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9780472023141 - page_iii: "START TEXT: THIS GAMING LIFE\nTRAVELS IN THREE CITIES\n\n\nJim Rossignol\n\nThe University of Michigan Press and The U" ******* END TEXT: "\nJim Rossignol\n\nThe University of Michigan Press and The University of Michigan Library\nAnn Arbor\n\n\n"
9780472023141 - page_iv: "START TEXT: Copyright © by Jim Rossignol 2008All rights reservedPublished in the United States of America byThe " ******* END TEXT: "2008  794.8—dc22\n2007052485\nISBN13 978-0-472-03397-3 (paper)ISBN13 978-0-472-02314-1 (electronic)\n\n\n"
9780472023141 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nNobody leads a life of quiet desperation nowadays. The mass of men was quietly desperate a million " ******* END TEXT: "retty psyched that you can kill someone with a plastic bag.\n TOM CHICK, “Saving Private Donny,” 2004"
9780472023141 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780472023141 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\n LONDON\nHow Games Make Gamers\nThe Big Smoke\n SEOUL\nA Gamers' World\nPropagandists\n REYKJAVIK" ******* END TEXT: "orld\nPropagandists\n REYKJAVIK\nThe Special Relationship\nModel Living\n HOME\nThe Window\nThe Playlist\n\n\n"
9780472023141 - page_viii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472023141 - page_1: "START TEXT:   LONDON  \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "  LONDON  \n\n\n"
9780472023141 - page_2: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472023141 - page_3: "START TEXT: How Games Make Gamers\nA NEW LIMB\nIn May 2000 I was fired from my job as a reporter on a finance news" ******* END TEXT: "er. The country office might have been unapologetically quiet and slow, but the City was numbingly,\n"
9780472023141 - page_4: "START TEXT: \nachingly boring. I longed for someone to talk to, someone who was even remotely inclined to escape " ******* END TEXT: "p weapons and ammunition as you move. These games seem straightforward and approachable, since they\n"
9780472023141 - page_5: "START TEXT: \nare so close to how we experience things in real life—you run around, see things from the character" ******* END TEXT: "s kind of play seemed almost superhuman. The experienced few used weapon physics to fly up walls or\n"
9780472023141 - page_6: "START TEXT: \ndemonstrated innate spatial awareness that defied tactical expectations of less experienced players" ******* END TEXT: "or five-a-side Quake games of “capture the flag.” “It was like exercising a new limb,” recalled one\n"
9780472023141 - page_7: "START TEXT: \ngamer I spoke to about that time. “I was suddenly practicing and arranging matches every other nigh" ******* END TEXT: "d out how it all worked through Web sites, forum posts, and some reverse engineering of game files.\n"
9780472023141 - page_8: "START TEXT: \nMeanwhile, things in the world of financial journalism lurched along in an uneven fashion. My poor " ******* END TEXT: "was now far from casual: we examined everything, analyzed every move in hour-long discussions after\n"
9780472023141 - page_9: "START TEXT: \nthe games. I was by now an utterly obsessed player-coach. I arranged practice schedules and sparrin" ******* END TEXT: " a job when my mind was lost in gaming? Was I lying to myself about even trying to be a journalist?\n"
9780472023141 - page_10: "START TEXT: \nSoon thereafter the crucial moment came to pass. My manager, Richard, sat me down and fixed me with" ******* END TEXT: "to return to London and the worrying question on the pink and yellow billboard. The answer was yes.\n"
9780472023141 - page_11: "START TEXT: \nBLEEPING AND ZAPPING\nVideo games changed my life. It's a pleasing convenience to be able to pinpoin" ******* END TEXT: "y still, many people lack the conceptual vocabulary to describe games in a positive way at all. One\n"
9780472023141 - page_12: "START TEXT: \nof the most routine complaints in the games industry is “My parents/partner/peers still don't belie" ******* END TEXT: "nologies available: a supercomputer in every home and a complex networking gaming platform on every\n"
9780472023141 - page_13: "START TEXT: \nmobile phone. It's a technology that we expect to evolve. Games get prettier, faster, louder, and m" ******* END TEXT: "dened with other aspects of our lives, and it ought to be a sacred thing to sometimes goof off with\n"
9780472023141 - page_14: "START TEXT: \nour mates,” said Jenkins. “But I think the issue goes deeper than that. We lack ways of justifying " ******* END TEXT: "ence of gaming really be “meaningless”? It's a given that many games (like many books or films) are\n"
9780472023141 - page_15: "START TEXT: \nbadly made and trashy, but are the souls of gamers actually suffering under the glare of this digit" ******* END TEXT: "al health of the young. Yet in years of reporting on games, I've uncovered little evidence for such\n"
9780472023141 - page_16: "START TEXT: \nclaims; nor is this supposed degradation evident in my own life or in the lives of the people aroun" ******* END TEXT: "ail. I dressed up in fantasy armor and beat my friends over the head with sticks and foam. I sat in\n"
9780472023141 - page_17: "START TEXT: \na closet in front of a hand-me-down TI-99 and programmed text-based adventure games that I would lo" ******* END TEXT: "his question has generated long, overwrought, often tortuous debate and has been hotly contested by\n"
9780472023141 - page_18: "START TEXT: \ngamers, academics, and critics of all kinds. Like the value of games generally, the value of games " ******* END TEXT: "les us to place a higher value on—to elevate—what game developers do. Just as the term art suggests\n"
9780472023141 - page_19: "START TEXT: \nthat strolling through a gallery isn't just time spent staring at passing walls, it would also sugg" ******* END TEXT: "in our armchairs and passively digest them—we puzzle over them, wrestle with them, and defeat them.\n"
9780472023141 - page_20: "START TEXT: \nThe intellectual value of video games, Johnson argues, has to do with the fact that they aren't exp" ******* END TEXT: " of the physics of their game world: what should have been random suddenly had a pattern that could\n"
9780472023141 - page_21: "START TEXT: \nbe understood and predicted. Every single round from an automatic weapon could be anticipated.\nHowe" ******* END TEXT: "there is also the potential for something more complicated, beyond “probing” and beyond unconscious\n"
9780472023141 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nmastery of a gun that shoots lightning bolts. This is a process that Steven Johnson defines as “tel" ******* END TEXT: "these approaches to help game players exercise a skill set closely matching the thinking, planning,\n"
9780472023141 - page_23: "START TEXT: \nlearning, and technical skills increasingly demanded by employers in a wide range of industries.”\nT" ******* END TEXT: "ities of its members. An example of this is their 2006 paper “Unlimited Learning,” which set out to\n"
9780472023141 - page_24: "START TEXT: \nhighlight how games fit into the overall process of learning and education in schools. The paper li" ******* END TEXT: "her, Tim Rylands, used an adapted version of the game Myst as a teaching aid in classes of children\n"
9780472023141 - page_25: "START TEXT: \n7–11 years old. The game improved literacy because of its text focus and its comparative “cool.” Th" ******* END TEXT: "nctive as breathing.” We learn through infantile roughhousing, we learn through adventures with our\n"
9780472023141 - page_26: "START TEXT: \ntoys, and some of us learned secondary-level French by playing pirated adventure games. Whatever th" ******* END TEXT: "t games will teach their charges how to destroy people with multimillion-dollar attack helicopters.\n"
9780472023141 - page_27: "START TEXT: \nI do not want to diminish the idea that games are good for hand-eye coordination. There are plenty " ******* END TEXT: "ting press stands to the medium of writing. Until the printing press was invented, the written word\n"
9780472023141 - page_28: "START TEXT: \nonly had a limited set of applications; likewise, games were previously limited to boards, cards, o" ******* END TEXT: "s information handling and problem solving. But let's not lose sight of their core value: games are\n"
9780472023141 - page_29: "START TEXT: \nan antidote to boredom, an excellent cure for a seriously debilitating malaise.\nI believe that bore" ******* END TEXT: "ing of it derives from a book called A Philosophy of Boredom, by the Norwegian philosophy professor\n"
9780472023141 - page_30: "START TEXT: \nLars Svendsen. This unassuming little tome, first published in 2005, strikes deep at the heart of t" ******* END TEXT: "se people for whom no activity seems satisfactory. The problem is often not that there is a lack of\n"
9780472023141 - page_31: "START TEXT: \nthings to do in general but, rather, that there is a lack of things that are worthwhile. Boredom ca" ******* END TEXT: "ssing the controller back and forth between my partner and myself) seems just as fulfilling as most\n"
9780472023141 - page_32: "START TEXT: \nother leisure activities and happily balloons to fill almost any length of time you might imagine. " ******* END TEXT: "-meaninglessness. But my aim here is to show that we have rather less destructive solutions at hand\n"
9780472023141 - page_33: "START TEXT: \nfor diverting such a bleak future—tools for play; engines for novelty and thrill, expression and ex" ******* END TEXT: "l concept of “flow.” Jones explains: “Whether thrilling or relaxing, one thing that games designers\n"
9780472023141 - page_34: "START TEXT: \ncan teach those wrestling with other more general forms of interaction design is a mastery of ‘flow" ******* END TEXT: " idea of the future as inevitably boring becomes unthinkable. Gamers, I think, are already there.\n\n\n"
9780472023141 - page_35: "START TEXT: The Big Smoke\nSPLASHDOWN\nIt's July 2007, and Southern England is being gradually submerged in the he" ******* END TEXT: "we corresponded regularly around these events. Very occasionally, we even played in the same games.\n"
9780472023141 - page_36: "START TEXT: \n“Locki” was a regular name on the Quake chat channels, and he managed to drum up plenty of support " ******* END TEXT: "lenty of familiar gamer traits. But there's something else detectable in him: a glint in the eye, a\n"
9780472023141 - page_37: "START TEXT: \nstrong sense of just how focused and dedicated he has become. He's a man who understands his missio" ******* END TEXT: "obsession, and it has been faithful to him. He started off, like me, by finding a Quake team in the\n"
9780472023141 - page_38: "START TEXT: \nlate 1990s—one of the European “clans” of Team Fortress and Quake players—and playing routinely. Hi" ******* END TEXT: " of the familiar routine of commissioning servers and dealing with the technical issues of Internet\n"
9780472023141 - page_39: "START TEXT: \ngaming, Wedgwood found himself commentating on Quake matches that were to be televised on Now TV, a" ******* END TEXT: " them. It was becoming clear from my visits to London that they were influencing many, many people.\n"
9780472023141 - page_40: "START TEXT: \nWedgwood's London was becoming another node in an international, globalized gaming culture. He and " ******* END TEXT: "tart making games. Almost everyone had access to the tools—home computing was cheap and ubiquitous;\n"
9780472023141 - page_41: "START TEXT: \ncreativity was unbounded. Many of the principles of games as they are seen today were conceived and" ******* END TEXT: "ng games via a series of shortcuts. Mod-ding games, I will later argue, is one of the ways in which\n"
9780472023141 - page_42: "START TEXT: \ngaming will begin to change gamers' lives all over again. We'll come back to Wedgwood and his compa" ******* END TEXT: "rks of my previous life. These gamers were living instances of how games had changed people's lives\n"
9780472023141 - page_43: "START TEXT: \nand how games had changed my life. Their enthusiasm was infectious, galvanizing.\nMy travels had beg" ******* END TEXT: "ompany and talk to its creative director.\nI arrived at Smith's far-periphery-of-London headquarters\n"
9780472023141 - page_44: "START TEXT: \n(on the outskirts of the conurbation somewhere near the Chilterns) on a mild summer afternoon. We h" ******* END TEXT: " as Lego, the publishers at Activision, and the Star Wars franchise controllers at LucasArts. “It's\n"
9780472023141 - page_45: "START TEXT: \na relationship of love,” Smith laughed. “Everyone has input onto what the game should be, so it's n" ******* END TEXT: "g something that everyone could enjoy.\n“We knew we had what it took to express Lego interactively,”\n"
9780472023141 - page_46: "START TEXT: \nsaid Smith, although the expression of plastic toy in sci-fi video game was clearly never a straigh" ******* END TEXT: "hildren,” he says. “Specifically my two boys.” For Smith, making video games for a younger audience\n"
9780472023141 - page_47: "START TEXT: \nis clearly a personal matter. The ultimate judge and jury of his life's work will be his own childr" ******* END TEXT: "ly a subculture, an identity statement. It will just become another ordinary ‘doing' label: viewer,\n"
9780472023141 - page_48: "START TEXT: \nwatcher, listener, gamer.” Taylor's blog is largely motivated by her love of picking up on the game" ******* END TEXT: " that any survey will rapidly be overwhelmed or lose its way: gaming is no longer readily described\n"
9780472023141 - page_49: "START TEXT: \nor bracketed. The local status of a Japanese arcade hero hammering his way through epically difficu" ******* END TEXT: " all the mental kids carry Stanley blades.”\nTan's memories of that time are grim. “Growing up there\n"
9780472023141 - page_50: "START TEXT: \nwas not much fun for me, who felt like the only Chinese kid within a thousand miles. Loads of fight" ******* END TEXT: " least it would if it hadn't have got me my job. On the forum, I met [London-based public relations\n"
9780472023141 - page_51: "START TEXT: \nexecutive] Simon Byron, my current boss. I was getting bored with hairdressing, so after ten years " ******* END TEXT: "ned for everyone. Gibson gave us their stage, so we just plugged in and went for it. We were really\n"
9780472023141 - page_52: "START TEXT: \nscared. We had no idea what the crowd would do when they saw our plastic guitars. We thought the wo" ******* END TEXT: "possibly, Tan had been there when gaming turned into rock and roll. How's that for entertainment?\n\n\n"
9780472023141 - page_53: "START TEXT:   SEOUL  " ******* END TEXT: "  SEOUL  "
9780472023141 - page_54: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780472023141 - page_55: "START TEXT: A Gamers' World\nOUTLANDISH THINGS\nTravel in the video game industry means intercontinental city hopp" ******* END TEXT: "005, however, I did have a choice about where I would end up, and it took me to Seoul, South Korea.\n"
9780472023141 - page_56: "START TEXT: \nEarly March in Korea was a gloomy sight, and the drive from the airport provided a gradual introduc" ******* END TEXT: "e out. There had even been rumors of amphetamines in the water supplies, keeping gamers unnaturally\n"
9780472023141 - page_57: "START TEXT: \nwired for days at a time. I had heard so many outlandish things about Korean gamers that I needed t" ******* END TEXT: "ean games used the familiar EverQuest formula of online level-based goblin-slaying role playing but\n"
9780472023141 - page_58: "START TEXT: \nboiled it down to the bare bones. They boasted most of the features of Western games but were also " ******* END TEXT: "“So this guy has a lot of fans?” I said, knowing the answer but nevertheless incredulous. “Hundreds\n"
9780472023141 - page_59: "START TEXT: \nof thousands in his fan club,” replied Yang. “Impossible to track the number of people who watch hi" ******* END TEXT: " game-related TV stunts have been mostly forgettable. A U.K. television show recently used the epic\n"
9780472023141 - page_60: "START TEXT: \nstrategy title Rome: Total War to illustrate its series of historical battle reenactments, but litt" ******* END TEXT: "ying eyeballs. I wanted to sit down and play, but I knew that few of the games supported an English\n"
9780472023141 - page_61: "START TEXT: \noption. This was where Korea's gaming culture was being defined—in social venues, such as bars that" ******* END TEXT: " to bring that about in the West? Could games ever replace our traditions of getting horribly drunk\n"
9780472023141 - page_62: "START TEXT: \nand stumbling in the gutter? Nursing a mild hangover and recalling Friday night's transgressions ma" ******* END TEXT: "ion, PCs have long been able to hook up to larger networks. One of the most popular games in Korea,\n"
9780472023141 - page_63: "START TEXT: \neven to this day, is the 1998 sci-fi strategy game Star-Craft. This was the game I had seen treated" ******* END TEXT: "rked hard to ensure that all urban buildings could be connected to high-speed data networks. At the\n"
9780472023141 - page_64: "START TEXT: \nend of the 1990s, when much of the East Asian economy was depressed, South Koreans were searching f" ******* END TEXT: "assively multiplayer online games (MMOs) could be the simplest of automatons. Several of the Korean\n"
9780472023141 - page_65: "START TEXT: \ngamers I met in Seoul did, nevertheless, voice their dislike of native Korean games. One of them, a" ******* END TEXT: "e in the country. Some titles, such as MapleStory and Kart Rider, are entirely free to play but can\n"
9780472023141 - page_66: "START TEXT: \nbe augmented and expanded by buying in-game items over the counter in your gaming cafe or online vi" ******* END TEXT: "” the baangs. If these outlets were better regulated, the marchers argued, then gaming would become\n"
9780472023141 - page_67: "START TEXT: \nmore of a family event. Making baangs cheerier and smoke-free was top of the agenda. It was as if t" ******* END TEXT: "ompletely to this eight-year-old strategy game. The top half-dozen Korean StarCraft players were on\n"
9780472023141 - page_68: "START TEXT: \nnational TV every day, and memberships in their fan clubs ran into the hundreds of thousands. These" ******* END TEXT: "had started to play, and the competition, in turn, became more demanding. The escalating numbers of\n"
9780472023141 - page_69: "START TEXT: \nStarCraft enthusiasts also increased, encouraging larger sponsors to offer greater amounts of money" ******* END TEXT: "d wealth before marrying a teenage pop star and crashing into drink-related scandal and obscurity.)\n"
9780472023141 - page_70: "START TEXT: \nLater on in the proceedings, my companion produced a Sony PSP, the handheld console that had just b" ******* END TEXT: "r North Carolina studio had to do, he supposed, was to make a good enough game. But this prediction\n"
9780472023141 - page_71: "START TEXT: \nhas not yet panned out: to this day, games have no significant TV presence in the West, and I think" ******* END TEXT: "d in Seoul, and the Koreans dominate the strategic categories. First-person shooters like Quake and\n"
9780472023141 - page_72: "START TEXT: \nCounter-Strike are far less popular in Korea (partly because the average computer is less powerful " ******* END TEXT: ", who were young professionals with a team manager, and some kids who were barely out of school. We\n"
9780472023141 - page_73: "START TEXT: \nchose to give the money to the younger, spottier team—plumping for the underdogs in a rather typica" ******* END TEXT: "ertheless exist in Korea. I detected clues in a slender and bashful young woman called Lee In Sook.\n"
9780472023141 - page_74: "START TEXT: \nSLENDER AND BASHFUL\nKorea's youth live in a conservative, family-orientated society. They are gener" ******* END TEXT: "ing like a nerdy mafioso: a wiry young man with an Atari T-shirt, a cigarette, and a punk attitude,\n"
9780472023141 - page_75: "START TEXT: \nobsessed with maintaining power in a world that I would never see. But I was greeted instead by a s" ******* END TEXT: "sing it in relation to games. But in this case, I could not. A hobby is a highly personal activity.\n"
9780472023141 - page_76: "START TEXT: \nIt is something we indulge in, spend money on, and care about despite—and perhaps because of—its no" ******* END TEXT: "lly meet up with in Iceland, gaming had created an entirely new community within a community. These\n"
9780472023141 - page_77: "START TEXT: \nwere personal connections that might otherwise have been absent, here in the heart of this teeming " ******* END TEXT: "andom partnerships with complete strangers to complete very immediate objectives—killing a monster,\n"
9780472023141 - page_78: "START TEXT: \nfor example—in a way that contrasts utterly with village life, where sudden cooperation with strang" ******* END TEXT: "han the fierce competition of the professional gamers, was where the important future of games lay.\n"
9780472023141 - page_79: "START TEXT: \nGames stand to change not simply individual imaginations or personal finances but the possibilities" ******* END TEXT: "own “PC Baang” culture and playing much the same kind of games as the Koreans. (There's even an MMO\n"
9780472023141 - page_80: "START TEXT: \ninvolving Indian mythology in development, with publishers recognizing that the subcontinent might " ******* END TEXT: "thin Asia remain steady, then we might soon be able to say something similar about games: that they\n"
9780472023141 - page_81: "START TEXT: \nended up being more about people socializing and playing together than about snazzy graphics or sop" ******* END TEXT: "inding ample cause for criticism and concern. Gamers bring their own tastes and opinions with them,\n"
9780472023141 - page_82: "START TEXT: \nand many of them demand games that reflect and reinforce their extragame lives. Like their neighbor" ******* END TEXT: ", and religious figures” (www.zonaeuropa.com). This whole ordeal might all seem politically chaotic\n"
9780472023141 - page_83: "START TEXT: \nto a Western audience, but some Chinese players simply saw sinister motives at work. Outspoken FWJ " ******* END TEXT: " gaming or dismiss it as trivial fantasy removed from real life. On the contrary, the fantasy is so\n"
9780472023141 - page_84: "START TEXT: \ndeeply significant that even apparently minor slights against Chinese patriotism provoked intense a" ******* END TEXT: " to bridge the so-called client-server divide, by balancing the wishes of game creators, on the one\n"
9780472023141 - page_85: "START TEXT: \nhand, and players, on the other. NetEase had one view of how the game should be, and the gamers had" ******* END TEXT: "sible and nonexplicit sexual minigame rather than from the game's themes of casual ultraviolence or\n"
9780472023141 - page_86: "START TEXT: \nprostitution is cause for knowing smiles among many gamers. Missing the point has been typical of m" ******* END TEXT: "e propaganda and that they were therefore being illegitimately influenced. Gamers seem particularly\n"
9780472023141 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nsensitive to the things that alter their gaming experience. They become so familiar with the game t" ******* END TEXT: "luence gamers. Gaming will soon be just another weapon in the arsenal of political propagandists.\n\n\n"
9780472023141 - page_88: "START TEXT: Propagandists\nPROPAGANDA DEVICE\nOne of the most widely discussed politicized games is called America" ******* END TEXT: "esumably entertaining) light. “In elementary school kids learn about the actions of the Continental\n"
9780472023141 - page_89: "START TEXT: \nArmy that won our freedoms under George Washington and the army's role in ending Hitler's oppressio" ******* END TEXT: "a real gun? Nope—they live in suburban England. Most of them had never even seen a genuine firearm.\n"
9780472023141 - page_90: "START TEXT: \nGames do not prepare us for war. Even if our visual processing has been massively enhanced by years" ******* END TEXT: "illed thousands on their PlayStations, but death up close was a completely different and unbearable\n"
9780472023141 - page_91: "START TEXT: \nexperience, well beyond their coping mechanisms. Simulated death is not death.\nLeaving aside such m" ******* END TEXT: " Foundation has a game to teach you about commendable human achievement (visit www.nobelprize.org).\n"
9780472023141 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nThe members of such venerable institutions aren't the only people that have realized games can be u" ******* END TEXT: "itions of immigrants and asylum seekers in a system that was recognizably cruel made for a powerful\n"
9780472023141 - page_93: "START TEXT: \nand politicizing experience. No wonder unhappy voices were raised in the Australian halls of power." ******* END TEXT: "isplay different degrees of sociopathy in their interactions with game characters, whether human or\n"
9780472023141 - page_94: "START TEXT: \nAI driven. Some gamers detect (and deliver) remarkably subtle nuances of meaning through game chara" ******* END TEXT: "peak. Even distanced as we are, there's a good deal of possibility for emotional entanglement, in a\n"
9780472023141 - page_95: "START TEXT: \nway that there is not with computer-generated characters. Creating a “Turing Test” character—one th" ******* END TEXT: ". The problem is we have to break down many misconceptions of what games are, what they can be, and\n"
9780472023141 - page_96: "START TEXT: \nhow this field can be used for many different ideas and in a larger variety of ways then people fir" ******* END TEXT: "spiders are fake enough that phobics will go into a virtual room with the virtual spider, when they\n"
9780472023141 - page_97: "START TEXT: \nwould not go into a real world with a real spider. But the virtual spider is real enough that it el" ******* END TEXT: " exploding monkey tennis. The authors are professionals within the game development industry and so\n"
9780472023141 - page_98: "START TEXT: \nunderstand both the practical and theoretical limitations of games. Their site has provided a forum" ******* END TEXT: "ng. But not necessarily fun.” I'm not sure I agree on the no-fun-with-Kafka angle, but Frasca has a\n"
9780472023141 - page_99: "START TEXT: \npoint. It seems the only things games need to do is stave off boredom.\nAN AUDIENCE\nChina, Korea, an" ******* END TEXT: "ake a stand on the experiences they deliver. Writing for online games journal The Escapist, blogger\n"
9780472023141 - page_100: "START TEXT: \nand journalist Kieron Gillen argued that games, particularly the often neutral-sounding simulation " ******* END TEXT: "ith a political or rhetorical bent has so far proven to be a rudimentary and unpredictable science.\n"
9780472023141 - page_101: "START TEXT: \nIan Bogost (himself the author of a book on games with agendas, Persuasive Games) had this to say o" ******* END TEXT: "ually lead to mainstream games having a greater political awareness, with the gaming equivalents of\n"
9780472023141 - page_102: "START TEXT: \nSyriana or Good Night, and Good Luck appearing on game store shelves. He responded: “I hope so, but" ******* END TEXT: "e brainchild of a young academic for whom games presently represent a sadly wasted opportunity. His\n"
9780472023141 - page_103: "START TEXT: \n“Games with a Purpose” project aims to resolve that problem by making games do something purposeful" ******* END TEXT: " to match the same words to an image. If they both got the same word, they won, and the faster they\n"
9780472023141 - page_104: "START TEXT: \ngot a match, the better their score became. The two players could not communicate other than to kno" ******* END TEXT: "fic objects within images. Von Ahn has started to show us that there are many possible applications\n"
9780472023141 - page_105: "START TEXT: \nfor human computing though games, and most of these are yet to be discovered.\nNEW PATTERNS\nIt's at " ******* END TEXT: "y, I think about the hours I pumped into creating a Dwarf Paladin at level 50-something in World of\n"
9780472023141 - page_106: "START TEXT: \nWarcraft, and I feel like he's right. But perhaps I only feel this way because I am shut off and di" ******* END TEXT: "entually be playing their way into a new and subtle kind of oppression, something far more worrying\n"
9780472023141 - page_107: "START TEXT: \nthan finding their “wasted cycles” put to use in the technology of a major corporation's search eng" ******* END TEXT: "e really cool. And this all comes down to one thing that games really do feed in us: imagination.\n\n\n"
9780472023141 - page_108: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472023141 - page_109: "START TEXT:   REYKJAVIK  " ******* END TEXT: "  REYKJAVIK  "
9780472023141 - page_110: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780472023141 - page_111: "START TEXT: The Special Relationship\nEVOLUTIONARY CHANGE\nThe success of my Quake team didn't last. About a year " ******* END TEXT: "od of play. The entire world seemed to be in the thrall of the team-based combat of Counter-Strike,\n"
9780472023141 - page_112: "START TEXT: \nwith its counterterrorism theme and realistic weapons. But it just didn't suit me. I no longer felt" ******* END TEXT: "ons in an article. I discussed what it was that made this game unique, how it offered possibilities\n"
9780472023141 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nand choices rather than quests and stories. I began to see how it wasn't “virtual” as such but, as " ******* END TEXT: "of corporate placards it shares with all the other buildings, Terminal 2 is a little more haphazard\n"
9780472023141 - page_114: "START TEXT: \nthan the other flight-boarding structures. On a cold day in November 2006, it seemed altogether les" ******* END TEXT: "r, 20- or 30-somethings who were highly computer literate. Many of them no doubt harbored expansive\n"
9780472023141 - page_115: "START TEXT: \nknowledge of gaming ephemera and would almost certainly have seen the Star Wars machine through my " ******* END TEXT: "al concert, countless people meeting in games and falling in love. Games had turned into economies,\n"
9780472023141 - page_116: "START TEXT: \npolitical criticism, costume party cliques, and Hollywood films whose values were to be contested i" ******* END TEXT: "rugated materials and sharply sloped roofs. This hypermodernized Viking outpost also has one of the\n"
9780472023141 - page_117: "START TEXT: \nmost advanced technology infrastructures on earth. It has the highest number of broadband Internet " ******* END TEXT: "rgy of its star and creator, the fitness guru Magnús Scheving. The almost alarming zaniness of this\n"
9780472023141 - page_118: "START TEXT: \nhalf-hour show may seem to be an unlikely product of the long dark winters of Iceland, but it is su" ******* END TEXT: "s heading toward the source of a gaming project that had consumed a significant portion of my life.\n"
9780472023141 - page_119: "START TEXT: \nEIGHTIES AMOEBA\nLater that afternoon, I crossed a second long gray carpet, this one in the hotel ba" ******* END TEXT: "new: the advent of accelerated graphics and the Internet brought us EVE Online. Here, at the end of\n"
9780472023141 - page_120: "START TEXT: \nour chronology, is the space game in its most sophisticated incarnation. Iceland's most advanced pr" ******* END TEXT: " dark world, with design reminiscent of David Lynch's sci-fi movie Dune. You pilot your ship from a\n"
9780472023141 - page_121: "START TEXT: \nthird-person perspective, guiding it between celestial way-points, such as space stations and starg" ******* END TEXT: "n we joined up with larger alliances of players, our little corporation would be able to look after\n"
9780472023141 - page_122: "START TEXT: \nitself: our talent as pilots has been something to be proud of. Our real achievements, however, wer" ******* END TEXT: "scovered a remarkably feudal in-game social system, with players forming warring tribes and dealing\n"
9780472023141 - page_123: "START TEXT: \nwith each other in a barbarous, violent manner—a space-bound medieval Europe. EVE's sophisticated v" ******* END TEXT: "en up numerous times, returning after a few months, when I was unable to find the same satisfaction\n"
9780472023141 - page_124: "START TEXT: \nin other games. I knew that if I was going to sink this much time into a game, I wanted it to count" ******* END TEXT: " there was nevertheless more to it than that.\nThe change had to do with the way players had learned\n"
9780472023141 - page_125: "START TEXT: \nto move their spaceships from place to place, and it was going to damage one of the possible player" ******* END TEXT: " it is not mentioned specifically, it is implicit in much of what gamers like to talk about. In its\n"
9780472023141 - page_126: "START TEXT: \nmost basic sense, “emergence” refers to the way that a small set of rules can generate a highly com" ******* END TEXT: " What I find even more fascinating, though, is the way in which emergent games inspire the emergent\n"
9780472023141 - page_127: "START TEXT: \nbehavior of gamers themselves—the unique and peculiar things gamers will do with a game. As we'll s" ******* END TEXT: "de of cooperating to kill a tough opponent.\nMoments before writing this paragraph, I was part of an\n"
9780472023141 - page_128: "START TEXT: \nonline conversation with another game journalist, Quintin Smith. It was a typical exchange of gamin" ******* END TEXT: "necdote about Changing Rooms demonstrates just how unpredictable the human element of a game really\n"
9780472023141 - page_129: "START TEXT: \nis. Of course, this kind of behavior is not peculiar to games; once people are given tools, they wi" ******* END TEXT: " would ask local pilots for the game equivalent of “just $10,000,” adding, “because I need to raise\n"
9780472023141 - page_130: "START TEXT: \n$100,000.” In reality, this was barely a few cents. Wealthy pilots would feel pity and cough up the" ******* END TEXT: " was only ever intended to have niche appeal, and its initial popularity was entirely unanticipated\n"
9780472023141 - page_131: "START TEXT: \nby EVE's creators. But although the game's focus soon returned to shooting, the mining bug never we" ******* END TEXT: "ve even managed to implement contract systems that allow players to earn trust in a financial world\n"
9780472023141 - page_132: "START TEXT: \nwhere there is no genuine liability for one's actions. All of this represents unprecedented terrain" ******* END TEXT: "d to make their model so open-ended that people had to figure out their own solutions for problems.\n"
9780472023141 - page_133: "START TEXT: \nBuying and loading coordinates drew you into the emergent aspects of the game—without them, you wer" ******* END TEXT: "to make this in-game browser (which cannot browse normal Web pages) host an online poker tournament\n"
9780472023141 - page_134: "START TEXT: \nor multiplayer Connect Four, enterprising EVE players had given the general population of players s" ******* END TEXT: "ck, paper, scissors” design, there's always the potential for an unexpected kind of rock to appear.\n"
9780472023141 - page_135: "START TEXT: \nMost important of all, there's the potential for enemies to devise ingenious plans to use against y" ******* END TEXT: ". Five hundred players (mostly young men, but with an incongruous contingent of girls in boots) had\n"
9780472023141 - page_136: "START TEXT: \narrived in Reykjavik for three days of drinking, lectures, and general socializing. The gamers atte" ******* END TEXT: "emies. They wanted, instead, to create an alternative infrastructure. They understood that the real\n"
9780472023141 - page_137: "START TEXT: \nworld was not dominated by tribes and armies; it was banks, captains of industry, and administrativ" ******* END TEXT: "for you. And in the process of making the ISS work, Smart and Wiinholt would create an unparalleled\n"
9780472023141 - page_138: "START TEXT: \nsocial experiment. What the game's developers couldn't create in terms of climate, cooperation, and" ******* END TEXT: "I was one of many gamers who bought into the project. My EVE friends had found themselves uprooted,\n"
9780472023141 - page_139: "START TEXT: \nthanks to wars not going our way, and soon we installed ourselves in an ISS station. We all poured " ******* END TEXT: "much as $150,000. And this does not include the considerable personal assets of the ISS membership.\n"
9780472023141 - page_140: "START TEXT: \nSmart told me that the ISS idea originally developed from “a personal desire for emergent play.” Th" ******* END TEXT: "people to part with vast amounts of virtual money that they had spent months of game time accruing.\n"
9780472023141 - page_141: "START TEXT: \nThe ISS idea was far more than a bit of acting and playing: it was a wealth of in-game content, com" ******* END TEXT: "ng parts of the games. Wandering through World of Warcraft, you know to talk to the person with the\n"
9780472023141 - page_142: "START TEXT: \nyellow exclamation mark overhead, even though the world seems to be alive with flora, fauna, and wa" ******* END TEXT: "rience of game playing. These are games in which the process of creating things and toying with the\n"
9780472023141 - page_143: "START TEXT: \ngame world is more important than achieving a high score or completing a quest. In fact, in some ca" ******* END TEXT: "at will. There are few constraints, which has led to numerous problems: players are quick to create\n"
9780472023141 - page_144: "START TEXT: \nweird 3-D pornography or to crash a server by generating an infinite number of polygonal penises. G" ******* END TEXT: "led PC, go to secondlife.com. It's completely free (at the time of writing) to sign up and explore.\n"
9780472023141 - page_145: "START TEXT: \nAs fascinating as Second Life has been to watch and explore and despite the hype, I do not believe " ******* END TEXT: "vies was gleaned through observing the audience in a theatre—but that you had never watched a film.\n"
9780472023141 - page_146: "START TEXT: \nYou would conclude that movies induce lethargy and junk food binges. That may be true, but you're m" ******* END TEXT: " and submarine combat. They model living in a house and wanting to date the girl across the street.\n"
9780472023141 - page_147: "START TEXT: \nThey model people, processes, ideas, and actions. In fact, the modeling possibilities for games are" ******* END TEXT: "ng at the results of looking at interacting with things.” This idea echoes what I have already said\n"
9780472023141 - page_148: "START TEXT: \n(earlier in this study) about learning to play games—that it is to some degree comparable to the sc" ******* END TEXT: "e lens of Wright's description, we can see that games are initially rudimentary models in the minds\n"
9780472023141 - page_149: "START TEXT: \nof their creators, imaginative models that go on to be turned into computer models, which are then " ******* END TEXT: "able versions, each one representing a different stage of evolution of the same entity. In the case\n"
9780472023141 - page_150: "START TEXT: \nof EVE, which, unlike many games, has no planned “final version,” the model is an ongoing collabora" ******* END TEXT: "one of the possible future directions for gaming: entertainment that is also massive collaboration.\n"
9780472023141 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nThe ISS project is just one example of how the Internet provides us with the potential for a kind o" ******* END TEXT: "e the future of gaming in a number of other possible ways, and I look at these in “Model Living.”\n\n\n"
9780472023141 - page_152: "START TEXT: Model Living\nBUILDING TOOLS\nAnd now for a brief digression to a dreary evening in Bath, England. …\nO" ******* END TEXT: "the most important thing ever to happen to gaming.” And I thought he was dead right. Yes, what else\n"
9780472023141 - page_153: "START TEXT: \ncould matter outside a small group of friends enjoying themselves so completely? How could anything" ******* END TEXT: "or of gamers could be more various and less controlled than we might expect from the “home console”\n"
9780472023141 - page_154: "START TEXT: \nmodel. It might not be big companies that ultimately decide where gaming goes or how it gets there." ******* END TEXT: "od made sure that everyone knew about it. Once the mod had been released, Wedgwood persuaded gaming\n"
9780472023141 - page_155: "START TEXT: \ncommunity administrators to run tournaments for the game, many of which were to be populated by the" ******* END TEXT: "oxes. We thought we were doing something for the community.” When the team returned to QuakeCon the\n"
9780472023141 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nnext year, everything changed. “We had something really really polished to present,” Wedgwood recal" ******* END TEXT: "ames into hide-and-seek. There are thirty breeds of zombie movie games and also the adventures of a\n"
9780472023141 - page_157: "START TEXT: \nsentient marble. One of the most exquisite mods I've ever had the pleasure of playing (at 4 a.m. wh" ******* END TEXT: " For Betts, the modding scene represents a kind of unlegislated terrain in which he could play with\n"
9780472023141 - page_158: "START TEXT: \nbold ideas: “I realized that consoles were missing out on this vibrant element of interactivity. I " ******* END TEXT: "a more open platform than consoles, where it's hard to comment on or alter titles without resorting\n"
9780472023141 - page_159: "START TEXT: \nto machinima techniques or advanced hardware hacks.”\nBetts, like many other people undertaking thes" ******* END TEXT: "development had ceased: fixing bugs, installing new features, and so on. One of the most impressive\n"
9780472023141 - page_160: "START TEXT: \ninstances of the continuation of these “abandoned” games involves a racing game called Grand Prix L" ******* END TEXT: "ossibilities for low-scale or independent production. While independent filmmaking is still viable,\n"
9780472023141 - page_161: "START TEXT: \nindependent game making has become increasingly difficult to pull off.\nDigital distribution could a" ******* END TEXT: "ould fly in from all across Europe for a long weekend of eating pizza and building their game. Back\n"
9780472023141 - page_162: "START TEXT: \nthen, they were doing it for the fans and for themselves. The PC, Wedgwood was keen to emphasize, i" ******* END TEXT: "and no one else will ever be able to live it.\nThe D&D group is a fine example of how the promise of\n"
9780472023141 - page_163: "START TEXT: \ncreativity and of goofing off with friends makes gaming a long-term commitment—something we can sig" ******* END TEXT: "se. Like the sandbox games of today, MUDs relied on gamers to define many of their own goals and to\n"
9780472023141 - page_164: "START TEXT: \ncreate content. Many of these age-old text worlds are still running today, thanks to the way they d" ******* END TEXT: " hard-core gamers. Features of popular modifications have turned up in the basic interface—features\n"
9780472023141 - page_165: "START TEXT: \nthat the designers hadn't thought of or hadn't been sure whether they wanted to implement.\nGames do" ******* END TEXT: "aded consumers the unprecedented experience of a first-person puzzle game riddled with black humor.\n"
9780472023141 - page_166: "START TEXT: \nBut there is also more than design innovation at stake here. Games that use open-ended approaches l" ******* END TEXT: "of Heroes provides gamers with the possibility for designing superhero outfits and secret lairs. Of\n"
9780472023141 - page_167: "START TEXT: \ncourse, these games also offer gamers limited room to maneuver, because, as in the case of a wiki (" ******* END TEXT: "es to realize even more ambitious projects.\nOne game that is already making moves in this direction\n"
9780472023141 - page_168: "START TEXT: \nis Will Wright's Spore (aka Sim Everything). The game provides players with tools with which to bui" ******* END TEXT: "n-game items for there to be a wealth of extra free content. All they needed were the tools to make\n"
9780472023141 - page_169: "START TEXT: \ntheir designs possible in the game world. The easier it becomes for gamers to produce in-game conte" ******* END TEXT: ". And perhaps players could be enabled to somehow vote on other players' graffiti, or add to it, or\n"
9780472023141 - page_170: "START TEXT: \noverwrite it?” Suddenly the possibilities open up—the cities of Grand Theft Auto become the canvas " ******* END TEXT: "pproach to sharing and processing various types of information. The massively popular photo-sharing\n"
9780472023141 - page_171: "START TEXT: \nsystem Flickr, for example, was built using the tools developed for a failed massively multiplayer " ******* END TEXT: "of them could one day have applications beyond gaming. One of the most widely discussed examples is\n"
9780472023141 - page_172: "START TEXT: \nthe World of Warcraft plague. This accidental virtual contagion was caused by an in-game curse call" ******* END TEXT: "t even be possible to introduce symptom-free diseases to a game and then use real people's behavior\n"
9780472023141 - page_173: "START TEXT: \nto model its spread, without their ever knowing. This, in turn, could be used to model many of the " ******* END TEXT: "to this strange new world of emergent plans and game-driven socialization without a second thought.\n"
9780472023141 - page_174: "START TEXT: \nThey were its willing passengers, each of them paying for a ride on this journey of exploration. Ga" ******* END TEXT: "th them. (World of Warcraft has repeatedly been called the new golf within the technology industry,\n"
9780472023141 - page_175: "START TEXT: \nbecause young executives are now just as likely to be able to hang out with the bosses in the Dwarv" ******* END TEXT: "rporation and gain access to its extensive resources. Like the 1930s FBI infiltrators who organized\n"
9780472023141 - page_176: "START TEXT: \nthe Communist Party meetings in which suspected conspirators were to be arrested, the Guiding Hand'" ******* END TEXT: "f Ubiqua Seraph had poured years of their lives into building this virtual entity. It was something\n"
9780472023141 - page_177: "START TEXT: \nthey had invested countless hours into building, and the Guiding Hand actions represent a staggerin" ******* END TEXT: "Their philosophy seems to be simply that people should not take anything on the Internet seriously.\n"
9780472023141 - page_178: "START TEXT: \nIn the case of EVE Online, the Goons started out as a mass of inexperienced players marauding aroun" ******* END TEXT: "f member. Of course, being a private corporation governing a public “world,” there was no reason to\n"
9780472023141 - page_179: "START TEXT: \nbelieve them, as the Goons were pleased to point out. Finally, just as this writing went to press, " ******* END TEXT: " by their victims. Showers of pornographic imagery, “lag bombs” that slow a game server down to the\n"
9780472023141 - page_180: "START TEXT: \npoint of uselessness—these are acts analogous to terrorism. The perpetrators of these actions are p" ******* END TEXT: "ersonhood. What parts of our lives actually constitute our personal identity? Is it just the things\n"
9780472023141 - page_181: "START TEXT: \nyou do, day to day, in your everyday life, or does our identity extend into game worlds? The knee-j" ******* END TEXT: "hat serves rather more traditional Scandinavian food—steamed haddock and some kind of potato salad.\n"
9780472023141 - page_182: "START TEXT: \nIt's good. Even better thanks to the music: The Smiths, the Pixies, Patti Smith, and some Elvis Cos" ******* END TEXT: "ossible within online games. The group I play with has made this very easy. Everyone is on the same\n"
9780472023141 - page_183: "START TEXT: \npage, and we've adopted a recruitment policy of “one jump removed,” meaning that anyone joining the" ******* END TEXT: "y had drinks with and what they talked about. As much as gamers can be expected to generate content\n"
9780472023141 - page_184: "START TEXT: \nand build game worlds, I suspect what they're really building in the bars of Seoul and the Hotel ba" ******* END TEXT: "mes because games are the newest medium they can find. Nevertheless, it's never quite new enough.\n\n\n"
9780472023141 - page_185: "START TEXT:   HOME  " ******* END TEXT: "  HOME  "
9780472023141 - page_186: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780472023141 - page_187: "START TEXT: The Window\nJUST DIRT\nI've just been to California and back in around 80 hours. It was a typical game" ******* END TEXT: "dred people were waiting for cabs in the rain.\nYou see, you can't walk and expect to get outside of\n"
9780472023141 - page_188: "START TEXT: \nHeathrow. The road tunnel and runway mean that the Heathrow terminal complex is entirely cut off fr" ******* END TEXT: " suspicious and added, “Unless you know some other reason why you should not be allowed to travel?”\n"
9780472023141 - page_189: "START TEXT: \nWorried and exasperated, I phoned everyone I know. They were, with two exceptions, asleep. No one s" ******* END TEXT: "t how I'd been handled, but I never did.\nThanks to my frantic phone calls earlier in the day, I was\n"
9780472023141 - page_190: "START TEXT: \nmet by one of the people involved in organizing the trip. Being a lovely man, he gave me a ride to " ******* END TEXT: "he total anonymity of the buildings, bearing such labels as “Anetech Corp” and “Integrated Services\n"
9780472023141 - page_191: "START TEXT: \nInc.” made the entire place seem like a facade—a video game backdrop. There were no pedestrians, ju" ******* END TEXT: "here near the Great Salt Lake of Utah. I couldn't tell where the mountains ended and the sky began.\n"
9780472023141 - page_192: "START TEXT: \nMAGICAL CALLIGRAPHY\nOn returning home to Bath Spa, the partially mummified nineteenth-century town " ******* END TEXT: " read early drafts of this manuscript detected these ambivalences, too: they thought I was confused\n"
9780472023141 - page_193: "START TEXT: \nor somewhat evasive. On the one hand, I clearly wanted to point out that people are doing more with" ******* END TEXT: "g at the auction house is just one such task. I have errands to run today, both real and imaginary.\n"
9780472023141 - page_194: "START TEXT: \nAnd so, in much the same way that writers used to spend wistful hours staring out a window as they " ******* END TEXT: "view. Or maybe we just need the cheat codes.\nThis generation can barely imagine what that primitive\n"
9780472023141 - page_195: "START TEXT: \nera before the screen must have been like. We depend on our windows to everywhere—television, video" ******* END TEXT: " single route into gaming. It's a jungle, a quagmire, a mess. Over the years, many gamers have said\n"
9780472023141 - page_196: "START TEXT: \nsimilar things to me: games aren't quite there. There are too many inconsistencies, too many faults" ******* END TEXT: "d been so important since the Gutenberg press, lost ground to cinema and television at the start of\n"
9780472023141 - page_197: "START TEXT: \nthe twenty-first century, and the ratio of the senses shifted to the moving image and to the visual" ******* END TEXT: "en at pains to point out that Second Life was loosely defined by the concept of “the Metaverse,” as\n"
9780472023141 - page_198: "START TEXT: \nconjured by Neal Stephenson's superb sci-fi novel Snow Crash. Stephenson defined a virtual 3-D syst" ******* END TEXT: "have brought us cyberpunks in virtual arenas and minds sold into lifelong gaming, but these visions\n"
9780472023141 - page_199: "START TEXT: \nare still disconnected from the reality: the cheery baangs of South Korea or the heap of commercial" ******* END TEXT: " With Government benefits, even nonworking families will have, by one estimate, an annual income of\n"
9780472023141 - page_200: "START TEXT: \n$30,000–$40,000 [$250,000 in today's money]. How to use leisure meaningfully will be a major proble" ******* END TEXT: "t would be ridiculous to claim that games bring only good news. Many of them, unable even to manage\n"
9780472023141 - page_201: "START TEXT: \nthe bright lights and snazzy spectacle we've come to expect, only bore us. Some of us are finding g" ******* END TEXT: "T visionaries, wants to make 100 million cheap, robust laptops and deliver them into the developing\n"
9780472023141 - page_202: "START TEXT: \nworld. The overall goal is education and the alleviation of poverty, but this project also places g" ******* END TEXT: "dation's software design team do when they received their prototype laptops? They installed Doom.\n\n\n"
9780472023141 - page_203: "START TEXT: The Playlist\nThis list is for the people who want to find out a little more about games. You can onl" ******* END TEXT: "ants, many of which can be downloaded for free from the Internet. Tetris represents the core puzzle\n"
9780472023141 - page_204: "START TEXT: \ngame against which almost all others are measured. Modern alternatives and variants on the puzzle t" ******* END TEXT: "latform style utilizing 3-D graphics. Ground-breaking and perfectly balanced, it remains one of the\n"
