Jeep, "
9780816680610 - page_236: "START TEXT: “Creating Ethnography: Zora Neale Hurston and Lydia Cabrera,” African American Review 39, no. 3 (200" ******* END TEXT: "Black Women’s Creativity,” in Zora Neale Hurston: Critical Perspectives Past and Present, ed. Henry "
9780816680610 - page_237: "START TEXT: Louis Gates Jr. and K. A. Appiah, 280–308 (New York: Amistad, 1993); Lee Quinby, Anti-Apocalypse: Ex" ******* END TEXT: "98); Delia Caparoso Konzett, Ethnic Modernisms: Anzia Yezierska, Zora Neale Hurston, Jean Rhys, and "
9780816680610 - page_238: "START TEXT: the Aesthetics of Dislocation (New York: Palgrave, 2002); and Werner Sollors, Ethnic Modernism (Camb" ******* END TEXT: "t, Doctors, Disease, and Health: A Critical Survey of Therapeutics Ancient and Modern (London: True "
9780816680610 - page_239: "START TEXT: Health, 1938); and Alfred Metraux, Haiti: Black Peasants and Voodoo (New York: Universe Books, 1960)" ******* END TEXT: "seum of Cultural History, 1995), 75; and Consentino, “Introduction: Imagine Heaven,” in Consentino, "
9780816680610 - page_240: "START TEXT: Sacred Arts, 25–55, esp. 27.\n \n \n 22\tSee Hurston, “Hoodoo in America,” " ******* END TEXT: "ct the phantasm of barbarism?” Dayan, “Vodoun, or the Voice of the Gods,” Raritan 10, no. 3 (1991): "
9780816680610 - page_241: "START TEXT: 33. See also Dayan, Haiti, History, and the Gods (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); W" ******* END TEXT: "ns of such services, see Jeffrey E. Anderson, Conjure in African American Society (Baton Rouge: Loui"
9780816680610 - page_242: "START TEXT: siana State University Press, 2005), 111, and Carolyn Morrow Long, Spiritual Merchants: Religion, Ma" ******* END TEXT: "ocial: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007): “to possess "
9780816680610 - page_243: "START TEXT: is also being possessed; to be attached is to hold and be held” (217).\n \n \n " ******* END TEXT: "ers a visceral response in Hurston: “I shivered at the thought of dying with a knife in my back, or "
9780816680610 - page_244: "START TEXT: having my face mutilated” (Mules and Men, 154). When the attack finally comes, Hurston exclaims, “I " ******* END TEXT: "ee also Emery’s, “The Zombie in/as the Text,” 330, claim that “Hurston’s desire to distance herself "
9780816680610 - page_245: "START TEXT: from voodoo suggests her sense of vulnerability with respect to its powers” and Boyd’s, Wrapped in R" ******* END TEXT: "within a single ceremony: “Instantly the triumphant feeling left the place and was succeeded by one "
9780816680610 - page_246: "START TEXT: of fear . . . of unspeakable evil. A menace that could not be recognized by ordinary human fears, an" ******* END TEXT: " background.” Review of Their Eyes Were Watching God, Opportunity 1 (June 1938). Even more harshly, "
9780816680610 - page_247: "START TEXT: Richard Wright contends that Their Eyes Were Watching God trades in the “facile sensuality that has " ******* END TEXT: "urston includes voodoo in her rejection of restrictive religions.\n \n \n "
9780816680610 - page_248: "START TEXT: 70\tEvidence of such agency abounds. Hurston gives numerous examples of animals in particular resisti" ******* END TEXT: "undiluted and often explicitly erotic pleasures of other-contact.\n \n \n "
9780816680610 - page_249: "START TEXT: 78\tTrefzer, “Possessing the Self,” 305.\n \n \n 79\tPavlić, “Papa Legba,” 7" ******* END TEXT: "trange exalted dreams” that “seemed real for weeks” (Dust Tracks, 699).\n \n \n "
9780816680610 - page_250: "START TEXT: Notes to Coda\n \n \n 1\tElizabeth Grosz rightly notes that such an estrangi" ******* END TEXT: ". Heise, Sense of Place and Sense of Planet: The Environmental Imagination of the Global (New York: "
9780816680610 - page_251: "START TEXT: Oxford University Press, 2008), 56; William E. Connolly, A World of Becoming (Durham, N.C.: Duke Uni" ******* END TEXT: "Spivak’s earlier posing of the question of “How many are we?,” which refers only to humans. Spivak, "
9780816680610 - page_252: "START TEXT: Death of a Discipline, 102.\n \n \n 19\tLatour, Politics of Nature, 232.\n " ******* END TEXT: " \n \n 32\tDavid Bloor, “Anti-Latour,” Studies in the History and Philosophy of "
9780816680610 - page_253: "START TEXT: Science 30, no. 1 (1999): 82; Barron, “A Strong Distinction,” 82. For an extended version of Steve F" ******* END TEXT: " volition, autonomy, and agency”; and Morton, Ecological Thought, 127: “a collectivity of weakness, "
9780816680610 - page_254: "START TEXT: vulnerability, and incompletion.” See also Thomas Carl Wall, Radical Passivity: Levinas, Blanchot, a" ******* END TEXT: "ul Bains (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), 40.\n \n \n \n \n\n"
9780816680610 - page_255: "START TEXT: Index\n \n Abram, David, 160, 248n77\n Abrams, M. H., 182n24\n actor–n" ******* END TEXT: " a-human universe, 25, 31, 121, 171. See also Adams; Poe, Edgar Allan; posthumanism\n "
9780816680610 - page_256: "START TEXT: American transcendentalism. See transcendentalism\n Anderson, Jeffrey E., Conjure in African" ******* END TEXT: " Burroughs, John, 21, 109, 120, 222n89, 230n52\n Butler, Judith, 25, 253n42\n "
9780816680610 - page_257: "START TEXT: BwO (body without organs), 33, 34, 192n17\n Cameron, James, Avatar, 4–5\n Cameron, S" ******* END TEXT: "ves in, 121–22\n —\tstories: “The Conjurer’s Revenge,” 132; “Dave’s Neckliss,” 121–22; “Gray "
9780816680610 - page_258: "START TEXT: Wolf’s Haint,” 132; “Hot-Foot Hannibal,” 132; “Lonesome Ben,” 55, 132–35; “The Marked Tree,” 132; “M" ******* END TEXT: ", Manuel, 74\n Deleuze, Gilles, 16, 30, 33–34, 160, 168, 182n19; Félix Guattari, Capitalism "
9780816680610 - page_259: "START TEXT: and Schizophrenia, 33\n De Man, Paul, 12–13, 17, 75, 77, 78, 79, 210n74; “The Rhetoric of Bl" ******* END TEXT: "lf, 167–68\n Epicurus, 32\n Equal Rights Party. See Cosmo-political Party\n "
9780816680610 - page_260: "START TEXT: Equiano, Olaudah, 88, 169, 217–18n50, 218n53, 218–19n55; mechanism and determinism in, 169; Narrativ" ******* END TEXT: "ison, Peter, 14\n Gates Jr., Henry Louis, 18, 91–92, 99, 141, 144, 218n53, 238n10\n "
9780816680610 - page_261: "START TEXT: Gibbs, J. Willard, 60, 62\n Gilroy, Paul, 18, 88–90, 97, 214n22\n “Goophered Grapevi" ******* END TEXT: "ational subjectivity, 14; undermined in Chesnutt, 108, 124–28, 133–35, 154; undermined in diasporic "
9780816680610 - page_262: "START TEXT: cosmologies, 122, 212–13n4, 213n7–8; undermined in Hurston, 99–100, 108, 141–42, 144, 158, 159–60\n " ******* END TEXT: "e Sulley (character in Avatar), 4–6\n James, Henry, The Turn of the Screw, 177–78\n "
9780816680610 - page_263: "START TEXT: James, William, 72, 74, 105; The Varieties of Religious Experience, 153\n Jamaican wedding, " ******* END TEXT: "harlotte Osgood, 22, 105, 145–47, 153, 155, 160, 240n25\n “material nihility,” 37\n "
9780816680610 - page_264: "START TEXT: material universe in Poe: annihilation of matter, 52–53; as God’s self-differentiation, 35, 36, 40, " ******* END TEXT: "cy,” 154\n Nancy, Jean-Luc, 71, 242n36\n Native American spirituality, 10\n "
9780816680610 - page_265: "START TEXT: nature, 180n6, 188–89n74, 248n78; ecstatic views of (see Burroughs; Muir); Enlightenment goal of dom" ******* END TEXT: "uy of Monos and Una,” 37, 38–39; “The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion,” 37–38; “The Facts in the "
9780816680610 - page_266: "START TEXT: Case of M. Valdemar,” 29; “The Imp of the Perverse,” 44–45; “The Island of the Fay,” 36–37; “The Man" ******* END TEXT: "t implications of diasporic cosmologies, 19, 97, 101–2, 117, 140; dismantling or deconstruction of, "
9780816680610 - page_267: "START TEXT: 119, 122, 126, 143–44; Jim Crow violence, 20, 106, 108, 119; metaphysics of, 18–19, 21, 83, 85, 87, " ******* END TEXT: "30, 130; mutability of person and environment (Chesnutt), 131–35; the world as an extension of self "
9780816680610 - page_268: "START TEXT: (Haraway and others), 6–8. See also spirituality\n sensation, 33\n sentience of the " ******* END TEXT: ", 99–100, 102–3, 106–8, 144, 149. See also subjectivity\n Sundquist, Eric, 116–17\n "
9780816680610 - page_269: "START TEXT: superstition, 117; conjuring as (Chesnutt), 103, 113–14, 119, 223–24n7; Douglass and, 89–90; Equiano" ******* END TEXT: "; Vodou/voudoun (Haitian), 104, 143, 242n36, 242–43n39; Vodun (West African), 161; voodoo priest or "
9780816680610 - page_270: "START TEXT: priestess, 6, 150. See also conjure; hoodoo\n voodoo cosmology, 20, 141–44, 233n80, 234n84, " ******* END TEXT: "t, Richard, 156, 246–47n64\n zombie/zombies, 104, 159, 169, 236n6, 248n74\n \n\t \n\t \n\n"
9780816681655 - page_i: "START TEXT: \n Educated in Whiteness\n \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n Educated in Whiteness\n \n\n"
9780816681655 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \n Educated in Whiteness\n\t Good Intentions and Diversity in Schools\n Angelina E. Castagno\n" ******* END TEXT: " Angelina E. Castagno\n\t \n University of Minnesota Press\n Minneapolis • London\n \n\n"
9780816681655 - page_iv: "START TEXT: Portions of chapter 2 were previously published in “Making Sense of Multicultural Education: A Synth" ******* END TEXT: "\t2013028371\n The University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer.\n\t \n\n"
9780816681655 - page_v: "START TEXT: Both engagement and commitment connote service. And genuine service requires humility. We must first" ******* END TEXT: "to stand in their way.\n —Derrick A. Bell Jr., Faces at the Bottom of the Well\n \n \n\n"
9780816681655 - page_1: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816681655 - page_viii: "START TEXT: Introduction\n Whiteness, Diversity, and Educators’ Good Intentions\n Most educators are nic" ******* END TEXT: "the standard educator décor on the surrounding office walls—posters about “every child’s ability to "
9780816681655 - page_2: "START TEXT: learn and succeed,” knickknacks of apples and pencils, youth artwork, and quotes about “leaders who " ******* END TEXT: " is engaged in nice ways that fail to work toward equity and that ultimately reify whiteness.\n "
9780816681655 - page_3: "START TEXT: Niceness and Whiteness in Action\n The Zion School District sits in a relatively large urban are" ******* END TEXT: "This nice approach to diversity is consistent with, and also reifies, whiteness. As such, it cannot "
9780816681655 - page_4: "START TEXT: possibly tackle the inequity it is meant to address. This policy is a poignant example of educators’" ******* END TEXT: " and I am generally quite good at it. The few times that I did not act in ways that were consistent "
9780816681655 - page_5: "START TEXT: with the niceness that was expected of me, I was quickly brought back into the fold. I can remember " ******* END TEXT: "ly a socially constructed phenomenon, which means that people create race and give it significance. "
9780816681655 - page_6: "START TEXT: Race comes to matter through our language, our relationships, the places we visit, the things we do," ******* END TEXT: "ies related to funding, curricula, resources, teachers, and segregation. “The education debt is the "
9780816681655 - page_7: "START TEXT: foregone schooling resources that we could have (should have) been investing in (primarily) low-inco" ******* END TEXT: "our interests to do so, and at other times it is not—but that is the nature of dominance. Whiteness "
9780816681655 - page_8: "START TEXT: serves as a “pervasive ideology justifying dominance of one group over others” (Maher and Tetreault " ******* END TEXT: "etuation of inequity. A central claim of this book is that whiteness works through nice people. The "
9780816681655 - page_9: "START TEXT: dictionary definition for nice is consistent with conventional understandings of the word: To be nic" ******* END TEXT: "aged and protected, in these nice engagements with diversity in the Zion School District. Thus this "
9780816681655 - page_10: "START TEXT: book turns niceness on its head to highlight the ways in which niceness is not actually nice, good, " ******* END TEXT: "ting against whiteness. But saying that we have a responsibility for whiteness is not meant to be a "
9780816681655 - page_11: "START TEXT: critique of particular people. There is a tendency for White people who encounter whiteness to feel " ******* END TEXT: "fact, uncover some important differences, but more important, I ended up finding remarkably similar "
9780816681655 - page_12: "START TEXT: patterns across the two schools. This similarity tells us much about the ways whiteness works and it" ******* END TEXT: "ion or articulation. But there is something ironic about being in an overtly Christian space (i.e., "
9780816681655 - page_13: "START TEXT: a Catholic school) where niceness is expected and yet disconnected from justice. This irony similarl" ******* END TEXT: "hin the United States. They have a specific history and worldview based on their shared identity as "
9780816681655 - page_14: "START TEXT: LDS members, and yet we can find similar patterns and trends among other conservative religious grou" ******* END TEXT: " that future multicultural assemblies would “only include groups representing particular geographic "
9780816681655 - page_15: "START TEXT: areas and cultures and, thus, the gay club would not be allowed to participate” (McCormick 2000, 273" ******* END TEXT: "itly naming it as such. You just know. And so it is with the goodness and rightness implied in most "
9780816681655 - page_16: "START TEXT: educational policies and practices related to diversity. And so, too, it is with the niceness, compa" ******* END TEXT: "t and west. Here, too, are many industrial buildings, a few homeless shelters, and the beginning of "
9780816681655 - page_17: "START TEXT: neighborhoods with homes that are less expensive and mixed with apartment buildings, convenience sto" ******* END TEXT: " sign were two smaller wooden signs that announced Birch’s “countdown to excellence.” In the middle "
9780816681655 - page_18: "START TEXT: of the wooden signs there was a mirror at eye level with the inscribed statement “I can do it!” and " ******* END TEXT: ", and they taught a range of subject areas, including math, language arts, physical education, fine "
9780816681655 - page_19: "START TEXT: arts, science, and social studies. Some of the teachers had been at Birch for more than ten years, a" ******* END TEXT: " exemplary status as a “community of caring.” The front doors opened into a foyer with the library, "
9780816681655 - page_20: "START TEXT: auditorium, and main office all within view. Spruce had long been considered a “good” school within " ******* END TEXT: "as an east-side school that commanded high expectations from students. In our formal interview, she "
9780816681655 - page_21: "START TEXT: talked at length about how Spruce used to be the district’s ESL magnet school and how “the bar was l" ******* END TEXT: "as evident in the numerous advanced and honors classes the school offered and the recent decline in "
9780816681655 - page_22: "START TEXT: ESL and remedial offerings. She also made it clear that, in her mind, “race has nothing to do” with " ******* END TEXT: "rblindness. Chapter 3 examines silence and politeness. Chapter 4 examines equality and meritocracy, "
9780816681655 - page_23: "START TEXT: and chapter 5 highlights individualism and a critique of liberalism. These concepts are clearly inte" ******* END TEXT: "n to Spruce students. At Birch, however, educators engaged a more race- and power-conscious form of "
9780816681655 - page_24: "START TEXT: equality, but they were so constrained by the pressures of standardized accountability that their di" ******* END TEXT: "eing educated in whiteness increases the challenge before us; it also increases the stakes.\n \n\n"
9780816681655 - page_25: "START TEXT: Chapter One\n “Equity Has to Be a Priority”\n Converging Interests and Displacing Responsibi" ******* END TEXT: " learned much about how educators engaged whiteness in their various approaches to diversity.\n "
9780816681655 - page_26: "START TEXT: Before going inside schools and hearing about how teachers engage diversity-related policy and pract" ******* END TEXT: "ry chapter, the Zion School District developed a diversity and multiculturalism policy in 1997. The "
9780816681655 - page_27: "START TEXT: development and adoption of this policy followed a series of events that brought attention to divers" ******* END TEXT: "to do so (Bell 1979, 1980, 1987; Castagno and Lee 2007; Tate 1997; Taylor 1999). Thus the interests "
9780816681655 - page_28: "START TEXT: of people of color to achieve racial equity will only be accommodated when they converge with the in" ******* END TEXT: "n whiteness is rarely explicitly acknowledged or named, there must be other, presumably legitimate, "
9780816681655 - page_29: "START TEXT: ways to explain what happened with this policy’s failed implementation. Ms. Garrison attributed the " ******* END TEXT: " leadership and the lack of power and influence this particular policy had over individual schools. "
9780816681655 - page_30: "START TEXT: It also speaks to the way in which whiteness protects and encourages a business-as-usual approach to" ******* END TEXT: "ted with sameness (equality). Central office leaders further described their goals as “all students "
9780816681655 - page_31: "START TEXT: having access to high-quality programs” and “all our kids are learning and succeeding.” More than ha" ******* END TEXT: "a nice approach to leadership that not only permits but virtually ensures continued inequity.\n "
9780816681655 - page_32: "START TEXT: Site-Based Leadership\n The Zion School District has a history of patterned decentralization. Be" ******* END TEXT: "a “kingdom within a kingdom” is a nice way to recognize the presumed authority and autonomy of both "
9780816681655 - page_33: "START TEXT: individual schools and the central office. In a similar vein, Ms. Venidos, the Director of English L" ******* END TEXT: "ut particular groups of students. They said that these deficit ideologies resulted in strongly held "
9780816681655 - page_34: "START TEXT: beliefs about students and families being to blame for low academic achievement. The deficit discour" ******* END TEXT: "icely framed diversity rhetoric and good intentions for equity are meaningless if responsibility is "
9780816681655 - page_35: "START TEXT: displaced and accountability disappears. Site-based leadership encourages a passing of the buck. In " ******* END TEXT: "ed” at the school level obvious because of the way it requires data to be collected, disaggregated, "
9780816681655 - page_36: "START TEXT: and publicly available. Schools that have not been successful at meeting Adequate Yearly Progress (A" ******* END TEXT: "cause of the presence of federal pressure. Most central office leaders referenced either the Office "
9780816681655 - page_37: "START TEXT: of Civil Rights or NCLB regulations and explained that equity “has to be a priority” given these two" ******* END TEXT: "d achievement data pushes the norms of niceness because it brings achievement gaps into clear view. "
9780816681655 - page_38: "START TEXT: A nicer approach would be to ignore such data, but even disaggregated data can be understood in nice" ******* END TEXT: "reement in which it voluntarily agreed to resolve the allegations and compliance issues but did not "
9780816681655 - page_39: "START TEXT: admit guilt or a finding of violation. The interests of the Latino community to ensure a high-qualit" ******* END TEXT: "oped specifically for use with ELL students—as is evidenced in the program handbook’s title, Making "
9780816681655 - page_40: "START TEXT: Content Comprehensible for English Learners: The SIOP Model. The SIOP offerings by the central offic" ******* END TEXT: "d their entire lives in refugee camps.” The district hired a private consultant to work exclusively "
9780816681655 - page_41: "START TEXT: on this issue by building collaborative relationships with social service agencies that serve refuge" ******* END TEXT: "tand this phenomenon because schools are acting in ways that protect their own interests; sometimes "
9780816681655 - page_42: "START TEXT: these interests converge with the interests of minoritized communities, and at other times they do n" ******* END TEXT: " to close such gaps. In the end, then, the power relations and structural inequities in society are "
9780816681655 - page_43: "START TEXT: merely reproduced, maintained, and legitimated in schools. In other words, although NCLB regulations" ******* END TEXT: "erial outcome. If racial equity and justice are what we seek, we need to move away from an emphasis "
9780816681655 - page_44: "START TEXT: on whether somebody or something “meant well.” Good intentions mean very little if we do not take re" ******* END TEXT: "s for not making equity a priority, she also recognized that they were provided very little support "
9780816681655 - page_45: "START TEXT: for this work and were not held accountable for it. Indeed, providing real support and holding educa" ******* END TEXT: " with those around us. This toxicity harms us all and is a high price to pay for whiteness.\n \n\n"
9780816681655 - page_47: "START TEXT: Chapter Two\n Engaging Multicultural Education\n Safety in Sameness or Drawing Out Differenc" ******* END TEXT: "ails to address inequity. As such, multicultural education is a nice way to engage diversity.\n "
9780816681655 - page_48: "START TEXT: This chapter examines how teachers in the Zion School District engaged this particular educational a" ******* END TEXT: "en inequity. Dancing between valuing sameness on the one hand and difference on the other hand is a "
9780816681655 - page_49: "START TEXT: common manifestation of whiteness. By exploring how teachers take up multicultural education, this c" ******* END TEXT: "apter is not to promote what multicultural education is, is not, or should be. Instead, the purpose "
9780816681655 - page_50: "START TEXT: is to examine how multicultural education is engaged by real teachers at Birch and Spruce as one ave" ******* END TEXT: "’ is not a word that carries heterogeneity. It suggests instead likeness and similarity. It implies "
9780816681655 - page_51: "START TEXT: children who are different slowly becoming more like all of us (whoever we are)” (Ball and Osborne 1" ******* END TEXT: "t know how to spell it. Because when I’m just doing things and dictating they have a horrible time, "
9780816681655 - page_52: "START TEXT: but when they see it up there, they are much more keyed in. . . . So I think you just try to hit eve" ******* END TEXT: "nt function of the learning-styles discourse was that it allowed teachers to talk about students in "
9780816681655 - page_53: "START TEXT: nice ways—ways that avoided reference to power-related aspects of their identities. This avoidance p" ******* END TEXT: "ctice, i.e., how they thought about themselves as teachers and how they thought about others (their "
9780816681655 - page_54: "START TEXT: students, the students’ parents, and other community members), how they structured social relations " ******* END TEXT: "l education affects students by encouraging them to get along and treat each other better, creating "
9780816681655 - page_55: "START TEXT: more unity among people, and gaining a better perspective on life by recognizing that the world is b" ******* END TEXT: "nto every aspect of school life, including the existing curriculum. The program emphasizes the idea "
9780816681655 - page_56: "START TEXT: that the ability to reflect upon and act upon values is essential in shaping lives, illuminating goa" ******* END TEXT: "r asked students to write answers to a list of questions about “honest Abe” (i.e., Abraham Lincoln) "
9780816681655 - page_57: "START TEXT: and how he demonstrated the value of trust throughout his life. And still another directed students " ******* END TEXT: "cation tried to instill. What the students lacked, however, was knowledge “about their own position "
9780816681655 - page_58: "START TEXT: in the social structure and what to do about it” (Grant and Sleeter 1996, 83). Lessons aimed solely " ******* END TEXT: "” Another student then asked, “Can I do a picture of someone picking up trash and then a lawyer and "
9780816681655 - page_59: "START TEXT: write ‘who will get farther in life?’” The teacher replied, “Sure; that’s a great idea.” I observed " ******* END TEXT: " have to survive” and “wants” as “things that make life better.” He proceeded to talk about how “we "
9780816681655 - page_60: "START TEXT: have a choice in our economy because that’s how capitalism works” and that that was different than i" ******* END TEXT: "ss discourse instead serves to hide such inequities. Powerblind sameness also protects whiteness by "
9780816681655 - page_61: "START TEXT: assuming a White norm, since the sameness implies that everyone is the same as “us.” By associating " ******* END TEXT: " specific ways in which it was manifested at Birch and Spruce. Illustrating how educators sometimes "
9780816681655 - page_62: "START TEXT: equated multicultural education with colorblind difference highlights how they sometimes recognize t" ******* END TEXT: "so for example, we have Hispanics here, Samoans—\n Author: So like race or ethnicity?\n "
9780816681655 - page_63: "START TEXT: Ms. Wendall: Ethnicity yes.\n \n In these cases, the investment by Birch teachers in differe" ******* END TEXT: "he “problem” of poverty illustrates her deficit thinking about Birch students and reflects how Ruby "
9780816681655 - page_64: "START TEXT: Payne’s ideas have been embraced by many teachers. In analyzing why Ms. Ramirez might have disagreed" ******* END TEXT: "ility that race and racism mattered in the lives of students. Teachers clearly held deficit beliefs "
9780816681655 - page_65: "START TEXT: about these students’ behaviors and academic abilities, and by limiting their analyses to the studen" ******* END TEXT: "of their schedules with comments such as “the rest is just regular.” They believed that since I was "
9780816681655 - page_66: "START TEXT: interested in multicultural education, I would want to come to their ESL classes as opposed to mains" ******* END TEXT: "nglish] what you just said, and he [the latter] will have a much better understanding.\n \n "
9780816681655 - page_67: "START TEXT: In addition to the continual reliance on “teaching strategies,” teachers consistently talked about d" ******* END TEXT: " of a conversation about why multicultural education is important for particular groups of kids and "
9780816681655 - page_68: "START TEXT: how that has changed over recent years. Much like this teacher’s tendency to connect low-income stat" ******* END TEXT: "s, and Regular being for students who did not fall into any of the other categories and were simply "
9780816681655 - page_69: "START TEXT: “normal” or “regular.” I never heard this placement system referred to as tracking among Birch teach" ******* END TEXT: "other class, the teacher regularly modified his teaching for his resource classes to such an extent "
9780816681655 - page_70: "START TEXT: that they were rarely required to think on their own or even listen and take notes based on what the" ******* END TEXT: "ter this quick review, she explained that the students needed to find one newspaper article related "
9780816681655 - page_71: "START TEXT: to a workplace issue in Utah. They were supposed to read the article, write a summary, then type the" ******* END TEXT: "st affected by tracking and low expectations were those who have been historically and consistently "
9780816681655 - page_72: "START TEXT: ill-served by U.S. schools: low-income students, ELL students, and students of color. Each of these " ******* END TEXT: "n race, and therefore whiteness neither exists nor is a problem worth examining and changing.\n "
9780816681655 - page_73: "START TEXT: Furthermore, the difference discourse among Birch and Spruce teachers tended to illuminate a strong " ******* END TEXT: "e theory seems to hold true especially when one considers the improved achievement that ensues when "
9780816681655 - page_74: "START TEXT: teachers make culturally responsive changes in their pedagogy. Another strength of the theory is tha" ******* END TEXT: "ndividuals and families. But although the boundaries of niceness allow some push-back around social "
9780816681655 - page_75: "START TEXT: class, language, and refugee status, the boundaries are firm when it comes to race.\n The Ambigu" ******* END TEXT: "be able to speak more than one language and how important it was to hold on to, and pass down, your "
9780816681655 - page_76: "START TEXT: family’s linguistic and cultural heritage. While this was the most explicit instance of a teacher ad" ******* END TEXT: "SIOP model was not just about ELL students, she would usually talk about “diverse learners.” Nobody "
9780816681655 - page_77: "START TEXT: ever defined what “diverse learners” actually meant or who was referenced by this term. The facilita" ******* END TEXT: " good teaching practices. But [although] it was focusing on just good teaching . . . we knew it was "
9780816681655 - page_78: "START TEXT: to bring out the lower kids. And, really, to help all the kids. And I don’t know, I thought that was" ******* END TEXT: "e it is generally believed that powerblindness and colorblindness are good things. Put another way, "
9780816681655 - page_79: "START TEXT: ideologies of powerblind sameness and colorblind difference are not viewed as contradictory, ambiguo" ******* END TEXT: "nt meaning depending on the context and the issue being discussed, and they are not two discrete or "
9780816681655 - page_80: "START TEXT: neatly separated categories of ideology. But liberalism and conservatism tend to be essentialized in" ******* END TEXT: "lly transformative philosophies and approaches are co-opted into nice ones.\n \n \n "
9780816681655 - page_81: "START TEXT: Figure 2.1 How multicultural education is operationalized to reify whiteness\n \n Overall, t" ******* END TEXT: "is void of any meaning related to greater equity and systemic social change. Rather than working to "
9780816681655 - page_82: "START TEXT: dismantle whiteness, multicultural education ends up protecting—and thus perpetuating—whiteness.\n " ******* END TEXT: " or ignore race, structural arrangements, and inequity; and fail to work for social change.\n \n\n"
9780816681655 - page_83: "START TEXT: Chapter Three\n Practicing Politeness through Meaningful Silences\n \n One of the subt" ******* END TEXT: "ted into “What is your color?” and the woman answered “Black” because she assumed he actually meant "
9780816681655 - page_84: "START TEXT: “What is your favorite color?” The student was not satisfied with this answer so he asked the same q" ******* END TEXT: " silence around these issues perpetuates whiteness as much as, and perhaps more than, talking about "
9780816681655 - page_85: "START TEXT: them explicitly. Silences around race and sexuality are related in that they point to the ways in wh" ******* END TEXT: "w, and with whom to engage certain issues. These rules of engagement constitute what it means to be "
9780816681655 - page_86: "START TEXT: polite. Nice teachers and students engage politely so as to not make others uncomfortable, nervous, " ******* END TEXT: "ve in the local media and popular discourse as they were among educators in this study. So in their "
9780816681655 - page_87: "START TEXT: use of racially coded language, educators were acting in ways consistent with the patterns present o" ******* END TEXT: "nd business-as-usual schooling practices. Racially coded language is therefore one important way in "
9780816681655 - page_88: "START TEXT: which whiteness is both operationalized and legitimated within the Zion School District.\n Teach" ******* END TEXT: " what “advantages” they may have had over other groups, one of these same boys answered, “The first "
9780816681655 - page_89: "START TEXT: rounded rock.” He then enacted throwing something with both hands from above his head while making a" ******* END TEXT: "ssary topics of thought and conversation: something students use to try to divert attention or stir "
9780816681655 - page_90: "START TEXT: up controversy. Both of these possibilities are likely informing teachers’ silence. Allegiance to co" ******* END TEXT: "rsation between the students and teachers about what motivated the race talk, what it meant, or why "
9780816681655 - page_91: "START TEXT: the teachers thought it was problematic. Teachers were clearly bothered by these comments and were u" ******* END TEXT: " learning how to engage issues politely; the likelihood of systemic change is also greatly reduced. "
9780816681655 - page_92: "START TEXT: Without systemic change, achievement gaps persist, educational debts compound, inequities continue, " ******* END TEXT: "One girl simply said that they “hated” each other, and the conversation shifted to what it means to "
9780816681655 - page_93: "START TEXT: hate. As the period was wrapping up, Ms. Manning concluded by saying the “bottom line” is that “you " ******* END TEXT: "en color and asked, “What happened to the big brown eyes I remember?” She explained that she bought "
9780816681655 - page_94: "START TEXT: colored contact lenses, and Mr. James launched into a tirade about how “Americans have this assumpti" ******* END TEXT: "” He noted that “you owe them [the students] the truth” and “talking about race is the truth.” This "
9780816681655 - page_95: "START TEXT: points to another crucial explanation for the race-related silences at both Spruce and Birch. “Buyin" ******* END TEXT: "e privilege as being about how some people feel relies on a purely individualized and psychologized "
9780816681655 - page_96: "START TEXT: (rather than also structural) framework of race and power. Whichever way the issue is framed, polite" ******* END TEXT: "l level, recent incidents related to sexual orientation and gender identity have been framed around "
9780816681655 - page_97: "START TEXT: the generic notion of “bullying.” Websites and information abound linking homophobia and heterosexis" ******* END TEXT: "teness, since the mere mention of sexuality and gender identity is potentially uncomfortable.\n "
9780816681655 - page_98: "START TEXT: But schools are clearly unsafe spaces for LGBTQ youth. According to the 2009 National School Climate" ******* END TEXT: "ere also usually followed by laughter from other students but never a critique from students.\n "
9780816681655 - page_99: "START TEXT: One example of teacher silence occurred when I was observing in a Spruce classroom. While students w" ******* END TEXT: ", however, although such silencing does not make the questions, assumptions, and issues go away, it "
9780816681655 - page_100: "START TEXT: does school youth in the norms of politeness and it maintains an impression of niceness.\n Nicen" ******* END TEXT: " end of the year, I started observing a teacher at Birch who proved to be the one exception to this "
9780816681655 - page_101: "START TEXT: particular rule. A small group of students in Mr. Mecha’s classroom often made the same homophobic c" ******* END TEXT: " such comments, but he was surprised and disappointed that he was fighting this battle alone.\n "
9780816681655 - page_102: "START TEXT: Other Systemic Silences\n District and school policies around nondiscrimination and school libra" ******* END TEXT: "ly very few resources for students to access information about LGBTQ issues, people, and histories. "
9780816681655 - page_103: "START TEXT: Although I did not do a systematic evaluation of the inclusion of LGBTQ people and issues in the tex" ******* END TEXT: "n Kumashiro explains that fighting heterosexist and homophobic oppression is especially complicated "
9780816681655 - page_104: "START TEXT: because the curriculum “is already too full” and the political climate “is often silent, if not host" ******* END TEXT: "cent bystanders rather than participants in a system that creates, maintains, and reproduces social "
9780816681655 - page_105: "START TEXT: injustice” (Applebaum 2005, 286). Teachers’ participation in this system clearly carries a significa" ******* END TEXT: "it is getting more mechanistic each year. This context means it is more difficult to do the kind of "
9780816681655 - page_106: "START TEXT: equity-driven, critically oriented work I’m suggesting. In other words, this work is structurally an" ******* END TEXT: "l justice and fairness are sought, silence suggests indifference and is highly problematic.\n \n\n"
9780816681655 - page_107: "START TEXT: Chapter Four\n “It Isn’t Even Questioned”\n Equality as Foundational to Schooling and Whiten" ******* END TEXT: "sustains inequity. This chapter explores how equality, as a mechanism of whiteness, operates in the "
9780816681655 - page_108: "START TEXT: diversity-related efforts at both Birch and Spruce Secondary Schools. Although educators at the two " ******* END TEXT: "se of the persistent and pervasive social construction of race, class, and gender; that although it "
9780816681655 - page_109: "START TEXT: can remedy the most extreme and shocking forms of inequality, it can do nothing about the business-a" ******* END TEXT: "ups is very different from thinking about the multiple historical, economic, health, political, and "
9780816681655 - page_110: "START TEXT: cultural factors that contribute to both how we understand and how we measure achievement in schools" ******* END TEXT: "inability to know what stays the same and what changes” (124). She argues that “problem solving and "
9780816681655 - page_111: "START TEXT: other tasks are extremely problematic because students from poverty seldom have the strategies to ga" ******* END TEXT: "n by educators is indicative of—and results in—the reification of our education in whiteness.\n "
9780816681655 - page_112: "START TEXT: The popularity of Payne’s framework among K–12 educators also highlights the insidiousness of our al" ******* END TEXT: "ere is a pressing need, then you make the effort and you . . . try to adjust your behaviors or your "
9780816681655 - page_113: "START TEXT: thought patterns. If you don’t, then I think it’s just too comfortable to stay where you are.\n " ******* END TEXT: "et for English-language learner (ELL) students and services. Thus, although Spruce is located in an "
9780816681655 - page_114: "START TEXT: overwhelmingly White and middle-class to upper-middle-class neighborhood, for many years ELL student" ******* END TEXT: "ated within a deficit framework regarding the ELL students at Spruce. A handful of teachers who did "
9780816681655 - page_115: "START TEXT: recognize problems with the way ELL students were educated did not assume any responsibility to voic" ******* END TEXT: "through Utah, and constructing newspapers for a particular historical period. A math class designed "
9780816681655 - page_116: "START TEXT: restaurant menus to learn about combinations and proportions, a language arts class wrote letters to" ******* END TEXT: "alcy” or “commonness” of what Spruce teachers do daily alongside the assumptions of meritocracy and "
9780816681655 - page_117: "START TEXT: equal opportunity that characterize the powerblind, colorblind formal equality seen at Spruce.\n " ******* END TEXT: "njoying it more, and I think maybe getting more out of it than maybe some other books.\n \n "
9780816681655 - page_118: "START TEXT: Like her teacher colleagues, Ms. Scott understood the importance of using curricular materials that " ******* END TEXT: " because it highlights how we might be more individually compassionate, but it does not suggest the "
9780816681655 - page_119: "START TEXT: presence of dominance or injustice. Acknowledging differences between people while simultaneously su" ******* END TEXT: "a student helped to explain a concept to a peer who did not understand the English explanation, but "
9780816681655 - page_120: "START TEXT: the overwhelming emphasis was on English-language learning—with little or no effort made to ensure t" ******* END TEXT: "need remediation (Valdes 2001; Valenzuela 1999; Yosso 2005). Formal equality and deficit models are "
9780816681655 - page_121: "START TEXT: therefore two sides of the same coin. Since ELL students at Spruce are not succeeding like their Whi" ******* END TEXT: "ke there really were some times when neighborhood kids got priority . . . I would like to feel more "
9780816681655 - page_122: "START TEXT: supported and a little more interest like from the principal and from the counselors. I’d like to ha" ******* END TEXT: "t Spruce leaders and teachers. The sorting mechanism embedded in these decisions is not uncommon in "
9780816681655 - page_123: "START TEXT: schools. Whiteness is reinforced through these sorting mechanisms, but the harm is veiled behind ide" ******* END TEXT: " met in the best possible way. In other words, she was a nice teacher. Another teacher talked about "
9780816681655 - page_124: "START TEXT: how she used to be involved in planning the annual “multicultural assembly,” but when she and a few " ******* END TEXT: "mmitment to issues of educational equity and cultural diversity. Birch educators were involved in a "
9780816681655 - page_125: "START TEXT: number of efforts to improve their students’ academic performance and to embrace and celebrate the s" ******* END TEXT: "ned a pizza party. Similarly, one of the art classes created a number of posters displaying various "
9780816681655 - page_126: "START TEXT: students reading and quotes from the students about why reading was important.\n The school empl" ******* END TEXT: "f reading, the expectation that students read at home, and the reading progress their children were "
9780816681655 - page_127: "START TEXT: making. In addition to the regular mailings, one administrator organized a group of multilingual peo" ******* END TEXT: "r information that is generally not taught in school. Because these expectations are often assumed, "
9780816681655 - page_128: "START TEXT: many Birch teachers made a point of actually teaching these skills and explaining when and why stude" ******* END TEXT: "ving primarily low-income families and youth of color. It is a risky venture to go down the path of "
9780816681655 - page_129: "START TEXT: critiquing a school like Birch that is actually doing many of the things schools are supposed to be " ******* END TEXT: "y. This is why context and history are so important. Without an understanding of the historical and "
9780816681655 - page_130: "START TEXT: contextual factors that impact east-side and west-side schools differently, we are left believing th" ******* END TEXT: "rch are clearly the result of pressures imposed by NCLB regulations. Given that Birch students have "
9780816681655 - page_131: "START TEXT: historically underperformed on standardized tests, and given the imperatives for the school to impro" ******* END TEXT: "is motivation to make the school more equal to those across town is problematic because in the race "
9780816681655 - page_132: "START TEXT: to make Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) and improve the reputation of the whole school so that Birch " ******* END TEXT: "nd between minoritized students and their White peers, what about patterned inequities across other "
9780816681655 - page_133: "START TEXT: measures both in and out of school? As long as diversity-related policies and practices in schools a" ******* END TEXT: ". We can watch to see. Each year we can run numbers to see how many former [Birch] students were in "
9780816681655 - page_134: "START TEXT: AP classes. And we’ve met with [the high school] faculty three times and shared with them the readin" ******* END TEXT: "n what he called a “focused PR [public relations] campaign” to change the perception of his school, "
9780816681655 - page_135: "START TEXT: his students, and the communities Birch serves; his efforts were largely aimed at his Zion School Di" ******* END TEXT: "fairness for every student, family, and community. When using the standard of equity, we should ask "
9780816681655 - page_136: "START TEXT: ourselves what characteristics or circumstances are significant, what results or outcomes are fair a" ******* END TEXT: " in the following chapter, but they have been lurking just below the surface for some time.\n \n\n"
9780816681655 - page_137: "START TEXT: Chapter Five\n Obscuring Whiteness with Liberalism\n Winners and Losers in Federal School Re" ******* END TEXT: "fic tools look different, the larger mechanisms of whiteness have not changed. There continue to be "
9780816681655 - page_138: "START TEXT: structural and institutional barriers standing in the way of equity, and there continue to be explan" ******* END TEXT: "cussion of equality, this chapter examines current school-reform efforts in order to illustrate the "
9780816681655 - page_139: "START TEXT: trouble in relying on classical liberal tenets and corresponding tropes of the individual and social" ******* END TEXT: "ations in education revolve around neoliberalism and its impact on schools, youth, and communities. "
9780816681655 - page_140: "START TEXT: This chapter advances these conversations by introducing the ways liberalism, neoliberalism, and whi" ******* END TEXT: "e reform model is not new, what goes unnamed and unarticulated in the SIG program is the primacy of "
9780816681655 - page_141: "START TEXT: individualism and specifically defined calls for social change. As long as educators remain invested" ******* END TEXT: "hools receiving SIG funds that showed academic improvement in the state’s lowest performing schools "
9780816681655 - page_142: "START TEXT: after just one year of SIG funding, U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan noted, “Educators and sc" ******* END TEXT: "m’s name, we see an appeal to social change: “improve” schools and “turn around” our worst schools. "
9780816681655 - page_143: "START TEXT: Implied here is that such change is both necessary and possible, and that it is possible through str" ******* END TEXT: " responsibility is consistent with both niceness and the liberal privileging of individual autonomy "
9780816681655 - page_144: "START TEXT: because it can be framed as allowing others to self-actualize and take leadership. The problem, of c" ******* END TEXT: "nd as we get wrapped up in making sure we get the money, spend it in a timely fashion, and maintain "
9780816681655 - page_145: "START TEXT: an honorable score. This avoidance of the larger context of the competition is an effective mechanis" ******* END TEXT: "ten extra minutes in math, language arts, and science will result in better teaching. The operating "
9780816681655 - page_146: "START TEXT: assumption of the SIG program is that teachers were not doing a good job previously but that with th" ******* END TEXT: "Birch teachers explained that they were repeatedly told by district leaders, “If you don’t like it, "
9780816681655 - page_147: "START TEXT: you can leave.” Principals were most certainly believed to be expendable, since replacing them was a" ******* END TEXT: "in a classical liberal paradigm. It is difficult to argue against this neatly bundled reform model. "
9780816681655 - page_148: "START TEXT: Why, for example, would one want to question additional funds being funneled to schools serving yout" ******* END TEXT: "t we can improve society, society’s institutions, and our individual selves with a little hard work "
9780816681655 - page_149: "START TEXT: and determination. If we just keep at it, surely change will occur. The appeal of change and the ass" ******* END TEXT: "at youth, families, communities, and educators are all buried in the toxic soil of whiteness.\n "
9780816681655 - page_150: "START TEXT: The SIG Effort at Birch: Pursuing “Truth” at the Expense of Equity\n So what happens to SIG poli" ******* END TEXT: "chers and administrators) obtained their sense of self, their identity, and their individual agency "
9780816681655 - page_151: "START TEXT: through the dismissal of students and communities of color as having any role within the SIG efforts" ******* END TEXT: "ll for change and an appeal to particular outcomes at Birch. Standing in the way of progress is the "
9780816681655 - page_152: "START TEXT: teachers’ union as well as the often-heard critique of veteran teachers who are “stuck in their ways" ******* END TEXT: "ased leadership and a generally powerful union, and he knew the challenges involved with taking the "
9780816681655 - page_153: "START TEXT: top position at Birch when the School Improvement Grant was awarded in 2010. After struggling during" ******* END TEXT: "eements be handled? In some ways, the answers to these questions do not really matter. What matters "
9780816681655 - page_154: "START TEXT: is the way in which whiteness operates and gets strengthened through teachers’ and administrators’ i" ******* END TEXT: "eacher effectiveness, that teacher quality is impacted by multiple factors not easily measured, and "
9780816681655 - page_155: "START TEXT: that teachers are not (or should not be) motivated by financial rewards. Because one of the primary " ******* END TEXT: "individualism via merit pay, Birch teachers are sorted and judged based on factors that largely lie "
9780816681655 - page_156: "START TEXT: outside their control. Although teachers see this sorting mechanism and its problematic outcomes amo" ******* END TEXT: "ays there were school-wide or area-wide meetings before school and other committee responsibilities "
9780816681655 - page_157: "START TEXT: and professional developments after school. In thinking about the impact of the School Improvement G" ******* END TEXT: "ty? How were Birch students, largely youth of color and youth from low-income communities, impacted "
9780816681655 - page_158: "START TEXT: by the School Improvement Grant? Since the SIG program is framed as an effort to improve student ach" ******* END TEXT: "tudents left the school and the lack of behavioral expectations both during and after school.\n "
9780816681655 - page_159: "START TEXT: Many teachers commented on the escalation of problematic student behaviors; as one Birch veteran not" ******* END TEXT: "ent learning and improved test scores. But an exodus of teachers to the extent seen at Birch should "
9780816681655 - page_160: "START TEXT: at least raise some red flags and prompt conversation. I saw no evidence that this was what happened" ******* END TEXT: "nts, and teachers in the process. Change is clearly hard, but here it is also destructive. Business "
9780816681655 - page_161: "START TEXT: as usual is much easier, but as previous chapters highlight, the status quo is also destructive.\n " ******* END TEXT: "blic education, particularly in cities (Pedroni 2007)” (Lipman 2011, 65). Clearly, change is needed "
9780816681655 - page_162: "START TEXT: in education, and most of all in the spaces meant to serve youth of color and low-income youth. But " ******* END TEXT: "als are held responsible for outcomes largely dependent on structural factors. What is important to "
9780816681655 - page_163: "START TEXT: understand here are the foundational principles of classical liberalism and the way liberalism shape" ******* END TEXT: "l reform that pounds particular notions of the individual and social change into the shore.\n \n\n"
9780816681655 - page_165: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816681655 - page_164: "START TEXT: Conclusion\n Engagement and Struggle within the “Culture of Nice”\n \n Racism is insid" ******* END TEXT: "ping anyone—and everyone—achieve the American dream. Schools also worked, and continue to work, for "
9780816681655 - page_166: "START TEXT: most educators, so educators are understandably invested in this institution that provided an avenue" ******* END TEXT: "uce administrator who explicitly linked poverty with drug abuse, lack of interest in schooling, and "
9780816681655 - page_167: "START TEXT: a host of other social problems, whiteness is engaged through the ideological investment in deficit " ******* END TEXT: "r them; this solution leaves the toxicity in place but attempts to contain it. Containing the toxic "
9780816681655 - page_168: "START TEXT: site underground means it is still present, but it is now out of sight and, presumably, out of mind." ******* END TEXT: "d and the result of isolated events leads to approaches that attempt to change individual opinions, "
9780816681655 - page_169: "START TEXT: move individual people from a bounded situation, or otherwise contain the injustice from spreading.\n" ******* END TEXT: "ness is reified through the diversity-related policy and practice in which educators engaged.\n "
9780816681655 - page_170: "START TEXT: To be labeled as racist or prejudiced is a significant social disgrace, and perhaps even more so for" ******* END TEXT: "ent to the individual certainly informs the typical understanding of racism as an individual act of "
9780816681655 - page_171: "START TEXT: race-related hostility, which then leads to approaches that focus on educating, remediating, or othe" ******* END TEXT: "ted, “I just think probably most teachers in schools pay lip service to multicultural education and "
9780816681655 - page_172: "START TEXT: diversity. . . . So multiculturalism is real, but I think it’s hard to deal with because there’s a g" ******* END TEXT: "discomfort. This ongoing process is not easy work, but it is both necessary and long overdue.\n "
9780816681655 - page_173: "START TEXT: I have made, and continue to make, my own mistakes in this work. After completing the first year of " ******* END TEXT: "because the norms around niceness and whiteness are powerful. But White scholars, educators, policy "
9780816681655 - page_174: "START TEXT: makers, and leaders have a responsibility to engage those around us in ways that shine a light on th" ******* END TEXT: "gh unequal means. It is impossible to get to equity through equality. And it is only through equity "