9780472023141 - page_205: "START TEXT: \ngreatest instances of the platform game to this day. It is also worth taking a look at Ratchet & Cl" ******* END TEXT: "checking out for the way the singing is rated and rewarded by the game's visual interface. Also try\n"
9780472023141 - page_206: "START TEXT: \nGuitar Hero for rhythm-based rocking out on the PlayStation 2. These are two games that have made t" ******* END TEXT: "world, and it's easy to see why the tech-savvy Internet generation has bought into this beguilingly\n"
9780472023141 - page_207: "START TEXT: \nbeautiful online fantasy. Easy to grasp and laborious to master, it's a game of wizards and warrior" ******* END TEXT: "essible and beautiful, it is also abyssally deep, if you care to delve. The unparalleled production\n"
9780472023141 - page_208: "START TEXT: \nvalues and absurd, epic plot illustrate why Japanese role-playing games have remained so popular ov" ******* END TEXT: "ne sophisticated game idea and trying to make it last hours, WarioWare, Inc. gives us the minigame.\n"
9780472023141 - page_209: "START TEXT: \nThere are dozens of tiny challenges: grab a falling dollar, hit a banana, dance, dodge, shoot, skip" ******* END TEXT: "w, and the prince is doing everything Lara did, with an added (and joyous) time-rewinding function.\n"
9780472023141 - page_210: "START TEXT: \nMario Kart\nNintendo's cartoon racing game is the polar opposite of simulation racing games. A world" ******* END TEXT: "de a horse, go fishing, and save the world: this is gaming as it was always meant to be, I suspect.\n"
9780472023141 - page_211: "START TEXT: \nWe Love Katamari\nYou roll a ball that picks things up: this is the principle of the katamari. It do" ******* END TEXT: "ve-online.com, but make sure your PC meets the minimum requirements to play. The game also requires\n"
9780472023141 - page_212: "START TEXT: \nthat you buy time in the form of a credit card payment. Following the tutorial and getting help fro" ******* END TEXT: "R.: Shadow of Chernobyl on the PC. It's fortunate that this horror masterpiece showed up toward the\n"
9780472023141 - page_213: "START TEXT: \nend of writing this manuscript, or there might have been dire consequences for certain deadlines. B" ******* END TEXT: " Boxing has made me better behaved than ever before. Meanwhile, I prefer some bowling and a beer.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_i: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024445 - page_ii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024445 - page_iii: "START TEXT: Originality, Imitation, and Plagiarism\nTeaching Writing in the Digital Age\n \n \nCaroline Eisner and M" ******* END TEXT: "icinusEDITORS\n \nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS AND\nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARY\nAnn Arbor\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by the University of Michigan 2008\nAll rights reserved\nPublished in the United States o" ******* END TEXT: "                                             2007036088\n  ISBN-13: 978-0-472-07034-3 (electronic)\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nFor\nJohn and Susan Sweetland\nGenerous friends and devoted supporters\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nFor\nJohn and Susan Sweetland\nGenerous friends and devoted supporters\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_vi: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024445 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nIntroduction     Caroline Eisner and Martha Vicinus\nORIGINALITY\nChoosing Metaphors     Jess" ******* END TEXT: "mposition Scholarship     Christiane Donahue\nThe Dynamic Nature of Common Knowledge     Amy England\n"
9780472024445 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \nInstinctual Ballast: Imitation and Creative Writing     Christina Pugh\nThe Anthology as a Literary " ******* END TEXT: " Adler-Kassner, Chris M. Anson, and Rebecca Moore Howard\nSelected Bibliography\nContributors\nIndex\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\nOriginality, Imitation, and Plagiarism: Teaching Writing in the Age of the Internet\nCar" ******* END TEXT: "est we undermine the very nature of our profession. Both students and researchers can be tempted to\n"
9780472024445 - page_2: "START TEXT: \nshort-circuit, via unacknowledged use of others' work, the necessary groundwork in learning; most o" ******* END TEXT: " as an initial step in their learning process. The reasons for such lapses are not easy to come by:\n"
9780472024445 - page_3: "START TEXT: \nstudents may fail to acknowledge their sources because of a failure in teaching the rules; because " ******* END TEXT: "ical rhetoric from the time of Aristotle emphasized the pedagogic value of imitating famous orators\n"
9780472024445 - page_4: "START TEXT: \nand authors as the best means of learning to speak and write effectively. Imitation meant emulation" ******* END TEXT: "nding exercise of imitating classical authors in France and China. Although both the French and the\n"
9780472024445 - page_5: "START TEXT: \nChinese educational systems operate within well-articulated guidelines about what constitutes appro" ******* END TEXT: " turns all texts into unstable entities, and the unique role of the author disappears into a medley\n"
9780472024445 - page_6: "START TEXT: \nof voices. In the process, the concept of an individual original creation becomes moot because, in " ******* END TEXT: "emic citation practices.\nThe legal ramifications for writers and readers are subtly explored in our\n"
9780472024445 - page_7: "START TEXT: \nopening essay by Jessica Litman, a pioneer in the field of intellectual property law and digital me" ******* END TEXT: "e works to index the contents of university libraries, including the library here at the University\n"
9780472024445 - page_8: "START TEXT: \nof Michigan, a group of authors have sued for copyright infringement, arguing that Google must firs" ******* END TEXT: "the appropriate legal constraints for the commercial reproduction of a work of art? Is a photograph\n"
9780472024445 - page_9: "START TEXT: \na copy of a work of art, or is it a separate work of art? What rights do the taxpaying citizens of " ******* END TEXT: "len Words: Forays into the Origins and Ravages of Plagiarism. New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1989.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_10: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024445 - page_11: "START TEXT: Originality\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Originality\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_12: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024445 - page_13: "START TEXT: Choosing Metaphors\nJessica Litman\nA public domain work is an orphan. No one is responsible for its l" ******* END TEXT: " with, agree on, convince Congress to pass, and persuade outsiders to comply with. The ways we have\n"
9780472024445 - page_14: "START TEXT: \nof thinking about copyright law can at least make some changes more difficult to achieve than other" ******* END TEXT: "del was that copyright gave owners control only over particular uses of their works.5 The copyright\n"
9780472024445 - page_15: "START TEXT: \nowner had exclusive rights to duplicate the work. Publishing and public performance were within the" ******* END TEXT: "ight-protected works.10\nIn the last thirty years, the idea of a bargain has gradually been replaced\n"
9780472024445 - page_16: "START TEXT: \nby a model drawn from the economic analysis of law, which characterizes copyright as a system of in" ******* END TEXT: "es in other countries who engaged in similar uses. The United States should make it a top priority,\n"
9780472024445 - page_17: "START TEXT: \nthey argued, to beef up domestic copyright law at home, and thus ensure that people in other countr" ******* END TEXT: "e recording industry to limit the first sale doctrine as it applied to records, cassette tapes, and\n"
9780472024445 - page_18: "START TEXT: \ncompact discs in 1984, and enacted an amendment that made commercial record rental (but not loan or" ******* END TEXT: "ally enforceable access control could completely annul the first sale doctrine. More fundamentally,\n"
9780472024445 - page_19: "START TEXT: \nenforceable access control has the potential to redesign the copyright landscape completely. The ha" ******* END TEXT: "ight holder exclusive control over reproductions of the work, but not over all reproductions.25 The\n"
9780472024445 - page_20: "START TEXT: \njustifications for fair use were various; a common formulation explained that reasonable appropriat" ******* END TEXT: "d as altruists seeking to assert the public's side of the copyright bargain, library organizations,\n"
9780472024445 - page_21: "START TEXT: \nfor example, are said to be giving aid and comfort to pirates. Instead of being able to claim that " ******* END TEXT: "ternet, where it could be downloaded by two million people, even making the digital copy is piracy.\n"
9780472024445 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nBecause an unauthorized digital copy of something could be used in a way that could cause all that " ******* END TEXT: "ew 281 (1970).\n10. One series of writings explored the possibility of characterizing copyright as a\n"
9780472024445 - page_23: "START TEXT: \nnatural right, on the theory that works of authorship emanated from and embodied author's individua" ******* END TEXT: " Video Recording, Hearing Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 99th Cong, 2d sess. (1987).\n"
9780472024445 - page_24: "START TEXT: \n22. See Jane C. Ginsburg, Essay: From Having Copies to Experiencing Works: the Development of an Ac" ******* END TEXT: "ation, ed. Niva Elkin-Koren and Neil W. Netanel, 79–106. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002.\n"
9780472024445 - page_25: "START TEXT: \nFolsom v. Marsh. 9 Fed Cas. 342 (1841).\nGinsburg, Jane C. “Authors and Users in Copyright.” Journal" ******* END TEXT: "Upside to Downloading? Hearing. 106th Cong., 2d sess. July 11, 2000. Remarks of Hilary Rosen, RIAA.\n"
9780472024445 - page_26: "START TEXT: \nStone & McCarrick v. Dugan Piano, 210 F. 399 (ED La 1914).\nU.S. Library of Congress Copyright Offic" ******* END TEXT: ", Fair Use and Efficiency in Copyright Law.” University of Colorado Law Review 62 (1991): 79–108.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_27: "START TEXT: On Ethical Issues in Publishing in the Life Sciences\nGilbert S. Omenn\nThere are many complex ethical" ******* END TEXT: "e abused for terror or used in counterterrorism efforts, a matter sometimes called dual-use domain.\n"
9780472024445 - page_28: "START TEXT: \nAuthor's Issues\nEffective publication requires a carefully thought-through analysis by the prospect" ******* END TEXT: "iority to put first a graduate student or postdoctoral fellow, or even an exceptional undergraduate\n"
9780472024445 - page_29: "START TEXT: \nstudent, when that status has been earned. If two individuals share this lead responsibility, the l" ******* END TEXT: "e bibliography to conserve space; some permit one named author with the rest covered by et al. Such\n"
9780472024445 - page_30: "START TEXT: \npolicies make the authorship opaque until the actual article is obtained. Some journals omit titles" ******* END TEXT: "sis is placed on peer review of submitted manuscripts. The editor and editorial staff must identify\n"
9780472024445 - page_31: "START TEXT: \nappropriate reviewers for each manuscript; often several reviewers must be asked in order to find t" ******* END TEXT: "review of journal articles. He notes that certain fields of physics reject the notion of empowering\n"
9780472024445 - page_32: "START TEXT: \njust two or three colleagues to act as quality control on papers; instead the practice of online pu" ******* END TEXT: "in press that do not exist, a particular form of falsification that is hardly unique to scientists.\n"
9780472024445 - page_33: "START TEXT: \nThe ORI website includes numerous educational initiatives, including “a guide to ethical writing” (" ******* END TEXT: "they suggest a useful, user-friendly software tool that identified acceptable duplication (authors'\n"
9780472024445 - page_34: "START TEXT: \nwebsites and properly referenced quotations) and a new category of missing information—articles hid" ******* END TEXT: "ine, and Science and Engineering Ethics (Steneck, “Institutional and Individual Responsibilities”).\n"
9780472024445 - page_35: "START TEXT: \nScientific Publishing as Business\nLibrary budgets are overwhelmed with high subscription charges an" ******* END TEXT: "from interested members of Congress, to accelerate this process. NIH guidance, moreover, has caused\n"
9780472024445 - page_36: "START TEXT: \nsome confusion about whether the submitted manuscript, the accepted manuscript, or the final edited" ******* END TEXT: " parties (Allison). Many reports have been published on this matter, and national and international\n"
9780472024445 - page_37: "START TEXT: \nagencies are trying to balance the value of new knowledge and methods—including the value for count" ******* END TEXT: "p: Credit and Intellectual Property in Science. New York: Routledge/Taylor and Francis Books, 2003.\n"
9780472024445 - page_38: "START TEXT: \nClaxton, Larry D. “Scientific Authorship.” Mutation Research 589 (2005): 17–30.\nCommittee on Advanc" ******* END TEXT: "oting Integrity in Research.” American Journal of Health Behavior 27, Suppl. 3 (2003): S239–S247.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_39: "START TEXT: Reviewing the Author-Function in the Age of Wikipedia\nAmit Ray and Erhardt Graeff\nIntroduction: Wiki" ******* END TEXT: "dels of language and epistemology. In an unprecedented way, wikis allow discourse to emerge that is\n"
9780472024445 - page_40: "START TEXT: \ncontinually negotiated and articulated through a community of users—sometimes thousands of interloc" ******* END TEXT: "terary and cultural studies mounted a sustained examination of the “author” as a contingent figure.\n"
9780472024445 - page_41: "START TEXT: \nThe debate over authorship came to the fore during the mid-1960s when structuralism was being criti" ******* END TEXT: "ogate authorship, textuality, and the types of authority that relate to conceptions of authorship.5\n"
9780472024445 - page_42: "START TEXT: \nMuch of the essay involves a careful explication of how we might conceive of the author-function. I" ******* END TEXT: " “experience” (160), embodied by the engagement with a specific burgeoning and palimpsestic medium.\n"
9780472024445 - page_43: "START TEXT: \nWiki Technology and the Wiki Writing Process: The Case of Wikipedia\nThe “About” page on Wikipedia.o" ******* END TEXT: "w exist many-to-many relationships among wiki users as they interact with and within the community.\n"
9780472024445 - page_44: "START TEXT: \nThese relationships persist beyond any singular or even traditionally serialized publication. In fa" ******* END TEXT: "e data produced indicates, to at least those versed in poststructuralist insights on language, that\n"
9780472024445 - page_45: "START TEXT: \nWikipedia's neoteric authorial/editorial community is attempting to maximize the radical functional" ******* END TEXT: "itality.\n3. Barthes's essay originally appears as “La mort de l'auteur” in Manteia 5 (1968): 12–17.\n"
9780472024445 - page_46: "START TEXT: \n4. Foucault's response originally appears as “Qu'est-ce qu'un auteur?” in Bulletin de la Société Fr" ******* END TEXT: "tp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:About&oldid=37298037, consulted January 30, 2006.\n"
9780472024445 - page_47: "START TEXT: \n“WP:NPOV.” Wikipedia. January 30, 2006, 2:21 UTC. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiped" ******* END TEXT: ".\nWoodmansee, Martha. The Author, Art, and the Market. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_48: "START TEXT: Internet and Open-Access Publishing in Physics Research\nGordon Kane\nPublication of research in most " ******* END TEXT: "sity and the National Science Foundation. The costs are small, on the order of 2 percent of that of\n"
9780472024445 - page_49: "START TEXT: \nthe main U.S. physics journal, Physical Review. The arXiv manifesto is “ArXiv is an openly accessib" ******* END TEXT: "reprints, reprints, conference papers, prepublication book chapters, and so on. Acceptable subjects\n"
9780472024445 - page_50: "START TEXT: \ninclude science areas such as physics, mathematics, biology, earth sciences, computer sciences; tec" ******* END TEXT: ". Anyone who looks at a paper can then click and read what others have written about it. Only those\n"
9780472024445 - page_51: "START TEXT: \nqualified to post on arXiv can comment, and TrackBacks from anonymous sites are not allowed.\nFinall" ******* END TEXT: "entists in general are very happy with the arXiv and with open-access publishing. There seems to be\n"
9780472024445 - page_52: "START TEXT: \na nearly ideal match with how research should be done in these areas. Some modifications will be ne" ******* END TEXT: "p://doc.cern.ch/archive/electronic/cern/preprints/open/open2007-009.pdf. Consulted July 26, 2007.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_53: "START TEXT: Do Thesis Statements Short-Circuit Originality in Students' Writing?\nAnne Berggren\nI decided to take" ******* END TEXT: "e introduction goes nowhere: It does not assert a thesis to be developed in the rest of the paper.2\n"
9780472024445 - page_54: "START TEXT: \nAn introduction to an essay—academic or otherwise—should indeed engage the reader and set the stage" ******* END TEXT: "yllogisms, my brain gets so fried it's . . . almost fun. Mercy! It's like Alice in Wonderland. (50)\n"
9780472024445 - page_55: "START TEXT: \nIndeed, professional writers can consider many options when they are casting around for beginnings:" ******* END TEXT: "ndensation as a thesis statement.” The University of Illinois advises students that “everything you\n"
9780472024445 - page_56: "START TEXT: \nwrite should develop around a clear central thesis.. . . It should appear in the first paragraph.”4" ******* END TEXT: "tion, the master's thesis, the dissertation, the professional article, the scholarly book—these are\n"
9780472024445 - page_57: "START TEXT: \nalmost never expected to be catalysts for real change. They are primarily icons” (xi).\nGiven that Q" ******* END TEXT: " . of the subject as [they] intend to treat it” (52). But Charles Sears Baldwin, in his 1906 manual\n"
9780472024445 - page_58: "START TEXT: \nHow to Write, warned that because an essay “deals with the outside only in order to reveal the insi" ******* END TEXT: "focus on one “master idea” about writing that “should control the way that students learn to write”\n"
9780472024445 - page_59: "START TEXT: \n(250) and to subordinate the textbook's pedagogical material to that idea. During that same time fr" ******* END TEXT: "es, it occurred to me that corporate memos and e-mails probably benefit from thesis statements that\n"
9780472024445 - page_60: "START TEXT: \nsimplify the message: We need to buy more Burger King stock; I recommend Ramsey for the job. Three " ******* END TEXT: "ossibilities, to recognize that facts change and writers can be seduced by clichés and assumptions?\n"
9780472024445 - page_61: "START TEXT: \nHeilker, in his book on the essay, proposes a more personal, introspective form as a substitute for" ******* END TEXT: "is relationship.\n6. I am grateful to Margaret Proctor for attending my conference session and later\n"
9780472024445 - page_62: "START TEXT: \nsuggesting several new sources. She is directly interested in this topic, having written a book cha" ******* END TEXT: "ay as a Token Cripple at Princeton University.” New York Times Magazine, February 16, 2003, 50–55+.\n"
9780472024445 - page_63: "START TEXT: \nLee, D. C. “Five Simple Steps for Increasing Your GPA.” Michigan Daily, February 4, 2003, 4.\nLindem" ******* END TEXT: "g Home Page. http://www.geocities.com/fifth_grade_tpes/thesis.html, consulted September 10, 2004.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_64: "START TEXT: Cloud Gate\nChallenging Reproducibility\nJeff Ward\nJessica Litman argues that the basic reproductive u" ******* END TEXT: "d words. Like the photographic negatives used to manufacture integrated circuits or circuit boards,\n"
9780472024445 - page_65: "START TEXT: \nthe copied data tells machines how to reproduce objects. It neither depicts, nor reproduces them.\nT" ******* END TEXT: "cus for discussing the right to photograph in public spaces and the use of media, both new and old.\n"
9780472024445 - page_66: "START TEXT: \nCloud Gate\nAnish Kapoor's Cloud Gate is a publicly visible sculpture located in Millennium Park, Ch" ******* END TEXT: "n Wimmer was stopped by a security guard from photographing Cloud Gate. Ben Joravsky's article “The\n"
9780472024445 - page_67: "START TEXT: \nBean Police” in the Chicago Reader was ground zero. Depictions of this event on the Internet caused" ******* END TEXT: "ough the policies of the franchise or the owner.3 Casinos in Las Vegas regulate public photography.\n"
9780472024445 - page_68: "START TEXT: \nThe overriding issue is an assumed privacy right for their patrons. Family-oriented casinos encoura" ******* END TEXT: "ies.” Horsch was shocked: “We've been representing Chicago for 32 years. We've put up with the dirt\n"
9780472024445 - page_69: "START TEXT: \nfor six years and now we can't take a picture of what's across the street?” (Kleiman 15). What emer" ******* END TEXT: "st into an age of reproduction, the possessive pronoun more accurately reflects the presence of art\n"
9780472024445 - page_70: "START TEXT: \nin an age where it is not only subject to reproduction, but designed for reproducibility. The bench" ******* END TEXT: "anting spectators a unique view of themselves reflected inside the work. Kapoor's work illuminates,\n"
9780472024445 - page_71: "START TEXT: \nretrospectively, the blindness and insight in “The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Repr" ******* END TEXT: "e development corporation, or the sculptor who created it—is complex. The federal government denies\n"
9780472024445 - page_72: "START TEXT: \ncopyright protection to works created by government employees, but copyright protection is granted " ******* END TEXT: "tributed under fair use. Entrepreneurs like Horsch would merely be distributing newsworthy content.\n"
9780472024445 - page_73: "START TEXT: \nHowever, the case most applicable to Cloud Gate is Hart v. Sampley (1992). It centers on Fredrick E" ******* END TEXT: "nvolving the photography of ornamental picture frames for a catalogue, SHL Imaging, Inc, v. Artisan\n"
9780472024445 - page_74: "START TEXT: \nHouse, Inc., 117 F. Supp. 2d 301 (S.D.N.Y 2000), the court sought to push this ruling further:\nWhil" ******* END TEXT: "hotograph architecture visible from public locations, Streisand's suit against photographer Kenneth\n"
9780472024445 - page_75: "START TEXT: \nAdelman argued that his aerial photographs from public airspace were an invasion of privacy. The su" ******* END TEXT: " between Washington and Madison Streets; Anish Kapoor, London.” Chicago Tribune, July 18, 2004, 10.\n"
9780472024445 - page_76: "START TEXT: \nKamin, Blair. “John Bryan: Millennium Park's Moneyman.” Chicago Tribune, December 26, 2004, 3.\nKlei" ******* END TEXT: "l L. “Transparent Pictures: On the Nature of Photographic Realism.” Nous 18, no. 1 (1984): 67–72.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_77: "START TEXT: Imitation\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Imitation\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_78: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024445 - page_79: "START TEXT: Genres as Forms of In(ter)vention\nAnis Bawarshi\nIn his chapter in this volume, “History and the Disc" ******* END TEXT: "nship between imitation and invention, arguing that imitation and invention exist on a genredefined\n"
9780472024445 - page_80: "START TEXT: \ncontinuum and thereby have a variable relationship that we must acknowledge if we want to understan" ******* END TEXT: "ies defined. These relations are typified because they are learned recognitions of opportunity that\n"
9780472024445 - page_81: "START TEXT: \nover time and in particular contexts become habitual. As Freadman has argued, uptakes have memories" ******* END TEXT: "ropriated by students in another genre appears most visibly in the introductions of student essays.\n"
9780472024445 - page_82: "START TEXT: \nIn one particular case, students had read and discussed Clifford Geertz's essay “Deep Play: Notes o" ******* END TEXT: "eds the prompt as context. The student has not imitated the prompt in ways expected in this uptake,\n"
9780472024445 - page_83: "START TEXT: \nalthough if this were an answer to an exam question, the uptake might have been more appropriate.\nC" ******* END TEXT: "o a type of music they all enjoy.” Instead, she appropriates the authority the prompt grants her to\n"
9780472024445 - page_84: "START TEXT: \nassert this claim. Only in the context of her authority does Geertz then figure into the essay. The" ******* END TEXT: "t seller as well as required reading in many university courses, and, in 1992, won Menchú the Nobel\n"
9780472024445 - page_85: "START TEXT: \nPeace Prize. More significantly, by bringing international attention to the suffering of indigenous" ******* END TEXT: "and, Menchú supporters argue, simplified) Stoll's research, the findings ignited a controversy that\n"
9780472024445 - page_86: "START TEXT: \nwas played out academically and publicly. The resulting controversy saw some critics calling the bo" ******* END TEXT: " is the story of all poor Guatemalans. My personal experience is the reality of a whole people. (1)\n"
9780472024445 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nIf I, Rigoberta Menchú did not exceed its genre (both in terms of its notion of witness and in its " ******* END TEXT: "sformation guided by genre knowledge. When students take up the writing prompt as their essay, they\n"
9780472024445 - page_88: "START TEXT: \nare negotiating a complex, normalized transaction between imitation and invention. Likewise, when I" ******* END TEXT: "uld argue that readers took up I, Rigoberta Menchú in ways that Burgos-Debray initially took it up.\n"
9780472024445 - page_89: "START TEXT: \nWorks Cited\nArias, Arturo, ed. The Rigoberta Menchú Controversy. Minneapolis : University of Minnes" ******* END TEXT: ". Richard Coe, Lorelei Lingard, and Tatiana Teslenko, 103–21. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2002.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_90: "START TEXT: When Copying Is Not Copying\nPlagiarism and French Composition Scholarship\nChristiane Donahue\nThe pas" ******* END TEXT: "textual relationship; secondary and postsecondary students are taught an entrenched aversion to it.\n"
9780472024445 - page_91: "START TEXT: \nAfter a brief overview of French teaching practices as related to source use, I will present a few " ******* END TEXT: " Officially, paraphrase is a secondary and early postsecondary education concern related to writing\n"
9780472024445 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nabout literature, while citing and quoting are more advanced undergraduate or even graduate study c" ******* END TEXT: "f objects or signs versus the act of doing the same kind of thing—play out in students' experiences\n"
9780472024445 - page_93: "START TEXT: \nworking with text. French practitioners do not use the word copying but in effect encourage it in b" ******* END TEXT: "sizes multiple sources read for class or read in addition to class. This is the first time students\n"
9780472024445 - page_94: "START TEXT: \nwill work with abstract theoretical discourse in the discipline they have chosen. Because writing i" ******* END TEXT: "guage that is understood in a Bakhtinian frame: “Someone who apprehends the utterances of others is\n"
9780472024445 - page_95: "START TEXT: \nnot mute, silenced; on the contrary, he or she is a being full of interiorized words” (qtd. in Guib" ******* END TEXT: "sor surely knew” (173). The professor-as-audience and the context of school-based writing dominate.\n"
9780472024445 - page_96: "START TEXT: \nVoice is another complication that has attracted French scholars' attention. Françoise Boch and Fra" ******* END TEXT: "al issue of the journal referenced here, Apprendre à Citer le Discours d'Autrui. Boch and Grossmann\n"
9780472024445 - page_97: "START TEXT: \ncite the following two postsecondary textbooks as childish, even infantile in their perspectives on" ******* END TEXT: "f these approaches seems right to us. But what exactly do we expect of our students?” (Guibert 42).\n"
9780472024445 - page_98: "START TEXT: \nRecasting the Issues: Paraphrase, Plagiarism, Originality, and the discours d'autrui\nWhile the Fren" ******* END TEXT: "ng copying and paraphrasing as forms of reprise-modification. Copying's long and honored history in\n"
9780472024445 - page_99: "START TEXT: \nmany fields is seen as a mode of learning, an apprenticeship method: art, music, writing, technolog" ******* END TEXT: "ints in time or location. Summary in one instance is read or received as interpretation in another;\n"
9780472024445 - page_100: "START TEXT: \nan imitation in one era is read as a poor copy in another. Claiming plagiarism, from this point of " ******* END TEXT: "ples come from Guigue and Crinon.\nEXAMPLE 1\n\nWe also see close paraphrase of the assignment itself.\n"
9780472024445 - page_101: "START TEXT: \n\nEXAMPLE 2\n\nEXAMPLE 3\n\n\nNotes\n1. This is a problem that is rapidly spreading in French-speaking cou" ******* END TEXT: "rch group, THEODILE, the Université Stendahl-Grenoble research group LIDILEM, and the Université de\n"
9780472024445 - page_102: "START TEXT: \nBordeaux II research group Psychologie de l'Education et du Développement. More information about t" ******* END TEXT: "nt les etudiants entrants s'approprientils les discours universitaires?” Spirale 29 (2002): 109–22.\n"
9780472024445 - page_103: "START TEXT: \nDonahue, Christiane. “The Lycée to University Progression in French Students' Development as Writer" ******* END TEXT: "es. “Je suis comme un autrui qui doute.” Apprendre à Citer le Discours d'Autrui 24 (2001): 13–28.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_104: "START TEXT: The Dynamic Nature of Common Knowledge\nAmy England\nWhen teachers discuss source citation with their " ******* END TEXT: "sses and one junior-level literature class and became intrigued by the idea of common knowledge. In\n"
9780472024445 - page_105: "START TEXT: \norder to code the students' essays to determine incidences of patch-written or plagiarized material" ******* END TEXT: "ases daily, that definition and the assumptions that accompany it are not as effective as they once\n"
9780472024445 - page_106: "START TEXT: \nwere. However, because of the general nature of the information and its availability on the Interne" ******* END TEXT: "Lipson never mentions common knowledge, focusing all of his attention on various styles of citation\n"
9780472024445 - page_107: "START TEXT: \nand academic honesty, including a detailed discussion of avoiding plagiarism, both deliberate and “" ******* END TEXT: "d to know.” The fail-safes built into these phrases are qualifiers like general, may, educated, and\n"
9780472024445 - page_108: "START TEXT: \nexpected; these vague terms require writers to make judgments about their readers' knowledge about " ******* END TEXT: "t to certain commonly held beliefs,” they “add to the argumentative force by presenting the view as\n"
9780472024445 - page_109: "START TEXT: \none which is not theirs alone, but one which is shared with the wider community or with relevant ex" ******* END TEXT: "ience is likely to recognize it as common knowledge. However, as we've already seen, the context of\n"
9780472024445 - page_110: "START TEXT: \nthe discourse community and the knowledge base it develops continually evolves and plays a profound" ******* END TEXT: "e, she is asserting her authority over that student's text. This authority has more weight than the\n"
9780472024445 - page_111: "START TEXT: \nauthority a lay reader asserts. When a lay reader makes judgments about a text, those judgments aff" ******* END TEXT: "of common knowledge. One of these is how common knowledge is utilized in the corporate world. Nancy\n"
9780472024445 - page_112: "START TEXT: \nDixon's Common Knowledge: How Companies Thrive by Sharing What They Know details the systems and st" ******* END TEXT: "lp students develop the qualities of academic thinkers and writers we set as goals for our classes.\n"
9780472024445 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nWorks Cited\nDixon, Nancy. Common Knowledge: How Companies Thrive by Sharing What They Know. Boston:" ******* END TEXT: "63–82.\nLipson, Charles. Doing Honest Work in College. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_114: "START TEXT: Instinctual Ballast\nImitation and Creative Writing\nChristina Pugh\nIn his Handlist of Rhetorical Term" ******* END TEXT: "rdon off complementary aspects of the mind into separate disciplines. This helps students, in turn,\n"
9780472024445 - page_115: "START TEXT: \nto begin to reject the myths and clichés of who the scholar and the poet should be: those discrete " ******* END TEXT: "rtoiseshell, leather, carved wood; they may reflect the notion of enhancing those fragments of real\n"
9780472024445 - page_116: "START TEXT: \nlife, but they may also be a collection of frames, and the photographs may be there only to occupy " ******* END TEXT: "imitation can never be accomplished without intensive reading and study of the work to be imitated:\n"
9780472024445 - page_117: "START TEXT: \nYou cannot copy what you glance at nor remember what you speed read nor repeat what you half heard;" ******* END TEXT: "ve oar in water, the glittering circles inscribed by the young boat-thief in book 1 of The Prelude.\n"
9780472024445 - page_118: "START TEXT: \nKinzie has also eloquently discussed the timbre of reading that imitation requires, as well as the " ******* END TEXT: "n love of privacy—would have prevented me from doing it. (In an essay entitled “The Uses of Doubt,”\n"
9780472024445 - page_119: "START TEXT: \nStacey D'Erasmo has written forcefully against the often unspoken assumption that writing must be e" ******* END TEXT: "ch cutting and pasting would interfere with the generative writing—in another's voice—that they are\n"
9780472024445 - page_120: "START TEXT: \nbeing asked to do. If plagiarism has any role at all in the course, perhaps it would be the creepin" ******* END TEXT: "when the rush to publish is infecting even the undergraduate population. Writers are not made in an\n"
9780472024445 - page_121: "START TEXT: \ninstant; and no matter what form our writing may eventually take, there is a very real sense in whi" ******* END TEXT: "Cambridge University Press, 1999.\nStevens, Wallace. The Collected Poems. New York: Vintage, 1982.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_122: "START TEXT: The Anthology as a Literary Creation\nOn Innovation and Plagiarism in Textual Collections\nChristopher" ******* END TEXT: "ok store browser who is well schooled in the meaning of “original work” and “copyrighted material.”\n"
9780472024445 - page_123: "START TEXT: \nHowever, the promulgation of anthologies since the mid–twentieth century, epitomized by the ambitio" ******* END TEXT: "gist is selection: the choosing of which texts (and for foreign works, which translation of a text)\n"
9780472024445 - page_124: "START TEXT: \nwill be included, and, a parallel and equally creative choice, how best to excerpt longer works. Th" ******* END TEXT: "he reader of the anthology can be in the closest possible position to the reader of “the original.”\n"
9780472024445 - page_125: "START TEXT: \nSince the process of selection is undertaken furthest from the eventual readers of an anthology, so" ******* END TEXT: "rangement, as has happened even in various anthologies from Norton, a publisher otherwise known for\n"
9780472024445 - page_126: "START TEXT: \nstrict chronological ordering of selections. For instance, in the most recent edition of The Norton" ******* END TEXT: "ce, in the section on the English Romantic poets in the latest Norton Anthology of World Literature\n"
9780472024445 - page_127: "START TEXT: \n(Lawall), there are several pages of excerpts from Dorothy Words-worth's Grasmere Journals. By the " ******* END TEXT: "early-twentieth-century poet now more remembered as a leading anthologist of the period, Untermeyer\n"
9780472024445 - page_128: "START TEXT: \nedited a series of enormously popular collections that did much to help canonize modern poetry as w" ******* END TEXT: "y easily reconstructed (see Gutzwiller). It as if the necessary work of transcription has run amok,\n"
9780472024445 - page_129: "START TEXT: \ncutting across the divisions of selection. A more recent counterexample can be found in an anonymou" ******* END TEXT: "ogy plagiarism might be multiplied, and they beg the question of why it is so automatic to conceive\n"
9780472024445 - page_130: "START TEXT: \nof anthologies as uniformly “unoriginal,” rather than as sites allowing considerable editorial inno" ******* END TEXT: "e a catastrophic bodily injury.\nBut this is foolish. To understand how compilations and anthologies\n"
9780472024445 - page_131: "START TEXT: \ncan be original, it is essential to stop thinking of texts as fixed, unified bodies, shaped and bre" ******* END TEXT: " a Comprehensive Anthology of Modern American Poetry.” American Literary History 14 (2002): 311–27.\n"
9780472024445 - page_132: "START TEXT: \nPaton, W. R., trans. The Greek Anthology. 5 vols. 1916. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; London" ******* END TEXT: "eyer, Louis. From Another World: The Autobiography of Louis Untermeyer. New York: Harcourt, 1939.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_133: "START TEXT: Economies of Plagiarism\nThe i-Map and Issues of Ownership in Information Gathering\nKim Walden and Al" ******* END TEXT: "on no longer represent a shared culture across the groups who utilize and who maintain the academy.\n"
9780472024445 - page_134: "START TEXT: \nIn recent years, and in many places, the cultural economies of information handling and academic pr" ******* END TEXT: "ttern of transgressive behaviors, relative to other patterns that are conforming. Plagiarism is the\n"
9780472024445 - page_135: "START TEXT: \nbehavioral and concrete response to traditional academic attitudes about the ownership of ideas, an" ******* END TEXT: "iduals when they engage with the academy's codes. As an example, the use of sampling in music where\n"
9780472024445 - page_136: "START TEXT: \nthe pleasure of the text may in part derive from getting the reference. This is a form of implicit " ******* END TEXT: "ersus expression)\n• Worth of scholarly activities generally (desire to learn, intrinsic motivation,\n"
9780472024445 - page_137: "START TEXT: \ncuriosity, valuing knowledge of others, valuing knowledge for itself)\n• Importance of this task in " ******* END TEXT: " academy's intellectual and moral standards. And that may reveal internal contradictions within the\n"
9780472024445 - page_138: "START TEXT: \ninfrastructure, or open out its conflicts with other codes, modes, and values in the wider culture." ******* END TEXT: "y format” (5). Copy and paste, an integral part of the authoring of word-processed texts, amplifies\n"
9780472024445 - page_139: "START TEXT: \nacts of compilation because it changes the economy of effort:value within the allographic relative " ******* END TEXT: "and the user experience of being there. If we think of payment for the Web, it is as a payment to a\n"
9780472024445 - page_140: "START TEXT: \nphone company or to a broadband provider for the line not the content, rather like paying the bus f" ******* END TEXT: "found is somehow the product of the user's efforts and so owned by him. This confusion of ownership\n"
9780472024445 - page_141: "START TEXT: \nis compounded by the incunabula nature of the Web itself where conventions of declaring identity an" ******* END TEXT: "werful parallel sign systems indicate those ideas are contingent and transient, then the purpose of\n"
9780472024445 - page_142: "START TEXT: \nquotation and reference is reframed and may seem questionable. The historical ethos of the academy " ******* END TEXT: "s, databases, electronic journals, media sources (newspapers, newsgroups, blogs, discussion boards)\n"
9780472024445 - page_143: "START TEXT: \n\n• Diagrams: brainstorms, spiders, flow diagrams, pie charts showing connections and relationships " ******* END TEXT: " of a written text. The i-map rebalances the play of effort and values in the economies of academic\n"
9780472024445 - page_144: "START TEXT: \nactivities, lessening the motivation to plagiarize, as well as reducing the opportunities for plagi" ******* END TEXT: "o. 2 (2004): 180–99. http://alh.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/2/180, consulted July 9, 2007.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_145: "START TEXT: “Fair Use,” Copyright Law, and the Composition Teacher\nMartine Courant Rife\nIn our roles as writing " ******* END TEXT: "artow). The tension between stakeholders who wish to share and stakeholders who wish to contain and\n"
9780472024445 - page_146: "START TEXT: \ncontrol information is viewed as a “battle,” “war,” and “fight” (Litman; Yu; DeVoss and Porter 185)" ******* END TEXT: "takeholders because a copyright is a bundle of rights. While copyright law defines the kind of work\n"
9780472024445 - page_147: "START TEXT: \nprotected, it also defines the strands in this bundle of protections. Section 106 gives copyright h" ******* END TEXT: "e amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and\n"
9780472024445 - page_148: "START TEXT: \n(4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. (U.S. Cod" ******* END TEXT: " sets forth the elements that were later folded into the four-factors fair-use test of Section 107.\n"
9780472024445 - page_149: "START TEXT: \nJudge Story's 1841 opinion is accepted as part of our current fair-use analysis (Bartow; Duhl). How" ******* END TEXT: "he case to the lower court for consideration on the issue of harm to the copyright holder's market.\n"
9780472024445 - page_150: "START TEXT: \nTo these four Supreme Court cases, I am going to add a fifth: MGM v. Grokster (2005). Even though G" ******* END TEXT: "ment and reflect on how we teach others to use technology that includes replicating work by others.\n"
9780472024445 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nAccording to Duhl, the first four cases show the Supreme Court's reluctance to define clear boundar" ******* END TEXT: "om faculty members certifying the copies were in compliance with guidelines. Universities have thus\n"
9780472024445 - page_152: "START TEXT: \nagreed to adopt guidelines, and if faculty do not follow the guidelines, they face personal liabili" ******* END TEXT: " approve of the guidelines, we should change them rather than engage in blatant civil disobedience.\n"
9780472024445 - page_153: "START TEXT: \nWhile Bartow recommends active assertion of our copyrights, even subversion of overly restrictive r" ******* END TEXT: "right holders' ability to enter the “new” market of new media composing in the educational setting.\n"
9780472024445 - page_154: "START TEXT: \nConclusion\nI encourage digital literacies if students can situate their fair use of material within" ******* END TEXT: "pyright Analysis.” 2005. http://www.policyband.com/doc/googleprint.pdf, consulted February 2, 2006.\n"
9780472024445 - page_155: "START TEXT: \nBartow, Ann. “Educational Fair Use in Copyright: Reclaiming the Right to Photocopy Freely.” Univers" ******* END TEXT: "er. 545 U.S. 1 (2005). http://www.eff.org/IP/P2P/MGM_v_Grokster/04-480.pdf, consulted July 9, 2007.\n"
9780472024445 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nPorter, James. “The Chilling of Digital Information: Technical Communicators as Public Advocates.” " ******* END TEXT: "stra Law Review 32 (2004): 907–51. http://ssrn.com/anstract=436693, consulted September 20, 2004.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_157: "START TEXT: Plagiarism\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Plagiarism\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_158: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024445 - page_159: "START TEXT: History and the Disciplining of Plagiarism\nMichael Grossberg\nI begin this essay with a story. It com" ******* END TEXT: "ectly raises the disciplining challenges surfacing in current debates about plagiarism (Grossberg).\n"
9780472024445 - page_160: "START TEXT: \nThe Definition\nChanging definitions are surely one source of uncertainty about the disciplining of " ******* END TEXT: "y and reliability with which the historian uses primary and secondary source materials. Scholarship\n"
9780472024445 - page_161: "START TEXT: \nflourishes in an atmosphere of openness and candor, which should include the scrutiny and discussio" ******* END TEXT: "se the expulsion of a student from a college or university.” Thus the ways we experience plagiarism\n"
9780472024445 - page_162: "START TEXT: \ncreate a complicated sense of victimization and vulnerability that are also critical to definitions" ******* END TEXT: "ived so many tips about purported plagiarism that he only investigates well-known scholars. Another\n"
9780472024445 - page_163: "START TEXT: \nhistorian created a website, “Famous Plagiarists,” that included a special section on history and a" ******* END TEXT: "of this moment is that technology has increased our sense of both vulnerability and accountability.\n"
9780472024445 - page_164: "START TEXT: \nAnother source of our present concern about plagiarism is the impact of the law on all discussions " ******* END TEXT: " fostered uncertainty about the link between textual construction and ownership that challenge that\n"
9780472024445 - page_165: "START TEXT: \nunderstanding of plagiarism. Writing theorist Susan H. McLeod warns us, “We ignore the recent, loca" ******* END TEXT: "ond, and I think more consequential, has been the impact of an expanding market for popular history\n"
9780472024445 - page_166: "START TEXT: \nevident in the large audiences for Ken Burns's documentaries and the huge readership of David McCul" ******* END TEXT: "ncertainty at this moment.\nUntil recently, the AHA had a settled procedure for resolving plagiarism\n"
9780472024445 - page_167: "START TEXT: \naccusations. It was one of the few professional organizations willing to police itself in this mann" ******* END TEXT: "Benson Tong with plagiarism. She later reported that the Professional Division agreed with her that\n"
9780472024445 - page_168: "START TEXT: \nTong has appropriated words and ideas from her dissertation and published them as his own in a book" ******* END TEXT: " the disputed texts as the prime method of exposure (Grossberg, “Plagiarism,” 1338–39). A few other\n"
9780472024445 - page_169: "START TEXT: \nhistory journals also created new policies; most of these have adopted an approach much like the ad" ******* END TEXT: "ional misconduct by the new interpretive communities being constructed through the mediums like the\n"
9780472024445 - page_170: "START TEXT: \nInternet and reviewing mechanisms like those on Amazon.com. He argues that since the professional a" ******* END TEXT: " release, May 3, 2003. http://www.historians.org/press/PR_Adjudication.htm, consulted July 4, 2007.\n"
9780472024445 - page_171: "START TEXT: \nAmerican Historical Association. “Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct.” Adopted January " ******* END TEXT: "lagiarism Policy.” December 11, 2004 . http://www.jgape.org/plagiarism.php, consulted July 4, 2007.\n"
9780472024445 - page_172: "START TEXT: \nKahl, Caryln E. “Plagiarism Policies and Historical Journals.” Editing History (Conference of Histo" ******* END TEXT: "orians in Trouble: Plagiarism, Fraud, and Politics in the Ivory Tower. New York: New Press, 2005.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_173: "START TEXT: Plagiarism and Copyright Infringement\nThe Costs of Confusion\nLaura J. Murray\nIn August 2005, a trans" ******* END TEXT: " principles and community values, and the other (copyright) by legal rules. In this implicit claim,\n"
9780472024445 - page_174: "START TEXT: \nCohen shares a widespread hunch about the difference between plagiarism and copyright infringement:" ******* END TEXT: " would run completely counter to the principles of these economies: the goal of all participants is\n"
9780472024445 - page_175: "START TEXT: \nfree, cited circulation. Of course citation economies do not operate “purely” or in isolation: they" ******* END TEXT: "from society, will no longer work to legitimate particular inquiries, polices, and property claims”\n"
9780472024445 - page_176: "START TEXT: \n(19). In this spirit, I think it urgently necessary to emphasize distinctions between citation and " ******* END TEXT: "ement to design and clarify nonproperty economies of knowledge, a movement that includes opensource\n"
9780472024445 - page_177: "START TEXT: \nsoftware, the Creative Commons license, defense of the public domain, and all manner of documentati" ******* END TEXT: "pate can also be productive. Internet links are one endless chain of footnotes, only handier. Blogs\n"
9780472024445 - page_178: "START TEXT: \ninvite their readers to trace back through their sources like any good academic historian. Some stu" ******* END TEXT: "ng permission to quote the work of others will produce “enhancement of your reputation,” and assist\n"
9780472024445 - page_179: "START TEXT: \nin “opening up relationships with originators,” “establishing personal acceptance in the community " ******* END TEXT: " It is crucial for academics and students to understand that permission is not part of the citation\n"
9780472024445 - page_180: "START TEXT: \nsystem—otherwise they will not see what they are giving away in this increasingly copyrighteous wor" ******* END TEXT: "he only exception in academic citation is “common knowledge,” a much tinier window than fair use or\n"
9780472024445 - page_181: "START TEXT: \nfair dealing. One is supposed to cite short sequences of words that one could use without permissio" ******* END TEXT: "“The Free Software Definition.” http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html, consulted July 5, 2007.\n"
9780472024445 - page_182: "START TEXT: \nGalison, Peter, and Mario Biagoli, eds. Scientific Authorship: Credit and Intellectual Property in " ******* END TEXT: "World, ed. Lise Buranen and Alice M. Roy, 5–18. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_183: "START TEXT: Plagiarism, a Turnitin Trial, and an Experience of Cultural Disorientation\nLisa Emerson\nIn October 2" ******* END TEXT: "zes the process of observation and self-clarification I engaged in as part of the university trial.\n"
9780472024445 - page_184: "START TEXT: \nThe Project\nThe university trial involved ten faculty members across a range of disciplines. My par" ******* END TEXT: " students could correctly answer simple questions about plagiarism (92 percent correctly identified\n"
9780472024445 - page_185: "START TEXT: \nthat including copied text without a citation is plagiarism), they had difficulty with the more com" ******* END TEXT: "e that checks all submitted papers against its ever-growing body of previously submitted papers, as\n"
9780472024445 - page_186: "START TEXT: \nwell as commercial databases of journals and periodicals. Once a paper is submitted, it belongs to " ******* END TEXT: "trial, there are no quantitative data to confirm this. However, in my own case, the results suggest\n"
9780472024445 - page_187: "START TEXT: \nthat the individual conferences had a substantial impact on the rate of plagiarism detected, effect" ******* END TEXT: "riting, I find it disconcerting that I still misunderstand how students process information and how\n"
9780472024445 - page_188: "START TEXT: \nthey write. The study clearly showed that the students who used a “patch writing” technique (Howard" ******* END TEXT: "ble tool that undermines students' rights, supports the commodification of education, and creates a\n"
9780472024445 - page_189: "START TEXT: \nspirit of distrust and fear (McKeever; Marsh). After my involvement in the trial, I initially held " ******* END TEXT: "ded and enabled us to have an objective discussion without the students feeling that I, personally,\n"
9780472024445 - page_190: "START TEXT: \nwas judging them or accusing them of anything. I think having Turnitin to refer to made the student" ******* END TEXT: "perienced at the Sweetland Writing Center's 2005 Originality, Imitation, and Plagiarism conference:\n"