9780816681655 - page_175: "START TEXT: that we might actualize our ideals of “equality and justice for all” (Brayboy, Castagno, and Maughan" ******* END TEXT: "ducation. Only by educating against whiteness and investing in equity can we expect change.\n \n\n"
9780816681655 - page_177: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816681655 - page_176: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\n I am mindful of the many relationships that have made this book possible. For " ******* END TEXT: "iterations of this manuscript, and it is a more coherent and compelling book because of them.\n "
9780816681655 - page_178: "START TEXT: Many of my ideas in this book evolved as I taught a doctoral-level course on race and whiteness duri" ******* END TEXT: "my father-in-law also died from cancer in 2010 at the age of fifty-nine, and tenacity and truth are "
9780816681655 - page_179: "START TEXT: similarly fitting of his character and the legacy he left with his kids. As I think about my two you" ******* END TEXT: " necessary in the struggle against whiteness and the related pursuit of equity and justice.\n \n\n"
9780816681655 - page_181: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816681655 - page_180: "START TEXT: Notes\n Introduction\n \n \n \t1.\tAll names of schools, districts, and people a" ******* END TEXT: "in the dominant racial paradigm among teachers, see Vaught and Castagno 2008.\n \n \n "
9780816681655 - page_182: "START TEXT: 3. Practicing Politeness through Meaningful Silences\n \n \n \t1.\tThis is the crite" ******* END TEXT: "ng the U.S. presidential elections in 2012, I was vividly reminded of this.\n \n \n \n\n"
9780816681655 - page_183: "START TEXT: References\n \n Abu El-Haj, Thea Rhenda. 2006. Elusive Justice: Wrestling with Difference " ******* END TEXT: " v. Board of Education and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma.” Harvard Law Review 93:518–33.\n "
9780816681655 - page_184: "START TEXT: ———. 1987. And We Are Not Saved: The Elusive Quest for Racial Justice. New York: Basic Books.\n " ******* END TEXT: "ham, Matt. 2005. “Mormons in Utah: The Shrinking Majority.” The Salt Lake Tribune, July 24.\n "
9780816681655 - page_185: "START TEXT: Castagno, Angelina Elizabeth. 2008. “‘I Don’t Want to Hear That!’: Legitimating Whiteness through Si" ******* END TEXT: "yson, Michael. 1996. Race Rules: Navigating the Color Line. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.\n "
9780816681655 - page_186: "START TEXT: Erickson, Frederick. 1993. “Transformation and School Success: The Politics and Culture of Education" ******* END TEXT: "eness, Critical Race Theory, and Education Reform.” Journal of Education Policy 20:485–505.\n "
9780816681655 - page_187: "START TEXT: ———. 2008. Racism and Education: Coincidence or Conspiracy? New York: Routledge.\n Gittell, Ma" ******* END TEXT: "ian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Students in U.S. Schools. New York: Human Rights Watch.\n "
9780816681655 - page_188: "START TEXT: Hunter, James Davison. 1991. Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America. New York: Basic Books.\n " ******* END TEXT: "hut Eye Ain’t Sleep’: Studying How People Live Culturally.” Educational Researcher 32:6–13.\n "
9780816681655 - page_189: "START TEXT: Lee, Stacey J. 2005. Up against Whiteness: Race, School, and Immigrant Youth. New York: Teachers Col" ******* END TEXT: "ostcolonial Hybridity.” In White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America, edited by Joe L. Kincheloe, "
9780816681655 - page_190: "START TEXT: Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, 63–76. New York: St. Martin’s Pr" ******* END TEXT: ": Whiteness and Black Underachievement.” In Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society, edited "
9780816681655 - page_191: "START TEXT: by Michelle Fine, Linda C. Powell, Lois Weis, and L. Mun Wong, 3–12. New York: Routledge.\n Po" ******* END TEXT: "PD/newhorizons/strategies/topics/literacy/articles/conferring-with-young-second/index.html.\n "
9780816681655 - page_192: "START TEXT: Solomon, R. Patrick, John P. Portelli, Beverly Jean Daniel, and Arlene Campbell. 2005. “The Discours" ******* END TEXT: " U.S.-Mexican Youth and the Politics of Caring. Albany: State University of New York Press.\n "
9780816681655 - page_193: "START TEXT: Vaught, Sabina E. 2011. Racism, Public Schooling, and the Entrenchment of White Supremacy: A Critica" ******* END TEXT: " Counterstories along the Chicana/Chicano Educational Pipeline. New York: Routledge.\n \n \n\n"
9780816681655 - page_195: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816681655 - page_194: "START TEXT: Index\n \n accountability, 24, 26, 29, 31, 35, 37–38, 40, 43–45, 112–13, 129, 131–32, 135–" ******* END TEXT: "64–65, 68, 72, 75, 76, 78–83, 85, 90, 93, 96, 109, 113–20, 122–24, 128, 165–66, 170–71, 174\n "
9780816681655 - page_196: "START TEXT: colorblind difference, 23, 48–49, 61–62, 68, 72, 75–76, 78–82, 85–86, 118\n compassion, 5, 10," ******* END TEXT: "ia\n egalitarianism, 139, 144, 148, 150; liberalism, 139, 144, 148. See also equality\n "
9780816681655 - page_197: "START TEXT: empathetic, 162\n empathy, 145\n engagement, 2, 4, 10, 58, 61, 70, 83, 85, 93, 94, 112, " ******* END TEXT: "so heteronormativity; homophobia; LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer); queer\n "
9780816681655 - page_198: "START TEXT: homophobia, 5, 84, 97–105, 170, 190; fear, 97, 103; powerblindness, 97, 170; silence, 84, 97–100, 10" ******* END TEXT: "nder, queer), 14, 98, 102–4\n liberalism, 22–23, 45, 80, 136–41, 144–49, 151, 154–55, 160–63, "
9780816681655 - page_199: "START TEXT: 166; equality, 22–23, 80, 136–38, 141, 148–49, 166; individualism, 23, 45, 138–41, 144–45, 147–48, 1" ******* END TEXT: "ative/normativity, 100, 117, 136. See also normalcy; normalize(d)/normalizing/normalization\n "
9780816681655 - page_200: "START TEXT: Office of Civil Rights (OCR), 26, 37–39, 43. See also federal government; federal mandates\n o" ******* END TEXT: "79, 174\n reinscribe, 2\n reproduce, 8–9, 38, 43, 47, 54, 87, 92, 105, 107, 169\n "
9780816681655 - page_201: "START TEXT: responsibility, 10, 20, 22–23, 25–26, 29–31, 33–36, 42–45, 52, 55–56, 69, 105, 112, 119, 123–24, 126" ******* END TEXT: "–63, 166, 169–73, 181–84, 186, 193\n toxic(ity), 4, 17, 19, 45, 149, 158, 160–68, 171\n "
9780816681655 - page_202: "START TEXT: track(ing), 16, 66, 68–69, 71, 73–74, 86, 130, 190, 193\n trope(s), 4, 139, 142, 150, 154, 161" ******* END TEXT: "\n white privilege, 8, 89, 91, 95\n white supremacy, 12, 25, 79, 186, 193\n \n\t \n\n"
9780816681655 - page_203: "START TEXT: Angelina E. Castagno is associate professor of educational leadership at Northern Arizona University" ******* END TEXT: ". Castagno is associate professor of educational leadership at Northern Arizona University.\n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_i: "START TEXT: \n The Durable Slum\n \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n The Durable Slum\n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \n The Durable Slum\n Dharavi and the Right to Stay Put in Globalizing Mumbai\n Liza Wei" ******* END TEXT: "e 23\n\t \n \n \n University of Minnesota Press\n Minneapolis\n London\n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \n Portions of this book were previously published in Liza Weinstein and Xuefei Ren, “The Changi" ******* END TEXT: "2014001741\n The University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer.\n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_v: "START TEXT: \n For my mother\n \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n For my mother\n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \n " ******* END TEXT: "\n "
9780816683109 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_ix: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816683109 - page_viii: "START TEXT: Preface\n I came to Mumbai expecting to document a great transformation, but I ended up writing " ******* END TEXT: "eir words) “transforming Mumbai into Shanghai”—was eager to capture its share of the spoils.2\n "
9780816683109 - page_x: "START TEXT: Land markets in Mumbai were booming, and real estate prices were soaring. After a more than decade-l" ******* END TEXT: "for the afternoon, Varsha agreed to play tour guide and led me to the main road to hail a taxi. She "
9780816683109 - page_xi: "START TEXT: told the driver to take us to Dharavi, keeping our destination within the one-square-mile settlement" ******* END TEXT: " and committing to memory the innumerable acronyms and abbreviations in constant use. A fair bit of "
9780816683109 - page_xii: "START TEXT: this time was spent in the South Mumbai offices of PUKAR, the participatory research collaborative f" ******* END TEXT: " of the city’s history. Recognizing the need to situate historically the knowledge I was acquiring, "
9780816683109 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: I began to ask more questions about the past. I also began spending more of my time reading and coll" ******* END TEXT: "compare what I learned in Dharavi with descriptions of similar developments under way in Ahmadabad, "
9780816683109 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: Bangalaru, Delhi, Kolkata, and elsewhere in Mumbai. Their insights are reflected in this book, inter" ******* END TEXT: "entally or more dramatically it will continue to change, even as much as it remains the same.\n "
9780816683109 - page_xv: "START TEXT: \n \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: MLA\tMember of the Legislative Assembly\n MMR\tMumbai Metropolitan Region\n MMRDA\tMumbai M" ******* END TEXT: "ble of Development Rights\n YUVA\tYouth for Unity and Voluntary Action\n \n \n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\n A Mansion in the Slum\n The narrow lanes and pathways through Dharavi’s dense" ******* END TEXT: "Dharavi’s seemingly endless expanse of aluminum rooftops.\nPhotograph by Benji Holzman.\n \n "
9780816683109 - page_2: "START TEXT: Aneesh Shankar ushered me inside and into his formal living room. He wore a plain gray T-shirt and a" ******* END TEXT: "and less marginal to the economic life of India’s richest and most global city. From here, the slum "
9780816683109 - page_3: "START TEXT: did not seem to be quite synonymous with poverty, as it is often treated in both popular narratives " ******* END TEXT: "s, and particularly leather tanning and garment manufacturing, that drew thousands of families like "
9780816683109 - page_4: "START TEXT: Aneesh Shankar’s. Intersecting webs of governance and political power, traversing the often-opaque l" ******* END TEXT: " metropolitan fringe, decades of suburban sprawl and municipal agglomeration have placed Dharavi in "
9780816683109 - page_5: "START TEXT: the geographic center of Mumbai. Its central location and accessibility to the city’s rail and highw" ******* END TEXT: "e good for the people.” An even greater sense of optimism was expressed at the project’s launch, as "
9780816683109 - page_6: "START TEXT: bold pronouncements were made that Mumbai would become slum-free, Dharavi would be transformed into " ******* END TEXT: "bal property speculators have descended upon the iconic settlement and how its residents, political "
9780816683109 - page_7: "START TEXT: representatives, and community leaders like Shankar are, at least for now, keeping them at bay.\n\t \n" ******* END TEXT: "n these places, more remains durable than prevailing wisdom or our existing theories suggest.\n "
9780816683109 - page_8: "START TEXT: Return of the Slum: The Power of Words\n Given my own ambivalent use of the term “slum” througho" ******* END TEXT: "f the word—employed, in part, to shock policy makers and publics into action—ultimately stigmatizes "
9780816683109 - page_9: "START TEXT: the people who live in these settlements and can condone violent actions taken against them. In the " ******* END TEXT: "In fact, this research found some areas of Hyderabad with quite adequate infrastructure and housing "
9780816683109 - page_10: "START TEXT: conditions to have been designated as slums, while other areas, whose residents had less political i" ******* END TEXT: "f birth to the end of life, you can stay within five minutes of here.” Despite the completeness and "
9780816683109 - page_11: "START TEXT: economic centrality of the settlement, I maintain that Dharavi is a slum because the municipality ha" ******* END TEXT: "obal south adopted structural adjustment programs in the 1980s and early 1990s, they were compelled "
9780816683109 - page_12: "START TEXT: to shift resources away from rural employment schemes as well as state-supported industrial developm" ******* END TEXT: ". Liberal advocates like Jagdish Bhagwati and Gurcharan Das describe “the golden summer” of 1991 as "
9780816683109 - page_13: "START TEXT: profoundly transformative (Bhagwati and Panagariya 2012; Das 2000), but most assessments are more te" ******* END TEXT: "owledged that neoliberal globalization can have quite contradictory consequences for large, densely "
9780816683109 - page_14: "START TEXT: populated cities like Mumbai, resulting in both the bypassing or uneven inclusion of cities in Latin" ******* END TEXT: ").9 While most studies of this political usurping, including Partha Chatterjee’s (2004) now-classic "
9780816683109 - page_15: "START TEXT: framing, attribute this development to the heightened political consciousness and global ambitions o" ******* END TEXT: "art of the activist repertoire in many parts of the world, particularly in urban-based struggles in "
9780816683109 - page_16: "START TEXT: Latin America.12 An effective rallying cry, Lefebvre (1996 [1968]: 173–74) writes, “The right to the" ******* END TEXT: "ase railway tickets as the usurpation of space, acknowledges that “these narratives of contestation "
9780816683109 - page_17: "START TEXT: are ultimately unable to transform the structural realities of the rural-urban interface.” Similarly" ******* END TEXT: "rban poor. While numerous researchers have found evidence for this position, documenting successful "
9780816683109 - page_18: "START TEXT: middle-class movements to dismantle squatter settlements and evict illegal street vendors, others ha" ******* END TEXT: "stay put.” Based on his ethnographic inquiries of land grabs and community resistance, primarily in "
9780816683109 - page_19: "START TEXT: San Francisco, Hartman (1974, 1984) argued “that government [should] plan housing and prevent displa" ******* END TEXT: "in obstructions, enacting their right to stay put, rather than promoting progressive social change. "
9780816683109 - page_20: "START TEXT: What is often gained in these struggles is the right to remain in limbo.\n The empowering and ex" ******* END TEXT: "entrenched, Dharavi has simply become (to use a catchphrase of recent years) too big to fail.\n "
9780816683109 - page_21: "START TEXT: The megaslum is also a product of institutional and political fragmentations. Broadly speaking, citi" ******* END TEXT: "ions, and autonomous agents that give shape to particular places and strive to maintain them.\n "
9780816683109 - page_22: "START TEXT: This mediation is illustrated throughout the book’s first half, which traces the century-long histor" ******* END TEXT: "romoted the DRP inserted himself and appropriated the tools (or oeuvre) of city making. Yet despite "
9780816683109 - page_23: "START TEXT: this novel political configuration, which seemed for a brief moment that it would succeed, enduring " ******* END TEXT: " residents simply wait for the project to be revived or replaced by an even grander scheme.\n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_25: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816683109 - page_24: "START TEXT: Chapter One\n Becoming Asia’s Largest Slum\n Dharavi’s early history is usually recounted wi" ******* END TEXT: " \n Hutments built along Dharavi’s main canal.\nPhotograph by Benji Holzman.\n \t \n "
9780816683109 - page_26: "START TEXT: Although usually unmentioned in this account of development through dumping, Dharavi’s twentieth-cen" ******* END TEXT: "illage, and it became a slum. This new designation also reflected the area’s perception as a center "
9780816683109 - page_27: "START TEXT: of criminal activity, including illicit liquor production and distribution. By the 1980s Dharavi had" ******* END TEXT: "on of redevelopment projects (as discussed in subsequent chapters), have proved more elusive.\n "
9780816683109 - page_28: "START TEXT: Explaining Slums\n Since the late 1960s, residential slums and squatter settlements have been ex" ******* END TEXT: "embled the traditional village in which caste, religion, and ethnicity were more consequential than "
9780816683109 - page_29: "START TEXT: social class. Even as Bose’s thesis remained influential, important studies of Indian slums in the 1" ******* END TEXT: "ate’s formal rules can pose for the urban poor (Bayat 1997). Partha Chatterjee (2004), for example, "
9780816683109 - page_30: "START TEXT: has argued that the Indian state withholds substantive citizenship rights by limiting legal access t" ******* END TEXT: "n industrialization. With a profitable shipping trade well established by the 1850s, this decade is "
9780816683109 - page_31: "START TEXT: usually identified as the start of Bombay’s industrial development and its dramatic population growt" ******* END TEXT: "s population at over 800,000 (Kosambi 1986). Population estimates in nineteenth-century Bombay vary "
9780816683109 - page_32: "START TEXT: widely, due to the large number of migratory laborers and the periodic influx of famine victims, but" ******* END TEXT: "district that Dharavi came to be known in some circles as “Tirunelveli North” (Clothey 2006).\n "
9780816683109 - page_33: "START TEXT: During the population boom in the second half of the nineteenth century, what we now understand as s" ******* END TEXT: " workshops, interspersed with chawls, rooming houses, and makeshift hutments for the workers.\n "
9780816683109 - page_34: "START TEXT: Given Bombay’s high land prices, pushed upward by the limited supply of land, property development b" ******* END TEXT: "e status quo, in which taxes remained low, landowners could profit from the construction of private "
9780816683109 - page_35: "START TEXT: chawls, and workers could at least find accommodations in makeshift dwellings on the city’s ample su" ******* END TEXT: " carried on by the Bombay Development Department (BDD), which was established in 1920 with much the "
9780816683109 - page_36: "START TEXT: same charge as the trust. The BDD constructed hundreds of chawls in the areas around the city’s text" ******* END TEXT: "occasioned the moves. Smoke remains a problem and there is talk of a move once again because it now "
9780816683109 - page_37: "START TEXT: billows over the nearby hospital and because space is at a premium in the colony. (1979, 339)\n " ******* END TEXT: " between these settlements, which ranged from “the dwellings of the fishermen [which were] the best "
9780816683109 - page_38: "START TEXT: among the lot, as the walls were plastered and roofs tiled” to “chawls built with corrugated iron sh" ******* END TEXT: "sed these findings to counter the “premature metropolis” thesis and academic and popular depictions "
9780816683109 - page_39: "START TEXT: of slums as dominated by premodern or irrational social forms, his findings also reveal that many Dh" ******* END TEXT: "y survey of Bombay’s planning resources.11 Mayer and Modak worked together for the next five months "
9780816683109 - page_40: "START TEXT: and, by the end of 1947, had produced the document known as Outline of the Master Plan for Greater B" ******* END TEXT: "me and in the case of Bombay came, to a large extent, only fairly recently. (1948, 26)\n \n "
9780816683109 - page_41: "START TEXT: Grounded in the principle of a neighborhood unit, tracing back to Clarence Perry and Otto Koeningsbe" ******* END TEXT: "lities in other parts of the island city, and be relocated to outlying areas of Greater Bombay. The "
9780816683109 - page_42: "START TEXT: plan stated firmly, “The tanning industry will definitely have to leave Bombay Island in the first p" ******* END TEXT: "bay, which possessed the exclusive authority and financial resources needed for implementation, was "
9780816683109 - page_43: "START TEXT: reluctant to aprove it. Although official explanations for the government’s reluctance were not fort" ******* END TEXT: "d more important than what others.”18 Over the next year, Mayer continued his campaigns for housing "
9780816683109 - page_44: "START TEXT: construction and increased open space throughout Bombay, writing letters and making personal pleas t" ******* END TEXT: "truction (Chibber 2003; Pedersen 2000). Because industry’s needs for worker housing and basic urban "
9780816683109 - page_45: "START TEXT: infrastructures were generally being met by the haphazard and piecemeal solutions that had sustained" ******* END TEXT: "rking on the opposition, administrator N. R. Inamdar wrote in the late 1970s:\n \n \n "
9780816683109 - page_46: "START TEXT: Excepting certain sections of industry, the public response to the proposal . . . was in general app" ******* END TEXT: "onstraints, including the administrative and fiscal division of the city and the suburbs identified "
9780816683109 - page_47: "START TEXT: in Modak’s 1947 letter to Albert Mayer. With the municipal corporation bereft of funds, projects pro" ******* END TEXT: " Low-lying land is often flooded with black, swampy, garbage-laden water during the monsoon season. "
9780816683109 - page_48: "START TEXT: Perhaps it is this location which has made [Dharavi] notoriously famous for the many steaming stills" ******* END TEXT: "d social and religious festivals and established informal governance structures in Dharavi.20\n "
9780816683109 - page_49: "START TEXT: With few other policies in place to address the housing and basic needs of the growing population, p" ******* END TEXT: "rks. Although the relationships between patrons and clients are often inequitable and exploitative, "
9780816683109 - page_50: "START TEXT: these goondas provided Dharavi residents essential services in the absence of more legitimate altern" ******* END TEXT: " authority is frequently contested and must be renegotiated on a fairly regular basis.\n \n "
9780816683109 - page_51: "START TEXT: Not only are organized crime groups and ward corporators engaged in this power struggle, but social " ******* END TEXT: " and his associates. “After that, people made their demands to PROUD, and the social workers helped "
9780816683109 - page_52: "START TEXT: them solve their problems,” he remarked. Although questions of sovereignty were far from settled, Ma" ******* END TEXT: "d the city’s boundaries farther northward, due, in part, to deliberate planning strategies of urban "
9780816683109 - page_53: "START TEXT: de-concentration, and Dharavi had become situated in the virtual center of Greater Bombay.\n The" ******* END TEXT: "n the face of grand visions of master planners and empty promises to make Bombay slum-free.\n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_55: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816683109 - page_54: "START TEXT: Chapter Two\n State Interventions and Fragmented Sovereignties\n Around the time that Dharav" ******* END TEXT: "initial plan proposed that the population of Dharavi be reduced by nearly 40 percent, with at least "
9780816683109 - page_56: "START TEXT: twenty thousand families being relocated to outlying areas of the city (Mukhija 2003; Chatterji 2005" ******* END TEXT: "ements—with each status conferring a different set of rights and protections. Yet all of the city’s "
9780816683109 - page_57: "START TEXT: informal residents have remained vulnerable, dependent upon politicians, NGO workers, and community " ******* END TEXT: "titutions whose contradictory missions were both authoritarian and extractive as well as benevolent "
9780816683109 - page_58: "START TEXT: and civilizing, and whose exercise of authority was always partial and provisional (Raffin 2011).\n " ******* END TEXT: "ponsibilities only for the central and state governments (Corbridge and Harriss 2000; Tummala 1992; "
9780816683109 - page_59: "START TEXT: Verney 1995). Concerned about regional fragmentation along religious, ethnic, or linguistic lines, t" ******* END TEXT: "nd livelihoods in the city. Comparatively speaking, Bombay was remarkably prosperous, and the urban "
9780816683109 - page_60: "START TEXT: infrastructures built by the colonial administration remained superior to those found in most Indian" ******* END TEXT: "riate legislation to carry it out (Shaw 1996; Gurumukhi 2000). Consistent with this imperative, the "
9780816683109 - page_61: "START TEXT: central government enacted the Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, 1956, to address the prol" ******* END TEXT: "one in Jogeshwari and others in Dharavi and elsewhere, slum settlements became denser and more numer"
9780816683109 - page_62: "START TEXT: ous on the outer reaches of Bombay city. Even so, slum clearance was doing little to solve the growi" ******* END TEXT: "politics of ethnolinguistic identity, a more subtle debate was taking place over how best to govern "
9780816683109 - page_63: "START TEXT: the city of Bombay. As the vying interests each sought control over the city’s vast industrial and c" ******* END TEXT: "timately avoided the question of legality by establishing an official definition for slums based on "
9780816683109 - page_64: "START TEXT: the area’s conditions rather than on legal ownership of property or land (Bapat 1990). The act defin" ******* END TEXT: "se other landowning entities and ultimately carried out the census only on lands owned by the state "
9780816683109 - page_65: "START TEXT: of Maharashtra (Sharma 2000; YUVA 1999). Consequently, the tally of 630,000 slum dwellers enumerated" ******* END TEXT: "ch of which was granted certain responsibilities over land, housing, and development in the region. "
9780816683109 - page_66: "START TEXT: These include the City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO), formed in March 1970 to overs" ******* END TEXT: "f modernization possible only with the suspension of elections and the curtailing of constitutional "
9780816683109 - page_67: "START TEXT: freedoms. But the actual objectives were starkly apparent: with the Emergency, Indira Gandhi sought " ******* END TEXT: "tra during the Emergency,” Chavan aggressively implemented the Maintenance of Internal Security Act "
9780816683109 - page_68: "START TEXT: (MISA), which contained many of the Emergency’s most draconian measures (Kamat 1980; Hansen 2001).\n " ******* END TEXT: "vement in the city’s housing policy (Pugh 1989). The next year, the BMRDA issued a policy statement "
9780816683109 - page_69: "START TEXT: on housing that closely aligned with the Bank’s emerging position in this area, including an emphasi" ******* END TEXT: "t had originally been built of tin, mat, and plastic sheeting (Chatterji 2005). An additional floor "
9780816683109 - page_70: "START TEXT: could also be added to structures in order to create additional living space. Although it was deemed" ******* END TEXT: "nting approximately 12 percent of Bombay’s slum population in 1981 (World Bank 1997).10 By the time "
9780816683109 - page_71: "START TEXT: the program was discontinued in 1994, only about 20 percent of this target was met. The program’s di" ******* END TEXT: "lers’ rights. These mobilizations and the dense field of housing rights organizations they produced "
9780816683109 - page_72: "START TEXT: would dramatically influence the nature of housing interventions in coming decades and bolster the d" ******* END TEXT: "paign slogan, “Green Bombay, Beautiful Bombay,” and with statements from its leader, Bal Thackeray, "
9780816683109 - page_73: "START TEXT: announcing that pavements “are meant for pedestrians and we will see that those living on the paveme" ******* END TEXT: "espectable residents of slums or bastis further reinforced distinctions between the city’s informal "
9780816683109 - page_74: "START TEXT: residents and justified the differentiated sets of rights they were afforded. In doing so, the Court" ******* END TEXT: "o hold on to their little chits so grandiosely referred to as “documents”? (1986, 685)\n \n "
9780816683109 - page_75: "START TEXT: Yet this time, as during the 1981 clearance campaign, activists were mobilized to oppose the governm" ******* END TEXT: " Prime Minister’s Grant Project was launched on the heels of the BMC’s 1986 demolition drive.\n "
9780816683109 - page_76: "START TEXT: The Prime Minister’s Grant (Developing Dharavi, Part Two)\n When Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi vis" ******* END TEXT: "mendation emerged from the recognition that institutional fragmentation, competing agendas, and the "
9780816683109 - page_77: "START TEXT: absence of clear leadership had undermined earlier housing programs (Sharma 2000).\n In other im" ******* END TEXT: "dle-class-style apartments, complete with indoor plumbing and in-unit toilets (Mukhija 2003).\n "
9780816683109 - page_78: "START TEXT: As Modak and Mayer had suggested four decades earlier, the Correa Committee concluded that comprehen" ******* END TEXT: "sts, with some observers characterizing these conflicts as a struggle between “governmentality” and "
9780816683109 - page_79: "START TEXT: “counter-governmentality” (Appadurai 2001; Chatterji 2005; McFarlane 2011).15\n Soon after its f" ******* END TEXT: "offered was that although planners and bureaucrats treated Dharavi as a single slum settlement, its "
9780816683109 - page_80: "START TEXT: residents saw themselves as living in smaller, semiautonomous settlements within Dharavi (Sharma 200" ******* END TEXT: "mplex program. Mukhija elaborates that the state’s decision to administer the program wholly at the "
9780816683109 - page_81: "START TEXT: state level, without support from the BMC, reflected the Congress Party’s efforts to maintain distan" ******* END TEXT: "eveloping most of Dharavi’s housing stock were replaced with a more modest pilot project that would "
9780816683109 - page_82: "START TEXT: redevelop just thirty-eight hundred units across Dharavi (Mukhija 2001a). With the government provid" ******* END TEXT: "linics, and office spaces. Because these uses were ultimately revenue-generating, project administra"
9780816683109 - page_83: "START TEXT: tors determined that they could pay 50 percent more than the residential occupants were paying, ther" ******* END TEXT: "the supportive neglect of slums as a solution to the need for workers’ housing, the state’s limited "
9780816683109 - page_84: "START TEXT: capacity and authority to intervene in this area remains a critical piece of the city’s experience w" ******* END TEXT: "like clearance and relocation are periodically revived in this turbulent political context.\n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_85: "START TEXT: Chapter Three\n From Labor to Land\n\t An Emerging Political Economy\n In the 1980s and 1990s" ******* END TEXT: "st directly by the millions of slum residents, pavement dwellers, and inhabitants of other informal "
9780816683109 - page_86: "START TEXT: settlements. This population has experienced the most direct impacts of job losses in the formal man" ******* END TEXT: " for Dharavi’s redevelopment. Situating the plan in this emerging political and economic context, I "
9780816683109 - page_87: "START TEXT: conclude that while the Dharavi Redevelopment Project shares many features with the earlier slum sch" ******* END TEXT: "nalyses emphasize the extraction of surplus value from land and property (Harvey 2003, 2008).\n "
9780816683109 - page_88: "START TEXT: Harvey and a number of other urban political economists have also analyzed recent shifts in urban po" ******* END TEXT: " services have been significant components of the city’s economy since the early days of East India "
9780816683109 - page_90: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816683109 - page_89: "START TEXT: Company control, their share of the overall economic mix increased in this period. The sharpest empl" ******* END TEXT: "blamed the closures on the striking workers, it is generally agreed that the strike simply provided "
9780816683109 - page_91: "START TEXT: owners the opportunity to downsize the long-suffering industry (D’Monte 2002). Although the national" ******* END TEXT: "ternational Monetary Fund and undertook a structural adjustment program that would have significant "
9780816683109 - page_92: "START TEXT: effects on land development and the city’s property markets. Although most political economists date" ******* END TEXT: "f real estate were going through the roof; and the ugly face of the underworld was emerging.”\n "
9780816683109 - page_93: "START TEXT: This ugly face became all too apparent in the case of the Khatau Mills. In this case, Sunit Khatau, " ******* END TEXT: "oth criminal involvement and the government’s interests in land development began to change. Unlike "
9780816683109 - page_94: "START TEXT: earlier eras in which the state turned a blind eye to these nefarious development practices, state i" ******* END TEXT: "the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Mumbai-based Shiv Sena party. While scholars and political "
9780816683109 - page_95: "START TEXT: analysts have written extensively on the underlying causes and significance of their exclusionary an" ******* END TEXT: " 1995; Hansen 2001). Working-class Maharashtrians, many of whom remained active in the textile mill "
9780816683109 - page_96: "START TEXT: labor unions, generally maintained their support for the Communist Party and the left-leaning Congre" ******* END TEXT: "Masjid, a north Indian mosque that had been built on land believed to have deep Hindu significance. "
9780816683109 - page_97: "START TEXT: A month later, rival Hindu gangs, organized through Shiv Sena shakas and relying on support from the" ******* END TEXT: "tributed to the state’s shifting political geography. In addition to several high-profile scandals, "
9780816683109 - page_98: "START TEXT: the Congress-led government lost public support after its seemingly inept response to a 1993 earthqu" ******* END TEXT: "earer anti-slum agenda once the Shiv Sena–BJP coalition took control of the state government.\n "
9780816683109 - page_99: "START TEXT: Turning Slums into Gold\n The new interest in slums became apparent soon after the new governmen" ******* END TEXT: "ce called floating Transferable Development Rights (TDR). TDR was included in the financing formula "
9780816683109 - page_100: "START TEXT: in order to entice builders to work with housing societies located in less desirable parts of the ci" ******* END TEXT: "emonstrate continuous eligibility since before January 1, 1990, were eligible to participate.\n "
9780816683109 - page_101: "START TEXT: Residents of a rehabilitation building would be given ownership of their unit, thereby providing the" ******* END TEXT: "en apparent in the case of the Janata Housing Society, located in the virtual center of Dharavi. In "
9780816683109 - page_102: "START TEXT: this case, an SRS construction project was left unfinished in the late 1990s. Although the residents" ******* END TEXT: "ho recognized the opportunities entailed in this approach was Mukesh Mehta, a Mumbai-born architect "
9780816683109 - page_103: "START TEXT: and property developer who had been living and working in suburban New York. Like many nonresident I" ******* END TEXT: "ddition to the financial risk, he recognized that the state’s development regulations would have to "
9780816683109 - page_104: "START TEXT: be amended. Consequently, he determined that the project could only proceed if it secured government" ******* END TEXT: "velopment would rise to the top of this agenda and would eventually garner state sponsorship.\n "
9780816683109 - page_105: "START TEXT: Dharavi’s Place in a “World-Class” City\n With the city’s manufacturing base in steep decline, n" ******* END TEXT: "ected Shiv Sena–BJP government to support reforms and make investments. With the new administration "
9780816683109 - page_106: "START TEXT: amenable to urban development and willing to work with private investors to secure financing, Bombay" ******* END TEXT: ". In an effort to bring even greater recognition to this agenda, the state hired McKinsey & Company "
9780816683109 - page_107: "START TEXT: to oversee the implementation of the task-force plan. Over the next three years McKinsey would be pa" ******* END TEXT: "ner, settlements were demolished across the city. In early January 2005 Miloon Kothari, independent "
9780816683109 - page_108: "START TEXT: special rapporteur with the UN Commission on Human Rights, visiting the sites of the cleared hutment" ******* END TEXT: "aw construction of hundreds of acres of office space in the Bandra-Kurla area, much more accessible "
9780816683109 - page_109: "START TEXT: to Mumbai’s international airport than the traditional business center in South Bombay. Although the" ******* END TEXT: "rashtra government. In fact, the intervention of the central government into Mumbai’s urban affairs "
9780816683109 - page_110: "START TEXT: was interpreted as a direct challenge to the state government’s authority. Given that urban developm" ******* END TEXT: "ugh the apartments would be given free of charge, residents are expected to pay municipal taxes and "
9780816683109 - page_111: "START TEXT: maintenance fees, which are anticipated to have significant effects on the housing expenses for most" ******* END TEXT: "arket-rate properties in support of the state’s ambition to make Mumbai a more globally competitive "
9780816683109 - page_112: "START TEXT: city. While this shift toward the marketization of slum land to facilitate urban development has bee" ******* END TEXT: "c geography—given the island city’s limited supply of land and its poor transit linkages to the main"
9780816683109 - page_114: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816683109 - page_113: "START TEXT: land. Yet begining in the early 1990s, a new urgency for land conversion and property development ha" ******* END TEXT: "the durability that has made them an enduring feature of Mumbai’s complex social landscape.\n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_115: "START TEXT: Chapter Four\n Political Entrepreneurship and Enduring Fragmentations\n I had been trying fo" ******* END TEXT: "ed by the plan, then how can I support it?” he asked rhetorically. He explained that those with the "
9780816683109 - page_116: "START TEXT: larger units are businesspeople who use the additional space for productive activities. “Mehta’s pla" ******* END TEXT: "ect and political opposition. When the state endorsed the project in early 2004, Mehta received the "
9780816683109 - page_117: "START TEXT: legitimacy and resources he needed to pursue his vision, along with the promise of some of the finan" ******* END TEXT: "ublic scrutiny, and both the project and his role in it came under sharp criticism. More than\n "
9780816683109 - page_118: "START TEXT: a decade into the DRP’s planning process, municipal authority remains weak, power in both Mumbai and" ******* END TEXT: "r political pressures (Rudolph and Rudolph 1987). Mumbai-based political scientist Marina Pinto and "
9780816683109 - page_119: "START TEXT: former municipal officer David Pinto have been scathing in their critique of bureaucrats in Maharash" ******* END TEXT: "ers of the Indian Parliament proposed the Sixty-Fourth and Sixty-Fifth Constitutional Amendments in "
9780816683109 - page_120: "START TEXT: 1989, outlining the devolution, of certain aspects of political representation from state government" ******* END TEXT: "ough taxation.” While Pethe speculated that these changes have not taken place out of fear by state-"
9780816683109 - page_121: "START TEXT: level politicians that resources will be diverted from rural areas, others cite interparty and inter" ******* END TEXT: "l society, these efforts proved insufficient to overcome the institutional fragmentations that have "
9780816683109 - page_122: "START TEXT: given Mumbai’s planning institutions their pathological character and have helped keep spaces like D" ******* END TEXT: " the coming years, leading to calls for his removal and the withdrawal of government support.\n "
9780816683109 - page_123: "START TEXT: Mehta’s activities as PMC have been closer to those of a salesman than to a technocratic planner. Af" ******* END TEXT: "by his NRI status, professional experience in the United States, and general global acumen. Selling "
9780816683109 - page_124: "START TEXT: the project to the state government and the city’s business community as a “global” endeavor, Mehta " ******* END TEXT: "lanning institutions are often attributed to problems with the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), "
9780816683109 - page_125: "START TEXT: the core institution of India’s bureaucracy, even as IAS officers continue to garner respect in Indi" ******* END TEXT: "ransfers typically make IAS officers more likely to align with the state-level politicians who have "
9780816683109 - page_126: "START TEXT: the power to move them. They argue that bureaucrats placed in state- and local-level offices are mor" ******* END TEXT: "vernment had endorsed the project, Mehta had done much of the technical work, including many of the "
9780816683109 - page_127: "START TEXT: activities that would typically be performed by Talreja’s office, he admitted. For example, Mehta ha" ******* END TEXT: "rtake large-scale development planning but they also want to undermine others’ efforts to do so. He "
9780816683109 - page_128: "START TEXT: explained that the opposition he had received from bureaucrats was “not based on the merits of the p" ******* END TEXT: " matter because their constituents matter. But, after thinking for a moment, he clarified that even "
9780816683109 - page_129: "START TEXT: they can be “managed.” Citing intraparty hierarchy, he elaborated that “they operate on the kick-and" ******* END TEXT: "o money and no family here in Mumbai. She wanted to return to her village, where she had family and "
9780816683109 - page_130: "START TEXT: people who would help her, but she had no money even for the train ticket home. She explained that h" ******* END TEXT: "om Dharavi, he explained that the MCGM as a whole is playing a very small role in the project’s plan"
9780816683109 - page_131: "START TEXT: ning process.19 He stated that his only role was to work with the SRA to help it determine which res" ******* END TEXT: "s a tight hold on project details and keeps it out of the hands of politicians or the public.\n "
9780816683109 - page_132: "START TEXT: Calls for Authority\n The limited role the ward councilors play in most development planning eff" ******* END TEXT: "ernance reforms, explained, “After the deluge, people thought a lot about how the government failed "
9780816683109 - page_133: "START TEXT: to serve the people’s needs. The crisis raised the urgency of municipal reforms in people’s minds.”2" ******* END TEXT: "d the resources of the planning bureaucracies to bear on the problems of Dharavi. While recognizing "
9780816683109 - page_134: "START TEXT: this accomplishment, his critics charged that he did not fully understand these problems because he " ******* END TEXT: "munity publicly challenged the position that Mehta had established for himself. Despite his efforts "
9780816683109 - page_135: "START TEXT: to keep the DRP planning process outside the public’s gaze, criticism had become pervasive and was t" ******* END TEXT: "comprising Dharavi residents as promised, it was made up of prominent housing activists and retired "
9780816683109 - page_136: "START TEXT: bureaucrats, including the state’s former chief secretary and a former chief planner from the Mumbai" ******* END TEXT: " the committee’s recommendations, the chief minister issued no response to the second letter.\n "
9780816683109 - page_137: "START TEXT: Relations between the government, Mehta, and the committee continued to sour over the next several m" ******* END TEXT: "’s project as a way to undertake a massive development scheme without committing significant public "
9780816683109 - page_138: "START TEXT: resources and without having to address the structural weaknesses that have traditionally plagued lo" ******* END TEXT: " the state power required to facilitate urban restructuring and the redevelopment of Dharavi.\n "
9780816683109 - page_139: "START TEXT: Despite the chorus of voices from the local elite and political leadership that had vowed to turn Mu" ******* END TEXT: "entrenchment of these groups and their spaces in the city’s social and political landscape.\n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_141: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816683109 - page_140: "START TEXT: Chapter Five\n The Right to Stay Put\n The postmonsoon humidity felt even stickier than norm" ******* END TEXT: " Sweat dripped from his face as he was ushered to the front of the courtyard and instructed to take "
9780816683109 - page_142: "START TEXT: a seat next to Khandare. The other men sat in facing chairs and turned attentively to listen to what" ******* END TEXT: ". As a now humbler Mehta asserted the Kumbhars’ importance to Dharavi and to the project’s planning "
9780816683109 - page_143: "START TEXT: process, the meeting participants mumbled agreement to help with the survey. Apparently satisfied, M" ******* END TEXT: "ts and the activists agitating for their rights. Administrators first recognized the power of these "
9780816683109 - page_144: "START TEXT: groups in Dharavi while undertaking the planning for the Prime Minister’s Grant Project (PMGP) in th" ******* END TEXT: "her under the name Zopadpatti Bachao Samyukta Kruti Samiti (Joint Action Committee to Save the Slum "
9780816683109 - page_145: "START TEXT: Dwellers). Groups like these form on a fairly regular basis, as government actions push perpetually " ******* END TEXT: "When potential developers began withdrawing from consideration on the project in October 2009, they "
9780816683109 - page_147: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816683109 - page_146: "START TEXT: cited not only administrative complexity but also political complications that diminished the attrac" ******* END TEXT: "to criticism with him. He wants us to talk about his grand plan, but there’s nothing to talk about. "
9780816683109 - page_148: "START TEXT: We would rather publish criticism of the plan than talk to him about it.”11 Shah claims to have reco" ******* END TEXT: "’s northern and western edges, adjacent to the Bandra-Kurla Complex (BKC). Looking longingly at the "
9780816683109 - page_149: "START TEXT: map, he said that it was a good plan that should have made everyone happy. The residents would have " ******* END TEXT: " Rumors had been circulating about the scheme for years, and many residents saw the meeting as an op"
9780816683109 - page_150: "START TEXT: portunity to clarify the actual elements of the project and voice their concerns. As the attendees e" ******* END TEXT: "nits, the only input the residents have had over the scheme is the granting of their consent.\n "
9780816683109 - page_151: "START TEXT: Consequently, after the meeting in which Dharavi’s residents were publicly misled in an attempt to s" ******* END TEXT: "o sanitation facilities, and less dangerous work spaces, but they were skeptical that the DRP would "
9780816683109 - page_152: "START TEXT: bring these benefits to the area’s current residents. A leader with DBS, whose family has lived in D" ******* END TEXT: "with Mehta created a split in the opposition movement. A project opponent once explained to me that "
9780816683109 - page_153: "START TEXT: “PROUD started out nicely; now they are not functioning properly.” He noted that because PROUD becam" ******* END TEXT: " local\npower structures and existing networks of leadership. Photograph by the author.\n \n "
9780816683109 - page_154: "START TEXT: These more convivial relations were revealed at a meeting I attended early on in my fieldwork.20 At " ******* END TEXT: "s are also a politically active group, frequently running for and holding office on Shiv Sena party "
9780816683109 - page_155: "START TEXT: tickets.22 This political presence has provided them a particular bargaining position in the plannin" ******* END TEXT: "blicly commended. Aside from their symbolic position, Dharavi’s industrialists are also politically "
9780816683109 - page_156: "START TEXT: influential. As one of the settlement’s wealthier groups, the industrialists, especially the scrap d" ******* END TEXT: "s less of a problem than for us. They will build tall. Government will make a profit, and this will "
9780816683109 - page_157: "START TEXT: be good for everyone. But we are Dharavi. We have seen this area when it was in bad condition. We wa" ******* END TEXT: "oject and the efforts Mehta and Shinde were making to expand this support. But in November 2006 the "
9780816683109 - page_158: "START TEXT: state government adopted the draft housing policy that codified elements of the DRP. Included in the" ******* END TEXT: "e scheme in a PIL. One of the opponents’ principal charges was that the government had violated its "
9780816683109 - page_159: "START TEXT: own policy of regularization by excluding residents who had settled in Dharavi between 1995 and 2000" ******* END TEXT: "sortium that includes local partners. This limited interest is usually attributed to the perception "
9780816683109 - page_160: "START TEXT: that land development in India, and in Mumbai in particular, is a messy affair. With a regulatory co" ******* END TEXT: "1, thousands of protesters, including representatives of all of the state’s major political parties "
9780816683109 - page_161: "START TEXT: (except the ruling Congress Party), came out two weeks later to protest the DRP. Some protesters sha" ******* END TEXT: " And in April 2008 the Supreme Court found in favor of the housing advocates’ PIL and extended eligi"
9780816683109 - page_162: "START TEXT: bility in the program from those living in Dharavi since before 1995 to those since before 2000 (Men" ******* END TEXT: "ssues. Given most characterizations of the engagements between the Indian state and the urban poor, "
9780816683109 - page_163: "START TEXT: or what Chatterjee (2004) has called “political society,” the DRP’s early planning process seems to " ******* END TEXT: "we are to think of co-optation as a form—albeit an imperfect form—of democratic engagement.37\n "
9780816683109 - page_164: "START TEXT: The types of engagements that occurred in the DRP’s early planning process may be familiar to studen" ******* END TEXT: "port from U.S.-based academics and international leaders is also noteworthy and has been recognized "
9780816683109 - page_165: "START TEXT: in other accounts of popular struggles in India (Khagram 2004). These dynamics have also been writte" ******* END TEXT: "rofit actors in the design and implementation of the DRP, representing what David Harvey and others "
9780816683109 - page_166: "START TEXT: have referred to as a neoliberal or entrepreneurial urban governance strategy, we may expect the pro" ******* END TEXT: "utions and individuals, significant compromises are made in order to keep Dharavi in place.\n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_167: "START TEXT: Conclusion\n Precarious Stability\n Almost a decade after the Dharavi Redevelopment Project " ******* END TEXT: "global and domestic developers, had submitted requests to bid on the project and had been deemed by "
9780816683109 - page_168: "START TEXT: a government committee to be financially and technically viable. While the consortia were preparing " ******* END TEXT: "t’s failures and Dharavi’s durability seem unsurprising. Although at odds with most visions of what "
9780816683109 - page_170: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816683109 - page_169: "START TEXT: a global or world-class city should look like, Dharavi continues to sit in the geographic, political" ******* END TEXT: " Agreeing to his proposal and complying with SRS protocols, the residents organized themselves into "
9780816683109 - page_171: "START TEXT: a housing society and elected an eleven-person governing committee to oversee the arrangements. Shar" ******* END TEXT: "as kept it locked in this suspended state of construction ever since. In early 2004, when the state "
9780816683109 - page_172: "START TEXT: government announced its support for the DRP, it ordered a suspension of all SRS constructions then " ******* END TEXT: "th Sharma, pressing him for updates on the building’s progress, Babu would apparently order the men "
9780816683109 - page_173: "START TEXT: away. Meanwhile, the governing committee continued to assure the other residents that the situation " ******* END TEXT: "sn’t destroy this building, the mahila mandal will tell them to, and they will listen.\n \n "
9780816683109 - page_174: "START TEXT: Soon after the women met with the SRA, Sharma reportedly stopped paying the electricity bills as ret" ******* END TEXT: "ommercial capital would simply cease to function. Sitamani and her neighbors, who make up the links "
9780816683109 - page_175: "START TEXT: in the chain of migrations that have settled in Dharavi from places like Tirunelveli, helped make th" ******* END TEXT: "ll lead us to further question our conventional wisdom and to remake our existing theories.\n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_177: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816683109 - page_176: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\n I would first like to thank my dissertation committee, Richard Taub, William M" ******* END TEXT: "de the folks at PUKAR, including Arjun Appadurai and the late Carol Breckenridge, Rahul Srivastiva, "
9780816683109 - page_178: "START TEXT: Anita Patil-Deshmukh, Aditya Pant, and Shilpa Phadke. They also include Darryl D’Monte, Kalpana Shar" ******* END TEXT: "rygold Walsh-Dilley, Renu Desai, Romola Sanyal, Ryan Centner, Tara van Dijk, Nausheen Anwar, Gautam "
9780816683109 - page_179: "START TEXT: Bhan, Xingming Chen, Smitha Radhakrishnan, Sam Cohn, Len Albright, Sheetal Chhabria, Mike Levien, Ed" ******* END TEXT: "o my mother, Marilyn Weinstein, my greatest advocate. This book is dedicated to her memory.\n \n\n"
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9780816683109 - page_208: "START TEXT: Stepan, A. 1999. “Federalism and Democracy: Beyond the U.S. Model.” Journal of Democracy 10(4): 19–3" ******* END TEXT: " the State: Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics.” World Politics 47(3): 311–40.\n "
9780816683109 - page_209: "START TEXT: Ward, P. M. 1976. “The Squatter Settlements as Slum or Housing Solution: Evidence from Mexico City.”" ******* END TEXT: " Political Players in Mumbai.” Economic and Political Weekly 42(47): 61–68.\n \n \n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_181: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816683109 - page_180: "START TEXT: Notes\n Preface\n \n \n \t1.\tWhen referring to the city in its contemporary con" ******* END TEXT: "ion\n \n \n 1.\tAuthor’s field notes, July 8, 2006.\n \n \n \n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_211: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816683109 - page_210: "START TEXT: Index\n \n abattoir, 32\n accumulation by dispossession, 14, 16, 21, 87, 114\n " ******* END TEXT: "trative Service\n caste: as a basis of identity, 28; main caste groups in Dharavi, 2, 25, 32, "
9780816683109 - page_212: "START TEXT: 38, 55; persecution, 2. See also dominant caste thesis\n Castells, Manuel, 183\n Chahal," ******* END TEXT: "gels, Fredrich, 7, 8\n evictions, ix, 8, 9, 14–16, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, 44, 51, 55, 56, 59–63, "
9780816683109 - page_213: "START TEXT: 65–68, 71–76, 78, 79, 83, 84, 98, 107, 108, 114, 144, 151, 164, 183, 184, 187, 189\n Expressio" ******* END TEXT: " liberalization. See economic liberalization; neoliberalization\n Lok Satta, 132, 133\n "
9780816683109 - page_214: "START TEXT: Maharashtra Economic Development Council (MEDC), 45\n Maharashtra Housing and Area Development" ******* END TEXT: " Suraksha Samiti (NHSS), 75, 187\n nonresident Indians (NRIs), ix, xii, 103, 123, 190\n "
9780816683109 - page_215: "START TEXT: Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation, 72, 73, 76\n Operation Demolition, 71, 74, 75, 78" ******* END TEXT: "itions (see evictions)\n Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act (1956), 60–61, 63\n "
9780816683109 - page_216: "START TEXT: Slum Census (1976), 64, 65, 73, 78\n Slum Improvement Program (SIP), 63–65, 71, 78, 187\n " ******* END TEXT: "hao Samyukta Kruti Samiti (Joint Action Committee to Save the Slum Dwellers), 144–45\n \n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_217: "START TEXT: \n Globalization and Community\n Susan E. Clarke, Series Editor\n Dennis R. Judd, Foundi" ******* END TEXT: "edorn\n 13\tEl Paso: Local Frontiers at a Global Crossroads\n Victor M. Ortíz-González\n "
9780816683109 - page_218: "START TEXT: 12\tRemaking New York: Primitive Globalization and the Politics of Urban Community\n William Site" ******* END TEXT: "bal Change\n Jan Lin\n 1\tThe Work of Cities\n Susan E. Clarke and Gary L. Gaile\n \n\n"
9780816683109 - page_219: "START TEXT: Liza Weinstein is assistant professor of sociology at\nNortheastern University.\n \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Liza Weinstein is assistant professor of sociology at\nNortheastern University.\n \n\n"
9780816686353 - page_iv: "START TEXT: Portions of chapter 1 were previously published as “U.S. Immigration Policies: 1986–2008,” in Immigr" ******* END TEXT: " 978-0-8166-8635-3\nThe University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer.\n\n\n \n\n"
9780816686353 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\nBuilding a Neoliberal Consensus\nCongressional debates from the mid-1990s suggest that t" ******* END TEXT: " unclean fountains burst in the east and southeast, the swelling streams pouring in a people wholly "
9780816686353 - page_2: "START TEXT: different in race, character, traditions, purpose and social life” (“Immigration Problems,” The New " ******* END TEXT: "erness to assimilate quickly with the unwillingness of contemporary immigrants to give up their own "
9780816686353 - page_3: "START TEXT: customs, religious beliefs, and languages. Instead of joining the melting pot—an outdated, problemat" ******* END TEXT: "eoliberal norm of living in self-supportive family units with minimal needs for public assistance.2\n"
9780816686353 - page_4: "START TEXT: One important part of the immigration debate focused on reforming the family reunification category," ******* END TEXT: "act net contributors who pay more in taxes than they receive in benefits. Based on their estimates, "
9780816686353 - page_5: "START TEXT: Fix and Passel conclude that immigrants created a surplus of $28.7 billion in 1992 (Fix and Passel 1" ******* END TEXT: "as individual actors in a free market who migrated for better jobs and were rewarded—or punished—on "
9780816686353 - page_6: "START TEXT: the basis of the decisions that they made. Within this discursive framework, immigrants are only abl" ******* END TEXT: "grant rights are precisely that—rights particular to people who cross borders” (2006, 257). Instead "
9780816686353 - page_7: "START TEXT: of continuing to battle over who can access certain immigration categories and what rights and privi" ******* END TEXT: ", were necessary, rational, and economically profitable. In addition, I investigate how politicians "
9780816686353 - page_8: "START TEXT: and the mainstream media juxtaposed an idealized image of responsible, self-sufficient legal immigra" ******* END TEXT: "g on the already extensive body of work discussing U.S. attempts to reorganize the welfare state in "
9780816686353 - page_9: "START TEXT: accordance with neoliberal objectives, I argue that neoliberalism is also an extremely useful lens f" ******* END TEXT: "ct as self-interested consumers who aggressively sought new opportunities for personal advancement.\n"
9780816686353 - page_10: "START TEXT: In the United States, it took some thirty years for these ideas to enter the public debate over soci" ******* END TEXT: "the early 1990s, however, the long-term effects of Reaganism began to be felt. The savings-and-loan "
9780816686353 - page_11: "START TEXT: industry collapsed, America fought a costly war in Kuwait, unemployment rose, and the number of Amer" ******* END TEXT: "the economic in such a way that “all aspects of social behavior are reconceptualized along economic "
9780816686353 - page_12: "START TEXT: lines” (1999, 141).5 Neoliberal governments no longer seek to govern through expansive state apparat" ******* END TEXT: " education system. While public schools were desegregated in the 1950s, recent data shows that many "
9780816686353 - page_13: "START TEXT: school districts are becoming more and more racially segregated through suburbanization and white pa" ******* END TEXT: "e racial and sexual politics of neoliberal immigration reform discourse has been largely ignored by "
9780816686353 - page_14: "START TEXT: popular immigration “experts” and scholars alike. An examination of congressional records reveals th" ******* END TEXT: " Americans’ opposition to high levels of immigration and generous welfare benefits for immigrants.8 "
9780816686353 - page_15: "START TEXT: Gordon H. Hanson, for example, argues that Americans are primarily concerned about the fiscal effect" ******* END TEXT: "ces of outright racism. In particular, my analysis will demonstrate how the neoliberal framework of "
9780816686353 - page_16: "START TEXT: immigration reform discourse has systematically downplayed the racist, sexist, and heterosexist impl" ******* END TEXT: "demonstrates how the immigration, welfare, and antiterrorism measures that were passed in 1996 were "
9780816686353 - page_17: "START TEXT: fundamentally different from earlier approaches to these concerns. This section determines how these" ******* END TEXT: "r and Link 1993; Santa Ana 2002; van Dijk 1997, 1999, 2000). In particular, I examine the different "
9780816686353 - page_18: "START TEXT: strategies that the mainstream media discourse deployed to disguise its racist effects by mostly ref" ******* END TEXT: " how some of their arguments have confirmed and maybe even strengthened the neoliberal agenda.\n\n \n\n"
9780816686353 - page_19: "START TEXT: 1\nExclusionary Acts\nA Brief History of U.S. Immigration Laws\nImmigration in the United States has ha" ******* END TEXT: "s, national security concerns, specific ideas about a unified national identity, immigrants’ racial "
9780816686353 - page_20: "START TEXT: characteristics, and anxieties about immigrants’ gender and sexuality. At different points in U.S. h" ******* END TEXT: "ed States is surprisingly optimistic: he calls for a rational discussion between members of the two "
9780816686353 - page_21: "START TEXT: races to overcome prejudices and thinks that “a slow but steady cleansing of the American mind is pr" ******* END TEXT: "s ability to naturalize was based on their husbands’ citizenship. Today, family reunification visas "
9780816686353 - page_22: "START TEXT: are still limited to members of the traditional nuclear family (spouses, parents, and children) and " ******* END TEXT: "d entry in earlier decades, they should not be read as a deviation from our dominant sexual regime.\n"
9780816686353 - page_23: "START TEXT: Not only has Congress failed to engage in a more fundamental debate about sex, sexuality, gender, an" ******* END TEXT: "y to provide historical background. The first part of this chapter will highlight some of the major "
9780816686353 - page_24: "START TEXT: immigration reforms from the colonial period until the late twentieth century and discuss how the Un" ******* END TEXT: "fficers presumably knew what characteristics and types of behaviors they were supposed to look for.\n"
9780816686353 - page_25: "START TEXT: Early immigration laws relied heavily on a person’s background to determine exclusion. If a prospect" ******* END TEXT: " white culture. In particular, the end of the Civil War and the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment "
9780816686353 - page_26: "START TEXT: had led to increased racial tensions and anxieties. At the same time, the racial composition of the " ******* END TEXT: "press unanimously informed [readers] that nine of any ten Chinese women stepping off a steamer from "
9780816686353 - page_27: "START TEXT: Hong Kong were certain to be prostitutes” (Peffer 1999, 79). Based on these common representations, " ******* END TEXT: "vernment agreed to limit the issuance of travel documents, while the United States granted Japanese "
9780816686353 - page_28: "START TEXT: wives and children the right to be reunited with family members in the United States.\nYet the list o" ******* END TEXT: "a symbolic victory for nativists. From July 1920 to June 1921, less than 14,000 out of over 800,000 "
9780816686353 - page_29: "START TEXT: potential immigrants were excluded or deported, but merely 1,450 were denied entry on the basis of t" ******* END TEXT: "version of the nuclear family on potential immigrants and gave preferential treatment to immigrants "
9780816686353 - page_30: "START TEXT: who adhered to those narrowly defined family structures. In particular, bonds between parents and ch" ******* END TEXT: "nt a medical certificate to the U.S. consul when applying for a visa, that is, before travel to the "
9780816686353 - page_31: "START TEXT: United States” (Ngai 2003, 85f). Yet despite these humiliating procedures and the increasing nativis" ******* END TEXT: " Great Depression, the collapsing economy overshadowed the need for a pliable workforce. During and "
9780816686353 - page_32: "START TEXT: after World War II, however, Mexicans were once again praised as the ideal flexible labor force and " ******* END TEXT: "ed the majority of visas to family members of U.S. citizens and legal permanent residents, the 1952 "
9780816686353 - page_33: "START TEXT: INA allotted the first 50 percent of the quota to “immigrants whose services are determined by the A" ******* END TEXT: ") made it clear that this classification included self-identified homosexuals. “In 1950, the Senate "
9780816686353 - page_34: "START TEXT: Committee on the Judiciary reported that the ‘classes of mental defectives should be enlarged to inc" ******* END TEXT: " been effectively barred from the United States for decades, there were few U.S. citizens and legal "
9780816686353 - page_35: "START TEXT: permanent residents of color who were able to petition for family members after the passage of the 1" ******* END TEXT: "ze. Possible solutions to this perceived problem included raising the residency requirement, adding "
9780816686353 - page_36: "START TEXT: a mandatory English language proficiency exam, or testing immigrants’ knowledge of American history " ******* END TEXT: "t residents from numerical limitations, which would help reunite families and decrease the backlog. "
9780816686353 - page_37: "START TEXT: In response to the changing national origins of contemporary immigrants, Charles Schumer (D-NY) intr" ******* END TEXT: " and a new antiterrorism law, both of which affected the rights and responsibilities of immigrants.\n"
9780816686353 - page_38: "START TEXT: The following section will provide a chronological overview of the legislative process in 1995–96 an" ******* END TEXT: " the initiative and reorganize their lives in such a way that they could achieve maximum success in "
9780816686353 - page_39: "START TEXT: the labor market. This underlying logic was noticeably different from the reasoning behind earlier i" ******* END TEXT: " denial of public benefits to legal immigrants” (U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform 1994, 23).25\n"
9780816686353 - page_40: "START TEXT: Soon after the Jordan Commission released its interim report, the Democrats lost their majority in t" ******* END TEXT: "rom unskilled laborers and distant family members to skilled workers and the nuclear family, and an "
9780816686353 - page_41: "START TEXT: increased emphasis on the “effective Americanization of new immigrants, that is the cultivation of a" ******* END TEXT: " that combined legal and illegal immigration reform. In particular, representatives of the American "
9780816686353 - page_42: "START TEXT: Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA), who served as expert witnesses in multiple committee hearing" ******* END TEXT: "came at a high price. While politicians from both parties had responded positively to the idea that "
9780816686353 - page_43: "START TEXT: legal immigrants were commendable human beings who contributed to U.S. society in multiple ways, the" ******* END TEXT: "ated and unskilled men who had abandoned their families and preferred communal living arrangements.\n"
9780816686353 - page_44: "START TEXT: Much of the debate also focused on undocumented immigrants’ use of public services. Elton Gallegly (" ******* END TEXT: "ed immigrants. Not surprisingly, Simpson’s amendment was quickly defeated on a decisive 20–80 vote.\n"
9780816686353 - page_45: "START TEXT: After these legal immigration provisions had been deleted from S. 1664, the Senate invoked cloture a" ******* END TEXT: "nce committee struggled to reconcile three major differences between the House and Senate versions: "
9780816686353 - page_46: "START TEXT: First, S. 1664 expected future sponsors to prove that their annual income was at least 125 percent o" ******* END TEXT: "benefits during their first five years in the United States. However, “Republican negotiators stood "
9780816686353 - page_47: "START TEXT: firm against President Clinton’s efforts to remove the higher standard of proof for immigration-rela" ******* END TEXT: "the immigration reform act. Taken together, these two acts represent a two-pronged attempt to limit "
9780816686353 - page_48: "START TEXT: immigrants’ access to certain welfare programs. According to Gimpel and Edwards, the connection betw" ******* END TEXT: " influence of structural inequalities. Instead, it requires that authorities assess an individual’s "
9780816686353 - page_49: "START TEXT: personal characteristics and behaviors to determine whether this person is likely to succeed and thu" ******* END TEXT: "c to the effects blanket provisions would have had on an increasingly diverse immigrant population.\n"
9780816686353 - page_50: "START TEXT: On January 4, 1995, Representative Steven C. LaTourette (R-OH)—and 119 Republican cosponsors—introdu" ******* END TEXT: "n or amended the list of programs to cash- and cash-like programs, were rejected by wide margins.34\n"
9780816686353 - page_51: "START TEXT: By January 1996, the conference committee had devised seven different versions of the Family Self-Su" ******* END TEXT: "or testing and treatment of serious communicable diseases, H.R. 3734 established that newly arrived "
9780816686353 - page_52: "START TEXT: immigrants would be ineligible for most other federal benefits for a minimum of five years. In addit" ******* END TEXT: "l permanent residents who currently received certain forms of public assistance. Yet, despite these "
9780816686353 - page_53: "START TEXT: significant controversies, the general neoliberal framework remained relatively stable throughout th" ******* END TEXT: "ts were able to both vote and sponsor family members’ immigration petitions by the late 1990s. Yet, "
9780816686353 - page_54: "START TEXT: perhaps most importantly, this neoliberal logic failed to take persistent structural inequalities in" ******* END TEXT: "d for driving without a license plate and, while in jail, confessed to the attack in Oklahoma City. "
9780816686353 - page_55: "START TEXT: McVeigh was soon put on trial, where a jury imposed the death penalty. Up until his death on June 11" ******* END TEXT: ".42 This bill, the AEDPA (S. 735), was passed by the Senate after only four days of debates. In the "
9780816686353 - page_56: "START TEXT: House, Representative Henry J. Hyde’s (R-IL) version of the antiterrorism bill (H.R. 1710) caused sl" ******* END TEXT: "y. We must send the message loud and clear that the United States will act decisively against those "
9780816686353 - page_57: "START TEXT: who attempt to undermine civility” (United States Congress, House, April 18, 1996). At the end of th" ******* END TEXT: " inherent dangers against the potential benefits, these representatives were unwilling to sacrifice "
9780816686353 - page_58: "START TEXT: fundamental individual liberties—cornerstones of the American legal system for generations. Jerrold " ******* END TEXT: " years in prison.51 In 1996, the AEDPA extended this category even further. Section 435 lowered the "
9780816686353 - page_59: "START TEXT: “term of imprisonment” threshold from five years to one year in prison. As a result, shoplifting, fr" ******* END TEXT: "ed a family, built his own home, and has been a model “citizen” in every way. (Marley 1998, 855)53\n\n"
9780816686353 - page_60: "START TEXT: Instead of fulfilling his dream to become a naturalized citizen, the INS detained Refugio Rubio as a" ******* END TEXT: "r undocumented workers and their families, millions of whom have made and continue to make enormous "
9780816686353 - page_61: "START TEXT: contributions to their communities and workplaces.” Congress endorsed the idea to protect immigrant " ******* END TEXT: "ate Colin Powell, Mexico’s Foreign Minister Jorge Castañeda, and Interior Secretary Santiago Creel.\n"
9780816686353 - page_62: "START TEXT: During their second meeting in September 2001, which took place in Washington, D.C., Fox and Bush in" ******* END TEXT: "-five, and citizens of one of these twenty-five countries had to register at a specially determined "
9780816686353 - page_63: "START TEXT: port of entry. Immigrants and visitors who were already present in the United States had to appear a" ******* END TEXT: "ars, and were of “good moral character.” Even though both acts seemed to have bipartisan support in "
9780816686353 - page_64: "START TEXT: the beginning, they were soon criticized from both ends of the political spectrum and discussion sta" ******* END TEXT: "forcement to enforce federal immigration laws. The House passed the bill by a slim margin (239–182) "
9780816686353 - page_65: "START TEXT: on December 16, with 82 percent of Democrats opposed and 92 percent of Republicans in support of the" ******* END TEXT: "mer DREAM Act in its entirety and determined that those undocumented immigrants who had entered the "
9780816686353 - page_66: "START TEXT: United States as children could convert to permanent resident status if they graduated from high sch" ******* END TEXT: "(114–21). On June 28, S. 1639 finally failed by a vote of 46–53, with 37 Republicans, 15 Democrats, "
9780816686353 - page_67: "START TEXT: and 1 independent voting against the cloture motion. After this second defeat of comprehensive immig" ******* END TEXT: "l officially prohibited racial profiling, it was unclear how else a police officer might reasonably "
9780816686353 - page_68: "START TEXT: suspect someone of being an “illegal alien.” This new procedure represented a clear divergence from " ******* END TEXT: " In response to these guidelines, Senator Robert Menendez (D-NJ) introduced the latest version of a "
9780816686353 - page_69: "START TEXT: comprehensive immigration reform package on June 22, 2011: the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act " ******* END TEXT: "ates should be kept from entering the United States, and which immigrants had forfeited their right "
9780816686353 - page_70: "START TEXT: to live in the United States. In this regard, the congressional debates in 1995–96 are a continuatio" ******* END TEXT: "rategies to assess immigrants and admit only the most promising individuals. In the course of these "
9780816686353 - page_71: "START TEXT: reform measures, Congress reorganized the legal immigration system along economic lines, eliminated " ******* END TEXT: " explain how Congress negotiated various concerns and tried to balance conflicting objectives.\n\n \n\n"
9780816686353 - page_73: "START TEXT: 2\nFamily Values and Moral Obligations\nThe Logic of Congressional Rhetoric\nIn June 1995, the U.S. Com" ******* END TEXT: "ican laborers from unfair competition. After all, America was not just a country of immigration but "
9780816686353 - page_74: "START TEXT: also a country devoted to protecting its own citizens. Accordingly, Senator Kennedy promoted a compr" ******* END TEXT: "ssensions; a set of different oppositions whose levels and roles must be described” (Foucault 1972, "
9780816686353 - page_75: "START TEXT: 155). As such, a discursive formation draws on a wide variety of issues and connects them in complic" ******* END TEXT: " earlier discussion about immigration reform, “consensus had all but disappeared,” I will show that "
9780816686353 - page_76: "START TEXT: there was actually a bipartisan consensus that the U.S. immigration system had to be streamlined to " ******* END TEXT: "k on the sexual configuration of the global political economy, “the heteronormative reproduction of "
9780816686353 - page_77: "START TEXT: gender identity/identities is crucial to/in neo-liberalism because it allows for the maintenance of " ******* END TEXT: "pact on the United States, we can distinguish two positions: On the one hand, immigration opponents "
9780816686353 - page_78: "START TEXT: used personal anecdotes to illustrate fundamental differences between their ancestors and contempora" ******* END TEXT: "heir personal anecdotes, an immigrant’s race, nationality, educational background, work experience, "
9780816686353 - page_79: "START TEXT: and financial resources did not necessarily determine whether he or she would become an economic suc" ******* END TEXT: "dvantage of the employment-based immigration system. Instead, he strongly believed that the current "
9780816686353 - page_80: "START TEXT: immigration system served America’s interests much better than reform proposals targeting the prefer" ******* END TEXT: "sis on family reunification with the following words: “We send a clear signal that we value keeping "
9780816686353 - page_81: "START TEXT: family members united and together, that we value a policy of fairness . . . that we value the histo" ******* END TEXT: "ayal glossed over the fact that immigrants represent an increasingly diverse group of people from a "
9780816686353 - page_82: "START TEXT: variety of cultural backgrounds. The claim that all immigrants honored the importance of family netw" ******* END TEXT: "urse, “the terms ‘family’ and ‘marriage’ are culturally based concepts, shaped through a variety of "
9780816686353 - page_83: "START TEXT: experiences, including cultural and legal” (Demleitner 2003, 273). Our dominant model of “family” co" ******* END TEXT: "course was structured around neoliberal ideas, certain discursive strands emphasized the connection "
9780816686353 - page_84: "START TEXT: between neoliberal objectives and other related discourses. The discursive strand about the costs an" ******* END TEXT: "rm discourse in 1995–96 was the rising number of poor, elderly immigrants who had been sponsored by "
9780816686353 - page_85: "START TEXT: immediate family members. As the following examples will show, the discursive strand that focused on" ******* END TEXT: "d SSI recipients, and about 5.5 to 6.2 percent of disabled recipients.12 Put differently, roughly 3 "
9780816686353 - page_86: "START TEXT: percent of all noncitizens received SSI compared with 1.8 percent of U.S. citizens. Yet once Susan M" ******* END TEXT: "tly arrived immigrants were thus considered ineligible for SSI.15 As soon as the deeming period was "
9780816686353 - page_87: "START TEXT: over, however, a significant number of needy immigrants applied for SSI benefits.\nThe Senate Judicia" ******* END TEXT: "b skills, or the unavailability of affordable child care, had prevented these women from developing "
9780816686353 - page_88: "START TEXT: into responsible neoliberal actors in the marketplace. Other depictions of welfare abuse commonly fo" ******* END TEXT: "eclaim their traditional obligations, support their parents, and save the United States some money.\n"
9780816686353 - page_89: "START TEXT: While politicians and expert witnesses seemed to agree that the current situation was unsustainable," ******* END TEXT: "6, 1996). Elderly parents, on the other hand, were highly unlikely to ever become net contributors. "
9780816686353 - page_90: "START TEXT: Therefore, the U.S. Commission of Immigration Reform argued that they should be permanently denied a" ******* END TEXT: " advanced welfare state has to be very careful in designing its immigration policy. A welfare state "
9780816686353 - page_91: "START TEXT: will place great strains on its taxpayers if it encourages the immigration of large numbers of 1) el" ******* END TEXT: "s been more applications than visas.26 Despite dramatic numerical differences and slight variations "
9780816686353 - page_92: "START TEXT: in the exact nature of the preference system, the aforementioned bills (S. 160, H.R. 373, S. 1394, a" ******* END TEXT: "RA) made the affidavit of support legally enforceable,29 required sponsors to provide evidence that "
9780816686353 - page_93: "START TEXT: they could maintain the sponsored immigrants at an annual income no less than 125 percent of the pov" ******* END TEXT: "t particularly committed to their family members and thus not worthy of family reunification visas.\n"
9780816686353 - page_94: "START TEXT: Contemporary Immigrants: Prime Examples of Successful Nuclear Families?\nAs the previous section demo" ******* END TEXT: "he admission of a single immigrant over time can result in the admissions of dozens of increasingly "
9780816686353 - page_95: "START TEXT: distant family members. Without reform of the immigration system, chain migration of relatives who a" ******* END TEXT: "this country. . . . There is no chain migration” (United States Congress, House, March 21, 1996).34\n"
9780816686353 - page_96: "START TEXT: Yet even though these critical voices repeatedly corrected exaggerated statistics and alarmist examp" ******* END TEXT: "can immigrants during the Great Depression are just two examples for racially specific initiatives.\n"
9780816686353 - page_97: "START TEXT: In the 1990s, however, very few mainstream politicians, journalists, and intellectuals advocated a r" ******* END TEXT: "sted that contemporary immigrants should be forced to abandon their own private values and beliefs. "
9780816686353 - page_98: "START TEXT: At the very least, however, Senator Simpson’s sarcastic comment suggests some of these cultural prac" ******* END TEXT: "gressional debates was a general concern about the increasing number of different nationalities and "
9780816686353 - page_99: "START TEXT: cultures that were present in the United States. Early on in the debate, Governor Lawton Chiles (D-F" ******* END TEXT: "iseases were not directed toward European immigrants but specifically targeted Latinos and Latinas.\n"
9780816686353 - page_100: "START TEXT: Yet, despite the clearly discernible racial undertones in the immigration debate, most politicians w" ******* END TEXT: "s are eager to engage with the majority culture and claim membership in U.S. society. For instance, "
9780816686353 - page_101: "START TEXT: William Flores and Rina Benmayor have argued that, while Latinos have established a distinct social " ******* END TEXT: " general caused considerable controversy, expert witnesses and politicians were even more concerned "
9780816686353 - page_102: "START TEXT: about the future of the English language.37 As one possible reaction to the growing linguistic diver" ******* END TEXT: "is racial bias. He described the amendment as “a backdoor attempt that introduces an ethnic element "
9780816686353 - page_103: "START TEXT: into the discussion of immigration policy” (United States Congress, House, March 20, 1996).\nNegotiat" ******* END TEXT: "gation to take care of American citizens first” (United States Congress, Senate, April 25, 1996).40\n"
9780816686353 - page_104: "START TEXT: Other politicians joined Senator Shelby in his belief that U.S. citizens’ interests should outweigh " ******* END TEXT: "here was no reason to accuse them of racism or discrimination.41 Senator Chuck Grassley (R-IA), for "
9780816686353 - page_105: "START TEXT: example, reasoned that immigration reform proposals could not possibly be “a xenophobic sort of thin" ******* END TEXT: "American public’s desire to reduce current levels of legal as well as illegal immigration could not "
9780816686353 - page_106: "START TEXT: possibly be an expression of racist sentiments, several people cited evidence that African Americans" ******* END TEXT: "s in California were asked to provide documentation in public schools, hospitals, at traffic stops, "
9780816686353 - page_107: "START TEXT: and even in grocery stores. In one case, which caused a short-lived media frenzy, two INS officers a" ******* END TEXT: "s, Senate, November 3, 1995). Apparently, achieving this goal was only possible if politicians were "
9780816686353 - page_108: "START TEXT: willing to follow an actuarial strategy that reduced human beings to statistics in the name of equit" ******* END TEXT: "ies emerged from the immigration reform discourse and other related discourses (e.g., debates about "
9780816686353 - page_109: "START TEXT: welfare reform and DOMA). Despite rapidly changing family structures in U.S. society, the only famil" ******* END TEXT: "tempted to discuss the effect of neoliberal policies on families and ethnic/racial minorities.\n\n \n\n"
9780816686353 - page_111: "START TEXT: 3\nDehumanizing the Undocumented\nThe Legislative Language of Illegality\nThe previous chapter examined" ******* END TEXT: "ic concerns against economic considerations, Congress was quite comfortable to discuss undocumented "
9780816686353 - page_112: "START TEXT: immigrants’ economic impact without much regard to the human side of the issue.\nA comparison of the " ******* END TEXT: "e school system—connected the discourse about undocumented immigrants to the debate about the legal "
9780816686353 - page_113: "START TEXT: immigration system, these issues were discussed differently in each context. Whereas politicians wer" ******* END TEXT: "had already proven that they were unfit to become full-fledged members of society. Politicians were "
9780816686353 - page_114: "START TEXT: willing to make some concessions—such as allowing “innocent” children access to public schools and d" ******* END TEXT: "f Mexicans, in particular, have informed the immigration reform discourse since the early twentieth "
9780816686353 - page_115: "START TEXT: century: the image of Mexicans as a docile labor force and the fear of a Mexican problem population " ******* END TEXT: "t citizens of poor, disadvantaged nations were attracted by the superior services and opportunities "
9780816686353 - page_116: "START TEXT: available in the United States. Unable to resist, migrants entered the United States without proper " ******* END TEXT: "t undocumented immigrants’ attempts to benefit from the education, health care, and welfare systems "
9780816686353 - page_117: "START TEXT: not only were harmful to the state but should also be regarded as an attack against U.S. citizens an" ******* END TEXT: "egions might have been rightfully concerned about their own security, it is obvious that there were "
9780816686353 - page_118: "START TEXT: other factors involved. Goldsmith and Cunningham not only described undocumented immigrants as publi" ******* END TEXT: "teven LaTourette (R-OH), for example, came up with the following analogy: “You could argue that the "
9780816686353 - page_119: "START TEXT: work of a brain surgeon and a barber both involve the human head, yet no one would think of going to" ******* END TEXT: "t. However, it is certainly noteworthy that the only two representatives who deemed it necessary to "
9780816686353 - page_120: "START TEXT: establish that their families were indeed legal immigrants were of Cuban and Korean descent. Even th" ******* END TEXT: "e, neglect, hunger, and life-threatening illnesses. At the same time, many politicians implied that "
9780816686353 - page_121: "START TEXT: there was a fundamental difference between children who were legal permanent residents and U.S. citi" ******* END TEXT: "ith this assessment and admitted that the Gallegly Amendment did not represent a workable solution.\n"
9780816686353 - page_122: "START TEXT: However, the Velazquez/Roybal-Allard Amendment also triggered a larger debate about the merits of bi" ******* END TEXT: " U.S. citizen. Nathan Deal (R-GA) pejoratively referred to this phenomenon as “booty-strapping.” He "
9780816686353 - page_123: "START TEXT: testified, “We have all . . . heard the traditional description of bootstrapping your way into a ben" ******* END TEXT: "r legal status. Not surprisingly, the proservices side focused almost exclusively on the well-being "
9780816686353 - page_124: "START TEXT: of women and children. On April 29, 1996, Edward M. Kennedy (D-MA) argued, “We should . . . support " ******* END TEXT: " 1996).13 According to Becerra and several other representatives, Bryant’s amendment would create a "
9780816686353 - page_125: "START TEXT: climate of fear and undocumented persons would be rightfully afraid to seek medical treatment. There" ******* END TEXT: "of illegal immigration and seal our borders” (United States Congress, House, September 25, 1996).16 "
9780816686353 - page_126: "START TEXT: In addition, a number of politicians emphasized the need to distinguish between “guilty parents” and" ******* END TEXT: "R-FL) phrased it, “the cost to us as a nation would be far greater by excluding these children from "
9780816686353 - page_127: "START TEXT: our schools” (United States Congress, House, March 20, 1996). The anticipated costs, in this context" ******* END TEXT: "of illegal immigration. Not only did they emphasize the fact that the Gallegly amendment was likely "
9780816686353 - page_128: "START TEXT: to increase spending on law enforcement and security measures, they also called attention to the cos" ******* END TEXT: "painted a frightening picture of the public school system. Elton Gallegly (R-CA), the author of the "
9780816686353 - page_129: "START TEXT: amendment that banned undocumented children from public schools, testified, “The Nation’s education " ******* END TEXT: "vitation,” as Marge Roukema (R-NJ) put it (United States Congress, House, March 20, 1996). Congress "
9780816686353 - page_130: "START TEXT: also painted a frightening picture of the unintended effects that this “magnet” might have in the fu" ******* END TEXT: " high number of poor, undocumented students do put a burden on the underfunded local districts that "
9780816686353 - page_131: "START TEXT: provide educational services, this does not mean that their exclusion would result in any fundamenta" ******* END TEXT: " off from funding, that active members would be deported, and that surveillance would be increased.\n"
9780816686353 - page_132: "START TEXT: This notion of “Islamic terrorism” has a long history in the United States and was already “deeply e" ******* END TEXT: "Hezbollah, and as Hyde put it, the “Islamic Jihad.” If a person was found guilty of donating money, "
9780816686353 - page_133: "START TEXT: services, or, in some cases, merchandise to one of these organizations, he or she was subject to exp" ******* END TEXT: " conclude that these statements were intended to be inclusive and were made in reference to a range "
9780816686353 - page_134: "START TEXT: of different organizations and individuals who all posed a threat to the United States. However, I c" ******* END TEXT: "o deportation, undocumented individuals are usually careful drivers; stay away from bars, the local "
9780816686353 - page_135: "START TEXT: drug scene, and other heavily patrolled areas; and are oftentimes hesitant to become politically act" ******* END TEXT: " noncitizens” (United States Congress, Senate, June 7, 1995). By the beginning of 1996, politicians "
9780816686353 - page_136: "START TEXT: commonly believed that this estimate—25 percent—applied specifically to undocumented immigrants, not" ******* END TEXT: "dition, U.S. citizens were overrepresented in all the violent crime categories: 97.7 percent of all "
9780816686353 - page_137: "START TEXT: convicted murderers who served time in a federal prison, 90.6 percent of inmates found guilty of man" ******* END TEXT: "m that would protect U.S. society from all “criminal aliens,” regardless of their actual number and "
9780816686353 - page_138: "START TEXT: the crimes they had committed or were likely to commit. On January 9, 1995, Toby Roth (R-WI) summari" ******* END TEXT: "distinction between citizens and noncitizens and limit immigrants’ access to basic rights and legal "
9780816686353 - page_139: "START TEXT: protections. On May 25, 1995, he declared, “My lord, I do not want to be part of anything that estab" ******* END TEXT: "gal aliens” were described as a risk group that needed to be monitored and, if necessary, excluded.\n"
9780816686353 - page_140: "START TEXT: Economic Considerations: Immigrants’ Impact on the U.S. Labor Market\nAs the previous sections have d" ******* END TEXT: "ers” (United States Congress, House, March 19, 1996). In addition, numerous politicians pointed out "
9780816686353 - page_141: "START TEXT: that increased border control efforts would have no effect on visa overstayers, who were much more l" ******* END TEXT: "ating a trade agreement in the late 1980s, this stirred up a good deal of controversy in the United "
9780816686353 - page_142: "START TEXT: States. While free trade proponents immediately embraced the idea of a trade agreement between the t" ******* END TEXT: "ormed immigration reform matters for decades—the idea that Mexicans migrate north because in Mexico "
9780816686353 - page_143: "START TEXT: they are forced to live in substandard conditions and work for extremely low wages. The more recent " ******* END TEXT: "accomplices, turning a blind eye and deaf ear to the issue” (United States Congress, House, May 24, "
9780816686353 - page_144: "START TEXT: 1995).37 Congress had no illusions about the fact that some unscrupulous employers knowingly hired u" ******* END TEXT: "e they make too much money enjoying the public largesse that we call welfare reform” (United States "
9780816686353 - page_145: "START TEXT: Congress, House, March 21, 1996). Undocumented immigrants, on the other hand, had not yet been corru" ******* END TEXT: "ithout a work permit, this system should be officially authorized and there should also be a strict "
9780816686353 - page_146: "START TEXT: procedure to dispose of those workers who were no longer needed. For many politicians, a guest-worke" ******* END TEXT: "ay, maybe or maybe not get housing or be charged for housing or forced to buy it at the ranch store "
9780816686353 - page_147: "START TEXT: or the company store” (United States Congress, House, March 21, 1996).44 Howard L. Berman (D-CA) too" ******* END TEXT: "e of workers . . . pay them more. Pay them more money, and they will come” (United States Congress, "
9780816686353 - page_148: "START TEXT: House, March 21, 1996). In an effort to illustrate that these protectionist measures were inconsiste" ******* END TEXT: "ferent concerns and a different type of rhetoric. Even more important, politicians made a concerted "
9780816686353 - page_149: "START TEXT: effort to portray documented and undocumented immigrants as not only fundamentally different but als" ******* END TEXT: " concerns. Yet instead of passing the Pombo Amendment, which would have taken the neoliberal reform "
9780816686353 - page_150: "START TEXT: project to its logical extreme, Congress chose a different route. The conference report on H.R. 2202" ******* END TEXT: "nd Latino criminals, while continuing the economically profitable practice of labor migration.\n\n \n\n"
9780816686353 - page_151: "START TEXT: 4\nManufacturing the Crisis\nEncoded Racism in the Daily Press\nIn November 1996, Annette Ha of San Lea" ******* END TEXT: "and undocumented workers in particular. In the aforementioned letter to the editor, Annette Ha used "
9780816686353 - page_152: "START TEXT: herself as an example to demonstrate that the ubiquitous anti-immigrant rhetoric was one-sided and, " ******* END TEXT: "ties unchallenged. According to Santa Ana, it is important to acknowledge that “these metaphors are "
9780816686353 - page_153: "START TEXT: not merely rhetorical flourishes, but are the key components with which the public’s concept of Lati" ******* END TEXT: "adhere to U.S. standards of beauty, happily consume luxury goods, and enjoy their newfound freedom.\n"
9780816686353 - page_154: "START TEXT: The discourse drew a sharp distinction between the beneficiaries of neoliberal reforms, who are valu" ******* END TEXT: " anti-immigrant rhetoric. The chapter concludes with an examination of the media backlash against a "
9780816686353 - page_155: "START TEXT: local politician who neglected to frame her anti-immigrant sentiments in racially neutral terms.\nThe" ******* END TEXT: "ed in the larger political rationalities that inform a variety of reform initiatives in the present "
9780816686353 - page_156: "START TEXT: historical moment. According to Rose, these rationalities can be described as “discursive fields cha" ******* END TEXT: "r, newspapers not only provide up-to-date information; they also attempt to package the information "
9780816686353 - page_157: "START TEXT: in a way that is interesting and entertaining for readers. Events, issues, and political development" ******* END TEXT: "seekers fleeing from female genital mutilation, on the other hand, make for a much more interesting "
9780816686353 - page_158: "START TEXT: story. Ultimately, journalists raised the same concerns as Congress: their stories invited readers t" ******* END TEXT: "icans represent the largest proportion (50.6 percent), 12.5 percent of all foreign-born Houstonians "
9780816686353 - page_159: "START TEXT: migrated from other Central American countries, 21.1 percent are Asian, 5.2 percent are European, an" ******* END TEXT: "erested in what was said but also in how it was said. For example, when Representative John L. Mica "
9780816686353 - page_160: "START TEXT: (R-FL) compared welfare recipients to alligators and Barbara Cubin (R-WY) added a story about “the w" ******* END TEXT: "cision to deny noncitizens the right to apply for their scholarship program and a Texan immigration "
9780816686353 - page_161: "START TEXT: court’s refusal to grant political asylum to a group of Sikhs were discussed in dozens of articles. " ******* END TEXT: "ssional debates and legislative changes was brief and factual, with little commentary or additional "
9780816686353 - page_162: "START TEXT: information. With two noteworthy exceptions—its explicit condemnation of racism and discrimination a" ******* END TEXT: "vocated the development of a market-like educational system that gave individual students and their "
9780816686353 - page_163: "START TEXT: families more choice. According to Susan Robertson, “parents were constructed as the customers of ed" ******* END TEXT: "NYT, January 31, 1995) and that “enrollment growth, mostly due to immigration, continues to outpace "
9780816686353 - page_164: "START TEXT: school construction” (NYT, September 5, 1995). This factual language seems to leave little room for " ******* END TEXT: "racial differences quite explicitly, without relying on metaphors. In all three papers, journalists "
9780816686353 - page_165: "START TEXT: commented on specific nationalities that were described either as “model minorities” or, at the othe" ******* END TEXT: "m. Due to persistent residential segregation along race and class lines, there were immense funding "
9780816686353 - page_166: "START TEXT: differences between individual school districts. It is thus hardly surprising that a few well-educat" ******* END TEXT: "this was not the system’s fault but the logical result of a group’s superior abilities and efforts.\n"
9780816686353 - page_167: "START TEXT: Even though newspapers sometimes acknowledged that discrimination might play a role in a student’s c" ******* END TEXT: " citizens, their elected officials, as well as the media were willing to celebrate diverse cultures "
9780816686353 - page_168: "START TEXT: and commend the increasing availability of ethnic restaurants, festivals, and music styles, they wer" ******* END TEXT: "tion, one people. . . . We need to keep our commonality, our common glue” (HC, September 10, 1995).\n"
9780816686353 - page_169: "START TEXT: 3. Bob Dole said, “Insisting that all our citizens are fluent in English is a welcoming act of inclu" ******* END TEXT: "n as propagandistic; he also portrayed his own approach as racially balanced and nondiscriminatory.\n"
9780816686353 - page_170: "START TEXT: This type of rhetoric not only impressed the conservative audience at the American Legion convention" ******* END TEXT: "nce of foreign influences was inextricably linked with anxieties about the large number of nonwhite "
9780816686353 - page_171: "START TEXT: people who had brought these new languages and cultures to the United States, the discourse tended t" ******* END TEXT: "o help them assimilate and be successful. They don’t have to be spoon fed” (NYT, January 21, 1996).\n"
9780816686353 - page_172: "START TEXT: The latter argument was particularly popular in the debate about the merits of bilingual education p" ******* END TEXT: "s that mastery of a second language is comparable to an unearned handout, to laziness and sloth. To "
9780816686353 - page_173: "START TEXT: compare bilingual education to a (Republican) vision of welfare makes no sense” (NYT, December 7, 19" ******* END TEXT: "t and make an important contribution to a largely monolingual society. Taking this principle to its "
9780816686353 - page_174: "START TEXT: logical extreme, several New Yorkers not only promoted bilingual education programs; they also calle" ******* END TEXT: " and an active commitment on their part. However, the media’s stance toward undocumented immigrants "
9780816686353 - page_175: "START TEXT: was much more negative. According to Inda, the United States was not interested in “empowering or ac" ******* END TEXT: "ican taxpayers, about lawbreakers who should be escorted out of the country or the citizens saddled "
9780816686353 - page_176: "START TEXT: with providing them a free public education” (HC, May 16, 1996). This juxtaposition, which creates a" ******* END TEXT: "documented immigrants’ access to public schools: “If they were identified and deported, the problem "
9780816686353 - page_177: "START TEXT: of schooling would not exist because there would be no illegal immigrants living here permanently” (" ******* END TEXT: "ed the only sensible solution to these pressing problems. Toney wrote, “Many of these crimes can be "
9780816686353 - page_178: "START TEXT: avoided by simply returning the potential violators. The education of illegals is complicated by lan" ******* END TEXT: " media was appalled that Congress was willing to target children before they had made the slightest "
9780816686353 - page_179: "START TEXT: attempt to enforce labor standards and discuss an employment verification system. Journalist Debra S" ******* END TEXT: "marks tended to amount to little more than curt comebacks and snide remarks. Similar accusations in "
9780816686353 - page_180: "START TEXT: the mainstream media, however, had the potential to be more damaging to individual candidates and en" ******* END TEXT: "ing American citizen. But these people are foreigners. Without education or welfare benefits or, in "
9780816686353 - page_181: "START TEXT: most cases, even a rudimentary knowledge of our language, they cannot hope to rise much above the be" ******* END TEXT: " to the same succinct explanation: politics. With the presidential election coming up, both parties "
9780816686353 - page_182: "START TEXT: tried to maintain a public image that appealed to their voters. In particular, Republicans and Democ" ******* END TEXT: "ly laws, and especially Elton Gallegly’s (R-CA) proposed ban on primary and secondary education for "
9780816686353 - page_183: "START TEXT: undocumented children generated summary accounts and feature stories, critical analyses, emotional l" ******* END TEXT: "e criticized federal politicians’ attempts to play into their electorate’s fears and anxieties. One "
9780816686353 - page_184: "START TEXT: particularly persuasive article, for example, focused on the popular campaign tactic of attacking mi" ******* END TEXT: "imately reinforced the negative image of undocumented immigrants that they had set out to critique.\n"
9780816686353 - page_185: "START TEXT: On rare occasions, however, journalists wrote introspective pieces that took a critical look at the " ******* END TEXT: " T. “represents the nightmare scenario—an illegal immigrant who’s sucking money from the system and "
9780816686353 - page_186: "START TEXT: putting nothing back. Even so, it’s not clear that she’s a villain. She hopes one day to go to work " ******* END TEXT: "ange policy decisions, and cause even deeper social divisions precisely because “the debate is more "
9780816686353 - page_187: "START TEXT: emotional than informed. It’s all temper tantrums and red-hot sound bites” (NYT, January 7, 1996). W" ******* END TEXT: "d Harris maintained that white men had become victimized by the discourse’s insistence on political "
9780816686353 - page_188: "START TEXT: correctness, he also implied that there were indeed (negative) things that needed to be said about r" ******* END TEXT: "1995). Yet compared to the large quantity of angry letters, these civil exchanges were fairly rare.\n"
9780816686353 - page_189: "START TEXT: Articles that challenged commonly held beliefs about undocumented immigrants were oftentimes perceiv" ******* END TEXT: "n and bilked by their own kind” (NYT, March 31, 1996). In conclusion, Harrison remarked, “It’s very "
9780816686353 - page_190: "START TEXT: discombobulating, very upsetting. We all recognize that change is part of life, but it doesn’t sit w" ******* END TEXT: " to comment on Flushing’s changing racial makeup. While several elderly white residents agreed with "
9780816686353 - page_191: "START TEXT: Councilwoman Julia Harrison’s stance, others expressed concern over her reactionary attitude. They d" ******* END TEXT: "il 6, 1996). Before long, the coverage of Julia Harrison’s remarks had consequences beyond the news "
9780816686353 - page_192: "START TEXT: media level. In reaction to the public controversy, concerned Asian Americans formed the “Asian Amer" ******* END TEXT: "effective strategy, in this context, was the media’s attempt to discuss reform measures in terms of "
9780816686353 - page_193: "START TEXT: “common sense” and “fairness.” With regard to the Gallegly amendment, for example, proponents argued" ******* END TEXT: "gender, and sexuality with the underlying neoliberal logic that informed the entire discourse.\n\n \n\n"