9780472024445 - page_191: "START TEXT: \nThe trip to the Michigan conference was my first extended visit to the United States. I arrived in " ******* END TEXT: "es of the situation, when I walked away without tipping, there were no repercussions. Despite this,\n"
9780472024445 - page_192: "START TEXT: \nI found the situation confusing and confidence-sapping (I'm used to understanding the basic social " ******* END TEXT: "n literacy and secondary source usage, and to develop learning tools that may be used widely across\n"
9780472024445 - page_193: "START TEXT: \ntertiary institutions. If we cannot prevent our institutions from using detection systems, then we " ******* END TEXT: "Scriptural Enterprise of Plagiarism Detection.” Computers and Composition 21, no. 4 (2004): 427–38.\n"
9780472024445 - page_194: "START TEXT: \nMcKeever, Lucy. “Online Plagiarism Detection Services—Saviour or Scourge?” Assessment and Evaluatio" ******* END TEXT: "rience and the Investigative Imagination: The Art of Reflective Writing. London: Routledge, 1999.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_195: "START TEXT: Academic Plagiarism and the Limits of Theft\nStefan Senders\nWhen students plagiarize, are they “steal" ******* END TEXT: "that students do understand academic norms, but they simply choose not to recognize or act on them.\n"
9780472024445 - page_196: "START TEXT: \nI am sympathetic to the argument that “plagiarism” is a product of socioliterary transition; I agre" ******* END TEXT: " steal jewelry; you want music, you steal music. But when students plagiarize, they “steal” things,\n"
9780472024445 - page_197: "START TEXT: \nusually words, that they frequently don't want or care about, or even hold onto for long. From a le" ******* END TEXT: "ed automatically. Even the mechanics of the appeal is crafted to have the look and feel of the law.\n"
9780472024445 - page_198: "START TEXT: \nIn three cases I have participated in, my account was taken first, and the student was asked if she" ******* END TEXT: " theft, or stealing, may make sense among professionals, but it fails to do so among students or in\n"
9780472024445 - page_199: "START TEXT: \nthe academic-pedagogical context generally. It fails because (1) norms concerning the morality of t" ******* END TEXT: "the only passage that suggested even the slightest intellectual challenge. Once I had received, and\n"
9780472024445 - page_200: "START TEXT: \nidentified, the first piece of plagiarism, I began filing through the papers on my desk, looking fo" ******* END TEXT: " were talking about me, right?” And it was true. We talked for a while. Why had he done it? He told\n"
9780472024445 - page_201: "START TEXT: \nme that he was stressed-out. He had been having trouble with his girlfriend. Some of his family mem" ******* END TEXT: "she “couldn't accept it.”7\nI suggested that she write a letter of appeal to the committee, in hopes\n"
9780472024445 - page_202: "START TEXT: \nof reducing her punishment. She latched onto the idea, and when I suggested that she start the proc" ******* END TEXT: " norms of mathematics. She wrote letters to other professors seeking advice and assistance, and she\n"
9780472024445 - page_203: "START TEXT: \neven asked me to write a letter on her behalf, which I did—with significant reservations and caveat" ******* END TEXT: "why my students were so easily ready to feel and express remorse, but not to engage in intellectual\n"
9780472024445 - page_204: "START TEXT: \ninquiry, or to engage with the “academic community.”\nThe act of plagiarism brings into play new act" ******* END TEXT: " of affront, probably laced with humor, that her students thought she wouldn't notice! And then she\n"
9780472024445 - page_205: "START TEXT: \nwould realize how little they understand about the subtlety of voice and rhythm, and how much work " ******* END TEXT: " not as powerful as many people, particularly authorities and property owners, would like it to be.\n"
9780472024445 - page_206: "START TEXT: \n3. McCabe and Trevino suggest that rates are even higher. Here I use conservative numbers, such as " ******* END TEXT: "that she was in no position to accept or reject anything. The incident indicated (again) a profound\n"
9780472024445 - page_207: "START TEXT: \nethos disruption, the rhetorical equivalent of a personality disorder.\nWorks Cited\nGreen, Stuart P." ******* END TEXT: "c=t&refer=http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/business/230702_downloads30.html, consulted May 15, 2007.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_208: "START TEXT: Insider Writing\nPlagiarism-Proof Assignments\nLynn Z. Bloom\nWhose words these are, I think I know . ." ******* END TEXT: "nsider writing” assignment.\nAs teachers, we need to exploit the broad spectrum of possibilities for\n"
9780472024445 - page_209: "START TEXT: \ninsider writing assignments—those that inspire originality because they are plagiarism-proof. To do" ******* END TEXT: "ar scripture” (12–13ff.). The same obsequiousness prevails when students, novices to the subject at\n"
9780472024445 - page_210: "START TEXT: \nhand, rely heavily on experts on any topic, in any field. Students, writing of necessity as outside" ******* END TEXT: "nments; students have to construct their specifically nuanced topic from the ground up, every time.\n"
9780472024445 - page_211: "START TEXT: \nHow Insider Writing Works: Model Courses\nComing of Age in American Autobiography, a course I've tau" ******* END TEXT: "appendix]. You may include illustrations—a drawing, floor plan, sketches, photos, whatever, ad-lib.\n"
9780472024445 - page_212: "START TEXT: \nBecause the papers have to be historically accurate, characters from different times must have a pl" ******* END TEXT: "coming of age and/or understanding of the world.” In the interests of full disclosure, I share with\n"
9780472024445 - page_213: "START TEXT: \nthem my autobiographical “Living to Tell the Tale: The Complicated Ethics of Creative Nonfiction.” " ******* END TEXT: "and Art Young's Teaching Writing Across the Curriculum. Many of their suggested writing assignments\n"
9780472024445 - page_214: "START TEXT: \n(“microthemes,” peer reviews, assessment of evidence or issues in learning) can be adapted to speci" ******* END TEXT: "etins, brochures, operating manuals, position statements, case studies, reflections on programs and\n"
9780472024445 - page_215: "START TEXT: \nthe student's participation therein are among the plethora of possibilities (see Flower; Deans, Wri" ******* END TEXT: "ous (“Public Intellectual,” 132), or the “hit it and quit it” superficiality of a single semester's\n"
9780472024445 - page_216: "START TEXT: \ninvolvement (“Sustainable Programs,” 40), all are perforce original. Claims that exceed the authori" ******* END TEXT: "a natural philosopher].\n• Curious.—intellectually, philosophically, existentially—about everything.\n"
9780472024445 - page_217: "START TEXT: \n• Love of solitude. “I find it wholesome to be alone the greater part of the time.” (See “Solitude”" ******* END TEXT: "1995.\nCarnes, Mark. “The Liminal Classroom.” Chronicle of Higher Education, October 8, 2004, B6–B8.\n"
9780472024445 - page_218: "START TEXT: \nCushman, Ellen. “The Public Intellectual, Service Learning, and Activist Research.” College English" ******* END TEXT: "oung, Art. Teaching Writing Across the Curriculum. 3rd ed. Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_219: "START TEXT: Plagiarism across Cultures\nIs There a Difference?\nJoel Bloch\nThe first part of my title, “Plagiarism" ******* END TEXT: "ollectivistic nature devalues the Romantic concept of authorship prevalent in the West and places a\n"
9780472024445 - page_220: "START TEXT: \ngreater value on imitation. Because it has been thought that China is more of a collective society," ******* END TEXT: "the continuity of the artworks across such a long period of time. He glared at me across the dining\n"
9780472024445 - page_221: "START TEXT: \nroom table and said, “There is nothing similar about them.” What was imitation to me was highly ori" ******* END TEXT: "of using other peoples' ideas is seen in the West as intertextuality. Memory pervades everything we\n"
9780472024445 - page_222: "START TEXT: \nsay and write. As Alton Becker put it, “The history of our particular interactions, oral and writte" ******* END TEXT: " the same as it is in the West, and therefore what is meant by plagiarism may also not be the same.\n"
9780472024445 - page_223: "START TEXT: \nThe Chinese have often reflected on this question of imitation and originality. There is a Chinese " ******* END TEXT: "t have greatly varied across different periods and between different rhetoricians and philosophers.\n"
9780472024445 - page_224: "START TEXT: \nThe importance given to imitation has carried over into some, but not all, of the rhetorical system" ******* END TEXT: "points out, attempts to impose Western forms of intellectual property law in China were problematic\n"
9780472024445 - page_225: "START TEXT: \nbecause they did not attempt to account for “the character of Chinese political culture” (2). The i" ******* END TEXT: "l work of their professors (Vecsey), which may have contributed to new attitudes toward plagiarism.\n"
9780472024445 - page_226: "START TEXT: \nHowever, as the history of intellectual property and plagiarism indicates, these attitudes can chan" ******* END TEXT: "s when accused of plagiarism, these Chinese academics, when confronted by their colleagues, readily\n"
9780472024445 - page_227: "START TEXT: \nadmitted that they had copied parts of the literature review but felt that “the charge of plagiaris" ******* END TEXT: "eneration that is pushing hard to adapt Western standards” (Li and Xiong 337). Clearly, traditional\n"
9780472024445 - page_228: "START TEXT: \nChinese rhetorical standards, including the relationship between imitation and originality, were no" ******* END TEXT: "it needs to be taught so that everyone can play on a level playing field. This perspective can help\n"
9780472024445 - page_229: "START TEXT: \nboth researchers and teachers develop a framework for discussing plagiarism and developing pedagogi" ******* END TEXT: "on 24 (2007): 3–15.\nHull, Glynda, and Mike Rose. “Rethinking Remediation: Toward a Social-Cognitive\n"
9780472024445 - page_230: "START TEXT: \nUnderstanding of Problematic Reading And Writing.” Written Communication 6 (1989): 139–54.\nJaszi, P" ******* END TEXT: "iterature, ed. Martha Woodmansee and Peter Jaszi, 15–28. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_231: "START TEXT: Framing Plagiarism\nLinda Adler-Kassner, Chris M. Anson, and Rebecca Moore Howard\nThe analysis of com" ******* END TEXT: " threatened by this virus; that students are duplicitous cheats or naive innocents; that technology\n"
9780472024445 - page_232: "START TEXT: \nfunctions as a medium for facilitating plagiarism; that technology can likewise be used to curb pla" ******* END TEXT: " what cognitive theorists, most notably George Lakoff, call “frames”—“unconscious cognitive models”\n"
9780472024445 - page_233: "START TEXT: \nthat shape humans' understandings of the metaphors through which we construct our worlds (Lakoff, M" ******* END TEXT: "uld be turned against cheaters. A statement such as this could have come from any of these stories:\n"
9780472024445 - page_234: "START TEXT: \nThe Internet constitutes a school. It is offering a course of direct and specific instruction to pl" ******* END TEXT: "was not to foster good writing and good writers, but to prevent duplicitous students from cheating.\n"
9780472024445 - page_235: "START TEXT: \nCertainly, good teaching prevents or at least deters plagiarism. Certainly, instructors in all fiel" ******* END TEXT: " participate in civic dialogue. Pursuing such objectives requires that we shift the use and meaning\n"
9780472024445 - page_236: "START TEXT: \nof “plagiarism” and the representations of students, technology, and education that accompany it.\nR" ******* END TEXT: "cle, “Focus on Freezing Foods,” at a site promoting Filipino recipes and cuisine (lutongbahay.com).\n"
9780472024445 - page_237: "START TEXT: \nAlong with other unacknowledged information from the FDA source, the article is authored “by Lutong" ******* END TEXT: " this text, but they variously claim or disclaim ownership, fiddle with the text or leave it as is,\n"
9780472024445 - page_238: "START TEXT: \nand in all cases embed it within the rhetorical, informational, and pragmatic goals of their organi" ******* END TEXT: "years, has found its way into educational institutions whose previous missions focused primarily on\n"
9780472024445 - page_239: "START TEXT: \nteaching, such as two-year schools and smaller liberal arts colleges (the administrative motivation" ******* END TEXT: "heir original source. Because the value system does not reward the production of such texts—despite\n"
9780472024445 - page_240: "START TEXT: \nthe fact that they involve deep commitments of creativity, energy, and time to produce—their owners" ******* END TEXT: "entations of authorial practice and the realities of that practice constitute what linguist Michael\n"
9780472024445 - page_241: "START TEXT: \nAgar has called a rich point, a moment when different interpretations of a metaphor, shaped by diff" ******* END TEXT: "on, the purpose of systemic reform is not education but control—control of the duplicitous cheater.\n"
9780472024445 - page_242: "START TEXT: \nThis control can be instigated through dire warnings in institutional policies about the punishment" ******* END TEXT: "ues that the academy valorizes.\nThese textual values inform “Defining and Avoiding Plagiarism,” the\n"
9780472024445 - page_243: "START TEXT: \n2003 best-practices document to which we referred earlier (see CWPA, “Defining”). That statement sa" ******* END TEXT: "de range of situations.\nThe challenge, then, is to escape the limitations reflected and perpetuated\n"
9780472024445 - page_244: "START TEXT: \nby the frames surrounding media representations of students, technology, and plagiarism, and refram" ******* END TEXT: "ar, Michael. Language Shock: Understanding the Culture of Conversation. New York: Wm. Morrow, 1995.\n"
9780472024445 - page_245: "START TEXT: \nButler, Johnnella E. “Democracy, Diversity, and Civic Engagement.” Academe 86, no. 4 (July–August 2" ******* END TEXT: "liam. “The Moving Picture: A Primary School for Criminals.” Good Housekeeping, August 1910, 184–86.\n"
9780472024445 - page_246: "START TEXT: \nMechling, Lauren. “Plagiarism Is the Sin du Jour.” New York Sun, September 29, 2004. http://www.nys" ******* END TEXT: "ed January 11, 2006. .\nWertham, Fredric. The Seduction of the Innocent. New York: Rinehart, 1954.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_247: "START TEXT: Selected Bibliography\nAarseth, Espen J. Cybertexts. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997." ******* END TEXT: " Version.” Selected Writings 3. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1996. 101–33.\n"
9780472024445 - page_248: "START TEXT: \nBerlin, James. A. “Rhetoric and Ideology in the Writing Class.” College English 50 (1988): 477–94.\n" ******* END TEXT: "Composition. Urbana: NCTE, 2000.\nDelbanco, Nicholas. The Sincerest Form. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2004.\n"
9780472024445 - page_249: "START TEXT: \nDixon, Nancy. Common Knowledge: How Companies Thrive by Sharing What They Know. Boston: Harvard Bus" ******* END TEXT: ". Standing in the Shadow of Giants: Plagiarists, Authors, Collaborators. Stamford, CT: Ablex, 1999.\n"
9780472024445 - page_250: "START TEXT: \nJohns, Ann M. Text, Role, and Context: Developing Academic Literacies. New York: Cambridge Universi" ******* END TEXT: "lagiarism in policy and pedagogy.” College Composition and Communication 54, no. 1, (2002): 88–114.\n"
9780472024445 - page_251: "START TEXT: \nPrinceton University Press v. Michigan Document Servs., Inc. 1996 FED App. 0357P (6th Cir.) 17 Apri" ******* END TEXT: "Press., 1994.\nYu, Peter K. “The Escalating Copyright Wars.” Hofstra Law Review 32 (2004): 907–51.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_252: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024445 - page_253: "START TEXT: Contributors\nLinda Adler-Kassner is Associate Professor of English and Director of First-Year Writin" ******* END TEXT: "ting. He is currently completing a book on technology in the second-language composition classroom.\n"
9780472024445 - page_254: "START TEXT: \nLynn Z. Bloom, Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor and Aetna Chair of Writing at the Universi" ******* END TEXT: "echnology's programs in information technology and international studies, is a postgraduate student\n"
9780472024445 - page_255: "START TEXT: \nand researcher of social computing phenomena. He is currently studying recent experiments in e-gove" ******* END TEXT: "Queen's University, Kingston, Canada. She is the founder of www.faircopyright.ca, a public interest\n"
9780472024445 - page_256: "START TEXT: \nresource on Canadian copyright. She is currently researching a comparative study of the rhetoric of" ******* END TEXT: " Digital Communication: Knowledge and Understanding of Fair Use in Digital Composing Environments.”\n"
9780472024445 - page_257: "START TEXT: \nStefan Senders, a cultural anthropologist, is a Visiting Fellow in Peace Studies at Cornell Univers" ******* END TEXT: "hasis on the photography. He is currently researching late-nineteenth-century rhetorics of place.\n\n\n"
9780472024445 - page_258: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024445 - page_259: "START TEXT: Index\nAbdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, 49\nAbrams, M. H.: The Norton Antholo" ******* END TEXT: "9\nmultiauthor, 29, 39\norder of, 28–30, 124\noriginal, 92\noriginal thinker, 164\npersonality, 22–23n10\n"
9780472024445 - page_260: "START TEXT: \nand pharmaceutical companies, 32\npressures, 34\nproperty rights of, 153, 165\nprospective, 28\nand pub" ******* END TEXT: "6–67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74. See also Art Institute of Chicago; Millennium Park\nChicago Reader, 67\n"
9780472024445 - page_261: "START TEXT: \nChicken Soup for the Soul, 120, 123\nChina, 4, 219–22, 224–27\nacademics, 226–28\nart, 220\nculture, 21" ******* END TEXT: "elcambre, Isabelle, 96\nDepartment of Health and Human Services, 37\ndepiction, 8, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69\n"
9780472024445 - page_262: "START TEXT: \nDerrida, Jacques, 175\ndescription, 8, 15, 33, 55, 64, 65, 84, 119, 240\nDeVoss, Dànielle, 149\nDeyo, " ******* END TEXT: "62, 163, 165, 170\nGoogle, 7, 8, 55, 105, 130, 163, 199, 200, 208, 225, 231\nGoogle Print, 154, 154n1\n"
9780472024445 - page_263: "START TEXT: \nGordon and Betty Moore Foundation, 35\nGraves, Robert, 61; Pamphlet against Anthologies, 125\nGreen, " ******* END TEXT: ", 175, 177, 208, 209, 226, 231, 233, 234, 236, 240, 255. See also World Wide Web\npublishing, 27, 49\n"
9780472024445 - page_264: "START TEXT: \nJacobs, Harriet, 211\nJaszi, Peter, 44, 45n2; The Construction of Authorship: Textual Appropriation " ******* END TEXT: " of English: A Handbook of Composition, 58\nMatalene, Carolyn, 220\nMathis, Melissa M., 73\nMayans, 84\n"
9780472024445 - page_265: "START TEXT: \nMCA, 149\nMcCullough, David, 166\nMcDonald's, 191, 192\nMcGill University, 242\nMcKeever, William: “The" ******* END TEXT: "ual, 130\nOriginality, Imitation, and Plagiarism: A Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Writing, 190–93\n"
9780472024445 - page_266: "START TEXT: \nOrlikowski, Wanda, 88n3\nOrwell, George, 206n5; 1984, 199\noutsider writing\nversus insider writing, 2" ******* END TEXT: ", 195, 198, 200, 231\nand theoretical science, 51\nTurnitin.com, 183–93, 232, 233, 241, 242, 243, 244\n"
9780472024445 - page_267: "START TEXT: \nunintentional, 184\nverdict of, 106, 111, 198\nplagiarism fundamentalists, 165\nPlant Molecular Biolog" ******* END TEXT: "change (SCE), 45n2\nSocrates, 214; Phaedrus, 130\nSokolow, Jayme, 3, 160\nSommers, Nancy, 61, 62n9, 79\n"
9780472024445 - page_268: "START TEXT: \nSony Corp of America v. Universal Studios, Inc., 149, 150, 154\nSouter, David H., 150\nSponsoring Con" ******* END TEXT: ", 39\nwiki writing process, 43–45\nWikipedia, 5, 39–45, 46n8\nwikis, 6, 9, 39–40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46n8\n"
9780472024445 - page_269: "START TEXT: \nWikiWikiWeb, 45n1\nWimmer, Warren, 66, 67\nWinter, Richard, 183\nWollheim, Richard, 117\nWoodmansee, Ma" ******* END TEXT: ", JoAnne, 88n3\nYeats, William Butler, 117\nYoung, Art: Teaching Writing Across the Curriculum, 213\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_i: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024469 - page_ii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024469 - page_iii: "START TEXT: FRAMED\nThe New Woman Criminal in British Culture at the Fin de Siècle\nELIZABETH CAROLYN MILLER\nThe U" ******* END TEXT: " CAROLYN MILLER\nThe University of Michigan Press AND The University of Michigan Library\nANN ARBOR\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © 2008 by Elizabeth Carolyn Miller\nAll rights reserved\nPublished in the United States of " ******* END TEXT: "                                          2008015026\n      ISBN-13 978-0-472-02446-9 (electronic)\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_v: "START TEXT: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\nIt is the keenest of pleasures to have the opportunity to thank—with all the authori" ******* END TEXT: "ke to thank the Public Goods Council, Francis X. Blouin, and the Mellon Foundation for the precious\n"
9780472024469 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \ntime this fellowship gave me. I am eternally grateful to John Kucich, Jonathan Freedman, and Adela " ******* END TEXT: "ar friends to whom I owe thanks include Meredith Alt, Angie and Scott Berkley, Lawrence Daly, Chris\n"
9780472024469 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \nFrederick, Julie Gardner and Ashley Stockstill, Gretchen Larsen, Laura Larson, Alison O'Byrne, Ji-H" ******* END TEXT: "s love and companionship (not to mention his many meticulous readings of the following chapters).\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_viii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024469 - page_ix: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nList of Illustrations\nIntroduction\nPART ONE: DETECTIVE SERIES\n1. Private and Public Eyes\nSh" ******* END TEXT: "evolutionaries in Late-Victorian Dynamite Narrative\nAfterword\nNotes\nFilms Cited\nWorks Cited\nIndex\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_x: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024469 - page_xi: "START TEXT: ILLUSTRATIONS\nFig. 1.   From The Countryman and the Cinematograph (1901)\nFig. 2.   From The Countrym" ******* END TEXT: "3\nFig. 20.   Cover from The Pictures, 24 August 1912\nFig. 21.   From The Pictures, 20 July 1912, 14\n"
9780472024469 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \nFig. 22.   First shot from Women's Rights (1899)\nFig. 23.   Second shot from Women's Rights (1899)\n" ******* END TEXT: "duction of Vera; Or, the Nihilist (Courtesy of the William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, UCLA.)\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_1: "START TEXT: INTRODUCTION\nIn 1901, R. W. Paul, one of Britain's first filmmakers, released The Countryman and the" ******* END TEXT: "ned not to be moved. Popular sensationalism, as this film shows, often worked to naturalize change.\n"
9780472024469 - page_2: "START TEXT: \n\nThis book argues that crime narratives of the fin de siècle use the shocking figure of the female " ******* END TEXT: "th modernity, and they employed the female criminal to embody and explain the shock of modern life.\n"
9780472024469 - page_3: "START TEXT: \n\nThe new crime genres of the fin de siècle engendered a character that I call the “New Woman Crimin" ******* END TEXT: "g crime narrative have very little to do with real, historical female criminals of the period. Most\n"
9780472024469 - page_4: "START TEXT: \nwomen convicted of crimes at this time were poor and desperate; they did not represent new choices " ******* END TEXT: "literary studies, narrative depictions of criminality have been understood to discipline readers to\n"
9780472024469 - page_5: "START TEXT: \nomnipresent surveillance and power extending beyond the modern state apparatus, and to celebrate th" ******* END TEXT: "agency in turn-of-the-century crime genres. By making this point through the female criminal, these\n"
9780472024469 - page_6: "START TEXT: \ntexts imagine the activity of consumption as an avenue for women's personal freedom amid a seemingl" ******* END TEXT: "ates detective fiction's voyeurism as well as dynamite narrative's ambiguous collectivism. Dynamite\n"
9780472024469 - page_7: "START TEXT: \nnarrative typically hinges on the fear that a “private” citizen, in the wrong place at the wrong ti" ******* END TEXT: "of the drawing room to that of a male club, or to hunt outdoors for a rabbit rather than a husband.\n"
9780472024469 - page_8: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_9: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_10: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_11: "START TEXT: \nMany of the freedoms and opportunities for women that the New Woman represented arose in tandem wit" ******* END TEXT: "sion of urban consumer culture, and the emergence of new jobs for women in the public sphere. These\n"
9780472024469 - page_12: "START TEXT: \ndevelopments intensified the significance of women's public image in the final decades of the ninet" ******* END TEXT: "ome and family in order to make public—via the medium of the story—an instance of crime or scandal.\n"
9780472024469 - page_13: "START TEXT: \nAlthough Holmes is a “private detective,” public forms of legal interventionism accompanied the his" ******* END TEXT: "state to assert the public relevance of private life” (35); this is also true of nineteenth-century\n"
9780472024469 - page_14: "START TEXT: \nfeminism. A problem with such legal developments, of course, was that they could easily be corrupte" ******* END TEXT: "nd appealing in crime narrative. This radical disjunction between the female criminal as scientific\n"
9780472024469 - page_15: "START TEXT: \nsubject and the New Woman Criminal in the narrative imaginary suggests that these discourses are no" ******* END TEXT: "osition the “public woman” as a figure of orientation, a marker of boundaries and binaries. The New\n"
9780472024469 - page_16: "START TEXT: \nWoman Criminal who emerges in the final decades of the nineteenth century represents a new cultural" ******* END TEXT: " that arose following Wilkie Collins's The Woman in White (1860). Indeed, as will often be apparent\n"
9780472024469 - page_17: "START TEXT: \nin this study, a web of continuities connects sensation fiction and fin de siècle crime narrative: " ******* END TEXT: "cience of criminology in the late-Victorian period; in this chapter, however, I show how his expert\n"
9780472024469 - page_18: "START TEXT: \neye is continually thwarted by the female body's resistance to interpretation. Conan Doyle presents" ******* END TEXT: "rtisers and marketers were increasingly targeting women, and when detectives like Holmes dreamed of\n"
9780472024469 - page_19: "START TEXT: \nenhanced power through looking, consumerist rhetoric told women that to be looked at can be a form " ******* END TEXT: "s only just apparent in fiction like Meade's. Moreover, in film's earliest years, British audiences\n"
9780472024469 - page_20: "START TEXT: \nwere overwhelmingly working class, fostering a populist and antiauthoritarian filmic sensibility th" ******* END TEXT: "onal effect, emphasizing the fragility of the social order, but James and Conrad strike a dissonant\n"
9780472024469 - page_21: "START TEXT: \nnote in the mostly harmonious popular genre. Their novels contrast ineffectual and pathetic male “t" ******* END TEXT: "ite narrative, as a genre, works to convey this broadening out of criminal guilt and victimization,\n"
9780472024469 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nand women's tenuous relation to political agency made them apt subjects for the task. Wilde, the Ro" ******* END TEXT: "that popular crime genres played a crucial role in defining major cultural and political debates.\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_23: "START TEXT: PART ONEDETECTIVE SERIES\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART ONEDETECTIVE SERIES\n\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_24: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024469 - page_25: "START TEXT: ONEPRIVATE AND PUBLIC EYES\nSherlock Holmes and the Invisible Woman\nConsider figure 7, an illustratio" ******* END TEXT: " trap Holmes has laid so that he will fail to close the case. Holmes's inability to find his key in\n"
9780472024469 - page_26: "START TEXT: \nthis image thus reveals his larger failure as a detective: in the moment depicted here, he neglects" ******* END TEXT: "lustrated periodical formats, the detective series was generically and formally suited to make this\n"
9780472024469 - page_27: "START TEXT: \npoint; thus I begin my argument by discussing the visual culture of the detective series, especiall" ******* END TEXT: "f existence” and that the “manner in which human sense perception is organized, the medium in which\n"
9780472024469 - page_28: "START TEXT: \nit is accomplished, is determined not only by nature but by historical circumstances as well” (222)" ******* END TEXT: "almost entirely of pictures, reminding us how modern forms of celebrity depend on image-rich media.\n"
9780472024469 - page_29: "START TEXT: \nMass-market illustrated monthlies like the Strand thus put a great deal of weight on illustration a" ******* END TEXT: "hat the Victorians inveterately privileged the visual, Kate Flint has identified a counterdiscourse\n"
9780472024469 - page_30: "START TEXT: \nthat challenged “the sufficiency of the visible,” arguing that the visual was “of paramount importa" ******* END TEXT: "e feminized space. In order to render these social spheres meaningful, in the logic of the stories,\n"
9780472024469 - page_31: "START TEXT: \nthey must be visually and publicly accessible. Thus Holmes's theory that crime and criminality are " ******* END TEXT: "posedly universal criminal image, and he developed “fingerprinting,” the very name of which reveals\n"
9780472024469 - page_32: "START TEXT: \nits debt to imagistic reproducibility. Alphonse Bertillon invented what came to be called “the mug " ******* END TEXT: "as by his expertise: “His ignorance was as remarkable as his knowledge. Of contemporary literature,\n"
9780472024469 - page_33: "START TEXT: \nphilosophy and politics he appeared to know next to nothing” (Scarlet 11). Quite obviously, this ch" ******* END TEXT: "d development of a species follows the same trajectory as the development of an individual organism\n"
9780472024469 - page_34: "START TEXT: \nwithin that species. By extension, this idea became foundational to theories of atavism and racial " ******* END TEXT: "n with thick eyebrows, and a very peculiar projection of the lower part of the face like the muzzle\n"
9780472024469 - page_35: "START TEXT: \nof a baboon” (182). Beppo's photograph evokes the galleries of criminal photographs in Lombroso's a" ******* END TEXT: "nal characteristic, and that criminal features are a “natural” rather than constructed visual code.\n"
9780472024469 - page_36: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_37: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_38: "START TEXT: \nSome of the Holmes stories suggest, with particular ferocity, how such theories of visual, racial, " ******* END TEXT: "clusively visual category in nineteenth-century conceptions. The Holmes series, as a whole, makes a\n"
9780472024469 - page_39: "START TEXT: \ncase for the immediacy and authority of visual epistemology in terms of race and criminality.\nTHE F" ******* END TEXT: "In “The Crooked Man,” Mrs. Barclay is struck “insensible” (160) by her husband's death, and remains\n"
9780472024469 - page_40: "START TEXT: \nclosed to Holmes's criminological gaze throughout the course of the story: “No information could be" ******* END TEXT: "s's investigation. In contrast to the other three stories, where the female suspects are eventually\n"
9780472024469 - page_41: "START TEXT: \ncleared, this woman does prove to be responsible for the man's death. Although Holmes deduces Rache" ******* END TEXT: " chooses to hide his identity behind a mask and use a false name, Holmes sees through his disguise.\n"
9780472024469 - page_42: "START TEXT: \nAfter Holmes calls him “your Majesty,” the King of Bohemia “with a gesture of desperation … [tears]" ******* END TEXT: "in this case, his possession of her image can be viewed as a surrogate means of “apprehending” her.\n"
9780472024469 - page_43: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_44: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_45: "START TEXT: \nStill, the idea that images purvey identity comes under question in the opening pages of the story," ******* END TEXT: "sion then becomes a far different procedure than in the series's representations of male criminals.\n"
9780472024469 - page_46: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_47: "START TEXT: \nLanguage's inadequacies as a means of signification are obvious in the Holmes series: personal test" ******* END TEXT: "ken or written word, when depicting women, they suggest that vision has its own failures as a means\n"
9780472024469 - page_48: "START TEXT: \nof knowing the world. Adler is perhaps the most obvious example of Holmes's visual limitations. She" ******* END TEXT: " and faked: public, visual markers of gender are not a “natural” expression of innate subjectivity.\n"
9780472024469 - page_49: "START TEXT: \nCross-dressing may have a long literary history, but here it points to a broader problem with women" ******* END TEXT: "s her whole identity into womanliness, as though “woman” signifies that which he can't account for:\n"
9780472024469 - page_50: "START TEXT: \nTo Sherlock Holmes she is always the woman. I have seldom heard him mention her under any other nam" ******* END TEXT: " the story, she leaves a note for Holmes explaining how she outwitted him: “Male costume is nothing\n"
9780472024469 - page_51: "START TEXT: \nnew to me. I often take advantage of the freedom which it gives. I sent John, the coachman, to watc" ******* END TEXT: "tive windows to show intimate images of domestic crime and scandal to an ever-wider reading public.\n"
9780472024469 - page_52: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_53: "START TEXT: \nAs in “Scandal in Bohemia,” the Holmes series often depicts intimate crimes that bear directly on s" ******* END TEXT: "to suburban residences: “It's a very cheering thing to come into London by any of these lines which\n"
9780472024469 - page_54: "START TEXT: \nrun high and allow you to look down upon the houses like this” (228). The pleasure that Holmes take" ******* END TEXT: " that the scream of a tortured child, or the thud of a drunkard's blow, does not beget sympathy and\n"
9780472024469 - page_55: "START TEXT: \nindignation among the neighbours, and then the whole machinery of justice is ever so close that a w" ******* END TEXT: "ard. To be with such a man for an hour is unpleasant. Can you imagine what it means for a sensitive\n"
9780472024469 - page_56: "START TEXT: \nand high-spirited woman to be tied to him for day and night? It is a sacrilege, a crime, a villainy" ******* END TEXT: "laws such as the Married Women's Property Acts, women were beginning to assert more independence in\n"
9780472024469 - page_57: "START TEXT: \nthe economic realm, which indicates how the trend of legal interventionism was intertwined with wom" ******* END TEXT: " suggest porosity and permeability.\nConan Doyle uses an identical visual trope in “The Man with the\n"
9780472024469 - page_58: "START TEXT: \nTwisted Lip.” Here, Watson depicts his first encounter with the wife of Neville St. Clair—a man who" ******* END TEXT: " landscape, a figurative manifestation of the stories' conflicting beliefs about female visibility.\n"
9780472024469 - page_59: "START TEXT: \nConan Doyle's continual use of the ambiguous threshold image connotes a crisis in the Victorian sen" ******* END TEXT: "ubject to patriarchal management, and Mary, the seemingly docile female criminal, remains virtually\n"
9780472024469 - page_60: "START TEXT: \ninvisible throughout the story: her skin is continually described as exceptionally pale and white, " ******* END TEXT: "d into furnishing her husband's letter to M. Fournaye, fearful that he would expose an “indiscreet”\n"
9780472024469 - page_61: "START TEXT: \nletter from her youth. Her husband, she believes, “would have thought [the letter] criminal” (314)," ******* END TEXT: "oments in the story, she is the noble wife of a prominent aristocrat, a stealthy thief, an innocent\n"
9780472024469 - page_62: "START TEXT: \nbut flirtatious girl, and, at the end, a supplicating woman penitent. All trace of audacity disappe" ******* END TEXT: " her secret letters to her husband, who died from the shock, and she has returned to enact revenge.\n"
9780472024469 - page_63: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_64: "START TEXT: \nIn describing the interplay between Holmes, Milverton, and the avenger, Conan Doyle orchestrates a " ******* END TEXT: "serves to justify her act, as does her seemingly selfless invocation of Milverton's future victims.\n"
9780472024469 - page_65: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_66: "START TEXT: \nHolmes and Watson choose not to expose the avenger. When Inspector Lestrade of Scotland Yard tries " ******* END TEXT: " remain outside of the public forums of the newspaper, courts, and legal system. Indeed, the female\n"
9780472024469 - page_67: "START TEXT: \navenger remains anonymous even on a metafictional level, for Watson refuses to reveal her name even" ******* END TEXT: "redefined femininity as public and visible, but only when it conformed to the logic of consumerism.\n"
9780472024469 - page_68: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_69: "START TEXT: \nGiven the series's apparent investment in a criminological theory of vision, one would expect its f" ******* END TEXT: "nified by the invisible, but by a peculiarly modern disjunction between the visible and the real.\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_70: "START TEXT: TWOBEAUTIFUL FOR EVER!\nCosmetics, Consumerism, L. T. Meade, and Madame Rachel\nAt the end of the last" ******* END TEXT: " about the power of feminine influence through image. The last chapter, for example, concluded with\n"
9780472024469 - page_71: "START TEXT: \na discussion of shop-window photography and the anonymous avenger of “Charles Augustus Milverton.” " ******* END TEXT: "the limitations of a liberal feminism grounded in economic empowerment and imperialist consumption.\n"
9780472024469 - page_72: "START TEXT: \nTo assess Meade's depiction of vision and image in these stories, my analysis goes back to a hither" ******* END TEXT: " setting of 1899 London, where women's social and economic position was considerably different from\n"
9780472024469 - page_73: "START TEXT: \nthe 1860s, and thus traces the shifting character of consumer capitalism and “the woman question” i" ******* END TEXT: "e Rachel and her accuser, made “from sketches in Court,” in the Times. The slogan for Rachel's shop\n"
9780472024469 - page_74: "START TEXT: \nengendered the widespread Victorian catch-phrase “beautiful for ever,” signifying puffery (Altick 5" ******* END TEXT: "rely cosmetic, but Victorian authors are not forthcoming about what precisely these entailed. Boase\n"
9780472024469 - page_75: "START TEXT: \nwrote in 1894, “it would not do to enter into the particulars of the various services which Rachel " ******* END TEXT: "h wicked secrets, and … perpetually in danger of feeling the grasp of the law” (345–46). Toward the\n"
9780472024469 - page_76: "START TEXT: \nend of the novel, the shop closes down because of an apparent problem with the medical side of its " ******* END TEXT: " Paris, and that Lord Ranelagh frequently visited her shop. She represented an affront to Victorian\n"
9780472024469 - page_77: "START TEXT: \nclass and gender strictures, and such effrontery gave contours to the presumption of guilt that hun" ******* END TEXT: "actly the same kind of censure.\nRachel was not only a woman, however, but a “Jewess,” so her public\n"
9780472024469 - page_78: "START TEXT: \nimage was tainted by ethnic as well as gender and class stereotypes. Newspaper reports of her trial" ******* END TEXT: " Borradaile bathing in Rachel's back room, with her consent, and that Rachel's baths were specially\n"
9780472024469 - page_79: "START TEXT: \ndesigned to allow such voyeurism. Other rumors indicated that Borradaile had had an affair with Ran" ******* END TEXT: "ed [them]” (6). He also portrayed her as the innocent dupe of Rachel's business acumen, emphasizing\n"
9780472024469 - page_80: "START TEXT: \nthat she was “a lady fresh from the country” (96) and that “Rachel, being a woman of great craft an" ******* END TEXT: "ut the denigration of established social hierarchies came to the surface of popular discourse. That\n"
9780472024469 - page_81: "START TEXT: \nRachel was a vendor of cosmetics heightened her symbolic relevance to such debates: her very trade " ******* END TEXT: "read the expanding consumer marketplace as merely another arena for sexist oppression, in many ways\n"
9780472024469 - page_82: "START TEXT: \nworse than the domestic sphere. When women become enmeshed in modern consumer capitalism, the argum" ******* END TEXT: " political engagement was in many ways smoothed by the growth of consumer society. Female shoppers,\n"
9780472024469 - page_83: "START TEXT: \nenticed by new metropolitan retail development, carved out a space for middle- and upper-class wome" ******* END TEXT: " the author decries were occasioned by a consumerist-feminist effort to “clean up” the city, easing\n"
9780472024469 - page_84: "START TEXT: \nurban access for women. The widening of the streets, the installation of large windows, and the pre" ******* END TEXT: " Rachel suggest that neither a Marxian nor a historicist approach can fully account for the complex\n"
9780472024469 - page_85: "START TEXT: \nrelationship between feminism and consumerism at the end of the nineteenth century. While many femi" ******* END TEXT: "suppose it is that dodge of the woman's for patching people up and making them beautiful. Doubtless\n"
9780472024469 - page_86: "START TEXT: \nthe temptation is overpowering in the case of a plain woman, but Beatrice is beautiful herself and " ******* END TEXT: "n on” and protests women's bodily subjection to the perilous semiotics of image and respectability.\n"
9780472024469 - page_87: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_88: "START TEXT: \nThat the perception of female respectability is a particularly malleable sensation would be no surp" ******* END TEXT: "est her. Violet's recent ploys to obtain money have considerably damaged her credibility. Vandaleur\n"
9780472024469 - page_89: "START TEXT: \neventually clears her, however, through scientific analysis of a handkerchief left on the scene; he" ******* END TEXT: "e fulness [sic] of its elaboration, we shall hear no more of the proper occupation for women” (74).\n"
9780472024469 - page_90: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_91: "START TEXT: \nMeade's stories express a conflicted response to the more general use of cosmetics at the end of th" ******* END TEXT: "might dread the kind of developments Beerbohm predicts. In enabling performativity, makeup enhances\n"
9780472024469 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nwomen's power of parody, mimicry, or masking, but also constrains them to the burden of playing “be" ******* END TEXT: " whiteness in English society. In the first story, Druce and Vandaleur manage to have Sara arrested\n"
9780472024469 - page_93: "START TEXT: \n(the only instance in the series where they succeed at this endeavor), but she “appeared before the" ******* END TEXT: "ipation in Empire … to inscribe women within its imperial project through the construction of women\n"
9780472024469 - page_94: "START TEXT: \nas consumers of oriental goods” (143). Meade's series not only interpellates women into imperial ca" ******* END TEXT: "magery to market Anglo-feminism was not without a source in the story of the real Madame Rachel. In\n"
9780472024469 - page_95: "START TEXT: \npromoting her cosmetics, Rachel touted the supposedly exotic and foreign origins of her products. W" ******* END TEXT: "ury feminists like Meade had the task of rewriting nationhood so that women were no longer excluded\n"
9780472024469 - page_96: "START TEXT: \nfrom the realm of economic, political, and public exchange. Interested in establishing women's righ" ******* END TEXT: "cit challenge to traditional feminine roles: rather than making food in the kitchen, she makes food\n"
9780472024469 - page_97: "START TEXT: \nthrough mathematical and chemical formulas. Like the cosmetics that she sells, Sara's crimes artifi" ******* END TEXT: " cosmetic defense” to explain why they possessed arsenic at the time of the men's deaths.25 Meade's\n"
9780472024469 - page_98: "START TEXT: \nwork draws upon such events. In the final story of the series, a woman named Julia Bensasan admits," ******* END TEXT: "l operations” (“Madame” 388). Such insinuations represent Sara as a challenge to nineteenth-century\n"
9780472024469 - page_99: "START TEXT: \nmedical professionalization, a trend that had led to the dwindling of midwives and other traditiona" ******* END TEXT: " of her very name…. She has be-witched London with her impostures and quackery” (“At the Edge” 87).\n"
9780472024469 - page_100: "START TEXT: \nDr. Fietta, a devious foreign physician, disagrees: “As a medical man myself, I can vouch for her c" ******* END TEXT: "apitalist and colonialist ideologies as a means of ingratiating itself with mainstream audiences.\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_101: "START TEXT: PART TWOCRIME FILM\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART TWOCRIME FILM\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_102: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024469 - page_103: "START TEXT: THREETHE LIMITS OF THE GAZE\nClass, Gender, and Authority in Early British Cinema\nHistorians of film " ******* END TEXT: "ver, while we have seen that female criminals were glamorous, rapacious consumers before the advent\n"
9780472024469 - page_104: "START TEXT: \nof film, this characterization expands and evolves in motion pictures due to early cinema's promoti" ******* END TEXT: " centralized capitalist culture industry with sophisticated means of manufacturing audience desire.\n"
9780472024469 - page_105: "START TEXT: \nEarly film lies somewhere between these formulations. Like detective fiction, film often regulates," ******* END TEXT: "ience can APPRECIATE and UNDERSTAND.”5 Despite the simplistic nationalism underlying such claims, I\n"
9780472024469 - page_106: "START TEXT: \nlimit my analysis to British films because they are enmeshed in the intricacies of historical and c" ******* END TEXT: "rojected erotically on screen. Criminal women are overtly sexualized, for example, in the 1898 film\n"
9780472024469 - page_107: "START TEXT: \nDuel to the Death.7 Produced by British Mutoscope and Biograph Company, Duel to the Death features " ******* END TEXT: "ntering the workforce and gaining more access to the public sphere, and with the rise of cinema and\n"
9780472024469 - page_108: "START TEXT: \nother visual culture. The “to-be-looked-at-ness” of the female criminal body, to use Mulvey's term," ******* END TEXT: "iquely mediated intimacy of film was the perfect forum for representing glamorous female offenders:\n"
9780472024469 - page_109: "START TEXT: \nthe distance between the spectator and the image on screen is heightened by criminality, positionin" ******* END TEXT: "rs. Bathurst's “blindish” way of looking. On film, for example, “she looked out straight at us with\n"
9780472024469 - page_110: "START TEXT: \nthat blindish look” (287), as though she too is dazzled by the flickering light of cinema. Kipling " ******* END TEXT: "imilar predisposition toward the criminological gaze in early cinema.11 He uses a 1904 U.S. film, A\n"
9780472024469 - page_111: "START TEXT: \nSubject for the Rogues' Gallery, to exemplify cinema's indebtedness to visual theories of criminolo" ******* END TEXT: "and enhanced visual surveillance. Here, women are part of modernity's incremental encroachment into\n"
9780472024469 - page_112: "START TEXT: \npatriarchal autonomy; technologies of visual authority are not aligned with the expert male eye, bu" ******* END TEXT: "f industrial and consumer revolutions.\nThe figure of the female typist—a paradigmatic New Woman, as\n"
9780472024469 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nChristopher Keep has argued—also commonly appears in early British film. As factory girl melodramas" ******* END TEXT: "orian crime fiction and early British crime film, for with the emergence of film as a new narrative\n"
9780472024469 - page_114: "START TEXT: \nform the popularity of crime and detective plots flourished. According to Rachael Low, some early p" ******* END TEXT: " pleasure in a different kind of crime narrative than the “master detective” stories that dominated\n"
9780472024469 - page_115: "START TEXT: \nfiction.21 In his history of early British film, Michael Chanan writes, “The enormous social impact" ******* END TEXT: "y Pleasures II” 180).\nAs in The Eviction, police in early British film are generally the protectors\n"
9780472024469 - page_116: "START TEXT: \nof upper-class property, or metonymic stand-ins for the social order generally, as Thomas Sobchack " ******* END TEXT: "g a specifically racial form of cross-dressing, however, the film counters not only the myth of the\n"
9780472024469 - page_117: "START TEXT: \ndetective's all-seeing eye, but racialized theories of criminal typography as well. In the second f" ******* END TEXT: "e looked upon ordinary men, upon their labours and joys and sorrows, as ordinary men look upon cats\n"
9780472024469 - page_118: "START TEXT: \nand flies” (Norman 16–17). To rob such a man, for working-class audiences, would be hardly a crime " ******* END TEXT: "red Kate are replaced by someone who could only have a spectators' knowledge of these characters.36\n"
9780472024469 - page_119: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_120: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_121: "START TEXT: \nIf a mainstream film magazine could refer to an unrepentant thief as “our precious Three-Fingered K" ******* END TEXT: " irony is not lost on Anna, who complains, “Damned fools…. Aren't they damned fools? Don't you hate\n"
9780472024469 - page_122: "START TEXT: \nthem? They always clap in the wrong places and laugh in the wrong places” (67). Rhys uses Three-Fin" ******* END TEXT: " goods. She is the unintended consequence, or logical outcome, of London's new consumer economy and\n"
9780472024469 - page_123: "START TEXT: \nits ever more shrill appeals to female shoppers. As discussed in chapter 2, this economy was charac" ******* END TEXT: "As her childhood friend Diavolo observes, Evadne's marriage to the colonel little resembles that of\n"
9780472024469 - page_124: "START TEXT: \nher classical antecedent: “Evadne—classical Evadne—was noted for her devotion to her husband, and d" ******* END TEXT: "new conceptions of family, gender, and domesticity. Indeed, Kate's and Mary's behavior during their\n"
9780472024469 - page_125: "START TEXT: \ncomfortable domestic scene implies an even deeper dimension of familial unorthodoxy. After their ma" ******* END TEXT: "instructions.” Her two male henchmen do the criminal dirty work—digging out a tunnel between Kate's\n"
9780472024469 - page_126: "START TEXT: \nfireplace and the Carringtons' fireplace next door—but Kate plots the crime and performs the theft " ******* END TEXT: " crime. The last shot of the film highlights this audacity: turning her rebellious bravado onto the\n"
9780472024469 - page_127: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472024469 - page_128: "START TEXT: \nviewer, she faces the camera directly, holds up her three-fingered hand, and laughs in the viewer's" ******* END TEXT: "40 The film, like Wedding Presents, includes both a wedding and crime, but here it is two criminals\n"
9780472024469 - page_129: "START TEXT: \nwho marry. As its title suggests, An Interrupted Honeymoon ingeniously pits the marriage plot again" ******* END TEXT: "n the man, so they make a comical drag couple in ill-fitting clothes at the end of the transaction.\n"
9780472024469 - page_130: "START TEXT: \nWhen the policeman and jeweler enter the drawing room where the bride and groom had been sitting, t" ******* END TEXT: "nd luxury consumption.\nEven films that follow a more formulaic criminal plot share this perspective\n"
9780472024469 - page_131: "START TEXT: \ntoward police authority. The 1910 Hepworth film A Woman's Treachery moralistically punishes its fem" ******* END TEXT: "husband's death, killing herself in the process.45 The film was promoted as exceptionally shocking:\n"
9780472024469 - page_132: "START TEXT: \n“Enough of [sic] sensation is contained in the three reels to satisfy the most blasé habitué of a t" ******* END TEXT: "eat of collective feminine action, they were no less threatening to lower-class male filmgoers than\n"
9780472024469 - page_133: "START TEXT: \nmiddle-class male fiction readers. Even in the antiauthoritarian context of early British film, rep" ******* END TEXT: "nd private property, and acts of self-violence such as hunger strikes. In 1912, a suffrage group in\n"
9780472024469 - page_134: "START TEXT: \nDublin (British at the time) even tried to burn down a theater by placing “a handbag containing gun" ******* END TEXT: "t theories about the power of visual, bodily manifestations of gender in image-saturated societies.\n"
9780472024469 - page_135: "START TEXT: \n\nAs the film constructs a gendered distinction between “women” and “suffragettes,” it also orchestr" ******* END TEXT: "nhabit different filmic spaces demarcated by the fence, they inhabit different filmic chronologies.\n"
9780472024469 - page_136: "START TEXT: \n\nBy successfully nailing the suffragettes to the fence, the men in Women's Rights literally demonst" ******* END TEXT: "ale to working-class men who may fear that women's suffrage would put them in metaphorical dresses.\n"
9780472024469 - page_137: "START TEXT: \n\nSuffragettes' Downfall; Or, Who Said Rats? (1911) does not stage the confinement of women to priva" ******* END TEXT: " Women's Rights, nor use male actors to embody suffragettes, but instead specifies how the suffrage\n"
9780472024469 - page_138: "START TEXT: \ncampaign infests domestic space. The film opens in a middle-class home where a “Votes for Women” si" ******* END TEXT: "arrative films. Child of a Suffragette (1913) presented militant feminism as a dangerous perversion\n"
9780472024469 - page_139: "START TEXT: \nof conventional family relationships. Here, a suffragette mother bombs a mailbox and a residence, b" ******* END TEXT: ". This reminds viewers that film and other visual innovations of modernity require a reorganization\n"
9780472024469 - page_140: "START TEXT: \nof vision: not only better vision or more vision, but sometimes the withholding of vision to mainta" ******* END TEXT: " own demise, and managed to position herself center-stage for the newsreel camera. (See figure 25.)\n"
9780472024469 - page_141: "START TEXT: \n\nFeminist historians have considered Davison's funeral procession, which drew several thousand spec" ******* END TEXT: "Riot similarly conveys the power of the new medium to communicate the disruptiveness of suffragette\n"
9780472024469 - page_142: "START TEXT: \naction. The opening frame notes that Sylvia Pankhurst, the infamous radical suffragette, participat" ******* END TEXT: "but others enhance the legitimacy of mass political action by proffering visual proof of its clout.\n"
9780472024469 - page_143: "START TEXT: \nSHOCK TACTICS: FILM AND CRIMINALITY\nMost films about suffragettes do not fit the genre of “crime fi" ******* END TEXT: "y because it encouraged film viewers to aspire to middle-class lifestyles and consumption patterns.\n"
9780472024469 - page_144: "START TEXT: \nWhen cultural conservatives claimed that crime films would encourage “thieving” among the lower cla" ******* END TEXT: "and narrow way is attributed to what he sees on the cinematograph screen” (“Wanted—A Censor” 81).63\n"
9780472024469 - page_145: "START TEXT: \nAs film producers and exhibitors strove to attract middle-class audiences, many of early film's unc" ******* END TEXT: "as well as the appreciative and admiring depictions of female criminals like Three-Fingered Kate.\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_146: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024469 - page_147: "START TEXT: PART THREEDYNAMITE NARRATIVE\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART THREEDYNAMITE NARRATIVE\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_148: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024469 - page_149: "START TEXT: FOURDYNAMITE, INTERRUPTED\nGender in James's and Conrad's Novels of Failed Terror\nHenry James's 1886 " ******* END TEXT: " among three seemingly distinct facets of late-Victorian society that both James and Conrad link to\n"
9780472024469 - page_150: "START TEXT: \nthe proliferation of political terrorism in London: the rise of first-wave feminism, the social-sci" ******* END TEXT: "r example, came in his later work “increasingly to believe that the diminished power of individuals\n"
9780472024469 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nwas an inevitable product of modern historical conditions” (224); James and Conrad likewise represe" ******* END TEXT: "peculiarly feminine and necessarily consumerist means by which agency is enacted in modern society.\n"
9780472024469 - page_152: "START TEXT: \nEMASCULATING DYNAMITE NARRATIVE\nJames's and Conrad's means of representing terror strikes a dissona" ******* END TEXT: " that terrorism should be a persistent source of fear, cementing the appeal of state protectionism.\n"
9780472024469 - page_153: "START TEXT: \n\nAn 1894 article in the Strand called “Dynamite and Dynamiters” is typical of the discourse surroun" ******* END TEXT: "s. Any harmless citizen may, for example, become the victim of a dynamiter with an explosive cigar:\n"
9780472024469 - page_154: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_155: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nA gentleman who has no great love for you, and who fully appreciates the weakness of human nature o" ******* END TEXT: "62), but if its members operate from various ideological perspectives, they share a tendency toward\n"
9780472024469 - page_157: "START TEXT: \ninconsistency of belief. James's and Conrad's neglect of Irish nationalism and their disengagement " ******* END TEXT: "are threatening not because of their action, but because of their inability to act; the menace that\n"
9780472024469 - page_158: "START TEXT: \nthey represent is not one of anarchic violence, but submissive debility. As imagined by James and C" ******* END TEXT: "ood deal of imagination and not much perseverance” (72). The term “morbid” connotes possession of a\n"
9780472024469 - page_159: "START TEXT: \ncorrupt physical trait, and if Hyacinth lacks “perseverance,” he lacks one of the most valued chara" ******* END TEXT: "l dialectic that he feels no need to act in the revolutionary cause: “he saw already the end of all\n"
9780472024469 - page_160: "START TEXT: \nprivate property coming along logically, unavoidably” (74). Consequently, he has no qualms about li" ******* END TEXT: "nvolving a woman occurs at the novel's conclusion, when the Princess finds him in bed, dead, with a\n"
9780472024469 - page_161: "START TEXT: \npistol: “she flung herself beside the bed, upon her knees. Hyacinth lay there as if he were asleep," ******* END TEXT: "own worm” (91). Similarly, the narrator links Yundt's unproductiveness as a terrorist to his sexual\n"
9780472024469 - page_162: "START TEXT: \ninadequacies: he is characterized by a “worn-out passion, resembling in its impotent fierceness the" ******* END TEXT: "editated, according to Judith Knelman and Lucia Zedner). Both murders result, too, from a denial of\n"
9780472024469 - page_163: "START TEXT: \nagency on the part of the male victim. Lord Frederick disputes that he is Hyacinth's father, abjuri" ******* END TEXT: "hat is accomplished is feminine and subversive, while the aborted attack is degenerately masculine.\n"
9780472024469 - page_164: "START TEXT: \nAgainst the backdrop of Florentine's crime, the beginning of The Princess presents other images of " ******* END TEXT: "ew social controls in modern society are depicted as emblematic of women's increasing public power.\n"
9780472024469 - page_165: "START TEXT: \nPinnie's fantasies of criminal culpability are soon literalized in a stay (however short) at the wo" ******* END TEXT: "tion, she is the heart of James's investigation into gender, modern subjectivity, and social order.\n"
9780472024469 - page_166: "START TEXT: \nThrough the course of the narrative, the Princess follows a trajectory of opinion that is opposite " ******* END TEXT: "act, as a way to escape the patriarchal hegemony that she also encounters among the revolutionists.\n"
9780472024469 - page_167: "START TEXT: \nSpeaking of her marriage to Prince Casamassima, she tells Hyacinth (as the narrator summarizes): “I" ******* END TEXT: "oman who also wants to level the class system, the two women immediately connect. Lady Aurora tells\n"
9780472024469 - page_168: "START TEXT: \nHyacinth: “If I were a man, I should be in love with her” (429), and the Princess says, “dear lady," ******* END TEXT: " relationship with the Princess develops, however, the union between the women fades. When Hyacinth\n"
9780472024469 - page_169: "START TEXT: \ngoes to see Aurora near the end of the novel, each recognizes that “the Princess had … combined wit" ******* END TEXT: " “art,” and “civilization.”\nThe Princess, thrilled by “mortification,” is the only character in the\n"
9780472024469 - page_170: "START TEXT: \nnovel who can resist such enticements. Embracing a nunlike dress and an austere mode of life, she a" ******* END TEXT: "reless and injudicious forces that control the characters' destinies. At the behest of the embassy,\n"
9780472024469 - page_171: "START TEXT: \nVerloc essentially performs an impersonation of independent mutinous agency; this sets off a causal" ******* END TEXT: "to the emasculating protectionism of the prison, Verloc now views it as a place of safety and hope.\n"
9780472024469 - page_172: "START TEXT: \nConrad similarly links Michaelis's prison term to the erosion of his masculine agency: “He had come" ******* END TEXT: "ocialism. Public education was also a key cause for early socialists, and the Fabians in particular\n"
9780472024469 - page_173: "START TEXT: \nhad made it their business to win seats on school boards, provide schoolchildren with a daily lunch" ******* END TEXT: "y reminds her husband, “just worships” him (178), with a “blind docility” and “blind devotion” that\n"
9780472024469 - page_174: "START TEXT: \nshe has indoctrinated into her brother's mind (210). Indeed, the “submission and worship were so ap" ******* END TEXT: "ness of his chest, the ease with which the knife penetrates, and his lack of responsiveness suggest\n"
9780472024469 - page_175: "START TEXT: \nthat his passivity is as central to the crime as Winnie's rage. Afterward, Winnie's “mental state w" ******* END TEXT: "hat the police are for, Stevie? They are there so that them as have nothing shouldn't take anything\n"
9780472024469 - page_176: "START TEXT: \naway from them who have.” “Not even if they were hungry?” “Not if they were ever so” (170). As repr" ******* END TEXT: "s-produced, women-centered shops. From the beginning of the novel, Hyacinth is set in opposition to\n"
9780472024469 - page_177: "START TEXT: \nthe consumer tide that Millicent embodies. In his childhood, Pinnie, who has a dressmaking shop of " ******* END TEXT: "d, consideringly, and rubbed his lower lip slowly with his walking-stick. Millicent stood admirably\n"
9780472024469 - page_178: "START TEXT: \nstill, and the back-view of the garment she displayed was magnificent” (585).38 Hyacinth's unnarrat" ******* END TEXT: "ndon offered women in this era. She is shamelessly comfortable in the city, believing herself to be\n"
9780472024469 - page_179: "START TEXT: \n“perfectly acquainted with the resources of the metropolis” (91), and “trot[s] about” alone, at nig" ******* END TEXT: "e place most comfortable, though he himself, after finding himself ensconced, was visited by doubts\n"
9780472024469 - page_180: "START TEXT: \nas to its respectability, suggested, among other things, by photographs, on the walls, of young lad" ******* END TEXT: "raphic images versus the real thing (Winnie), Conrad indicates that Verloc's customers are buying a\n"
9780472024469 - page_181: "START TEXT: \nfetishized femininity that is an invention of consumer capitalism. Moreover, the passage depicts Wi" ******* END TEXT: "s have “fresco paintings,” providing the illusion that one is drinking and dining “al fresco”: “the\n"
9780472024469 - page_182: "START TEXT: \nfresco paintings ran flat and dull all round the walls without windows, representing scenes of the " ******* END TEXT: "els both are and are not “dynamite novels” suggests their conflicted relationship with the consumer\n"
9780472024469 - page_183: "START TEXT: \nmarketplace: both authors want to sell, yet also exhibit distaste for popular fiction. The novels d" ******* END TEXT: "same concerns as the novels' terrorists, who pit themselves against prevailing social orthodoxy and\n"
9780472024469 - page_184: "START TEXT: \nstruggle to find a way to express divergent ideals. At the beginning of The Secret Agent, Vladimir " ******* END TEXT: "g for the task of an inevitable future. Already he bowed his broad shoulders, his head of ambrosial\n"
9780472024469 - page_185: "START TEXT: \nlocks, as if ready to receive the leather yoke of the sandwich board” (269). Wearers of the sandwic" ******* END TEXT: "ccessful mode of action, despite its collusion with a distasteful, feminized consumer capitalism.\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_186: "START TEXT: FIVEAN INVITATION TO DYNAMITE”\nFemale Revolutionaries in Late-Victorian Dynamite Narrative\nNineteent" ******* END TEXT: " powerful new symbolic value.\nConsider, for example, Britain's widespread interest during the 1880s\n"
9780472024469 - page_187: "START TEXT: \nand 1890s in a female assassin who was neither British nor Victorian: Charlotte Corday. Corday assa" ******* END TEXT: "overnment did not extend special treatment to political crimes committed on its own soil, but under\n"
9780472024469 - page_188: "START TEXT: \nthe Extradition Act of 1870, it liberally granted exile to dissidents from other countries. This po" ******* END TEXT: "“political crime” was inordinately divisive. To call a crime “political” was to acknowledge that it\n"
9780472024469 - page_189: "START TEXT: \nstemmed from legitimate or at least comprehensible grievances. To call someone a “political crimina" ******* END TEXT: "ns to the fabric of life in 1880s and 1890s Britain, providing a historical basis for the emergence\n"
9780472024469 - page_190: "START TEXT: \nof dynamite narrative as a popular genre. The literature itself, however, rarely depicted realistic" ******* END TEXT: " after Wilde had written Vera but before he revised it for the stage, Underground Russia acquainted\n"
9780472024469 - page_191: "START TEXT: \na great number of English-speaking readers with the principal figures of Russian nihilism. In the s" ******* END TEXT: "ing the political resonance of debates about gender and visuality considered throughout this study.\n"
9780472024469 - page_192: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_193: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_194: "START TEXT: \nLike James and Conrad, Wilde hoped that writing a dynamite narrative would be profitable. In an 188" ******* END TEXT: "alues in politics and art” (66). Recent rereadings of melodrama have disputed the idea that it is a\n"
9780472024469 - page_195: "START TEXT: \nfundamentally conservative or apolitical form, however, and while Wilde's first drama is undeniably" ******* END TEXT: "cialism (“The Soul”).18\nDisputes about Wilde's politics partly stem from the functionally different\n"
9780472024469 - page_196: "START TEXT: \ncategories at work in nineteenth-century radical politics, and attention to this context suggests t" ******* END TEXT: "idualist-socialist argument that Wilde made eight years later in “Soul of Man,” suggesting that his\n"
9780472024469 - page_197: "START TEXT: \npolitical opinions were far less erratic than many critics have claimed. Both works argue for a soc" ******* END TEXT: "rincess Casamassima, A Girl among the Anarchists, The Dynamiter, and most other dynamite narratives\n"
9780472024469 - page_198: "START TEXT: \nof the day. Philip May's Love: The Reward, an 1885 novel also featuring a female nihilist named Ver" ******* END TEXT: "ce to otherwise insignificant individuals, which correlates it with democracy as a political force.\n"
9780472024469 - page_199: "START TEXT: \nIndeed, as we have seen in other genres of crime narrative, Vera's femininity actually helps her ci" ******* END TEXT: " of agency in those below him. Fostering the little domain of his inn, Peter feels no compulsion to\n"
9780472024469 - page_200: "START TEXT: \nact for others, and he sees justification for such narrowness in the political and religious struct" ******* END TEXT: "ing his son in the palace out of fear that the Czarevitch will murder him in a fever for accession.\n"
9780472024469 - page_201: "START TEXT: \nWhen the Czarevitch greets his father in act 2, the Czar responds: “Don't come too near me, boy! Do" ******* END TEXT: "have been married twice already; suppose you try—falling in love for once” (179). Such epigrammatic\n"
9780472024469 - page_202: "START TEXT: \nrepartee rings familiarly of Jack and Algernon, Wilde's celebrated caricatures of the English arist" ******* END TEXT: "t grow to a traitor or to a king” (234). At the height of this dramatic scene, Wilde directly links\n"
9780472024469 - page_203: "START TEXT: \nVera to the historical female political criminal most familiar in the Anglo-Victorian imagination; " ******* END TEXT: "day presents her as a channel for social and historical forces rather than an independent political\n"
9780472024469 - page_204: "START TEXT: \nagent, but Wilde pointedly rejects this characterization in the final scene of his play, when Vera " ******* END TEXT: "ys end in a farce” (244); it is significant, however, that only unappealing characters express such\n"
9780472024469 - page_205: "START TEXT: \ncynicism about reform. Ultimately, the play does not advocate a coherent plan for democratic change" ******* END TEXT: "ut being reminded of England's own empire, or to encounter his nihilist political criminals without\n"
9780472024469 - page_206: "START TEXT: \nthinking of Irish republicans. Wilde does not directly name Ireland in the play, but his nihilists " ******* END TEXT: "eft England for a long sea voyage meant to cure her consumptive lungs. Soon, both sisters abandoned\n"
9780472024469 - page_207: "START TEXT: \nanarchism for internationalism, and Olivia worked many years for David Lubin, one of the League of " ******* END TEXT: "virtually alone in bohemian London; her brother also resides in the house, but spends most days and\n"
9780472024469 - page_208: "START TEXT: \nnights at a hospital training to be a doctor. Meredith says, “I was used to looking after myself an" ******* END TEXT: "e kinship with anarchist comrades. Their revolutionary agenda, the novel suggests, involves finding\n"
9780472024469 - page_209: "START TEXT: \nnew models of social organization suited for an egalitarian and communitarian society, unlike patri" ******* END TEXT: "of normative behavior in the private sphere. In one scene, she takes a male anarchist from Scotland\n"
9780472024469 - page_210: "START TEXT: \nin for the night, much to the disgust of the neighborhood constable: “As I was getting out my latch" ******* END TEXT: "ly incapable of judging” fanatical anarchists because he “cannot grasp their motive, their point of\n"
9780472024469 - page_211: "START TEXT: \nview” (187). She attempts to explain that point of view, arguing that there is something “terribly," ******* END TEXT: "f propaganda by deed, though she acknowledges that the dynamiter's philosophy is misguided and even\n"
9780472024469 - page_212: "START TEXT: \nmad, is thus especially striking in that it comes from a woman. The rhetoric surrounding dynamite a" ******* END TEXT: "orth into the London street a sadder if a wiser woman” (302). This ending is deeply ambivalent. The\n"
9780472024469 - page_213: "START TEXT: \nreferences to Meredith's newfound maturity position the tale as a novel of development or bildung, " ******* END TEXT: "ip, comradeship may be helpful, but family ties are fatal” (268). The novel ends with no resolution\n"
9780472024469 - page_214: "START TEXT: \nto the fundamental problem of the text: the conflict between Meredith's female body and her desire " ******* END TEXT: ").38 Despite its inauspicious beginnings, the novel went through three editions in four months upon\n"
9780472024469 - page_215: "START TEXT: \nits publication in April 1885. The London Times gave it a very flattering review; Victorian tastema" ******* END TEXT: "y sly” and “saucily attractive,” Clara is desirable yet ungraspable, aligning her with a peculiarly\n"
9780472024469 - page_216: "START TEXT: \nmodern and consumerist conception of glamour and desire, in which distance intensifies visual entic" ******* END TEXT: "pinning sensational yarns about Mormon Utah and colonial Cuba to bend the novel's male protagonists\n"
9780472024469 - page_217: "START TEXT: \nto her ends. Part of the genius of the novel, much appreciated by its contemporaries, is that it is" ******* END TEXT: "ubled and averted countenance, and could find no form of words to thank her for her narrative. (49)\n"
9780472024469 - page_218: "START TEXT: \nReviews of the novel regarded such “lies” as modern literary experimentation, but like dynamite, Cl" ******* END TEXT: "when you kneel at night beside a cradle, a fear will fall upon you, heavier than any shame….” (203)\n"
9780472024469 - page_219: "START TEXT: \nWhen it comes to revolution, the prince is hardly a neutral arbiter—readers of New Arabian Nights w" ******* END TEXT: "ggests that no matter what political grievances dissenters may have, the nation is always ethically\n"
9780472024469 - page_220: "START TEXT: \nsuperior by virtue of the domestic relations at its core. Clara takes issue with the Prince's conce" ******* END TEXT: "terest of feminism to have the New Woman coupled with dynamite, nor, certainly, with an overweening\n"
9780472024469 - page_221: "START TEXT: \nemphasis on women's capacity to exercise power via visual spectacle, but it remains true that the r" ******* END TEXT: "d to the conventional marriage plot—which perhaps speaks to their uncertainty regarding the project\n"
9780472024469 - page_222: "START TEXT: \nwith which they are engaged. None of these authors knew how feminism would change the political sph" ******* END TEXT: "erism is inextricably tied to the possibility of a newly inclusive, newly feminist public sphere.\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_223: "START TEXT: AFTERWORD\nSabotage, Alfred Hitchcock's 1936 film adaptation of The Secret Agent, brought the visual " ******* END TEXT: "merge at the fin de siècle.\nSabotage does not gender visuality and consumer culture as relentlessly\n"
9780472024469 - page_224: "START TEXT: \nas The Secret Agent, however, and this is just one example of how the film alters the significance " ******* END TEXT: " may sometimes be “soft,” but is invariably gendered. With New Woman Criminals, vision itself seems\n"
9780472024469 - page_225: "START TEXT: \nto function in a completely different way than we see with male criminals of the era: rather than r" ******* END TEXT: "ps, to portray the opportunistic alignment among these terms as detrimental or corrosive to genuine\n"
9780472024469 - page_226: "START TEXT: \ngender or class equality. What the female criminal of fin de siècle crime narrative most obviously " ******* END TEXT: "ed force. Like the New Woman Criminal, its relative morality is the least visible thing about it.\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_227: "START TEXT: NOTES\nINTRODUCTION\n1. A year later, in 1902, the U.S. film company Biograph produced a near-exact co" ******* END TEXT: "by Grass and Joyce, and in Haslam and Wright's collection, has attempted to move beyond this model.\n"
9780472024469 - page_228: "START TEXT: \n6. I do not mean to suggest that these are mutually exclusive. Goodlad argues, for example, that Jo" ******* END TEXT: " Women's Property Act was especially landmark. See Rappaport for a detailed discussion of this act.\n"
9780472024469 - page_229: "START TEXT: \n14. Recent feminist critics such as Bartsky and Bordo have theorized how, in image-saturated cultur" ******* END TEXT: "economic options; many were orphans and virtually all were working class (Walkowitz, Prostitution).\n"
9780472024469 - page_230: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER ONE\n1. Joyce, for example, notes, “From Holmes's perspective … all of London is potentially" ******* END TEXT: "hose of criminology” (194).\n15. For more on turn-of-the-century degeneration theory, see Chamberlin\n"
9780472024469 - page_231: "START TEXT: \nand Gilman, Greenslade, Hurley, Ledger (“In Darkest”), or Pick. Nordau's Degeneration was a popular" ******* END TEXT: "ristocratic lover, who is accused but found to be innocent of doing away with her lover's new wife.\n"
9780472024469 - page_232: "START TEXT: \n26. In “The Naval Treaty,” Holmes states “out of my last fifty-three cases my name has only appeare" ******* END TEXT: "not mutually exclusive. Sontag argues that cameras “define reality in the two ways essential to the\n"
9780472024469 - page_233: "START TEXT: \nworkings of an advanced industrial society: as a spectacle (for masses) and as an object of surveil" ******* END TEXT: " On the Carnegie case, see “Court of Exchequer, June 19.” On the Pearce case, see “A Curious Tale.”\n"
9780472024469 - page_234: "START TEXT: \n6. Rachel died October 1880 in Knap-hill Prison, Woking. The Times obituary lists her age as sixty " ******* END TEXT: "r this is because of Collins's influence or because of reports existing independently of his novel.\n"
9780472024469 - page_235: "START TEXT: \n13. For more on these developments, see Bowlby, Ledger (New), Parsons, Rappaport, Showalter, or Wal" ******* END TEXT: " of the 1876 poisoning of Charles Bravo, for which his wife, Florence, was tried but not convicted.\n"
9780472024469 - page_236: "START TEXT: \n25. Maybrick claimed not only that she used arsenic as a complexion aid, but that her husband James" ******* END TEXT: " were viewed at the British Film Institute, but some exist in multiple locations. The International\n"
9780472024469 - page_237: "START TEXT: \nFilm Archive Database (FIAF) is an excellent resource for locating archival holdings of early film." ******* END TEXT: "field Photograph Co., 1903) or Stop Thief (Williamson, 1901).\n23. The Cinema, 19 February 1913, 70.\n"
9780472024469 - page_238: "START TEXT: \n24. The film is held at the BFI.\n25. The film is held at the BFI.\n26. Film catalogs identify the te" ******* END TEXT: "rary of Congress.\n41. Though irrelevant to my analysis of the film, I don't want to omit mentioning\n"
9780472024469 - page_239: "START TEXT: \nthis film's nonstandard chronology. As in Edwin Porter's famous 1902 film Life of an American Firem" ******* END TEXT: " Women's Rights indicate that audiences learned through some means that the women are suffragettes.\n"
9780472024469 - page_240: "START TEXT: \n54. Film House Record, 24 December 1910, 308.\n55. See description and review in Bioscope, 17 April " ******* END TEXT: " (“Secret”) discusses Conrad's novel in the context of dynamite narrative. For examples of dynamite\n"
9780472024469 - page_241: "START TEXT: \nstories, see Tom Greer's A Modern Daedalus (1885), E. Douglas Fawcett's Hartmann the Anarchist: or," ******* END TEXT: "-known anti-Russian sentiment.\n10. Contemporary anarchists believed Bourdin's brother-in-law, H. B.\n"
9780472024469 - page_242: "START TEXT: \nSamuels, was in the pay of state authorities, which may well have been the case (see Nicoll, Oliver" ******* END TEXT: "to poor men like Hyacinth. The aristocratic Captain Sholto is “one of those strange beings produced\n"
9780472024469 - page_243: "START TEXT: \nby old societies that have run to seed, corrupt, exhausted civilizations” (352). The Prince Casamas" ******* END TEXT: "licent's paternity is questionable, given her mother's liaisons with the local stove-polisher (94).\n"
9780472024469 - page_244: "START TEXT: \n22. James's travel memoir A Little Tour in France, published in 1884 (right before The Princess), d" ******* END TEXT: "for an analysis of such debates within Pearson's Men and Women's Club. E. Belfort Bax, a pioneering\n"
9780472024469 - page_245: "START TEXT: \nsocialist who was close with Engels, attacked feminism as a distraction from class politics in work" ******* END TEXT: "patible with Morris's.\n37. Rather than stressing the drudgery, long hours, and poor pay experienced\n"
9780472024469 - page_246: "START TEXT: \nby shopgirls, James depicts Millicent as reveling in “the wantonness of her full-blown freedom” (95" ******* END TEXT: "cades of the twentieth century. Nevertheless, as Melchiori also discusses, most writers of dynamite\n"
9780472024469 - page_247: "START TEXT: \nnarrative evoke the climate surrounding Irish nationalist terror but apply it to a distinct politic" ******* END TEXT: "oduction and U.S. tour.\n14. Rowell argues that lack of funding was the real reason, but Reed claims\n"
9780472024469 - page_248: "START TEXT: \nWilde would have made money from the performance, and most critics trust contemporaneous sources at" ******* END TEXT: "cialist activities (especially 290–91), and his friendship with the exiled nihilist Stepniak (122).\n"
9780472024469 - page_249: "START TEXT: \n22. Not all reviews of Vera were poor: the New York Mirror called it “a work that takes rank among " ******* END TEXT: "se with the French rebels of the Commune, with the Irish Fenians, with the Boers, with the militant\n"
9780472024469 - page_250: "START TEXT: \nsuffragettes, with the Russian nihilists, and tolerate our juvenile enthusiasm for the ‘Chicago Mar" ******* END TEXT: "tionalist movement that renounced “race” and “nationality” as categories of identity. The Rossettis\n"
9780472024469 - page_251: "START TEXT: \nthemselves, in fact, call for the abolishment of “all petty race-hatred and race-pride” in their ne" ******* END TEXT: "r its unorthodox expressions of gender and sexuality, as in Gilbert and Sullivan's Patience (1881).\n"
9780472024469 - page_252: "START TEXT: \n42. By contrast, Stevenson's South Seas story “The Beach of Falesá” (1892) employs dynamite as an a" ******* END TEXT: "he describes a somewhat different configuration than I've identified in the course of this study.\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_253: "START TEXT: FILMS CITED\nThe Anarchist's Doom. Originally released as The Tube of Death. Dir. Alexander Butler. B" ******* END TEXT: "A Woman's Treachery. Dir. Theo Bouwmeester. Hepworth, 1910.\nWomen's Rights. Riley Brothers, 1899.\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_254: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024469 - page_255: "START TEXT: WORKS CITED\nA. C. “Crime in Current Literature.” Westminster Review 147.4 (April 1897): 429–38.\nAcca" ******* END TEXT: "li, Helen Rossetti. Dante Gabriel Rossetti: His Friends and Enemies. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1949.\n"
9780472024469 - page_256: "START TEXT: \nAngeli, Helen Rossetti. Pre-Raphaelite Twilight: The Story of Charles Augustus Howell. London: Rich" ******* END TEXT: "ll UP, 1988.\nBlack, Paula. The Beauty Industry: Gender, Culture, Pleasure. London: Routledge, 2004.\n"
9780472024469 - page_257: "START TEXT: \nBoase, George C. “Madame Rachel.” Notes and Queries (27 October 1894): 322–24.\nBoos, Florence S. “A" ******* END TEXT: "t. Martin's, 217–21.\nCobbe, Frances Power. “Wife-torture in England.” Criminals, Idiots, Women, and\n"
9780472024469 - page_258: "START TEXT: \nMinors: Victorian Writing By Women On Women. Ed. Susan Hamilton. Peterborough, ON: Broadview, 1996." ******* END TEXT: "er Beeches.” 1892. Adventures 270–96.\nDoyle, Arthur Conan. “The Crooked Man.” 1893. Memoirs 155–73.\n"
9780472024469 - page_259: "START TEXT: \nDoyle, Arthur Conan. “The Dancing Men.” 1903. Return 73–99.\nDoyle, Arthur Conan. “The Empty House.”" ******* END TEXT: "Times. London, 1868.\nFavor, Lesli J. “The Foreign and the Female in Arthur Conan Doyle: Beneath the\n"
9780472024469 - page_260: "START TEXT: \nCandy Coating.” English Literature in Transition, 1880–1920 43.4 (2000): 398–409.\nFawcett, E. Dougl" ******* END TEXT: "n, 2001.\nGissing, George. The Odd Women. 1893. Ed. Arlene Young. Peterborough, ON: Broadview, 1998.\n"
9780472024469 - page_261: "START TEXT: \nGlasier, John Bruce. William Morris and the Early Days of the Socialist Movement. 1921. Bristol: Th" ******* END TEXT: " and Criminal Anthropology.” The Ugo Mursia Memorial Lectures: Papers from the International Conrad\n"
9780472024469 - page_262: "START TEXT: \nConference. University of Pisa, September 7th–11th 1983. Ed. Mario Currelli. Milan: Mursia, 1988.\nH" ******* END TEXT: "eas. After the Great Divide: Modernism, Mass Culture, Postmodernism. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1986.\n"
9780472024469 - page_263: "START TEXT: \n“Insanity or Crime?—The Dublin Theatre Outrage.” Film Censor, 24 July 1912, 4.\n“Insolvent Debtors' " ******* END TEXT: "al Instinct; A Medico-Forensic Study. 1886. Trans. Franklin S. Klaf. New York: Stein and Day, 1965.\n"
9780472024469 - page_264: "START TEXT: \nKuklick, Henrika. “Tribal Exemplars: Images of Political Authority in British Anthropology, 1885–19" ******* END TEXT: ".\nMcGurl, Mark. “Social Geometries: Taking Place in Henry James.” Representations 68 (1999): 59–83.\n"
9780472024469 - page_265: "START TEXT: \nMcLaughlin, Joseph. Writing the Urban Jungle: Reading Empire in London from Doyle to Eliot. Charlot" ******* END TEXT: "W. J. T. Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representation. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1994.\n"
9780472024469 - page_266: "START TEXT: \nMonaghan, Garrett. “Performing the Passions: Comic Themes in the Films of George Albert Smith.” Bur" ******* END TEXT: "earson, Karl. Chances of Death and Other Studies in Evolution. 2 vols. London: Edward Arnold, 1897.\n"
9780472024469 - page_267: "START TEXT: \nPearson, Karl. “Politics and Science.” Fortnightly Review, September 1894. Rpt. Chances of Death 1:" ******* END TEXT: "e. New Woman and Colonial Adventure Fiction in Victorian Britain. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 2006.\n"
9780472024469 - page_268: "START TEXT: \nRiddle, John M. Eve's Herbs: A History of Contraception and Abortion in the West. Cambridge: Harvar" ******* END TEXT: "n. Melodrama and Modernity: Early Sensational Cinema and Its Contexts. New York: Columbia UP, 2001.\n"
9780472024469 - page_269: "START TEXT: \nSinger, Ben. “Modernity, Hyperstimulus, and the Rise of Popular Sensationalism.” Charney and Schwar" ******* END TEXT: ": 7–23.\nSurridge, Lisa. Bleak Houses: Marital Violence in Victorian Fiction. Athens: Ohio UP, 2005.\n"
9780472024469 - page_270: "START TEXT: \nSypher, Eileen. “Anarchism and Gender: James's The Princess Casamassima and Conrad's The Secret Age" ******* END TEXT: "go P, 1985.\nW. C. H. [Walter Hart] Confessions of an Anarchist. 1906. London: Grant Richards, 1911.\n"
9780472024469 - page_271: "START TEXT: \nWakeman, Geoffrey. Victorian Book Illustration: The Technical Revolution. Norwich, UK: David & Char" ******* END TEXT: ", Ed. “ ‘So Constant an Expectation’: Sherlock Holmes and Seriality.” Narrative 6.2 (1998): 105–22.\n"
9780472024469 - page_272: "START TEXT: \nWyndham, Horace. Blotted Scutcheons: Some Society Causes Célèbres. London: Hutchinson, 1928.\nZedner" ******* END TEXT: "on, 1928.\nZedner, Lucia. Women, Crime, and Custody in Victorian England. Oxford: Clarendon, 1991.\n\n\n"
9780472024469 - page_273: "START TEXT: INDEX\nabortion, 75–77, 98–99, 121, 234n12\nAcademy, 215\nAcres, Birt, 114\nactresses, 50, 109, 118–20, " ******* END TEXT: "243n18\nB & C (British and Colonial Kinematograph Company), 112, 116, 122, 238n27\nBailey, Peter, 108\n"
9780472024469 - page_274: "START TEXT: \nBakunin, Mikhail, 249n27\nBamforth and Company, 134\nBarthes, Roland, 45\nBartsky, Sandra, 229n14, 235" ******* END TEXT: "odity fetishism, 95, 110, 181. See also consumerism, glamour\nCommonweal, 242nn10–11, 248n20, 250n35\n"
9780472024469 - page_275: "START TEXT: \nConrad, Joseph, 20–22, 149–53, 156–63, 170–76, 180–85, 190, 194–95, 198, 207, 223, 240n1, 241n3, 24" ******* END TEXT: "dren\ndomestic sphere, 13, 18, 30, 49–50, 54–60, 79–80, 95–98, 113, 124–25, 129, 138–39, 198, 207–8,\n"
9780472024469 - page_276: "START TEXT: \n218–20, 224, 235n23, 251n41. See also private sphere\nDoyle, Arthur Conan, 12, 17–18, 25–69, 71, 113" ******* END TEXT: " Case of the Chemical Fumes (1912), 117–18; Three-Fingered Kate—The Episode of the Sacred Elephants\n"
9780472024469 - page_277: "START TEXT: \n(1910), 117; Three-Fingered Kate—The Pseudo-Quartette (1912), 117–18\nExpress, 77\nExtradition Act of" ******* END TEXT: "19\nGrand, Sarah, 8, 57, 123–24, 216, 233n4, 235n17; The Heavenly Twins, 123–24\nGreat Exhibition, 11\n"
9780472024469 - page_278: "START TEXT: \nGreenwich Observatory (in Greenwich Park), 152, 156, 159, 207, 223, 242n11, 246n6\nGreer, Tom; A Mod" ******* END TEXT: " Jews, 19, 76–78, 83, 93, 247n8, 250n31, 250n36, 251n36\nJoyce, Simon, 35, 195, 227n5, 230n1, 231n17\n"
9780472024469 - page_279: "START TEXT: \nKinematograph and Lantern Weekly, 140\nKipling, Rudyard, 109–10, 157, 236n2; “Mrs Bathurst,” 109–10," ******* END TEXT: "utter, 233n2; The Siren, 247n10; Sorceress of the Strand, 18–19, 70–100, 122–23, 224, 233n2, 233n5,\n"
9780472024469 - page_280: "START TEXT: \n234n7 (“The Blood-Red Cross,” 86–87, 89, 94, 98, 233n5; “The Bloodstone,” 86, 88–89, 92, 99; “Madam" ******* END TEXT: "5, 244n25\nOur New Policeman (1906), 115\nPaget, Sydney, 45, 231n24\nPall Mall Gazette, 234n12, 251n40\n"
9780472024469 - page_281: "START TEXT: \nPankhurst, Emmeline, 240n57\nPankhurst, Sylvia, 142\nParsons, Albert, 241n5\nParsons, Deborah, 107, 10" ******* END TEXT: "6, 249n30\nRossetti, Olivia, 21–22, 55, 186, 189, 206–14, 218, 221, 225, 242n10, 249nn29–30, 250n31,\n"
9780472024469 - page_282: "START TEXT: \n250nn33–34, 250n36; A Girl among the Anarchists, 21–22, 186, 189, 197, 206–14, 216, 218, 220–21, 22" ******* END TEXT: "\nStop Thief (1901), 237n22\nStrand Magazine, 17, 24, 27–29, 32–33, 36–37, 42–46, 52, 63, 65, 68, 71,\n"
9780472024469 - page_283: "START TEXT: \n87, 150, 153–56, 230nn4–5, 230n10, 231n24\nSubject for a Rogues' Gallery, A (1904), 110–11\nsuffrage " ******* END TEXT: " Review, 1, 227n2\nWhen Women Join the Force (1910), 112\nWhitlock, Tammy, 76, 86, 123, 228n12, 234n9\n"
9780472024469 - page_284: "START TEXT: \nWife's Revenge, A; Or, The Gambler's End (1904), 132\nWilde, Oscar, 15–16, 21–22, 55, 186, 189–207, " ******* END TEXT: "e. See suffrage movement\nworking class. See class\nYellow Book, 89, 91\nZasulich, Vera, 190, 247n11\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_i: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024483 - page_ii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024483 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nCivic Engagement in the Wake of Katrina\n \nAmy Koritz and George J. SanchezEDITORS\n \nThe University " ******* END TEXT: " SanchezEDITORS\n \nThe University of Michigan Pressand The University of Michigan LibraryAnn Arbor\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by the University of Michigan and theUniversity of Michigan Library 2009All rights rese" ******* END TEXT: "                                            2009018642\n       ISBN 978-0-472-02448-3 (electronic)\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nDEDICATION\nTo the people of New Orleans and those who joined with them to rebuild the homes and com" ******* END TEXT: " communities.\n\nTo those who have found new homes and are building new communities in New Orleans.\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_vi: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024483 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nThis volume owes its existence to George J. Sanchez's willingness to come to New Orl" ******* END TEXT: "at refashioning of her work, I was fortunate enough to be invited by Amy to come to New Orleans for\n"
9780472024483 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \nthe very first time to help make sense of the new Latino immigrant communities that were growing in" ******* END TEXT: "y it is so important for each of us to find the person that makes life meaningful and passionate.\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Contents\nIntroductionAmy Koritz and George J. Sanchez\nSECTION 1. COPING WITH DISASTERAmy Koritz\n“Bri" ******* END TEXT: "Koritz\nThe Vision Has Its TimeCulture and Civic Engagement in Postdisaster New OrleansCarol Bebelle\n"
9780472024483 - page_x: "START TEXT: \nHow to Raise an Army (of Creative Young People)Mat Schwarzman, with illustrator Keith Knight\nThe Gu" ******* END TEXT: " Can Universities Learn from Public Cultural Work in New Orleans?Julie Ellison\nContributors\nIndex\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_xi: "START TEXT: \nCivic Engagement in the Wake of Katrina\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nCivic Engagement in the Wake of Katrina\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_xii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024483 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\nAmy Koritz and George J. Sanchez\nNew Orleans is a place where the “slaves of the city” " ******* END TEXT: "alities and public corruption that mark so many cities in the United States at the beginning of the\n"
9780472024483 - page_2: "START TEXT: \ntwenty-first century. Over the next few days, as the rest of the United States and the world witnes" ******* END TEXT: "cipation that can arise when traditional politics devolve into inaction and stalemate. We undertook\n"
9780472024483 - page_3: "START TEXT: \nthis volume partly to ask ourselves whether it is even possible for civic engagement work to cope w" ******* END TEXT: "ivic engagement work before and after Hurricane Katrina. The spatial organization of Orleans Parish\n"
9780472024483 - page_4: "START TEXT: \n(the Louisiana version of a county) can be traced back to the French arpent system.2 This system cr" ******* END TEXT: "d was inhabited by whites meant that the impact of the storm and its aftermath was racially skewed.\n"
9780472024483 - page_5: "START TEXT: \n\nMoreover, the lesson drawn by many New Orleanians from the multiple failures of government during " ******* END TEXT: "cuation. Government was also directly responsible for the horrible conditions faced by those in the\n"
9780472024483 - page_6: "START TEXT: \nSuperdome and Convention Center in the days following the flooding. Although the victims were tax-p" ******* END TEXT: ", located in the Gentilly section of the city, took on eight feet of water and was unable to reopen\n"
9780472024483 - page_7: "START TEXT: \nits campus for a year. While Xavier also suffered flooding, it was not as extensive, and classes re" ******* END TEXT: "pline under such circumstances is not, except in degree, much different from being a faculty member\n"
9780472024483 - page_8: "START TEXT: \nin the humanities at most research universities in this country. And it is in this respect that the" ******* END TEXT: "ucrats throw out the rule book and have faith that their superiors will support their decisions. In\n"
9780472024483 - page_9: "START TEXT: \nthe aftermath of Katrina, this did not happen. Instead bureaucrats fell back on routine.\nIn higher " ******* END TEXT: "n asserting that education is the midwife of democracy, educators bear a responsibility to ordinary\n"
9780472024483 - page_10: "START TEXT: \ncitizens not shared by other professionals. This is the responsibility to ensure that citizens have" ******* END TEXT: "geles residents. What Los Angeles needed, much like what New Orleans needs today, was an initiative\n"
9780472024483 - page_11: "START TEXT: \nalong the lines of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) of the 1930s to resolve chronic joblessn" ******* END TEXT: "t might enable students and professors to embark on sustained, reciprocal action in the surrounding\n"
9780472024483 - page_12: "START TEXT: \ncommunity. The infrastructure required by such partnerships is beyond the capacity of individual fa" ******* END TEXT: "arents and underfunded teachers willing to accept any help to get schools open and operational. The\n"
9780472024483 - page_13: "START TEXT: \ngeneral trend toward privatization of community institutions can therefore be fundamentally support" ******* END TEXT: "-based community development, with its focus on dialogue, shared learning, and respect for multiple\n"
9780472024483 - page_14: "START TEXT: \nperspectives, overlaps methodologically with the participatory pedagogies and attentiveness to the " ******* END TEXT: "on the schools and community centers where so many ordinary citizens in fact experience the arts?16\n"
9780472024483 - page_15: "START TEXT: \nThis question, of course, gives rise to several others that transcend the arts and humanities disci" ******* END TEXT: "anges and legislative action.\nThese themes and questions surface in very different ways in a volume\n"
9780472024483 - page_16: "START TEXT: \nthat combines contributions from teachers and scholars in higher education with those of nonprofit " ******* END TEXT: "eeds, for the many times that opportunism and individual gain trumped strategic action for a larger\n"
9780472024483 - page_17: "START TEXT: \ngood, there were an equal number of innovative and committed attempts to bring the knowledge and re" ******* END TEXT: "nnifer Howard, “Stories from the Storm,” Chronicle of Higher Education, September 14, 2007, A10–11.\n"
9780472024483 - page_18: "START TEXT: \n8. John Dewey, The Public and Its Problems (Denver: Alan Swallow, [1927] 1960), 207.\n9. Bruce Eggle" ******* END TEXT: "See also Arlene Goldbard, The Art of Community Cultural Development (Oakland: New Village, 2006).\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_19: "START TEXT: SECTION 1Coping with Disaster\nAmy Koritz\nWHEN I RETURNED TO NEW ORLEANS in January 2006, Richard Cam" ******* END TEXT: " from a discipline itself torn between the hard sciences and the softer end of the social sciences,\n"
9780472024483 - page_20: "START TEXT: \nhe used all the tools available to him as a geographer to try to gain an understanding of the compl" ******* END TEXT: "he history of the streetcar lines in the city and was familiar with the use of digital technologies\n"
9780472024483 - page_21: "START TEXT: \nin archiving and distributing historical information for public use. My memory of reconnecting with" ******* END TEXT: "g of civic engagement in the wake of Katrina encompasses all of these perspectives. It includes the\n"
9780472024483 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nclearheaded scholarship of Rich Campanella. It embraces the impassioned mixture of professional imp" ******* END TEXT: ", Philosophy, and the Build/No-Build Line.” Technology in Society 29, no. 2 (April 2007): 169–72.\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_23: "START TEXT: “Bring Your Own Chairs”\nCIVIC ENGAGEMENT IN POSTDILUVIAL NEW ORLEANS\nRichard Campanella\nAugust 28, 2" ******* END TEXT: "d; tens of thousands of survivors waded to high ground or waited on rooftops for helicopter rescue.\n"
9780472024483 - page_24: "START TEXT: \nAugust 29 through early September 2005: In the ultimate display of civic engagement, hundreds of Lo" ******* END TEXT: "aterialized out of nowhere, toiling off the books from dawn to dusk and sleeping in cars and tents.\n"
9780472024483 - page_25: "START TEXT: \nOctober 2, 2005: After a month long absence for the first time since 1718, religious services retur" ******* END TEXT: "al celebrations offer opportunities for citizens to reengage with each other through civic rituals.\n"
9780472024483 - page_26: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_27: "START TEXT: \nA cityscape of resiliency emerged as the first autumn cool fronts mercifully ended the hyperactive " ******* END TEXT: "izens. The remarkable phenomenon is viewed as a triumph of civic spirit over bureaucratic lethargy.\n"
9780472024483 - page_28: "START TEXT: \nHigh-stakes concerns about flood protection, contamination, health, education, residents' right to " ******* END TEXT: "other things, the footprint issue.\nI later learned that ULI members had “hotly debated” my proposed\n"
9780472024483 - page_29: "START TEXT: \nmethodology but decided not to endorse it because of the difficulty of measuring the first variable" ******* END TEXT: " label, was recommended for delayed rebuilding at best and possibly for conversion to green space.9\n"
9780472024483 - page_30: "START TEXT: \nThe wordsmithing and mapsmithing fooled no one. “Don't Write Us Off, Residents Warn: Urban Land Ins" ******* END TEXT: "report ratcheted up civic engagement in post-Katrina New Orleans markedly. It, as well as a similar\n"
9780472024483 - page_31: "START TEXT: \nconsultation from the Philadelphia-based design firm Wallace, Roberts and Todd, became gist for fur" ******* END TEXT: ". People who are being asked to make decisions on [rebuilding] need more than just a sound bite.”14\n"
9780472024483 - page_32: "START TEXT: \nThe next morning, the Times-Picayune featured the map on its front page. The newspaper's adaptation" ******* END TEXT: "rd neighborhood, lacking a decent venue but not an ounce of determination, demurely asked attendees\n"
9780472024483 - page_33: "START TEXT: \nto “bring their own chairs.”17 Despite their tenuous life circumstances and other responsibilities," ******* END TEXT: "eetings and another 19 percent represented civic groups unaffiliated with specific neighborhoods.20\n"
9780472024483 - page_34: "START TEXT: \n\nIn a later editorial on “the curse of the Green Dot,” Times-Picayune\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\nIn a later editorial on “the curse of the Green Dot,” Times-Picayune\n"
9780472024483 - page_35: "START TEXT: \ncolumnist Stephanie Grace reflected on the episode. “You know the Green Dot,” she reminded her read" ******* END TEXT: "wners and businesses that would have been affected by a hypothetical foot-print-shrinkage decision.\n"
9780472024483 - page_36: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_37: "START TEXT: \nThe entire city could come back, but what that city would look and function like still remained an " ******* END TEXT: "flood victim recounting how the Green Dot Map had motivated her to participate in civic engagement.\n"
9780472024483 - page_38: "START TEXT: \nAdding to the confusion was yet another planning effort, this one paid for with private foundation " ******* END TEXT: "d with it stabilize neighborhoods—rather than defining areas that are off-limits to rebuilding. One\n"
9780472024483 - page_39: "START TEXT: \nsuch previous plan, advanced in early 2006 by Mayor Ray Nagin's Bring New Orleans Back Commission a" ******* END TEXT: " “gleaned from post-flood neighborhood planning efforts, including the Unified New Orleans Plan.”27\n"
9780472024483 - page_40: "START TEXT: \n\nWe should not be surprised that civic engagement flourished in the wake of the Katrina catastrophe" ******* END TEXT: "rtainly tops the level of engagement triggered by recent earthquakes, fires, and storms nationwide.\n"
9780472024483 - page_41: "START TEXT: \nWhat may distinguish New Orleans' civic engagement experience is the visceral fear among many citiz" ******* END TEXT: "nal Science Foundation Award 0554937, May 2006 and January 2007, www.kerrn.org/pdf/campanella2.pdf.\n"
9780472024483 - page_42: "START TEXT: \n5. Gary Rivlin, “New Orleans Forms a Panel on Renewal,” New York Times, October 1, 2005, A11.\n6. Pe" ******* END TEXT: "-Turbulent World of Local Music Radio . . .” Times-Picayune, November 19, 2006, Living Section, C1.\n"
9780472024483 - page_43: "START TEXT: \n25. Michelle Krupa and Gordon Russell, “N.O. Post-K Blueprint Unveiled: Plan Puts Most Cash in East" ******* END TEXT: "\n27. Michelle Krupa, “City Hall Begins a Building Boom,” Times-Picayune, February 23, 2008, B1–3.\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_44: "START TEXT: A Reciprocity of Tears\nCOMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AFTER A DISASTER\nPat Evans and Sarah Lewis\nON AUGUST 29," ******* END TEXT: "t on centuries of a shared landscape and bolstered by local nonprofits and community activists, New\n"
9780472024483 - page_45: "START TEXT: \nOrleans' pre-Katrina neighborhoods were a dense web of traditions and relationships. Whether focuse" ******* END TEXT: "ning, and technical assistance in capacity building and advocacy to nearly one hundred Baltic NGOs.\n"