9780816686353 - page_195: "START TEXT: 5\nEntrepreneurial Spirits and Individual Failures\nThe Neoliberal Human-Interest Story\nIn spring 1996" ******* END TEXT: "meanor, lifestyle, and habits of a featured source, or the ambiance surrounding a featured source’s "
9780816686353 - page_196: "START TEXT: work” (Logan 2006). The human-interest frame thus provides a context for understanding, identifying," ******* END TEXT: "ormation-processing capacities or induce cynicism, which in turn encourages readers to discount the "
9780816686353 - page_197: "START TEXT: information presented in the story (Valkenburg et al. 1999). Many readers thus walk away with an emo" ******* END TEXT: "r 9, 1996). Yet, due to the fact that the story included next to no information beyond the personal "
9780816686353 - page_198: "START TEXT: level, Juana Castillo ultimately emerged not as an example of immigrant dreams gone sour but as a fl" ******* END TEXT: "d within the larger immigration discourse. First, I will focus on stories about individual families "
9780816686353 - page_199: "START TEXT: and their struggle with poverty, adverse living conditions, and domestic violence. Specifically, I w" ******* END TEXT: "ufficient neoliberal success. According to this logic, an immigrant’s potential to thrive was based "
9780816686353 - page_200: "START TEXT: on his or her willingness and ability to assimilate to U.S. culture and adopt mainstream ideals and " ******* END TEXT: "ttempt to develop better immigration policies. According to these two authors, the IRCA’s residency "
9780816686353 - page_201: "START TEXT: requirements, deadlines, and guidelines for acceptable documentation resulted in an artificial divis" ******* END TEXT: "arly dissatisfied with the latest immigration reform efforts, which would neither stop undocumented "
9780816686353 - page_202: "START TEXT: immigrants from coming to the United States nor provide them with the means to succeed. While the tw" ******* END TEXT: "of these immigrants were “anticitizens” who needed to be policed, controlled, and possibly removed.\n"
9780816686353 - page_203: "START TEXT: Yet, in contrast to this fragment of the immigrant population, which had generated more costs than b" ******* END TEXT: " Because of this narrative mode, the reader was oftentimes left with the impression that a family’s "
9780816686353 - page_204: "START TEXT: level of success was not at all connected to structural factors but primarily based on their ability" ******* END TEXT: " kids, however, the couple avoided that trap” (HC, “Out of the Shadows—Part IX,” October 20, 1996).\n"
9780816686353 - page_205: "START TEXT: In line with the larger discourse about immigration and welfare reform, Herrick and Pinkerton insist" ******* END TEXT: "and bathrooms daily, she had never shied away from hard or dirty work. From her perspective, it was "
9780816686353 - page_206: "START TEXT: disgraceful for an able-bodied adult to accept government assistance. In addition, Maria had kept cl" ******* END TEXT: "e readers’ own worries, and her dream to buy a house in the suburbs resonated with readers as well.\n"
9780816686353 - page_207: "START TEXT: The editorial about the series, which was published a few days after the last installment, confirmed" ******* END TEXT: "scourse, this particular representation of the Reyes family also had another, much more problematic "
9780816686353 - page_208: "START TEXT: function. As previous chapters have shown, the anti-immigrant discourse was constructed around a num" ******* END TEXT: "llowed for one possible explanation: Marcelina’s seeming unwillingness to control her fertility had "
9780816686353 - page_209: "START TEXT: prevented her family from climbing up the social ladder. As a result, they were permanently “trapped" ******* END TEXT: "inking about breaking up with his girlfriend, who had just given birth to their daughter, Kimberly.\n"
9780816686353 - page_210: "START TEXT: According to the authors, Rey’s life story was far from unique: “In many ways, he is not unlike your" ******* END TEXT: "cribed as smart and eager to learn. Her actions and comments proved that she had clearly identified "
9780816686353 - page_211: "START TEXT: the potential obstacles that could prevent her children from getting ahead in life. Teresa recognize" ******* END TEXT: "f the Shadows—Part IV,” October 20, 1996). In later installments, they added that Teresa had stayed "
9780816686353 - page_212: "START TEXT: because “she needed Roberto’s money and he needed shelter” and because “somehow she felt guilty in h" ******* END TEXT: "mmigrants and assimilate to U.S. national culture, they would reach greater equality and acceptance "
9780816686353 - page_213: "START TEXT: and America would achieve its manifest destiny (Melamed 2006). This theory undoubtedly helped pathol" ******* END TEXT: " by absent fathers, drugs, violence, poor work habits, and perhaps most importantly, their mothers’ "
9780816686353 - page_214: "START TEXT: obsession with sex. Hence Lewis separated poverty from structural causes such as a high unemployment" ******* END TEXT: "as seen as an even more important goal. Since immigration was not a right but a privilege (at least "
9780816686353 - page_215: "START TEXT: according to the immigration reform discourse of the mid-1990s), immigration reform measures set to " ******* END TEXT: " Poor single mothers were not only blamed for their poverty and discussed as a social problem; they "
9780816686353 - page_216: "START TEXT: were also commonly portrayed as inadequate mothers. The discursive field that produced these images " ******* END TEXT: "spokesman for displaced Enron workers, faced deportation proceedings because he had impregnated his "
9780816686353 - page_217: "START TEXT: thirteen-year-old girlfriend when he was seventeen years old. According to the Houston Chronicle, hi" ******* END TEXT: "nformation, the San Francisco Chronicle asked numerous experts to explain Middle Eastern culture to "
9780816686353 - page_218: "START TEXT: U.S. readers. Iyad Alqazzaz, an expert in Middle Eastern culture and history at California State Uni" ******* END TEXT: "pressive, it was apparently still necessary to cite independent experts who confirmed this commonly "
9780816686353 - page_219: "START TEXT: accepted “truth.” As previous chapters have demonstrated, politicians and other public figures were " ******* END TEXT: "n of the story was actually true and whether the young woman was twelve or eighteen years old. Even "
9780816686353 - page_220: "START TEXT: more important, the story seemed to suggest that finding the truth was not important since the same " ******* END TEXT: "that “not all cultural differences are worthy of the same respect in a Western society, and this is "
9780816686353 - page_221: "START TEXT: especially true when it comes to sex with children” (SFC, August 15, 1996). While most readers would" ******* END TEXT: "Sotelo’s attorney went on record with the following comment: “Pedro Sotelo, 22, charged with sexual "
9780816686353 - page_222: "START TEXT: assault for allegedly impregnating a 14-year-old, does not understand the controversy over his relat" ******* END TEXT: "s a monthly Social Security supplement for his blindness, would need welfare programs all his life” "
9780816686353 - page_223: "START TEXT: (HC, April 1, 1997). Both Quintana and Sotelo tried to convince the judge that they deserved a chanc" ******* END TEXT: " permitted to violate.” She wrote, “It may be socially accepted elsewhere, but that doesn’t make it "
9780816686353 - page_224: "START TEXT: right—in any culture” (HC, February 7, 1996). Milton E. Milstead not only agreed with this assessmen" ******* END TEXT: "o. Two one-way bus tickets will be cheaper for taxpayers and best in the long run” (HC, February 1, "
9780816686353 - page_225: "START TEXT: 1996).12 After it became publicly known that their son, Bryant, was born with visual impairment and " ******* END TEXT: "sed a similar anxiety about cultural differences. Between January 1995 and December 1996, all three "
9780816686353 - page_226: "START TEXT: newspapers published dozens of human-interest stories that explored how large cities, suburbs, and s" ******* END TEXT: "en more outspoken in their anti-immigrant sentiments. In an open letter to the local newspaper, The "
9780816686353 - page_227: "START TEXT: Patent Trader, “Linda Skiba and Beth Vetare Civitello wrote that they would risk being called prejud" ******* END TEXT: "ould make comments and customers don’t like it. My store is recessed and so you get 40 Spanish guys "
9780816686353 - page_228: "START TEXT: and not too many ladies would come in” (NYT, July 8, 1995). Local immigrant rights groups took these" ******* END TEXT: "s were not in violation of the maximum occupancy code. In a federal class action suit against Mount "
9780816686353 - page_229: "START TEXT: Kisco, the Immigrants’ Rights Project of the American Civil Liberties Union asserted that the town h" ******* END TEXT: "pressing concerns, including complaints about loitering, harassment of female passersby, and public "
9780816686353 - page_230: "START TEXT: urination. Many centers also offered services such as English classes, GED courses, and legal advice" ******* END TEXT: "ea’s “overall appearance and atmosphere have improved” (HC, May 18, 1995).19 Human-interest stories "
9780816686353 - page_231: "START TEXT: justified U.S. citizens’ concerns about a predominantly male population of day laborers by illustrat" ******* END TEXT: "ethic” (SFC, July 3, 1995). In the late 1970s and early 1980s, on the other hand, when “the working "
9780816686353 - page_232: "START TEXT: (Latino) population was largely seasonal, mainly single men, . . . drunkenness and disorderly conduc" ******* END TEXT: " patrol officers, the United States needed to ensure that all immigrants, documented or not, turned "
9780816686353 - page_233: "START TEXT: into responsible neoliberal subjects like Mari Hernandez and Maria Ortiz, instead of joining “Americ" ******* END TEXT: "e owners and U.S. citizen residents who complained about loitering, drinking, and public urination, "
9780816686353 - page_234: "START TEXT: and let them express their concerns. Day laborers emerged as a group of disrespectful and threatenin" ******* END TEXT: "ation in such a way that the economically profitable hiring process could continue seamlessly.\n\n \n\n"
9780816686353 - page_235: "START TEXT: Conclusion\nLegacies of Failed Reform\nFifteen years after the passage of the Illegal Immigration Refo" ******* END TEXT: "avoid costly and dangerous border crossings. Even more important, the IIRIRA did nothing to prevent "
9780816686353 - page_236: "START TEXT: people from overstaying their temporary visas. Since there is little risk of detection and since man" ******* END TEXT: "ism. Based on the fact that many immigrants resided in the United States without proper paper work, "
9780816686353 - page_237: "START TEXT: the discourse frequently categorized them as lawbreakers, who would not hesitate to break other laws" ******* END TEXT: "rnment’s obligation to protect “us” (law-abiding and freedom-loving U.S. citizens) from “them” (the "
9780816686353 - page_238: "START TEXT: terrorists who were determined to destroy those freedoms). In his address to the nation on September" ******* END TEXT: "uch as the lack of a criminal record and an oftentimes decades-long commitment to their communities "
9780816686353 - page_239: "START TEXT: and to democratic values, were dismissed as irrelevant. Muslims were constructed as indisputably dif" ******* END TEXT: "ty-five primarily Muslim countries to report for fingerprinting, photographing, and interviews with "
9780816686353 - page_240: "START TEXT: federal officials. In addition, all individuals who were suspected to be undocumented immigrants wer" ******* END TEXT: " techniques without much concern for their personal welfare and their right to privacy (Kretsedemas "
9780816686353 - page_241: "START TEXT: 2008). Without a doubt, immigrants are among the latter group. Persistent anti-immigrant anxieties a" ******* END TEXT: "urial spirit. At the same time, however, this explicit focus on immigrants’ potential to assimilate "
9780816686353 - page_242: "START TEXT: into the U.S. economy and society also served as a technique to mask widespread anxiety about immigr" ******* END TEXT: " other invasive measures that targeted documented immigrants, these organizations supported a split "
9780816686353 - page_243: "START TEXT: of the comprehensive immigration reform bill into two separate parts.1 Whatever their intention, thi" ******* END TEXT: "Protestors waved American flags and carried trash bags to pick up after themselves, and the overall "
9780816686353 - page_244: "START TEXT: atmosphere was jubilant, celebrating the contributions of undocumented immigrants. Popular signs rea" ******* END TEXT: "f ways. First of all, we need to acknowledge that undocumented immigrants’ willingness to speak out "
9780816686353 - page_245: "START TEXT: and demand rights represents an incredibly brave move and opens up a new chapter in the discourse ar" ******* END TEXT: "f legal status would prevent them from fulfilling their dreams of higher education. Even though Ivy "
9780816686353 - page_246: "START TEXT: League schools like Harvard were able to award privately funded scholarships to highly deserving und" ******* END TEXT: "ncy was all that undocumented students needed to succeed and become productive neoliberal citizens.\n"
9780816686353 - page_247: "START TEXT: In addition to setting up a clear distinction between deserving immigrant students who had excelled " ******* END TEXT: "hip. There is no question that these students should have the right to call the United States their "
9780816686353 - page_248: "START TEXT: home and access higher education and job opportunities. Of course they should—not because they have " ******* END TEXT: " undocumented immigrants as undesirable and potentially dangerous “anticitizens” who have willfully "
9780816686353 - page_249: "START TEXT: violated U.S. laws, taken advantage of the welfare system, and harmed innocent U.S. citizens. Instea" ******* END TEXT: "ding it as a privilege that the U.S. government is able to selectively hand out to a deserving few.\n"
9780816686353 - page_250: "START TEXT: Most important, however, we need to interrogate some of the basic premises that have informed the ma" ******* END TEXT: "ntial to foster a critical debate about the continued importance of race and racial anxieties.\n\n \n\n"
9780816686353 - page_251: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nMany individuals contributed, directly or indirectly, to my completion of this manus" ******* END TEXT: "io. Special thanks to Coleen Parmer, who spent long hours searching for hard-to-find transcripts of "
9780816686353 - page_252: "START TEXT: congressional debates and other government documents. I express my thanks to the American Culture St" ******* END TEXT: "ily and friends for never losing faith in the project and supporting me every step of the way.\n\n \n\n"
9780816686353 - page_253: "START TEXT: Notes\nIntroduction\n\n\n1. For example, see the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconcilia" ******* END TEXT: "rary liberal democracies” (Dean 1999, 149f). Since my analysis is primarily focused on the rhetoric "
9780816686353 - page_254: "START TEXT: used to justify certain measures, I will use the term “neoliberalism” throughout this book—even when" ******* END TEXT: "d immigrants actually represented the quintessential independent, self-sufficient, and economically "
9780816686353 - page_255: "START TEXT: minded neoliberal subject. (See chapter 3 for a more extensive analysis of the debate about undocume" ******* END TEXT: ". . of a felony or other crime or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude; polygamists or persons who "
9780816686353 - page_256: "START TEXT: practice polygamy or believe in and advocate the practice of polygamy; anarchists or persons who adv" ******* END TEXT: "n cards went to skilled (10 percent) and unskilled (10 percent) workers and refugees (6 percent).\n\n\n"
9780816686353 - page_257: "START TEXT: 17. Notably, this was the first time that the United States deemed it necessary to restrict immigrat" ******* END TEXT: "rs of adult U.S. citizens (65,000 plus visas not required for first, second, or third preferences)\n\n"
9780816686353 - page_258: "START TEXT: In addition, 55,000 visas were reserved for the new diversity category.\n\n\n24. Originally, the commis" ******* END TEXT: "n proposed by Representatives Dick Chrysler (R-MI), Howard Berman (D-CA), and Sam Brownback (R-KS), "
9780816686353 - page_259: "START TEXT: was agreed to by a comfortable margin (238–183). Not only did the majority of Democrats support the " ******* END TEXT: "means-tested programs under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965; as well as benefits "
9780816686353 - page_260: "START TEXT: under the Head Start Act. In addition, Congress agreed to exempt benefits under the Job Training Par" ******* END TEXT: "ces additional restrictions on the possession of materials that could be used to assemble a bomb.\n\n\n"
9780816686353 - page_261: "START TEXT: 48. In addition to increasing the penalties for certain terrorism-related offenses, title VII also e" ******* END TEXT: " a very similar case. She provides a lengthy account of the deportation hearings of Martin Muňoz, a "
9780816686353 - page_262: "START TEXT: thirty-seven-year-old Mexican immigrant. Despite the fact that he was married to a U.S. citizen and " ******* END TEXT: "mmigration Reform recommended that the diversity lottery should be abolished. The Legal Immigration "
9780816686353 - page_263: "START TEXT: Act of 1996 (S. 1665) wanted to reduce the number of diversity visas from fifty-five thousand to twe" ******* END TEXT: "etween the rhetoric used to discuss elderly immigrants and refugees’ SSI usage. Generally speaking, "
9780816686353 - page_264: "START TEXT: politicians were much more generous toward refugees, who were described as innocent victims of war, " ******* END TEXT: "tem. Dick Chrysler (R-MI), for instance, proposed an amendment that would have restored the current "
9780816686353 - page_265: "START TEXT: definition of the nuclear family, which allowed parents as well as siblings and adult children to im" ******* END TEXT: "tandards, or the capacity of public schools, public hospitals, and other public facilities to serve "
9780816686353 - page_266: "START TEXT: the resident population in those localities where immigrants are likely to settle” (H.R. 373, § 2).\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n31. See Luibhéid (2005a) for a much more detailed discussion of the affidavit-of-support system.\n\n\n"
9780816686353 - page_267: "START TEXT: 32. Early on in the debate, Senator Alan K. Simpson (R-WY) proclaimed, “Neither the Government of th" ******* END TEXT: "n immigration policy that required “as a condition for being granted immigrant status, that persons "
9780816686353 - page_268: "START TEXT: over age 12 have a conversational knowledge of English” (United States Congress, House, April 5, 199" ******* END TEXT: "immigration numbers should be somewhat reduced” (United States Congress, Senate, April 25, 1996).\n\n\n"
9780816686353 - page_269: "START TEXT: 44. In particular, Frank L. Morris, past president of the Council of Historically Black Graduate Sch" ******* END TEXT: "conomic ladder and climb up into the middle class” (United States Congress, House, March 19, 1996). "
9780816686353 - page_270: "START TEXT: Moreover, Frank L. Morris argued that immigrants tended to be more racist and sexist than most U.S. " ******* END TEXT: "e legal background and an overview of the legal process during the 104th Congress, see chapter 2.\n\n\n"
9780816686353 - page_271: "START TEXT: 6. On the same day, Senator John McCain (R-AZ) stated, “Each year many highly skilled and exceptiona" ******* END TEXT: " or decided to give birth in their private home, sometimes with the help of a midwife. As a result, "
9780816686353 - page_272: "START TEXT: these children do not get an official birth certificate and are thus ineligible for U.S. citizenship" ******* END TEXT: "ns, is why we are the moral leader of the world” (United States Congress, House, March 20, 1996).\n\n\n"
9780816686353 - page_273: "START TEXT: 17. On a similar note, Sheila Jackson-Lee (D-TX) argued, “The Gallegly amendment unfairly punishes u" ******* END TEXT: "ration does not affect the rich white people, illegal immigration hurts those who need our services "
9780816686353 - page_274: "START TEXT: and our jobs in this country more than anything else, those who are legally here” (United States Con" ******* END TEXT: "y instance where politicians misquoted—or maybe even fabricated—statistics to make a certain point. "
9780816686353 - page_275: "START TEXT: On March 14, 1995, for example, Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) claimed that “ninety percent of the methamph" ******* END TEXT: " the opportunity to prove you are innocent. By severely limiting this ultimate right to appeal more "
9780816686353 - page_276: "START TEXT: innocent Americans will unfairly die. Their blood will be on your hands” (United States Congress, Ho" ******* END TEXT: "nd employers who knowingly and systematically hire illegal workers for certain types of businesses. "
9780816686353 - page_277: "START TEXT: So even though it is very possible to get through the system well, there are many employers out ther" ******* END TEXT: "sumers by raising the cost of the food they buy” (United States Congress, House, March 21, 1996).\n\n\n"
9780816686353 - page_278: "START TEXT: 44. In addition, Kika de la Garza (D-TX) argued, “One cannot say to people, you cannot bring your mo" ******* END TEXT: "pers in 1995. On September 30, 1995, the date Editor & Publisher used to create their rankings, the "
9780816686353 - page_279: "START TEXT: New York Times sold 1,081,541 copies. Only the Wall Street Journal (1,763,140 copies) and USA Today " ******* END TEXT: "May 12, 1996. In addition, there were numerous special reports on individual families. For example, "
9780816686353 - page_280: "START TEXT: the Houston Chronicle gave an account of the Vietnamese-born Truong family, whose children had all a" ******* END TEXT: "lticulturalism’ is not a reality but a construct of minority activists” (HC, September 27, 1996).\n\n\n"
9780816686353 - page_281: "START TEXT: 14. These claims were factually incorrect. Previous immigrant groups have been known to set up schoo" ******* END TEXT: "he state did “not take action to deport the family, solving the immigration problem and eliminating "
9780816686353 - page_282: "START TEXT: the controversy about whether their children should be allowed to attend public schools?” (HC, July " ******* END TEXT: "entage that is Hispanic: 9.5. Percentage that white Americans think is Asian: 10.8. Percentage that "
9780816686353 - page_283: "START TEXT: is Asian: 3.1. Percentage that white Americans think is black: 23.8. Percentage that is black: 11.8." ******* END TEXT: "bout getting too close to people. He, too, relies on grunts and gestures” (NYT, October 9, 1996).\n\n\n"
9780816686353 - page_284: "START TEXT: 2. According to “Out of the Shadows,” the five leading thinkers on immigration are Roy Beck, George " ******* END TEXT: "rose so fast now risks an equally precipitous fall because of a mistake they believe originated out "
9780816686353 - page_285: "START TEXT: of a difference in cultures. ‘It shocks our American notion of how kids should behave’ when children" ******* END TEXT: "ny sovereign nation to control its borders” (United States Congress, House, March 28, 1996).\n\n\n\n \n\n"
9780816686353 - page_287: "START TEXT: Bibliography\n\nAgrawal, Shantanu. 2008. “Immigrant Exclusion from Welfare: An Analysis of the 1996 We" ******* END TEXT: "10. Seattle, Wash.: The Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington.\n"
9780816686353 - page_288: "START TEXT: Barkan, Elliott, Hasia R. Diner, and Alan M. Kraut, eds. 2007. From Arrival to Incorporation: Migran" ******* END TEXT: "’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy. Prince-ton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.\n"
9780816686353 - page_289: "START TEXT: ———. 2001. “Welfare Reform and Immigration.” In The New World of Welfare, edited by Rebecca M. Blank" ******* END TEXT: " Citizenship and Social Policy. Bradford, Conn.: University of Bradford/Joseph Rowntree Foundation.\n"
9780816686353 - page_290: "START TEXT: Buchanan, Patrick J. 2006. State of Emergency: The Third World Invasion and Conquest of America. New" ******* END TEXT: "1999. Disoriented: Asian Americans, Law, and the Nation-State. New York: New York University Press.\n"
9780816686353 - page_291: "START TEXT: Chavez, Leo R. 1998. Shadowed Lives: Undocumented Immigrants in American Society. 2nd ed. New York: " ******* END TEXT: "nd Kalpana Wilson. 2008. “Reclaiming Feminism: Gender and Neoliberalism.” IDS Bulletin 39 (6): 1–9.\n"
9780816686353 - page_292: "START TEXT: Dallmayr, Fred R., and José; María Rosales. 2001. Beyond Nationalism? Sovereignty and Citizenship. L" ******* END TEXT: "nzález. 2005. Passing Lines: Sexuality and Immigration. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.\n"
9780816686353 - page_293: "START TEXT: Espenshade, Thomas J., Jessica L. Baraka, and Gregory A. Huber. 1997. “Implications of the 1996 Welf" ******* END TEXT: "con.\n———. 1997b. Latino Cultural Citizenship: Claiming Identity, Space, and Rights. Boston: Beacon.\n"
9780816686353 - page_294: "START TEXT: Foucault, Michel. 1972. The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language. Translated by A." ******* END TEXT: ". 2011. “The Nobodies: Neoliberalism, Violence and Migration.” Medical Anthropology 30 (4): 366–85.\n"
9780816686353 - page_295: "START TEXT: Green, Richard. 1987. “‘Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor, Your Huddled Masses’ (of Heterosexuals): An A" ******* END TEXT: "g Asian America through Immigration Policy, 1850–1990. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.\n"
9780816686353 - page_296: "START TEXT: ———. 1998. “Don’t Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor: Conflicted Immigrant Stories and Welfare Reform.” H" ******* END TEXT: "ethods of Critical Discourse Analysis, edited by Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer, 34–61. London: Sage.\n"
9780816686353 - page_297: "START TEXT: Jefferies, Julian. 2008. “Do Undocumented Students ‘Play by the Rules’?” Journal of Adolescent and A" ******* END TEXT: "e Caring Dimension of Welfare States: Toward Inclusive Citizenship.” Social Politics 4 (3): 328–61.\n"
9780816686353 - page_298: "START TEXT: Kretsedemas, Philip. 2008. “Immigration Enforcement and the Complication of National Sovereignty: Un" ******* END TEXT: "s, edited by Eithne Luibhéid and Lionel Cantú, ix–xlvi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.\n"
9780816686353 - page_299: "START TEXT: ———. 2011. “Nationalist Heterosexuality, Migrant (Il)legality, and Irish Citizenship Law: Queering t" ******* END TEXT: "er-Based Asylum Seekers in U.S. Immigration Courts.” Text and Performance Quarterly 29 (3): 205–21.\n"
9780816686353 - page_300: "START TEXT: Melamed, Jodi. 2006. “The Spirit of Neoliberalism: From Racial Liberalism to Neoliberal Multicultura" ******* END TEXT: "Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.\n"
9780816686353 - page_301: "START TEXT: Orloff, Ann Shola. 1993. “Gender and the Social Rights of Citizenship: The Comparative Analysis of G" ******* END TEXT: "wing the Case for Homosexual Asylum in the Context of Family Rights.” Social Text 23 (3–4): 101–19.\n"
9780816686353 - page_302: "START TEXT: Reimers, David. 1985. Still the Golden Door: The Third World Comes to America. New York: Columbia Un" ******* END TEXT: "ehdi. 2010. “Islamophobia, Culture and Race in the Age of Empire.” Cultural Studies 24 (2): 256–75.\n"
9780816686353 - page_303: "START TEXT: Shapiro, Stephanie. 2005. Reinventing the Feature Story: Mythic Cycles in American Literary Journali" ******* END TEXT: "me-Sex Spouses in a World Without DOMA.” William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law 16: 537–611.\n"
9780816686353 - page_304: "START TEXT: United States Census Bureau. 2003. “The Foreign-Born Population: 2000.” Census 2000 Brief. Accessed " ******* END TEXT: "1995. “Reform Immigration Laws, January 5, 1995.” Extension of Remarks. Washington, D.C.: U.S. GPO.\n"
9780816686353 - page_305: "START TEXT: ———. 1995. “Contract with America: Welfare Reform, Part 1, January 27, 1995.” Ways and Means Committ" ******* END TEXT: "ebruary 26, 1996.” Committee on Economic and Educational Opportunities. Washington, D.C.: U.S. GPO.\n"
9780816686353 - page_306: "START TEXT: ———. 1996. “Comprehensive Antiterrorism Act of 1995 (H.R. 2703), March 13 and 14, 1996.” General Deb" ******* END TEXT: "rism Prevention Act (S. 735), May 25 and June 7, 1995.” General Debate. Washington, D.C.: U.S. GPO.\n"
9780816686353 - page_307: "START TEXT: ———. 1995. “The Immigration Reform Act of 1995 (S. 1394), November 3, 1995.” Statements on Introduce" ******* END TEXT: " the Penal Management of Postcolonial Migrants in the European Union.” Race/Ethnicity 2 (1): 45–52.\n"
9780816686353 - page_308: "START TEXT: Widener, Daniel. 2008. “Another City Is Possible: Interethnic Organizing in Contemporary Los Angeles" ******* END TEXT: ": State Assistance for Immigrants under Welfare Reform.” Urban Institute Occasional Paper 24.\n\n\n \n\n"
9780816686353 - page_330: "START TEXT: CHRISTINA GERKEN is assistant professor of women’s studies at Indiana University South Bend, where s" ******* END TEXT: "rants’ race, class, gender, and sexuality affect public discourse and the legislative process.\n\n \n\n"
9780816687848 - page_iii: "START TEXT: FILIPINOS REPRESENT\n\nDJs, Racial Authenticity, and theHip-hop Nation\nAntonio T. Tiongson Jr.\n\n\n\n\nUni" ******* END TEXT: "nd theHip-hop Nation\nAntonio T. Tiongson Jr.\n\n\n\n\nUniversity of Minnesota PressMinneapolisLondon\n\n\n\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_iv: "START TEXT: An earlier version of chapter 4 was previously published as “Claiming Hip Hop: Authenticity Debates," ******* END TEXT: "\nISBN 978-0-8166-8784-8\nThe University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer.\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_v: "START TEXT: Contents\nACKNOWLEDGMENTS\nINTRODUCTION Claiming Hip-hop\nFILIPINOS REPRESENT\n1. The African Americaniz" ******* END TEXT: "\n5. The Normative Boundaries of Filipinoness\nCONCLUSION Reimagining the Hip-hop Nation\nNOTES\nINDEX\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_i: "START TEXT: FILIPINOS REPRESENT\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "FILIPINOS REPRESENT\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nFirst and foremost, I want to thank my mother—affectionately known as “Malou” to her" ******* END TEXT: "ing bring the project into fruition. It has been a pleasure and privilege working with both of you.\n"
9780816687848 - page_viii: "START TEXT: I want to acknowledge colleagues that I have had the pleasure to interact with and befriend through " ******* END TEXT: "a Jr., Jeff Santa Ana, and Allan Isaac. I want to send special acknowledgments to Martin Manalansan "
9780816687848 - page_ix: "START TEXT: for his exemplary mentorship. Additionally, I want to acknowledge a cohort of scholars who have been" ******* END TEXT: " misery of all Giants fans. Finally, I want to thank my respondents for making this book possible.\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Introduction Claiming Hip-hop\nON SEPTEMBER 7, 1997, the International Turntablist Federation (ITF) h" ******* END TEXT: "s the nature of Filipino youth involvement with DJing? What forms of identification and affiliation "
9780816687848 - page_xii: "START TEXT: are made possible through Filipino youth involvement in DJing? What kinds of narratives underlie the" ******* END TEXT: "emporary racial discourse—the tendency to conceive of race and cultural ownership either in narrow, "
9780816687848 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: exclusive terms in which there seems to be no room to account for varied origins and influences or i" ******* END TEXT: "he need to reconceptualize in broad terms the contours of Filipino diasporic identity and culture.6\n"
9780816687848 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: Critical Engagements, Critical Considerations\nFilipinos Represent represents a critical engagement w" ******* END TEXT: "rossings are always inflected by histories of power that shape when cultural, ethnic, or linguistic "
9780816687848 - page_xv: "START TEXT: boundaries are asserted, when they are transgressed, and they are misunderstood.”9 It is precisely t" ******* END TEXT: " racialization—how social subjects position themselves and are positioned as racial(ized) subjects.\n"
9780816687848 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: I focus in particular on DJing because this element of hip-hop has emerged as a key site for explori" ******* END TEXT: "vestment in ‘interracial solidarity’—a notion that relies heavily on the premise of identification” "
9780816687848 - page_xvii: "START TEXT: that serves to flatten the complications that mark group relations and interactions.16 A challenge i" ******* END TEXT: "nse identity and community that is, in many ways, distinct from that of the immigrant generation.20\n"
9780816687848 - page_xviii: "START TEXT: Additionally, Filipinos Represent engages with an emergent Filipino cultural criticism informed by a" ******* END TEXT: "p a critical space to interrogate the continued salience of race in the evolution of hip-hop and at "
9780816687848 - page_xix: "START TEXT: the same time, expand the terrain of these disciplinary formations by providing a critical engagemen" ******* END TEXT: "ledge about hip-hop. If, as Heath claims, “until lately, hip_hop studies has been, in large part, a "
9780816687848 - page_xx: "START TEXT: legitimizing project—to prove that hip_hop is worthy of institutional attention,”26 then how has the" ******* END TEXT: "ies of Filipinoness as they relate to U.S. racial formations and Filipino migration and settlement.\n"
9780816687848 - page_xxi: "START TEXT: Overview of Chapters\nChapter 1 engages critically with the contours of a burgeoning field of study t" ******* END TEXT: "many to be synonymous with blackness and the implications in terms of the negotiation of racialized "
9780816687848 - page_xxii: "START TEXT: meanings and identities. Based on interviews I conducted with Filipino DJs from the Bay Area, the ch" ******* END TEXT: "ifference, and race in the post–civil rights era. Relying on an emergent Filipino American cultural "
9780816687848 - page_xxiii: "START TEXT: criticism, I consider DJing in relation to other Filipino American expressive forms and how nation i" ******* END TEXT: "ynamics of culture, the intricacies of race, and the workings of power in the contemporary moment.\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_1: "START TEXT: Chapter 1 The African Americanization of Hip-hop\n\nEven during its humble beginnings hip-hop was neve" ******* END TEXT: " hip-hop, and in particular, the pervasiveness of sexism, misogyny, and homophobia in the culture.2\n"
9780816687848 - page_2: "START TEXT: No single issue, however, has generated more heated debate and discussion than the issue of cultural" ******* END TEXT: "nder critical scrutiny are notions of authenticity predicated on signifiers of blackness. According "
9780816687848 - page_3: "START TEXT: to much contemporary literature, to speak of hip-hop in terms of blackness is to engage in essential" ******* END TEXT: "itial wave of hip-hop literature set (and continues to do so) the bounds of hip-hop historiography. "
9780816687848 - page_4: "START TEXT: Still referenced by much contemporary literature, it traces the emergence of hip-hop and articulates" ******* END TEXT: "t the term meant), his assumption that rap sprang from the same cultural conditions as graffiti was "
9780816687848 - page_5: "START TEXT: correct.”11 Relations among the different elements, however, are often assumed rather than demonstra" ******* END TEXT: "from the West Indies. For Grandmaster Flash, whose parents came from Barbados (his father collected "
9780816687848 - page_6: "START TEXT: records of both Caribbean music and American swing), it was the “monstrous” sound system of Kool DJ " ******* END TEXT: "ege the South Bronx obscuring the role of other places and locales in the evolution of hip-hop. The "
9780816687848 - page_7: "START TEXT: one proposition that has come under the most intense scrutiny, however, is the notion of hip-hop as " ******* END TEXT: ". She takes issue, in particular, with accounts that view Puerto Ricanness and African Americanness "
9780816687848 - page_8: "START TEXT: as mutually exclusive categories. Instead, Rivera makes the point that Puerto Ricans need to be seen" ******* END TEXT: "ot be adequately considered by simply referencing the internal dynamics of any one nation. Instead, "
9780816687848 - page_9: "START TEXT: a transnational and intercultural framework is required to begin to account for the intricacies of b" ******* END TEXT: "hip-hop and its diversity. It looks into the ways hip-hop is constantly made and remade in specific "
9780816687848 - page_10: "START TEXT: locations as well as the ways the global diffusion of hip-hop has given rise to new cultural forms a" ******* END TEXT: "al.’ It has been global, or international at least, since its birth in the very local neighborhoods "
9780816687848 - page_11: "START TEXT: of the South Bronx, Washington Heights, and Harlem. While the music, breakdancing, and graffiti writ" ******* END TEXT: " D. G. Kelley puts it in another context, “to say it is a ‘black’ thing does not mean it is made up "
9780816687848 - page_12: "START TEXT: entirely of black things.”42 Black expressive forms have never been pure or monolithic but character" ******* END TEXT: " it has retained a critical capacity to convey a signifying blackness of aesthetic form and emotive "
9780816687848 - page_13: "START TEXT: force.”48 He goes on to make the point that “when considering the international proliferation of hip" ******* END TEXT: "e part in the production of race that could then serve as a basis for cross-racial identifications. "
9780816687848 - page_14: "START TEXT: Rather than a site of deracination, then, Sharma looks to hip-hop as a potential site for race-based" ******* END TEXT: "ersity. His book sheds light on how race in the United States will be imagined and performed in the "
9780816687848 - page_15: "START TEXT: new millennium: “Some of the most compelling dialogues on race in American popular culture take plac" ******* END TEXT: "nt of non–African American youth and its global diffusion that has troubled claims of hip-hop as an "
9780816687848 - page_16: "START TEXT: African American phenomenon. Also complicating this claim is the attention given to the distinctive " ******* END TEXT: "tural belonging and entitlement have played out differently among the various elements of hip-hop.\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_17: "START TEXT: Chapter 2 The Racialization of DJ Culture\n\nWhen people say that “Hip-hop is a black thing, or a Puer" ******* END TEXT: " how issues of cultural belonging and entitlement have played out in overlapping but also divergent "
9780816687848 - page_18: "START TEXT: ways among what are considered the constituent elements of hip-hop. Organic relations among these di" ******* END TEXT: " has set the stage for the African Americanization of hip-hop and, in particular, of rap and DJing.\n"
9780816687848 - page_19: "START TEXT: A key moment in Rivera’s discussion is the mid-1980s, a period marked by the commercial ascendancy o" ******* END TEXT: "emergence, though he is quick to mention the presence of Latin elements in the music. This genre of "
9780816687848 - page_20: "START TEXT: music was very much an integral part of the repertoire of records b-boys danced to, further cementin" ******* END TEXT: "eon asserts that it is much easier to carve out a niche as a DJ, writer, or b-boy precisely because "
9780816687848 - page_21: "START TEXT: these roles are not as visible or closely scrutinized as MCing. In particular, he suggests that Fili" ******* END TEXT: "hip-hop. This would have implications in terms of how writers themselves would view writing and its "
9780816687848 - page_22: "START TEXT: perceived racial scope in relation to the other elements of hip-hop. Thus, writers are the most voci" ******* END TEXT: "ied demographic makeup of writing culture, for instance, is foregrounded in the classic documentary "
9780816687848 - page_23: "START TEXT: Style Wars. A white writer interviewed in the film makes the point that notwithstanding the widespre" ******* END TEXT: "was a call for unity—even amongst people who weren’t writers.”23 LEE expresses similar sentiments:\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_24: "START TEXT: A lot of people don’t realize the impact the writing movement had in neighborhoods, because the gang" ******* END TEXT: "with the conception of writing in racial and ethnic terms and especially the emphasis placed on its "
9780816687848 - page_25: "START TEXT: purported African American and Caribbean roots. These writers insist that although many of the origi" ******* END TEXT: "writing and DJing, MCing, and breaking was more a media fabrication than an organic phenomenon that "
9780816687848 - page_26: "START TEXT: arose from a “natural” affinity between writing and other elements of hip-hop: “Wild Style [1982] wa" ******* END TEXT: "s, the New York City Breakers, and the Rock Steady Crew came to comprise mostly Puerto Rican youth.\n"
9780816687848 - page_27: "START TEXT: It was not just the significant presence of Puerto Rican youth, however, that worked against the not" ******* END TEXT: "d leaving a number of b-boys feeling exploited and disillusioned. Frosty Freeze reflected: “We were "
9780816687848 - page_28: "START TEXT: just kids, all caught up in that fame and fortune. … We didn’t know much about the business.”39 Ken " ******* END TEXT: " on a global scale that mitigates against a reading of DJing in race-specific terms. As the authors "
9780816687848 - page_29: "START TEXT: of On the Record put it, “DJing is a uniting force that brings together people from all backgrounds " ******* END TEXT: "refrain you hear from Bay Area artists is the freedom and control that comes with independence from "
9780816687848 - page_30: "START TEXT: major labels. According to Bay Area DJ Peanut Butter Wolf, “one of the Bay Area’s distinctive featur" ******* END TEXT: " of DJing and specifically the emergence of turntablism, though their involvement in DJing predates "
9780816687848 - page_31: "START TEXT: this period. They may not have been the first DJs to realize the musical potential and possibilities" ******* END TEXT: "l aspect of DJ culture, a spirit of collegiality and collaboration marks the atmosphere constructed "
9780816687848 - page_32: "START TEXT: by the film, a spirit that cuts across generational lines, with each generation of DJs preserving an" ******* END TEXT: "pino DJs rely on in order to cave out a niche and establish cultural legitimacy within DJ culture.\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_33: "START TEXT: Chapter 3 “The Scratching Is What Got Me Hooked”\nFilipino American DJs in the Bay Area\nFILIPINO YOUT" ******* END TEXT: "y to accentuate the gendered dimensions of DJ culture. I also queried them about how they conceived "
9780816687848 - page_34: "START TEXT: of the racial scope of hip-hop—whether they considered hip-hop an African American expressive form o" ******* END TEXT: "tinues to work at Macy’s, whereas his mother runs four convalescent homes—one in Milpitas and three "
9780816687848 - page_35: "START TEXT: in Concord. Rey-Jun has been attending Diablo Valley College (DVC) intermittently, where he has take" ******* END TEXT: "ates. Tease readily admits that the family’s first few years in the United States were a struggle:\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_36: "START TEXT: INTERVIEWER: Owning and managing a store, is that something your parents always wanted to do?\nTEASE:" ******* END TEXT: "ghbors already into DJing proved to have had a profound influence on their decision to become DJs.\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_37: "START TEXT: STATISTIX: I was about fourteen years old. It was that summer, a whole bunch of parties was going on" ******* END TEXT: "the basics of DJing but also “tricks” or “secrets” of the trade. Statistix recalls some information "
9780816687848 - page_38: "START TEXT: he learned from an older DJ: “He was just telling me that every time you have a gig, bring two girls" ******* END TEXT: "rviewed were part of a tradition that was already well established by the time they got into DJing.\n"
9780816687848 - page_39: "START TEXT: In Rey-Jun’s case, the influence of the DJ mobile scene was more direct. He was a member of a DJ cre" ******* END TEXT: "we had our own dance group before. But I never really looked at DJing the way I did when I saw them "
9780816687848 - page_40: "START TEXT: that night. Like, seeing them that night, seeing them perform, as a group, their energy, that was li" ******* END TEXT: " is basically what attracted me to hip-hop, ’cause when I was young I tried to break and stuff, and "
9780816687848 - page_41: "START TEXT: that did not work. I don’t know. I was amazed by all the graffiti and just the music behind it. Yeah" ******* END TEXT: "mething he has done and continues to do ever since elementary school mainly on regular white paper.\n"
9780816687848 - page_42: "START TEXT: Ultimately, however, my respondents were drawn to DJing by the music, power, and energy of DJ cultur" ******* END TEXT: "mentioned how an emphasis on the skills got you into DJing even more. Can you talk more about that?\n"
9780816687848 - page_43: "START TEXT: REY-JUN: Because it’s a new concept. It wasn’t just mixing records anymore. You were actually trying" ******* END TEXT: "w identities through the adoption of DJ names and crew affiliations. These names do not necessarily "
9780816687848 - page_44: "START TEXT: signify mastery of technology but more the individuality and unique styles of my respondents.\nAs a n" ******* END TEXT: "re them, they creatively made use of the available technology or someone else’s equipment. A number "
9780816687848 - page_45: "START TEXT: of my respondents, for instance, messed around with their parents’ record player at home or with a f" ******* END TEXT: "her job. He started out earning $200 per gig but he now earns as much as $750 for a night’s work.47\n"
9780816687848 - page_46: "START TEXT: Beyond the financial rewards that it offers, DJing also provides my respondents with something meani" ******* END TEXT: " into DJing at a time when career opportunities for DJ have expanded, a time when DJs are no longer "
9780816687848 - page_47: "START TEXT: limited to spinning at parties or clubs as a means of making a living. Instead, they can support the" ******* END TEXT: "ity and a more attractive career option. He did take administrative classes in college, but for the "
9780816687848 - page_48: "START TEXT: most part, he found them uninteresting. Instead, he hopes to put out music for people to listen and " ******* END TEXT: "s parents will not have a problem with it as long as he manages to earn enough money to survive.54\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_49: "START TEXT: Chapter 4 “DJing as a Filipino Thing”\nNegotiating Questions of Race\nTHE DJS I INTERVIEWED ARE WELL A" ******* END TEXT: "-hop by attempting to establish cultural legitimacy and belongingness in terms other than proximity "
9780816687848 - page_50: "START TEXT: to blackness. They do so by relying on a variety of authenticating strategies, strategies that range" ******* END TEXT: "absence of a cultural, ethnic, geographical, or historical continuity with the origins of hip-hop”2—"
9780816687848 - page_51: "START TEXT: means that Filipino youth cannot rely on the same set of legitimizing discourses and claims, and thu" ******* END TEXT: " the fact that “that’s what Filipinos are into.” Anticipating the intergenerational transmission of "
9780816687848 - page_52: "START TEXT: hip-hop culture among Filipinos, Rygar, makes the claim that DJing is a “part of us already.”\nFor my" ******* END TEXT: "ultural legitimacy is by emphasizing that Filipino youth have been true to the principles or values "
9780816687848 - page_53: "START TEXT: of hip-hop. In many ways, this strategy echoes the statement that appears in the Mountain Brothers’ " ******* END TEXT: "aiming hip-hop trumps the location of Filipino youth outside the foundational narrative of hip-hop.\n"
9780816687848 - page_54: "START TEXT: Z-Trip invokes a similar kind of logic as a way to reconnect with a particular era in hip-hop histor" ******* END TEXT: "ifferent ethnicities coming together at a party just having fun. So I think hip-hop, turntablism is "
9780816687848 - page_55: "START TEXT: worldwide thing, which a lot of people don’t know. Like, they’ve it in Germany, it’s really big in J" ******* END TEXT: " which generally overlook the experiences of Filipinos. The failure of these institutions to engage "
9780816687848 - page_56: "START TEXT: with the realities of Filipinos in the United States has compelled Filipino youth to look elsewhere " ******* END TEXT: "y respondents, who spoke of the misrecognition that seems to plague Filipinos in the United States. "
9780816687848 - page_57: "START TEXT: One Tyme, for example, had the following to say about the absence of Filipino public figures in the " ******* END TEXT: "res toward alternative modes of identification that are better suited to speak to the specificities "
9780816687848 - page_58: "START TEXT: of Filipinos so that they would not be seen, in Pisares’s words, “as everything and anything but Fil" ******* END TEXT: "hem to excel in an art form like DJing to the point where no one can ignore a Filipino presence. In "
9780816687848 - page_59: "START TEXT: other words, Filipino invisibility has actually opened up a space for Filipino youth to excel in an " ******* END TEXT: "are generally oriented toward the future and outer space in contrast to that of African Americans:\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_60: "START TEXT: African American DJs easily connect their craft with a history-laden sense of time and place, invoki" ******* END TEXT: "de thing,” my respondents risk reproducing the very logic of a liberal pluralist view of diversity. "
9780816687848 - page_61: "START TEXT: This deracialized account of hip-hop is problematic because it effaces the particular set of circums" ******* END TEXT: "ivil rights, multiculturalist moment.”38 Crucial to Rodriguez’s formulation and especially relevant "
9780816687848 - page_62: "START TEXT: to my study is his consideration of Filipino American cultural productions as a constituent element " ******* END TEXT: "t came from or grew up in that era to, like, really find out the basis of real hip-hop music is.42\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_63: "START TEXT: Celskiii’s and Rey-Jun’s comments demonstrate a politicized understanding of the ways in which black" ******* END TEXT: "ity—as well as the ways culture remains linked to race despite efforts to obscure this connection.\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_65: "START TEXT: Chapter 5 The Normative Boundaries of Filipinoness\n\nIt’s just, just being in the spotlight is fun, y" ******* END TEXT: "wever, Filipino youth involvement in DJ culture constitutes a highly gendered stratified space with "
9780816687848 - page_66: "START TEXT: different implications for Pinoy DJs and Pinay DJ in terms of their experiences and the way they neg" ******* END TEXT: "ng as cultural forms and practices considered Filipino, my respondents are subscribing to a view of "
9780816687848 - page_67: "START TEXT: cultural identity not predicated on the reification of the homeland as the originary and authentic s" ******* END TEXT: "er location in the Filipino diasporic circuit, just as “Filipino” cultural practices and traditions "
9780816687848 - page_68: "START TEXT: constitute just one element that goes into the production of Filipino identity and culture. Similarl" ******* END TEXT: "r the conditions or the issues there, right? But I mean, that’s not his gig; he’s a DJ. Whatever.7\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_69: "START TEXT: While the risk of romanticizing and reifying the Philippines as well as reproducing First World/Thir" ******* END TEXT: " cultivating their own following. In the case of my respondents, this means that they are no longer "
9780816687848 - page_70: "START TEXT: seen as merely playing other people’s music. Instead, they have become bona fide artists in the eyes" ******* END TEXT: "he production and performance of an emergent Filipino masculinity that resonates with many of them.\n"
9780816687848 - page_71: "START TEXT: In many respects, Filipino DJs subscribe to gender conventions of male performances deployed in othe" ******* END TEXT: "reative engagement with sound technology, then, Filipino DJs are reconfiguring particular codes and "
9780816687848 - page_72: "START TEXT: conventions of performance style into signifiers of Filipino masculinity and opening up space for Fi" ******* END TEXT: "in the process, counteract the low cultural capital historically associated with Filipino bodies.16\n"
9780816687848 - page_73: "START TEXT: Q-Bert’s popularity is particularly instructive in terms of illuminating issues of gender identifica" ******* END TEXT: "ities, however, their personal narratives reveal profound differences in terms of their experiences "
9780816687848 - page_74: "START TEXT: within DJ culture, differences rooted in the masculinist orientation of DJ culture but also mainstre" ******* END TEXT: "ngs. So I was asking my friend who was a DJ, “Oh, what do I need to buy?” And he was shady from the "
9780816687848 - page_75: "START TEXT: beginning. He was like, “It does not matter. You could get that.” With the set I ended up getting, i" ******* END TEXT: "arratives of Pinay DJs is that they are taken much less seriously than their male counterparts, and "
9780816687848 - page_76: "START TEXT: they have to deal with a lack of respect for their musical abilities. The female respondents recalle" ******* END TEXT: "ith their breasts.\nINTERVIEWER: So when it comes to audience reaction, skills don’t matter as much.\n"
9780816687848 - page_77: "START TEXT: REY-JUN: Yeah, just as long as they’re trying.\nINTERVIEWER: So if it was a guy, he would have been b" ******* END TEXT: "bles. My parents, they think it’s a waste of money and all that.” And like, just basically support, "
9780816687848 - page_78: "START TEXT: ’cause I think that’s why I’ve gotten so far, because a lot of people support me on it, especially m" ******* END TEXT: "sapproval and suspicion, because is it seen as incompatible with normative notions of Filipinaness.\n"
9780816687848 - page_79: "START TEXT: Not surprisingly, the, Pinay youth involvement in DJing was often a source of friction between them " ******* END TEXT: "ue because it means engaging in practices—going out and staying out late, frequenting places deemed "
9780816687848 - page_80: "START TEXT: “unsafe” and “dangerous” for women, and being around male peers—that purportedly pose a threat to Pi" ******* END TEXT: "performances, they have contested preconceived notions of female musicianship and problematized the "
9780816687848 - page_81: "START TEXT: different criteria by which male DJs and female DJs are evaluated, while at the same time challengin" ******* END TEXT: "g that kept me learning outside of school until I started to learn more—from the music I picked up, "
9780816687848 - page_82: "START TEXT: from the people around DJing—you learn about music, you learn about the history, you learn about wha" ******* END TEXT: "lays not only on class distinctions and hierarchies but also gender distinctions and hierarchies.39\n"
9780816687848 - page_83: "START TEXT: For One Tyme, becoming a DJ does not mean that she has to cater to crowd expectations and show skin," ******* END TEXT: " and stuff, I’d be total eye candy. I’d show cleavage just to tease the crowd. I don’t give a fuck.\n"
9780816687848 - page_84: "START TEXT: INTERVIEWER: So that’s intentional on your part?\nTEASE: That’s intentional on my part, to be like, “" ******* END TEXT: "bscribes to established conventions may work against her wish to be recognized as a bona fide DJ.44\n"
9780816687848 - page_85: "START TEXT: In addition to individual acts, Pinay DJs also engage in collective acts in order to carve out a spa" ******* END TEXT: "housand-dollar gigs and we’re over here busting our ass for eight-hundred-dollar gigs and all that. "
9780816687848 - page_86: "START TEXT: And like, and just how people look at you. It’s like, “Oh, she’s a girl. She can’t do it as good as " ******* END TEXT: "nton’s words, “not only confounds wider community notions of how girls should act, dress, and talk, "
9780816687848 - page_87: "START TEXT: but throws into question the very gendered category that girls are expected to inhabit.”48 They demo" ******* END TEXT: "native to prescribed meanings of femininity, affirming the very relations they seek to subvert. The "
9780816687848 - page_88: "START TEXT: complicity of Pinay DJs, however, says less about the politics they subscribe to and more about the " ******* END TEXT: "out the difficulty of imagining alternative models of femininity outside the bounds of patriarchy.\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_89: "START TEXT: Conclusion Reimagining the Hip-hop Nation\n\nWe like France for what it is but we can’t say the flag “" ******* END TEXT: "to the tenuousness of nationalist narratives predicated on the unity of national subjects and, more "
9780816687848 - page_90: "START TEXT: specifically, on the ambivalent relationship between b-boy crews like Phase-T, composed primarily of" ******* END TEXT: " Ichigeki in Best Show and Choreography and the Korean crew Last For One in the overall competition "
9780816687848 - page_91: "START TEXT: would serve to further cement the idea of b-boying as an undeniably global expressive form.\nAn under" ******* END TEXT: " of the conventional markers that have come to be associated with the nation-state. Jared A. Ball’s "
9780816687848 - page_92: "START TEXT: definition of hip-hop nation is relevant here in that the focal point is not necessarily what are co" ******* END TEXT: " crew also made a commercial promoting Korean tourism. As one Korean b-boy puts it, “Once our dance "
9780816687848 - page_93: "START TEXT: has found its place in society it will help us make a living out of it. To make a living with what w" ******* END TEXT: "splaced the national as resituated it and thus reworked its meanings.”11 The embrace of hip-hop, in "
9780816687848 - page_94: "START TEXT: other words, does not preclude an embrace of territorially based nationalism. Put another way, the f" ******* END TEXT: "text, in the absence of an existential shared grounding of participants in race, class, or physical "
9780816687848 - page_95: "START TEXT: proximity (either to each other, in terms of a ’hood, or to their brothers over oceans), means a com" ******* END TEXT: "onstitutes “a place with its own language, culture, and history. It is as much a nation as Italy or "
9780816687848 - page_96: "START TEXT: Zambia. A place my countrymen call the Hip-Hop Nation, purposefully invoking all of the jingoistic p" ******* END TEXT: "frican American language) and street vernacular, and more broadly, African American oral traditions "
9780816687848 - page_97: "START TEXT: and practices. For Alim, hip-hop vernacular is synonymous with African American vernacular.\nOther hi" ******* END TEXT: "ency to romanticize black revolutionary politics or to uncritically conflate the distinct and often "
9780816687848 - page_98: "START TEXT: opposing agendas of militant black organizations, Decker foregrounds the limits of hip-hop nationali" ******* END TEXT: "ing what constitutes the criteria for citizenship within the hip-hop nation. Given hip-hop’s varied "
9780816687848 - page_99: "START TEXT: constituencies and trajectories, he posits that it is no longer tenable to conceive of hip-hop as “a" ******* END TEXT: "ray of Filipino American cultural productions in vexed and complicated ways. These cultural critics "
9780816687848 - page_100: "START TEXT: gesture provocatively toward the kind of analysis that does not rely on a multicultural framework an" ******* END TEXT: "ature of Filipino American cultural politics. Most relevant for this study, however, is the way the "
9780816687848 - page_101: "START TEXT: aforementioned works underscore the ways Filipino American cultural productions constitute an engage" ******* END TEXT: "with the contours and trajectory of racial formations and discourses in the post–civil rights era.\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_103: "START TEXT: Notes\nIntroduction\n1. The ITF is an organization that began sponsoring DJ competitions worldwide in " ******* END TEXT: "can Tropics: Articulating Filipino America (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006), xxv.\n"
9780816687848 - page_104: "START TEXT: 6. Jonathan Y. Okamura, Imagining the Filipino American Diaspora: Transnational Relations, Identitie" ******* END TEXT: "and Diversity in the Lives of Immigrant Children: Rethinking the “Problem of the Second Generation” "
9780816687848 - page_105: "START TEXT: in Light of Immigrant Autobiographies,” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 42, no. 3 (200" ******* END TEXT: " Public Sphere (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2004).\n3. Harrison, Hip-hop Underground, 83.\n"
9780816687848 - page_106: "START TEXT: 4. Templeton, “Where in the World Is the Hip-hop Nation?,” 241.\n5. Watkins, Hip-hop Matters, 150.\n6." ******* END TEXT: "ul Gilroy, Small Acts: Thoughts on the Politics of Black Cultures (New York: Serpent’s Tail, 1993).\n"
9780816687848 - page_107: "START TEXT: 31. Gilroy, The Black Atlantic, esp. chap. 3.\n32. Ibid.\n33. See, for example, Ian Condry, Hip-hop Ja" ******* END TEXT: "Desis, 2.\n51. Ibid., 215.\n52. Ibid., 215–16.\n53. Ibid., 217.\n54. Harrison, Hip-hop Underground, 45.\n"
9780816687848 - page_108: "START TEXT: 55. Ibid., 119.\n56. S. Watkins, Hip-hop Matters, 150.\n2. The Racialization of DJ Culture\n1. See Rive" ******* END TEXT: " People’s Property: A Shadow History of Hip-hop in White America (New York: Bloomsbury, 2007), 157.\n"
9780816687848 - page_109: "START TEXT: 14. Tanz, Other People’s Property; Harrison, Hip-hop Underground. There is now a growing literature " ******* END TEXT: "s: A History of the B-Boy, directed by Israel (Chatsworth, Calif.: Image Entertainment, 2002), DVD.\n"
9780816687848 - page_110: "START TEXT: 39. Quoted in Cristina Veran, “Breaking It All Down: The Rise and Fall and Rise of the B-Boy Kingdom" ******* END TEXT: "Lives across Cultures, Communities, and Countries (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).\n"
9780816687848 - page_111: "START TEXT: 2. The interviews typically took place at a café or a respondent’s home.\n3. Deeandroid interview, No" ******* END TEXT: "n University Press, 1994), 36.\n37. Ibid.\n38. Ibid.\n39. Ibid.\n40. Rygar interview, February 3, 2003.\n"
9780816687848 - page_112: "START TEXT: 41. Statistix interview, October 22, 2002.\n42. Celskiii interview, November 6, 2002.\n43. Statistix i" ******* END TEXT: "sic Studies, ed. David Hesmondhalgh and Keith Negus (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 224.\n"
9780816687848 - page_113: "START TEXT: 12. For a more detailed discussion of the idealization of the “old school,” see Kembrew McLeod, “Aut" ******* END TEXT: "ion of the depoliticizing effects of cultural discourse in “Blaming Culture for Bad Behavior,” Yale "
9780816687848 - page_114: "START TEXT: Journal of Law and the Humanities 12, no. 89 (2000): 89–116. See also Leti Volpp, “(Mis)Identifying " ******* END TEXT: ", however, these accounts are largely descriptive and celebratory, providing little or no analysis.\n"
9780816687848 - page_115: "START TEXT: 9. Soup-a-Crunk interview, January 18, 2003.\n10. For a consideration of the masculinist orientation " ******* END TEXT: "der, ed. Sheila Whiteley, 37–49 (New York: Routledge, 1997).\n23. Rey-Jun interview, March 28, 2002.\n"
9780816687848 - page_116: "START TEXT: 24. One Tyme interview, November 14, 2002.\n25. This is similar to the way female youth are evaluated" ******* END TEXT: "a Rappers,” Popular Music and Society 26 (2003): 429–44.\n45. One Tyme interview, November 14, 2002.\n"
9780816687848 - page_117: "START TEXT: 46. Ibid.\n47. Celskiii interview, November 6, 2002.\n48. Mendoza-Denton focuses on articulations of a" ******* END TEXT: "d with Rhythm and Beats for All,” New York Times, August 22, 1999, AR28.\n14. Ibid.\n15. Ibid., AR29.\n"
9780816687848 - page_118: "START TEXT: 16. Maxwell, “Sydney Stylee,” 271.\n17. Imre, “Hip-hop Nation and Gender Politics,” 267.\n18. Heath, “" ******* END TEXT: "zed Eye.\n42. Gonzalves, The Day the Dancers Stayed, 12.\n43. Scratch.\n44. Heath, “True Heads,” 864.\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_119: "START TEXT: Index\nUnless otherwise noted, topics refer to U.S.-based Filipinos. Notes are listed as n or ns for " ******* END TEXT: " Graffiti in New York, 22\nCelskiii (DJ and study participant): background leading to DJing, 35, 37, "
9780816687848 - page_120: "START TEXT: 38, 40, 44, 46, 47; experiences and beliefs as a performer, 62, 63, 65, 112n52; relationship with he" ******* END TEXT: "Enriquez, Jocelyn, 56\nEspana-Maram, Linda N. 115n16\nEspiritu, Yen Le, 66, 72\nEstrada, Reanne, 100\n\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_121: "START TEXT: female DJs, 20, 22, 73–79; all female crews, 85–86; appearance and dress a factor for, 77, 82, 83–85" ******* END TEXT: "en, Illustrated History of Break Dancing, Rap Music, and Graffiti, xix, 3–5, 6, 19\nHall, Stuart, 67\n"
9780816687848 - page_122: "START TEXT: Harlem, 22\nHarrison, Anthony Kwame, xviii, 2, 14–15, 21, 30\nHeath, R. Scott, xix, xv, 95, 98–99\nHesm" ******* END TEXT: " percussions and song structure, 27\nLatino youth, 23, 27\nLEE (writer), 23–24\nLewis, Lisa A., 116n28\n"
9780816687848 - page_123: "START TEXT: liberal pluralism, 58, 59–60, 62\nLos Angeles underground scene, 98\n\n\nmaleness and hip-hop: construct" ******* END TEXT: " xv–xvi, xxii, 55–59, 61, 101; negotiating questions of race, 49; racialization process, xvi, 17–18\n"
9780816687848 - page_124: "START TEXT: racial marking, 61\n“rap music” and variants: female rap, 7, 66, 74; gangsta rap, 7, 30–31; hip-hop a" ******* END TEXT: "–61, 91; as a global phenomenon, 1, 54, 55, 60–61, 89; as a transcendent space, 29, 54–55, 61, 62\n\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_125: "START TEXT: Vergara, Benito M., 89\nVillage Voice, 89\nVolpp, Leti, 114n34\nVULCAN (graffiti artist), 25\n\n\nWaksman," ******* END TEXT: "g culture, 24–25, 109n22\n\n\nyouth identity, 11–12. See also U.S.-based Filipino youth\n\n\nZ-Trip, 54\n\n\n"
9780816687848 - page_127: "START TEXT: Antonio T. Tiongson Jr. is assistant professor of American studies at the University of New Mexico. " ******* END TEXT: "). His research interests include youth cultural politics, comparative racializations, and empire.\n\n"
9780816689972 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n \n \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n \n \n\n"
9780816689972 - page_iv: "START TEXT: The University of Minnesota Press gratefully acknowledges financial assistance provided for the publ" ******* END TEXT: "2\n The University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer.\n \n \n\n"
9780816689972 - page_v: "START TEXT: \n \n \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n \n \n\n"
9780816689972 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Preface\n Preface\n In this book I move far outside any isolated subject. Readers will f" ******* END TEXT: "wing essays represent a speculative practice of peering over disciplinary hedgerows and trespassing "
9780816689972 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Introduction\n Introduction\n In an astonishing passage about nativity and infancy locat" ******* END TEXT: "such a derelict state of becoming. How does anyone survive the leap from insentient beginnings? “My "
9780816689972 - page_1: "START TEXT: Being Born\n Barely Human\n Animacy and Epigenesis\n Plurality of Forms\n Hu" ******* END TEXT: " and forgotten and, in this sense, it is no different from the time I spent in mother’s womb.”2 The "
9780816689972 - page_59: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816689972 - page_58: "START TEXT: Childish Things\n The Hylomorphic Object\n The Relational Object\n Metal In Utero\n" ******* END TEXT: "ve to history, the material support of the image is not beyond perceptual grasp. It can be held and "
9780816689972 - page_117: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816689972 - page_116: "START TEXT: The Mess\n On the Table\n Table Dormant\n Pride of the Table\n Gatherings, o" ******* END TEXT: "list), which is to say an encyclopedic tabulation. It would seem to be a discursive object.\n "
9780816689972 - page_175: "START TEXT: Epilogue\n Epilogue\n I have offered what may appear to be a strongly revisionist accoun" ******* END TEXT: "ntly no need to end by including a modernizing “bonus track,” asserting that old ideas are relevant "
9780816689972 - page_179: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816689972 - page_178: "START TEXT: Notes\n Introduction\n Being Born\n Childish Things\n The Mess\n Epilo" ******* END TEXT: "in the Making (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), 180.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_237: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816689972 - page_236: "START TEXT: Index\n Plate Section\n \n \n\nIndex\n \n abortion, 18–19, 77, 191n77\n " ******* END TEXT: "120, 132, 142\n Ariès, Phillippe, 33, 89–90\n Aristophanes: The Birds, 47\n "
9780816689972 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Preface\n Preface\n In this book I move far outside any isolated subject. Readers will f" ******* END TEXT: "wing essays represent a speculative practice of peering over disciplinary hedgerows and trespassing "
9780816689972 - page_viii: "START TEXT: on other fields, and I hope that the results bear out my conviction that the speculative need not be" ******* END TEXT: "ance and camaraderie. My research assistants, Danica Boyce, Gaelan Gilbert, and Alyssa McLeod, were "
9780816689972 - page_ix: "START TEXT: invaluable. Above all, I am grateful to Eileen Joy and Peter Schwenger for their generous and discer" ******* END TEXT: " and runaway enthusiasms of my children, Myles and Leo, to whom I dedicate the book.\n \n \n\n"
9780816689972 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Introduction\n Introduction\n In an astonishing passage about nativity and infancy locat" ******* END TEXT: "such a derelict state of becoming. How does anyone survive the leap from insentient beginnings? “My "
9780816689972 - page_xii: "START TEXT: infancy is long since dead, yet I am still alive.” The implicit reference to morphogenetic and metab" ******* END TEXT: "nces but that are essential material configurations of persons nevertheless. We can eventually come "
9780816689972 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: to see how many other things, inanimate objects and not just organisms, emerge from milieux that are" ******* END TEXT: "ever one without the other.\n The stark facticity of human generation and growth is an almost "
9780816689972 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: irresistible stimulus to radical thought about the general conditions of being and becoming, and mod" ******* END TEXT: "nly the creation but also the dislocation, if not destruction, of a self-sovereign subject. Such an "
9780816689972 - page_xv: "START TEXT: event consists of the minimal conditions of the originality of being a lively creature, even as it a" ******* END TEXT: "opher’s egg of alchemists, and animal eggs and embryos of the scientists and medical practitioners. "
9780816689972 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: Emerging out of these contexts, humans will become caught up in a range of assemblages ever after. W" ******* END TEXT: "s global finance, genetic engineering, and environmental catastrophe, reflexively assuming that the "
9780816689972 - page_xvii: "START TEXT: period is too remote and undeveloped to be relevant, but that sense of superiority—to insist on a po" ******* END TEXT: " chronicle (Historie) from a less perishable temporality of lived existence (Geschichte), detecting "
9780816689972 - page_xviii: "START TEXT: in the past the futurity of events to come. On this understanding of historicity, the past passes be" ******* END TEXT: "e, plotting the human creature along a continuum with other animals and plants, insisting on shared "
9780816689972 - page_xix: "START TEXT: elements (movements, generation, circulation, membranes, musculature, intestines, humors). Describin" ******* END TEXT: " and radical empiricism that have taken hold over the last decade, whatever the differences between "
9780816689972 - page_xx: "START TEXT: various camps (e.g., process oriented vs. object oriented). An ecumenical view of these matters sees" ******* END TEXT: "ng our extensive involvements before any one thing is singled out for special treatment. As we soon "
9780816689972 - page_xxi: "START TEXT: discover, too, the abjection of persons (e.g., women or indigenous) is grounded in a corollary trivi" ******* END TEXT: "has in mind “statements about events anterior to the advent of life as well as consciousness,” such "
9780816689972 - page_xxii: "START TEXT: as one finds in theories of evolutionary change. The virtue of the science, as he sees it, is that i" ******* END TEXT: "ssoux’s vision is not just the turbid chaos but also an ontogenetic tendency toward the zero-degree "
9780816689972 - page_xxiii: "START TEXT: “ancestrality” from which anything at all arises. What has not yet come under scrutiny are some of t" ******* END TEXT: " as though it were really as rational and faithful as it appears to him. One of my intentions is to "
9780816689972 - page_xxiv: "START TEXT: present some speculative alternatives within the putatively precritical, prescientific past. The ide" ******* END TEXT: " (Geschichte, not Historie), composing possible futures and exerting influence, entailing a certain "
9780816689972 - page_xxv: "START TEXT: shared responsibility toward history that anticipates things to come. As Meillassoux unwittingly sho" ******* END TEXT: " of ontogeny (becoming) is a better category than ontology (being) for capturing the creative, conju"
9780816689972 - page_xxvi: "START TEXT: gated forms of earthly existence. Analogous processes are at work outside of the womb in infancy and" ******* END TEXT: "English Pearl, a moving dream vision in which a dead infant girl appears from beyond the grave to re"
9780816689972 - page_xxvii: "START TEXT: veal a posthuman future. It is an unlikely event given her abject infancy, and yet infancy is a prec" ******* END TEXT: "nctional or dysfunctional, past or present technology? My analysis of toys takes inspiration from a "
9780816689972 - page_xxviii: "START TEXT: remark in Agamben’s Infancy and History, according to which children are described as “humanity’s li" ******* END TEXT: "ative in medieval children’s lives, and I will examine a body of literature that taught them how to "
9780816689972 - page_xxix: "START TEXT: behave. The young are to adopt the proper diet and decorum, acquiring “becoming mannerisms” accordin" ******* END TEXT: "he human. It recollects dynamic germinal processes and empirical events, focusing on some histories "
9780816689972 - page_xxx: "START TEXT: of what Romano calls the “impersonal event of birth” and Meillassoux the improbable “advent of life " ******* END TEXT: "ntify residual and emergent ideas of becoming where humanity is and remains at risk.\n \n \n\n"
9780816689972 - page_1: "START TEXT: Being Born\n Barely Human\n Animacy and Epigenesis\n Plurality of Forms\n Hu" ******* END TEXT: " and forgotten and, in this sense, it is no different from the time I spent in mother’s womb.”2 The "
9780816689972 - page_2: "START TEXT: provenance of the human is no less baffling for being given in advance, then. As Hildegard of Bingen" ******* END TEXT: "f the generation.”7 From this teleological vantage, an embryo is liable to be viewed as a temporary "
9780816689972 - page_3: "START TEXT: way station, fulfilling a fixed destiny and, beyond that, a providential design. Yet in presenting t" ******* END TEXT: "ble with the inchoate moments of gestation anterior to being, vital moments preceding and producing "
9780816689972 - page_4: "START TEXT: life. I am recommending a critical orientation that requires no selective argumentation, only a keen" ******* END TEXT: "t being actual; the virtual is not opposed to reality but constitutes one intensive, effective mode "
9780816689972 - page_5: "START TEXT: of the real. In modal theory, as in embryology, a powerfully generative part of reality is kept in r" ******* END TEXT: " every set of cases of emerging within a becoming which is not dominated by any pre-constituted set "
9780816689972 - page_6: "START TEXT: of possibilities.”20 But this is the paradox of Deleuzian becoming, too. As Meillassoux puts the poi" ******* END TEXT: "g embodiment and ensoulment draw out connections between humans and other things inside and outside "
9780816689972 - page_7: "START TEXT: of the known universe. Embryology discloses a liquid life. I consider how medieval law, philosophy, " ******* END TEXT: "stible stimulus and how the embryonic and infantile are throughout life and death scalable to differ"
9780816689972 - page_8: "START TEXT: ent applications (therapeutic, moral, eschatological, astrological, and cosmological).\n Barel" ******* END TEXT: "at is at stake in early maturation. Aristotle’s is the most straightforward account. He taught that "
9780816689972 - page_9: "START TEXT: the male seed governed the formation of the embryo; the seed contains a formative virtue that transf" ******* END TEXT: "ntine the African, who favored Hippocratic and Galenic embryology. Aristotle’s works on biology and "
9780816689972 - page_10: "START TEXT: zoology eventually became available in the thirteenth century, and his notions of successive stages " ******* END TEXT: "ing spirit (“spirit þat ȝeveþ vertu to þe body and governeþ and reuleþ þat vertue”).34 As for right "
9780816689972 - page_11: "START TEXT: matter, Bartholomaeus starts by taking a Hippocratic–Galenic approach, explaining that “mater semina" ******* END TEXT: "and inorischid.”41 Such equivocation about the nature of the uterine environment is instructive for "
9780816689972 - page_12: "START TEXT: what it suggests about the fate of seemingly distinct matters, for actually the most radical distinc" ******* END TEXT: "ddle English De Spermate has a section on how seminal spirit imparts the animating principle to the "
9780816689972 - page_13: "START TEXT: bodily members, the “animacioun or soulying of the body,”45 in what is one of the first recorded ins" ******* END TEXT: "ration eludes that which it generates because it is so fundamentally virtualized. Sperm is not what "
9780816689972 - page_14: "START TEXT: it appears, because it is an “effect” of some other instrument, even as it is instrumental; it deriv" ******* END TEXT: "e the egg essentially captures the dilemma. Medieval embryology tends to prefer epigenetic accounts "
9780816689972 - page_15: "START TEXT: (excepting the incarnation of Christ) and argues only over the question about the degree of genetic " ******* END TEXT: "ury scholar wonders at the amazing risks involved in reproduction, because such “a small difference "
9780816689972 - page_16: "START TEXT: in the cause makes a very great difference in the outcome.”60 Granted, “errors of nature” often are " ******* END TEXT: "successively insentient (like a plant, “pianta”) and sentient (like a sea sponge, “spungo marino”), "
9780816689972 - page_17: "START TEXT: before adopting an intellective soul infused by divine spirit.65 As Nicole Oresme would write later " ******* END TEXT: " is relatively up for grabs in the prepersonal virtuality and viscerality of human origins.\n "
9780816689972 - page_18: "START TEXT: Oresme is surprised that the human develops at all, given the radical flux of becoming, because “err" ******* END TEXT: "egal opinions reflect the same doubt. Henry de Bracton’s On the Laws and Customs of England writes, "
9780816689972 - page_19: "START TEXT: “If one strikes a pregnant woman or gives her poison in order to procure an abortion, if the foetus " ******* END TEXT: "lative quantity and intensity of elements. William alludes to an old doctrine of the “intension and "
9780816689972 - page_20: "START TEXT: remission of qualities” (“intensiones qualitatum, remissiones earum”) to explain the way transformat" ******* END TEXT: "nimate there occurs a complex mixture of the digested and coagulated, and many other things of this "
9780816689972 - page_21: "START TEXT: sort, all of which are steps approaching the complexion of an animate body, even though it may not a" ******* END TEXT: "stantiated by such discussions as Albertus’s, where human and animal are not just represented but em"
9780816689972 - page_22: "START TEXT: bodied as cross-species beings within a shared zoogony. The potential for crossing species, as we wi" ******* END TEXT: " and it is in this context of continuing ontogeny that nature and nurture are in fact quite hard to "
9780816689972 - page_23: "START TEXT: separate. We enter a decisive phase of biosocial development.\n Granted, medical routines and " ******* END TEXT: " \n How mankinde dooth bigynne\n is wondir for to scryve [describe] so;\n "
9780816689972 - page_24: "START TEXT: In game he is bigoten in synne,\n Þe child is þe modris deedli foo [foe];\n Or þei b" ******* END TEXT: " techniques were proffered. It is hardly surprising that the threshold of life is treated as though "
9780816689972 - page_25: "START TEXT: it were a threat to life (see Plate 1).\n After delivery, the newborn is in a state of extreme" ******* END TEXT: " and nose”; some sleeping medicine should be given; the eyes should be covered.111 A Middle English "
9780816689972 - page_26: "START TEXT: version follows this advice closely, offering still more information about keeping a child within th" ******* END TEXT: "ribes infancy as a time when children, unable to speak, walk, or reason, are like beasts, excepting "
9780816689972 - page_27: "START TEXT: that they can at least laugh and cry.120 Aquinas said of young children that, so long as they lack t" ******* END TEXT: " William Langland. He rehearses the usual idea that some animals show sexual restraint, unlike man, "
9780816689972 - page_28: "START TEXT: who lusts “out of resoun.”127 He has a troubling vision of the allegorical personage Reason guiding " ******* END TEXT: " is liable to seem a humiliating, strange sort of condition. One must be licked into shape.\n "
9780816689972 - page_29: "START TEXT: In Limbo\n Spiritual care is a crucial ingredient in the formation of the child, and the earli" ******* END TEXT: "m and with the saints. A surname would usually identify the child’s origins or family craft.140 But "
9780816689972 - page_30: "START TEXT: naming always does more, as Judith Butler reminds us in noting the likely conferral of sexual differ" ******* END TEXT: " with the Father God. First, a lump of flesh lacking vitality signifies that “the paternal role has "
9780816689972 - page_31: "START TEXT: failed,” which in this context is not a biological claim but an assumption about the power of religi" ******* END TEXT: "its effect, cannot complete the epigenetic process of socialization. Christopher Fynsk writes, “The "
9780816689972 - page_32: "START TEXT: being that accedes to language is by definition prior to this accession, ‘infans.’”151 As medieval w" ******* END TEXT: "am so ȝonge I was bore ȝisterdai.”160 The fact that such a child will never learn to speak or dance "
9780816689972 - page_33: "START TEXT: at all makes this stammering expression of pain all the more poignant and paradoxical, suggesting ag" ******* END TEXT: "o other purposes, including political, theological, and cosmological applications. As we have seen, "
9780816689972 - page_34: "START TEXT: infancy fails to meet the usual benchmarks of humanity (reasoning, speaking, bipedalism, etc.), and " ******* END TEXT: "d the Lord hath taken away.”\n Yet I want to consider two complex fourteenth-century literary "
9780816689972 - page_35: "START TEXT: examples that push in unexpected directions toward a transvaluation of the child and that end up vir" ******* END TEXT: "(infant), establishing a thematic connection by means of echoic wordplay with his name, “Dante.”178 "
9780816689972 - page_36: "START TEXT: Medieval writers with literary ambitions often play with infancy and take up a childlike stance, an " ******* END TEXT: " in heaven. She invokes the parable of the vineyard and thereby alludes to a theological topos that "
9780816689972 - page_37: "START TEXT: pertains to the fate of those who died young: the first shall be last and the last shall be first in" ******* END TEXT: "ocus on the father–son dyad, but the structural relationship of infant and parent, which Levinas elu"
9780816689972 - page_38: "START TEXT: cidates, is forceful and is the more conspicuous in something like the father–daughter relationship " ******* END TEXT: "tiotemporal and intercorporal zones where the particular verges on the general, the micro and macro "
9780816689972 - page_39: "START TEXT: are co-implicated, and organic and inorganic become braided together. In some respects, this picture" ******* END TEXT: "metry of Leonardo’s Vitruvian Man (which the illustration is likely to conjure up for moderns) and, "
9780816689972 - page_40: "START TEXT: in any case, is not meant to address the ideal physique or coordinates of the healthy human body but" ******* END TEXT: "xist (and exist unknown) in the same universe, and against a profound sense of the humiliating small"
9780816689972 - page_41: "START TEXT: ness of the “litel world.” The world (mundus) is so called because “it is in eternal motion (motus)," ******* END TEXT: "orneth.”201 Cosmic events and environmental changes provide some proof:\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_42: "START TEXT: For as the man hath passioun\n Of seknesse, in comparisoun\n So soffren othre creatu" ******* END TEXT: "y state but a permanent dynamic resonance between parts; third, the largeness of the cosmic view per"
9780816689972 - page_43: "START TEXT: mits thought to move beyond human scales and toward a totality that is damaged. To this extent, Gowe" ******* END TEXT: "ven before he says anything about temporal becoming. Laying out evidence to expose all the sites of "
9780816689972 - page_44: "START TEXT: connection, there appears a set of mutual correspondences that describe a transhuman “condicioun.” I" ******* END TEXT: "noramic cosmology, for the latter is not a sufficient description of the means adopted to reach the "
9780816689972 - page_45: "START TEXT: larger ends. What cosmogenesis offers is a vantage on the spatiotemporal operations according to whi" ******* END TEXT: "of the egg in Orphic ritual: “in these rites the egg is so revered and worshiped that (by reason of "
9780816689972 - page_46: "START TEXT: its rounded and almost spherical shape and as completely encased and containing life) it is called t" ******* END TEXT: "ample is that of Hildegard of Bingen’s world egg, a surging, pulsing, roiling mass of fire and wind "
9780816689972 - page_47: "START TEXT: brought together to represent an ordered universe under the auspices of divine providence. Her gloss" ******* END TEXT: " course birds would imagine the world hatching from an egg. They invent a self-serving cosmogony, a "
9780816689972 - page_48: "START TEXT: natural alibi for the species superiority of winged creatures. An avian analogy of this type seems l" ******* END TEXT: " of anima mundi. The twelfth-century humanists—including William, who wrote commentaries on Plato’s "
9780816689972 - page_49: "START TEXT: Timaeus—had in mind something superorganic possessing a world soul that imparts motion to things. Wi" ******* END TEXT: "ork as foster mother will give the material world form. Silva or Hyle is in turn\n \n "
9780816689972 - page_50: "START TEXT: the inexhaustible womb of generation, the primary basis of formal existence, the matter of all bodie" ******* END TEXT: "God by her disfigured looks, Natura is not sure how Noys will react, the infant World does not know "
9780816689972 - page_51: "START TEXT: his fate. It is a scene full of risks, full of surprises, where anything may go awry.”236 Noys will " ******* END TEXT: "odily dwelling to totter, and finally casting it forth from its home altogether.”244 Such are signs "
9780816689972 - page_52: "START TEXT: of chaos ever arising, threatening order, drawing creation back into the original embryonic phase. P" ******* END TEXT: "genesis proves to be our own.\n In Gower’s cosmogony, everything was conceived in an original "
9780816689972 - page_53: "START TEXT: plenum:\n \n For yit withouten eny forme\n Was that matiere universal,\n " ******* END TEXT: "ubstrate he is studying. As others have noted, the next line recapitulates the notion that elements "
9780816689972 - page_54: "START TEXT: are “formed” in a way analogous to how the poet is informed, reforms his matter, and forms audiences" ******* END TEXT: "cing “ylem” to explain what the earlier twentieth-century physicist Georges Lemaître had called the "
9780816689972 - page_55: "START TEXT: “cosmic egg,” much as their medieval precursors had done, redeploying old concepts (see Plate 4).\n " ******* END TEXT: "ing universe that is a medium of connection and cohabitation and enlarge our sense of home.\n "
9780816689972 - page_56: "START TEXT: Translating Matters\n Speaking of finding our place in the cosmos, and anticipating what is to" ******* END TEXT: " a “womb” (the hollowed out space of the body) in which is found the “rete” (the net or web).256 It "
9780816689972 - page_57: "START TEXT: turns out that one uses the technology to traverse great distance between languages, cultures, and a" ******* END TEXT: "contingent arrangements, reproducing themselves along with innumerable other things.\n \n \n\n"
9780816689972 - page_59: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816689972 - page_58: "START TEXT: Childish Things\n The Hylomorphic Object\n The Relational Object\n Metal In Utero\n" ******* END TEXT: "ve to history, the material support of the image is not beyond perceptual grasp. It can be held and "
9780816689972 - page_60: "START TEXT: beheld. Materializing the past, the object is an insistent presence even now, giving rise to conject" ******* END TEXT: "onstituted (after subjectus, thrown or brought under). The objective thing is detectable as a prior "
9780816689972 - page_61: "START TEXT: stimulus to thought and action and exists whether or not we think about it; nor can we do anything w" ******* END TEXT: "this context I will refer to a “toy ontology” whose contours should gradually become clear.\n "
9780816689972 - page_62: "START TEXT: The museum display reinforces the basic intuition about the miniaturized thing, and it is worth paus" ******* END TEXT: "l miniature horseman possesses agency and autonomy no matter the environment in which it is placed. "
9780816689972 - page_63: "START TEXT: Having started life as a commodity in fourteenth-century London, one inescapable modality of the old" ******* END TEXT: "lf, then at least of its effective perturbations within the world. The tiny thing is to some extent "
9780816689972 - page_64: "START TEXT: measured by the limitations it affords analysis. To start, I consider the form of the matter, that i" ******* END TEXT: "on is consonant with common and irresistible dreams that animal and human figurines are destined to "
9780816689972 - page_65: "START TEXT: come alive, enjoying adventures outside of human observation (from Plato’s Meno down to Pinocchio an" ******* END TEXT: "o denote small portraits and smallness as such.23 We might think of the well-known illustrations in "
9780816689972 - page_66: "START TEXT: the Ellesmere manuscript of the Canterbury Tales, where an unknown illustrator put Chaucer and other" ******* END TEXT: "eval writers often speak about the value such play and games possess as preparation for adult life, "
9780816689972 - page_67: "START TEXT: and it is worth lingering over such generalizations because of the way they so clearly instrumentali" ******* END TEXT: "th for a knyghtes office.”31 Such is the normative ideal according to which a knight’s identity and "
9780816689972 - page_68: "START TEXT: body image develop, through play, into a somatic whole.\n Childhood development was to start w" ******* END TEXT: "ghts on a table.37 Elsewhere we find images of young children jousting on stick horses.38 Imitative "
9780816689972 - page_69: "START TEXT: role-play would no doubt have been common enough, as in the story of William Marshall and King Steph" ******* END TEXT: "ll\n Thi dayly dawark is done ilk deill.42\n Children have always desired\n "
9780816689972 - page_70: "START TEXT: With flowers to jape and play;\n With sticks and small chips\n they build up chamber" ******* END TEXT: "eiþ þat fourme haþ hitsilf as it were a man, for he may enfourme many matieris, as a man may brynge "
9780816689972 - page_71: "START TEXT: many wommen wiþ childe.”43 Such sentiments remind us that, as Judith Butler points out, “materiality" ******* END TEXT: " the point that all forms are relational, situated, and environed is to inquire into the particular "
9780816689972 - page_72: "START TEXT: and somewhat perverse material histories of the object. And they issue a challenge to military mascu" ******* END TEXT: "elfth-century tripod ewers (thirty-five, thirty-six, and thirty-nine millimeters in height) kept in "
9780816689972 - page_73: "START TEXT: small plastic boxes at the Museum of London are verisimilar down to the finest details, including cr" ******* END TEXT: "ious penalties follow for those who are unqualified, negligent, or dishonest: “at the first defaute "
9780816689972 - page_74: "START TEXT: he shal lese [forfeit] the mater so wroghte. At the secund defaute he shal lese the mater and be pun" ******* END TEXT: "in the medieval context.\n As Hugh of St. Victor wrote in the twelfth century, “when a coiner "
9780816689972 - page_75: "START TEXT: imprints a figure upon metal, the metal, which itself is one thing, begins to represent a different " ******* END TEXT: "ploiting a resemblance to luxury goods (silverware or ornamental silver leaf). One common complaint "
9780816689972 - page_76: "START TEXT: against alchemy was that tin and lead could be made to imitate silver easily, and of course, all met" ******* END TEXT: "bute something palpable. Weirder still, metal was supposed to grow like an animal organism.\n "
9780816689972 - page_77: "START TEXT: Numerous late medieval treatises and commentaries describe the generation of metals out of simple el" ******* END TEXT: "ypical. Alchemists hoped to reverse or recapitulate the birth process with an ars chemica that is a "
9780816689972 - page_78: "START TEXT: kind of animal husbandry to the elements. The goal is the “stripping of accidents in metals,” employ" ******* END TEXT: "tted to extend a psychoanalytic term.81 For without an extensive material matrix, there would be no "
9780816689972 - page_79: "START TEXT: intensive forms: as Isidore writes, “material is always necessary for the production of an object, j" ******* END TEXT: "which I take to be a hyperbolical case of what Jeffrey Cohen calls a “medieval identity machine.”86 "
9780816689972 - page_80: "START TEXT: Notwithstanding the knight’s status as an idealized image of the Western European male (with the asp" ******* END TEXT: "ssed in the object cannot be sustained because (even if it can be taken to materialize an incipient "
9780816689972 - page_81: "START TEXT: national spirit or deployed in mimetic war games) the object is fused and diffused in ecologies far " ******* END TEXT: " animal that can be morphed into a human or robot—is this not Deleuzian?”96 Deleuze is charged with "
9780816689972 - page_82: "START TEXT: naively assuming that metamorphic objects are an automatic challenge to late capitalism, which Žižek" ******* END TEXT: "e against the Cornish miners who ran their own courts and parliament.99 Cornish mining nevertheless "
9780816689972 - page_83: "START TEXT: presented such an economic advantage that it was regularly conscripted to support royal policy, or a" ******* END TEXT: " explicit jurisdictions, there is no way a knight—not even the legendary Black Prince—can hold every"
9780816689972 - page_84: "START TEXT: thing together. How should we describe this field of fraught relations? Stengers salvages the term c" ******* END TEXT: "ith’s example is instructive: “Will the plastic doll be used for mothering or to make a mock of moth"
9780816689972 - page_85: "START TEXT: ers? The toy itself cannot tell us.”108 Toys are full of surprises. Distracting, absorbing, and ench" ******* END TEXT: "ngs present themselves to us with a basic candor. Harman reaches for something like the same notion "
9780816689972 - page_86: "START TEXT: when, following Levinas, he describes the “sincerity” of the objective order.113 I take tenderness a" ******* END TEXT: "leged sense), the haptic is understood to be essential to the orientation and affective life of the "
9780816689972 - page_87: "START TEXT: individual. Without physical feeling, “alle þe wittis beþ [are] ilost.”116 It was a commonplace from" ******* END TEXT: "aps on the nearby beach), they building towns and palaces, he churches and monasteries.”122\n "
9780816689972 - page_88: "START TEXT: Ratis Raving is the best account of how castoff foodstuffs and clothing can be remade into toys, as " ******* END TEXT: "says something comparable in his brief invocation of Klein–Winnicott object relations theory, where "
9780816689972 - page_89: "START TEXT: toys and other virtual objects are envisaged as a past history become contemporaneous. They are crea" ******* END TEXT: "emporality. Toys easily elude public record or governing bodies, constituting a kind of surplus, or "
9780816689972 - page_90: "START TEXT: exhaustion, or redundancy. Ariès long ago identified the ambiguity of childish things in the reflexi" ******* END TEXT: "ing in sensibilia essentially prevents forward movement (Augustine speaks of vehicles for a journey "
9780816689972 - page_91: "START TEXT: home) or the abstraction from material goods to the universal and immaterial divine good. The circum" ******* END TEXT: "gy.147 Without romanticizing childhood play, we can observe that children tend to gather so many pos"
9780816689972 - page_92: "START TEXT: sible perceptions of a given object (sensibilia), letting consciousness flow through and wrap around" ******* END TEXT: "re so virtualized, and indeed I think everything we have observed about objects (as means and ends, "
9780816689972 - page_93: "START TEXT: engaging and withdrawing, explorable and inexhaustible reservoirs) readily applies. The toy exists a" ******* END TEXT: "hich promise all the voyeurism and ventriloquism one could desire through the systematic diminution "
9780816689972 - page_94: "START TEXT: of things and the creation and control of wee simulacra; the player is to enjoy supernatural power (" ******* END TEXT: " the medieval mappa mundi, a difficult case because often instrumentalized and territorializing, at "
9780816689972 - page_95: "START TEXT: worst serving as a weaponized form of miniaturization at a time when eastward travel was bound up wi" ******* END TEXT: "iscrete, streets that were ordinarily corridors of meaningful space, open up and flatten out. . . . "
9780816689972 - page_96: "START TEXT: Life becomes a toy.”159 But mappae mundi and astrolabes are not exactly flying machines either, and " ******* END TEXT: "hanted garden. And here is the farthest I can see into the mystery of the miniature: its separation "
9780816689972 - page_97: "START TEXT: from myself, its banishment of me. Hence the sadness, the secret poignance, of dollhouses, model wha" ******* END TEXT: "ll-scale version; a toy car does not get the same traction a full-size version would because of the "
9780816689972 - page_98: "START TEXT: forces of gravity and inertia. Miniature moving bodies tend to look as though they are in time-lapse" ******* END TEXT: "mans to their scale-bound existence. The idea is expressed in the observation of William of Conches "
9780816689972 - page_99: "START TEXT: that a trench humans easily step across must be, to an insect, a huge valley surrounded by mountains" ******* END TEXT: "figurines do not always yield the expected detail either. A miniature demands strained and repeated "
9780816689972 - page_100: "START TEXT: looks; it is not taken in at a single glance and so has a temporal aspect. Miniatures take time. As " ******* END TEXT: "belonging to the princely or knightly body), compelling a body to reckon not just with the scale of "
9780816689972 - page_101: "START TEXT: an object but also with the size and sense of the human subject before whom an object presents itsel" ******* END TEXT: "covering the “cumly lady of a clout” recalled in Ratis Raving. But we know something about medieval "
9780816689972 - page_102: "START TEXT: customs of incorporating puppetry into minstrel entertainments, folk theater, and religious drama185" ******* END TEXT: "man performer into inhuman fictions, especially so if they involve anti-Semitic pantomime—recalling "
9780816689972 - page_103: "START TEXT: Adorno and Horkheimer’s observation, “There is no anti-Semite who does not basically want to imitate" ******* END TEXT: "ways of moving, “which surprise even her” and “which she would not have thought of herself.” Let us "
9780816689972 - page_104: "START TEXT: not hurry to retort that these are “manners of speaking” without any real sense: the vocabulary of a" ******* END TEXT: "to follow (child Thopas), and now the word “popet” bridges the two. The Host’s teasing introduction "
9780816689972 - page_105: "START TEXT: achieves several things at once, assigning to the poet-pilgrim the role of child, child’s doll, figu" ******* END TEXT: "is trapped in this ocular vision makes him a peculiar artifact of the eye, which has long been under"
9780816689972 - page_106: "START TEXT: stood as engaging in mimicry. The pupilla or opening of the iris is so-called “for smale ymages ben " ******* END TEXT: "er all, a weird kind of play-activity whereby inert matters become animated, communicative, and agen"
9780816689972 - page_107: "START TEXT: tial—producing lifelike homunculi, possessing themselves and readers’ imaginations, as if ensouling " ******* END TEXT: "f the contrivance is a sufficiently wondrous transformation? How sensational is the mere appearance "
9780816689972 - page_108: "START TEXT: of intelligence, sentience, subjecthood? A puppeteer and poet aim no higher, employing verbal and vi" ******* END TEXT: " toylike novelties and technical devices, some of them presaging Sir Thopas. On the basis of the evi"
9780816689972 - page_109: "START TEXT: dence of the French corpus, Truitt argues that writers who described products of mechanical and arti" ******* END TEXT: "ond the reach of any dangerous romance eroticism.219 The knight’s libidinal energies are reduced to "
9780816689972 - page_110: "START TEXT: spare him gigantic dangers, as one might expect in children’s literature. Other features conspire to" ******* END TEXT: " a castle, or valiantly cutting to the ground as a dragon, is taken away for the accommodation of a "
9780816689972 - page_111: "START TEXT: morning visitor, and he is nothing abashed.”226 Chaucer indeed seems to put undue weight on quotidia" ******* END TEXT: "ddle-class consumers. Certainly the materials are better suited to a stylized figurine or statuette "
9780816689972 - page_112: "START TEXT: than to a flesh-and-blood warrior. Sir Thopas is a tangible imitation. His plate armor “yroght of Je" ******* END TEXT: "figures, polarized rhetoric, and an almost automatic emplotment. Yet Chaucer makes clear that he is "
9780816689972 - page_113: "START TEXT: fiddling with the mechanisms and materials, nowhere more so than in the Tale of Sir Thopas, which, a" ******* END TEXT: "y does not run like clockwork.\n No smooth operator, Thopas is only technically a knight, but "
9780816689972 - page_114: "START TEXT: then so is every knight, as we noted earlier. In the present case, the emphasis on craft, commoditie" ******* END TEXT: "e seeks moral seriousness, anticipating that some will “laughe to here a dwarfe or els halfe a man” "
9780816689972 - page_115: "START TEXT: who dares claim “he wyl rende out the swerde of Hercules handes.”253 He is far too meager a man, alm" ******* END TEXT: " treat literary matters as if they were generative, collective, and object oriented.\n \n \n\n"
9780816689972 - page_117: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816689972 - page_116: "START TEXT: The Mess\n On the Table\n Table Dormant\n Pride of the Table\n Gatherings, o" ******* END TEXT: "list), which is to say an encyclopedic tabulation. It would seem to be a discursive object.\n "
9780816689972 - page_118: "START TEXT: It is easy enough to identify such things as tables with human conceits and the culture at large, ju" ******* END TEXT: "e-event for other entities. By analogy, I have called this strategy “overmining.”2\n \n "
9780816689972 - page_119: "START TEXT: As we will see, there is a long philosophical tradition of treating the table as an exemplary theore" ******* END TEXT: " owe something to the specificity of woodland ecologies and the biomass flowing from them. Forestry "
9780816689972 - page_120: "START TEXT: is a human activity that affects the environment and in turn becomes entangled in and environed by r" ******* END TEXT: "eans. The human is means to ends partially determined by objective conditions. And objects may have "
9780816689972 - page_121: "START TEXT: surprises in store. Taking the dining table as one powerful agent among others, I will reflect furth" ******* END TEXT: "ord or [before] gestis wassche here hondes. Children beþ iset in here place [at borde, and mayny in "
9780816689972 - page_122: "START TEXT: here place]. First spones, knyves, and salars [cellars] beþ isette on þe bord, and þanne brede and d" ******* END TEXT: "ydgate, and John Russell. Showing what can seem an inordinate fascination with the material medium, "
9780816689972 - page_123: "START TEXT: their texts are replete with references to a messy commensality, and both Lydgate and Russell compos" ******* END TEXT: "uman but of the humanities, as we will see in some distinguished cases where the table is turned to "
9780816689972 - page_124: "START TEXT: advantage), requiring that we return to the troping of the table with a fresh perspective on how tex" ******* END TEXT: "of the autonomous subject in postindustrial civilizations. Humanism triumphs over the longue durée, "