9780472024483 - page_46: "START TEXT: \nReturning home to her native Louisiana in 1999, Pat founded the International Project for Nonprofit" ******* END TEXT: " listens. The community identifies itself and what works in the community, in essence communicating\n"
9780472024483 - page_47: "START TEXT: \nwhat it appreciates about itself. This approach is based on the assumption that whatever the commun" ******* END TEXT: "ion is not enough. The community must play the central role in devising and implementing strategies\n"
9780472024483 - page_48: "START TEXT: \nfor its own improvement. This does not mean that outside facilitators cannot help, but it does mean" ******* END TEXT: "ses—a place where human potential can be fully realized.\n—Richard Levin, President, Yale University\n"
9780472024483 - page_49: "START TEXT: \nThe neighborhoods of America's cities invigorate the creative spirit and provide homes and opportun" ******* END TEXT: "e university supported the local economy by providing financial incentives for faculty and staff to\n"
9780472024483 - page_50: "START TEXT: \nbuy homes within New Haven. Under Levin's leadership, the Yale and New Haven communities have begun" ******* END TEXT: "nistrators worked tirelessly to restore power and coordinate mold remediation in flooded buildings.\n"
9780472024483 - page_51: "START TEXT: \nJust as quickly city leaders engaged prominent university officials to participate in the creation " ******* END TEXT: "about needs and services. In the hard-hit Lower Ninth Ward, IPNL increased the ability of the Lower\n"
9780472024483 - page_52: "START TEXT: \nNinth Ward Neighborhood Empowerment Network Association (NENA) to lead the comeback of the neighbor" ******* END TEXT: "-government-planning efforts rather than neighborhood-level engagement. The highest-profile funding\n"
9780472024483 - page_53: "START TEXT: \nagency has been the Rockefeller Foundation, which donated $3.5 million dollars to the Greater New O" ******* END TEXT: "d on studying the region and service-minded academics eager to conduct projects in New Orleans, the\n"
9780472024483 - page_54: "START TEXT: \ncity has been teeming with outside scholars. In fact, in the summer after Katrina it sometimes seem" ******* END TEXT: ". One such change was mail delivery, which did not return to flooded neighborhoods for many months.\n"
9780472024483 - page_55: "START TEXT: \nIn many ways, it was a new world, even for lifelong New Orleanians, and the daily tasks of receivin" ******* END TEXT: "t of recovery reached up to the city's political leadership. In the city's 2006 mayoral race, which\n"
9780472024483 - page_56: "START TEXT: \npitted incumbent Ray Nagin against state lieutenant governor Mitch Landrieu, Landrieu's campaign hi" ******* END TEXT: "rhoods, planners, elected officials, and outside observers have lauded neighborhood self-organizing\n"
9780472024483 - page_57: "START TEXT: \nas the key to New Orleans' rebirth. It is the everyday citizens, supporting each other and construc" ******* END TEXT: "erests coincide, such as when Latinos and whites joined forces against an autocratic school council\n"
9780472024483 - page_58: "START TEXT: \nin Beltway (a neighborhood in Chicago), groups can form across racial and ethnic lines. And the abi" ******* END TEXT: "lass Tension in Four Chicago Neighborhoods and Their Meaning for America (New York: Knopf, 2006).\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_59: "START TEXT: Not Since the Great Depression\nTHE DOCUMENTARY IMPULSE POST-KATRINA\nMichael Mizell-Nelson\nSHORTLY BE" ******* END TEXT: "Orleans serves as this catastrophe's ground zero. Similarly, each individual's piece in the immense\n"
9780472024483 - page_60: "START TEXT: \ndebris field stretching across the Gulf Coast from Texas to Alabama complicates the larger picture." ******* END TEXT: "y $2,000 for a dilapidated house without heat.5 After providing two rental assistance payments, yet\n"
9780472024483 - page_61: "START TEXT: \nanother federal agency failed us, much as the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' levee system had. After" ******* END TEXT: "record. Nevertheless, far too many affected people describe their stories as “not worth recording.”\n"
9780472024483 - page_62: "START TEXT: \nStories of battles with insurance companies, multiple tires flattened by stray roofing nails, and o" ******* END TEXT: "gnificant nonetheless. The same week my wife and I learned of the jarring mortgage payment increase\n"
9780472024483 - page_63: "START TEXT: \nalso brought news of a significant honor awarded to the online database project. Many scholars, jou" ******* END TEXT: "ry When the Levees Broke for excluding Lakeview and thus too much of the white person's experience.\n"
9780472024483 - page_64: "START TEXT: \nThe tragic story of black New Orleans trapped in Katrina's path has found a supreme chronicler, but" ******* END TEXT: " for book promotions to let these readers know that their stories would be welcome in the Hurricane\n"
9780472024483 - page_65: "START TEXT: \nDigital Memory Bank. Rose's repeated observations about the “largest archive of personal Katrina st" ******* END TEXT: "ollowing Katrina, the bloggers shared a sense of collective joy over their work as cybercitizens. A\n"
9780472024483 - page_66: "START TEXT: \nfew years into the troubled recovery, they now share more collective outrage over the daily chaos. " ******* END TEXT: " the difficulty of including “the human element” among its documentation efforts. Shortly after the\n"
9780472024483 - page_67: "START TEXT: \ndisaster, a New Orleans–based social scientist met with a FEMA official who agreed that oral histor" ******* END TEXT: "e of where or when their stories will be made available for others to read—never mind themselves.19\n"
9780472024483 - page_68: "START TEXT: \nOnline Collecting Democratizes History\nMany take comfort in knowing that their stories have been re" ******* END TEXT: " that individuals bring to this online archive project in using a new medium to express themselves.\n"
9780472024483 - page_69: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_70: "START TEXT: \n\nThe photograph reproduced in figure 7 led one visitor to the database to post her own story of sim" ******* END TEXT: "ithout photographing them or sacrificing their dignity. The caption to the image in figure 8 reads:\n"
9780472024483 - page_71: "START TEXT: \n\nI will never forget this day at the American Red Cross shelter in Citronelle, Alabama. An elderly " ******* END TEXT: "their needs, and travel to the city to work side by side with them, too many academics and cultural\n"
9780472024483 - page_72: "START TEXT: \nworkers maintain their individualism and even compete among themselves. I asked one biologist how m" ******* END TEXT: " producers working with local independent filmmakers long familiar with the city. Instead of merely\n"
9780472024483 - page_73: "START TEXT: \nwatching the documentaries created by local producers and lifting their ideas, the circle of creati" ******* END TEXT: "ocal tradesmen, or at least contacting their organization to assess their needs, would have helped.\n"
9780472024483 - page_74: "START TEXT: \nThe other couple attending our party just before the flood lost neither jobs nor their apartment, b" ******* END TEXT: "en tucked into a crawl space beneath the stairs. The saturated walls gave way like wet tissue paper\n"
9780472024483 - page_75: "START TEXT: \nand provided access to many of these items. Still sheathed in bubble wrap, plates and glasses had t" ******* END TEXT: "t Do You Do When the Most Famous Book Pusher Won't Mention Yours?” Times-Picayune, August 29, 2007.\n"
9780472024483 - page_76: "START TEXT: \n15. Cited in Brian Braiker, “A City Floods and Its Paper Sails,” Newsweek Online, August 29, 2007, " ******* END TEXT: "l Memory Bank, object 2166, April 17, 2006, 9:18 p.m., http://www.hurricanearchive.org/object/2166.\n"
9780472024483 - page_77: "START TEXT: \n25. “This was no token or in-kind dollop of support, either, but 1 million crisp dollar bills—a med" ******* END TEXT: " His Son's Death, Summoning Him Here to Give Away Instruments,” Times-Picayune, June 3, 2007, B1.\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_78: "START TEXT: Another Evacuation Story\nRebecca Mark\nEVACUATION\nAugust 27thJeff, Mark, Ben, and I leave early Satur" ******* END TEXT: "sort, Perdido Key, Florida, three and a half hours to ward the storm. We gamble.We have no traffic.\n"
9780472024483 - page_79: "START TEXT: \nBeach Colony Resort has these flat gray carts we pile with suitcases, dog dishes, cat litter, groce" ******* END TEXT: "\nI go to bed in exhaustion. I hear Jeff in the other room. We may have to evacuate Perdido Key. No.\n"
9780472024483 - page_80: "START TEXT: \nWe can look out the window of the condo and see Katrina far off coming in and it is a beautiful, th" ******* END TEXT: ". Ben nearly kills Bess's husband in a golf cart driving to see the blueberry field turned airport.\n"
9780472024483 - page_81: "START TEXT: \nThe levees have broken. Bodies are floating.\nMy heart is lying in the water.\nI search CNN for Anne'" ******* END TEXT: "land.\n     Her parents liberated from the Nazis.\n\nEVACUATION\nWe return to Perdido Key on Wednesday.\n"
9780472024483 - page_82: "START TEXT: \nBefore we leave, a good church lady comes up to Mark in the parking lot of the Hampton Inn and says" ******* END TEXT: "acts like a puppy, and we all call him Spike—Jeff and Mark's dog before—Flash, and then we all say,\n"
9780472024483 - page_83: "START TEXT: \nSpike is dead.\n     How can there be a Bedelia without an Amelia?\n\nEVACUATION\nJeff and Mark go to t" ******* END TEXT: "a instead. Jeff follows. Mark lives with Granny and Papa in Baton Rouge and tries to help displaced\n"
9780472024483 - page_84: "START TEXT: \npeople. Ben goes to his evacuation school, Burgundy Farm, for free. We live in a beautiful house. T" ******* END TEXT: "row up too fast as we passed mile after mile of darkened silence where communities used to stand.\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_85: "START TEXT: SECTION 2New Beginnings\nAmy Koritz\nTHINKING ABOUT WHAT GOT DONE in the arts and culture sector of Ne" ******* END TEXT: "mmittee of the Mayor's Bring New Orleans Back Commission (the first attempt at recovery planning by\n"
9780472024483 - page_86: "START TEXT: \nlocal government), Carol became a highly visible spokesperson for the centrality of the arts to the" ******* END TEXT: "n, being careful to ensure that its interests and limitations do not define the agenda of his work.\n"
9780472024483 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nA cautious but welcoming approach to higher education likewise characterized the efforts of D. Hami" ******* END TEXT: "physical landscape, organizations such as the Hispanic Apostolate of the Archdiocese of New Orleans\n"
9780472024483 - page_88: "START TEXT: \nbraced for new demands on their services. A demographer by training, Beth watched carefully as the " ******* END TEXT: "larifying insight about the ways in which civic engagement can and cannot happen in universities.\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_89: "START TEXT: The Vision Has Its Time\nCULTURE AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT IN POSTDISASTER NEW ORLEANS\nCarol Bebelle\nWrite" ******* END TEXT: "precedented occurrence of, the shutdown of, and near destruction of an American city. Adding insult\n"
9780472024483 - page_90: "START TEXT: \nto injury, the federal government then took six days—nearly a week—to organize a supposedly effecti" ******* END TEXT: " compassionate and humanitarian quality of service? How determined was the commitment to help them?\n"
9780472024483 - page_91: "START TEXT: \nWhen we look at how people survived initially after the disaster, while the government was running " ******* END TEXT: "ave been able to see and hear their passion for justice. Powerful voices, in numbers, are demanding\n"
9780472024483 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nmore fairness and consideration for folks who are still working their way back home.\nThis up-close-" ******* END TEXT: "ral flood in New Orleans.\nIf being right were enough, then we could rest on our victory of exposing\n"
9780472024483 - page_93: "START TEXT: \nto America the existence of racism. This moment of truth serves us best as an opportunity to unite " ******* END TEXT: "forward reaching for the goal.”\nSociologists and psychologists long ago taught us the lesson of the\n"
9780472024483 - page_94: "START TEXT: \n“self-fulfilling prophecy” if I believe it, I can make it happen. This works for us both positively" ******* END TEXT: "elves, who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented, and fabulous? Actually, who are you not to be?\n"
9780472024483 - page_95: "START TEXT: \nThis staggering irony of needing to believe in ourselves and each other more than counting on our l" ******* END TEXT: "r personal lives and prosperity. Therefore, like the federal government's bureaucracy, they fail to\n"
9780472024483 - page_96: "START TEXT: \ninvest in the evolution and preservation of the culture and its bearers. Reciprocity is appallingly" ******* END TEXT: "that are plentiful in every community and service learning and mentoring programs aimed at exposing\n"
9780472024483 - page_97: "START TEXT: \nyoung people to diverse work environments. Think about lunchtime at work as an opportunity to eat a" ******* END TEXT: "with liberty and justice for all.\nSuppose we ponder these things and our very thoughts become small\n"
9780472024483 - page_98: "START TEXT: \nfragments of possibility, which, when combined, create reality. Suppose this is the way it works. I" ******* END TEXT: "e schedule of cultural, community, and art activities and events that allow people to come together\n"
9780472024483 - page_99: "START TEXT: \nto refuel their spirits and be inspired by the success of returning evacuees. We should be listenin" ******* END TEXT: " We'd find ways for men to learn to be sweet to their women again. We'd help to find ways to direct\n"
9780472024483 - page_100: "START TEXT: \nand assist teachers, once again, to discover the joy of opening a door to knowledge to someone and " ******* END TEXT: "ination, faith, and spirit. Armed with vision and committed action, we can, and we will, succeed.\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_101: "START TEXT: How to Raise an Army (of Creative Young People)\nMat Schwarzman, with illustrator Keith Knight\nSo whi" ******* END TEXT: "onth, is to help rebuild our city's broken education system by introducing more creativity into the\n"
9780472024483 - page_102: "START TEXT: \ncurriculum. Currently, we number eleven (six teenagers and five adults), but we plan for many more " ******* END TEXT: " and relevant, then perhaps over time students, parents, teachers, administrators, leaders, and the\n"
9780472024483 - page_103: "START TEXT: \npeople as a whole would decide to organize ourselves and ensure that nothing less is allowed.\nI lov" ******* END TEXT: "creativity. Our motto expresses this concept as an equation: Information + Imagination = Knowledge.\n"
9780472024483 - page_104: "START TEXT: \n\nAs an ensemble of actors, singers, musicians, poets, dancers, and storytellers, we know that the t" ******* END TEXT: "ese young people we are working with now who have the most at stake in the outcome. They need to be\n"
9780472024483 - page_105: "START TEXT: \ntalking to each other much more than we adults need to be talking at them.\nThe stakes are astronomi" ******* END TEXT: "nly became more engaged in what I was teaching, they were better able to generalize the information\n"
9780472024483 - page_106: "START TEXT: \nwhen I made them apply it in real life situations. Without calling it “theater,” I had naturally gr" ******* END TEXT: "oung audiences each year.\nFrom the beginning, we realized that the processes of art, as well as its\n"
9780472024483 - page_107: "START TEXT: \nproducts, could be useful to us as educators, particularly when it comes to teaching math. Inspired" ******* END TEXT: "are their thoughts about themselves, the program, and the state of public education in New Orleans.\n"
9780472024483 - page_108: "START TEXT: \nRoque Caston (Writer, Actor, Class of 2009): “The number one thing I do, every day of the year, is " ******* END TEXT: "same thing as the person sitting next to you, but you will get a feeling from it that you can use.”\n"
9780472024483 - page_109: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_110: "START TEXT: \nKey Allies\nBeyond the teen members and adult mentors of Creative Forces, we are developing a networ" ******* END TEXT: "em. Decision makers can learn so much from children; they are experts on the schools in this city.”\n"
9780472024483 - page_111: "START TEXT: \nOur Arsenal\nIn order to move hearts and minds, we are building a repertoire of proven Creative Forc" ******* END TEXT: "twenty-five to thirty middle school students led by five peer educators that uses a short play with\n"
9780472024483 - page_112: "START TEXT: \nmusic and sound to teach about the pulmonary system, specifically asthma. Based on the life of one " ******* END TEXT: ", channel and transform them into something useful and beautiful.\nWish us luck, reader. Stay tuned.\n"
9780472024483 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nEPILOGUE: April 2008. It is almost a year since I wrote that report. Much has changed, and much has" ******* END TEXT: "nd organizing to spread the impact of the new work.\nTEACHING: Pass on skills to sustain the impact.\n"
9780472024483 - page_114: "START TEXT: \n\nNOTES\nThe epigraphs are from Bertolt Brecht, “Speech to Danish Working-Class Actors on the Art of " ******* END TEXT: "anks to creative counselor Mimi Zarsky. All these people contributed to the content of this essay.\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_115: "START TEXT: The Gulfsouth Youth Action Corps\nTHE STORY OF A LOCAL CBO'S RESPONSE TO RESTORING YOUTH PROGRAMS IN " ******* END TEXT: "e city as schools slowly reopened by early January of 2006. With a second wave of families expected\n"
9780472024483 - page_116: "START TEXT: \nto return as schools let out for the summer, concerns emerged regarding the restoration of youth se" ******* END TEXT: " through access to parks can help improve individual and community support for the recovery effort.\n"
9780472024483 - page_117: "START TEXT: \nOperation REACH, Inc., Takes on the Restoration of Youth Programs\nRecognizing this need, the commun" ******* END TEXT: "ey found them overwhelmingly excited about coming back to New Orleans for the summer. The students,\n"
9780472024483 - page_118: "START TEXT: \nhowever, expressed an interest in working with more than just bricks and mortar. They wanted to wor" ******* END TEXT: " served as trainers for the intensive one-week training program required for corps members in June.\n"
9780472024483 - page_119: "START TEXT: \nThese national experts also served the program throughout the summer by acting as coaches and mento" ******* END TEXT: "t is essential to ensure that adequate food, water, medicine, sanitation, and shelter are available\n"
9780472024483 - page_120: "START TEXT: \nfor everyone affected by the hurricanes, it is also imperative to mitigate the impact of the disast" ******* END TEXT: "ng as the instructional techniques for the camp. Courses were intended to be fun yet intellectually\n"
9780472024483 - page_121: "START TEXT: \nstimulating. They would provoke repressed conversations and agitate youth to action while providing" ******* END TEXT: "spora whose voices the mainstream media had not amplified. In addition to having the opportunity to\n"
9780472024483 - page_122: "START TEXT: \nhave their voices heard and stories told, the youth also learned technical skills by using advanced" ******* END TEXT: "alogic process helped them deal with issues related to the hurricanes. The results were as follows.\n"
9780472024483 - page_123: "START TEXT: \n• About a third of the participants thought they had talked about it the right amount and seemed to" ******* END TEXT: "ng them aside and counseling them one-on-one. They described this as being similar to a minitherapy\n"
9780472024483 - page_124: "START TEXT: \nsession, and they appreciated the time. Of the counselors, one student said, “They won't let nothin" ******* END TEXT: "you to your own community? How will your work this summer inform the work that you do in the coming\n"
9780472024483 - page_125: "START TEXT: \nmonths?” In general, counselors expressed a commitment to tell friends and family about life in pos" ******* END TEXT: "ked to reflect on “the most significant impact of this program on you as a human being,” they said,\n"
9780472024483 - page_126: "START TEXT: \n“I realized that this is something I love to do.”\n• More specifically, they said, “[I love] waking " ******* END TEXT: "g service as a human responsibility. They also learned more about how nonprofit organizations work.\n"
9780472024483 - page_127: "START TEXT: \n• They learned how difficult it is to run a program that includes service activities, that there ar" ******* END TEXT: "and act as managers. The experience gave them real world opportunities to hone their people skills.\n"
9780472024483 - page_128: "START TEXT: \n“I have more self-confidence and a greater sense of responsibility.”\n• Like the youth, the counselo" ******* END TEXT: "that was both fun and intellectually stimulating. The program and the experience of Operation REACH\n"
9780472024483 - page_129: "START TEXT: \nstaff can teach us several lessons about civic engagement in the wake of a disaster.\nCrisis gives w" ******* END TEXT: "ings, greater attention needs to be paid to the presentation and amount of sensitive content in the\n"
9780472024483 - page_130: "START TEXT: \ncurriculum. A number of studies report that civic engagement creates resiliency and promotes prosoc" ******* END TEXT: "of the dedicated local staff and the depth of such local, national, and international partnerships.\n"
9780472024483 - page_131: "START TEXT: \n\nNOTES\n1. J. Claus and C. Ogden, eds., Service Learning for Youth Empowerment and Social Change (Ne" ******* END TEXT: "t 21, no. 1 (2007): 6. The journal is published by the Society for Research in Child Development.\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_132: "START TEXT: Welcoming the Newcomers\nCIVIC ENGAGEMENT AMONG PRE-KATRINA LATINOS\nElizabeth Fussell\nEVEN AS NEW ORL" ******* END TEXT: "goods from throughout North America, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Basin. Trade patterns of\n"
9780472024483 - page_133: "START TEXT: \nthe twentieth century shaped the mix of Latin American immigrants residing in the city today. Centr" ******* END TEXT: "erican construction workers arrived in the city in the months following Katrina, and they continued\n"
9780472024483 - page_134: "START TEXT: \nto arrive two years later. Exactly how many Latino migrants have come to New Orleans is unknown.\nIn" ******* END TEXT: "ce from national groups. The Latino community was thus challenged first to recognize and understand\n"
9780472024483 - page_135: "START TEXT: \nthe problems of the newcomers and then to organize themselves to respond appropriately.\nThe Hispani" ******* END TEXT: " spontaneously to the needs of the community. Pastor Jesus Gonzalez of Monte de los Olivos Lutheran\n"
9780472024483 - page_136: "START TEXT: \nChurch in Kenner, Louisiana, had evacuated to Texas. He was born there and grew up speaking Spanish" ******* END TEXT: " also their reason for being in New Orleans. They come for employment and therefore need protection\n"
9780472024483 - page_137: "START TEXT: \nfrom employer abuse. Immigration lawyers, labor organizers, social justice groups, students, church" ******* END TEXT: "is one of their best advocates. The consulate has been extremely active in post-Katrina New Orleans\n"
9780472024483 - page_138: "START TEXT: \nin spite of the fact that it had closed its New Orleans offices in 2001 due to budgetary constraint" ******* END TEXT: "hem to travel back to Houston. Some of them cannot do so, and those who do are risking many things.\n"
9780472024483 - page_139: "START TEXT: \nConsular officials have made three visits to New Orleans since the hurricane, mostly to issue passp" ******* END TEXT: "ngual sports newspaper, Jambalaya Deportiva, prior to Katrina. In October 2005, when Murphy saw the\n"
9780472024483 - page_140: "START TEXT: \ngrowth of Latinos in New Orleans, she expanded the mission of her newspaper to include local and in" ******* END TEXT: "ns needs is to really organize ourselves, sort things out and really make a good effort to help the\n"
9780472024483 - page_141: "START TEXT: \nbulk of the people here. Because, after Katrina, with the influx of this many Hispanics here, most " ******* END TEXT: "ted, and trained workforce. And so we needed to be able to provide services to accomplish that end.\n"
9780472024483 - page_142: "START TEXT: \nThe HCCL opened the Hispanic Business Resource and Technology Center in Kenner, Jefferson Parish. T" ******* END TEXT: "t New Orleans is the only place they could live in the United States because it feels so similar to\n"
9780472024483 - page_143: "START TEXT: \ntheir Central American homes. Like all New Orleanians, they are wondering whether things will retur" ******* END TEXT: "p in their origin country. Their warm reception has allowed them to be politically active, although\n"
9780472024483 - page_144: "START TEXT: \nmany refrain from politics because of their experiences in their origin countries or because they d" ******* END TEXT: "o assist the newcomers who were helping rebuild New Orleans. Mayor Ray Nagin's statement in October\n"
9780472024483 - page_145: "START TEXT: \n2005 that he didn't want New Orleans to be “overrun by Mexicans” made them realize how little polit" ******* END TEXT: "no Immigrants, Many of Them Here Illegally, Will Rebuild the Gulf Coast—or Stay There,” Los Angeles\n"
9780472024483 - page_146: "START TEXT: \nTimes, Opinion Page, September 25, 2005, http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/opinion/la-op-lat" ******* END TEXT: "l Latino Day Laborers Locating in New Orleans Change Its Complexion?” Newsweek, December 5, 2005.\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_147: "START TEXT: SECTION 3Interconnections\nAmy Koritz\nON A PERSONAL LEVEL, this section tells the story of how I stop" ******* END TEXT: " structures of my university uneasy, I've never seen more possibilities for connecting the academic\n"
9780472024483 - page_148: "START TEXT: \nwork of the university with opportunities to build and revitalize community. The pieces included in" ******* END TEXT: "ies. The story Jan tells in her mixed-genre reflection on creating university projects that partner\n"
9780472024483 - page_149: "START TEXT: \nwith community-based artists and cultural organizations expresses the potential, as well as the dif" ******* END TEXT: " and develops the strength to withstand the many ways in which institutions shut out engagement and\n"
9780472024483 - page_150: "START TEXT: \nshut down those who seek it out, is interconnection. I mean this on many levels. Not only have the " ******* END TEXT: " and understood how integral the arts and culture are to the healthy, vibrant city we all desire.\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_151: "START TEXT: Cultural Policy and Living Culture in New Orleans after Katrina\nCarole Rosenstein\nTHE FIRST TIME I V" ******* END TEXT: " the ether all around, and when they rest there's nowhere more eerily quiet. It's pretty quiet now.\n"
9780472024483 - page_152: "START TEXT: \nIt's not a place, you notice, that makes me think of answering e-mails, paying bills, changing diap" ******* END TEXT: "ut saying that? Of course, policies should be created and measured according to the degree to which\n"
9780472024483 - page_153: "START TEXT: \nthey serve the public good. Well, the difficulty is that in the cultural sector the public good oft" ******* END TEXT: " weaker cultural sector, one that can neither meet the needs of the whole community nor effectively\n"
9780472024483 - page_154: "START TEXT: \nadvocate for public support. Although a clear understanding of why and how to sustain community-bas" ******* END TEXT: "fety—the need and desire to alleviate poverty are clear. But, unfortunately, this is not always the\n"
9780472024483 - page_155: "START TEXT: \ncase in cultural policy and practice, where culture and poverty are conceptually bound in several w" ******* END TEXT: "ral forms of New Orleans communities be understood in ways informed by this framework. The power of\n"
9780472024483 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nNew Orleans' indigenous performance genres lies in their ability to both express and actively repro" ******* END TEXT: "ulture programming to foster community engagement and organizing.3 Strong connections exist between\n"
9780472024483 - page_157: "START TEXT: \ncultural heritage activities and nonprofit organizations working in education, human services, comm" ******* END TEXT: "d of community-grounded participation is prevalent among those typically hardest to reach with arts\n"
9780472024483 - page_158: "START TEXT: \nand culture programs and services: immigrants, African Americans, Hispanics, and people with low le" ******* END TEXT: "d vitality, investment and equity.\nAdvocates for arts and culture have moved beyond economic impact\n"
9780472024483 - page_159: "START TEXT: \nstudies and, through regional and state initiatives such as the New England Creative Economy and Lo" ******* END TEXT: ".\n• Establishing cooperative studio space for artists in the visual, performing, and literary arts.\n"
9780472024483 - page_160: "START TEXT: \n• Establishing neighborhood-based incubators for cultural enterprise.\n• Establishing arts and cultu" ******* END TEXT: "effectively develop, respect, and incorporate what came before? The work I have done in New Orleans\n"
9780472024483 - page_161: "START TEXT: \nover the past months tells me that a real danger exists that they will not do so. That is the kind " ******* END TEXT: "e, 2007); and “Cultural Treasures of New Orleans,” Material Matters 55 (July–August 2007), 15–21.\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_162: "START TEXT: HOME, New Orleans\nUNIVERSITY/NEIGHBORHOOD ARTS COLLABORATIONS\nJan Cohen-Cruz\nHOME, New Orleans (HNO)" ******* END TEXT: "lections with excerpts from conversations with Bechet, a professor of art at Xavier. Tulane English\n"
9780472024483 - page_163: "START TEXT: \nprofessor Amy Koritz and Dillard Art Department chair John Barnes, the other HNO faculty, joined th" ******* END TEXT: "okay. I also wondered if the level of need in New Orleans would cause people to take art interested\n"
9780472024483 - page_164: "START TEXT: \nin social engagement as well as aesthetics more seriously. Art with content and in venues at a dist" ******* END TEXT: "fter evacuating from Katrina there were memos that we were all going to help rebuild New Orleans. I\n"
9780472024483 - page_165: "START TEXT: \nfigured that the details of how would follow. But they didn't. I saw no effort to learn what people" ******* END TEXT: "s in New Orleans that intended to revitalize formerly bustling neighborhoods that had for some time\n"
9780472024483 - page_166: "START TEXT: \nbeen economically depressed. Hopeful signs of rebuilding include Café Reconcile, a place for a tast" ******* END TEXT: "2007, King moved back to the Ninth Ward after the school was repaired and the kids' houses rebuilt.\n"
9780472024483 - page_167: "START TEXT: \nThen people of different ages who use the NENA Center came together with the kids in workshops, usi" ******* END TEXT: "ery modest efforts. This is quite unlike New York City, where nothing I do gets this much traction.\n"
9780472024483 - page_168: "START TEXT: \nHow were university students organized into neighborhood teams and what did they contribute?\nRON: W" ******* END TEXT: "opic of race came up and she [Donisha] said, “Why does everybody look at me when they start talking\n"
9780472024483 - page_169: "START TEXT: \nabout race? What is your experience with black people?” She noticed how frightened some Lakeview re" ******* END TEXT: "ts as more hypocritical than they are. Even when we put our energies towards what we care about, we\n"
9780472024483 - page_170: "START TEXT: \nstill have contradictions. The percentage of the resources we use in the U.S. compared to the part " ******* END TEXT: "rom various universities together is I haven't gotten to know them well. We've had to spend so much\n"
9780472024483 - page_171: "START TEXT: \ntime planning among ourselves that I've only really gotten to know the students in my little team. " ******* END TEXT: "out electricity, and no one was telling them anything. I found out that the administration was just\n"
9780472024483 - page_172: "START TEXT: \nkeeping them all safe while they cleared up fallen electrical wires. Soon they were able to leave t" ******* END TEXT: "on, and [in terms of] the nature of learning. In civic engagement much of the learning is embodied,\n"
9780472024483 - page_173: "START TEXT: \nthrough the senses in real time, unlike the more condensed learning of a lecture hall.\nAMY: Art as " ******* END TEXT: "people get their hands dirty in a garden, they might think about the wetlands and the landscape; it\n"
9780472024483 - page_174: "START TEXT: \ngrows into larger issues. That's what we're trying to do with our neighborhood projects, get them s" ******* END TEXT: "y make the doing more meaningful.\nJAN: We have so much to cover for one session per week. The teams\n"
9780472024483 - page_175: "START TEXT: \nneed to meet and just getting everyone one place is chaotic, but still it's worth it. Then the stud" ******* END TEXT: "k. I say no, you're just taking a chunk out of something bigger or different from what you imagine.\n"
9780472024483 - page_176: "START TEXT: \nJAN: Unlike most of their university education, students are not at the center of civic engagement." ******* END TEXT: ". Willie Birch is a well-known visual artist whose focus has long been black life. Helen Regis is a\n"
9780472024483 - page_177: "START TEXT: \ncultural anthropologist who works on vernacular New Orleans culture. Mr. Hubert is a retiree intere" ******* END TEXT: " backyard as they are chased by police. “You unnerstand,” one smiled to her as he jumped her fence.\n"
9780472024483 - page_178: "START TEXT: \nThe Porch members make for fabulous partners in a university-based civic engagement project because" ******* END TEXT: ". But we're not rebuilding community yet. Naively I imagined the project being more easily promoted\n"
9780472024483 - page_179: "START TEXT: \nthroughout the neighborhood; people would just hold hands and do it. If that were so, they could ju" ******* END TEXT: "e. One ten year old said to me softly, as the audience was gathering, “I don't know anyone here.” I\n"
9780472024483 - page_180: "START TEXT: \nasked if she would like to meet people, and she said yes, so we went around introducing ourselves a" ******* END TEXT: "institutions with completely different compensation systems. At historically black colleges, it's a\n"
9780472024483 - page_181: "START TEXT: \ngiven that you'll get 30 percent lower salary than [at] predominantly white ones with similar degre" ******* END TEXT: " who see the problem with the social structure making it incumbent on all of us to work for equity.\n"
9780472024483 - page_182: "START TEXT: \nAMY: I don't want to devalue charity. If you have a lot it's better to give something than not. But" ******* END TEXT: "ouple more excursions to know who's there, but once we do it'll be easier to carry out the project.\n"
9780472024483 - page_183: "START TEXT: \nRON: Most students want to know that they're going into a successful situation before it begins and" ******* END TEXT: "her situations like this. In spite of some of the reasons students took the class—thought they were\n"
9780472024483 - page_184: "START TEXT: \ngonna get on a bus and gut houses, hand out T-shirts, polish their egos—its becoming a badge of ego" ******* END TEXT: "be less efficient and more expensive. I really don't want the city back where it was, but better.\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_185: "START TEXT: Interview with Don Marshall Executive Director of the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival Foundat" ******* END TEXT: ". This ranges from our Heritage School of Music, which provides after-school music programs, to our\n"
9780472024483 - page_186: "START TEXT: \nRaising the Roof program, which is helping with housing initiatives in the city. We have lecture se" ******* END TEXT: "at the Tipitina's Foundation. I'm a big fan of inviting the community to come together. Let's talk,\n"
9780472024483 - page_187: "START TEXT: \nsee what issues we have, how we resolve them. So we began doing a sort of weekly meeting at Tipitin" ******* END TEXT: "n has their own story or their own interest, and, I guess, being a long-term, seasoned professional\n"
9780472024483 - page_188: "START TEXT: \nin my field, I usually like to cut to the chase. I'm very supportive of grassroots activities and a" ******* END TEXT: "ery focused on your own survival. And what happens in a city like this is that if I'm in a position\n"
9780472024483 - page_189: "START TEXT: \nwhere I can give a contract to a company or an individual or a friend I expect something back. I'm " ******* END TEXT: "er Katrina I was able to access funding for all kinds of things. I mean the American public, unlike\n"
9780472024483 - page_190: "START TEXT: \nthe government, has been very good about responding to their fellow Americans, and the foundations " ******* END TEXT: "e do have Southern Rep and Tulane Shakespeare, but there still needs to be a little bit more there.\n"
9780472024483 - page_191: "START TEXT: \nAK: You talked about some of the new festivals you had created after Katrina, and I know you've bee" ******* END TEXT: "lude everything. Often an Arts Council will focus on a visual arts community or music. I would love\n"
9780472024483 - page_192: "START TEXT: \nto see the Arts Council take on that role of responsibility for coordination—a council of music edu" ******* END TEXT: "igenous, neighborhood feel to still be there but give them the resources that everyone should have.\n"
9780472024483 - page_193: "START TEXT: \nAK: There's always going to be a tension, though, between that approach and [the] need of anybody w" ******* END TEXT: "hink is the gap?\nDM: I think it's a feeling of responsibility to what you do. So I feel responsible\n"
9780472024483 - page_194: "START TEXT: \nfor the Mardi Gras Indian culture—not totally—but I understand that as part of my job description. " ******* END TEXT: "historically black colleges, and the others, UNO [University of New Orleans] and Loyola and Tulane,\n"
9780472024483 - page_195: "START TEXT: \nhave an integrated student body to some extent. We are not encouraging integration until after peop" ******* END TEXT: " Right now we were very, very fortunate to have workers come into New Orleans of all nationalities,\n"
9780472024483 - page_196: "START TEXT: \nand it seems particularly Brazilian and Mexican have come in large numbers. First, there was no one" ******* END TEXT: "ted in a black . . .?\nDM: Well, a lot of it is really through the school system. We have a festival\n"
9780472024483 - page_197: "START TEXT: \nthat is produced by professional festival producers and we have a foundation, and our education pro" ******* END TEXT: " place who can coordinate the resources. Cultural resource management is a critical, critical area.\n"
9780472024483 - page_198: "START TEXT: \nAK: What do you think might be the role of the higher eds in town in that, the colleges and univers" ******* END TEXT: "at the students . . . that might bring us into . . . let's say if it was going to be the Mardi Gras\n"
9780472024483 - page_199: "START TEXT: \nIndian tradition . . . that this is a program and we built into it that it really . . . the success" ******* END TEXT: "in this community to do those kinds of things. I think the lack of vision in New Orleans is because\n"
9780472024483 - page_200: "START TEXT: \nof the lack of financial resources, and when you're tying to survive its hard to think about the co" ******* END TEXT: "exciting and much more rewarding. It's always been fantastic to be in this field because the people\n"
9780472024483 - page_201: "START TEXT: \nare so wonderful, but it's even nicer to be part of a community where everybody is working hard for" ******* END TEXT: " day for it.\nAK: That's a wonderful note to end on.\nDM: Well, good. This has been fun, as always.\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_202: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024483 - page_203: "START TEXT: Afterword\nCIVIC ENGAGEMENT IS A LANGUAGE—WHAT CAN UNIVERSITIES LEARN FROM PUBLIC CULTURAL WORK IN NE" ******* END TEXT: "ens' voices under conditions of catastrophic inequality and the prospect of metropolitan “suicide.”\n"
9780472024483 - page_204: "START TEXT: \nThe editors point to the “real time” qualities of the texts that make up this collection.\nThe extre" ******* END TEXT: "shop with Johannesburg printmakers, a documentary project with high school performance poets, and a\n"
9780472024483 - page_205: "START TEXT: \nmultiyear collaboration called The Poetry of Everyday Life in a primary school. The many residency " ******* END TEXT: "licies and efforts to effect culture change around these issues on college and university campuses.\n"
9780472024483 - page_206: "START TEXT: \nLegitimation projects involve negotiations around the social power of words and the politics of kno" ******* END TEXT: "he extremes of heroism and hooliganism.” “The mundane signs of life and struggle . . . must survive\n"
9780472024483 - page_207: "START TEXT: \nif we are to create a more representative model” of “post-diluvial” New Orleans, he argues.\nElizabe" ******* END TEXT: "c-to-narrative or lyric-to-learning structure of some focused encounters among strangers, including\n"
9780472024483 - page_208: "START TEXT: \nthose at the heart of HOME, New Orleans, the Gulfsouth Action Corps, and Creative Forces (“this bea" ******* END TEXT: ", and hope—a condition that Geoffrey Hartman, in his readings of romantic poetry, calls “surmise.”5\n"
9780472024483 - page_209: "START TEXT: \nI have been constantly struck in the course of doing public engagement work in higher education by " ******* END TEXT: " subcultures of public scholarship, need to listen with a keen ear to our own public, personal, and\n"
9780472024483 - page_210: "START TEXT: \nprofessional idioms—a form of self-critical listening that is modeled in this volume.\nAmong those w" ******* END TEXT: "es, products, language, and relationships. When lives, systems, and cities are in a state of crisis\n"
9780472024483 - page_211: "START TEXT: \nor its aftermath, the freedom to shift teaching and scholarship organized around collaborative proj" ******* END TEXT: "the work that I do and people who see the connections. (Sarah Robbins, Kennesaw State University)10\n"
9780472024483 - page_212: "START TEXT: \nPeople thus find themselves in mediating and combined roles. This growing sense of fluidity and imp" ******* END TEXT: "er education: first, engagement by the university through connections with specific communities and\n"
9780472024483 - page_213: "START TEXT: \npublics; and, second, access to the university for members of all communities and publics through i" ******* END TEXT: "ppened at the creative margins of the universities led by people who were loosely bound to standard\n"
9780472024483 - page_214: "START TEXT: \ndepartmental formations. Marginality can be a position of opportunity, but, as the participants in " ******* END TEXT: "ctional or simple because cultural nonprofits are acting less private and are taking responsibility\n"
9780472024483 - page_215: "START TEXT: \nfor publicness in powerful new ways, as the contributions of Bebelle, Marshall, and others demonstr" ******* END TEXT: " this could happen in our lifetimes.” Finally, they brought this vision home to the university: “We\n"
9780472024483 - page_216: "START TEXT: \nimagined . . . democratic institutions where access and knowledge would not be limited by one's rac" ******* END TEXT: "gement on any given campus.\nIn my view, civic engagement can attract students when academic leaders\n"
9780472024483 - page_217: "START TEXT: \nare willing to develop flexible, hybrid majors, minors, certificates, and degree programs for this " ******* END TEXT: " faculty of color, who are seeking to work in the “multicontextual” environments studied by Ibarra.\n"
9780472024483 - page_218: "START TEXT: \n• Persuade university leaders and campus-based intellectuals to make a vigorous commitment to publi" ******* END TEXT: "inable and iterative. There is a widespread, deep intuition that sustainable change tends to begin—\n"
9780472024483 - page_219: "START TEXT: \nand endure—through face-to-face encounters in small groups. Close to the ground nonprofits can oper" ******* END TEXT: "the whites are on the other, but all the families nearby are low income. We live on the black side.\n"
9780472024483 - page_220: "START TEXT: \nOne student, J., set the tone, identified the unifying concern, and created the most memorable lang" ******* END TEXT: "t_at_wesleyan.\n4. Sekou Sundiata, the 51st (dream) state (2006). Conceived and written by Sundiata.\n"
9780472024483 - page_221: "START TEXT: \nThis multimedia ensemble work included audio recordings by Cornel West, including the “prisoner of " ******* END TEXT: "al Address, University of Pennsylvania (http://www.upenn.edu/secretary/inauguration/speech.html).\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_222: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024483 - page_223: "START TEXT: Contributors\nCarol Bebelle (aka Akua Wambui) is a native New Orleanian. She received her bachelor's " ******* END TEXT: "g and Remote Sensing and featured on National Public Radio's All Things Considered, in the New York\n"
9780472024483 - page_224: "START TEXT: \nTimes, and on Public Broadcasting's American Experience. His next book, Bienville's Dilemma, will b" ******* END TEXT: "ticular emphasis on gender, emotion, politics, and genre. The University of Chicago Press published\n"
9780472024483 - page_225: "START TEXT: \nher third scholarly book, Cato's Tears and the Making of Anglo-American Emotion, in 1999. Her curre" ******* END TEXT: " Salon.com, ESPN the Magazine, L.A. Weekly, MAD Magazine, Funny Times, and World War 3 Illustrated.\n"
9780472024483 - page_226: "START TEXT: \nHe won the 2007 Harvey Award and the 2006 and 2007 Glyph Awards for Best Comic Strip. Three of his " ******* END TEXT: "gree in urban and regional planning from the University of New Orleans. Her recent research focuses\n"
9780472024483 - page_227: "START TEXT: \non the nexus of heritage preservation, social networks, and disaster recovery. At the University of" ******* END TEXT: "ransit system. The school transit pass unveiled the community and neighborhood histories overlooked\n"
9780472024483 - page_228: "START TEXT: \nby scholars who for decades privileged the city's colonial, antebellum, and architectural histories" ******* END TEXT: "African Americans, and Jews in the Boyle Heights area of East Los Angeles in the twentieth century.\n"
9780472024483 - page_229: "START TEXT: \nMat Schwarzman is the founder of the Creative Forces Youth Educational Theater Corps and Director o" ******* END TEXT: " Officer of the nonprofit Operation REACH, Inc., a youth development organization in New Orleans.\n\n\n"
9780472024483 - page_230: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024483 - page_231: "START TEXT: Index\nAAUP. See American Association of University Professors\nAddams, Jane, 178\nAfrican Americans, 4" ******* END TEXT: "Commission\nBoal, Augusto, 167\nBouligny Improvement Association, 33\nBrazilian, 133, 196\nworkers, 207\n"
9780472024483 - page_232: "START TEXT: \nBrecht, Bertolt, 101, 103, 112\nBridging Group, 167\nBring New Orleans Back Commission (BNOB), 28, 29" ******* END TEXT: " 86, 113\nCUPA. See College of Urban and Public Affairs\nCutoff Recreation Center, 122\nCyprus, 20, 45\n"
9780472024483 - page_233: "START TEXT: \nDanzey, Sheila, 37, 38, 39\nDelgado, Carlos García, 138\nDelgado Community College, 51\nDepartment of " ******* END TEXT: "AC), 9, 115–31\ncurriculum, 121–22, 128\nCamp, 121\nCommunity Action Capstone, 121\ndevelopment, 119–21\n"
9780472024483 - page_234: "START TEXT: \nimpact on college students, 124–28\nimpact on youth, 122–24\nSummer Youth Action Course, 122\nfuture, " ******* END TEXT: "holarship, 205\nImmigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), 138, 139\nInstitute of Mental Hygiene, 118\n"
9780472024483 - page_235: "START TEXT: \nInternational Project for Nonprofit Leadership (IPNL), 46, 51, 225\nIPNL. See International Project " ******* END TEXT: "e.g., New Orleans; Xavier University\nLouisiana Association for Non-profit Organizations (LANO), 148\n"
9780472024483 - page_236: "START TEXT: \nLouisiana Educational Assessment Program (LEAP), 193\nLouisiana Justice Institute, 139\nLouisiana Phi" ******* END TEXT: "Foundation (NSF), 53\nNational Youth Leadership Council (NYLC), 118\nNeighborhood Empowerment Network\n"
9780472024483 - page_237: "START TEXT: \nAssociation (NENA), 52\nCenter, 166, 167, 179\nNeighborhood Housing Services, 167, 180\nNeighborhood P" ******* END TEXT: "o Key, Fla., 78, 79, 80, 81, 82\nPhillips Brooks House Association, 118\nPoetry of Everyday Life, 205\n"
9780472024483 - page_238: "START TEXT: \nPonce de Leon, Lisa Marie, 138\nPontchartrain, Lake, 4\nlevee failure, 166\nPontchartrain Park, 4\nPorc" ******* END TEXT: "36\nGulfcoast, 70\nSee also Austin; Houston; University of Texas\nThomas, Brandy, 108\nThomas, Jeff, 56\n"
9780472024483 - page_239: "START TEXT: \nTill, Emmett, 82, 207\nTime, 8\nTimes-Picayune, 25, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 40, 63, 64, 65, 2" ******* END TEXT: "ay, 148, 188\nWest Africans, 95\nWest Coast, 74, 209\nWholey, Jane, 110\nWillard-Lewis, Cynthia, 30, 35\n"
9780472024483 - page_240: "START TEXT: \nWilliams, Tennessee, 190\nWilliamson, Marianne, 94\nWilson, William J.\nThere Goes the Neighborhood: R" ******* END TEXT: "nmental Research, 150, 167\nCommunity Arts Program, 14\nYale University, 48, 49\nYudicé, George, 211\n\n\n"
9780472024490 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nParodies of Ownership\nHip-Hop Aesthetics and Intellectual Property Law\n \n \nRichard L. Schur\n \nThe U" ******* END TEXT: "ard L. Schur\n \nThe University of Michigan Press AND\nThe University of Michigan Library\nANN ARBOR\n\n\n\n"
9780472024490 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by Richard L. Schur 2009Some rights reserved\n\nThis work is licensed under the Creative " ******* END TEXT: "ose sections have been reprinted here by permission.\n     ISBN-13 978-0-472-02449-0 (electronic)\n\n\n\n"
9780472024490 - page_v: "START TEXT: Preface\nThrough her camera, Martha Cooper captured much of the energy of the emerging hip-hop scene " ******* END TEXT: "e property, and intellectual property. Although the City of New York criminalized the participants, "
9780472024490 - page_vi: "START TEXT: graffiti art, break-dancing, and deejays, at their best, sought to beautify a decaying urban landsca" ******* END TEXT: " violence and sexism, and focus on the underlying aesthetic strategies that shape their production.\n"
9780472024490 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \nAnother purpose of this book is to try to make some sense of the confused debate about property, pr" ******* END TEXT: "ber of case studies in which legal doctrine is applied to specific texts. The conclusion then tries "
9780472024490 - page_viii: "START TEXT: to suggest how each discipline or field might be affected by this conflict between hip-hop aesthetic" ******* END TEXT: "sform how intellectual property law distributes ownership rights for ideas, expressions, and texts, "
9780472024490 - page_ix: "START TEXT: courts have been unwilling to modify copyright law even when practitioners of hip-hop aesthetics, su" ******* END TEXT: "ultural imagination and possesses the ability to rework and reconstruct it? What kinds of ownership "
9780472024490 - page_x: "START TEXT: rights can be asserted through art, music, literature, and law, especially by historically marginali" ******* END TEXT: " of contemporary African American cultural production and its critique of dominant legal discourse.\n"
9780472024490 - page_xi: "START TEXT: \n6. Although I do see differences between the Civil Rights and the hip-hop generations, I also see m" ******* END TEXT: "irony of the post–Civil Rights era may be transforming into a new cultural narrative or sensibility."
9780472024490 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472024490 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nWithout the wisdom, encouragement, and guidance of family, friends, and colleagues, " ******* END TEXT: "tained in this book. I am blessed by being a part of a supportive department. Jeanie Allen, Hueping "
9780472024490 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: Chin, Charlie Ess, Michael Hill, Erin Kenny, Sean Terry, and Ted Vaggalis are simply wonderful colle" ******* END TEXT: "g, agonized with me over it, and lent her considerable intellect to the challenges it presented.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024490 - page_xv: "START TEXT: Contents\nCHAPTER 1 From Chattel to Intellectual Property: Legal Foundations of African American Cult" ******* END TEXT: "PTER 7 From Invisibility to Erasure? The Consequences of Hip-Hop Aesthetics\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex"
9780472024490 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472024490 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER I\nFrom Chattel to Intellectual Property: Legal Foundations of African American Cultural Cri" ******* END TEXT: "hat does this sudden explosion of images from African American history mean? How does this shift in "
9780472024490 - page_2: "START TEXT: American popular visual culture demand a rereading of the very tradition of African American cultura" ******* END TEXT: "nable, especially as white leaders from across the political spectrum genuflect at the past while in"
9780472024490 - page_3: "START TEXT: creasingly ignoring the continued legacy of racial hierarchy in American culture.1\nThis chapter prov" ******* END TEXT: "o struggle with the question of where could African Americans own property and the spatial logic of "
9780472024490 - page_4: "START TEXT: property law. These questions about the geography of race can be found in the debates between Du Boi" ******* END TEXT: " rereading of slave narratives thus merely serves as the latest iteration of revisionist criticism.\n"
9780472024490 - page_5: "START TEXT: \nHip-hop's rereading of slavery and slave life is perhaps no more shocking than Booker T. Washington" ******* END TEXT: "ortant slave narratives, I will bring attention to several moments in these texts that critics have "
9780472024490 - page_6: "START TEXT: tended to overlook but that are likely to gain in importance as a result of the hip-hop challenge to" ******* END TEXT: "expanded to include African Americans. Under antebellum law, slave owners stole a slave's labor. To "
9780472024490 - page_7: "START TEXT: this, Jacobs responds, “When a man has his wages stolen from him, year after year, and the laws sanc" ******* END TEXT: "of ownership. This reading of the tradition diverges significantly from Marxist or radical analyses "
9780472024490 - page_8: "START TEXT: in which the elimination of property rights should theoretically lead to a greater equality among al" ******* END TEXT: "d to create spatial distinctions to replace the status distinctions that had been outlawed with the "
9780472024490 - page_9: "START TEXT: Emancipation Proclamation. The question shifted from who could own to where do the boundaries of pro" ******* END TEXT: "ro thought the old attitude of adjustment and submission” and that the “program practically accepts "
9780472024490 - page_10: "START TEXT: the alleged inferiority of the Negro races.”31 While criticizing the economic tenor of Washington's " ******* END TEXT: "ges reflect dignified middle-class African Americans striving to improve themselves and the race.34\n"
9780472024490 - page_11: "START TEXT: \nViewing this famous quotation through hip-hop aesthetics’ engagement with intellectual property law" ******* END TEXT: "oever then he removes out of the state that nature hath provided, and left it in, he hath mixed his "
9780472024490 - page_12: "START TEXT: labour with, and joined to it something that is his own, and thereby make it his property.37\nIn his " ******* END TEXT: "ion, participants viewed themselves as integrating into American culture by joining these civically "
9780472024490 - page_13: "START TEXT: minded organizations. Anticipating more contemporary debates and controversies, the white lodges fre" ******* END TEXT: "ustice, hip-hop artists still face numerous political, economic, social, and contractual hurdles.45\n"
9780472024490 - page_14: "START TEXT: \nThe rise of Jim Crow and the entrenchment of segregation presented the problem of where African Ame" ******* END TEXT: "lism. For King, integration means the ability to own property alongside or next to white people and "
9780472024490 - page_15: "START TEXT: would allow African Americans to buy homes where they wanted, open businesses, and participate fully" ******* END TEXT: " leads to fundamental unfairness and inequality. Probably because of the class divisions within the "
9780472024490 - page_16: "START TEXT: African American community, King initially emphasized the “ordinary” middle-class longings of Africa" ******* END TEXT: " his solution to race in America. Malcolm X answered the question of where African Americans should "
9780472024490 - page_17: "START TEXT: own property quite differently and thus deployed property rights to other ends. Malcolm X argued tha" ******* END TEXT: "mmunity. It only enriches certain chosen individuals. Unlike Martin Luther King, Malcolm X does not "
9780472024490 - page_18: "START TEXT: believe that increased property exchanges, which lead to more integrated neighborhoods, will improve" ******* END TEXT: "es, especially sites of interaction and entertainment, to integration. The underlying logic of this "
9780472024490 - page_19: "START TEXT: and other Civil Rights acts implicitly endorses a property-centered analysis of African American cul" ******* END TEXT: "im and extend King's legacy.\nBut King is not alone in becoming the subject of intellectual property "
9780472024490 - page_20: "START TEXT: disputes after his death. Lost to history, the papers of Malcolm X suddenly appeared in an eBay auct" ******* END TEXT: "l property interests. Who won the dispute is of less interest to me than how their economic motives "
9780472024490 - page_21: "START TEXT: for commencing the lawsuit undermine their ability to articulate any kind of claim that does not app" ******* END TEXT: "ights allow them to use Parks as a symbol within their song. That court dismissed the lawsuit after "
9780472024490 - page_22: "START TEXT: Outkast submitted a motion for summary judgment.65 Parks appealed this decision to the U.S. Court of" ******* END TEXT: "at counts more than the story is the ‘storytelling’—an emcee's verbal facility on the mic, creative "
9780472024490 - page_23: "START TEXT: and often hilarious use of puns, metaphors, and similes.”68 For Outkast, Rosa Parks was simply anoth" ******* END TEXT: "f cultural practices, it is impossible to apply intellectual property doctrines fully or fairly.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024490 - page_24: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 2\nCritical Race Theory, Signifyin’, and Cultural Ownership\n \nBy the 1980s, Civil Rights–era " ******* END TEXT: "s strategy to create buffer zones between commercial and residential districts. The town refused to "
9780472024490 - page_25: "START TEXT: change the zoning rules, and the developer filed suit. Because the record did not establish a clear " ******* END TEXT: "cy and the sketching of cultural power soon became ends in and of themselves. CLS came to represent "
9780472024490 - page_26: "START TEXT: nihilism because it became identified with “trashing” law and liberalism due to its efforts to uncov" ******* END TEXT: "entary in order to demonstrate how cultural narratives influence the content of rights discourse.13 "
9780472024490 - page_27: "START TEXT: The work of Williams, Bell, and Richard Delgado, author of The Rodrigo Chronicles (1995), challenged" ******* END TEXT: " Louis Gates “has positioned himself as one of the most prominent gatekeepers of black intellectual "
9780472024490 - page_28: "START TEXT: property” in large part because his book The Signifying Monkey set the terms of the debate about Afr" ******* END TEXT: "dly serious, conveying meaning as much with style as with substance.22 It signals a “triumph of wit "
9780472024490 - page_29: "START TEXT: and reason” based on verbal acuity.23 According to Robin Kelley, signifyin’ is “an effort to master " ******* END TEXT: " a phrase, idea, or expression; what matters is the art by which it is used to convey a new meaning "
9780472024490 - page_30: "START TEXT: and make a new connection. Thus, the pleasure of a signifyin’ text is how well it opens up the meani" ******* END TEXT: "iterary scholar, he nonetheless recapitulates this historical ordering of African American culture.\n"
9780472024490 - page_31: "START TEXT: \nSignifyin’ and Hip-Hop\nA hip-hop rereading of signifyin’ may appear to follow this pattern. For exa" ******* END TEXT: "ly not radical enough to face the challenges of the post–Civil Rights era. I want to emphasize that "
9780472024490 - page_32: "START TEXT: pastiche as form of signifyin’ did not disappear after the 1980s, as the endless samples from George" ******* END TEXT: "s, rather than the lyrics themselves. The samples rework Reed's song, deconstructing its references "
9780472024490 - page_33: "START TEXT: to drug use, interracial sexuality, and societal rebellion. When he asks, “Can I Kick It?” Q-Tip of " ******* END TEXT: "aw. For popular and vernacular culture, law, as written in the statute books, is simply irrelevant. "
9780472024490 - page_34: "START TEXT: Keith Aoki asserts that, especially during the formative years of blues and jazz, the lack of offici" ******* END TEXT: "signifyin’ produces an impasse—or aporia, in Derrida's vocabulary—for legal discourse. Intellectual "
9780472024490 - page_35: "START TEXT: property law has increasingly protected copyright holders from any trespass, including those that mi" ******* END TEXT: " as a bridge between earlier African American artists and contemporary ones, who more fully develop "
9780472024490 - page_36: "START TEXT: hip-hop aesthetics.54 In a pair of 1985 paintings, Colescott signifies upon Picasso's Les Demoiselle" ******* END TEXT: "omen of Avignon through the lens of primitivism merely recapitulates the masking of reality that he "
9780472024490 - page_37: "START TEXT: attempts to uncover, even if the women appear to allow the artist view them in a natural state. The " ******* END TEXT: "an Gates's turn to vernacular culture recenter literary discourse and redistribute property rights?\n"
9780472024490 - page_38: "START TEXT: \nSampling, Signifyin’, and Copyright Law\nBy the late 1980s, hip-hop music's use of sampling had beco" ******* END TEXT: " refutation.”62 Duffy refuses to explore the artistry of hip-hop, its connection to jazz- and blues "
9780472024490 - page_39: "START TEXT: inspired creativity, or its legal and cultural criticisms. By stating without reason or argument tha" ******* END TEXT: "al.70 Even though 2 Live Crew sold many copies of its song, the Supreme Court found it sufficiently "
9780472024490 - page_40: "START TEXT: critical of Orbison's to warrant a “fair-use” defense against copyright infringement.71 Although it " ******* END TEXT: " an African American vernacular practice, failed to be mentioned in Campbell, its omission probably "
9780472024490 - page_41: "START TEXT: might have allowed 2 Live Crew to emerge victorious in its case. Signifyin’ necessarily involves bor" ******* END TEXT: "pportunity to realize critical race theory's mission to produce a color-conscious jurisprudence.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024490 - page_42: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 3\nDefining Hip-Hop Aesthetics\n \nScholars have long relied on musical styles to describe, def" ******* END TEXT: "piration or artistic paradigms. The traditional explanation for this hierarchical or core-periphery "
9780472024490 - page_43: "START TEXT: structure within African American cultural criticism has been that music is the most immediate repos" ******* END TEXT: "a sufficiently broad definition of hip-hop aesthetics to explore the interaction among contemporary "
9780472024490 - page_44: "START TEXT: visual artists, musicians, and writers. Hip-hop aesthetics frequently relies on compositional and ly" ******* END TEXT: "win major recognition for her artistry. The MacArthur Foundation recognized her work in 1996 with a "
9780472024490 - page_45: "START TEXT: “genius” grant. Finally, her work includes all the foundational aspects of hip-hop culture. To offer" ******* END TEXT: "Los Angeles, 1992 examines local responses to the riot that followed the first Rodney King verdict. "
9780472024490 - page_46: "START TEXT: Throughout these performances, Smith shifts her tone, posture, syntax, and appearance to signal chan" ******* END TEXT: "hing completely new. Sampling is part active listening and part production. Hip-hop is relentlessly "
9780472024490 - page_47: "START TEXT: engaged with the world of sounds, images, texts, and commodities through which African Americans and" ******* END TEXT: " with Schloss, that many initial musicians and producers didn't understand the very music that they "
9780472024490 - page_48: "START TEXT: had recorded. It took hip-hop producers who created samples from their work to show them the importa" ******* END TEXT: "ots de novo. Rather, she employs the personas and words of actual people to craft her own narrative "
9780472024490 - page_49: "START TEXT: or performance out of borrowed poses, tones, mannerisms, hairstyles, and statements. Much like Grand" ******* END TEXT: "licates simplistic portrayals of raced individuals, presenting their stories with humor and pathos.\n"
9780472024490 - page_50: "START TEXT: \nLayering\nWhatever the Negro does of his own volition he embellishes.\n—Zora Neale Hurston,“Character" ******* END TEXT: "n the chaos of human experience. Within a kaleidoscope, objects produce random shapes that a mirror "
9780472024490 - page_51: "START TEXT: will form into complex patterns. Smith, in effect, orders the random views offered by local resident" ******* END TEXT: "es an essential element of African American cultural work, especially in the post–Civil Rights era.\n"
9780472024490 - page_52: "START TEXT: \nTo give a specific example of how layering works within Smith's method, I want to explore the secti" ******* END TEXT: " and layers each sample or “fabric strip.” As part of the opening movements of the performance, the "
9780472024490 - page_53: "START TEXT: section on “hair” incorporates analysis of gender, race, religion, and marital status through a borr" ******* END TEXT: "usic is its rhythm or its driving beat. According to Tricia Rose, “rap music centers on the quality "
9780472024490 - page_54: "START TEXT: and the nature of rhythm and sound, the lowest, ‘fattest beats’ being the most significant and emoti" ******* END TEXT: "s extensive use of samples and layering. Unlike jazz or blues musicians, who tend to improvise from "
9780472024490 - page_55: "START TEXT: or bend notes and melodies from within one song, hip-hop musicians’ attitude toward flow and rupture" ******* END TEXT: " the word's meanings as well.\nThe emphasis on rhythm is not confined to her portrayal of individual "
9780472024490 - page_56: "START TEXT: characters, but pervades the rhythmic flow and asymmetry that the performance and text create. The p" ******* END TEXT: "-hop, the dialogue she performs replicates the very conversations cultivated by hip-hop aesthetics. "
9780472024490 - page_57: "START TEXT: Tricia Rose has described hip-hop as “black noise” or a “black cultural expression that prioritizes " ******* END TEXT: "rovides an ironic form for those who deploy it. Sampling, layering, and rhythmic flow/asymmetry, as "
9780472024490 - page_58: "START TEXT: a unified aesthetic system, undermine strong political or cultural statements—either nationalist or " ******* END TEXT: " roots, not a desire for realism in art per se.70 When a hip-hop artist insists on keeping it real, "
9780472024490 - page_59: "START TEXT: it does not mean that he or she is producing a verbatim or completely accurate image or description " ******* END TEXT: "ice” better represents the irony implicit within hip-hop lyrics. The song questions legal authority "
9780472024490 - page_60: "START TEXT: and seems to advocate armed resistance against the police when necessary. Due to this song, a number" ******* END TEXT: "ny transcendence or respect is forthcoming, especially from the world outside one's neighborhood.79 "
9780472024490 - page_61: "START TEXT: Some have found hip-hop nihilistic or self-indulgent. I would argue that its overall message, especi" ******* END TEXT: "acquitted (Harlan Braun), a Korean who owned a liquor store in South Central (Mrs. Young-Soon Han), "
9780472024490 - page_62: "START TEXT: a Latina activist (Gladis Sibrian), and the organizer of a gang truce (Twilight Bey). Through these " ******* END TEXT: "ay be an ephemeral condition.\nIronically, the former gangbanger gets the last word of the play, but "
9780472024490 - page_63: "START TEXT: those final thoughts do not possess a determinate meaning, nor did he construct them for the exact p" ******* END TEXT: "ronic because Anna Deavere Smith did not actually write any of the words she performed. Rather, she "
9780472024490 - page_64: "START TEXT: selected these quotations/samples from her interviews, layered them in patterns, and then claimed ow" ******* END TEXT: "r cultural contexts when they work.89 Hip-hop aesthetics does not follow the romantic conception of "
9780472024490 - page_65: "START TEXT: genius that underlies intellectual property law.90 As its practitioners and critics alike note, hip-" ******* END TEXT: "ticular expressions denote one distinct idea. Hip-hop aesthetics challenges this assumption of copy "
9780472024490 - page_66: "START TEXT: right law because its aesthetic theory presupposes ambiguity and double meanings and carefully const" ******* END TEXT: " or comic tale that falsifies the messiness of the Crown Heights or Rodney King riots. Intellectual "
9780472024490 - page_67: "START TEXT: property law, however, cannot protect this kind of integrity because it does not acknowledge how par" ******* END TEXT: "rty concepts to resolve a whole host of ongoing cultural conflicts in the post–Civil Rights era.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024490 - page_68: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 4\nClaiming Ownership in the Post-Civil Rights Era\n \nThe origins of hip-hop can be traced to " ******* END TEXT: "-hop generation, for good reasons, and it would be folly to view them solely in this vein. However, "
9780472024490 - page_69: "START TEXT: their work shares basic elements of hip-hop aesthetics (sampling, layering, rhythmic flows/asymmetry" ******* END TEXT: "Beloved with hip-hop aesthetics may appear problematic because the novel does not reference hip-hop "
9780472024490 - page_70: "START TEXT: explicitly, nor has Morrison identified such a connection. In a number of interviews, though, she ha" ******* END TEXT: "extremely Gothic blend of postmodern realism and romance as well as of racial and sexual politics.7\n"
9780472024490 - page_71: "START TEXT: \nTo better capture the aesthetic structure of Beloved and its theme of how to “own the self,” I prop" ******* END TEXT: "ces, events, memories, and characters. Although few (if any) scholars have drawn such a comparison, "
9780472024490 - page_72: "START TEXT: Beloved progresses through a relentless array of samples. Sampling is not simply the reshaping and r" ******* END TEXT: "e could all of a sudden roar, like a bull or some such, and commence to do disbelievable things.”14 "
9780472024490 - page_73: "START TEXT: In this passage, Morrison potentially shocks the reader because this voice has been muted or absent " ******* END TEXT: "intertwined with property law. The dissonance between these two discursive regimes produces social, "
9780472024490 - page_74: "START TEXT: cultural, and psychic conflict because the demands of law and family cannot be reconciled easily. Pr" ******* END TEXT: "stand out against the background and repeat themselves in the unfolding of chronological time. Like "
9780472024490 - page_75: "START TEXT: a strip quilt, a nonlinear or asymmetrical pattern must be pieced together from the remnants of Amer" ******* END TEXT: "ir relationships to one another. Textually, Morrison represents this struggle for order by layering "
9780472024490 - page_76: "START TEXT: their voices. However, she does not portray their voices in fully drawn narratives. Rather, she samp" ******* END TEXT: "ayered sampling thus hinges on the ability to invoke memory, but not be controlled by it, to assert "
9780472024490 - page_77: "START TEXT: ownership over literary and cultural history in order to reveal the “unspeakable thoughts, unspoken." ******* END TEXT: "neoslave narratives anticipate the growth of hip-hop aesthetics. The rhythmic flows and asymmetries "
9780472024490 - page_78: "START TEXT: of these contemporary slave narratives reveal the gaping silences within the original slave narrativ" ******* END TEXT: "should have been liberated to engage in wide-ranging and transformative interracial and intraracial "
9780472024490 - page_79: "START TEXT: conversations about race. The pacing of Morrison's novels plays with and frustrates settled expectat" ******* END TEXT: "ncipation to liberate the novel's characters. He also rightly detects a “pulp style” that undercuts "
9780472024490 - page_80: "START TEXT: the tragic impulse, because individuals lack control over their fates, and perceives a lack of subtl" ******* END TEXT: "f history and social relations.\nBeloved’s conclusion presents the second significant ironic moment, "
9780472024490 - page_81: "START TEXT: with its assertion that “this is not a story to pass on.”42 This sentence holds two apparently contr" ******* END TEXT: " visual and popular cultures. Unlike Morrison, who has become the exemplar of post–Civil Rights era "
9780472024490 - page_82: "START TEXT: African American literary production, Piper occupies a less-defined place in African American art.46" ******* END TEXT: "this idea is that an expression has a singular or relatively stable meaning. But what if, per Piper "
9780472024490 - page_83: "START TEXT: and Morrison, the words, notes, or images that comprise texts lack a stable meaning? What if these e" ******* END TEXT: " does not “appropriate images.” She claims that “as a result of my Afro-American experiences, I see "
9780472024490 - page_84: "START TEXT: appropriation as an excuse for ripping off other people and not giving them credit. To me, it repres" ******* END TEXT: " speak….With charcoal and oil crayon, I draw in the subauthoritarian news that's not it to print.57\n"
9780472024490 - page_85: "START TEXT: \nMuch like hip-hop producers, Piper samples images and texts because they possess a truth not quite " ******* END TEXT: "essage of this artwork requires that the viewer knows that the advertisement is a real one that has "
9780472024490 - page_86: "START TEXT: been sampled, not a fake or a substitute one. Piper literally writes over both the New York Times, t" ******* END TEXT: "o learn the truth of their condition. Ironically, they exit the cave of illusions when they see the "
9780472024490 - page_87: "START TEXT: American Express advertisement, which “enlightens” them to their true position in society. Third, th" ******* END TEXT: " the continuing Vanilla Nightmares series (1986–87). Drawing on her scholarly work on Immanuel Kant "
9780472024490 - page_88: "START TEXT: and merging it with her approach to art, Piper disrupts the conventional idea that an image possesse" ******* END TEXT: "y share are not the work of the fates but the direct result of our illusions. If it is not entirely "
9780472024490 - page_89: "START TEXT: within the grasp of logic to change the world, changing consciousness, which is the locus and origin" ******* END TEXT: " historically marginalized communities use and make meaning out of popular culture's imagery. Irony "
9780472024490 - page_90: "START TEXT: empowers Piper because it allows her to deconstruct her cultural reality by revealing the ambiguity " ******* END TEXT: "significant inequality of protection in the ‘race-neutral’ copyright regime.”66 Greene explores how "
9780472024490 - page_91: "START TEXT: inequalities in bargaining power and pervasive societal discrimination left most African American ja" ******* END TEXT: "e American Express advertisement by depicting the unspoken fear behind the company's famous slogan.\n"
9780472024490 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nProviding a more thorough theoretical critique, Best argues that the long journey from an economic " ******* END TEXT: "aw and culture, Jane Gaines lays the groundwork for Best's conclusion. She argues that establishing "
9780472024490 - page_93: "START TEXT: property rights in cultural products constitutes the first step toward a de facto loss of ownership " ******* END TEXT: "with the Civil Rights Movement, critical race theorists and hip-hop aesthetes have learned from the "
9780472024490 - page_94: "START TEXT: NAACP's overreliance on litigation as the key to social transformation. Increasingly, they have shif" ******* END TEXT: "eople. Because the Civil Rights Movement focused primarily on voting rights, public accommodations, "
9780472024490 - page_95: "START TEXT: and housing issues, interventions into the construction of (intellectual) property discourses tended" ******* END TEXT: " to confront the violence against African Americans upon which it was built. Switching terminology, "
9780472024490 - page_96: "START TEXT: as CLS suggests, is unlikely to produce a real change in the material conditions of African American" ******* END TEXT: " and [the] oppressed. Rights contain images of power and manipulating those images, either visually "
9780472024490 - page_97: "START TEXT: or linguistically, is central in the making and maintenance of rights. In principle, therefore, the " ******* END TEXT: "may be its culmination, because perhaps the only way to realize the movement's social and political "
9780472024490 - page_98: "START TEXT: goals is through a cultural transformation that necessitates a reconstruction of the property concep" ******* END TEXT: "ingly, the next generation of artists, writers, and musicians is grappling with these questions.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024490 - page_99: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 5\n“Fair Use” and the Circulation of Racialized Texts\nIt was white theft of black culture tha" ******* END TEXT: " And We Are Not Saved (1987), Bell relies on a science fiction device to transport Geneva Crenshaw, "
9780472024490 - page_100: "START TEXT: a movement lawyer who now questions the NAACP's litigation strategy, back to the Constitutional Conv" ******* END TEXT: "eople of color to lift themselves by their own bootstraps,” one of the group reminded the audience. "
9780472024490 - page_101: "START TEXT: “Such admonitions were repeated even when the nation knew, or should have known, that the boots of m" ******* END TEXT: "adition is rewoven, and a doctrinal problem involving competing racial and cultural subjectivities.\n"
9780472024490 - page_102: "START TEXT: \nThis chapter examines Colson Whitehead's John Henry Days and the paintings of Michael Ray Charles t" ******* END TEXT: " particular use is fair. Rather, courts must balance these various factors. Reviewing cases decided "
9780472024490 - page_103: "START TEXT: by appellate courts between 1994 and 2002, David Nimmer argues that “courts tend first to make a jud" ******* END TEXT: "ights, Bradford develops a legal doctrine based on psychology's insight that “our general attitudes "
9780472024490 - page_104: "START TEXT: toward iconic works, which are most often the subject of disputes, are resistant to change.”20 Rathe" ******* END TEXT: "ty.”23 Austin is not arguing that all hip-hop devotees constitute criminals, but that the aesthetic "
9780472024490 - page_105: "START TEXT: demands of hip-hop rely for their very meaning on breaking certain stylistic and/or legal boundaries" ******* END TEXT: "n Henry's competition with a machine. Sutter must negotiate the demands of the information age, the "
9780472024490 - page_106: "START TEXT: Internet, and intellectual property law, in which man continues to battle for his humanity against t" ******* END TEXT: "ce to capture the challenges and choices of contemporary life.24 By laying down sampled versions of "
9780472024490 - page_107: "START TEXT: John Henry as the basis of his hip-hop revisionist version, Whitehead implicitly criticizes copyrigh" ******* END TEXT: "culture, Whitehead emphasizes time and again how institutions and corporations borrow select images "
9780472024490 - page_108: "START TEXT: of African American life whenever it's convenient. One of the junketeers, Tiny, remembers that his e" ******* END TEXT: " Her father filled Pamela's childhood home with the ghostly presence of John Henry. The memorabilia "
9780472024490 - page_109: "START TEXT: crowded out her needs and snuffed out Pamela's and her mother's dreams for the future because of her" ******* END TEXT: ",” illustrates the false binaries that fair-use doctrine arranges because it ignores the racialized "
9780472024490 - page_110: "START TEXT: nature of imaginative properties. The 1976 congressional codification of fair-use doctrine addressed" ******* END TEXT: "tentially copyrighted texts, images, and sounds can be recrafted to speak to contemporary dilemmas.\n"
9780472024490 - page_111: "START TEXT: \nEven though John Henry Days clearly possesses a commercial purpose, it explores and creates an imag" ******* END TEXT: "t permits 2 Live Crew's appropriation of Roy Orbison's song is not that it transforms the song from "
9780472024490 - page_112: "START TEXT: romance to irony but that it effects a parody, a distinct form within the ironic mode.\nCourts typica" ******* END TEXT: "isconnected from the cultural formations that gave the song its initial meaning. Street desperately "
9780472024490 - page_113: "START TEXT: wanted to absorb the romantic/tragic myth associated with early versions of the song. However, White" ******* END TEXT: "y domain. This situation furthers romantic conceptions of authorship because these copyright owners "
9780472024490 - page_114: "START TEXT: appear to have created texts, songs, and images out of thin air, as their intellectual properties ma" ******* END TEXT: "singly significant as an arbiter or regulator of multicultural exchange, a richer model of culture.\n"
9780472024490 - page_115: "START TEXT: \nIn its incessant critique of how marketing and public relations have reshaped the contours of cultu" ******* END TEXT: " Days encourages readers to liberate their imaginations and free themselves from stories that leave "
9780472024490 - page_116: "START TEXT: African Americans trapped in a racialized and white-supremacist past.60 John Henry thus appears to c" ******* END TEXT: "lier works even if it persuades consumers not to purchase the initial text. Critical appropriations "
9780472024490 - page_117: "START TEXT: differ from pirating because the resulting text incorporates previous material and shapes it into so" ******* END TEXT: "tualization, John Henry becomes a textual space where democracy gets articulated and rearticulated.\n"
9780472024490 - page_118: "START TEXT: \nPerhaps ironically, John Henry's transformation into American myth and the basis for democratic dia" ******* END TEXT: " studies at this historical moment romanticizes folk culture, including hip-hop, and frames it as a "
9780472024490 - page_119: "START TEXT: proxy for racial authenticity precisely when intellectual property law enables and protects corporat" ******* END TEXT: " era African American culture. For example, a diverse group of African Americans, from Damon Wayans "
9780472024490 - page_120: "START TEXT: to Randall Kennedy, have attempted to reclaim ownership over the term nigger or nigga, despite its t" ******* END TEXT: "whether a particular mark seemed merely descriptive or generic, and thus undeserving of protection, "
9780472024490 - page_121: "START TEXT: or arbitrary and fanciful enough to be properly considered a trademark.78 For Halpern and other scho" ******* END TEXT: "ude or faux-primitive drawings; ambiguous allusions; and liberal borrowings of trademarked figures, "
9780472024490 - page_122: "START TEXT: especially superheroes and famous personas. The images intentionally invite comparisons with primiti" ******* END TEXT: "g, and literature increasingly presents a question of authenticity and cultural capital—the primary "
9780472024490 - page_123: "START TEXT: concern of trademark law. The discussion among Chris Rock, Spike Lee, Quentin Tarantino, Randall Ken" ******* END TEXT: "ted “fair use of a famous mark by another person in comparative commercial advertising or promotion "
9780472024490 - page_124: "START TEXT: to identify the competing goods or services of the owner of the famous mark.” Only in 2006 did Congr" ******* END TEXT: "amework for analyzing and regulating imaginative properties.94 John Henry Days presents the problem "
9780472024490 - page_125: "START TEXT: of how the transformation of folk culture into intellectual property creates a disenabling cultural " ******* END TEXT: " Charles presents a more ambiguous attitude toward these trademarked images. He typically relies on "
9780472024490 - page_126: "START TEXT: hip-hop aesthetics to stylize his representations of African Americans and develop a sociopolitical " ******* END TEXT: "d American culture will be the subject of that evaluation. In addition, “eminent evaluation” evokes "
9780472024490 - page_127: "START TEXT: the legal procedure of eminent domain by which government takes private property for a public purpos" ******* END TEXT: "us potentially reconstructable.\nTrademarks and their fair use constitute linchpins to understanding "
9780472024490 - page_128: "START TEXT: Charles's imagery. As a legal symbol denoting authenticity, the trademark allows its owner to contro" ******* END TEXT: "ns, suggesting that the millions of dollars most players earn merely confirm racial stereotypes. By "
9780472024490 - page_129: "START TEXT: inverting the popular trademark and logo of the NBA, Charles notes the irony that many African Ameri" ******* END TEXT: "ce art within the same racist or racialized culture that converts basketball players into well-worn "
9780472024490 - page_130: "START TEXT: stereotypes. The painter, no less than the athlete, must grin and play the minstrel figure, accordin" ******* END TEXT: " examining minstrel and other racist imagery, Michele Wallace argues that work like Charles's is at "
9780472024490 - page_131: "START TEXT: tempting to recuperate authentic African American culture from a lost era, whose racist advertising " ******* END TEXT: "t must be actively maintained. Such classifications, because they are based in history and cultural "
9780472024490 - page_132: "START TEXT: rites, require much greater research to ascribe than the passing glance associated with race. While " ******* END TEXT: "a limited market. African American endorsers can mark a product as cool, or they can just as easily "
9780472024490 - page_133: "START TEXT: mark a product as exclusively black and thus too dangerous or “low” class. In this context, the incr" ******* END TEXT: " the specter of race remains, even if the town wishes to adopt the more color-blind “New Prospera.”\n"
9780472024490 - page_134: "START TEXT: \nPaired with Michael Ray Charles's paintings, Whitehead's work testifies to the ongoing struggle con" ******* END TEXT: "the 1950s and 1960s) and are simultaneously the source for racism and racialization. This ambiguity "
9780472024490 - page_135: "START TEXT: in signification cannot be easily understood through legal discourse, even if its structures and con" ******* END TEXT: "s a recently updated middle-class woman. The words For Women also appear to reference Nina Simone's "
9780472024490 - page_136: "START TEXT: famous song “Four Women,” in which she gives voice to the struggles of four ordinary African America" ******* END TEXT: "arked symbols serves as a political and cultural commentary on the racialized ideas Aunt Jemima has "
9780472024490 - page_137: "START TEXT: fostered. They do not cause consumer confusion about the origin of his paintings. Thus, they would l" ******* END TEXT: "l and SunTrust suggest that African American artists can deploy existing texts in either parodic or "
9780472024490 - page_138: "START TEXT: transformative ways, both rulings eschew race or racial subjectivity as an explicit component of leg" ******* END TEXT: "ethnicity frequently structure the unspoken subtext for these seemingly contradictory decisions.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024490 - page_139: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 6\n“Transformative Uses”: Parody and Memory\n \nMany scholars and activists have concluded that" ******* END TEXT: "cept of white supremacy, rather than racism, ought to be the focus of inquiry because it more fully "
9780472024490 - page_140: "START TEXT: describes the systematic and unconscious operation of race. Further, she observes that activists “on" ******* END TEXT: "ch approaches rely on racial or ethnic calculations. Guinier counters that color-blindness is not a "
9780472024490 - page_141: "START TEXT: virtue “but a visual defect” and “not a solution to centuries of discrimination based on race.”8 To " ******* END TEXT: "ver his or her creation. A transformative work does create new property. However, this new property "
9780472024490 - page_142: "START TEXT: must also either license the right to copy any borrowed material or demonstrate that the copying con" ******* END TEXT: "he marketplace of ideas.”19\nMany legal and cultural critics viewed the litigation as an opportunity "
9780472024490 - page_143: "START TEXT: to highlight how current intellectual property law regulates and stiles freedom.20 Jeb Rubenfeld, Al" ******* END TEXT: "ists; hence they criticized the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 that lengthened the "
9780472024490 - page_144: "START TEXT: term of existing copyrights.28 Referencing The Wind Done Gone and other works, Landes and Posner arg" ******* END TEXT: "el explores the antebellum South through the eyes of Scarlett O'Hara, the young daughter of a rich, "
9780472024490 - page_145: "START TEXT: white plantation owner. Determined to find love and wealth as the Civil War approaches, Scarlett int" ******* END TEXT: "my's affection and culminates in a battle for R.’s affection.37 The Wind Done Gone narrates Other's "
9780472024490 - page_146: "START TEXT: sexuality as Mammy's calculated attempt to torment and torture white men, rather than as the product" ******* END TEXT: "ederate's concubine” would taint Conyers within the African American community.44 Cynara ultimately "
9780472024490 - page_147: "START TEXT: sells “Lady's earbobs [her retrieved inheritance] and [buys] a little house” with the proceeds.45 Th" ******* END TEXT: "ves oppressed or maligned and wish to protest that condition of oppression or misrepresentation…and "
9780472024490 - page_148: "START TEXT: The Wind Done Gone is only the most recent instance of a long and humorous tradition.48\nGates claims" ******* END TEXT: " that flows from it. According to Morrison, Randall must be free to create and own a counterversion "
9780472024490 - page_149: "START TEXT: of those events because the only way to transform the future is to present an alternative vision of " ******* END TEXT: "s way once the cover described it as an “unauthorized parody.” I would argue, however, that viewing "
9780472024490 - page_150: "START TEXT: the novel as an example of hip-hop aesthetics, although not a view adopted by either court during th" ******* END TEXT: "ra relates her struggle to claim ownership over herself during the failed effort at Reconstruction:\n"
9780472024490 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nEverything about ownership is changing: land, people, money, gold into foreign currency back into f" ******* END TEXT: "pyright law, jazz and blues musicians frequently found themselves forced to sign bad contracts that "
9780472024490 - page_152: "START TEXT: transferred their rights to white producers. Having a bad recording contract was better than not hav" ******* END TEXT: "aptured the attention of audiences and institutions, causing even popular magazines such as Rolling "
9780472024490 - page_153: "START TEXT: Stone and the Economist to review the show.59 Drawing on the work of David Hammons, Betye Saar, Alli" ******* END TEXT: " and racial hierarchy through its curatorial practices and processes.65 He speaks with the museum's "
9780472024490 - page_154: "START TEXT: curatorial staff, docents, and local experts to deploy the museum's collection to show how race, rac" ******* END TEXT: "he apparent flow of the museum.\nCritics such as Irene Winter and Ira Berlin have analyzed or viewed "
9780472024490 - page_155: "START TEXT: Wilson's museum installations primarily through the lens of postmodernism or as an application of Fo" ******* END TEXT: "or maintaining and promoting white supremacy. It also presents the irony that many African American "
9780472024490 - page_156: "START TEXT: women devoted disproportionate attention and care to white children who would likely grow up and eng" ******* END TEXT: "ntext. By segregating the punt gun and the reward posters for runaway slaves, museums had in effect "
9780472024490 - page_157: "START TEXT: erased the social or cultural ethos of nineteenth-century white supremacy, even as they displayed or" ******* END TEXT: " to defamiliarize the familiar.78 Destabilizing both temporal and spatial dimensions, Wilson relies "
9780472024490 - page_158: "START TEXT: on the structure and feel of the museum precisely to demonstrate what these institutions consciously" ******* END TEXT: "stern art tend to be downplayed, if not ignored. Museum staff and art historians also quietly elide "
9780472024490 - page_159: "START TEXT: the horrors Europeans inflicted on non-Western people by omitting that art from museums and keeping " ******* END TEXT: "eaning. While Duchamp and Warhol used the museum space to criticize high culture's faux elitism and "
9780472024490 - page_160: "START TEXT: the growing influence of popular culture, Wilson's irony aims at the necessarily contradictory roles" ******* END TEXT: "at Wilson's installations offer a more ambiguous account of museums and curatorial practices, which "
9780472024490 - page_161: "START TEXT: does not provide a clear thesis or climax. Rather, Wilson finds hope and possibility within the vari" ******* END TEXT: "ine any attempt at providing a central or unifying theme or narrative to the exhibit. Instead, they "
9780472024490 - page_162: "START TEXT: provide substantial evidence about the ambiguity of Wilson's project because a considerable number o" ******* END TEXT: "ctual property law and maintain a form of white supremacy within the American cultural imagination.\n"
9780472024490 - page_163: "START TEXT: \nAlthough both Randall and Wilson undermine specific ownership claims, neither questions the underly" ******* END TEXT: "er subaltern because her words become part of ongoing cultural dialogues.95 Both Randall and Wilson "
9780472024490 - page_164: "START TEXT: provide literary and artistic spaces for audiences to begin to hear what has been silenced. Obviousl" ******* END TEXT: "tural worth than anything else.\nTransformative use confers not ownership in itself, but a parody of "
9780472024490 - page_165: "START TEXT: ownership. While repeating or mimicking property rights claims, hip-hop aesthetes generally deploy m" ******* END TEXT: " very ownership claims their art purportedly makes. But this may be the only avenue to be heard.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024490 - page_166: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 7\nFrom Invisibility to Erasure? The Consequences of Hip-Hop Aesthetics\n \nIn Invisible Man (1" ******* END TEXT: "did “reality” of the African American experience. During the 1990s, gangsta rappers created violent "
9780472024490 - page_167: "START TEXT: (and increasingly fictional or metaphorical) descriptions of urban life. Other rappers “kept it real" ******* END TEXT: " current disciplinary debates. As a result, this book offers five related yet distinct conclusions.\n"
9780472024490 - page_168: "START TEXT: \nAfrican American Literature\nHip-hop aesthetics has challenged romantic and tragic modes of African " ******* END TEXT: "merican cultural imagination, but they ultimately fall short of realizing their artistic ambitions. "
9780472024490 - page_169: "START TEXT: Morrison and Randall offer potentially romantic conclusions to otherwise ambiguous narratives, while" ******* END TEXT: "nd the study of literature.\nEverett's Erasure mimics hip-hop aesthetics, deploying layered samples, "
9780472024490 - page_170: "START TEXT: rhythmic asymmetry, and irony. Rather than exemplifying hip-hop aesthetics, the novel suggests that " ******* END TEXT: " the tradition. Everett argues that this form has not resolved African Americans’ struggle with and "
9780472024490 - page_171: "START TEXT: against literary discourse but merely translated it. The transition from metaphors of invisibility t" ******* END TEXT: "rt the complexity of African American life and seek to represent the trauma of history. They do not "
9780472024490 - page_172: "START TEXT: conclude with a reconstructed imaginary domain that leaves the future open to limitless possibility." ******* END TEXT: "mmetry, and irony, has found considerable notoriety, winning Guggenheim fellowships for Fred Wilson "
9780472024490 - page_173: "START TEXT: and Kara Walker. Walker and Michael Ray Charles also became the focus of a generational dispute abou" ******* END TEXT: "explore the work of young and/or new African American artists. Despite the inclusion of “aesthetics”"
9780472024490 - page_174: "START TEXT: in the subtitle, Soraya Murray and Derek Murray's cover article emphasizes primarily the range of i" ******* END TEXT: "e is ghosted away.”9 Copeland's brilliant reading of Simpson's oeuvre implicates hip-hop aesthetics "
9780472024490 - page_175: "START TEXT: in the erasure or continued cultural invisibility of African Americans. Simpson's work does not seek" ******* END TEXT: "and Wigs haunt contemporary African American art precisely because they require us to encounter the "
9780472024490 - page_176: "START TEXT: ongoing difficulty of representing black bodies. Layered samples, rhythmic flows/asymmetry, and iron" ******* END TEXT: " to perpetuate a de facto racist and racialized distribution of intellectual property law rights.12\n"
9780472024490 - page_177: "START TEXT: \nBoth Troutt and I suggest the difficulty of simply applying putatively color-blind doctrines to Afr" ******* END TEXT: "rican culture. By focusing on historic inequalities and their relation to contemporary intellectual "
9780472024490 - page_178: "START TEXT: property law issues, I would argue that today's copyright and trademark activists are participating " ******* END TEXT: "copyright law, it does not recognize how African American culture differs from dominant culture. As "
9780472024490 - page_179: "START TEXT: this book argues, African American culture possesses a distinct perspective about the definition of " ******* END TEXT: "trademark, patent, and increasingly publicity rights, it is increasingly common for individuals and "
9780472024490 - page_180: "START TEXT: corporations, no matter their racial identity, to claim multiple forms of ownership over identical o" ******* END TEXT: "same events and developed concurrently, few scholars have examined the relationship between hip-hop "
9780472024490 - page_181: "START TEXT: and CRT. This book frequently juxtaposes seminal critical race theorists with hip-hop aesthetes beca" ******* END TEXT: "y have strengthened inadvertently.20 In addition, he attempted to show that “Delgado overstates the "
9780472024490 - page_182: "START TEXT: distinction between ideal and material forms of discourse.”21 For Johnson, the recent focus on disco" ******* END TEXT: "y attitude reflects both law's historic complicity in racial hierarchy and its unrealized potential "
9780472024490 - page_183: "START TEXT: for creating racial justice. More surprising than its turn to ideological criticism has been hip-hop" ******* END TEXT: "erties. By and large, CRT and Lat Crit have not participated in this conversation, nor have critics "
9780472024490 - page_184: "START TEXT: and lawyers engaged in an exhaustive analysis of how the doctrines of intellectual property law furt" ******* END TEXT: "Simmons, and Sean “Diddy” Combs, possess middle-class roots, hip-hop culture has largely identified "
9780472024490 - page_185: "START TEXT: itself in opposition to middle-class values and behaviors. Hip-hop studies has reinforced this disti" ******* END TEXT: "literature of the post-Civil Rights era for unmediated realism.26 Grandmaster Flash and the Furious "
9780472024490 - page_186: "START TEXT: Five, Kurtis Blow, and countless others have insisted on “keepin’ it real.” This rhetorical realism," ******* END TEXT: "ives even after the victories of the Civil Rights Movement? The answer to this question, I believe, "
9780472024490 - page_187: "START TEXT: is more linked to ongoing race relations than to the nature or essence of hip-hop music. I hope that" ******* END TEXT: "tes the ownership rights over these songs, images, and stories to their African American producers.\n"
9780472024490 - page_188: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472024490 - page_189: "START TEXT: Notes\nPREFACE\n  1. For a fuller overview of hip-hop photography, see Adler 2006.\n  2. Cooper 2004, 7" ******* END TEXT: "stake ownership claims and analyze the relationships among property, propriety, and self-ownership.\n"
9780472024490 - page_190: "START TEXT: \n  9. Fouché 2006, 641. See also Sluby 2004; Weheliye 2005; Fouché 2003.\n10. See generally Alridge 2" ******* END TEXT: "and patent law. See Lubar 1991, 954; Forness 1980, 25; Sluby 2004, 31–32.\n24. Washington 1959, 154.\n"
9780472024490 - page_191: "START TEXT: \n25. Washington 1959, 155.\n26. Washington presented his famous speech at the 1895 Atlanta Exposition" ******* END TEXT: "vision defect” or an “abnormal medical condition” (1998, 287).\n56. D. King and Wiley 2003, 197–211.\n"
9780472024490 - page_192: "START TEXT: \n57. Eakin 2002.\n58. Alkalimat 2002a, 2002b.\n59. Lee 2002.\n60. See Parks v. Laface Records 2003.\n61." ******* END TEXT: "7.\n24. R. Kelley 1997, 1.\n25. Mitchell-Kernan 1999, 311.\n26. Gates 1988, 79.\n27. McGruder 2003, 79.\n"
9780472024490 - page_193: "START TEXT: \n28. McGruder is not the first to parody the whiteness of comic strips. See Stromberg 2003, 141.\n29." ******* END TEXT: "nifyin’. In his book Freedom of Expression®, McLeod shows how African American uses of sampling fit "
9780472024490 - page_194: "START TEXT: within the greater conflict about fair use in the music industry. At times, there is some slippage a" ******* END TEXT: "ture.\n55. See Demers 2006 and McLeod 2007 for a nice overview of how courts answer these questions.\n"
9780472024490 - page_195: "START TEXT: \n56. For an excellent discussion examining whether intellectual property rights are human rights, se" ******* END TEXT: "can American traditions of orality and textuality were not opposed to one another and did not exist "
9780472024490 - page_196: "START TEXT: in any simple or simplistic opposition to modernity and postmodernity” suggested that any attempt to" ******* END TEXT: "se 1994, 41.\n32. Vlach 1978, 55.\n33. Kiracofe 1993, 202.\n34. Modleski 1997, 69.\n35. Smith 1993, 16.\n"