9780816689972 - page_125: "START TEXT: generating the modern subject (a homo clausus or “closed personality”), who is a self-sovereign and " ******* END TEXT: "y conduct texts ground human identity in imitation (acquired nurture rather than inherited nature), "
9780816689972 - page_126: "START TEXT: facilitating class mobility by means of learned behavior, shows up the extent to which the literatur" ******* END TEXT: "e remains an attractive model of formation and information not least because they are near at hand. "
9780816689972 - page_127: "START TEXT: They regularly furnish the philosophical mind with thoughts about causality, materiality, craftwork," ******* END TEXT: "atter’ (materia, also meaning ‘wood’) because every unformed substance, of which something is made, "
9780816689972 - page_128: "START TEXT: is always called matter. Whence the poets have named it silva (lit. ‘woodland’), not inappropriately" ******* END TEXT: "stical, effects of commerce are inherent in the impersonal form of the table. Opposing any absolute "
9780816689972 - page_129: "START TEXT: distinction between use-value and exchange-value, Derrida’s point is that a thing crystallizes value" ******* END TEXT: "heed to the ontology of real tables, chess pieces, rules of the game, and puppets. Ultimately, such "
9780816689972 - page_130: "START TEXT: things are rendered all the more inert and insentient, perhaps not unlike anesthetized clinical spec" ******* END TEXT: " reasons given for the transmutation from inanimate thing to animate medium are inadequate.\n "
9780816689972 - page_131: "START TEXT: And so I ask: how exactly are human operations of various kinds anchored in the full-featured ontolo" ******* END TEXT: "m is needed if we are to get a clearer view, and here I want to turn to Vilém Flusser, who offers a "
9780816689972 - page_132: "START TEXT: sophisticated alternative account of how form and matter are mutually implicated in the wooden table" ******* END TEXT: "lusser’s empiricism does not rest on some immutable natural order or static objectivity. “To inform "
9780816689972 - page_133: "START TEXT: objects is to struggle against the specific perfidy of every object. This struggle slowly reveals th" ******* END TEXT: "reating objects that are more than just conveyors of semantic content. Similarly, human woodwork is "
9780816689972 - page_134: "START TEXT: the materialization of wood, ligneous matter having become more than a communication of received for" ******* END TEXT: " meal is finished with spiced cakes and wafers and honeyed drinks. No table as such is mentioned in "
9780816689972 - page_135: "START TEXT: Russell’s description, which may indicate the extent to which the thing is overwhelmed by an avalanc" ******* END TEXT: "f possession,” a habituated way of thinking and acting that “consists in knowing why we possess some"
9780816689972 - page_136: "START TEXT: thing, in knowing why it is necessary to our existence. The obligation to make these distinctions im" ******* END TEXT: "unmoved despite all that moves around its contours. That is not the usual way of reading, as Harman "
9780816689972 - page_137: "START TEXT: notes in a discussion of object-oriented literary criticism. As he observes by way of the example of" ******* END TEXT: "within other assemblages, including textual ones (literary gatherings). On what occasions does this "
9780816689972 - page_138: "START TEXT: or that quality of the table become apparent and afford action? It may seem that, in practice, thing" ******* END TEXT: "in excesse of diverse metes and drynkes, and namely swich [such] manere bake-metes and dissh-metes, "
9780816689972 - page_139: "START TEXT: brennynge of wilde fir and peynted and castelled with papir, and semblable wast [comparable extravag" ******* END TEXT: "e overbrade with blasande disches, / Als it were a rayled rode with rynges and stones”) to point up "
9780816689972 - page_140: "START TEXT: the misplaced devotion.64 The sacrilegious mess, where an appetite for worldly things distorts relig" ******* END TEXT: "nances than those immediately intended by spiritual advisors such as the Parson, whose own self-crit"
9780816689972 - page_141: "START TEXT: ical instructions are hungry for the matter at hand. Penitential and prudential countermeasures agai" ******* END TEXT: "he pure subject; cleanliness, moderation, and good nurture are alternative forms of involvement and "
9780816689972 - page_142: "START TEXT: exuberant attachment. The table comes into focus, then, as carefully wrought to get in the way of hu" ******* END TEXT: "mplexion and tolerances of the stomach), the qualities of digestible foodstuffs (e.g., temperaments "
9780816689972 - page_143: "START TEXT: and interactions), the environment (e.g., regional climate, fertility of the land, and abundance and" ******* END TEXT: "erbially, as most everyone says, you are what you eat. And so you are never far from peril.\n "
9780816689972 - page_144: "START TEXT: There is no assurance that the incessant exchange of elements will be homeopathic, though cooks and " ******* END TEXT: "ular (for although eating is often taken up as an example of humanizing activity, actual cookery is "
9780816689972 - page_145: "START TEXT: sometimes considered disparaging). Chaucer and Gower address the way cooks transform matters out of " ******* END TEXT: "evisceration of the subject. Cochran similarly concludes, “Food as an object continues to translate "
9780816689972 - page_146: "START TEXT: you, and you continue to translate food, even after swallowing.”85\n Human Hardware\n Ma" ******* END TEXT: "your cuppe but kepe it clenlye . . .\n Blowe not in your drinke ne in your potage\n "
9780816689972 - page_147: "START TEXT: Ne farse [stuff] not your dishe ful of brede\n Bere not your knyf to warde your visage\n " ******* END TEXT: "guaranteeing self-containment of the homo clausus, it arguably only further exposes and extends the "
9780816689972 - page_148: "START TEXT: human outside of the confines of the individual. The literature reveals the extent to which enhanced" ******* END TEXT: "w here ye me:\n Wrap ye harde þat handfulle or more it is þe styffer, y telle þe,\n "
9780816689972 - page_149: "START TEXT: Þan ley betwene þe endes so wrapped, in myddes of þat towelle,\n Viij loves or bonnes, botom" ******* END TEXT: "ic energies toward them. Just as things are made proportionate to human bodies—the spoon, we recall "
9780816689972 - page_150: "START TEXT: from Bartholomaeus Anglicus, “is a litil instrument of þe mesure of þe mouth and proporcionate þerto" ******* END TEXT: "ecome mannered or acquire what subsequent ages would call sprezzatura or, later still, cool. Tables "
9780816689972 - page_151: "START TEXT: and tableware amount to human hardware that is not merely human: the table bends the body, directs t" ******* END TEXT: "em, were typically brought out into the open and prepared for carving at table. Not only did feasts "
9780816689972 - page_152: "START TEXT: serve up large quantities of meat and other organic material, they put floral and faunal imagery in " ******* END TEXT: " often recognized, not least in proscriptions against behaving in a beastly manner. Indeed, we find "
9780816689972 - page_153: "START TEXT: animal-shaped aquamaniles set in place to clean dirt off hands that might otherwise carry in contami" ******* END TEXT: "ore distinction from—animals.”130 But because the knife is a dangerous implement that causes bodily "
9780816689972 - page_154: "START TEXT: harm, the utensil is fraught with further implications when brought to the common table. Medieval co" ******* END TEXT: "imality.134 But far from guaranteeing the “civilizing process” in those reassuring terms, the sharp "
9780816689972 - page_155: "START TEXT: point of the knife, which usually puts down other species for human consumption, renders the human v" ******* END TEXT: "e subject—usually the child— becomes one among other edibles. The table is often a scene of extreme "
9780816689972 - page_156: "START TEXT: humiliation in Lydgate’s Fall, even as, in his dietary and conduct texts, Lydgate is insistent that " ******* END TEXT: "dowed by matter in unexpected ways. On this logic, everyday conduct results in a comportment toward "
9780816689972 - page_157: "START TEXT: things that is comely and cultured not just in the sense of decorous; being mannered is becoming in " ******* END TEXT: "in’s “direction of fit.”144 In everyday speech acts, we are just as liable to consider an inventory "
9780816689972 - page_158: "START TEXT: incorrect when it fails to match the stock, as we are to say the stock is incomplete when it does no" ******* END TEXT: "al, historical, and literary works—that register and conduct the sensual and visual delights of the "
9780816689972 - page_159: "START TEXT: table, and we should run through some examples. One very peculiar case with which to start is Lydgat" ******* END TEXT: ", though it may appear to be the case that sovereign political agents are in charge of the feedback "
9780816689972 - page_160: "START TEXT: process. In fact, there are numerous intermediaries, not least of which is the medium of foodstuffs " ******* END TEXT: "sociated with the table translates into bodies and bodies of texts. The shift from one to the other "
9780816689972 - page_161: "START TEXT: medium and method of inscription may be likened to translation “non verbum e verbo, sed sensum expri" ******* END TEXT: "upposed guide medieval subjects, and impressionable youths in particular, to follow (i.e., “My dere "
9780816689972 - page_162: "START TEXT: sone” of Stans Puer ad Mensam; “O yonge Babees” of The Babees Book; “Whoso wylle of nurtur lere” of " ******* END TEXT: "s of human mastery over the mess, and that should be enough to see something of the an-economic and "
9780816689972 - page_163: "START TEXT: ecological possibilities of household habitats.\n Memory, Allegory, and the Commonplace Mess\n " ******* END TEXT: "men were standing at the door who earnestly requested him to come out; so he rose from his seat and "
9780816689972 - page_164: "START TEXT: went out, and could not see anybody; but in the interval of his absence the roof of the hall where S" ******* END TEXT: " are formed in our minds of the things that have been conveyed to them and imprinted on them by the "
9780816689972 - page_165: "START TEXT: senses, but that the keenest of all our senses is the sense of sight, and that consequently percepti" ******* END TEXT: " basic advantages to the rhetoric of commensality. As mentioned earlier, there is something overtly "
9780816689972 - page_166: "START TEXT: theatrical about the rich man’s table that seems to make the whole scene conducive to literary ornam" ******* END TEXT: "e loved hymselue\n Þer laght withouten loþe;\n Ay two had disches twelve,\n "
9780816689972 - page_167: "START TEXT: Good ber and bryȝt wyn boþe.\n Then the dainties came duly, the dearest of treats:\n " ******* END TEXT: "and enabling a series of action and reaction shots. Guinevere, the Green Knight, Lady Bertilak, and "
9780816689972 - page_168: "START TEXT: Morgan le Fay—all are introduced at one or another mess. Lady Bertilak smothers Gawain with affectio" ******* END TEXT: "letic poem by the same author who composed the better-known Sir Gawain, there is a retelling of the "
9780816689972 - page_169: "START TEXT: parable of the wedding feast (Matthew 22) and a version of Belshazzar’s feast (Daniel 5), and they, " ******* END TEXT: "anquet where each chair represents an institution, where each guest is there to represent politics, "
9780816689972 - page_170: "START TEXT: science, banking, the media or public administration—the powers of the moment.”171 His initial refer" ******* END TEXT: " and attenuated definitions of virtue. Patience and the dreamer at the sideboard, conversely, share "
9780816689972 - page_171: "START TEXT: a sour loaf of penance, a drink of perseverance, and a pittance cooked by Contrition. Patience and C" ******* END TEXT: "nance is a sour loaf, and necessarily so: a patient man is defined by his capacity to tolerate such "
9780816689972 - page_172: "START TEXT: fare that is not to taste. The doctor’s sanctimony is driven home by the fact that he indulges witho" ******* END TEXT: " terms, exemplifying how reference and translation work in scientific practice.180 In the spiritual "
9780816689972 - page_173: "START TEXT: practices of previous ages, it was recognized that the Mass, an elevated and consecrated form of com" ******* END TEXT: "cter or humanitas. We may be able to recognize only a few of the parts of the working assemblage at "
9780816689972 - page_174: "START TEXT: any given moment, grasping little of the dense, dynamic, overdetermined network. A speculative hypot" ******* END TEXT: "e—where what is at stake is the continual cultivation and communication of humanity.\n \n \n\n"
9780816689972 - page_175: "START TEXT: Epilogue\n Epilogue\n I have offered what may appear to be a strongly revisionist accoun" ******* END TEXT: "ntly no need to end by including a modernizing “bonus track,” asserting that old ideas are relevant "
9780816689972 - page_176: "START TEXT: again. The past is ever emerging on the horizon of the present—and the present is downstream of stil" ******* END TEXT: "or stratification is a fine witness to the way lowly strata are enrolled to sustain hierarchies. It "
9780816689972 - page_177: "START TEXT: should be apparent from the medieval evidence that creation exhibits a fecundity that eludes our cat" ******* END TEXT: "istory and many future returns.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n"
9780816689972 - page_179: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816689972 - page_178: "START TEXT: Notes\n Introduction\n Being Born\n Childish Things\n The Mess\n Epilo" ******* END TEXT: "in the Making (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), 180.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_180: "START TEXT: 12\tBracha Ettinger, The Matrixial Borderspace (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006).\n " ******* END TEXT: "ssive than their common cause against dematerialization. For example, Harman holds that objects are "
9780816689972 - page_181: "START TEXT: discrete and solid entities whose integrity is undermined by talk of relational or processual becomi" ******* END TEXT: "ause the correlate is in it, rather than it being in the correlate.” Ibid., 22. As I construe this, "
9780816689972 - page_182: "START TEXT: Meillassoux is saying that subjects issue from an evolutionary process that is uncorrelated and on w" ******* END TEXT: "s, speculating about the real nature of things outside. Moreover, the immense power of these models "
9780816689972 - page_183: "START TEXT: to connect and motivate human self-critique merits further reflection, antiquated though the models " ******* END TEXT: "Hill and John E. Rotelle (Hyde Park, N.Y.: New City Press, 2002).\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_184: "START TEXT: 3\tHildegard of Bingen, Scivias, trans. Columba Hart and Jane Bishop (Mahwah, N.J.: Paulist Press, 19" ******* END TEXT: "o the futurition of the virtual (engendering human and nonhuman things, stones, herbs, beasts). Cf. "
9780816689972 - page_185: "START TEXT: Jeffrey Jerome Cohen, “An Abecedarium for the Elements,” postmedieval: a journal of medieval cultura" ******* END TEXT: "8, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Picador, 2009). For some developments that have helped open up "
9780816689972 - page_186: "START TEXT: the categories, see—besides Shukin’s excellent critical interventions—the later work of Agamben, The" ******* END TEXT: "nd Other Sources (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2001); and Monica Green, ed. and trans., The Trotula: "
9780816689972 - page_187: "START TEXT: An English Translation of the Medieval Compendium of Women’s Medicine (Philadelphia: University of P" ******* END TEXT: "y and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990) argues for "
9780816689972 - page_188: "START TEXT: the dominance of a one-sex model of the body, urging that a common fluid and fungible corporeality m" ******* END TEXT: "en’s Secrets, 67 and 114; and see Irina Metzler, Disability in Medieval Europe: Physical Impairment "
9780816689972 - page_189: "START TEXT: in the High Middle Ages, c. 1100–c. 1400 (London: Routledge, 2006), 88 and 90; John Boswell, The Kin" ******* END TEXT: " will receive the appearance of melancholy from her father and mother, and the nature of sicknesses "
9780816689972 - page_190: "START TEXT: will also come from those sources. If sperm is received on the right side and the father and mother " ******* END TEXT: "uman Embryo,” 39.\n \n \n 73\tIbid., 40.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_191: "START TEXT: 74\tCited in Dunstan, “Moral Status of the Human Embryo,” 40; Butler, “Abortion by Assault,” 11–12.\n " ******* END TEXT: "s insisting on the autonomy and subjectivity of the fetus” (212).\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_192: "START TEXT: 78\tSee Hewson, Giles of Rome, 92.\n \n \n 79\tSee Helen King, “Making a Man" ******* END TEXT: "ext and Translation (Woodbridge, U.K.: Boydell Press, 2006), 138.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_193: "START TEXT: 95\tGreen, “Bodies, Gender, Health, Disease,” 4.\n \n \n 96\tBarbara A. Hana" ******* END TEXT: "10\tBartholomaeus, On the Properties of Things, 299 [vol. I, 6.4].\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_194: "START TEXT: 111\t“Book on the Conditions of Women,” in Green, The Trotula, 107.\n \n \n " ******* END TEXT: " \n 134\tHanawalt, Growing Up in Medieval London, 55.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_195: "START TEXT: 135\tHanawalt, “Conception through Infancy,” 136.\n \n \n 136\tIn that threa" ******* END TEXT: " The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, trans. and ed. Stephen A. Barney, W. J. Lewis, J. A. Beach, "
9780816689972 - page_196: "START TEXT: and Oliver Berghof (Cambridge, 2006), 241 [XI.ii.9], and in William of Conches, A Dialogue, 141.\n " ******* END TEXT: "life were sometimes thought to realize a return to the womb. On the medieval anchorhold as womblike "
9780816689972 - page_197: "START TEXT: enclosure of female religious, see John C. Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler, eds., Medieval Mothering (New" ******* END TEXT: "empe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2005).\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_198: "START TEXT: 186\tPearl, 718.\n \n \n 187\tEmmanuel Levinas, Ethics and Infinity: Convers" ******* END TEXT: " \n \n 209\tBernardus Silvestris, The Cosmographia, 88; Bernardus Silvestris, "
9780816689972 - page_199: "START TEXT: Cosmographia, ed. Peter Dronke (Leiden: Brill, 1978), 118; cf. Plato, Timaeus, trans. Donald J. Zeyl" ******* END TEXT: " 232\tIbid., 71.\n \n \n 233\tIbid., 68.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_200: "START TEXT: 234\tOvid, Metamorphoses, 2–3 [I.9]. Cf. Stock, Myth and Science, 71.\n \n \n " ******* END TEXT: "er. For examples of partial heliocentrism, see Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts, Volume "
9780816689972 - page_201: "START TEXT: II: The Marriage of Philology and Mercury, trans. W. H. Stahl (New York: Columbia University Press, " ******* END TEXT: "f descriptions of banquet tables set with “sotelties,” edible concoctions such as miniature castles "
9780816689972 - page_202: "START TEXT: or tableaux of knights and ladies. There is also a large amount of relief sculpture on seals, dishes" ******* END TEXT: "e a Thing (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012), 21.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_203: "START TEXT: 10\tMarion, In Excess, elucidates by noting that the “object itself changes. This is evidently true f" ******* END TEXT: "lish Culture of Metals,” PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2007.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_204: "START TEXT: 18\tSee Lois Rostow Kuznets, When Toys Come Alive: Narratives of Animation, Metamorphosis, and Develo" ******* END TEXT: "ys,” in Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, vol. 2, part 2, ed. Michael W. Jennings, Howard Eiland, "
9780816689972 - page_205: "START TEXT: and Gary Smith (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005), 116.\n \n \n " ******* END TEXT: "nnedy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), 56.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_206: "START TEXT: 33\tAccordingly, we encounter this nice touch in one contemporary poem: “In riche Arthures halle, / T" ******* END TEXT: "23.\n \n \n 47\tStewart, On Longing, 68.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_207: "START TEXT: 48\tRoland Barthes, Mythologies, trans. Annette Lavers (New York: Noonday Press, 1972), 54–55.\n " ******* END TEXT: " M. Barron says in London in the Later Middle Ages: Government and People 1200–1500 (Oxford: Oxford "
9780816689972 - page_208: "START TEXT: University Press, 2004), 70, “the most distinctive industry in medieval London was that of metalwork" ******* END TEXT: "lurgy,” American Journal of Archaeology 89, no. 2 (1985): 275–91.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_209: "START TEXT: 65\tModern analysis confirms the existence of varying qualities of pewter, and history records that t" ******* END TEXT: "us de alchimia, 8.\n \n \n 74\tIbid., 9.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_210: "START TEXT: 75\tAlbertus Magnus, Book of Minerals, 172.\n \n \n 76\tHeines, Libellus de " ******* END TEXT: "Queer Copulations and the Pursuit of Divine Conjunction in Two Middle English Alchemical Poems,” in "
9780816689972 - page_211: "START TEXT: Intersections of Sexuality and the Divine in Medieval Culture: The Word Made Flesh, ed. Susannah Che" ******* END TEXT: "ogy and Social Change (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962), 2.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_212: "START TEXT: 90\tIbid., 38.\n \n \n 91\tDeleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, 399.\n " ******* END TEXT: " of the said church, to the great damage of the petitioner and destruction of the trees and turbary "
9780816689972 - page_213: "START TEXT: of the church.” See Dawes, Register of Edward the Black Prince, 26, 110, 178, and 122, respectively." ******* END TEXT: "Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 32; Sutton-Smith, Toys as Culture, 107–8.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_214: "START TEXT: 121\tSutton-Smith, Toys as Culture, 78.\n \n \n 122\tOrme, “Culture of Child" ******* END TEXT: "Sentences, Book I: The Mystery of the Trinity, trans. Giulio Solano (Toronto: University of Toronto "
9780816689972 - page_215: "START TEXT: Press, 2007). Peter Lombard’s Sentences (which formed the basis of the medieval university curriculu" ******* END TEXT: "pisodes about a Miniature Killer on CSI (season 7, aired 2006–7).\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_216: "START TEXT: 154\tBenjamin, “Old Toys,” 100. The documentary Marwencol (dir. Jeff Malmberg, 2010) shows one man’s " ******* END TEXT: "].\n \n \n 177\tIbid., 197–98 [3.68–73].\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_217: "START TEXT: 178\tCf. Benso’s Face of Things, 115.\n \n \n 179\tMack, Art of Small Things" ******* END TEXT: "oreal godhead, attending to the infant Jesus in real or imagined crèche scenes. Clearly a miniature "
9780816689972 - page_218: "START TEXT: figurine, like any incarnate deity, violates expectations in this context too. For the infancy of Ch" ******* END TEXT: "\n \n 189\tGalen as cited in Jurkowski, A History of European Puppetry, 44–45. And "
9780816689972 - page_219: "START TEXT: see Aristotle, Movement of Animals, 1092 [701a], in Complete Works, vol. 1.\n \n \n " ******* END TEXT: "V. A. Kolve, “Rocky Shores and Pleasure Gardens: Poetry vs. Magic in Chaucer’s Franklin’s Tale,” in "
9780816689972 - page_220: "START TEXT: Poetics: Theory and Practice in Medieval English Literature, ed. Piero Bointani and Ana Torti (Cambr" ******* END TEXT: " and human effigies were known and employed in many other contexts. See Alfred James Douglas Bruce, "
9780816689972 - page_221: "START TEXT: “Human Automata in Classical Tradition and Medieval Romance,” Modern Philology 10 (1912–13), 511–26;" ******* END TEXT: " \n \n 224\tHaskell, “Sir Thopas,” 255–56.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_222: "START TEXT: 225\tChaucer, Sir Thopas 775–76, in The Riverside Chaucer.\n \n \n 226\tSee " ******* END TEXT: " \n \n 231\tDerek Brewer, “The Arming of the Warrior in European Literature and "
9780816689972 - page_223: "START TEXT: Chaucer,” in Chaucerian Problems and Perspectives: Essays Presented to Paul E. Beichner, C.S.C., ed." ******* END TEXT: " \n 246\tGaylord, “‘Miracle’ of Sir Thopas,” 66.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_224: "START TEXT: 247\tPatterson, Temporal Circumstances, 100.\n \n \n 248\tIbid., 103.\n " ******* END TEXT: "in ‘La Queste del Saint Graal,’” Arthuriana 15, no. 3 (2005): 31.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_225: "START TEXT: 7\tSee the chapter on banquet imagery in Mikhail Bakhtin’s Rabelais and His World, trans. Hélène Iswo" ******* END TEXT: " ed. Paul Strohm, 459–75 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_226: "START TEXT: 15\tSee Mark Addison Amos, “‘For Manners Make Man’: Bourdieu, de Certeau, and the Common Appropriatio" ******* END TEXT: "udies 3 (2012): 63–79, and “The Renaissance Res Publica of Furniture,” in Cohen, Animal, Vegetable, "
9780816689972 - page_227: "START TEXT: Mineral, 211–36. See Cooper, “Bed, Boat, and Beyond,” on how furniture objects become subjects in na" ******* END TEXT: "History, 121–22; Charles R. Bowlus, “Ecological Crisis in Fourteenth-Century Europe,” in Historical "
9780816689972 - page_228: "START TEXT: Ecology, ed. Lester Bilsky (Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1980); but see Munby, “Wood.”\n " ******* END TEXT: " 61\tChaucer, Parson’s Tale 444–47, in The Riverside Chaucer.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_229: "START TEXT: 62\tIbid., 829.\n \n \n 63\tCleanness 1458–74, in Andrew and Waldron, Poems " ******* END TEXT: " \n \n 81\tRussell, Boke of Nurture, 149–50.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_230: "START TEXT: 82\tAdelard of Bath, Questions on Natural Science, 175. For an excellent extended discussion of the t" ******* END TEXT: "ipts of the Period, c. 1350–1450 (New York: Macmillan, 1965), 20.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_231: "START TEXT: 111\tChaucer, General Prologue 146–47, in The Riverside Chaucer.\n \n \n 11" ******* END TEXT: " \n \n 129\tRussell, Boke of Nurture, 140–46.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_232: "START TEXT: 130\tSteel, How to Make a Human, 219.\n \n \n 131\tRussell, Boke of Nurture," ******* END TEXT: " Alexander Nequam, De nominibus utensilium, 181–82, in Teaching and Learning Latin. On what the word"
9780816689972 - page_233: "START TEXT: books say about artisanal labor and literacy, see Lisa Cooper, Artisans and Narrative Craft in Late " ******* END TEXT: " \n \n 160\tSir Gawain and the Green Knight 484.\n \n \n "
9780816689972 - page_234: "START TEXT: 161\tIbid., 105.\n \n \n 162\tIbid., 919.\n \n \n " ******* END TEXT: " \n 181\tCf. Ann W. Astell, Eating Beauty: The Eucharist and the Spiritual Arts of "
9780816689972 - page_235: "START TEXT: the Middle Ages (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2006); Bynum, Holy Fast and Holy Feast, 3–4" ******* END TEXT: "ent, Knowledge, and Description (Routledge: New York, 2011), 74.\n \n \n \n \n\n"
9780816689972 - page_237: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780816689972 - page_236: "START TEXT: Index\n Plate Section\n \n \n\nIndex\n \n abortion, 18–19, 77, 191n77\n " ******* END TEXT: "120, 132, 142\n Ariès, Phillippe, 33, 89–90\n Aristophanes: The Birds, 47\n "
9780816689972 - page_238: "START TEXT: Aristotle, xv, 2–3, 8–9, 14, 50, 53, 67, 86, 102, 106, 127, 128, 192n79\n artificial life, a" ******* END TEXT: "hew, 168, 196n169; Book of Job, 34; 1 Peter, 196n169\n Bildhauer, Bettina, 188n39\n "
9780816689972 - page_239: "START TEXT: biomass flows: De Landa’s concept of, 5\n biopolitics, xxvi, 23, 185n23, 191n77\n bi" ******* END TEXT: "ormer Age,” 82; The Franklin’s Tale, 107; General Prologue, 66, 105, 134–35, 169, 222n230; House of "
9780816689972 - page_240: "START TEXT: Fame, 219n205; The Nun’s Priest’s Tale, 136; The Pardoner’s Tale, 34, 145; Parliament of Fowls, 131;" ******* END TEXT: "54\n cosmopolitics: Stengers’ concept of, 83–84\n cosmos, as ornament, 95\n "
9780816689972 - page_241: "START TEXT: craft labour, xxvii, 59, 64, 72–73, 78, 80, 85, 108, 111, 120, 127, 132–33, 207n50, 220n211\n " ******* END TEXT: "raphy of, 149, 168; diet and digestion, xxix, 15, 25–26, 143, 145, 147; sacrilege and, 139–40, 145, "
9780816689972 - page_242: "START TEXT: 170; table talk and, 169–71, 174. See also cookery; etiquette; table; tableware, utensils and\n " ******* END TEXT: "63, 165, 168–69, 173–74, 220n206, 220n207, 220n211\n Finucane, Ronald C., 195n136\n "
9780816689972 - page_243: "START TEXT: Fisher, Philip, 227n20\n flat ontology, xx, 43, 56, 95\n Flusser, Vilém, xxix, 5, 13" ******* END TEXT: "hen, 201n254\n Heidegger, Martin, xxviii, 65, 92, 93, 96, 113, 131, 135, 136, 138\n "
9780816689972 - page_244: "START TEXT: Heng, Geraldine, 31\n Hermes Trismegistus, 77\n Herrad of Hohenbourg: Hortus delicia" ******* END TEXT: "robjectivity, 115, 134, 157\n Isidore of Seville, 32, 40, 78, 95, 127–28, 195n152\n "
9780816689972 - page_245: "START TEXT: isopraxis, 211n87\n Jewish craftwork, 111–12\n John of Garland: Dictionarius, 135, 1" ******* END TEXT: " Puer ad Mensam, 123, 146–147, 154, 161\n Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke, The, 153\n "
9780816689972 - page_246: "START TEXT: machina mundi, 48, 81\n machine intelligence, 220n207\n Mack, John, 204n23\n " ******* END TEXT: " 215n153, 215n160, 217n184; equestrian figures, xxvii, 59–60, 62–63, 64, 66, 79–81, 84, 85, 99–100, "
9780816689972 - page_247: "START TEXT: 201n2, pl. 6 and pl. 11; finger puppets, 101–2; manuscript illuminations and, 65; universe and, 37, " ******* END TEXT: " 88; imperatives and presence of, 59–60, 85, 130–31, 137; lifespan of, 89, 119, 203n10; literacy of "
9780816689972 - page_248: "START TEXT: objects, 87; objectus, meaning of, 60; residual and emergent qualities of, 61, 92, 176; sincerity of" ******* END TEXT: "; gender and, 66–67, 70, 71, 205n26; literary forms of, xxviii, 65–66, 106–7, 108; non-referential, "
9780816689972 - page_249: "START TEXT: 90, 91–92; phenomenology of, 91; recreational justification of, 90; rhythm of, 87; role-play, 68–69;" ******* END TEXT: "niaturization\n Scheps, Walter, 111, 221, 221n213\n Scully, Terrence, 152\n "
9780816689972 - page_250: "START TEXT: Seaman, Myra, 125, 226n15\n seed, seminal virtue and, xxv, 4–6, 8–9, 10, 11, 13; as equivoca" ******* END TEXT: "2, 142; Benjamin’s chess table, 129; Daedalus and, 127; Derrida’s spectral table, 128–29; elevation "
9780816689972 - page_251: "START TEXT: of, 151, 156; festive assemblage, 121–22, 138–41, 159, 174; Flusser and, 131–32; Foucault’s operatin" ******* END TEXT: "46, 151, 157\n Trotula texts, 22, 24, 25, 26, 32, 186n29, 188n53, 192n92, 193n103, 194n114, "
9780816689972 - page_252: "START TEXT: 196n157\n Truitt, E. R., 108–9, 220n211\n Turing, Alan, 220n207\n Turner, Ma" ******* END TEXT: "82\n Zeeman, Nicolette, 172\n Žižek, Slavoj, 81–82, 218n188\n \n \n \n\n"
9780816689972 - page_253: "START TEXT: J. Allan Mitchell is associate professor of English at the University of Victoria. He is the author " ******* END TEXT: "n Middle English Literature and Ethics and Exemplary Narrative in Chaucer and Gower.\n \n \n\n"
9781452940397 - page_iii: "START TEXT: ANSWER THE CALL\n\nVirtual Migration inIndian Call Centers\nAIMEE CARRILLO ROWE, SHEENA MALHOTRA,AND KI" ******* END TEXT: " SHEENA MALHOTRA,AND KIMBERLEE PÉREZ\n \n \n\n\n   \nUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA PRESSMINNEAPOLIS • LONDON\n\n\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_iv: "START TEXT: Portions of chapter 1 were previously published as “The Rhythm of Ambition: Power Temporalities and " ******* END TEXT: "ISBN 978-1-4529-4039-7\n\nThe University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer.\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_v: "START TEXT:    Contents\n\n \nPreface: On the Ground\nAcknowledgments\nIntroduction: Answering the Call\nAnswer the Ca" ******* END TEXT: "minem Sings It”: India’s Network Geography\nConclusion: Returning the Call\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_vii: "START TEXT:    Preface\n\nOn the Ground\nLaveena pulls up in her black Land Cruiser in front of Sheena’s family hom" ******* END TEXT: "n and other Western employees, who will use these company flats during their stints in the country.\n"
9781452940397 - page_viii: "START TEXT: We pull up to the I2U building. Its exterior is made of glossy blue glass that deepens as it reflect" ******* END TEXT: "at her firm, calling them her kids when she speaks about them, yet, she prides herself on discipline"
9781452940397 - page_ix: "START TEXT: and her no-nonsense approach to managing them. She sees herself as being on a mission to help the l" ******* END TEXT: "pace is covered with signs of call center life: a poster congratulates agents for a contract renewal"
9781452940397 - page_x: "START TEXT: from Microsoft; desks are decorated with photographs of families and friends; the bulletin board fe" ******* END TEXT: "reveal the shifting dynamics of home and family, work and love; the industry is changing everything."
9781452940397 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Relationships between parents and children, men and women, workers and employers, call center agent" ******* END TEXT: "ely their own, reveal intimate faces of globalization and the complex sensibilities it generates.\n\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_xiii: "START TEXT:    Acknowledgments\n\n \nThe authors wish to thank individuals and institutions that graciously support" ******* END TEXT: "cilitate access and shared their insights along the way. Lathika Pai, Pavitra Rajaram, Wasim Sheikh,"
9781452940397 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: Roy Sinai, and Vikram Subramaniyam were instrumental in helping us attain access to call centers an" ******* END TEXT: "who continue to labor at call centers across India. Their voices are the foundation of this book.\n\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_1: "START TEXT:    Introduction\n\nAnswering the Call\n\nI’d say a lot of the older values that have come down from prev" ******* END TEXT: " that the call center agencies make available upon hiring them to make these extravagant purchases.\n"
9781452940397 - page_2: "START TEXT: Call center labor gives agents a sense of being oriented toward the West. The accent and cultural tr" ******* END TEXT: " technologies bridge the here and there in daily, psychic, and immediate ways, connecting agents to "
9781452940397 - page_3: "START TEXT: faraway customers in real time. The new time-space relations generated by this virtual contact creat" ******* END TEXT: "virtual migration. Indian agents are variously assimilated, incorporated, and rejected in a virtual "
9781452940397 - page_4: "START TEXT: U.S.–India borderlands. Scholars are beginning to track the tremendous impact call center labor has " ******* END TEXT: "bitrage. Although outsourcing has traditionally been driven by labor arbitrage, which enables first "
9781452940397 - page_5: "START TEXT: world corporations to cut costs by shifting employment to less expensive parts of the world, call ce" ******* END TEXT: "So agents travel through expansive time and contracted space to create new forms of migration: they "
9781452940397 - page_6: "START TEXT: migrate between first and third world zones within the national space—and so do their identities. In" ******* END TEXT: "d space through which agents travel elsewhere for “nine to ten hours.” When considered as a network "
9781452940397 - page_7: "START TEXT: geography, the “there” in Ganesh’s account signals forms of migration that happen through virtual, a" ******* END TEXT: "ular. Tech industries like Dell and Hewlett-Packard sought markets for selling advanced technology.\n"
9781452940397 - page_8: "START TEXT: Simultaneously, Indian foreign nationals in the United States—who were experts in industry, finance," ******* END TEXT: "lains, “There were all kinds of models being explored. Build and deliver? Do you just outsource the "
9781452940397 - page_9: "START TEXT: work to me? Do you want to outsource the work to me temporarily and then later have your own shop? T" ******* END TEXT: "hrough which the West comes to imagine the East, and in turn itself.16 Although the Indian diaspora "
9781452940397 - page_10: "START TEXT: continues to grow in the United States, the familiarity of many Americans with India is fairly limit" ******* END TEXT: " of American aural aesthetics. These combined tactics are designed to help agents pass as American.\n"
9781452940397 - page_11: "START TEXT: Agents must learn to speak American English, which differs from the British English most English-spe" ******* END TEXT: " the Indian call center industry. The industry has grown rapidly, attracting young twenty-something "
9781452940397 - page_12: "START TEXT: college graduates who earn an average of ten thousand rupees per month (roughly equivalent to $200 t" ******* END TEXT: "ies of time and space to account for women’s vexed relationship to occupying public space at night. "
9781452940397 - page_13: "START TEXT: Radha Hegde’s (2011) critical analysis of feminist and mainstream responses to the rape and murder o" ******* END TEXT: "es about details that other call center workers might gloss over. He worries about call center kids "
9781452940397 - page_14: "START TEXT: making more money in their first year out of college than their parents did at retirement. He worrie" ******* END TEXT: "company belonging. These mixers are designed to cultivate agents’ identities as workers: agents are "
9781452940397 - page_15: "START TEXT: recognized through honors such as employee of the month, and they receive awards for the most calls " ******* END TEXT: "he global economy,25 call center agents cultivate modern, Westernized, and Americanized identities, "
9781452940397 - page_16: "START TEXT: both through the production of their labor and through their increased capacity to participate in gl" ******* END TEXT: "thout arriving? What do agents’ experiences of in-between-ness tell us about the boundaries between "
9781452940397 - page_17: "START TEXT: here and there, India and America, us and them? The compelling force of agents’ experiences of being" ******* END TEXT: "le working the phones marks out the performative quality of call center labor. As agents repeatedly "
9781452940397 - page_18: "START TEXT: answer the telephone calls of American customers, these ongoing mediated communication interactions " ******* END TEXT: "rformance of self in ways that are intelligible to Americans, as if they had migrated to the United "
9781452940397 - page_19: "START TEXT: States. We refer to this process of moving from consuming to performing American culture as a virtua" ******* END TEXT: "uld soon result in India becoming a global superpower (Luce 2007; Bhandare 2007). Thus national and "
9781452940397 - page_20: "START TEXT: neoliberal forms of inclusion dovetail in the formation of agents’ hybridized global, located, and t" ******* END TEXT: "ious site in which competing claims to neoliberal, global, and national citizenship are played out.\n"
9781452940397 - page_21: "START TEXT: THE UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF TIME-SPACE RELATIONS\nAbove we initiate the argument that agents migrate t" ******* END TEXT: "onomy. Yet the long nighttime hours she must work leaves her feeling cut off from her community and "
9781452940397 - page_22: "START TEXT: family: “Right now, I am sleeping and people are all working and when I am awake everyone just sleep" ******* END TEXT: "tural events—and worse that they may no longer even be missed. He grew up in America learning about "
9781452940397 - page_23: "START TEXT: Indian culture, and now that he’s actually in India, he bemoans the loss of a culture he knows only " ******* END TEXT: " their compression: “It has also entailed a new round of what I shall call ‘time-space compression’ "
9781452940397 - page_24: "START TEXT: in the capitalist world… . The time horizons of both private and public decision-making have shrunk," ******* END TEXT: "rage inverts time for agents. Attending to such temporal inversions and the communication processes "
9781452940397 - page_25: "START TEXT: they entail allows us to rethink the relationship between time and space, virtuality and corporealit" ******* END TEXT: " agents. On the basis of our interviews with call center workers, we explore how call center agents "
9781452940397 - page_26: "START TEXT: describe these transformations as constituted within communication processes. This approach provides" ******* END TEXT: "orm, therefore, focus primarily on call centers in India that service clients in the United States.\n"
9781452940397 - page_27: "START TEXT: Our interviews relied on loosely structured questions that changed over the nine years of our study." ******* END TEXT: "ts labor as communication workers. To this end, we place the accounts of agents, managers, and CEOs "
9781452940397 - page_28: "START TEXT: in conversation with important dialogues within critical theory, cultural studies, and transnational" ******* END TEXT: "03 to 2012, marks a crucial moment in the development of the call center industry. The time span of "
9781452940397 - page_29: "START TEXT: our research allows us to access different moments in the trajectory of the industry’s unfolding. Th" ******* END TEXT: " embodied being. How are we to assess what constitutes the experience of the call center agent? The "
9781452940397 - page_30: "START TEXT: communication-based and time-space contours of virtual migration create a host of forces that displa" ******* END TEXT: "customers is an aural/oral performance in which neoliberal and national citizenship are negotiated. "
9781452940397 - page_31: "START TEXT: Agents place tremendous importance on the recognition of the American consumer as providing them wit" ******* END TEXT: "ltural identities that they take on within the call center industry to consider the limitations and "
9781452940397 - page_32: "START TEXT: possibilities of the category of diaspora. The specter that such slippages evoke is one of temporal " ******* END TEXT: " democratize its training practices to generate a more widely available pedagogy of neoliberalism.\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_i: "START TEXT: ANSWER THE CALL\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "ANSWER THE CALL\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_33: "START TEXT: 1    The Rhythm of Ambition\n\nPower Temporalities and the Production of the Call Center Agent in U.S." ******* END TEXT: "o the uneven structuring force of time on the lifeworlds of differently located global subjects. As "
9781452940397 - page_34: "START TEXT: globalization theorists have argued, time and space have become accelerated and compressed under lat" ******* END TEXT: "in the West would imagine it—was radically transformed. The call center agent quickly ascended as a "
9781452940397 - page_35: "START TEXT: global spectacle, an embodied marker of an impossible collapse of time and space under globalization" ******* END TEXT: "have productively theorized critical concepts to grasp the complexity of these shifts, while others "
9781452940397 - page_36: "START TEXT: like Massey (1994, 149) have productively critiqued the universalizing tendencies in this work. Mass" ******* END TEXT: "ks with call center agents at 24/7, one of the giant call centers in Bangalore. Finally, we include "
9781452940397 - page_37: "START TEXT: independent productions, Nalini by Day, Nancy by Night (2005); Destination Bangalore (2007); and Joh" ******* END TEXT: "ries fetishize the brown female body that strives to catch up to the American worker, situating the "
9781452940397 - page_38: "START TEXT: Indian call center industry within a linear temporal structure based on the inevitable myth of progr" ******* END TEXT: "viously decoded through sound. Seeing the agent’s body through the viewing practices of the reality "
9781452940397 - page_39: "START TEXT: genre enables the viewer to temporally and spatially locate the agent. The films depict agents’ exte" ******* END TEXT: " Spotts in American Jobs (2004); the two corporate leaders of Office Tigers (2005); and host Martin "
9781452940397 - page_40: "START TEXT: Spurlock and American worker Chris Jobim in 30 Days. The audience is structured into the narrative a" ******* END TEXT: "of discovery and preindustrial tropes to affix India as distant—faraway in both time and space. The "
9781452940397 - page_41: "START TEXT: opening sequence thus establishes two significant vantage points: the viewer is sutured to the actio" ******* END TEXT: "the Western self and the naturalness of the performance of this idealized self-over. Sequences like "
9781452940397 - page_42: "START TEXT: this contain the anxieties created by the scrambling of time generated by call center labor. They re" ******* END TEXT: "elerations of time and space of call center labor not through reversion to white male authority but "
9781452940397 - page_43: "START TEXT: through the production of a dreamy aesthetic in which time lags. The film works through a temporal j" ******* END TEXT: "U.S. consumer but whose body remains safely beyond the territorial bounds of the U.S. nation-state.\n"
9781452940397 - page_44: "START TEXT: In the next section we build on the suturing work begun here to explore the production of India’s ch" ******* END TEXT: "d American exceptionalism, positioning the viewer to draw the line between good and bad versions of "
9781452940397 - page_45: "START TEXT: development. This superior positioning invites viewers to assess the viability of the call center ag" ******* END TEXT: "ivilege, youth, and hard work. The camera travels through spaces of poverty and wealth, positioning "
9781452940397 - page_46: "START TEXT: the viewer as a visual tourist of faraway places—to an India that is temporally and spatially distan" ******* END TEXT: "ects in Osmond’s apartment. This view seemingly “remains unmediated, unsoftened by the intervention "
9781452940397 - page_47: "START TEXT: of a human gaze,” exploiting the viewers’ awareness of the cinematic apparatus to “play on the viewi" ******* END TEXT: "he corner from the shiny Western-style call centers. Gazing at the camera, Friedman asks his viewer "
9781452940397 - page_48: "START TEXT: how a nation with such disparity can participate in the world economy. In sequences such as these, v" ******* END TEXT: " the Indian slum. Such depictions reassert American supremacy by exposing India as both an economic "
9781452940397 - page_49: "START TEXT: success (at the very sites of its capitulation to transnational capitalism) and as an economic failu" ******* END TEXT: "nd the racialization of the population at home, globalization and an increasingly borderless world, "
9781452940397 - page_50: "START TEXT: and free market neoliberalism’s uneven economic effects. These anxieties are condensed in the outsou" ******* END TEXT: "beral citizens, which is, in turn, to determine the extent to which Indians might become Americans.\n"
9781452940397 - page_51: "START TEXT: “GEOGRAPHY IS HISTORY”: NEOLIBERALISM’S POWER TEMPORALITIES\nIn this section we attend to the ways th" ******* END TEXT: "ses through the normative time-space placement the films generate. If colonial mimicry is marked by "
9781452940397 - page_52: "START TEXT: its inherent ambivalence, progress narratives that define the West over and against the third world " ******* END TEXT: "past as Indian and American modernities commingle. The films in turn work to overcome the anxieties "
9781452940397 - page_53: "START TEXT: such displacements create by (re)centering the U.S. customer’s temporal and spatial location.\n“We se" ******* END TEXT: "ext door to U.S. consumers by night. India remains spatially and temporally tied to its territorial "
9781452940397 - page_54: "START TEXT: boundaries, even as its competitive edge is secured through the subordinated status of its workers.\n" ******* END TEXT: "e temporal inversions that structure call center labor fall unevenly on the bodies of Indian women.\n"
9781452940397 - page_55: "START TEXT: “IT’S LIKE 1950S AMERICA”: GENDER, HETEROSEXUALITY, AND NEOLIBERAL CITIZENSHIP\nThe Indian woman in n" ******* END TEXT: "use the white male figure sutures the viewer to the film’s narrative within the normative moment of "
9781452940397 - page_56: "START TEXT: the present, the progress narrative that mediates the relationship between this figure and the India" ******* END TEXT: "an’s claim. Friedman stands in for the real America, while the Indian women stand for mini-America; "
9781452940397 - page_57: "START TEXT: the generational divide between Friedman and the young Indian women underscores the claim to India’s" ******* END TEXT: "hy, while the women’s dress and dancing marks their exotic otherness as temporally distant from the "
9781452940397 - page_58: "START TEXT: viewer. Chris visually disappears as he speaks, rendering his voice omniscient: he is both inside th" ******* END TEXT: "wer to India: “India’s rich culture dates back tens of thousands of years,” the narrator explains,\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_59: "START TEXT: But in the mid-1800s, India was colonized by the British, and all government business was conducted " ******* END TEXT: "ves from his home to the world, his sentiment is reaches out to touch toward hardworking others. In "
9781452940397 - page_60: "START TEXT: one sequence, Chris takes a tour of the slums, just a few blocks from the call center where he works" ******* END TEXT: "lized, but also temporalized. The “touching register” (Greyser 2007, 277) of sentimentalism bridges "
9781452940397 - page_61: "START TEXT: subjects across space and time. The audience looks out from the car window over Chris’s shoulder as " ******* END TEXT: "o approximate an American moral imperative through a “civilizational discourse that identifies both "
9781452940397 - page_62: "START TEXT: tolerance and the tolerable with the West” (Brown 2006, 6). Intergenerational rifts generated by out" ******* END TEXT: "omen. Friedman’s comparison evokes a cultural reference familiar to American viewers, inviting them "
9781452940397 - page_63: "START TEXT: into a privileged insider position. Nitu and her friends are thus depicted as more closely resemblin" ******* END TEXT: "ne.” The slippage between her employment and her intelligibility as “someone” signals the extent to "
9781452940397 - page_64: "START TEXT: which gendered neoliberalism serves to render intelligible the very status of the human. Here the fi" ******* END TEXT: "d). Instead, Osmond finds maternal sustenance in Amway, a corporate and pyramid-driven company. His "
9781452940397 - page_65: "START TEXT: confession enlists the audience on sympathetic grounds to consume his emotional and physical needs t" ******* END TEXT: "ctions reinforce viewers’ investments in global capital’s spread and simultaneously in the American "
9781452940397 - page_66: "START TEXT: supremacy that is confirmed as its most highly cultivated manifestation. The shows draw on Hollywood" ******* END TEXT: " establishing the shared, although temporally distinct, relational terrain of domestic intimacies.\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_67: "START TEXT: 2    “I Used to Call Myself Elvis”\n\nSuspended Mobilities in Indian Call Centers\n\nWhen we [call cente" ******* END TEXT: "erience. Rather, these activities are directed toward someone else’s experience. If the category of "
9781452940397 - page_68: "START TEXT: experience is a formative activity of who subjects are becoming, what does it mean when these attent" ******* END TEXT: "about orientation, we consider the ways that call center labor reorients agents’ bodily inhabitance "
9781452940397 - page_69: "START TEXT: by analyzing their vexed relationship to mobility. Call center labor both enables and constrains age" ******* END TEXT: " their subjectivities are shaped by the intensive affective components of their labor.6 Agents find "
9781452940397 - page_70: "START TEXT: they must repeatedly answer America’s call to imaginatively experience the West. The subject of call" ******* END TEXT: "od as biopolitical—as producing the call center agent as a modern subject through a dual process of "
9781452940397 - page_71: "START TEXT: negation (neutralization) and cultivation (discipline).10 Foucault ([1976] 1990) argues that modern " ******* END TEXT: "ongings, and activities that formerly bound the call center agent to India in particular ways. Call "
9781452940397 - page_72: "START TEXT: center labor reorients its agents through the biopolitics of Orientalism’s world-facing project, exa" ******* END TEXT: "th.” The erasure of Indianness enables the maximum efficiency of the communication interaction. The "
9781452940397 - page_73: "START TEXT: industry frames these naming practices as necessary to manage difference in the virtual world of the" ******* END TEXT: "rom somewhere else and Blake also—it is the surname of one of my faculty, so I strung them together."