9780472024490 - page_197: "START TEXT: \n36. Smith 1993, 17.\n37. Smith 1993, 21–22 (errors and italics in original).\n38. Smith 1993, 25.\n39." ******* END TEXT: "n 2006, 898, 904–905.\n72. Peterson 2006, 903.\n73. “Episode Thirteen,” Chappelle's Show: Season Two.\n"
9780472024490 - page_198: "START TEXT: \n74. See “Episode One,” Chappelle's Show: Season One.\n75. T. Rose 1994, 128–129; George 2004, 214; C" ******* END TEXT: " Perez-Torres 1997.\n10. See chapter 3.\n11. Middleton Harris 1974, 10.\n12. Weisenburger 1998, 77–78.\n"
9780472024490 - page_199: "START TEXT: \n13. Darling 1994, 248.\n14. Morrison 1987a, 148.\n15. Morrison 1987a, 151–152.\n16. Morrison 1987a, 88" ******* END TEXT: "4. Morrison 1994, 11.\n45. Morrison 1994, 12.\n46. See Piper 1996, 1: 234. See also John Bowles 2006.\n"
9780472024490 - page_200: "START TEXT: \n47. Mercer 1999, 48. See also Piper 1996, 1: 248.\n48. See Morrison 1992b, xi.\n49. Fisher 1999, 39–4" ******* END TEXT: "Williams 1991, 152 (italics in original).\n80. P. Williams 1991, 149.\n81. P. Williams 1991, 233–234.\n"
9780472024490 - page_201: "START TEXT: \n82. Morrison 1996, 21.\n83. Gates 1992, xvi.\nCHAPTER 5\n  1. D. Bell 1985, 13.\n  2. D. Bell 1987, 24–" ******* END TEXT: "34. Whitehead 2001, 263.\n35. Whitehead 2001, 265.\n36. Whitehead 2001, 107.\n37. Whitehead 2001, 108.\n"
9780472024490 - page_202: "START TEXT: \n38. Whitehead 2001, 112–117.\n39. 17 U.S.C. sec. 107(1).\n40. UNESCO 2005, 4–5.\n41. See Grand Upright" ******* END TEXT: "r 2001, 1034.\n64. Field v. Google 2006, 20.\n65. Ty v. Publications International Limited 2002, 518.\n"
9780472024490 - page_203: "START TEXT: \n66. SunTrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Company 2001, 1276.\n67. SunTrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Com" ******* END TEXT: "Anten 2006, 433.\n89. Coombe 1998, 61.\n90. 15 U.S.C. sec 1125 (c)(3)(A)(ii).\n91. S. Greene 2006, 44.\n"
9780472024490 - page_204: "START TEXT: \n92. S. Greene 2006, 77.\n93. Halpern 2005, 238; Doellinger 2005, 404.\n94. In a related development, " ******* END TEXT: "\n125. See Kern-Foxworth 1994, 61–113.\n126. See also Public Enemy 1990.\n127. Kern-Foxworth 1997, 14.\n"
9780472024490 - page_205: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 6\n  1. Cornell 1993, 1.\n  2. Bhabha 1994, 191.\n  3. hooks 2003, 28–29.\n  4. hooks 1995, 211" ******* END TEXT: "n hip-hop aesthetics despite the copyright barriers.\n36. Randall 2001, 36–37.\n37. Randall 2001, 40.\n"
9780472024490 - page_206: "START TEXT: \n38. Randall 2001, 54.\n39. Randall 2001, 51–52.\n40. Randall 2001, 55.\n41. Randall 2001, 185.\n42. Ran" ******* END TEXT: " dislocations reflect the struggle many hip-hop generation youth feel in the post–Civil Rights era.\n"
9780472024490 - page_207: "START TEXT: \n73. Schloss 2004, 36.\n74. See Wilson 1994, 62, 68.\n75. Berger 2001a, 33.\n76. For a related set of i" ******* END TEXT: "ands, of exaggerated lips and eyes reminiscent of minstrelsy. She has also created massive collages "
9780472024490 - page_208: "START TEXT: of advertising images whose eyes and hair have been altered. Unlike Charles's and Walker's, Gallaghe" ******* END TEXT: "pecially as hip-hop artists frequently speak in a guarded or veiled manner.\n26. Chang 2005, 251.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024490 - page_209: "START TEXT: Bibiliography\nA&M Records v. Napster. 2001. 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir.).\nAdler, Bill. 2006. “Who Shot Y" ******* END TEXT: "6 (March): 388–433.\nAoki, Keith. 2007. “Distributive and Syncretic Motives in Intellectual Property "
9780472024490 - page_210: "START TEXT: Law (with Special Reference to Coercion, Agency, and Development).” University of California Davis L" ******* END TEXT: "rrick. 1996. Gospel Choirs: Psalms of Survival in an Alien Land Called Home. New York: Basic Books.\n"
9780472024490 - page_211: "START TEXT: \nBell, Derrick. 2002. Ethical Ambition: Living a Life of Meaning and Worth. New York: Bloomsbury.\nBe" ******* END TEXT: "7. http://www.wired.com/news/technology/1,70259-0.html.\nCampbell v. Acuff-Rose. 1994. 510 U.S. 569.\n"
9780472024490 - page_212: "START TEXT: \nCarbado, Devon, and Mitu Gulati. 2003. “The Law and Economics of Critical Race Theory.” Yale Law Re" ******* END TEXT: " Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color.” Stanford Law Review 43 (July): 1241–1299.\n"
9780472024490 - page_213: "START TEXT: \nCrenshaw, Kimberlé. 2002. “Critical Race Studies: The First Decade: Critical Reflections; or, ‘A Fo" ******* END TEXT: "f Michigan Museum of Art.\nDoellinger, Chad. 2005. “Recent Developments in Trademark Law: Confusion, "
9780472024490 - page_214: "START TEXT: Free Speech, and the Question of Use.” Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law 4 (Spring): 387–" ******* END TEXT: "nville T. Woods, Lewis H. Latimer and Shelby J. Davidson. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.\n"
9780472024490 - page_215: "START TEXT: \nFouché, Rayvon. 2006. “Say it Loud, I'm Black and I'm Proud: African Americans, American Artifactua" ******* END TEXT: " and ‘Likelihood of Confusion’ in Trademark Law.” American Business Law Journal 43 (Spring): 43–77.\n"
9780472024490 - page_216: "START TEXT: \nGuinier, Lani. 1994. The Tyranny of the Majority: Fundamental Fairness in Representative Democracy." ******* END TEXT: "ins, Henry. 1992. Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture. New York: Routledge.\n"
9780472024490 - page_217: "START TEXT: \nJenkins, Henry. 2006. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New York Univ" ******* END TEXT: "cs: Property Matters in African American Literature. Baton Rouge. Louisiana State University Press.\n"
9780472024490 - page_218: "START TEXT: \nKing, Martin Luther. 1969. “Letter from the Birmingham Jail.” On Civil Disobedience: American Essay" ******* END TEXT: "ormation Age. Ed. Adam Thierer and Clyde Wayne Crews Jr. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute. 197–204.\n"
9780472024490 - page_219: "START TEXT: \nLippard, Lucy. 1990. Mixed Blessings: New Art in a Multicultural America. New York: New Press.\nLitm" ******* END TEXT: " Darkly.” Total Chaos: The Art and Aesthetics of Hip Hop. Ed. Jeff Chang. New York: Basic. 149–157.\n"
9780472024490 - page_220: "START TEXT: \nMinda, Gary. 1995. Postmodern Legal Movements: Law and Jurisprudence at Century's End. New York: Ne" ******* END TEXT: "Up From Hustling: Power, Plantations and the Hip-Hop Mogul.” Socialism and Democracy 18.2: 157–181.\n"
9780472024490 - page_221: "START TEXT: \nNeal, Mark Anthony. 2006. “Post–Civil Rights Period.” African American Music: An Introduction. New " ******* END TEXT: "It: Black Womanhood, Hip-Hop Culture, and the Public Sphere. Boston: Northeastern University Press.\n"
9780472024490 - page_222: "START TEXT: \nPowell, Richard. 1998. “Art History and Black Memory: Toward a ‘Blues Aesthetic.’” The Jazz Cadence" ******* END TEXT: " of New England.\nRose, Tricia. 1996. “Hidden Politics: Discursive and Institutional Policing of Rap "
9780472024490 - page_223: "START TEXT: Music.” Droppin’ Science: Critical Essays on Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture. Ed. William Eric Perkins" ******* END TEXT: "r. New York: Doubleday.\nSmith, Anna Deavere. 1994. Twilight—Los Angeles, 1992. New York: Doubleday.\n"
9780472024490 - page_224: "START TEXT: \nSpann, Girardeau. 1994. Race against the Court: The Supreme Court and Minorities in Contemporary Am" ******* END TEXT: "aths of Rhythm. BMG.\nTroutt, David. 2005. “A Portrait of the Trademark as a Black Man: Intellectual "
9780472024490 - page_225: "START TEXT: Property, Commodication, and Redescription.” University of California Law Review 38 (April): 1141–12" ******* END TEXT: "York: Doubleday.\nWest, Dorothy. 1995. “The Penny.” The Richer, The Poorer. New York: Anchor. 77–82.\n"
9780472024490 - page_226: "START TEXT: \nWhite, Hayden. 1973. Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Baltimor" ******* END TEXT: "ctual Property and Human Rights.” http://ssrn.com/abstract=979193, 2007. Accessed April 7, 2007.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024490 - page_227: "START TEXT: Index\nAbdul-Jabbar, Kareem, 132\nAbercrombie factors, 120\nAfrika Bambaataa, 47\nAfrika Islam, 47\nAlleg" ******* END TEXT: ", 97, 107, 151, 164, 177, 185\nBoogie Down Productions, 54, 186\n“Boondocks,” 30–31\nBoyd, Todd, 3, 20\n"
9780472024490 - page_228: "START TEXT: \nBridgeport v. Dimension Films, 202n56 \nBrown, James, 32, 52–53, 65, 203n68\nBrown, Michael, 110\nBrow" ******* END TEXT: "0, 101–2, 104–5, 111, 125, 127–28, 135, 137, 149, 194n47 \nSecondary Use, 104, 114, 142–43, 149, 157\n"
9780472024490 - page_229: "START TEXT: \nSignifyin’, 35, 39–40, 157, 194n47\nSubstitutional copying, 116–17, 144, 195n70 Trademark, 123–28 \nU" ******* END TEXT: "ayering, 43, 50–53\nBeloved, 74–77\nMusic, 47, 50, 55, 60\nQuilting, 51\nSmith, Anna Deavere, 50–53, 56\n"
9780472024490 - page_230: "START TEXT: \nVanilla Nightmare Series, 83, 86–87\nWilson, Fred, 156–57 \nLedbetter, Huddie, 13 \nLee, Spike, 120, 1" ******* END TEXT: "4, 137, 141, 148, 163–64 \nLocke, John, 7, 11–12, 48 \nMartin Luther King and Malcolm X debate, 14–19\n"
9780472024490 - page_231: "START TEXT: \nPersonhood, 4, 5–7, 11–12, 48, 73–76, 92, 96, 105–6, 134, 151, 176\n(in) Raced images, vi, 36–37, 91" ******* END TEXT: " 124 \nWest, Kanye, 186\nWhitehead, Colson, 102, 105–19, 124, 125, 131, 133–35, 137, 153, 168–69, 171\n"
9780472024490 - page_232: "START TEXT: \nApex Hides the Hurt, 133–34\nThe Intuitionist, 115\nJohn Henry Days, 105–19, 135, 168–69\nWideman, Joh" ******* END TEXT: "Grant, 125, 135 \nWoods, Tiger, 132 \nWright, Richard, 169\n \nYo MTV Raps!, 196n7 \nYouTube.com, 176\n\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_i: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024506 - page_ii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024506 - page_iii: "START TEXT: Owning the Olympics\nNarratives of the New China\nMonroe E. Price and Daniel Dayan, Editors\nTHE UNIVER" ******* END TEXT: " Dayan, Editors\nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS and THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARY\nAnn Arbor\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by Monroe E. Price and Daniel Dayan 2008\nAll rights reserved\nPublished in the United St" ******* END TEXT: ": alk. paper)\nISBN–10: 0–472–05032–X (paper : alk. paper)\nISBN–13: 978–0–472–02450–6 (electronic)\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_v: "START TEXT: Contents\nIntroduction\n     Monroe E. Price\nI. Defining Beijing 2008: Whose World, What Dream?\n“One W" ******* END TEXT: "llins\nJournalism and the Beijing Olympics: Liminality with Chinese Characteristics\n     Briar Smith\n"
9780472024506 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \nIII. Theaters of Representation\n“All Under Heaven”—Megaspace in Beijing\n     Carolyn Marvin\nFrom At" ******* END TEXT: "d Media Events: Disenchantment, Derailment, Disruption\n     Daniel Dayan\nAuthor Biographies\nIndex\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\nMonroe E. Price\nIt was precisely one year before the 2008 Olympic Games would begin, an" ******* END TEXT: "emonstration with participants wearing T-shirts that depicted the Olympic Rings transmogrified into\n"
9780472024506 - page_2: "START TEXT: \nhandcuffs. And Amnesty International (2007), Human Rights Watch, and the Committee to Protect Journ" ******* END TEXT: "sit Beijing to watch the games next year,” said Ouzhu, an 18-year-old Tibetan student. Residents in\n"
9780472024506 - page_3: "START TEXT: \nBeijing found various ways to express their joy. A resident named Zhao Yue'e in Huanghuamen communi" ******* END TEXT: "vernments—who can best further reform in China by speaking out before the Olympic torch arrives. We\n"
9780472024506 - page_4: "START TEXT: \nwish China peace, prosperity and successful Games—but not a system that jails journalists, silences" ******* END TEXT: "ticle in the Russian press nevertheless suggested that the world is not of one opinion on China and\n"
9780472024506 - page_5: "START TEXT: \nthe Olympics (Kashin 2007). The piece suggested that with a year to go before the Beijing Games, th" ******* END TEXT: "mmediately stunned the world with its medal count in Los Angeles and has remained in the ascendancy\n"
9780472024506 - page_6: "START TEXT: \never since. But the dramatic climax would come now, in 2008, with China (or Beijing) acting as host" ******* END TEXT: "lessons in crisis management though the consequences have thus far been mixed. Some Chinese Olympic\n"
9780472024506 - page_7: "START TEXT: \nofficials and IOC officials sought to defuse controversy by arguing that advocacy organizations sho" ******* END TEXT: "ciety. The present volume takes its cue from Media Events in a number of ways. In addition to being\n"
9780472024506 - page_8: "START TEXT: \ninspired by that earlier book, it also attempts to build on and refine it by using the 2008 Olympic" ******* END TEXT: "pectives,” captures the 2008 Olympics through a somewhat wider lens. Our purpose here was to invite\n"
9780472024506 - page_9: "START TEXT: \nscholars to place these Games in a series of distinct contexts. For example, in his chapter, Nichol" ******* END TEXT: "ristopher J. Finlay show how the promise of a “High Tech Games” establishes an important feature of\n"
9780472024506 - page_10: "START TEXT: \nthe “modernity arc,” as described in Collins's earlier chapter. Humphreys and Finlay look at how Le" ******* END TEXT: "d the context of media events.\nThere are many areas we would like to have covered more extensively.\n"
9780472024506 - page_11: "START TEXT: \nOur understanding of narrative and counternarrative still comes primarily from the printed press an" ******* END TEXT: "ledge. The book was one of the first efforts of a new Project (now Center) for Global Communication\n"
9780472024506 - page_12: "START TEXT: \nStudies (CGCS) at the Annenberg School for Communication, established by the dean, Michael X. Delli" ******* END TEXT: "pondence with author. Smith's chapter in the book covers other significant themes but not this one.\n"
9780472024506 - page_13: "START TEXT: \nREFERENCES\nAmnesty International. 2007. One Year Left to Fulfil Human Rights Promises. August.\nCent" ******* END TEXT: " In Beijing: A Little Building Is Defying Olympic Ambitions. New York Times, August 8, sec. A, 8.\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_14: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024506 - page_15: "START TEXT: IDefining Beijing 2008: Whose World, What Dream?\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "IDefining Beijing 2008: Whose World, What Dream?\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_16: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024506 - page_17: "START TEXT: “One World, Different Dreams”\nThe Contest to Define the Beijing Olympics\nJacques deLisle\n“One World," ******* END TEXT: "arting years earlier and accelerating as 2008 approached, Beijing authorities covered the city with\n"
9780472024506 - page_18: "START TEXT: \nbillboards and banners urging citizens to welcome the Olympics and make Beijing an impressive host " ******* END TEXT: "sure on the PRC. The Games demand extraordinary openness in China's restrictive political and media\n"
9780472024506 - page_19: "START TEXT: \nenvironment and shine a rare spotlight on Chinese circumstances that still receive disproportionate" ******* END TEXT: "rity through international openness and engagement (Xinhua 2006b; Renmin Ribao 2000; Chen J. 2007).\n"
9780472024506 - page_20: "START TEXT: \nOne of the official concepts of the Beijing Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games (BOCOG) under" ******* END TEXT: " restrictions were imposed, and coal-fired furnaces were shut off (despite the impact on production\n"
9780472024506 - page_21: "START TEXT: \nand the comfort of city residents) (Associated Press 1993; Cater 1993; United Press International 1" ******* END TEXT: "nd political change similar to Korea's democratization. And, like Chinese leaders before them, they\n"
9780472024506 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nare hardly inclined to celebrate the former vassal state as an appropriate model or worthy predeces" ******* END TEXT: " and development-besieged poor urbanites are as much about securing order as showcasing prosperity.\n"
9780472024506 - page_23: "START TEXT: \nPRC leaders also have been sensitive to the influence of Chinese dissidents, who have embarrassed t" ******* END TEXT: "n, anarchy, and semicolonial encroachment. Of more immediate relevance, the forcible suppression of\n"
9780472024506 - page_24: "START TEXT: \nthe Democracy Movement, the smothering of dissent during the nearly two decades since, and the ongo" ******* END TEXT: "pics. Targeted behavior included booing athletes who perform badly, spitting or swearing in public,\n"
9780472024506 - page_25: "START TEXT: \nfailing to queue for buses, and using embarrassingly bad English (Xinhua 2006a; Yardley 2007b; Xinh" ******* END TEXT: "and normality agenda. China's former recalcitrance toward the international human rights regime has\n"
9780472024506 - page_26: "START TEXT: \nsoftened, grudgingly, in the face of regular critical reports from NGOs, the U.S. State Department," ******* END TEXT: "tem. While this issue has not been central to official views, it is a significant theme, especially\n"
9780472024506 - page_27: "START TEXT: \ncommon in unofficial and foreign discussions of the Beijing Olympics and China's rise more generall" ******* END TEXT: "veral billion dollars) partly because they seem vital to the regime's Olympic story that China is a\n"
9780472024506 - page_28: "START TEXT: \nresponsible and respectable participant in an increasingly important aspect of the international sy" ******* END TEXT: "d Olympics-specific IPR regulations, declared that those rules “meet usual international practices”\n"
9780472024506 - page_29: "START TEXT: \n(China Daily 2004a; PRC State Council 2002), launched contests to increase popular knowledge of Oly" ******* END TEXT: "ds and shopping areas are mostly for internationally famous companies. In the Olympics context, the\n"
9780472024506 - page_30: "START TEXT: \nregime has not left this visible commercial face of internationalism at risk of shabbiness. As the " ******* END TEXT: "ported the cosmopolitan theme but without drawing nationalist critiques. Some of the most prominent\n"
9780472024506 - page_31: "START TEXT: \nroles, tellingly, have gone to movie actor Jackie Chan, basketball star Yao Ming, and film director" ******* END TEXT: "e Games, especially for the host nation. For the 2008 Beijing Olympiad, the Chinese regime has cast\n"
9780472024506 - page_32: "START TEXT: \nwinning the right to host the Games and staging a smooth and successful Olympics as major points of" ******* END TEXT: "pabilities. The nationalist strand in the Chinese official narrative and the developed and powerful\n"
9780472024506 - page_33: "START TEXT: \nChina theme that PRC authorities also press (and that, in any event, will be inescapably on display" ******* END TEXT: "ice in Taiwan three months before the Games. If past patterns hold, the campaign will have included\n"
9780472024506 - page_34: "START TEXT: \nconflict over Taiwan's relations with the mainland and whatever initiatives concerning the island r" ******* END TEXT: "make a universal event excessively Chinese; others attacked it for being insufficiently nationalist\n"
9780472024506 - page_35: "START TEXT: \nin snubbing the rest of China in favor of Beijing (BOCOG n.d.a; Fang 2004b; Fang 2004a).\nOlympic me" ******* END TEXT: "nationalism in the Olympics is commonplace and consistent with the inclusion of “culture” alongside\n"
9780472024506 - page_36: "START TEXT: \n“sport” in the pantheon of Olympic values. Still, the Chinese hosts' efforts have been unusually pe" ******* END TEXT: "ltisided contests to shape a Games story line. Those battles are especially complex and high-stakes\n"
9780472024506 - page_37: "START TEXT: \nfor the XXIX Summer Games. Challenges to official China's preferred narrative come from diverse sou" ******* END TEXT: "tive and leveraging the Olympics' capacity to affect PRC regime behavior and Chinese circumstances.\n"
9780472024506 - page_38: "START TEXT: \nHuman rights issues are the most notable example. The Beijing Games' background includes much that " ******* END TEXT: "mprovements and their pledges of specific Olympics-related legal reforms with human rights content.\n"
9780472024506 - page_39: "START TEXT: \nSince the decision on the 2008 site, those seeking to press the regime have continued Olympics-link" ******* END TEXT: "ons.19 Such moves by PRC and international actors foreshadow further efforts to promote scrutiny of\n"
9780472024506 - page_40: "START TEXT: \nPRC human rights conditions through the Games themselves—a prospect that the regime clearly finds d" ******* END TEXT: "lympics-focused union-based campaign, PlayFair 2008, reported “gross violations” of labor standards\n"
9780472024506 - page_41: "START TEXT: \nat four factories making Olympics-branded merchandise (McLaughlin 2007; Xinhua 2007h; PlayFair 2008" ******* END TEXT: "so have used Beijing's hosting of the Games to focus attention on human rights violations in Darfur\n"
9780472024506 - page_42: "START TEXT: \nand China's support for the Sudanese regime. China's recalcitrance on international sanctions and H" ******* END TEXT: "ng the Games. The demonstration gained extra publicity and impact when authorities detained Chinese\n"
9780472024506 - page_43: "START TEXT: \njournalists who covered it (BBC Monitoring International 2007; Amnesty International 2007; Human Ri" ******* END TEXT: "onal scrutiny. At the same time, prominent Chinese environmentalists have faced criticism for being\n"
9780472024506 - page_44: "START TEXT: \ntoo timid and cooperative—charges that are not often made against their besieged counterparts who p" ******* END TEXT: "ctions that PRC authorities use to disable protesters, silence critics, or stifle public debate may\n"
9780472024506 - page_45: "START TEXT: \nwell appear illegitimate and face unusual international opprobrium when exposed, as they are sure t" ******* END TEXT: "om the foreign businesses, foreign-linked foundations and civil society organizations, and resident\n"
9780472024506 - page_46: "START TEXT: \nforeign diplomats and journalists in China in a key respect: the former are more nearly nonrepeat p" ******* END TEXT: "nstituencies) well may react very differently to steps that NGOs, activists, and others take on the\n"
9780472024506 - page_47: "START TEXT: \nOlympic stage. For example, those portions of the Party and state apparatus (and their patrons and " ******* END TEXT: "company spokesman sniffed that, while sharp reductions in operations would be phased in through the\n"
9780472024506 - page_48: "START TEXT: \nGames and beyond, the final relocation in 2010 would have occurred eventually anyway and had only b" ******* END TEXT: "ing Games, the host regime also has considerable advantages. These derive in part from key features\n"
9780472024506 - page_49: "START TEXT: \nof the Olympics, Chinese politics, and the critics and opponents of official China's preferred stor" ******* END TEXT: "nds or expectations that China adopt international norms. And it may be able to do so without major\n"
9780472024506 - page_50: "START TEXT: \nchanges in its own behavior. On many fronts, China has been adept at pledging conformity to foreign" ******* END TEXT: " have only modest accomplishments and dim prospects for cooperation with their Chinese counterparts\n"
9780472024506 - page_51: "START TEXT: \nwho have begun to pursue parallel tactics. Chinese dissidents, intellectuals, activists, and NGOs h" ******* END TEXT: " about a coordinated foreign or transnational effort to capture the narrative of the Beijing Games.\n"
9780472024506 - page_52: "START TEXT: \nA Journey of a Thousand Li or the Death of a Thousand Cuts?\nThe victor (if any) in the contest to d" ******* END TEXT: "008 Games spurring rapid transformation in China. One line of analysis imagines the 2008 Games as a\n"
9780472024506 - page_53: "START TEXT: \npossible reprise of the 1988 Seoul Olympics, which are often credited with speeding South Korea's t" ******* END TEXT: " like the ordinary regime practices that predated the Games and the broader quest for the Olympics.\n"
9780472024506 - page_54: "START TEXT: \nMore importantly, any lasting impact of the Beijing Olympics and any significant transnational infl" ******* END TEXT: "romising context of the contest over the Beijing Games and its story line. The Games then will have\n"
9780472024506 - page_55: "START TEXT: \nbeen a step in a journey of a thousand li toward a more liberal and open environment in China, or o" ******* END TEXT: "rsity.\n13. See, for example, Central News Agency 2007, Ni 2007, Shi and Chung 2007, and Lague 2007.\n"
9780472024506 - page_56: "START TEXT: \n14. For a strong and classic statement of this position, see Pye 1978.\n15. The associated elements " ******* END TEXT: "S. Group Calls Conditions at China Toy Plants “Brutal.” International Herald Tribune, August 22, 6.\n"
9780472024506 - page_57: "START TEXT: \nBBC Monitoring International. 2007. China Watchdog Report Disputes Government Media Freedom “Promis" ******* END TEXT: "Games. April 19.\nChina Daily. 2007b. Beijing Olympic Committee Wins High Praise from IOC. April 20.\n"
9780472024506 - page_58: "START TEXT: \nChina Daily. 2007c. Don't Rain on Our Parade. April 26.\nChina Daily. 2007d. Don't Politicize Olympi" ******* END TEXT: "6.\nDeutsche Presse -Agentur. 2007b. China Urges Spielberg to Continue as Olympic Adviser. August 6.\n"
9780472024506 - page_59: "START TEXT: \nDeutsche Presse -Agentur. 2007c. Beijing Sees Little Improvement in Air Quality during Driving Ban." ******* END TEXT: "rne, Christopher. 2004. China Scales back Ambitious Design Plans. New York Times, September 21, 10.\n"
9780472024506 - page_60: "START TEXT: \nHe Qinglian. 2007. Human Rights: The True Gold Standard. China Rights Forum 3:26–30.\nHindustan Time" ******* END TEXT: " A4.\nLev, Michael A. 2001. Beijing Beautifies for '08 Olympic Bid. Chicago Tribune, February 18, 3.\n"
9780472024506 - page_61: "START TEXT: \nLi, John. 2003. After Four Years of Repression, It's Time to Let Go: China vs. Falun Gong. Internat" ******* END TEXT: " David. 2004. Rioting Chinese Football Fans Vent Anti-Japanese Feelings. Independent, August 9, 24.\n"
9780472024506 - page_62: "START TEXT: \nMoon Gwang-lip. 2006. China Shows Olympic Confidence. Korea Times, April 4.\nNew Zealand Herald. 200" ******* END TEXT: " NGO Founded to Rally All Chinese People against Worsening Pollution. Xinhua News Agency, April 23.\n"
9780472024506 - page_63: "START TEXT: \nRenmin Ribao. 2000. Beijing Fully Capable of Hosting High-Level Olympic Games. October 5.\nReporters" ******* END TEXT: "gree of China's Opening to World Media Will Be Greater and Greater. Zhongguo Xinwen She, August 21.\n"
9780472024506 - page_64: "START TEXT: \nTsang, Denise. 2007. US Takes Beijing to WTO again over Piracy Row. South China Morning Post, Augus" ******* END TEXT: "inhua. 2002. Beijing Brings down McDonalds Signs to Make City More Beautiful for Olympics. March 1.\n"
9780472024506 - page_65: "START TEXT: \nXinhua. 2003. Chen Shui-bian Accused of Taking 2008 Olympics to Seek Independence. November 22.\nXin" ******* END TEXT: "ua. 2007j. China to Hold Online Contest on Olympics-Related Laws. Economic News Service, August 13.\n"
9780472024506 - page_66: "START TEXT: \nXinhua. 2007k. China Denies Displacing 1.5 Million Beijing Residents. Financial News Network, Augus" ******* END TEXT: "g Bijian. 2005. China's “Peaceful Rise” to Great Power Status. Foreign Affairs September—October.\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_67: "START TEXT: Olympic Values, Beijing's Olympic Games, and the Universal Market\nAlan Tomlinson\nWhether it is a com" ******* END TEXT: "ntroduced a new economic order that underpinned the initial survival of the Games—on the withdrawal\n"
9780472024506 - page_68: "START TEXT: \nof Teheran, Los Angeles was the only candidate to stage the event—and its consequent expansion and " ******* END TEXT: "a tendency for adherents to build and pursue the other system of meaning” (Scott and Marshall 2005,\n"
9780472024506 - page_69: "START TEXT: \n182). Adapted to the Olympic context the argument goes that the Olympic Ideals or Movement converge" ******* END TEXT: "East Asia's), and global business communities, and above all business elites, will have been at one\n"
9780472024506 - page_70: "START TEXT: \nwith the way in which the IOC seems to have been convinced by the Chinese delegation's presentation" ******* END TEXT: "ng line on a running track was succeeded by shots of urban and historical skyscapes and landscapes;\n"
9780472024506 - page_71: "START TEXT: \ntraditional culture and artistic performance; and gymnasts, cyclists, and tennis players. The more " ******* END TEXT: " as a vehicle for bringing the world in to the city and the nation was expressed more convincingly:\n"
9780472024506 - page_72: "START TEXT: \nEither applying for the hosting of the Olympic Games or the actual hosting of such games will help " ******* END TEXT: "infrastructure; and finally, foreign-language training in all levels of Beijing's education system.\n"
9780472024506 - page_73: "START TEXT: \nFurther facts and figures presented as evidence of Beijing's preparedness defied logic, from the nu" ******* END TEXT: "e on the London 2012 organizing committee's Web site, and deserves some scrutiny. The commonalities\n"
9780472024506 - page_74: "START TEXT: \nin the presentational rhetoric of the Beijing and London bids are striking.\nThe video (Full Moon 20" ******* END TEXT: "ese are at most a subtext in the representational devices and strategies of aspiring Olympic hosts.\n"
9780472024506 - page_75: "START TEXT: \nTOP VI: The Hidden Presence\nIOC president Jacques Rogge is unambiguous on the contribution of corpo" ******* END TEXT: "nd integrates all of the IOC's technology partners, specializing in the management of (large-scale)\n"
9780472024506 - page_76: "START TEXT: \noperations. The company has annual revenues of more than 5 billion Euros, employing 45,000 people i" ******* END TEXT: "s the Asian Pacific region apart from Japan) since 1994. In December 2004 Lenovo announced a “major\n"
9780472024506 - page_77: "START TEXT: \nacquisition” of IBM, discussed in more detail below, that would make it the third largest maker of " ******* END TEXT: "reless telecommunications equipment “to the Olympic Family to support the operations of staging the\n"
9780472024506 - page_78: "START TEXT: \nOlympic Games. Samsung … helps Olympic athletes share their experiences with family and friends aro" ******* END TEXT: "n which enterprises and companies aspire to a global level of business competition (Ling 2006), and\n"
9780472024506 - page_79: "START TEXT: \nnot just to compete in local markets. Its IOC Web site highlights the company's repositioning of it" ******* END TEXT: "eting, more and more interest-driven enterprises will join the ranks of ambush marketing companies,\n"
9780472024506 - page_80: "START TEXT: \nwhich will reduce the value of the Olympic brands and dampen the sponsors' enthusiasm. The Olympic " ******* END TEXT: "its “support from sponsors.” Corporate sponsors provided US$1.5 billion over a four year period, 34\n"
9780472024506 - page_81: "START TEXT: \npercent of the US$4 billion of IOC revenue in the Olympic “quadrennium” from 2001–2004, and 11 spon" ******* END TEXT: "ed corporations into global markets and global consciousness.” There will be changes to the lineup,\n"
9780472024506 - page_82: "START TEXT: \nand in October 2007 Kodak announced its decision to end its partnership with the IOC, citing its di" ******* END TEXT: "ing case reaffirms the process whereby an Olympic rhetoric masks some primary motives of the chosen\n"
9780472024506 - page_83: "START TEXT: \nhost, and its main partners. And this makes of the Olympics-Sponsor partnership less of an elective" ******* END TEXT: "ympic Games Bidding Committee.\nBloomberg. 2006. Beijing 2008 Games May Be Most Profitable Olympics,\n"
9780472024506 - page_84: "START TEXT: \nIOC Says. (Reporter in Beijing, Grant Clark). Available at http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=1" ******* END TEXT: "Growth of China's Computer Giant and Its Takeover of IBM-PC. Trans. M. Avery. New York: John Wiley.\n"
9780472024506 - page_85: "START TEXT: \nMacAloon, John. 2006. Reviewing Olympic Ethnography. In National Identity and Global Sports Events:" ******* END TEXT: "910, ed. David J. Chalcraft and Austin Harrington, 93–132. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_86: "START TEXT: On Seizing the Olympic Platform\nMonroe E. Price\nWhen Daniel Dayan and Elihu Katz wrote Media Events," ******* END TEXT: "guratively) a platform media event so as instantly to control the narrative (the Palestinian gunmen\n"
9780472024506 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nin the Munich Olympics). But the concept of hijacking raises more complex questions of power and ho" ******* END TEXT: "ch various groups gain access and influence with them has, of course, been much studied (Montgomery\n"
9780472024506 - page_88: "START TEXT: \n1990). But in this chapter, I want to use the term platform in a special way. What I wish to emphas" ******* END TEXT: "ther purpose, turning the message from that of its sponsors to those of others, commercial entities\n"
9780472024506 - page_89: "START TEXT: \nor global civil society groups. It is that specific irony—the notion of hijacking or piggybacking—t" ******* END TEXT: "er ambiguity is added as the host city or country seeks to control part of the narrative. In China,\n"
9780472024506 - page_90: "START TEXT: \nwhile 2008 is the Beijing Olympics, there is no doubt that the Games are an opportunity for China t" ******* END TEXT: "olden Touch, Golden Mom,” an idea that strongly ties the Olympics to motherhood in Chinese society.\n"
9780472024506 - page_91: "START TEXT: \nAlongside these complementary narratives, there are major and minor efforts to throw off the domina" ******* END TEXT: "al sponsor of the Olympics, who, by centering its advertising campaign around the event, appears to\n"
9780472024506 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nhave that status (Vancouver 2010). A nonsponsoring company, barred from the use of official logos a" ******* END TEXT: "yzed them in The Olympic Crisis (1986), and I have no doubts about the authenticity of his idealism\n"
9780472024506 - page_93: "START TEXT: \nand his good intentions about achieving world peace through international sport. The problem, from " ******* END TEXT: "ons that render, for example, as incompatible with the Olympic Movement “any form of discrimination\n"
9780472024506 - page_94: "START TEXT: \nwith regard to a country or person on the grounds of race, religion, politics, gender or otherwise”" ******* END TEXT: "me to strengthen its hold at home while providing foreign spectators and journalists with a picture\n"
9780472024506 - page_95: "START TEXT: \nof a peaceful, tolerant Germany. By rejecting a proposed boycott of the 1936 Olympics, the United S" ******* END TEXT: "like objectives. There are those, including the IOC itself at times, who hew to the notion that the\n"
9780472024506 - page_96: "START TEXT: \nprincipal overt purpose or intended narrative of the Olympics should only have to do with sports an" ******* END TEXT: "t from these previous experiences is the increased complexity of issues and players involved in the\n"
9780472024506 - page_97: "START TEXT: \nprocess. Beijing is not only the most expensive Games and the Games with the largest potential audi" ******* END TEXT: "f China's one-child policies. This emerging global society uses a variety of venues to mobilize, to\n"
9780472024506 - page_98: "START TEXT: \ngenerate support and achieve prominence. They set up BOCOG, the IOC, China, and the advertisers and" ******* END TEXT: "edom rally in New Delhi to protest Chinese rule and appeal to the Indian government to help resolve\n"
9780472024506 - page_99: "START TEXT: \nthe Tibet issue for its own security. The rallyists were also garnering support for an Olympic boyc" ******* END TEXT: " the IOC and to BOCOG that their business philosophy does not condone propaganda abuse of the Games\n"
9780472024506 - page_100: "START TEXT: \nand human rights violations” (Olympic Watch 2006). The Human Rights Watch Olympic campaign sought t" ******* END TEXT: "and has gained advantage by mastering the intricacies of the IOC and national licensing agreements.\n"
9780472024506 - page_101: "START TEXT: \nIn short, it appropriated an officially proclaimed narrative of Olympic decency and then sought to " ******* END TEXT: "ed the IOC to “Adopt a clear and public statement, including inclusion into the Olympic Charter, in\n"
9780472024506 - page_102: "START TEXT: \nsupport of labour standards and in particular in sporting goods supply chains; Incorporate into IOC" ******* END TEXT: " Olympics” as a way of altering China's dealings with Sudan. Reeves's was a classic effort to seize\n"
9780472024506 - page_103: "START TEXT: \nthe platform, and to use the social and financial capital invested in the Olympics in order to turn" ******* END TEXT: "ately understandable phrase, “Genocide Olympics.” This elegant and powerful formulation effectively\n"
9780472024506 - page_104: "START TEXT: \njuxtaposes two complex worlds that are not readily associated with each other. It is a phrase that " ******* END TEXT: "ampaign makes it possible to document and analyze what he proposed to do and how his small campaign\n"
9780472024506 - page_105: "START TEXT: \nplayed off of great platforms such as the Games. The campaign is an interesting example of diffusio" ******* END TEXT: "ccessful (extremely unlikely) the political platform from which to challenge China would disappear.\n"
9780472024506 - page_106: "START TEXT: \nReeves's aspiration, rather, was for the Olympics platform to foster a global, grassroots movement." ******* END TEXT: " proxy militia and purchase their instruments of destruction: bombers, assault helicopters, armored\n"
9780472024506 - page_107: "START TEXT: \nvehicles and small arms, most of them of Chinese manufacture. Airstrips constructed and operated by" ******* END TEXT: "e with the Sudanese government. The letter concluded on a Reeves-like note: “It would be a disaster\n"
9780472024506 - page_108: "START TEXT: \nfor China if the Games were to be marred by protests … Already there are calls to boycott what is i" ******* END TEXT: "ive a satisfactory response to the letter he had earlier sent to China's president (BBC News 2007).\n"
9780472024506 - page_109: "START TEXT: \nControlling the Narrative\nI mentioned earlier in this chapter that a platform is defined in part by" ******* END TEXT: "n.3 These events led to a journalistic denouement—at least a temporary one—on the front page of the\n"
9780472024506 - page_110: "START TEXT: \nNew York Times, in an April 13 story by Helene Cooper that realigned the Olympics narrative, placed" ******* END TEXT: "mode of controlling their use or defending them; and the modes of seeking access. Over decades, the\n"
9780472024506 - page_111: "START TEXT: \nway of thinking of traditional platforms has been well articulated. There are ways of conceptualizi" ******* END TEXT: "y. 2007. Good Guy Is Forgotten in Bad Week for Sports. New York Times, July 31, Sports section, D1.\n"
9780472024506 - page_112: "START TEXT: \nAustralian. 2002. IOC warns China on Human Rights Pledge. April 26.\nBarney, R. K., K. B. Wamsley, S" ******* END TEXT: "ohn M. 1986. The Olympic Crisis: Sport, Politics, and the Moral Order. New York: Aristide Caratzas.\n"
9780472024506 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nHoberman, John M. 1997. Darwin's Athletes: How Sport Has Damaged Black America and Preserved the My" ******* END TEXT: "at the Olympics Campaign 2004. 2004. Background. Available at www.fairolympics.org/background.html.\n"
9780472024506 - page_114: "START TEXT: \nPlayFair 2008. 2007. No Medal for the Olympics on Labour Rights. Available at http://www.playfair20" ******* END TEXT: "oChina. May 17.\nWashington Post. 2006. China and Darfur: The Genocide Olympics. December 14, A30.\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_115: "START TEXT: IIPrecedents and Perspectives\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "IIPrecedents and Perspectives\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_116: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024506 - page_117: "START TEXT: The Public Diplomacy of the Modern Olympic Games and China's Soft Power Strategy\nNicholas J. Cull\nIn" ******* END TEXT: "11, 2001 for the term to gain real currency outside the United States. Today it is ubiquitous. Most\n"
9780472024506 - page_118: "START TEXT: \nstates and many nonstate international actors either use the English term or have a close equivalen" ******* END TEXT: "in the development of the modern Olympic Games, though not always in the way that the International\n"
9780472024506 - page_119: "START TEXT: \nOlympic Committee (IOC) or the host of any particular Games might wish. In fact, the entire modern " ******* END TEXT: "e usually drowned out by more dominant stories, the foremost being the quest for national prestige.\n"
9780472024506 - page_120: "START TEXT: \nThe Olympics and the Public Diplomacy of Prestige\nIt is ironic that simply by emphasizing the comin" ******* END TEXT: "competition becoming a stage to display the prestige of a nation include the various appearances of\n"
9780472024506 - page_121: "START TEXT: \nHungarians at the Melbourne Games of 1956, which followed hard on the Soviet crushing of the Hungar" ******* END TEXT: "nced Hilter's purposes only by providing a welcome distraction. At a deeper level their fundamental\n"
9780472024506 - page_122: "START TEXT: \nmessage of sportsmanship and competition in peace played against his strategy of readying his natio" ******* END TEXT: "s. The legacy of Martin Luther King was cited everywhere in the publicity materials, which included\n"
9780472024506 - page_123: "START TEXT: \nabundant allusions to “the dream” of King's “I have a dream” speech (Reid 1990). In a similar vein " ******* END TEXT: " Zealand from Montreal (a punishment for a rugby tour of South Africa). The tit-for-tat boycotts of\n"
9780472024506 - page_124: "START TEXT: \n1980 and 1984 represented the high-water mark of nonparticipation as a form of Olympic public diplo" ******* END TEXT: "x Klan leaflets threatening nonwhite athletes who attended the games. One read: “African Monkeys! A\n"
9780472024506 - page_125: "START TEXT: \ngrand welcome awaits you in Los Angeles! We have been training for the games by shooting at black m" ******* END TEXT: "ns Olympics of 2004 was reported as a suspense story focused on whether the Greeks would be able to\n"
9780472024506 - page_126: "START TEXT: \ncope and deliver their buildings on time. Athens made its deadlines but the city's pollution proble" ******* END TEXT: "he traditional term for such work is dui wai xuan chuan or wai xuan, meaning “external propaganda.”\n"
9780472024506 - page_127: "START TEXT: \nThe term has none of the negatives attending to western usage of propaganda (Wang Y. forthcoming).\n" ******* END TEXT: " (Sterba 1981). In 1983 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs opened an Information Department appointing\n"
9780472024506 - page_128: "START TEXT: \none Qian Qicheng as its first spokesman (Wang Y. forthcoming). The following year, as the Chinese s" ******* END TEXT: "ber of parallel policies, coordinated through the duel structure of the Communist Party and SCIO.10\n"
9780472024506 - page_129: "START TEXT: \nOne key problem facing Zhao Qizheng and his colleagues was the need to find an overarching concept " ******* END TEXT: "ge of the five activities that characterize classic public diplomacy practice: listening, advocacy,\n"
9780472024506 - page_130: "START TEXT: \ncultural diplomacy, exchange, and international broadcasting. Zhao's whole approach and much of his" ******* END TEXT: "rience and provide advocacy nuanced by local knowledge for years to come (Kurlantzick 2007, 65–66).\n"
9780472024506 - page_131: "START TEXT: \nQizheng's tenure at SCIO saw legion Chinese initiatives in the field of cultural diplomacy includin" ******* END TEXT: " Central Television launched its twenty-four hour English language service CCTV 9 (Xinhua 2000). It\n"
9780472024506 - page_132: "START TEXT: \nimmediately began negotiations to place the service on carriers around the world and succeeded in b" ******* END TEXT: "opment and international role, so as to foster an environment of friendly public opinion for China.\n"
9780472024506 - page_133: "START TEXT: \nIt was a clarion call for a still more sophisticated approach to public diplomacy.\nChina's Image Pr" ******* END TEXT: "m hosting the Olympics. Certainly much of the organization of the Beijing Olympics can be seen as a\n"
9780472024506 - page_134: "START TEXT: \nprocess of managing domestic opinion in order to deliver the spectacle of the world coming admiring" ******* END TEXT: "jing Olympics suggests that China is all too aware of its image problems and is seeking moreover to\n"
9780472024506 - page_135: "START TEXT: \nfine-tune its Olympic experience to counter some of them and thereby reposition the Chinese brand.\n" ******* END TEXT: "eeks to sweep away old images of China is that created by the China National Tourism Administration\n"
9780472024506 - page_136: "START TEXT: \nentitled Welcome to China—Beijing 2008. The film illustrates the sensory experience that is China w" ******* END TEXT: "floating above a child laborer's head (No Beijing Olympics 2008 2007). Protests of some description\n"
9780472024506 - page_137: "START TEXT: \nseem set to form an antiphony throughout the Games and the organizers are braced for this.\nA second" ******* END TEXT: " the need to be a good host.\nThe interests of Beijing will not be best served by amassing a pile of\n"
9780472024506 - page_138: "START TEXT: \nmedals but rather by creating an environment in which sportsmanship can flourish and the athletes t" ******* END TEXT: " Measures 1986, 22–24, 54–56.\n9. In 2005, an anthology of Zhao Qizheng's speeches appeared with the\n"
9780472024506 - page_139: "START TEXT: \ntitle Xiang Shijie Shuoming Zhongguo (Explain China to the World). See also BBC Monitoring 2005b.\n1" ******* END TEXT: "acecraft. Space.com, October 15. http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/shenzhou5_launch_031014.html.\n"
9780472024506 - page_140: "START TEXT: \nBBC Monitoring. 2005a. CCTV International to Re-launch, Add New Languages. April 6.\nBBC Monitoring." ******* END TEXT: "ulian Borger. 2001. Homer and Bart Realize Murdoch's Dream of China Coup. Guardian, September 6, 3.\n"
9780472024506 - page_141: "START TEXT: \nGould, Jack. 1964. Sharp TV Pictures of Olympics Relayed Live to U.S. by Satellite. New York Times," ******* END TEXT: " director's subject files, box 28, file “1972 DRO-Issuances,” Shakepeare to Towery (IOP), March 17.\n"
9780472024506 - page_142: "START TEXT: \nThe Nazi Olympics Berlin Web site. http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/olympics/.\nNew York T" ******* END TEXT: ".org.\nRoche, Maurice. 2002. The Olympics and Global Citizenship. Citizenship Studies 6 (2): 165–81.\n"
9780472024506 - page_143: "START TEXT: \nRoche, Maurice. 2006. Mega-events and Modernity Revisited: Globalization and the Case of the Olympi" ******* END TEXT: " October 2.\nXinhua. 2007a. 110 British Headmasters Visit China for Language Teaching Co-op. May 27.\n"
9780472024506 - page_144: "START TEXT: \nXinhua. 2007b. Foreign Headmasters Follow Chinese Language Teaching Trail. June 20.\nXinhua. 2007c. " ******* END TEXT: "mpics. Americas 61 (2): 159–88. http://www.tvmyworld.com/links/templates/coming_soon_travel.htm#.\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_145: "START TEXT: “A Very Natural Choice”\nThe Construction of Beijing as an Olympic City during the Bid Period\nHeidi Ø" ******* END TEXT: "g this period, the host cities try to project certain images, themes, and values (Hall 1992). As an\n"
9780472024506 - page_146: "START TEXT: \norganizer of the Albertville Winter Olympics put it, “There will only be 16 days of television cove" ******* END TEXT: " by reviving Chinese nationalist spirit (Ko 2001). Previous Olympic Games and bids had demonstrated\n"
9780472024506 - page_147: "START TEXT: \nto Chinese leaders that the Olympics could be an avenue both to economic growth and to fostering a " ******* END TEXT: "threat to China's national development strategy, and ultimately to the ruling regime, which derives\n"
9780472024506 - page_148: "START TEXT: \nlegitimacy from economic growth (Renwick and Cao 1999). There was also the threat of antiforeign de" ******* END TEXT: "m—is tied to allegedly universal Olympism, the gap between nationalism and universalism is bridged.\n"
9780472024506 - page_149: "START TEXT: \nWhile the Olympic hosts benefit from tying their political values to Olympic universalism, the Inte" ******* END TEXT: "e File and other BOBICO promotion material. The administrative structure of the Beijing bid team is\n"
9780472024506 - page_150: "START TEXT: \ncomplex and difficult to map, partly because of what one senior official termed a Chinese system of" ******* END TEXT: "s. The news industry again became more restricted after the Tiananmen crisis of June 1989. However,\n"
9780472024506 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nemployees of the Chinese Communist Party Propaganda Department and media institutions cited indepen" ******* END TEXT: "le the Chinese journalists I interviewed in 2001 and 2002 all said they had a duty to be objective,\n"
9780472024506 - page_152: "START TEXT: \nthey also said they wanted their writing to help Beijing win the Olympics. For example, one journal" ******* END TEXT: "e BOBICO representative (interview January 2002). The decision was later reversed. This incident is\n"
9780472024506 - page_153: "START TEXT: \nan example of how the same event can be interpreted very differently in China than it is abroad.\nSi" ******* END TEXT: " relational nature of identities is Edward Saïd's “Orientalism,” which outlines how “the Orient” is\n"
9780472024506 - page_154: "START TEXT: \ndefined in relation to and opposition to the West (Saïd [1978] 1995). Saïd argues that Western acad" ******* END TEXT: " part of the world that shares a set of essential qualities. Eastern cultures are depicted as being\n"
9780472024506 - page_155: "START TEXT: \nfounded in tradition and history, as opposed to the modern, developed West—very much in keeping wit" ******* END TEXT: "dopts Olympic values already endorsed by the West. A quotation of Beijing's mayor Liu Qi summarized\n"
9780472024506 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nthe argument: “A chance for Beijing to host the Games would provide a closer link between the Easte" ******* END TEXT: " of the population and TV coverage, 93.4%. The target for controlling natural population growth was\n"
9780472024506 - page_157: "START TEXT: \nreached. Major advances were made in reform of the drug and health management system. Socialist spi" ******* END TEXT: "rtain ambiguity toward the project of modernization. While the texts conveyed a sense of inevitable\n"
9780472024506 - page_158: "START TEXT: \nprogress and faith in modernization, they also endorsed myths of a distant past. Frequent reference" ******* END TEXT: " schedule” (Xinhua 2001c). Such statements reconfirm the Olympic Movement's claim to be a universal\n"
9780472024506 - page_159: "START TEXT: \nforce for modernization. In addition to adding momentum to Beijing's modernization process, the Oly" ******* END TEXT: " presentation of Beijing's candidature in official Chinese discourse. However, meanings attached to\n"