9781452940397 - page_74: "START TEXT: \nSHEENA: Where did you pick Julia from?\nRAVEENA: I think Julia Roberts. (Raveena, BigBank, personal " ******* END TEXT: "reaks. His choice of the name Elvis is one of many strategies he engages to hold the strands of his "
9781452940397 - page_75: "START TEXT: identity together as the gap marked by his commute is symbolic of a much wider gap between his life " ******* END TEXT: "red geographies as well as to other, differently located Indians. In the Indian context, servants13 "
9781452940397 - page_76: "START TEXT: and homeowners, workers and employers have historically shared and coinhabited social and personal s" ******* END TEXT: "sonal tensions that these shifting class dynamics produce or the strain they place on intimate ties "
9781452940397 - page_77: "START TEXT: among agents and their partners, families, and friends. Ganesh, a manager at TechNow, says of that s" ******* END TEXT: "ount of the impact of call center labor marks the reorientation of the call center agent in starkly "
9781452940397 - page_78: "START TEXT: bifurcated terms: the orientation toward “money” displaces and replaces the orientation toward “cult" ******* END TEXT: "ica from a passive yet interactive consumption of America to an active performance of Americanness.\n"
9781452940397 - page_79: "START TEXT: The global dispersion of Americanness might also productively be understood, following Ahmed’s (2006" ******* END TEXT: "rformative. Both the form (accent) and the content (the American way of life) of agents’ speech are "
9781452940397 - page_80: "START TEXT: targeted within this training as sites to discipline call center agents’ performance of self.\nAs we " ******* END TEXT: "ating with Americans becomes a form of mediated travel in which agents virtually commute the globe.\n"
9781452940397 - page_81: "START TEXT: Yet this virtual commute is also contingent upon their nonmovement: virtual migration enables agents" ******* END TEXT: "rpts points to a sense of virtual assimilation that is enacted as agents demonstrate proficiency in "
9781452940397 - page_82: "START TEXT: culture. Lloyd underscores the slippage between the performance of Americanness and the lack of expe" ******* END TEXT: "oliberal formation, practices of inclusion are contingent on a particular exclusion—not only of the "
9781452940397 - page_83: "START TEXT: trainees who fail the test, but also of those communication practices, those markers of Indianness t" ******* END TEXT: " such industry practices as watching Friends to taking on an American name to “talking about places "
9781452940397 - page_84: "START TEXT: I’ve never been to, have never seen.” His comments underscore what Ahmed would describe as the Orien" ******* END TEXT: "tion for call center agents. Like Ahmed (2006), Fanon’s attention to the corporeal exchange between "
9781452940397 - page_85: "START TEXT: colonial subject and colonizer is phenomenological wherein the implicit knowledge of the body itself" ******* END TEXT: " the time-space relations of call center labor: virtual migration is structured through a necessary "
9781452940397 - page_86: "START TEXT: slippage between the corporeal schema and the formation of consciousness, or sources of knowledge, t" ******* END TEXT: " she loses “culture,” the space it held becomes replaced by “mechanical work” of call center labor:\n"
9781452940397 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nOne thing is, we can’t spend time with family because we work in a different field. When we meet ou" ******* END TEXT: "cts, they become fluent in the jumble of events that make up American life. As they find themselves "
9781452940397 - page_88: "START TEXT: “missing” the “love and affection” within their corporeal encounters, agents undergo tremendous loss" ******* END TEXT: "al would happen and the customer used to ask us, so, you know? We can’t act like, “Okay, what Super "
9781452940397 - page_89: "START TEXT: Bowl?” So there was [pause] we had a newsletter in which all the American sports were happening. In " ******* END TEXT: "gement in U.S., U.K., and Canadian call centers. Research on Western call centers demonstrates that "
9781452940397 - page_90: "START TEXT: agents undergo extensive electronic monitoring, resulting in high levels of turnover as agents navig" ******* END TEXT: "ion is shot through with a sense of displacement and exhaustion, as well as the need to continually "
9781452940397 - page_91: "START TEXT: recover themselves. As Samir explains, “I ask them [agents] what they do on weekends, and the most c" ******* END TEXT: "splacement to notions of light and dark, day and night. These references to natural markers of time "
9781452940397 - page_92: "START TEXT: underscore the “strangeness” of agents’ bodily inhabitance, rendering it temporally out of sync. Sam" ******* END TEXT: "iplined to align their bodily inhabitance to connect with those occurring halfway around the globe.\n"
9781452940397 - page_93: "START TEXT: The costs of working the night shift, as Reena Patel (2010) notes, are intensified for women, for wh" ******* END TEXT: "t Ekaraj specifies the unhealthy “food switch” that accompany working the night or rotating shift:\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_94: "START TEXT: When I work in the night, another problem is your food switch[es]. You don’t have your three meals. " ******* END TEXT: "ess and consolidates a particular corporeal connection, even to a small piece of the natural world.\n"
9781452940397 - page_95: "START TEXT: Samir underscores the revitalizing power of stolen moments, allowing him to regain a sense of contro" ******* END TEXT: "Call center labor, then, is contingent on a host of concessions, suppressions, and reconfigurations "
9781452940397 - page_96: "START TEXT: of agents’ daily inhabitance. These activities are designed to accommodate the perceived needs and s" ******* END TEXT: "ter chapter and which is evidenced in Avantika’s narration—develop intimate ties with other agents.\n"
9781452940397 - page_97: "START TEXT: Such affective ties constitute call center agents as a hybridized transnational sociality. This soci" ******* END TEXT: " to produce positive affects in his callers under the rigid constraints of “tak[ing] enough calls.”\n"
9781452940397 - page_98: "START TEXT: Agents often describe the schedules and the cultural shifts that accompany call center labor as trou" ******* END TEXT: "l center worker as neoliberal subject within a framework informed by phenomenology that underscores "
9781452940397 - page_99: "START TEXT: the world-facing project of Orientalism. This framework enables us to attend to the embodied and aff" ******* END TEXT: "of postpanoptic power relations is to attend to the ways in which the category of experience itself "
9781452940397 - page_100: "START TEXT: becomes destabilized. Experience becomes stretched to its limit and reconstituted by the sheer force" ******* END TEXT: "ys both metaphorical and material, carry the freight of the time-space compression on their backs.\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_101: "START TEXT: 3    “I Interact with People from All Over the World”\n\nThe Politics of Virtual Citizenship\n\nThe most" ******* END TEXT: "tizenship were rooted in a sense of national belonging in which the nation is imagined as a bounded "
9781452940397 - page_102: "START TEXT: and unified territory; the surrender of the will of the individual to the sovereign nation-state is " ******* END TEXT: "ral identity (names, accents), locally driven rhythms, and relational ties to mobilize their labor, "
9781452940397 - page_103: "START TEXT: and indeed their subject positions, in the service of neoliberalism. This chapter contextualizes the" ******* END TEXT: "the politics of recognition through which the nation imagines itself.9 This outward-looking gaze in "
9781452940397 - page_104: "START TEXT: turn shapes how call center agents value their labor vis-à-vis the nation and the West. Just as Indi" ******* END TEXT: " in which the daily interactions between Indian call center agents and American callers unfold. For "
9781452940397 - page_105: "START TEXT: Indian call center agents, the American dream of global leadership, visibility, and recognition come" ******* END TEXT: "ough a vexed relationship to its expansive population, simultaneously cast as the nation’s greatest "
9781452940397 - page_106: "START TEXT: weakness and its greatest potential strength. After all, the story goes, one of the world’s largest " ******* END TEXT: "hat is very nice and positive working at the call center. (Pavitra, I2U, personal interview, 2004)\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_107: "START TEXT: For Pavitra, the world “easily” falls within her grasp as she is repeatedly hailed by faraway others" ******* END TEXT: "l center agents experience an empowering sense of national belonging that is mediated through their "
9781452940397 - page_108: "START TEXT: daily communicative encounters with globally distant others. As agents’ subjectivities are reshaped " ******* END TEXT: " a global subject empowers her to feel more fully, or legitimately, like an Indian citizen-subject.\n"
9781452940397 - page_109: "START TEXT: Roshan calls herself an introvert, but call center labor has “opened up” her “small world.” She wear" ******* END TEXT: "oldness, it also places them in a vexed relationship to tradition. For instance, Patel sees women’s "
9781452940397 - page_110: "START TEXT: presence in the nightscape is the primary source of the disruption of tradition, while Avantika attr" ******* END TEXT: " displays of “deference” to managers’ higher position. Agents communicate with a sense of their own "
9781452940397 - page_111: "START TEXT: power, which levels their differential positionalities: “they’ll treat you like colleagues.” This le" ******* END TEXT: "rs the ways in which this very sense of globality is mediated through transnational America. Indian "
9781452940397 - page_112: "START TEXT: citizenship becomes permeated with and inseparable from transnational American citizenship as the Am" ******* END TEXT: "l center agents, who offer glowing accounts of working with and for Americans. This affect provides "
9781452940397 - page_113: "START TEXT: a sense of how virtual migration shapes their subjectivities. In their accounts, Americanness and ne" ******* END TEXT: "ent as one she gains from her capacity to overcome geographic distance as she virtually migrates to "
9781452940397 - page_114: "START TEXT: America—or between India and America, as the passage also suggest a simultaneous investment in Ameri" ******* END TEXT: "cal power relations might productively be understood within a larger context: economic shifts under "
9781452940397 - page_115: "START TEXT: contemporary globalization continually unsettle such relations. Placed in a global context, agents a" ******* END TEXT: "ipathetic to the modern America society that ‘discovers,’ ‘welcomes,’ and ‘domesticates’ them” (5).\n"
9781452940397 - page_116: "START TEXT: U.S. American citizenship in the 1980s and 1990s was constructed against the figure of the illegal a" ******* END TEXT: "ong South Asian groups and the long-standing presence of these populations in the United States).18\n"
9781452940397 - page_117: "START TEXT: Contemporary U.S. national identity is vexed by a host of global and national forces. The transnatio" ******* END TEXT: "out in the interpersonal exchanges between agents and American callers. Consider Jaffer’s account:\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_118: "START TEXT: I spoke to a lady whose son was into a call center. When I asked for her son, she was like, “Are you" ******* END TEXT: "ian? I don’t want to speak to an Indian. Get out! Get me an American on my line.’ I wonder how they "
9781452940397 - page_119: "START TEXT: [Americans] would be able to serve you better?” (365 Call, focus group interview, 2006). American ca" ******* END TEXT: "culated American male breadwinner. The deterritorialization of the American dream “separates traits "
9781452940397 - page_120: "START TEXT: associated with middle-class American masculinity, while reterritorializing such features in skilled" ******* END TEXT: " contestation gets played out in the mediated encounter of the phone call. For example, call center "
9781452940397 - page_121: "START TEXT: agent Sanjana shares a story in which “this consumer said, ‘Are you from India?’ [ … ] So I said, ‘Y" ******* END TEXT: "nterview to try to develop an account of the caller’s subordination of her Indianness: she wants to "
9781452940397 - page_122: "START TEXT: square this experience with her idealized notions of America. By the end of Sanjana’s long interview" ******* END TEXT: "e interview to get answers to her own questions about America. In the process, she incorporates her "
9781452940397 - page_123: "START TEXT: interviewer, Sheena, as a diasporic ally. Sanjana positions Sheena as more knowledgeable about Ameri" ******* END TEXT: "eign and imposed from the outside. Yet skin color politics pervade popular culture and advertising, "
9781452940397 - page_124: "START TEXT: even as othering discourses are explicitly attached to axes of caste, religion, region, and class. T" ******* END TEXT: "whiteness is produced over and against the rejection of blackness. As he puts it, blackness is “not "
9781452940397 - page_125: "START TEXT: in part with which” whiteness/Americanness defines itself. Whereas U.S. race is constructed along bl" ******* END TEXT: " to go burn in the sun to get the tan. I had people getting very few e-mails like that.” As with the"
9781452940397 - page_126: "START TEXT: excerpts above, Lloyd calibrates American racism through the visual politics of skin color and recl" ******* END TEXT: " center exchange as micro and macro forces converge within the condensed site of virtual migration.\n"
9781452940397 - page_127: "START TEXT: “WE’RE A GLOBAL COMPANY”: STRATEGIES OF RESISTANCE AND INCORPORATION\nThe strategies of resistance th" ******* END TEXT: "American callers through neoliberal calculations. Agents marshal neoliberalism against U.S. racism.\n"
9781452940397 - page_128: "START TEXT: As we argue above, the power of the American dream interpellates a wide range of neoliberal subjects" ******* END TEXT: "arket’s progressive operations, they “conceal” another set of relations: those “which do not appear "
9781452940397 - page_129: "START TEXT: on the surface but are concealed in the ‘hidden abode’ of production” (35). The hidden aspects of th" ******* END TEXT: "S. to lower cost countries [ … ] This is another thing [pause] another side effect of globalization "
9781452940397 - page_130: "START TEXT: you’ve got to be prepared for. You can’t fight it. You got to join in and make the most of it [pause" ******* END TEXT: "f belonging and exclusion that get played out within Indian call center labor. Our readings of call "
9781452940397 - page_131: "START TEXT: center workers’ stories suggest that while neoliberalism is certainly recasting the conditions of ci" ******* END TEXT: "rs as seeking to banish Indian workers from the virtual borderlands of the call center exchange. In "
9781452940397 - page_132: "START TEXT: moments such as these, the borders of the U.S. nation-state are mobilized within a virtual contact z" ******* END TEXT: "nomic growth, such as outsourcing, body shopping, and virtual migration, also relocate increasingly "
9781452940397 - page_133: "START TEXT: desirable jobs outside of the United States and often in India. Perhaps these processes of exchange," ******* END TEXT: "It suggests that while call center workers remain in India, their subjectivities are formed through "
9781452940397 - page_134: "START TEXT: a hybrid convergence of Indian, American, and global forces of inclusion and exclusion.\nFrom this hy" ******* END TEXT: " to circumscribe the terms of inclusion and exclusion through which self and other are negotiated.\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_135: "START TEXT: 4   “I’m Going to Sing It the Way Eminem Sings It”\n\nIndia’s Network Geography\n\nIf you like the music" ******* END TEXT: "demarcates his performance of American icon, Eminem, as distinct from “the way an Indian sings it.”\n"
9781452940397 - page_136: "START TEXT: In such moments as the one narrated by Kapil, the Americanization produced through call center labor" ******* END TEXT: "se encounters. The money she earns allows her to buy into the lifestyle she has only formerly viewed"
9781452940397 - page_137: "START TEXT: as a spectator. Now she herself enters the action of a scripted American lifestyle, whether it is t" ******* END TEXT: "e, call center agents are continually immersed in the virtual borderlands between India and America."
9781452940397 - page_138: "START TEXT: We cannot account for these extensive shifts through one-dimensional explorations of social space. " ******* END TEXT: "ernization for a loss of Indian culture. Perhaps more worrisome to call center workers is the extent"
9781452940397 - page_139: "START TEXT: to which agents internalize, and in turn come to embody, American culture. Although agents often re" ******* END TEXT: "ross national territories. The concept serves as a useful frame to examine the new Indian identities"
9781452940397 - page_140: "START TEXT: emerging in the call center industry. However, the notion of a diaspora often presumes a point of a" ******* END TEXT: "a distinct group through certain cultural codes that are identified by outsiders. These meanings are"
9781452940397 - page_141: "START TEXT: constructed in the moment of sense making by demarcating distinction. They define the parameters fo" ******* END TEXT: "hich the call center club is figured as a new and different—and indeed unsettling—social formation.\n"
9781452940397 - page_142: "START TEXT: Virtual migration invites us to rethink the boundaries of the category of diaspora. As Appadurai ([1" ******* END TEXT: "ore is getting in the U.S., I should say. Isn’t it? We’re talking about being Bangalored! So in that"
9781452940397 - page_143: "START TEXT: way, the U.S. is right here. Other than definitely Las Vegas and Niagara Falls, I think you get eve" ******* END TEXT: " is positioned as the telos toward which India is moving. Yet this “toward” is complicated by Raja’s"
9781452940397 - page_144: "START TEXT: nationalistic ambivalence, which distinguishes an “away” from America that is vital to the formatio" ******* END TEXT: "emerges as temporally behind the unacknowledged referent of America. The nation’s uneven development"
9781452940397 - page_145: "START TEXT: is marked through India’s temporal lag as the nation must “catch up” to America’s “infrastructure,”" ******* END TEXT: " and the call center as a family. As Ronit puts it, “As the H.R. head I was head of the family.” The"
9781452940397 - page_146: "START TEXT: family metaphor positions management to assume responsibility for the impressionable youth they ove" ******* END TEXT: "ween India’s rising middle class and Indians living in the United States are not entirely distinct.\n"
9781452940397 - page_147: "START TEXT: VIRTUAL ASSIMILATION IN NETWORK GEOGRAPHY AND TEMPORALITY ACROSS REGIONAL BOUNDARIES\nGlobalization t" ******* END TEXT: "nship between the time-space processes through which the diasporic subject is produced. This section"
9781452940397 - page_148: "START TEXT: rethinks the category diaspora through the slippage between material and virtual migration. For ins" ******* END TEXT: " to this industry. I come from an entirely different background culture: I am from the northeast. In"
9781452940397 - page_149: "START TEXT: fact, he [pointing to one of the other focus group participants] was the one who rectruited me ther" ******* END TEXT: "sion in the virtual borderlands entails a performance that he cannot merely leave at the door of the"
9781452940397 - page_150: "START TEXT: call center. Rather, Taiba feels he may have changed beyond recognition: he frames the accelerated " ******* END TEXT: "nt will, in turn, develop “all the others around” her. Over the course of the conversation, we learn"
9781452940397 - page_151: "START TEXT: that those around her include the family members she left behind in Goa. This collective sense of d" ******* END TEXT: "at may either begin before phsyical migration or may enable virtual migration. This pedagogy signals"
9781452940397 - page_152: "START TEXT: the extent to which class mobility is bound up in American-style assimilation.13 It suggests that a" ******* END TEXT: "ation of the culture (that is, consumer practices) of the American customer. Training practices such"
9781452940397 - page_153: "START TEXT: as those Ganesh describes provide a pedagogical site in which agents are assimilated (Americanized)" ******* END TEXT: "ridized sensibilities that inform industry practices. For instance, the use of nicknames is a common"
9781452940397 - page_154: "START TEXT: practice in India as a sign of intimacy; family members often give children affectionate nicknames " ******* END TEXT: " Freeman’s rich ethnographic study of Barbadian women working in the outsourced informatics industry"
9781452940397 - page_155: "START TEXT: examines the production of the worker/consumer. Building on her work, we consider the ways in which" ******* END TEXT: "emporality of credit in which immediate gain is secured through future debt. Anila suggests that the"
9781452940397 - page_156: "START TEXT: credit card is a marker of entrance into the call center industry, which interpellates agents into " ******* END TEXT: "ff their latest cell phones that they have. (Harish, Premier Accounting, personal interview, 2005)\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_157: "START TEXT: Harish is part of the group of call center leadership who claims that agents are an “immediately id" ******* END TEXT: "on and dispossession, is recast through his immersion in the call center industry. Samir underscores"
9781452940397 - page_158: "START TEXT: the role of the call center industry in cultivating the agents’ relationship to credit as a functio" ******* END TEXT: "ds, including trips to San Juan, Miami, and New York; sending thank-you cards. These strategies, she"
9781452940397 - page_159: "START TEXT: argues, are designed to cultivate informatics laborers as worker/consumers within a global economy." ******* END TEXT: "threat to Indian identity. He worries about a “loss of control” that agents experience when they get"
9781452940397 - page_160: "START TEXT: money and a sense of freedom. Saurabh is concerned about intergenerational conflict and a loss of I" ******* END TEXT: "gument, Saurabh goes so far as to suggest agents forego their identities as workers (they earn “easy"
9781452940397 - page_161: "START TEXT: money” but don’t take “it as a very serious career, or even thinking in the long term”) in favor of" ******* END TEXT: " is that, you know, in some areas resentment where they think, “Hey, why do we have to celebrate U.S"
9781452940397 - page_162: "START TEXT: holidays and take them off and not Indian holidays?” (Laveena, I2U, personal interview, 2005)\n\nFor " ******* END TEXT: "and maintain affective ties with family and friends outside of the industry. Alternatively, we argue"
9781452940397 - page_163: "START TEXT: here, agents tend to bond with each other. This section extends our previous discussion of affectiv" ******* END TEXT: "ut also animate how they build ties with those outside of the industry. For instance, Dev explains:\n"
9781452940397 - page_164: "START TEXT: \nWorking in the call center affects the people in my neighborhood, affects my friends and my family." ******* END TEXT: "joke signals a giddy awareness of interagent intimacies. Raja equivocates over the outcomes of these"
9781452940397 - page_165: "START TEXT: relationships: he is “not too sure if they end up in serious marriages, because quite a lot of them" ******* END TEXT: "ma suggests the extent to which Western cultural codes of intimacy have permeated call center life.\n"
9781452940397 - page_166: "START TEXT: Call center owner Laveena echoes Joel’s giddy affect when she describes the romances that go on in h" ******* END TEXT: ", but it’s like an offshoot. It happens. (Harish, Premier Accounting, focus group interview, 2005)\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_167: "START TEXT: Harish verbally registers surprise at his own realization that agents are “living in relationships—d" ******* END TEXT: "lems there.” His comment suggests the distance agents “travel” by virtue of their labor in ways that"
9781452940397 - page_168: "START TEXT: emulate Indians living in the diaspora. Lloyd’s persona mimics that of a diasporic subject, who can" ******* END TEXT: "re strains traditional relationships, again positioning agents to suture India’s temporal ruptures.\n"
9781452940397 - page_169: "START TEXT: Harish’s narrative provides a concrete sense of the potential loss that animates the uneasy “somethi" ******* END TEXT: " ties to their parents. They offer “family days, where [agents] invite their family to offices. They"
9781452940397 - page_170: "START TEXT: show them the workplace. They show them, ‘This is where your child goes and eats. This is where you" ******* END TEXT: "socially irresponsible if I did not do anything about it. (Laveena, I2U, personal interview, 2004)\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_171: "START TEXT: Laveena positions herself as a “responsible” mother to her children, and by extension to her agents" ******* END TEXT: "the family: the company both displaces and then affectively replaces the home. Yet Armaan’s parental"
9781452940397 - page_172: "START TEXT: identification, unlike Laveena’s, remains affectively removed. He does not hold himself responsible" ******* END TEXT: "rk in call centers become increasingly immersed in American culture, accent, and consumer practices."
9781452940397 - page_173: "START TEXT: Those communication and cultural habits in turn come to animate their lived experiences. Agents’ vi" ******* END TEXT: "ll center workers—agents and CEOs alike—must exert to synchronize India’s disparate temporalities.\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_174: "START TEXT:    Conclusion\n\nReturning the Call\n\nThe coolest thing [about call centers] is the infrastructure. We " ******* END TEXT: "rate time-space structures. These forces recalibrate and hybridize their already hybrid identities.\n"
9781452940397 - page_175: "START TEXT: The time-space terrain that animates Yadav’s account, as with those we’ve tracked throughout this s" ******* END TEXT: " ever were) so easily demarcated. Because clear spatial and temporal distinctions territorialize the"
9781452940397 - page_176: "START TEXT: production of difference, such uncertainties in turn animate new modes of inclusion and exclusion. " ******* END TEXT: "deed, the temporally inverted lives call center labor creates reconfigure agents’ bodily inhabitance"
9781452940397 - page_177: "START TEXT: (sore throats, coughing blood, nightmares, insomnia) as well as their affective orientation. “My da" ******* END TEXT: "rsion of globalization’s time-space compressions. Our ethnographic interviews within the Indian call"
9781452940397 - page_178: "START TEXT: center industry provide insights into the ways in which time is drawn out for agents in order to co" ******* END TEXT: "tween bodily inhabitance and virtual travel. The virtuality of various forms of mobility must remain"
9781452940397 - page_179: "START TEXT: a central nexus of analysis. Further, the uneven distribution of affective labor within such virtua" ******* END TEXT: "fts in Indian cultural life after liberalization. Our study demonstrates that there are identifiable"
9781452940397 - page_180: "START TEXT: shifts generated through agents’ participation in this industry—shifts that deepen or extend previo" ******* END TEXT: "heir daily lives, cultural practices, and intimate relations. The virtual thus reterritorializes the"
9781452940397 - page_181: "START TEXT: material, forging agents’ subjectivities with a sense of acceleration. As it does so, the industry " ******* END TEXT: "r the rising middle class. For instance, the Bay Area Council Economic Institute created a report on"
9781452940397 - page_182: "START TEXT: India’s growth, but the study also indicates new global connectivities between India and the United" ******* END TEXT: "ndian workforce doing America’s jobs may be even more threatening. Likewise, the anxieties expressed"
9781452940397 - page_183: "START TEXT: by callers explored in chapter 3 suggest the extent to which some Americans are deeply unsettled by" ******* END TEXT: "creasingly penetrates rural areas to save money on labor, overhead, and resources. Local spaces will"
9781452940397 - page_184: "START TEXT: continue to be revamped as the call center industry progressively permeates more traditional spaces" ******* END TEXT: " its services and labor practices while competitive in its pricing. The flexibility of transnational"
9781452940397 - page_185: "START TEXT: capital continually rewrites cartographies of outsourcing, making outsourcing a dynamic project.2 T" ******* END TEXT: "mobile labor force drives up the cost of outsourcing to India: mobile agents make the whole industry"
9781452940397 - page_186: "START TEXT: less competitive. Labor cost is a central factor contributing to the trend of consolidation within " ******* END TEXT: "based labor marks a symbolic and material reassertion of the territorial integrity of the nation and"
9781452940397 - page_187: "START TEXT: of the American dream. The return of call center labor to America thus marks a moment of containmen" ******* END TEXT: "sion to middle-class and lower-middle-class young workers. Laveena thinks these same practices—those"
9781452940397 - page_188: "START TEXT: that bridge the gap—hold tremendous potential for contemporary Indian nation building. The rise of " ******* END TEXT: "u know, twenty-four/seven, three hundred and sixty-five days of the year. When they have peaks, they"
9781452940397 - page_189: "START TEXT: can bring in folks. So there is a hurricane in the U.S. and call centers have to be staffed up—they" ******* END TEXT: "ight that neoliberalism must be understood as both an economic theory and a powerful public pedagogy"
9781452940397 - page_190: "START TEXT: and cultural politics. The economic and cultural manifestations of neoliberalism must be actively a" ******* END TEXT: " in becoming a neoliberal subject is to “ensure” one’s inclusion within the structures of neoliberal"
9781452940397 - page_191: "START TEXT: pedagogy. The power of the training is contingent on the students submitting themselves to being tr" ******* END TEXT: "eady tested thousands of students like us in India. Less than 10 percent got jobs. Don’t be thinking"
9781452940397 - page_192: "START TEXT: that PREPS is trying to make fools of us. Actually, don’t you read [the] papers? Everywhere they ar" ******* END TEXT: "ally good as a long-term, high-potential employee, right? (Laveena, I2U, personal interview, 2009)\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_193: "START TEXT: In the absence of traveling the globe, the rising middle-class student is invited to participate in " ******* END TEXT: "ow the weaponized radical Islamicist state or terror cell rather than the neighborhood bigot” (5–6)."
9781452940397 - page_194: "START TEXT: This is not to flatten the distinctions between U.S. and Indian nation-building projects, but rathe" ******* END TEXT: "lusion that Laveena’s project aims to generate are in many ways limited before they even begin. In a"
9781452940397 - page_195: "START TEXT: post-9/11 historical context, in which American borders will remain vigilantly protected, virtual c" ******* END TEXT: "ough which agents traverse time and travel the globe, never to return home to the way things were.\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_197: "START TEXT:    Notes\n\n \nINTRODUCTION\n1. A salwar kameez is a traditional North Indian form of dress, which consi" ******* END TEXT: "ang’s study highlights the significant changes and mobility that this industry practice affords some"
9781452940397 - page_198: "START TEXT: workers, but the call center industry is different in important ways. In this industry, the agents " ******* END TEXT: "these books throughout our text. Earlier productive conversations in this area that include specific"
9781452940397 - page_199: "START TEXT: work on Indian call centers are Mirchandani (2004), Pal and Buzzanell (2008), and Shome (2006). Stu" ******* END TEXT: " interest, including material resources and trade routes to consumer-workers (Bardhan and Patwardhan"
9781452940397 - page_200: "START TEXT: 2004). It was as a British colony that India’s long-standing contact with Western culture began, an" ******* END TEXT: "between the United States and India have become increasingly important means of exchange within late"
9781452940397 - page_201: "START TEXT: capitalism. India’s double-digit GDP growth in the past few years has been cast within contemporary" ******* END TEXT: "alling into question both the conditions of call center work and the responsibility of multinational"
9781452940397 - page_202: "START TEXT: corporations for employee safety. It was a highly charged case that drew sharp responses from acros" ******* END TEXT: "ern philosophy” (1993, 3). Contemporary globalization theorists attending to questions of virtuality"
9781452940397 - page_203: "START TEXT: also risk eliding the centrality of embodiment: “Embodiment has been systematically downplayed or e" ******* END TEXT: "nnels in a privatized satellite television universe. The sudden media presence of networks like MTV,"
9781452940397 - page_204: "START TEXT: CNN, Discovery, and NBC led to a newfound fascination with the West, as well as many debates about " ******* END TEXT: " a discourse of neoliberalism making possible struggles for rights through consumerist practices and"
9781452940397 - page_205: "START TEXT: imaginaries that came to be used both inside and outside the territorial boundaries of the United S" ******* END TEXT: " seen as solid (fixed, stagnant, enduring, impenetrable) to contemporary social relations, which are"
9781452940397 - page_206: "START TEXT: marked by their fluidity. The communication processes through which call center labor is mediated e" ******* END TEXT: "ural theory to cultivate such rhetorical methods and epistemologies as those imagined by Mosco.\n42. "
9781452940397 - page_207: "START TEXT: Clifford Geertz (1977), James Clifford (1988), and Kamala Visweswaran (1994) have provided rich anal" ******* END TEXT: "ism does not displace nation-states but rather exists in complex relationships to them. This chapter"
9781452940397 - page_208: "START TEXT: extends these arguments in two ways. First, whereas both Harvey and Ong attend to the spatial compo" ******* END TEXT: "d HBO distribution. These components of the films’ production and circulation, read with and against"
9781452940397 - page_209: "START TEXT: their United States–centered framing, provide productive sites through which to interrogate these t" ******* END TEXT: "the viewer is invited to see. Thus, the filmic strategies through which this positioning is managed,"
9781452940397 - page_210: "START TEXT: produced, and crafted suture the viewer into the film’s movement and look, and hence its time-space" ******* END TEXT: "es to go unchallenged, skillfully masked as it is by its righteous mission” (Minh-Ha 1990, 84).\n15. "
9781452940397 - page_211: "START TEXT: The structure of the suture organizes time-space relations into a seamless narrative by stitching to" ******* END TEXT: ", showing him the path to modern masculinity, particularly in relation to the gendered dimensions of"
9781452940397 - page_212: "START TEXT: home life. In this scene, we see how this fraternalism generates class solidarity that supersedes n" ******* END TEXT: "the very practices through which nation and state are mediated and produced” (Alexander 2005, 195).\n"
9781452940397 - page_213: "START TEXT: 24. This progress narrative also traffics in a 1950s nostalgia of unfettered white male control. Sal" ******* END TEXT: "that inhabit and move unevenly through space. Space is arranged in ways that facilitate the movement"
9781452940397 - page_214: "START TEXT: of those who hold power and seek to immobilize and/or forcibly move those who are dominated (Carril" ******* END TEXT: " unfolding relationship with America. This account charts an imagined migration that, now some forty"
9781452940397 - page_215: "START TEXT: years later, ushers Indian call center agents into a different moment of modernity as an imagined c" ******* END TEXT: "overnments are devised, applied, adjudicated in relation to these differences” (18). Grewal’s theory"
9781452940397 - page_216: "START TEXT: of transnational connectivities allows us to theorize the uneven connections to the global availabl" ******* END TEXT: "nstitutive of the visual encounter unravels in the virtual contact: “By decoupling identity from any"
9781452940397 - page_217: "START TEXT: analogical relation to the visible body, online self-invention effectively places everyone in the p" ******* END TEXT: "92). New sites of belonging, often imagined as postnational and oriented around sexuality, diasporic"
9781452940397 - page_218: "START TEXT: experience, social movements, and cosmopolitanism, are emerging alongside of—and at times in contes" ******* END TEXT: "s outsourcing. Such displacements disrupt a national imaginary based on clearly defined boundaries.\n"
9781452940397 - page_219: "START TEXT: 5. For instance, Appadurai’s ([1996] 2000) account of the postnational frames it as an accomplishmen" ******* END TEXT: "mpelling point for the politics of recognition. As India emerges onto the global stage, its national"
9781452940397 - page_220: "START TEXT: identity is increasingly constructed and imagined through the gaze of the West. The politics of rec" ******* END TEXT: "omehow free of regulation” (6). The previous chapter considered the ways in which Indian call center"
9781452940397 - page_221: "START TEXT: agents’ participation in the American dream circulated through a particular kind of sociocultural, " ******* END TEXT: "y for Muslim immigrant youth, for transnational ties and shifting national allegiances are precisely"
9781452940397 - page_222: "START TEXT: what have come under scrutiny for Muslim Americans by the state in the era of the PATRIOT Act” (712" ******* END TEXT: "ria Anzaldúa’s This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color (1983) stands out as a"
9781452940397 - page_223: "START TEXT: politicizing text, vision, and movement in the formation of radical women of color as both an ident" ******* END TEXT: " rising tide lifts all boats (see Blumenthal 1986 for a longer discussion). Sometimes conflated with"
9781452940397 - page_224: "START TEXT: supply-side economics and the assumption of a trickle-down effect, this old saying was evoked by th" ******* END TEXT: "ound to the force and focus of heterosexual/heteronormative reproduction and the ever-present figure"
9781452940397 - page_225: "START TEXT: of the child. The child, as the center and repository of the future, structures the present in its " ******* END TEXT: " from an original homeland” or “the expansion from a homeland in search of work, in pursuit of trade"
9781452940397 - page_226: "START TEXT: or to further colonial ambitions” (Fludernik 2003, xii). The term diaspora circulates across discip" ******* END TEXT: " through its potentially expansive reach and inclusion. Fernandes notes the rhetorical production of"
9781452940397 - page_227: "START TEXT: rural and lower-class aspiration that is materialized through consumer practices. The reconstitutio" ******* END TEXT: ", does the call center industry generate specific conditions for the formation of the agents’ soul?\n"
9781452940397 - page_228: "START TEXT: CONCLUSION\n1. This position is in tension with the conditions of, and rhetoric surrounding, the U.S." ******* END TEXT: "gainst Pakistani terror camps, it instead has relied on the U.N. and NATO to mediate the conflict.\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_229: "START TEXT:    Bibliography\n\n \n\nAbramson, Bram Dov. 2002. “Internet Globalization and the Political Economy of I" ******* END TEXT: "lence, Representation, and the Formation of a Sikh “Diaspora.” Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.\n"
9781452940397 - page_230: "START TEXT: _______. 2002. “The Diasporic Imaginary.” Public Culture 14 (2): 411–28.\nBaldwin, Elaine, Brian Long" ******* END TEXT: "tics of Rhetoric and Space in the Formation of U.S. Nationalism.” Radical History Review 89:115–34.\n"
9781452940397 - page_231: "START TEXT: Castells, Manuel. 1989. The Informational City: Information Technology, Economic Restructuring, and " ******* END TEXT: "lass: Democratic Politics in an Era of Economic Reform. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.\n"
9781452940397 - page_232: "START TEXT: Fernandez, Roberto M., and M. Lourdes Sosa. 2005. “Gendering the Job: Networks and Recruitment at a " ******* END TEXT: "ledge.\nHansen, Mark B. N. 2006. Bodies in Code: Interfaces with Digital Media. New York: Routledge.\n"
9781452940397 - page_233: "START TEXT: Hardt, Michael. 2003. “Affective Labor.” Presented at the Make World Festival. make worlds.org.\nHard" ******* END TEXT: "ast 101 Die; Americans, Britons Apparently Sought as Hostages.” Los Angeles Times, November 27, A1.\n"
9781452940397 - page_234: "START TEXT: Maira, Sunaina. 2008. “Flexible Citizenship/Flexible Empire: South Asian Muslim Youth in Post-9/11 " ******* END TEXT: "ing Is Changing the Way Indians Understand Themselves. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.\n"
9781452940397 - page_235: "START TEXT: Nakamura, Lisa. 2002. Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet. New York: Routledge" ******* END TEXT: "ce Work If You Can Get It: Life and Labor in Precarious Times. New York: New York University Press.\n"
9781452940397 - page_236: "START TEXT: Said, Edward. (1978) 2003. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books.\nSassen, Saskia. 2000. “New Frontier" ******* END TEXT: "sity Press.\n30 Days. 2006. “Outsourcing.” Produced by Todd Lubin. Television program. FX, August 2.\n"
9781452940397 - page_237: "START TEXT: Tracy, Sarah. 2000. “Becoming a Character for Commerce: Emotional Labor, Self-Subordination, and Dis" ******* END TEXT: "an’s Identity Established as Pakistani.” Dawn .com. January 8. archives.dawn.com/archives/142073.\n\n\n"
9781452940397 - page_245: "START TEXT: AIMEE CARRILLO ROWE is associate professor of communication studies at California State University, " ******* END TEXT: " a doctoral candidate in the Hugh Downs School of Human Communication at Arizona State University.\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_i: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9781452941516 - page_ii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9781452941516 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_iv: "START TEXT: A different version of chapter 2 was published as “Regimes within Regimes: Film and Fashion Cultures" ******* END TEXT: "edu\nISBN 9781452941516\nThe University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer.\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_V: "START TEXT: FOR MY FATHER, JU-HO CHUNG\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "FOR MY FATHER, JU-HO CHUNG\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_vi: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9781452941516 - page_vii: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\n\n    Introduction: Visible Ruptures, Invisible Borders\n1  The Century’s Illuminations  The " ******* END TEXT: "nt Pictures\n\n    Acknowledgments\n    Notes\n    Shin Sang-ok Filmography\n    Bibliography\n    Index\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_viii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9781452941516 - page_1: "START TEXT: INTRODUCTION\nVisible Ruptures, Invisible Borders\n\nFocus\nAmid a life saturated with the production of" ******* END TEXT: "control, that makes this image a compelling artifact for a history of film on the Korean peninsula.\n"
9781452941516 - page_2: "START TEXT: What makes it more provocative, however, is that it captures a moment on location somewhere in North" ******* END TEXT: "m Festival was halted at the last minute and a 2009 showing at Seoul’s Korean Film Archive required "
9781452941516 - page_3: "START TEXT: audiences to register their attendance with national identification numbers. But, beyond the way the" ******* END TEXT: "al and political reality is always in excess of the means of its representation, putting to serious "
9781452941516 - page_4: "START TEXT: question any project that would seek to leverage an analysis of film into insights about political a" ******* END TEXT: "erve as a means of exposing closures and limitations in the study of nation, culture, and politics.\n"
9781452941516 - page_5: "START TEXT: Split\nShin Sang-ok was born in 1926 to a well-to-do family in the most northerly stretch of the Kore" ******* END TEXT: "Park Chung Hee regime could not, however, save his studios from a collision with either the erosion "
9781452941516 - page_6: "START TEXT: by the very late 1960s of the film industry as a whole or the intensified moral and political contro" ******* END TEXT: " yŏnghwa yŏtda). The label, evoking the dramatic reversals and enigmatic performances of a lifetime "
9781452941516 - page_7: "START TEXT: spent making films, is characteristically overstated but nonetheless apt in its suggestion of the ri" ******* END TEXT: "litical negotiation of the national within the global, and, perhaps most notoriously, the conflicts "
9781452941516 - page_8: "START TEXT: and continuities of North–South national division. In none of these instances, however, each with th" ******* END TEXT: "only for their relative novelty but also because of the danger, within the reinvigorated historical "
9781452941516 - page_9: "START TEXT: materialism, of positivistically reducing the protean valences of film making to social, cultural, a" ******* END TEXT: "engendered in recent speculation about the “Korean Wave,” is what Rey Chow has called an “obstinate "
9781452941516 - page_10: "START TEXT: discourse of nativism” that cinches the boundaries of an already constricted research field.7 One of" ******* END TEXT: "nel who had cooperated with imperial power. In other words, postliberation Korea, especially in the "
9781452941516 - page_11: "START TEXT: southern half of its division, was conditioned by the classic ambivalences of postcoloniality.\nOn th" ******* END TEXT: "r reach was severely limited by the extreme socioeconomic unevenness and the rudimentary industrial "
9781452941516 - page_12: "START TEXT: infrastructures that defined the cultural field through the 1950s. The mass culture of newspapers, m" ******* END TEXT: "by their close connections to Japanese and American culture and education.13 It is crucial to note, "
9781452941516 - page_13: "START TEXT: however, that mass culture did not sit at the opposite end of the cultural field. In fact, it is pos" ******* END TEXT: "—speak definitively of an overt willingness to cooperate with corporate and governmental authority.\n"
9781452941516 - page_14: "START TEXT: But there are serious limitations in the conceptual apparatus that would consign Shin Sang-ok to pol" ******* END TEXT: "l conclusion, would consign virtually all Korean filmmaking of the postwar period to the dustbin of "
9781452941516 - page_15: "START TEXT: political conservatism or vacuity. A counterweight to this theoretical void might be taken from Jacq" ******* END TEXT: "ant cinema is better served by a critical vision that takes account of contemporaneous developments "
9781452941516 - page_16: "START TEXT: in global cinema and culture; and further, the effort to fully engage Shin’s films itself necessitat" ******* END TEXT: "c forms. A close examination of Shin’s melodramas, which were produced in markedly close connection "
9781452941516 - page_17: "START TEXT: with the fashion industry, discloses a self-conscious identification with American popular culture a" ******* END TEXT: " more generally, were either complicit with authoritarian rule or, conversely, lacked any political "
9781452941516 - page_18: "START TEXT: commitment whatsoever. To this end, the chapter furnishes a synchronic historical account of how the" ******* END TEXT: "raphy. The chapter concludes by mapping the complex continuities and discontinuities represented by "
9781452941516 - page_19: "START TEXT: Shin’s filmmaking in North Korea against the state’s geopolitical position in the 1980s, suggesting " ******* END TEXT: " Korea, reflects on the local social and political conditions of his uncommonly cosmopolitan career."
9781452941516 - page_20: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_21: "START TEXT: 1\n \nTHE CENTURY’S ILLUMINATIONS\n\n\n \n\n\n \n \nThe Enlightenment Mode in Korean Cinema\n\n\n\nI WANT TO BEGIN" ******* END TEXT: "” (kyemong) has not only been cast as a future aspiration or a characterization of the present, but "
9781452941516 - page_22: "START TEXT: has just as often been figured as a remnant of the past. In virtually every period of major cultural" ******* END TEXT: "d venues for their exhibition; the preference given to or pressure placed on critics and ideologues "
9781452941516 - page_23: "START TEXT: who championed socially “engaged” and politically “healthy” filmmaking; the advent of awards, funds," ******* END TEXT: "Enlightenment, in this institutional form, acts as shorthand for mainstream propaganda: politically "
9781452941516 - page_24: "START TEXT: motivated and underwritten work that mobilizes stock narrative and thematic tropes in a commercial f" ******* END TEXT: "od family melodrama, Williams boldly argued for melodrama’s place as a “fundamental mode of popular "
9781452941516 - page_25: "START TEXT: American motion pictures.”6 As a modality, melodrama for Williams cannot be equated with specific ge" ******* END TEXT: "in Korea and the fashion in which their relationship has been rendered in contemporary scholarship.\n"
9781452941516 - page_26: "START TEXT: Guiding Write\nThe precedents and resonances of the cinematic mode of enlightenment are multiple and " ******* END TEXT: "he enlightenment film stood at the vanguard of movements that sought advancement through the agency "
9781452941516 - page_27: "START TEXT: of compelling art. For others, as we saw above, it bore the stink of stagnant literary forms, of a t" ******* END TEXT: "core narrative arc, in which students move down from Seoul to carry out “labor praxis” in farms and "
9781452941516 - page_28: "START TEXT: factories, would remain intact. Across these modifications, the basic ideological outline of enlight" ******* END TEXT: "hi-ha and Sin Tong-hyŏp invoked folk figures and traditions such as p’ansori and madanggŭk in their "
9781452941516 - page_29: "START TEXT: vivid indictments of class privilege and authoritarian control.15 The seemingly endless string of po" ******* END TEXT: "relates to the cinema, whose arrival in Korea roughly coincides with the advent of modernity itself "
9781452941516 - page_30: "START TEXT: and whose existence is irreducibly contingent on a new set of political, commercial, and technologic" ******* END TEXT: "re produced and consumed and the more public practices through which their meanings are constructed "
9781452941516 - page_31: "START TEXT: pose an additional set of questions about the maintenance of “enlightenment” as a cultural and polit" ******* END TEXT: "crisy of bourgeois society and its popular arts.”20 With the intensification of social and cultural "
9781452941516 - page_32: "START TEXT: control that accompanied Japanese military mobilization, such discourse would begin to lose its nati" ******* END TEXT: "ŏnghwa chejak chusik hoesa) would change. Films like Volunteer Soldier (Chiwŏn pyŏng, 1941) and The "
9781452941516 - page_33: "START TEXT: Chosŏn Straits (Chosŏn haehyŏp, 1943) mobilized the didactic and populist form toward inciting loyal" ******* END TEXT: "e particular “undercurrent” (amryu) and “beauty” of Chosŏn film is lost because of its inability to "
9781452941516 - page_34: "START TEXT: capture that essence with any expertise. Sŏ Kwang-je, the most active and perhaps most astute partic" ******* END TEXT: " imperialist mission as an unpardonable sin. An Sŏk-yŏng would direct another archetypal militarist "
9781452941516 - page_35: "START TEXT: film, Volunteer Soldier, but his most significant contributions to the empire lay in his leadership " ******* END TEXT: "ted way by Im Hwa. From approximately 1936 onward, Im’s writings inflect a shift toward a sustained "
9781452941516 - page_36: "START TEXT: critique of what he described as the “crudeness” and “artificiality” of the left-wing “tendency” sch" ******* END TEXT: "ts codes and concerns are easily detected—most especially in anxious articulations of the desire to "
9781452941516 - page_37: "START TEXT: catch up with or match other cinemas, whether it was the centralized socialist filmmaking of the Sov" ******* END TEXT: "alth of a real enterprise. The rest are just small-fry that make one or two films and disappear.31\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_38: "START TEXT: Another editorial in the Chosŏn Ilbo (June 1959) noted that, “while the sheer production numbers of " ******* END TEXT: "ces of the Enlightenment Film Association he cofounded with Pang Ŭi-sŏk in 1945), it is no surprise "
9781452941516 - page_39: "START TEXT: that the deeply conservative Yun would champion both the new film laws and the Park regime’s program" ******* END TEXT: "ing degrees, the mode both predates and follows on the work of that period. The very earliest films "
9781452941516 - page_40: "START TEXT: produced in Chosŏn, in fact, were enlightenment films that were earnestly instructional and closely " ******* END TEXT: "7) and Sin Kyŏng-kyun’s A New Vow (Saeroun maengsŏ, 1947) followed with remarkable faithfulness the "
9781452941516 - page_41: "START TEXT: 1920s/1930s kyemong yŏnghwa model, only updating it with protagonists returned from labor or educati" ******* END TEXT: "description of the enlightenment mode in filmmaking practice: rather than being defined by a single "
9781452941516 - page_42: "START TEXT: narrative arc or stylistic trope, it informs and constitutes a range of work in a number of differen" ******* END TEXT: "paganda and argued for its inclusion in the small pantheon of modernist art films.40 But whether we "
9781452941516 - page_43: "START TEXT: see the film finally as a veiled pacifist work or as a failed anticommunist film, it is clear that i" ******* END TEXT: " one that has far-reaching national consequences. O Sŏn-yŏng’s withdrawal from the English-slinging "
9781452941516 - page_44: "START TEXT: Ch’un-ho and his Latin-esque dance halls and return to her hanbok, hanok, and Han’guk hak professor " ******* END TEXT: "t’s attempts to leverage the blood feud between a town’s ethnic Chinese gang lords to earn gold and "
9781452941516 - page_45: "START TEXT: enact justice. It is especially bombastic in its virtually nonstop gunfights, chase sequences, and c" ******* END TEXT: "and articulation of the enlightenment mode in films, whether frighteningly earnest or transparently "
9781452941516 - page_46: "START TEXT: opportunistic, is the very means by which films gain legitimacy as art and visibility as cultural ar" ******* END TEXT: "y, but also because of its easy translatability and the immanent capital of its signifying codes.\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_47: "START TEXT: 2\n \nREGIMES WITHIN REGIMES\n\n \n\n\n \n \nFilm and Fashion in the Korean 1950s\n\n\n\nExposition\nThe topos of " ******* END TEXT: " Barthes’s complementary term for the sociocultural import of pictures, is not defined without this "
9781452941516 - page_48: "START TEXT: sense of clothing’s timeliness; in this respect the clothing’s historicity is itself the photo’s stu" ******* END TEXT: "en not as far in the vanguard, as the photo might suggest at first blush. The image, characteristic "
9781452941516 - page_49: "START TEXT: of a core cultural discourse of the 1950s, Americanization, is thus rather more complex and points t" ******* END TEXT: "ll detail below, because the incipient state of both industries in the 1950s meant that cooperation "
9781452941516 - page_50: "START TEXT: and cross-pollination were inevitable. Filmmaking and its extensive promotional apparatus became the" ******* END TEXT: "but his brother, in fashionable fedora and flowing linen suit, inexplicably runs off and melts into "
9781452941516 - page_51: "START TEXT: the crowd. The scene shifts to a strange interior space hung with gauzy curtains and sparsely furnis" ******* END TEXT: "ers’ Garden, the shine of Western fashions and commodities is an integral part of the film’s visual "
9781452941516 - page_52: "START TEXT: texture. Rather, the line of flight out of the quotidian is oriented in the way the story, taken up " ******* END TEXT: " However, it seems clear that the alien, escapist spectacle that emerges from these films is too pro"
9781452941516 - page_53: "START TEXT: tean to have been produced within a linear and unilateral plane of cultural influence. A wider, inte" ******* END TEXT: "would have to wait until 1960, regular staff and funding sources were already established for these "
9781452941516 - page_54: "START TEXT: films under the auspices of Shin-managed ventures like Seoul Film Productions and Shin Sang-ok Produ" ******* END TEXT: "nema was the dominant medium of mass entertainment and consumption, carrying as it had the powerful "
9781452941516 - page_55: "START TEXT: investments of state-sponsored filmmaking from the colonial period as well as the “soft” dimension o" ******* END TEXT: "ng office in Female Boss (Yŏsajang, 1959), and, perhaps most conspicuously, in the montage sequence "
9781452941516 - page_56: "START TEXT: of Pure Love Chronicle (Sun’aebo, 1957) in which the buxom lead changes into one voguish bathing sui" ******* END TEXT: "art of this development was, of course, the training and experience many younger filmmakers received"
9781452941516 - page_57: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: " "
9781452941516 - page_58: "START TEXT: under the auspices of American information services. In fact, many of the leading directors of the n" ******* END TEXT: "ng heritage of filmmakers—stitched closely together by the predominant “master-apprentice” training "
9781452941516 - page_59: "START TEXT: system of the postwar film industry—that stretched back far into the heyday of filmmaking in the 192" ******* END TEXT: "stood through an Americanization framework. Clearly, the massive U.S. military and cultural presence"
9781452941516 - page_60: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: " "
9781452941516 - page_61: "START TEXT: was crucial. American synthetics like the aforementioned nylon swept into the South following the wa" ******* END TEXT: "ted study of a Japanese fashion industry that, as in its film counterpart, alarmed watchers because "
9781452941516 - page_62: "START TEXT: of the speed with which it expanded and diversified. Again, federation members found routes around t" ******* END TEXT: " in periodical publishing, with upward of 174 new magazines launched between 1945 and 1954. Many of "
9781452941516 - page_63: "START TEXT: these folded within a few months and many were either professional publications or monthly editions " ******* END TEXT: "tructive and often hortatory tenor of the articles in these magazines, itself an obvious symptom of "
9781452941516 - page_64: "START TEXT: the enlightenment mode in Korean film culture. This is especially apparent in Yŏnghwa Segye. Detaile" ******* END TEXT: "of the rapidly expanding cities, was being drawn much more consistently and analytically toward the "
9781452941516 - page_65: "START TEXT: face, primarily, and the body and its clothing, secondarily. Film magazines like Yŏnghwa Segye and K" ******* END TEXT: "s Sinch’ŏnji, Arirang, or Modŏn Chosŏn, approached the pictorial saturation of the film magazine.\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_66: "START TEXT: Figure 5. Ch’oe Ŭn-hŭi’s “Mode” spread in Yŏwŏn’s inaugural issue (1955).\n\nTellingly, it was only Yŏ" ******* END TEXT: "image but also a keener processing of the social and material import of those images. Yŏwŏn therein "
9781452941516 - page_67: "START TEXT: actively participated in the intensification of the “consumerist gaze” in popular media, and its sta" ******* END TEXT: "followed by giddy celebrity gossip—that came to characterize the decade’s mass cultural production.\n"
9781452941516 - page_68: "START TEXT: Camera, Fashion, Space\nThe six films that make up Shin Sang-ok’s classical melodrama series, Confess" ******* END TEXT: "isters coping with the realities of modern life following the sudden death of their wealthy father. "
9781452941516 - page_69: "START TEXT: The younger Myŏng-hŭi is courted by the suave painter Tong-su, and we are given a relaxed, lingering" ******* END TEXT: "-hŭi’s face, popularly considered to be “traditionally beautiful,” is transmuted by the suit jacket "
9781452941516 - page_70: "START TEXT: and the noirish lighting scheme as the epitome of the new. And finally, in the incipience of an inde" ******* END TEXT: " the well-traveled and seemingly flexible social elite. The entry is attended by a young housemaid, "
9781452941516 - page_71: "START TEXT: and the interior is furnished with the spare modernist furnishings of the period. The living room fe" ******* END TEXT: "he displacement of the sisters from their late parents’ house and, eventually, of the house itself.\n"
9781452941516 - page_72: "START TEXT: Stars and Spectacle\nBut if fashion was the signifier and object of material fetish, the most complex" ******* END TEXT: " and social significations. The image that she projects in films like Confessions of a College Girl "
9781452941516 - page_73: "START TEXT: and Sisters’ Garden hearkened back before the late colonial period and construction of patriotic fem" ******* END TEXT: "essed in the traditional hanbok and sports conservatively parted hair in every scene, Yi is in fact "
9781452941516 - page_74: "START TEXT: firmly embedded in the modern: in the sorts of spaces mentioned above (the chic Chinese restaurant, " ******* END TEXT: " highly pronounced in Hellflower. As sketched at the top of this chapter, Ch’oe plays Sonia, a base "
9781452941516 - page_75: "START TEXT: camp prostitute pictured from the very first frames in the service of American soldiers. What little" ******* END TEXT: "typical of the femme fatale, Sonia is never fully trapped in the gaze of her suitors/victims nor is "
9781452941516 - page_76: "START TEXT: she fully embedded in her surroundings. Partly, this is the paradoxical effect of the camera’s exagg" ******* END TEXT: "f visual spectacle, women and action, and brings together the two narrative strands of the romantic "
9781452941516 - page_77: "START TEXT: triangle and the heist. The sequence is ingeniously constructed. A group of Korean thugs, who inhabi" ******* END TEXT: "bsorbing performance diverted from the rest of the film. This is somewhat similar to the celebrated "
9781452941516 - page_78: "START TEXT: dancehall scene in Madame Freedom, likewise structured around a lurid burlesque performance and simi" ******* END TEXT: "the emotional excess, narrative improbability, and social clichés that were the conventions of that "
9781452941516 - page_79: "START TEXT: form. Filmmakers themselves, reflecting on that phase in their careers, tended to dismiss or downpla" ******* END TEXT: "story, but they have also tended to overlook the significant shifts that were suggested above. What "
9781452941516 - page_80: "START TEXT: distinguishes the films of this period, especially those of Han and Shin, is precisely a capitalizat" ******* END TEXT: "udios. After a ten-year hiatus that saw the evacuation of Japanese capital and expertise as well as "
9781452941516 - page_81: "START TEXT: the full-scale destruction of the most active sites of film production, Shin Sang-ok and the young f" ******* END TEXT: ", old and new, and East and West—one that could condition the imagination of a new Korean modernity."
9781452941516 - page_82: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_83: "START TEXT: 3\n \nAUTHORSHIP AND THE LOCATION OF CINEMA\n\n\n \n\n\n \n \nIn the Region of Shin Films\n\n\n\nAuthor\nOne of the" ******* END TEXT: "rtcoming. A director in the strictest sense must be a producer as well. A really good director must "
9781452941516 - page_84: "START TEXT: be his own writer and his own producer. That’s why I like Chaplin the best. He wrote, acted, directe" ******* END TEXT: "nts he made toward the end of his career that Shin Sang-ok felt driven to account for the disparity "
9781452941516 - page_85: "START TEXT: between, on the one hand, the legacies of contemporaries such as Yu Hyŏn-mok, Kim Ki-yŏng, and Yi Ma" ******* END TEXT: "wanted the license to dismiss pretensions to it; at the same time, he wanted to direct attention to "
9781452941516 - page_86: "START TEXT: the impediments of filmmaking in Park-era Korea and the remarkable and necessary achievement of his " ******* END TEXT: "he ideological effect of that discourse—I am more inclined here to consider Shin Sang-ok’s ideas in "
9781452941516 - page_87: "START TEXT: light of the specific historical practices around which they were formed. For while the breadth of S" ******* END TEXT: "d and producer-centered system whose often prolific output (more than twenty-three films in a year) "
9781452941516 - page_88: "START TEXT: Shin oversaw at the same time as he applied his hand to the films bearing his directorial signature." ******* END TEXT: "an extensive set of reforms under the “fatherland restoration” and “modernization” banners. The show"
9781452941516 - page_89: "START TEXT: pieces of these reforms were the series of five-year economic plans that set the course for rapid in" ******* END TEXT: "9), finding their way to exhibition through informal channels. This inevitably resulted in a number "
9781452941516 - page_90: "START TEXT: of bad deals and bankruptcies, would-be directors and producers absconding with funds, or investor i" ******* END TEXT: "to those quotas of the foreign film import licenses, ultimately the most lucrative side of the film "
9781452941516 - page_91: "START TEXT: business. When stricter enforcement of the quota began in the first half of 1963, the number of exta" ******* END TEXT: "l in the late 1950s and built a major studio before the advent of the Park regime. With the success "
9781452941516 - page_92: "START TEXT: of the sophisticated melodramas discussed in chapter 2, particularly with Confessions of a College G" ******* END TEXT: "rumentalized and codified it as (albeit mechanical) law. Shin Films was one of the few companies to "
9781452941516 - page_93: "START TEXT: achieve “the stability and health of a real enterprise” without government intervention; it was able" ******* END TEXT: "far from free of the structural constraints of the industry itself: the limits of censorship on the "
9781452941516 - page_94: "START TEXT: one hand, and the heterogeneous demands of the market on the other. The first of these constraints w" ******* END TEXT: "tion, and exhibition were secured. But, on the other hand, the Korean regional system differed from "
9781452941516 - page_95: "START TEXT: those forms in ways that are illustrative of the cultural economics of small postcolonial developmen" ******* END TEXT: " 1950s, distribution was segmented into six regions: the Seoul outskirts, Pusan and South Kyŏngsang "
9781452941516 - page_96: "START TEXT: province, Kwangju and Chŏlla province (which included Cheju), Taegu and North Kyŏngsang province, Ch" ******* END TEXT: "cessive stages of production—ordinarily 20 percent upon presentation of the script and other rudimen"
9781452941516 - page_97: "START TEXT: tary elements (director and actor names, etc.), 50 percent halfway through production, the rest upon" ******* END TEXT: "he Yongsan (central Seoul) Shin Films headquarters and in regional offices in Chŏnju and Taegu, has "
9781452941516 - page_98: "START TEXT: described a complex formula wherein the investments took on the form of promissory notes that were b" ******* END TEXT: "defunct pyŏnsa to narrate films, doing away with the need for reading obscure subtitles.37 The plain"
9781452941516 - page_99: "START TEXT: ness of this sociological fact of the geographic unevenness of postwar development levels only becom" ******* END TEXT: "ctors or directors (though, not withstanding this lack, it is entirely plausible that such pressure "
9781452941516 - page_100: "START TEXT: coursed through the closed-door and gray areas of the industry), the very structure of the productio" ******* END TEXT: "965), the spectrum of formal innovation and technical experimentation in Korea tended to be narrow, "
9781452941516 - page_101: "START TEXT: especially when projected alongside the voluptuous modernism that arose in Japan, Europe, and pocket" ******* END TEXT: "ontinual expansion, Shin married his abiding interest in the predicament of women and the family to "
9781452941516 - page_102: "START TEXT: largely ahistorical figures and narratives that reached out to his most important viewers in the ste" ******* END TEXT: "bivalence of the term kŏkuk itself, somewhere between mass and national, suggests the complexity of "
9781452941516 - page_103: "START TEXT: Shin’s appraisal of the cultural position of his films. While the studio was not quite an ivory towe" ******* END TEXT: "bo suggests, with some (perhaps unintentional) complexity, the advantage Shin’s film may have had:\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_104: "START TEXT: The most striking impression was the forceful shared emotion and excitement between the full audienc" ******* END TEXT: "all the actors could only bolster the film’s popularity. But Hong Sŏng-gi’s film did not lack these "
9781452941516 - page_105: "START TEXT: features in any serious way. Ch’unhyangjŏn’s target audience was identical and its star, Kim Chi-mi," ******* END TEXT: "ly with his audiences, spoke to the respect Shin paid to his viewers as well as to his own craft.\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_106: "START TEXT: Figure 6. An emblematic long shot in Sŏng Ch’unhyang (Shin Sang-ok, 1961). Courtesy of the Korean Fi" ******* END TEXT: "the 1960s must take serious account of this approach if their sociohistorical significance is to be "
9781452941516 - page_107: "START TEXT: grasped in any significant way. The present study, in fact, has sought to contribute to that critica" ******* END TEXT: "nd crosses over substantially with horror films, which are invariably set sometime in the Chosŏn or "
9781452941516 - page_108: "START TEXT: Silla periods, as well as the broad munye (literary adaptation) genre, but such narrow classificatio" ******* END TEXT: "nal markets, flooding the screens with well-made iterations of easily palatable material. The broad "
9781452941516 - page_109: "START TEXT: assumption that must be made here is that the youth film would have been more popular in Seoul and s" ******* END TEXT: "ok, as well as its relaxed pace, more knowingly resonant with both the Japanese samurai and Italian "
9781452941516 - page_110: "START TEXT: western traditions that were the genre’s obvious sources, which set it apart from its cheaper and mo" ******* END TEXT: "ultural heritage that was quickly evaporating or being repressed by the machinery of modernization. "
9781452941516 - page_111: "START TEXT: All of this seems to have endowed Shin’s period fabulations with a sort of authority—a significant c" ******* END TEXT: "reaucracies that obstructed strong and responsible governance. As we will see in the next chapter’s "
9781452941516 - page_112: "START TEXT: analysis of Evergreen, this discourse was attached to a pastoral retrospection for the imagined inno" ******* END TEXT: "a critical consciousness about Confucian society, but despite whatever was in the material I myself "
9781452941516 - page_113: "START TEXT: personally admire Confucianism. The idea that the film called for human or women’s liberation is jus" ******* END TEXT: "protest, both the basic and surplus repressions are projected as undifferentiated pillars of social "
9781452941516 - page_114: "START TEXT: stability, and more relevantly, presented for the aestheticization of the market. The irreducible me" ******* END TEXT: "dolescence and confronts his wife; fearing for her baby and for her honor, she stabs herself in the "
9781452941516 - page_115: "START TEXT: mouth and, swearing the manservant to secrecy, dies grotesquely. In his rage and grief, the husband " ******* END TEXT: ", was a minor hit, successful on its first release and especially popular in its second run. Though "
9781452941516 - page_116: "START TEXT: it could not be extended to future productions, Shin’s experiment worked on both creative and econom" ******* END TEXT: "of the Shin Films-Anyang studios had started to become a productive engine of steady losses. The pro"
9781452941516 - page_117: "START TEXT: fessional conversation Shin had had with his mass audiences would finally become a weary argument wi" ******* END TEXT: "deed, Shin and others closely connected with the company have hinted that Wild Dog’s kiss scene was "
9781452941516 - page_118: "START TEXT: half-consciously leaked in a gesture of either mild resistance or, perhaps most tellingly, fatalisti" ******* END TEXT: "era’s filmmaking laws or its cultural habits. Toward a fuller picture of Shin’s position within the "
9781452941516 - page_119: "START TEXT: film cultures of the late postwar era, I want to offer, in the closing pages of this chapter, a synt" ******* END TEXT: " liberal intellectuals, Christian leaders, social activists, and opposition officials, were largely "
9781452941516 - page_120: "START TEXT: snared in the ill-defined and largely indiscriminate nets of the era’s multiplying anticommunist cam" ******* END TEXT: " could bring in foreign currency and, in turn, buttress a wholly sovereign economy. A new series of "
9781452941516 - page_121: "START TEXT: five-year economic plans in the 1970s prioritized heavy industry and essentially created export sect" ******* END TEXT: "ncil), established on the premise that it could “foster and promote the growth of Korean cinema” by "
9781452941516 - page_122: "START TEXT: “rationalizing” investment, distribution, and exhibition structures, became quickly involved with th" ******* END TEXT: "ce a few Korean faces into the print of an otherwise wholly Hong Kong film or attach the names of a "
9781452941516 - page_123: "START TEXT: few well-known Hong Kong directors to films produced entirely in-house.75 And in spite of this ingen" ******* END TEXT: "t the bottom of his 1964 Red Muffler. About a boy orphaned by the war and taken in by an ostensible "
9781452941516 - page_124: "START TEXT: enemy soldier, the film patiently and quietly follows the strengthening bond between these strange a" ******* END TEXT: "ted with its production. Yi Hyŏng-pyo, who had at that point moved decisively into television produc"
9781452941516 - page_125: "START TEXT: tion, was brought back as “technical adviser” on what most could recognize was a technically challen" ******* END TEXT: " experimentations (the film remained Korea’s only full-bore musical until the late 1990s), its core "
9781452941516 - page_126: "START TEXT: sensibilities were closely aligned with those expressed in Shin’s work of the late 1950s and 1960s. " ******* END TEXT: " of its eclipse that the sharper outlines of Shin’s authorial vision can be most clearly discerned.\n"
9781452941516 - page_127: "START TEXT: But more important, it is when his studio and his films become invisible in South Korea that the mor" ******* END TEXT: "at regulated it; when that space shifted, Shin would begin the most radical unmooring of his career."
9781452941516 - page_128: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_129: "START TEXT: 4\n \nMELODRAMA AND THE SCENE OF DEVELOPMENT\n\n\n\nComplicit Images\nThe political and generic heterogenei" ******* END TEXT: "wever, which Shin seems not to have stressed, was Wyler’s ability to make films that were eminently "
9781452941516 - page_130: "START TEXT: legible in the diverse historical moments of the prewar years as well as the heady first decades of " ******* END TEXT: "as seen through the present” and all of this screened without any glimpse of a community to replace "
9781452941516 - page_131: "START TEXT: the oppressive and violent but ultimately secure Confucian social order that has been lost. And yet " ******* END TEXT: "ous ways became emblematic of the “allures and chaos” of the 1950s and 1960s.5 Regardless of how we "
9781452941516 - page_132: "START TEXT: come to assess Shin’s politics, no study of his filmmaking can ignore this remarkable and largely un" ******* END TEXT: "genre. The study then concludes with a reflection on the political dimension of style. Seizing on a "
9781452941516 - page_133: "START TEXT: set of images and visual codes, I argue that Shin’s films not only participate in the production of " ******* END TEXT: " rings the school’s piercing bell, which goes out like a clarion call to the weary villagers. Their "
9781452941516 - page_134: "START TEXT: love is symbolically consummated as Pak carries forward Ch’ae’s commitment to hope and enlightenment" ******* END TEXT: "villagers at the sight of the torrent that spills out of the tunnel and promises rice for everyone.\n"
9781452941516 - page_135: "START TEXT: While neither Evergreen nor Rice were quite the box-office sensations Shin Sang-ok’s other films fro" ******* END TEXT: "hich traced in different ways the struggle to lift the nation out of poverty, resonated emotionally "
9781452941516 - page_136: "START TEXT: and intellectually with audiences who, at a basic level, were caught between the harsh realities of " ******* END TEXT: "), sprung up, replacing the Rhee-backed and transparently propagandistic organizations like the 4-H "
9781452941516 - page_137: "START TEXT: clubs, that mobilized intellectuals to spread literacy and “democratic citizenship skills” to hereto" ******* END TEXT: "f the SNRC’s imperatives (i.e., anticorruption, economic reconstruction, national unification) were "
9781452941516 - page_138: "START TEXT: in fact those of the student movement itself. This combination of striking physical force and shrewd" ******* END TEXT: "to their rural hometowns to bring enlightenment and civilization, as well as political empowerment.\n"
9781452941516 - page_139: "START TEXT: The Melodrama of Development\nThe experience of these upheavals form the basis of the engagement of E" ******* END TEXT: "reeminent man of letters Yi Kwang-su for a literature that would capture the realities of the rural "
9781452941516 - page_140: "START TEXT: enlightenment movement, the serialized novel was mostly praised for its nationalist spirit. But it w" ******* END TEXT: "oned scenes in the kind of emotive close shots and swooning score that are the hallmarks of popular "
9781452941516 - page_141: "START TEXT: melodrama. This melodramatic mode of telling is repeated in small form throughout the film in flashe" ******* END TEXT: "ndeniably inherits, but that is also marked by the different social and political conditions of its "
9781452941516 - page_142: "START TEXT: production. Taking up and redirecting anthropologist Nancy Abelmann’s suggestions about class, gende" ******* END TEXT: "n at the hands of both feudalistic and modern bureaucracies, forms the basis of the classic postwar "
9781452941516 - page_143: "START TEXT: male melodrama. Present here as well are the suffering women emblematic of the “golden age of South " ******* END TEXT: "is scene is remarkable given that it is relatively unimportant in terms of the overall narrative.\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_144: "START TEXT: Figure 7. The shaman zealously joins the cause in Rice (1963). Courtesy of the Korean Film Archive.\n" ******* END TEXT: "ommercial success) of the films is not a measure in itself of either the spirit of the times or the "
9781452941516 - page_145: "START TEXT: political orientation of Shin Sang-ok’s filmmaking. Rather, it suggests that South Korean mass cultu" ******* END TEXT: "g party won only scarce majorities) and in the regular use of police and military force to put down "
9781452941516 - page_146: "START TEXT: labor and student resistance. Cho charges Yim with irresponsibly deflecting blame for fascist rule t" ******* END TEXT: "ing do not belong to any such direct forms of manipulation, they obviously took part in the kind of "
9781452941516 - page_147: "START TEXT: cultural politics that made developmentalism, if not quite dictatorship, “functionally attractive.” " ******* END TEXT: "rative, we may remember, was an outgrowth of both the “cultural nationalist” school of writing that "
9781452941516 - page_148: "START TEXT: was prominent in the late 1920s and early 1930s and the agrarian “return” (kwihwang) or “to the peop" ******* END TEXT: "al-level corruption embodied in Chŏng-hŭi’s father Song. Rice therein explicitly affirms the social "
9781452941516 - page_149: "START TEXT: worth of the 5.16 coup, reproducing in cinematic terms the official rhetoric of the strong, militari" ******* END TEXT: "rhaps the greatest, losing as she does not only her hapless daughter Kap-sun but also her spiritual "
9781452941516 - page_150: "START TEXT: beliefs to help rice grow in the village. Under the terms of what Pyŏn names the system of “material" ******* END TEXT: ", complexly echoes both forms of distancing. Seoul is the locus of enlightenment and radicalization "
9781452941516 - page_151: "START TEXT: as much as it is the closed space of the privileged and oftentimes compromised elite. The Christian " ******* END TEXT: "zation and psychic/cultural Koreanization” that characterized the modernization of the Park regime.\n"
9781452941516 - page_152: "START TEXT: And yet there is still within this classic patriarchal nationalist formula considerable ideological " ******* END TEXT: "explicit intertextual references are the agricultural reforms and national reconstruction campaigns "
9781452941516 - page_153: "START TEXT: of the early Park era, the implicit reference to the industrial advances, cooperative economy, and s" ******* END TEXT: " craggy peaks of the region’s mountains (Figure 8). A sense of precarious beauty is lent to what is "
9781452941516 - page_154: "START TEXT: implied to be the traditional communal gathering space where the whole village is called upon to med" ******* END TEXT: "ce of labor evoke the preindustrial revolutionary scene of twentieth-century communist states.\n\n\n\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_155: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9781452941516 - page_156: "START TEXT: Figure 9. The village’s collective efforts captured in a lively montage in Evergreen (1961). Courtes" ******* END TEXT: "te and identify with the depth of a film’s ideological import. Elite enlightenment and civilization "
9781452941516 - page_157: "START TEXT: rhetoric of the colonial period contend in Rice and Evergreen with both the radical, even socialist," ******* END TEXT: "ge to construct, and in the same movement unsettle, the ideological contours of postwar South Korea."
9781452941516 - page_158: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_159: "START TEXT: 5\n \n“IT’S ALL FAKE”\n\n\n \n\n\n \n \nShin Sang-ok’s North Korean Revisions\n\n\n\nA Culture Industry?\nFollowing" ******* END TEXT: "derstanding of the ostensibly opposed ideological structure of the two states? And does the episode "
9781452941516 - page_160: "START TEXT: prompt us to think any differently about the relationship between mass culture and ideology?\nI begin" ******* END TEXT: "er on a convergence of formal and aesthetic conventions that were forged within specific historical "
9781452941516 - page_161: "START TEXT: contexts and themselves the subject of divergent political articulations. But further, this converge" ******* END TEXT: "are defined by the imperatives of duplication and advertisement. While this deeply pessimistic view "
9781452941516 - page_162: "START TEXT: of mass culture was certainly not original to Adorno and Horkheimer, the panoramic view across regio" ******* END TEXT: "uld sustain their visibility through, on the one hand, their complex absorption in preexisting narra"
9781452941516 - page_163: "START TEXT: tive and affective conventions and, on the other, even more radical transformations in the North’s p" ******* END TEXT: "th Korean arts, we can only conclude that it was constituted within a state monopoly of the culture "
9781452941516 - page_164: "START TEXT: industry. But rather than furnishing a conclusion, this analysis is in fact where the most radical q" ******* END TEXT: "ting on film, records of a broad sampling of defectors, and incipient scholarly research, a clearer "
9781452941516 - page_165: "START TEXT: picture of the links between film and political administration and control has begun to emerge.12 Th" ******* END TEXT: "y 1990s, North Koreans were likely watching more films than any other people in the world, not only "
9781452941516 - page_166: "START TEXT: in theaters (with an average of thirteen visits per year), but on television (broadcast regularly on" ******* END TEXT: " signaling the gradual canonization of chuch’e ideology in 1967—are represented as empirical facts.\n"
9781452941516 - page_167: "START TEXT: It is largely agreed that the Soviet occupation period witnessed a wholesale renovation of filmmakin" ******* END TEXT: "is less closely tied to a political program and so the stake of its logic is somewhat more elusive. "
9781452941516 - page_168: "START TEXT: Writing recently, Song Nak-wŏn neatly encapsulates the predominant bifurcation: “North Korean cinema" ******* END TEXT: "y” of socialist theory and culture. Investment in the enlightenment of the masses did not disappear "
9781452941516 - page_169: "START TEXT: from his prescriptions for filmmaking but shifted to an apparently more mature and pragmatic recogni" ******* END TEXT: "ll lay bare the complex convergences and divergences those films traced in relation to South Korean "
9781452941516 - page_170: "START TEXT: and preexisting North Korean films. For the moment, I will close this reconsideration of North Korea" ******* END TEXT: "story, which finds in chuch’e only minor modifications to the Soviet socialist realist tradition or "
9781452941516 - page_171: "START TEXT: characterizes it as an empty placeholder for the enforcement of the Party’s administrative authority" ******* END TEXT: "to a head without any buildup or motive are either unnatural or false. The force of the characters’ "
9781452941516 - page_172: "START TEXT: emotions should build up as the drama develops and the motive for the emotions to be expressed has t" ******* END TEXT: "ideological imperative is clear. Film art captures the conditions for and process of grasping revolu"
9781452941516 - page_173: "START TEXT: tionary relations: specifically, of recognizing the unceasing injustice of the landlord, the foreign" ******* END TEXT: " a savior: the brother, who, it turns out, had escaped from prison and spent the years since in the "
9781452941516 - page_174: "START TEXT: mountains as an anticolonial guerilla. Upon his return to the village, he discovers Suni safe with a" ******* END TEXT: "ess only prepares the ground more fertilely for the intervention of the kwi-in. Nevertheless, it is "
9781452941516 - page_175: "START TEXT: important to see this excess on its own terms and to think seriously about its formal as well as ide" ******* END TEXT: "literature of the colonial period: ill-defined ideologically (i.e., not part of a program or strict "
9781452941516 - page_176: "START TEXT: class analysis) but highly invested in the basic structure of suffering and release. Chuch’e is the " ******* END TEXT: "s claims that they were abducted, forced to produce films, and then managed to defect in a dramatic "
9781452941516 - page_177: "START TEXT: episode in Vienna. This was only bolstered by Shin’s perhaps intentionally provocative claim sometim" ******* END TEXT: "ed to Ch’oe) and for acting at the 1985 Moscow Film Festival. Location shooting and negotiation for "
9781452941516 - page_178: "START TEXT: distribution afforded them relative freedom to travel, and in March 1986, on a trip to Vienna to sou" ******* END TEXT: "atments, but because of that we can’t really put it out there or else it will invite comparison, com"
9781452941516 - page_179: "START TEXT: parison with what we’ve got I mean. And because we’ve got these university educated types. With peop" ******* END TEXT: "nternationalism, as limited as that may have been. This certainly furnishes a way of thinking about "
9781452941516 - page_180: "START TEXT: Shin’s translation from the South to the North. In effect, Shin crossed a border between two ideolog" ******* END TEXT: "(Run Chosŏn Run [Tallyŏra Chosŏna]). And before his appearance in Vienna, Shin had also planned out "
9781452941516 - page_181: "START TEXT: two period pieces, the martial-arts-inflected Hong Kil-dong and the multipart historical epic, Im Kk" ******* END TEXT: "f an old tree. Months pass and their arduous labor pays off in a lush, sprawling field of rice. The "
9781452941516 - page_182: "START TEXT: idyllic portrait collapses quickly, however, when the cousin reveals that he has sold the land (and " ******* END TEXT: "ies, and communist guerrillas. Again the opening is promising, if not quite idyllic: a small family "
9781452941516 - page_183: "START TEXT: rents a farming plot from a landlord and manages to send their son Tongsik (who seems to be tarrying" ******* END TEXT: "her neighbor, who then suggests a venture that appeals to the mother’s desire to escape everything: "
9781452941516 - page_184: "START TEXT: salt smuggling. The long final sequence mirrors that of Escape in its abruptness and spectacle. The " ******* END TEXT: "easants and poor neighbors appear sporadically throughout Salt as well, typified by the warmhearted "
9781452941516 - page_185: "START TEXT: friend who lends the family salt, takes in the mother after her release from jail, cuts her down fro" ******* END TEXT: " these pieces as among his first projects in North Korea. Their political fluidity as well as their "
9781452941516 - page_186: "START TEXT: thematic proximity to the enlightenment films he produced in South Korea provided fertile ground for" ******* END TEXT: "til the End of This Life (I saengmyŏng tahadarok, 1960) and A Woman’s Life (Yŏja ŭi ilsaeng, 1968).\n"
9781452941516 - page_187: "START TEXT: The prolongation and magnification of suffering, then, is a part of the pleasure of conventional Nor" ******* END TEXT: " photography and compelling battle scenes. While it is set in wartime, the film is firmly ensconced "
9781452941516 - page_188: "START TEXT: in the patriotic militarism and industrialism of mid-1960s South Korea, taking up in its fighter pil" ******* END TEXT: "Korea) but finds them in desperate straits: So-hyang’s father has been accused of treason by the rev"
9781452941516 - page_189: "START TEXT: olutionary authorities. But while her heart is still with Mun-ch’ŏl, So-hyang elects to accompany he" ******* END TEXT: "can armament (interestingly, though, the South Korean opponent here is also faceless: the long-lost "
9781452941516 - page_190: "START TEXT: little brother cannot be demonized). And while the only social tension in the enclosed world of Red " ******* END TEXT: "not immediately clear in the film which side Mun-ch’ŏl chooses to fight for after his wife’s death, "
9781452941516 - page_191: "START TEXT: owing to the elliptical structure of the film’s denouement). So while the films are certainly distin" ******* END TEXT: "stance, that ideological differences are manifested in the narrative revisions, concluding that the "
9781452941516 - page_192: "START TEXT: North Korean versions aim to “intensify class antagonism.”37 In a more recent essay, Wang Sun-nyŏ st" ******* END TEXT: "ncial governor, challenging his trespasses with her command of Confucian ethics. And when Mongnyong "
9781452941516 - page_193: "START TEXT: returns to restore justice, she meets him with the same mix of joy and reproof. Hyangjin Lee remarks" ******* END TEXT: "virtue over his rank. It is also Wŏlmae who enjoins the gathered masses to celebrate the new social "
9781452941516 - page_194: "START TEXT: order, making the restoration of yangban control seem like a jubilee of true social justice. With Le" ******* END TEXT: " procession or the mass games, re-presenting the image of physical mastery as mass entertainment.\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_195: "START TEXT: Figure 12. Mongnyong moves scandalously in on Ch’unhyang in Oh My Love (Shin Sang-ok, 1984).\n\nThe ul" ******* END TEXT: "mplex manipulation of affect and spectacle—in other words play—is suspended within that difference.\n"
9781452941516 - page_196: "START TEXT: Extravagance, Play, and the Monstrous\nWith films like Record of an Escape, Salt, and Breakwater, Shi" ******* END TEXT: "ner gathering (where the response is mostly supportive) and later manages to force himself into the "
9781452941516 - page_197: "START TEXT: convention hall. Before the assembly, Yi delivers a fiery speech on Chosŏn’s five-thousand-year hist" ******* END TEXT: "f nationalist-socialist spirit among the people. Part of this is clearly the excitement of seeing a "
9781452941516 - page_198: "START TEXT: “world-class” North Korean film, glittering on the surface with the marks of European sophistication" ******* END TEXT: "st that it was similar in production scale to Oh My Love, though screened with fantasy sequences com"
9781452941516 - page_199: "START TEXT: mensurate with the dreamlike nature of the folktale. In his recollections, Shin underscored the worl" ******* END TEXT: "s one of the only North Korean films to be seen outside the peninsula and has been the subject of a "
9781452941516 - page_200: "START TEXT: relatively large volume of criticism (mostly fan-based but some scholarly), though strangely it has " ******* END TEXT: "mposing General Hwang is dispatched to quell the growing threat. General Hwang launches a series of "
9781452941516 - page_201: "START TEXT: attacks and schemes to destroy the monster and put down the rebellion, but Pulgasari by this point h" ******* END TEXT: "its depiction of a monster culled from humble materials (rice substituting for mud) and turning (at "
9781452941516 - page_202: "START TEXT: least figuratively) on its creators once the task of defense is complete. Further, while Godzilla is" ******* END TEXT: "ternative analyses, and resistant to discursive closure, in spite of the authority, repetitiveness, "
9781452941516 - page_203: "START TEXT: or command of theory and criticism. For as in the enlightenment films and the remakes, Shin produced" ******* END TEXT: " period of postrevolutionary internationalism—perhaps the last such light it would see for decades.\n"
9781452941516 - page_204: "START TEXT: It is essential to think about Shin Sang-ok’s performance in North Korea through this political hist" ******* END TEXT: " the regime could not only absorb but flaunt in its controlled flirtation with the outside world.\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_205: "START TEXT: CONCLUSION\nPostdevelopment Pictures\n\nTHE TUMULTUOUS YEARS following his return from North Korea in 1" ******* END TEXT: " of democratic capitalist society. But they also shared with Shin’s American productions, Galgameth "
9781452941516 - page_206: "START TEXT: (1997) and, especially, the 3 Ninjas series (1994, 1995, and 1998, respectively), a cosmopolitanism " ******* END TEXT: "escence of ideology and the ascendant importance of economic “survival.”2 Shin’s seeming detachment "
9781452941516 - page_207: "START TEXT: from any explicit ideological commitment, socialist, capitalist triumphalist, or otherwise, promised" ******* END TEXT: "atic to the new filmmaking cultures. A reading of one of Shin’s most maligned, but at the same time "
9781452941516 - page_208: "START TEXT: most commercially successful, films, Mayumi, will bring this incongruity into greater relief.\nMayumi" ******* END TEXT: "ing it in later interviews as an anticommunist picture merely outfitted in documentary clothing. He "
9781452941516 - page_209: "START TEXT: explained that he could not but make the film to “confirm [his] identity” as a loyal South Korean ci" ******* END TEXT: "le. While Shin countered that he only intended to underscore the victims’ misfortune, it appears as "
9781452941516 - page_210: "START TEXT: though Gil Film Company, the unit Shin established under his son’s name, eventually settled with the" ******* END TEXT: "h “sale before harvest” speculation. It should come as no surprise then that Shin took advantage of "
9781452941516 - page_211: "START TEXT: the spotlight to offer a classic assessment of the state of the film industry and its governance. Ar" ******* END TEXT: "f comparable depth or insight. Instead, Shin had been too wrapped up in “play”—the horseplay of his "
9781452941516 - page_212: "START TEXT: Manchurian pictures, the gunplay of his war pictures, and, finally, the aeroplay of his hijacking pi" ******* END TEXT: "hat they furnish a rich, irreducibly cinematic testament to the complexities of Korean modernity.\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_213: "START TEXT: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\n\nTHE DEBTS I have incurred writing this book will be impossible to enumerate fully, " ******* END TEXT: ", Benjamin Elman, Sheldon Garon, Martin Kern, Joy Kim, David Leheny, Susan Naquin, and Atsuko Ueda.\n"
9781452941516 - page_214: "START TEXT: The quality of this book was strengthened in vital ways through the guidance and example of scholars" ******* END TEXT: "nture worth having, and who has held my hand through every stage of this work, my thanks forever.\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_215: "START TEXT: NOTES\n\nIntroduction\n  1  I have elected to use the nonstandard romanization “Shin Sang-ok” because i" ******* END TEXT: "Sin Myŏng-jik, Modern Boy, Strolling Kyŏngsŏng and Kim Chin-sŏng, Let There Be a Dancehall in Seoul."
9781452941516 - page_216: "START TEXT: \n10  Naremore and Brantlinger, “Six Artistic Cultures,” 3.\n11  Hailing from an illustrious family of" ******* END TEXT: "-suk’s arguments on postenlightenment in her Korean Film and Cultural Discourse in the 1950s, 35–48."
9781452941516 - page_217: "START TEXT: \n  4  The basic approach to identifying the inner and outer forms of literary genres is closely asso" ******* END TEXT: " with it was in the excellent collection, Korean Film Archive, The Koyrŏ Motion Picture Company and "
9781452941516 - page_218: "START TEXT: The New Film Order, 1936–1941. All quotations from the discussion presented here are drawn from this" ******* END TEXT: "-ideological overlaps of the “aesthetics of development,” and later in chapter 5 with its rereading "
9781452941516 - page_219: "START TEXT: of the formal principles of North Korean cinema. Suffice it to say here that I believe the enlighten" ******* END TEXT: "fundamentals of visual storytelling language and continuity—a contrast for which the lack of proper "
9781452941516 - page_220: "START TEXT: filmmaking equipment and the subsequent degradation of film prints can only partially account.\n11  T" ******* END TEXT: "arriage of the new medium to the old. See Ch’oe Tŏk-gyo, One Hundred Years of Korean Magazines, 554."
9781452941516 - page_221: "START TEXT: \n26  Jinsoo An examines the role of the pyŏnsa in Korean film history and the interesting persistenc" ******* END TEXT: "rresponding entries in Kang Ok-hŭi et al., Dictionary of Popular Artists in the Colonial Period, 97."
9781452941516 - page_222: "START TEXT: \n36  See Yi Yŏn-ho, “Virgin Bride Director,” 164.\n37  “The Misery of Adaptation,” Seoul Sinmun.\n38  " ******* END TEXT: "ndustry, see Sangjoon Lee, “The Transnational Asian Studio System,” especially chapters 3, 4, and 5."
9781452941516 - page_223: "START TEXT: \n14  The full spectrum of these regulations was rather triumphantly announced in a July 1963 article" ******* END TEXT: "End of This Life.\n20  “1958 Wrap-up.”\n21  “Quality Increasing: Big Industrialization Still Far Off.”"
9781452941516 - page_224: "START TEXT: \n22  Quoted in Pak Chi-yŏn, “Film Policy,” 177.\n23  These statistics were culled from chapter 2 of P" ******* END TEXT: "ges for the very smallest theaters. See Kim Mi-hyŏn et al., History of Korean Film Distribution, 19."
9781452941516 - page_225: "START TEXT: \n34  For an excellent summation of the heyday of the block-booking system, see Balio, “A Mature Olig" ******* END TEXT: " has been well documented across Korean film historiography. One index of the alternatively sincere "
9781452941516 - page_226: "START TEXT: and absurd seriousness of the competition are the reports of espionage, sabotage, and outright crimi" ******* END TEXT: "08 Korean Film History, 1:57 and 157; and Chŏng Chong-hwa, “Korean Film Technology History,” 244–45."
9781452941516 - page_227: "START TEXT: \n58  See, for example, Chu Yu-sin, “Feminist Critique.”\n59  See, for example, Kwak Hyŏn-ja, “War Wid" ******* END TEXT: "e of the MPPC’s productions as well as its other activities, see Pak Chi-yŏn, “Film Policy,” 227–39."
9781452941516 - page_228: "START TEXT: \n74  Lee, “The Transnational Asian Studio System,” 264.\n75  Ibid., 267–70.\n76  Yi Yŏn-ho, “Shin Sang" ******* END TEXT: "dios (which Pak argues were faithful children of the Park era’s push for enterprization [kiŏp’hwa]) "
9781452941516 - page_229: "START TEXT: and readings of Shin’s most-favored genre forms (the family melodramas and historical epics where, P" ******* END TEXT: " communism, engendered, especially in the South, little qualitative institutional or social change. "
9781452941516 - page_230: "START TEXT: While popular entertainment media, in particular radio and film, thrived in wartime amid the prolife" ******* END TEXT: "munist pictures like Han Hyŏng-mo’s Hand of Fate (1956). Nevertheless, mandated or directly ordered "
9781452941516 - page_231: "START TEXT: anticommunist films (including the quota-quickies that were mostly anticommunist) did not come into " ******* END TEXT: "more concise analysis of thematic trends, see Kyung Hyun Kim, “The Fractured Cinema of North Korea.”"
9781452941516 - page_232: "START TEXT: \n34  For a succinct summary of Soviet socialist realist codes and films, see Thompson and Bordwell, " ******* END TEXT: "Godfather, and other instances of American mass culture in “Reification and Utopia in Mass Culture.”"
9781452941516 - page_233: "START TEXT: \n  9  In the years leading up to the publication of the present book, a veritable flood of books, fi" ******* END TEXT: "ical Understanding of North Korean Cinema and Chŏng Chae-hyŏng, ed., Five Things You Wanted to Know "
9781452941516 - page_234: "START TEXT: about North Korean Film for overviews of the historical development of North Korean film. Sŏ Chŏng-n" ******* END TEXT: "he arts of the culture industry stem precisely from a recognition of this basic mimetic instability."
9781452941516 - page_235: "START TEXT: \n24  Kim So-hŭi and Yi Ki-rim, “Korean Cinema in Retrospect, Shin Sang-ok.”\n25  While this claim is " ******* END TEXT: "rce, granted Japanese authority over Korean foreign affairs and trade, officially signaling Korea’s "
9781452941516 - page_236: "START TEXT: “protectorate” status. While it was signed by five Korean ministers, the film suggests that the trea" ******* END TEXT: "e Spotlight with Blockbuster Mayumi.”\n11  Cho Chun-hyŏng et al., 2008 Korean Film History, 2:310.\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_237: "START TEXT: SHIN SANG-OK FILMOGRAPHY\n\nEvil Night (Akya), Visual Arts Association, 1952.\nKorea (Koria), Visual Ar" ******* END TEXT: ".\n*Ku Pong-sŏ’s He Strikes It Rich (Ku Pong-sŏ ŭi pyŏrak puja), dir. Kim Su-yong, Shin Films, 1961.\n"
9781452941516 - page_238: "START TEXT: The Houseguest and My Mother (Sarangbang sonnim kwa ŏmŏni), Shin Sang-ok Productions, 1961.\nEvergree" ******* END TEXT: "t (Hwanggŭm pakjwi), animated, Eastern Television, 1968.\nFemale Bandit (Yŏmajŏk), Shin Films, 1968.\n"
9781452941516 - page_239: "START TEXT: The Wanderer (Musukja), Shin Films, 1968.\nTaewŏn’gun, Shin Films, 1968.\nA Woman’s Life (Yŏja ŭi ilsa" ******* END TEXT: "(DPRK), 1984.\nOh My Love (Sarang sarang nae sarang), Shin Films Motion Picture Studio (DRPK), 1984.\n"
9781452941516 - page_240: "START TEXT: Record of an Escape (T’alch’ulgi), Shin Films Motion Picture Studio (DPRK), 1984.\n*A Road (Kil), Shi" ******* END TEXT: "produced under the auspices of various Shin Sang-ok enterprises but not directed by Shin himself.\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_241: "START TEXT: BIBLIOGRAPHY\n\nAbelmann, Nancy. The Melodrama of Mobility: Women, Talk, and Class in Contemporary Kor" ******* END TEXT: ": Rethinking the Relationships between Control, Tradition, Coercion, and Consensus” (“Pak Chŏng-hŭi "
9781452941516 - page_242: "START TEXT: sidae ŭi kangap kwa tongŭi: chibae, chŏnt’ong, kangap kwa tongŭi ŭi kwangye rŭl tasi saenggak handa”" ******* END TEXT: "Chakpumsŏng ch’ijol pulgu chŏngch’ijŏk koryŏ, MBC pangyŏng kyeyak p’amun”). Hangyŏre, June 9, 1990.\n"
9781452941516 - page_243: "START TEXT: Culture and Tourism Ministry of Korea. Two Thousand Years of Korean Fashion (Uri ot ichŏn nyŏn). Seo" ******* END TEXT: "a University Press, 2012.\nHunter, Helen-Louise. Kim Il-song’s North Korea. New York: Praeger, 1999.\n"
9781452941516 - page_244: "START TEXT: Huyssen, Andreas. After the Great Divide: Modernism, Mass Culture and Postmodernism. Bloomington: Un" ******* END TEXT: "e Revolutionary Films Based on Socialist Life. Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1986.\n"
9781452941516 - page_245: "START TEXT: ———. On the Art of the Cinema. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific, 2001.\nKim, Kyung H" ******* END TEXT: "nd Kim T’ae-sun. Social Movements of the 1960s (1960-yŏndae ŭi sahoe undong). Seoul: Kkach’i, 1991.\n"
9781452941516 - page_246: "START TEXT: Kim U-Chang. “The Situation of Korean Writers under Colonial Rule.” Korea Journal 16, no. 5 (May 197" ******* END TEXT: " Wrap-up—The Film Industry” (“Chŏngni 1958-nyŏn/Yŏnghwagye”). Kyŏnghyang Sinmun, December 28, 1958.\n"
9781452941516 - page_247: "START TEXT: Nornes, Abé Mark. Japanese Documentary Film: The Meiji Era Through Hiroshima. Minneapolis: Universit" ******* END TEXT: "rn-Style Dress by Korean Women, 1945–1962.” Clothing and Textiles Research 11, no. 3 (1993): 39–47.\n"
9781452941516 - page_248: "START TEXT: Pyŏn Chae-ran. “The Constitution of Modern Female Identity through Labor: Rice and Ttosuni” (“Nodong" ******* END TEXT: "rn Boy, Strolling Kyŏngsŏng (Modŏn ppoi, Kyŏngsŏng ŭl kŏnilda). Seoul: Hyŏnsil munhwa yŏn’gu, 2003.\n"
9781452941516 - page_249: "START TEXT: Sŏ Chŏng-nam. An Investigation of North Korean Cinema (Pukhan yŏnghwa t’amsa). Seoul: Saengak ŭi nam" ******* END TEXT: "n ŭi kyŏngu chungsim ŭro”). Popular Narrative Studies (Taejung Sŏsa Yŏn’gu), no. 14 (2005): 107–43.\n"
9781452941516 - page_250: "START TEXT: ———, ed. 2005 Modern and Contemporary Korean Arts Oral History Series: Yi Hyong-p’yo, 1922– (2005 Ha" ******* END TEXT: "d Hŏ Su, eds. Coloniality’s Gray Zones (Sikminji ŭi hoesaek chidae). Seoul: Yŏksa Pip’yŏngsa, 2003.\n"
9781452941516 - page_251: "START TEXT: ———. Rereading Modernity: Toward a New Paradigm for Korean Modern Consciousness (Kŭndae rŭl tasi ilk" ******* END TEXT: "ce Man of the Silver Screen, Na Un-gyu” (“Ŭnmak ŭi mannŭngin Na Un-gyu”). Yŏwŏn 8 (June 1963): 74–75"
9781452941516 - page_252: "START TEXT: .\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: ".\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_253: "START TEXT: INDEX\n\nPage numbers in italics refer to photographs.\n4.19 student revolution, 136–38, 149\n5.16 milit" ******* END TEXT: "2; American, 11, 61; culture industry and, 12, 161–62; global, 180, 206, 229–30n11; modern, 74, 163\n"
9781452941516 - page_254: "START TEXT: celebrities, 55, 63, 65, 67, 219n6; in Shin’s films, 72–78, 88, 100, 109\ncensorship, 63, 76, 107, 14" ******* END TEXT: "onalist, 31, 147–48; political, 87, 91, 162–63, 218–19n38; socialist, 168–69. See also mass culture\n"
9781452941516 - page_255: "START TEXT: culture industry, 12, 161–63, 169, 176, 232n4, 234n23\n“Dawn of Chosŏn Cinema, The”, 33, 35, 37, 218n" ******* END TEXT: "nd types of films\nfilm festivals, 38, 91, 122, 222n13; Shin’s work at, 4, 135, 177, 197, 210, 232n1\n"
9781452941516 - page_256: "START TEXT: film industry, North Korea, 18, 154, 163, 166; gaining international recognition, 4, 196, 198, 199–2" ******* END TEXT: ", 17, 124–26\nimage(s), 4, 79, 81, 164; faces and bodies, 65, 72, 75, 80; global, 18, 133; in 1950s, "
9781452941516 - page_257: "START TEXT: 16–17, 49–50, 53, 54–55. See also photographs\nIm Hwa, 22, 34, 35–36, 168–69, 185, 218n27\nIm Kkŏk-jŏn" ******* END TEXT: "4\nLee, Sangjoon, 122–23\nlenses: cinemascope, 80, 93, 103, 106, 110; zoom, 93, 109, 135, 186, 235n33\n"
9781452941516 - page_258: "START TEXT: licensing system, films, 38, 90, 121, 122–23, 125, 225n45\nliteracy campaigns, 27, 137, 138, 231n27\nl" ******* END TEXT: " Destiny (film series), 172\nNa Un-gyu, 5, 13, 72, 84; Arirang, 14, 31, 35, 83, 216n17; P’unguna, 83\n"
9781452941516 - page_259: "START TEXT: neorealist films, 25, 50, 68, 76, 154\nNew Village Movement, 119, 152\n1950s: Americanization during, " ******* END TEXT: "rostitution, 51, 61, 75, 77–78, 125\nPulgasari (film, Shin), 180, 196, 199–203, 201, 206, 212, 232n1\n"
9781452941516 - page_260: "START TEXT: punctum (Barthes), 3, 4, 47\nPyŏn Chae-ran, 149\nQueen Min and the Sino-Japanese War (film, Shin), 94\n" ******* END TEXT: "ty, 90, 91, 93, 101, 222n13, 223n16; as regional studio, 96, 97–99, 109, 110, 122, 124, 127, 226n48\n"
9781452941516 - page_261: "START TEXT: Shin Sang-ok (Shin), 2; authorial vision, 17, 56, 83–88, 101, 110–11, 124, 126–27, 131, 228n79; biog" ******* END TEXT: "ime-space, 7, 80, 140, 171, 172–73, 229–30n11. See also spaces; temporality\nTodorov, Tzvetan, 217n4\n"
9781452941516 - page_262: "START TEXT: To Kŭm-bong, 104, 115, 135\nTongsimch’o (film, Shin), 43, 53, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74\ntransformation, 17, " ******* END TEXT: "jŏn, 191, 193\nYusin constitution, 23, 119, 120, 123, 230–31n25\nYu Wŏnjun, Ch’unyayngjŏn, 191, 193\n\n\n"
9781452941516 - page_263: "START TEXT: STEVEN CHUNG is assistant professor in the Department of East Asian Studies at Princeton University" ******* END TEXT: "STEVEN CHUNG is assistant professor in the Department of East Asian Studies at Princeton University"
9781452941516 - page_264: "START TEXT: .\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: ".\n\n\n"