9780472024506 - page_160: "START TEXT: \nplaces are always potential terrains of contestation, never fixed. Different agents resist and rede" ******* END TEXT: "e. [1912] 2002. Ode to Sport. www.olympic.org/upload/news/olympic_review/review_20021913257_UK.pdf.\n"
9780472024506 - page_161: "START TEXT: \nDouglass, Mike. 2000. Mega-urban Regions and World City Formation: Globalisation, the Economic Cris" ******* END TEXT: "ge International.\nMoore, Thomas G. 1999. China and Globalization. Asian Perspective 23: (4): 65–95.\n"
9780472024506 - page_162: "START TEXT: \nPeople's Daily. 2001. Premier Urges Beijing to Rev up Development. Beijing, January 20.\nRenwick, Ne" ******* END TEXT: " Yongnian. 1999. Discovering Chinese Nationalism in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_163: "START TEXT: Dreams and Nightmares\nHistory and U.S. Visions of the Beijing Games\nJeffrey N. Wasserstrom\nIn 1936, " ******* END TEXT: "it cries out for several different kinds of analysis that relate to history. For this discourse has\n"
9780472024506 - page_164: "START TEXT: \nbeen one in which historical analogies (see the Beijing 2008 equals Berlin 1936 reference in quote " ******* END TEXT: "kaifeng and gaige (openness and reform) just a few years after the death of Mao Zedong (1893–1976).\n"
9780472024506 - page_165: "START TEXT: \nOne reason for my decision to focus here on long-term historical patterns in commentary on China is" ******* END TEXT: "storical “turning point” for China and the world, the pessimists imagine it as a turn for the worse\n"
9780472024506 - page_166: "START TEXT: \n(signaling full international acceptance of a brutal regime), not for the better (continuing China " ******* END TEXT: "ure prospects, put forward by people who argued before 2001 that the IOC should not let the Beijing\n"
9780472024506 - page_167: "START TEXT: \nregime host the Games and have since then criticized the IOC's decision on 2008.\nCommentators in th" ******* END TEXT: "ures taken to keep the central districts free of beggars and migrant workers when foreign observers\n"
9780472024506 - page_168: "START TEXT: \ncome to town, for instance, are often now cited as evidence that the regime did not deserve to get " ******* END TEXT: "mists sometimes pair this with a nod to China's own past, occasionally even invoking the same year,\n"
9780472024506 - page_169: "START TEXT: \n1989, that figures so prominently in texts calling for a boycott of the 2008 Games. Thus we see som" ******* END TEXT: " here, which will doubtless persist through the summer of 2008 (albeit with new wrinkles added over\n"
9780472024506 - page_170: "START TEXT: \ntime), is not just one in which references to history have played and will continue to play importa" ******* END TEXT: "misleading in its own way. I will refer to them as stereotypes that feed the “American China Dream”\n"
9780472024506 - page_171: "START TEXT: \nand the “American China Nightmare”—the intertwined fantasies invoked in this chapter's title.12\nTo " ******* END TEXT: "e events of that year, have continued to shape American ideas about the world's most populous land.\n"
9780472024506 - page_172: "START TEXT: \nThe Dream and the Nightmare Defined\nIt is time now to flesh out these comments on the Boxers and pr" ******* END TEXT: "ingly, the most interesting to analyze, and it is in one of these that we currently find ourselves.\n"
9780472024506 - page_173: "START TEXT: \nOne of the interesting features of these moments of ambiguity is that they enable us to see how muc" ******* END TEXT: "ess falling into the former category, and the tragic violence of the Munich Games, into the latter.\n"
9780472024506 - page_174: "START TEXT: \nScratches on Our Minds\nOne of the best places to begin a discussion of the long-term evolution of t" ******* END TEXT: "or people and inferior people, outrageous heathen and attractive humanists, wisely benevolent sages\n"
9780472024506 - page_175: "START TEXT: \nand deviously cunning villains, thrifty and honorable men and sly and corrupt cheats, heroically en" ******* END TEXT: "dle East criticized in Edward Saïd's influential and controversial study of that topic, Orientalism\n"
9780472024506 - page_176: "START TEXT: \n(1979). Some of the forms that negative American images of China have taken can be fit into Saïd's " ******* END TEXT: "out China from around 1900 through around 1980, and the relationship of these to ideas about Japan:\n"
9780472024506 - page_177: "START TEXT: \n1. The Boxer period—China was feared or despised (though positive images of the Chinese were kept a" ******* END TEXT: "am or the American China Nightmare. For example, in the first half of the 1980s, when Deng Xiaoping\n"
9780472024506 - page_178: "START TEXT: \ndonned a cowboy hat during his visit to the United States, after American newspaper stories stresse" ******* END TEXT: " triggering protests in the PRC, and the conflict that developed during the “spy plane” incident of\n"
9780472024506 - page_179: "START TEXT: \nApril 2001). In general, this period saw hopes for China placed not in the leadership but in the pe" ******* END TEXT: "t developments in ideas about China (e.g., only in the last few years has the idea of the PRC being\n"
9780472024506 - page_180: "START TEXT: \nmore of an economic and diplomatic threat become more pronounced than the idea of it being a potent" ******* END TEXT: " in mist and of the Great Wall to images of Chinese youths carrying cell phones. See Mann 2007, 90.\n"
9780472024506 - page_181: "START TEXT: \n3. These are 2 of the 121 articles that came up on November 8, 2006, when I ran a Lexis-Nexis datab" ******* END TEXT: "n Western notions about China more generally would be well served by turning to Spence 1999 and two\n"
9780472024506 - page_182: "START TEXT: \nbooks by Colin Mackerras (2000a and 2000b), one a survey and the other a collection of translations" ******* END TEXT: "st 12.\nDower, John. 1987. War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. New York: Pantheon.\n"
9780472024506 - page_183: "START TEXT: \nFan, Maureen. 2007. Beijing Criticized on Pledges of Reform. Washington Post, April 30.\nFarrow, Ron" ******* END TEXT: "e's Daily Online. 2006. Rogge Prefaces Beijing Olympic Issue for Civilization Magazine. October 17.\n"
9780472024506 - page_184: "START TEXT: \nRotter, Andrew J. 1996. In Retrospect: Harold R. Isaacs' Scratches on Our Minds. Reviews in America" ******* END TEXT: "Chinese Relics; In Rush to Develop, Antiquities Are Lost. International Herald Times, February 6.\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_185: "START TEXT: The Fragility of Asian National Identity in the Olympic Games\nSandra Collins\nBut there is neither Ea" ******* END TEXT: "ence in our vastly shrinking globe.\nWhat is unique for Asian Olympic hosts—beginning with the Tokyo\n"
9780472024506 - page_186: "START TEXT: \nbid to host the 1940 Games and continuing with the 1964 Tokyo, the 1988 Seoul, the 1998 Nagano Wint" ******* END TEXT: "t of the rapid expansion of Western colonialism of the ninteenth century.6 But a boundary continues\n"
9780472024506 - page_187: "START TEXT: \nto function: because relevant sites of global authority (whether the International Olympic Committe" ******* END TEXT: "o play with the established image of the traditional self-orientalized hybrid Asian nation. This is\n"
9780472024506 - page_188: "START TEXT: \nprecisely why the fear of the New China resonates so strongly as America watches its trade deficit " ******* END TEXT: "cs unfold.12 When bidding for the Olympics, the Beijing Olympic Bid Committee (BOBICO) first lauded\n"
9780472024506 - page_189: "START TEXT: \n“New Beijing, New Olympics” (xin Beijing, xin aoyun) as Beijing's Olympic slogan. Under the IOC's c" ******* END TEXT: "macy in an era of increasing international isolation. Throughout the bidding and later the planning\n"
9780472024506 - page_190: "START TEXT: \nprocesses for the 1940 Games, Tokyo's discursive strategy focused on two key tactics: emphasizing t" ******* END TEXT: "nceled the Games in 1938 because of the protracted war between Japan and China. Just as imperialist\n"
9780472024506 - page_191: "START TEXT: \nJapan once boasted of its unique economic and military might, the colossal growth of its economy no" ******* END TEXT: "ewer and water lines, hotels, a broadcasting center and communication facilities. The National Diet\n"
9780472024506 - page_192: "START TEXT: \npassed a measure (Law No. 138 of June 8, 1961) that gave legal support to the State's involvement i" ******* END TEXT: "t” path of Western modernity of democracy and industrialization. For the IOC, the Games were a sign\n"
9780472024506 - page_193: "START TEXT: \nthat “The Olympic Movement … has now bridged every ocean and the Olympic Games at last are here in " ******* END TEXT: "h Korea was $44.3 billion; 1980 GNP was $63.1 million; Manheim 1990, 281) legitimized South Korea's\n"
9780472024506 - page_194: "START TEXT: \nability, as a newly modernizing nation, to host the Olympics. The government believed that hosting " ******* END TEXT: "Olympics … will be a golden opportunity for national prosperity, thereby placing the country on the\n"
9780472024506 - page_195: "START TEXT: \nroad towards becoming an advanced country” (Larson and Park 1993, 162, 169). The IOC was relieved t" ******* END TEXT: "he term developed by Katz and Dayan, the Seoul Olympics was a strategic opportunity for South Korea\n"
9780472024506 - page_196: "START TEXT: \nto represent its national identity, which had hitherto remained largely unknown to a global audienc" ******* END TEXT: "mpic host will be communicated through global media is taken into account. The construction of this\n"
9780472024506 - page_197: "START TEXT: \nidentity involves the dual processes of broadcasters creating the media message and audiences recei" ******* END TEXT: "r the Seibu Development Corporation by showcasing the 1980s Japanese discourses on Japan's national\n"
9780472024506 - page_198: "START TEXT: \nuniqueness, which have come to be labeled as nihonjinron (translated as discourses on “Japaneseness" ******* END TEXT: "he dohyo-iri to drive away evil spirits and purify the venue for the Olympic athletes.19 For Asari,\n"
9780472024506 - page_199: "START TEXT: \n“There is nothing that feels more like ‘Japanese culture’ than a sumo wrestler. When everyone sees " ******* END TEXT: "tent with America's imagined fantasy of an exotic and unchanging Japan. Even the executive producer\n"
9780472024506 - page_200: "START TEXT: \nof the ceremonies, Asari, confessed that he created the ceremonies by imagining how the scenes woul" ******* END TEXT: "lobalized world. During the bidding process, BOBICO adopted the 1930s Japanese and subsequent Asian\n"
9780472024506 - page_201: "START TEXT: \nOlympiad strategies of positioning the Asian candidate as a modern hybrid and as a vehicle by which" ******* END TEXT: "event into the celebration of a Chinese renaissance and the harmonization of world civilizations …”\n"
9780472024506 - page_202: "START TEXT: \nprecisely because state policy and Beijing Olympic themes highlight “efforts to redefine China's po" ******* END TEXT: " and political contestation. Tensions have also emerged over Beijing's proposed inclusion of Taiwan\n"
9780472024506 - page_203: "START TEXT: \nin the Torch relay route. Taiwan reacted negatively to this announcement and declared that Taiwan w" ******* END TEXT: "c Games to be celebrated in China, one of the birthplaces of Oriental Civilization. It will also be\n"
9780472024506 - page_204: "START TEXT: \nan exceptional opportunity for the Olympic Movement to enrich itself with the Oriental Culture, thu" ******* END TEXT: "Asian national identity extending from Tokyo in 1940 to Tokyo in 1964, to Seoul, Nagano and beyond.\n"
9780472024506 - page_205: "START TEXT: \nNOTES\n1. For further reading of the significance of sports and the Olympic Games for nation-states," ******* END TEXT: "an analogy to 2008 Beijing.\n12. The bidding slogan for Beijing 2008, “New Beijing, Great Olympics,”\n"
9780472024506 - page_206: "START TEXT: \nwas retired when Beijing won the right to host the Games in 2001. The current BOCOG slogan, “One Wo" ******* END TEXT: "/6595235.stm (accessed May 30, 2007).\nBOBICO. 2000. Beijing 2008 Olympic Candidature File. Beijing.\n"
9780472024506 - page_207: "START TEXT: \nBOCOG. 2006. Beijing 2008, no. 1 (March): 6. Electronic copies of the official Beijing 2008 Magazin" ******* END TEXT: "al Marketing, ed. N. Papadopoulos and L. A. Heslop, 433–52. New York: International Business Press.\n"
9780472024506 - page_208: "START TEXT: \nKipling, Rudyard. 1895. The Ballad of East and West. In A Victorian Anthology 1837–1895, ed. Edmund" ******* END TEXT: "June 29. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964778–1,00.html (accessed July 8, 2007).\n"
9780472024506 - page_209: "START TEXT: \nReischauer, E. O., and A. M. Craig. 1978. Japan: Tradition and Transformation. New York: Houghton M" ******* END TEXT: " 90–107.\nYoung, Robert. 1990. White Mythologies: Writing History and the West. London: Routledge.\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_210: "START TEXT: Journalism and the Beijing Olympics\nLiminality with Chinese Characteristics\nBriar Smith\nOn December " ******* END TEXT: "hina's desire to nurture a more positive international image and present a confident and benevolent\n"
9780472024506 - page_211: "START TEXT: \nChina is the impetus behind these new regulations, their implementation is problematic, both for Ch" ******* END TEXT: "s, (i.e., Tiananmen), a tendency colloquially referred to as the “two steps forward, one step back”\n"
9780472024506 - page_212: "START TEXT: \npolicy,1 the Olympics could ameliorate human rights conditions, including press freedoms, or encour" ******* END TEXT: "ations, it is important to have some grasp of the extraordinarily complicated Chinese media context\n"
9780472024506 - page_213: "START TEXT: \nin which the regulations are to be operationalized and the system by which the PRC manages foreign " ******* END TEXT: "xts, journalists and editors frequently engage in self-censorship to avoid offenses. The relocation\n"
9780472024506 - page_214: "START TEXT: \nand demotion of editors is not uncommon and they can be held responsible for their employees' repor" ******* END TEXT: "The imperative to retain a monopoly in the information market also prohibits Chinese companies from\n"
9780472024506 - page_215: "START TEXT: \nsetting up joint media ventures with foreign ownership. The Internet has, of course, immensely comp" ******* END TEXT: "ring, they risk being arrested, interrogated, and having notes and footage confiscated. Journalists\n"
9780472024506 - page_216: "START TEXT: \nare also required to seek permission for interviews in Beijing and are discouraged from conducting " ******* END TEXT: " and human-rights groups for China to provide an atmosphere of greater freedom and openness for the\n"
9780472024506 - page_217: "START TEXT: \nOlympics, as well as the Chinese government's desire to be seen as an increasingly powerful, but be" ******* END TEXT: " more liberal handling of the press. Explained as part of a policy shift toward “serving the media”\n"
9780472024506 - page_218: "START TEXT: \ninstead of managing it, Vice-Minister Wang stated that there are “a hundred advantages and not a si" ******* END TEXT: "seem to contradict Beijing's creation of “an enabling environment for foreign journalists” (Hutzler\n"
9780472024506 - page_219: "START TEXT: \n2006), and a continuing confining atmosphere for the domestic media has dampened enthusiasm for Chi" ******* END TEXT: "ative mechanisms by which to further control the flow of information. In a fascinating glimpse into\n"
9780472024506 - page_220: "START TEXT: \nthe PRC's conception of politics and journalism, when foreign reporters attempted to interview Zhen" ******* END TEXT: "he factory's private security officers, necessitating hours of negotiations before their release. A\n"
9780472024506 - page_221: "START TEXT: \nBBC crew was arrested in Hunan province for investigating a rumored student death in a protest over" ******* END TEXT: "nment makes the rules permanent.\nRegardless of whether or not the new rules are made permanent, the\n"
9780472024506 - page_222: "START TEXT: \nPRC's media climate is still troubling for both foreign and domestic media alike. With a built-in e" ******* END TEXT: "a domestic grip on information. Whether it is by curtailing permissible reporting in the internally\n"
9780472024506 - page_223: "START TEXT: \ninfluential domestic press, firing and jailing journalists and dissidents, or maintaining a purpose" ******* END TEXT: "rting on whatever the government classifies as “false information.” See People's Daily Online 2007.\n"
9780472024506 - page_224: "START TEXT: \n7. Vice-Minister Wang also commented that part of the ideological and practical shift toward servin" ******* END TEXT: "f an independent press, which is sometimes synonymous with politically influential, modern nations.\n"
9780472024506 - page_225: "START TEXT: \nREFERENCES\nArmitage, Catherine. 2005. Countdown to a Crisis. Australian, August 8. LexisNexis (acce" ******* END TEXT: "s on Media for '08 Olympics. Wall Street Journal, December 4. LexisNexis (accessed March 21, 2007).\n"
9780472024506 - page_226: "START TEXT: \nGamesbids.com. Archive—Beijing 2008 Olympics Bid. Available at http://www.gamesbids.com/english/arc" ******* END TEXT: "racy in China: Between the Party Line and the Bottom Line. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_227: "START TEXT: IIITheaters of Representation\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "IIITheaters of Representation\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_228: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024506 - page_229: "START TEXT: “All Under Heaven”—Megaspace in Beijing\nCarolyn Marvin\nStaging the 2008 Olympics is heady stuff for " ******* END TEXT: "ld-dominating modern nations including the United States, the Netherlands, and England (Beijingmike\n"
9780472024506 - page_230: "START TEXT: \n2007), there was scant need for the series to name China as the coming tenth to ascend to greatness" ******* END TEXT: "(1991). Lefebvre posits a trialectic of contending and contradictory forces that can go some way to\n"
9780472024506 - page_231: "START TEXT: \nplumb the multiple material layers of the current Olympic drama, though any such framework for such" ******* END TEXT: "wspaper coverage of the bidding process riveted public attention while posters and slogans appeared\n"
9780472024506 - page_232: "START TEXT: \neverywhere in the run-up to the announcement of the 2008 Olympic host city. When word came, Beijing" ******* END TEXT: "tal steward. The “High-tech” Olympics will promote a China possessed of first-world communications,\n"
9780472024506 - page_233: "START TEXT: \ntransportation, and building technologies. For the “People's” Olympics, China hopes to demonstrate " ******* END TEXT: "novated. A new $1.9 billion terminal designed by Norman Foster in the shape of a flying dragon, the\n"
9780472024506 - page_234: "START TEXT: \ntotem animal of Beijing, will make Tianjin International Airport the world's largest at a million s" ******* END TEXT: "rought, Beijing's average per capita water availability is 300 cubic meters annually, far below the\n"
9780472024506 - page_235: "START TEXT: \n1,000 cubic meter international benchmark (Xinhua 2006c). The city's current maximum daily consumpt" ******* END TEXT: "0 percent of Beijing's sewage in modern plants by 2010, compared to 60 percent in 2002 (Ness 2002).\n"
9780472024506 - page_236: "START TEXT: \nOlympic Space\nNearly half of Beijing's competition venues are sited on Olympic Green, the purpose-b" ******* END TEXT: "ind of monument was most suitable for the space caused more delay, a debate that grew sharper after\n"
9780472024506 - page_237: "START TEXT: \nthe 1989 democracy protests made the regime wary of drawing people to Tiananmen Square. While inter" ******* END TEXT: "ford (China Youth Daily 2004). Also of concern was the symbolism (and maintenance costs) of a large\n"
9780472024506 - page_238: "START TEXT: \npool in a city of scarce water resources. Official descriptions of the design—sparkling drop of wat" ******* END TEXT: "Donut” consists of two vertical sections leaning toward one another at 60-degree angles and bent at\n"
9780472024506 - page_239: "START TEXT: \nright angles into horizontal connectors at top and bottom to form a continuous Möbius-strip loop. T" ******* END TEXT: "e way we live, are natural suckers for totalitarianism. And, indeed, suckers for capitalist excess.\n"
9780472024506 - page_240: "START TEXT: \nIn a similar vein Spanish critic Luis Fernández-Galiano (2003) writes that the tower conveys “the c" ******* END TEXT: "s the site. The final look of the Green will remain something of a mystery until the opening of the\n"
9780472024506 - page_241: "START TEXT: \nGames, and there is reason to believe it will differ in important details from the layout presented" ******* END TEXT: " ceremonies and all major track and field competitions and football finals. The 91,000-seat stadium\n"
9780472024506 - page_242: "START TEXT: \nis the biggest commission ever undertaken by Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, of Tate Modern an" ******* END TEXT: "f the cave swift, the main ingredient of a prized Chinese delicacy associated with ritual feasting.\n"
9780472024506 - page_243: "START TEXT: \nThe stadium is self-consciously green, housing a natural air ventilation system central to its much" ******* END TEXT: "e, the assertive Western look and feel of the most visible Olympic structures has been a continuing\n"
9780472024506 - page_244: "START TEXT: \nsource of civic grumbling. Forced to accept the program of the Games as a showcase of Occidental sp" ******* END TEXT: "e architects to steer the building boom that followed the Deng reforms, many observers regard every\n"
9780472024506 - page_245: "START TEXT: \nnew Western-style building as a loss of Chinese identity. It does not help that substandard buildin" ******* END TEXT: "” (Meyer 2003). Looking back on a century of unthinking modernization lately kicked into high gear,\n"
9780472024506 - page_246: "START TEXT: \nKongjian Yu, founder and dean of the Graduate School of Landscape Architecture at Beijing Universit" ******* END TEXT: "chitecture goes back, as so much does, to the trauma of the Cultural Revolution. Nor is it of small\n"
9780472024506 - page_247: "START TEXT: \nconsequence that China's ancient building traditions had persisted nearly unchanged up to the fall " ******* END TEXT: "lls within walls was no small undertaking. Ancient city ramparts and blocks of tiled-roof courtyard\n"
9780472024506 - page_248: "START TEXT: \nhouses that had formed the city's elegant aesthetic since the Ming dynasty were leveled. To celebra" ******* END TEXT: "quiescent and submissive role demanded of Chinese citizens, they dared the state to reclaim its own\n"
9780472024506 - page_249: "START TEXT: \nspace. It did so with a horrific display of force in the surrounding streets that deeply damaged it" ******* END TEXT: "aces were royal playgrounds. Lesser parks, temple and monastic gardens, and private scholar gardens\n"
9780472024506 - page_250: "START TEXT: \nwere reserved for the gentry. Mary Padua (2006, 31) finds key elements of classical Chinese garden " ******* END TEXT: "able natural habitat. But Kunlun Mountain and Dragon Lake have now become Main Mountain and Olympic\n"
9780472024506 - page_251: "START TEXT: \nLake and have migrated to the southern half of the park below the fifth ring road where they are sa" ******* END TEXT: "y to industrialization, market reform, and growing demands for living space in the post-Mao period.\n"
9780472024506 - page_252: "START TEXT: \nRegime claims for the positive benefits of this transformation notwithstanding, the quality of trav" ******* END TEXT: " new buildings. Armies of gardeners, it seems, have groomed every intersection and highway viaduct.\n"
9780472024506 - page_253: "START TEXT: \nThe district set aside for the “Olympic Green” will be no exception to this program of agoraphobic " ******* END TEXT: "f celebrations for the handover of Hong Kong in 1997, the government has not otherwise pursued him.\n"
9780472024506 - page_254: "START TEXT: \nHis mode of public engagement has enlisted positive press coverage, and admiring followers have mar" ******* END TEXT: "ern edge of the city, from which the Green is not readily accessible except by systems of transport\n"
9780472024506 - page_255: "START TEXT: \nthat lend themselves to state control should the need arise. The regime nonetheless confronts a nas" ******* END TEXT: "ang 2005, 43–45.\n7. An excellent discussion of China's changed residential landscape is Wu F. 2005.\n"
9780472024506 - page_256: "START TEXT: \nREFERENCES\nBecker, Jasper. 2004. Seeing Red. New Republic, December 9. http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml" ******* END TEXT: "://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=478048&story_id=8776275.\n"
9780472024506 - page_257: "START TEXT: \nEconomist.com. 2007b. Grim Tales. May 29. http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displ" ******* END TEXT: "on of Superficiality: Chinese Architecture since 1979. Journal of Architecture 4 (winter): 391–409.\n"
9780472024506 - page_258: "START TEXT: \nLubow, Arthur. 2006. The China Syndrome. New York Times Magazine, May 21.\nMarquand, Robert. 2004. E" ******* END TEXT: "on. Guardian Unlimited, September 5.\nWolf, Gary. 2000. Exploring the Unmaterial World. Wired, June.\n"
9780472024506 - page_259: "START TEXT: \nWu, Fulong. 2005. Rediscovering the “Gate” under Market Transition: From Work-unit Compounds to Com" ******* END TEXT: "estroying the Remembered and Recovering the Forgotten in Chai. China Information 19 (3): 489–504.\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_260: "START TEXT: From Athens to Beijing\nThe Closing Ceremony and Olympic Television Broadcast Narratives\nChristopher " ******* END TEXT: " moment that a new Olympiad begins.\nDuring the closing ceremony of the Athens 2004 Games, the mayor\n"
9780472024506 - page_261: "START TEXT: \nof Athens, Dora Bakoyyanis, passed the Olympic Flag to mayor of Beijing Wang Qishan, signifying the" ******* END TEXT: "st can be observed through its architecture; through the official symbols of the Beijing Organizing\n"
9780472024506 - page_262: "START TEXT: \nCommittee of the Olympic Games (BOCOG); and, as we claim, through its cultural presentation during " ******* END TEXT: " internationally. In some cases “no representation” occurs as national broadcasters ignore national\n"
9780472024506 - page_263: "START TEXT: \nidentities, which happened in the case of Barcelona 1992 when the Chinese state broadcaster did not" ******* END TEXT: "namic notion of change, which is linked to the celebration of the Games and the change this brings.\n"
9780472024506 - page_264: "START TEXT: \n3. Choose appropriate symbolic representations of the desired character. The selection and design o" ******* END TEXT: "nal and local cultural messages that can be understood by international audiences. For as Dayan and\n"
9780472024506 - page_265: "START TEXT: \nKatz (1992) have observed, while the nation is central in the Olympic Games, the Olympic host's abi" ******* END TEXT: "hat the broadcasts do not directly represent their country or culture, but because commentators are\n"
9780472024506 - page_266: "START TEXT: \n“chosen” and therefore accepted by their respective national culture, their commentary can offer va" ******* END TEXT: "ies a position of omniscience.\nAlso characteristic of entertainment presentations is the element of\n"
9780472024506 - page_267: "START TEXT: \ntriviality. Commentators tend to distort basic cultural elements and ritual meanings through their " ******* END TEXT: "truction of their narratives.\nThis document remains a closely guarded secret so as to avoid leaking\n"
9780472024506 - page_268: "START TEXT: \nof the contents, and is only available shortly before the ceremony itself, which provides some chal" ******* END TEXT: "nce with tradition, I call upon the youth of the world to assemble four years from now in Beijing.”\n"
9780472024506 - page_269: "START TEXT: \nThese are the only words spoken live in the stadium during the twenty minutes of handover and the p" ******* END TEXT: "ially recognized by an international audience, and the traditional martial art of Wushu. A group of\n"
9780472024506 - page_270: "START TEXT: \nchildren then entered the stage to perform Beijing Opera in traditional dress and masks.\nThe final " ******* END TEXT: " success of Athens as a host city, and look toward 2008 and anticipate the coming Games in Beijing.\n"
9780472024506 - page_271: "START TEXT: \nOlympism and Universal Values\nThe commentators from CBC, Televisa, and to a lesser extent NBC made " ******* END TEXT: "niversal values or Olympism during this segment, and the Spanish commentators adopted a celebratory\n"
9780472024506 - page_272: "START TEXT: \nnarrative (Moragas et al. 1995). The entrance of the mayors was met with “Here you have them!” whic" ******* END TEXT: " host role should produce moments of reflection, or in some cases judgment, among the broadcasters.\n"
9780472024506 - page_273: "START TEXT: \nThese comments can be influential in the opinion forming process, despite their subjectivity. For e" ******* END TEXT: "mehow overprepared as hosts and this fit with an image of a country that was developing so rapidly:\n"
9780472024506 - page_274: "START TEXT: \nAn impressive push by the Chinese, not only in sports, but also in general. Its growth in recent ye" ******* END TEXT: "ouncing his name several times, TVE focused on the prestigious career of Zhang and his contemporary\n"
9780472024506 - page_275: "START TEXT: \ncultural relevance in international cinema. The Eurosport commentators talked throughout the video," ******* END TEXT: "ports broadcasters, which affected the representation of the cultural contents. The comments of NBC\n"
9780472024506 - page_276: "START TEXT: \nwere an example of the “sportification” of the cultural displays. The red-streamer dance was observ" ******* END TEXT: " it created uncomfortable moments that did not fit with the narratives of some of the commentators.\n"
9780472024506 - page_277: "START TEXT: \nFor example, the NBC co-commentator suddenly used an extract almost direct from the media guide, wh" ******* END TEXT: " certain common themes could be identified in relation to the representation of Beijing as the next\n"
9780472024506 - page_278: "START TEXT: \nOlympic host, such as the recognition of China as an emerging sporting superpower and the focus on " ******* END TEXT: " clearly focused on China's traditional cultural heritage combined with contemporary, international\n"
9780472024506 - page_279: "START TEXT: \nmessages. There were also no reflections on criticisms of the IOC's decision to award the Games to " ******* END TEXT: "rituals, as well as the representation of nations. Interactive services may provide the opportunity\n"
9780472024506 - page_280: "START TEXT: \nfor viewers in some countries to choose camera angles and commentary (narrative) styles, and to acc" ******* END TEXT: "history, largely as a result of the increasing speed of globalizing processes, while simultaneously\n"
9780472024506 - page_281: "START TEXT: \ncontributing to the acceleration of global economic, social, and cultural exchange.\nHowever, to wha" ******* END TEXT: " Despite this, some national broadcasts were still not conducive to intercultural understanding and\n"
9780472024506 - page_282: "START TEXT: \ninvolved frequent inaccuracies and sometimes trivialization of the host for the sake of entertainme" ******* END TEXT: "hu Katz. 1992. Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.\n"
9780472024506 - page_283: "START TEXT: \nMacAloon, John. 1989. Festival, Ritual, and Television. In The Olympic Movement and the Mass Media," ******* END TEXT: "natoday.com. http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/English/e2006/e200607/p54.htm (accessed June 17, 2007).\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_284: "START TEXT: New Technologies, New Narratives\nLee Humphreys and Christopher J. Finlay\nMedia events and communicat" ******* END TEXT: "ly as being facilitated by technology, but as crucial opportunities for institutions and nations to\n"
9780472024506 - page_285: "START TEXT: \nutilize new communication technologies and technological formats (Roche 2000) to alter their place " ******* END TEXT: " aspects of the High-Tech Beijing Games. This is not just about specific advances in communications\n"
9780472024506 - page_286: "START TEXT: \nhardware and software; the High-Tech performance should also be understood as a platform for constr" ******* END TEXT: "re importantly, the Games management, succeeds—and this is the Dream—it could usher in a new way of\n"
9780472024506 - page_287: "START TEXT: \nthinking about China's ability to lead on the global stage. Failure will only add to the existing M" ******* END TEXT: "gh the host country's athletes, but also through the facilities and technology the local organizing\n"
9780472024506 - page_288: "START TEXT: \ncommittee uses to host the event. Communication technology's role in the Games is increasingly cent" ******* END TEXT: " nearest equivalent to front row seats whenever and wherever anything exciting was happening. Thus,\n"
9780472024506 - page_289: "START TEXT: \nthe listeners of five continents found themselves at Wembley as the competitors of 59 nations march" ******* END TEXT: "pics as an opportunity to project the host country's technological advancements onto a world stage.\n"
9780472024506 - page_290: "START TEXT: \nCase Study I: The Lenovo Sponsorship\nLenovo's sponsorship and the Beijing Games High-Tech theme are" ******* END TEXT: "hinkcentre, for a period of five years (Lower 2007). In effect, the deal created a five-year period\n"
9780472024506 - page_291: "START TEXT: \nduring which Lenovo could focus on branding and product integration before the IBM logo rights beco" ******* END TEXT: "ent for use by event organizers during the Games (Liu 2007a). This is a risky yet important venture\n"
9780472024506 - page_292: "START TEXT: \nthat attempts to solidify brand trust as opposed to creating brand awareness. If Lenovo equipment i" ******* END TEXT: " Lenovo Advertising” (Lenovo 2007). On March 27, 2007, Lenovo began airing daily twenty-five-second\n"
9780472024506 - page_293: "START TEXT: \nspots on CCTV channels in advance of CCTV 1's primetime news program and during daytime viewing hou" ******* END TEXT: "ic desire to build international understanding” (Lenovo 2005). Indeed, an international event would\n"
9780472024506 - page_294: "START TEXT: \nseem the ideal place to promote Lenovo as a company that has an “international executive team” and " ******* END TEXT: "se the Olympic torch route is intended to include the scaling of the highest mountain in the world,\n"
9780472024506 - page_295: "START TEXT: \nMount Qomolangma (or Mt. Everest) in Tibet. To scale the mountain successfully, the torch will have" ******* END TEXT: " also be said that China's reputation plays an equally important role in determining Lenovo's fate.\n"
9780472024506 - page_296: "START TEXT: \nCase Study II: Mobile Initiatives\nMobile technology initiatives are an important component of Beiji" ******* END TEXT: " sector are the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Science and Technology,\n"
9780472024506 - page_297: "START TEXT: \nand the State Administration of Radio Film and Television. One question, one narrative outcome, is " ******* END TEXT: "Industry leaders insist that TD-SCDMA will be ready in time for the 2008 Games. The deputy director\n"
9780472024506 - page_298: "START TEXT: \nof TD-SCDMA at the largest equipment vendor for TD-SCDMA said, “TD-SCDMA will play a critical role " ******* END TEXT: "elopment of any mobile services.\nIn addition to the technological challenges of 3G, administrative,\n"
9780472024506 - page_299: "START TEXT: \npolitical, and economic issues in China have also provided hurdles to mobile initiatives. Once a mo" ******* END TEXT: "ic media planners of the Beijing Games must develop new ways to reach an ever more mobile audience.\n"
9780472024506 - page_300: "START TEXT: \nMobile Sousveillance and Potential Counternarratives\nWhile coverage of the 2008 Olympics through mo" ******* END TEXT: "6 a UCLA student refused to show his student identification to campus police at the library and was\n"
9780472024506 - page_301: "START TEXT: \nsubsequently stunned with a Taser gun. Several nearby students caught this exchange with their came" ******* END TEXT: "orities postponed construction of the factory to conduct a review of the environmental impact (Cody\n"
9780472024506 - page_302: "START TEXT: \n2007). The sousveillance enabled by mobile technology is changing the flow of information among cit" ******* END TEXT: "de stage, and backstage activities will be captured and recorded one way or another; however, which\n"
9780472024506 - page_303: "START TEXT: \nbackstage activities get disseminated remains to be seen. Similarly, as a TOP sponsor and provider " ******* END TEXT: "essweek.com/technology/content/nov2006/tc20061127_928580.htm?chan=search (accessed August 2, 2007).\n"
9780472024506 - page_304: "START TEXT: \nBusinessWeek.com. 2007. Beijing's Wireless Olympic Games. June 5. http://www.businessweek.com/print" ******* END TEXT: "ions Magazine 43 (1): 30–37.\nLi Weitao, and Yu Yilei. 2007. Olympics to Fuel Lenovo's Growth. China\n"
9780472024506 - page_305: "START TEXT: \nDaily, April 28, 3. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2007-04/28/con tent_862325.htm (accessed Augu" ******* END TEXT: "079450849239-EV1aN93UYjV7M3Nd14dy4qSFYvg_20070403.html?mod=regionallinks (accessed August 2, 2007).\n"
9780472024506 - page_306: "START TEXT: \nSpencer, Richard. 2007. Fears Rise for China's Olympics Workers as 6 Die. Daily Telegraph, April 3," ******* END TEXT: " Mainland Decides Mobile TV Standard. South China Morning Post, October 31, Business section, 15.\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_307: "START TEXT: Embracing Wushu\nGlobalization and Cultural Diversification of the Olympic Movement\nHai Ren\nHomogeniz" ******* END TEXT: "and, in doing so, leveling local sports cultural differences. Here are some points to keep in mind:\n"
9780472024506 - page_308: "START TEXT: \n• The sport events in the Olympic Games have been dominated by Western-oriented ones: among the 28 " ******* END TEXT: "ony; the few athletes and officials carrying the national flags signal nothing but “we are here.”\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_309: "START TEXT: \n• For a variety of reasons, the Olympic Games have been held less frequently in cities with non-Wes" ******* END TEXT: "d. They anticipated that their beloved sport would march easily into the Olympics, following in the\n"
9780472024506 - page_310: "START TEXT: \nfootsteps of Judo from Japan (introduced in the 1964 Tokyo Games) and Tae Kwon Do from Korea (intro" ******* END TEXT: "at the request from the International Wushu Federation (IWUF) would be further studied (IOC 2002c).\n"
9780472024506 - page_311: "START TEXT: \n\nFollowing further study, IWUF's application was rejected. The IOC president, on his October 2005 v" ******* END TEXT: "r of the Wushu Administration Center of China, disagrees; she says that “since the establishment of\n"
9780472024506 - page_312: "START TEXT: \nthe International Wushu Federation (IWUF) in 1991 (in Beijing), altogether 112 associations of mart" ******* END TEXT: "until the Games are over, Wushu's fate so far has not contributed to the realization of this goal.\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_313: "START TEXT: \nFunctions of Cultural Diversification\nWhy should we emphasize the importance of cultural diversity " ******* END TEXT: "r own destinies. It is for these reasons that respect for the culture and identity of peoples is an\n"
9780472024506 - page_314: "START TEXT: \nimportant element in any viable approach to people-centered development (World Bank 1999).\nIntercul" ******* END TEXT: "'s thoughts and deep feelings. Those abstract concepts are such an integral and natural part of the\n"
9780472024506 - page_315: "START TEXT: \nphysical activity that learners inevitably experience those ideas in the course of doing the exerci" ******* END TEXT: " the new demand of the Olympics and nourish the Movement with fresh cultural resources. The natural\n"
9780472024506 - page_316: "START TEXT: \nenvironment has taught us serious lessons about how the extinction of a given species diminishes fu" ******* END TEXT: "and this has reinforced an image of them as passive beneficiaries who must depend on the generosity\n"
9780472024506 - page_317: "START TEXT: \nof others. Until now, most discussions about promoting the Olympic Movement in the developing count" ******* END TEXT: "k has insisted that for development “to be inclusive and sustainable, it must nurture the diversity\n"
9780472024506 - page_318: "START TEXT: \nof belief systems and traditions that enhance people's self-images and give them confidence to act " ******* END TEXT: "on, Lausanne, 11 and 12 December. Available at http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_588.pdf.\n"
9780472024506 - page_319: "START TEXT: \nInternational Olympic Committee. 2000. IOC Highlights of the Week 39. September 25–October 1.\nInter" ******* END TEXT: " Development/World Bank.\nXinhua. 2007. Beijing Olympics to Showcase Wushu in Optimal Way. May 30.\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_320: "START TEXT: “We Are the Media”\nNonaccredited Media and Citizen Journalists at the Olympic Games\nAndy Miah, Beatr" ******* END TEXT: "ist in this context enables privileged access to Games venues and the exclusive right to report the\n"
9780472024506 - page_321: "START TEXT: \nofficial competitions. However, new technologies and new sources of supply have highlighted the nee" ******* END TEXT: "t (e.g., the audio-visual file-share Web site, YouTube, came online around the end of 2005). Torino\n"
9780472024506 - page_322: "START TEXT: \ndemonstrated the challenge posed by such journalists, given the capacity to publish multimedia cont" ******* END TEXT: "subsequent restructuring of the Olympic Movement in the 1980s as a commercially viable enterprise,2\n"
9780472024506 - page_323: "START TEXT: \nthe IOC has treated the media as a crucial Games stakeholder and a key member of what is termed the" ******* END TEXT: "tional Broadcasting Center operate in different ways, the latter being one of the most inaccessible\n"
9780472024506 - page_324: "START TEXT: \nOlympic venues, as it holds the strictly protected “moving image” feed of all sport competitions, c" ******* END TEXT: "tity. For example, for the London 2012 Olympic Games, the British Government instituted an “Olympic\n"
9780472024506 - page_325: "START TEXT: \nBill” (House of Commons 2005). These stipulations reveal that the IOC considers the Games to be its" ******* END TEXT: "the local hosts of platforms outside the obligations of the Host City Contract and IOC regulations.\n"
9780472024506 - page_326: "START TEXT: \nDealing with the New Journalistic Masses: From Sydney 2000 to Torino 2006\nFollowing the establishme" ******* END TEXT: "are not looked after by being given good facilities from which to operate, if they are not provided\n"
9780472024506 - page_327: "START TEXT: \nwith assistance in delivering interesting stories, the result is a deluge of media coverage critica" ******* END TEXT: "dited center was located in the Zappeion Center, directly next to the city's main square, Syntagma.\n"
9780472024506 - page_328: "START TEXT: \nThe Zappeion Press Center was established in a building that had historic value for both the city a" ******* END TEXT: " a phenomenon that has had a formal name since the Sydney 2000 Olympics: that is, the Nonaccredited\n"
9780472024506 - page_329: "START TEXT: \nMedia Center. Over the years, some common features have emerged to distinguish these centers. First" ******* END TEXT: "oups, who may have a specific agenda to uncover the most controversial issues emerging during Games\n"
9780472024506 - page_330: "START TEXT: \ntime. Furthermore, those at the Nonaccredited Media Center are neither regularly accredited in thei" ******* END TEXT: " is conducive to the city's interest in promoting locally rooted messages. The venue is typically a\n"
9780472024506 - page_331: "START TEXT: \ncity center surrounded by relevant cultural attractions and political institutions. In contrast, th" ******* END TEXT: "part of this division has to do with the differing interests of the media—the assumption that local\n"
9780472024506 - page_332: "START TEXT: \nculture and street celebrations are meaningful primarily to local media, whereas elite sport is of " ******* END TEXT: "ext of China is a multilayered task. First, one can discuss the rise of digital media technologies,\n"
9780472024506 - page_333: "START TEXT: \nas instances of new media proper, in scholarly terms. This would encompass the development of onlin" ******* END TEXT: " official structures could lead the NAMC to implement tighter restrictions on access and narrow the\n"
9780472024506 - page_334: "START TEXT: \nrange of participants it hosts. In short, one might suppose that this integration within BOCOG is i" ******* END TEXT: "eijing Games, for China's mainland territory. This is the first time that the IOC has separated the\n"
9780472024506 - page_335: "START TEXT: \nsale of television transmission rights from Internet and mobile broadcasting. However, while China " ******* END TEXT: "ed bloggers—including those who are approved to work from the NAMC—could face unknown penalties for\n"
9780472024506 - page_336: "START TEXT: \nbroadcasting material via the Internet, though this is likely to be of concern only in the context " ******* END TEXT: " favor a degree of invisibility at IOC level. If it were to become too successful at influencing TV\n"
9780472024506 - page_337: "START TEXT: \ncoverage or column space, Olympic media rights holders might question its legitimacy and even claim" ******* END TEXT: "(and different kinds of media attention). While for the IOC, the Olympic Games is an opportunity to\n"
9780472024506 - page_338: "START TEXT: \nshowcase and reinforce the Olympic brand as a global entity, for the host city, the Games as a glob" ******* END TEXT: "n of the media is taking place, while maintaining the financial infrastructure upon which the Games\n"
9780472024506 - page_339: "START TEXT: \nrely. In some sense, we can describe journalism at the NAMC as a form of ambush media—a phenomenon " ******* END TEXT: "s a moment of intense formal and informal cultural and political presentations and representations.\n"
9780472024506 - page_340: "START TEXT: \nWhen examining the evolution of the NAMC, it is remarkable to see how the initiative has progressed" ******* END TEXT: "of Vancouver and London, there is even greater reason to emphasize the changing technological media\n"
9780472024506 - page_341: "START TEXT: \nculture and consider the prospects. During the Torino Games, new media journalists from Vancouver, " ******* END TEXT: "er journalist at the Torino 2006 Winter Games. It refers to the Web site by the same name. Research\n"
9780472024506 - page_342: "START TEXT: \nfor this chapter was made possible by the generous support of the British Academy.\n1. We do not cla" ******* END TEXT: "tal number of visits from journalists during the entire Games period to the SMC. However, the total\n"
9780472024506 - page_343: "START TEXT: \nnumber of registered journalists is closer to the 5,000 figure indicated at the Legislative Council" ******* END TEXT: "t Network Information Center. 2007. Statistical Survey Report on the Internet Development in China.\n"
9780472024506 - page_344: "START TEXT: \nDayan, Daniel, and Elihu Katz. 1992. Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History. Cambridge: Har" ******* END TEXT: " Studies 16 (1): 13–25.\nPeople's Daily Online. 2007. 480 Million Mobile Phone Users in China. April\n"
9780472024506 - page_345: "START TEXT: \n25. Available at http://english.people.com.cn/200704/25/eng20070425_369708.html (accessed May 12, 2" ******* END TEXT: "in China Today: China Media Centre Founding Conference, Harrow Campus, University of Westminster.\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_346: "START TEXT: Definition, Equivocation, Accumulation, and Anticipation\nAmerican Media's Ideological Reading of Chi" ******* END TEXT: "st “a Green Olympics, a High-Tech Olympics, a People's Olympics” (Kolatch 2006). The official theme\n"
9780472024506 - page_347: "START TEXT: \nof the Olympic Games, “One World, One Dream,” suggests that China also seeks to position itself as " ******* END TEXT: "mpics that appeared in the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal between January 2003, and May\n"
9780472024506 - page_348: "START TEXT: \n2007. We selected these newspapers as our data because both are widely distributed national newspap" ******* END TEXT: "the discursive construction of China by American media is that of definition, which focuses on what\n"
9780472024506 - page_349: "START TEXT: \nBeijing and China will be like in the future. The exigence that creates this space is the tension b" ******* END TEXT: "al Society, Xu Pingfang, is quoted in one story with an explanation for what is happening in China:\n"
9780472024506 - page_350: "START TEXT: \n“There are two enemies of antiquity protection. Construction is one. Thieves are the others. They k" ******* END TEXT: "onlin 2006, 2) as well as the fact that Ticketmaster “won the exclusive contract to supply tickets”\n"
9780472024506 - page_351: "START TEXT: \nfor the Olympic Games (Silver 2006). Westerners also will recognize the regional airline on which t" ******* END TEXT: "rs are not. Archaeological projects, which suggest a reverence for Chinese history, are reported to\n"
9780472024506 - page_352: "START TEXT: \nbe “under way all over China,” and excavation of archaeological sites is encouraged in many ways, t" ******* END TEXT: "ia suggest that Beijing can be modern and familiar at the same time that it is historic and unique.\n"
9780472024506 - page_353: "START TEXT: \nSpace of Equivocation\nA second space that is created by the American media's presentation of China " ******* END TEXT: "in each of Sudan's two major oil consortia. The Sudanese government uses as much as 80% of proceeds\n"
9780472024506 - page_354: "START TEXT: \nfrom those sales to fund its brutal Janjaweed proxy militia.” They also note that China “has used i" ******* END TEXT: "orts “to prevent domestic critics from voicing negative views.” One Chinese couple, Hu Jia and Zeng\n"
9780472024506 - page_355: "START TEXT: \nJinyan, “who have promoted a variety of delicate social and political causes,” receive particular a" ******* END TEXT: "ournalist will only need to obtain the permission of the person being interviewed” (Yardley 2006c).\n"
9780472024506 - page_356: "START TEXT: \nFurther evidence of the theme that China is willing to share rather than to hoard or restrict infor" ******* END TEXT: "because it rhymes with the Chinese character for wealth; because the Olympics means the possibility\n"
9780472024506 - page_357: "START TEXT: \nof wealth for the Chinese, it “is no coincidence that the Summer Olympics in Beijing will open on 8" ******* END TEXT: "great thing that many Chinese brands and businesses are able to participate” (Fowler and Lee 2006).\n"
9780472024506 - page_358: "START TEXT: \nAnother way in which accumulation is featured in the media's discursive construction of China is in" ******* END TEXT: "ple is the media's reporting on the Chinese government's stunting of the growth of sports marketing\n"
9780472024506 - page_359: "START TEXT: \nthrough a “creaking socialist system of state control over athletic careers.” As a result, it is a " ******* END TEXT: "as turned a potentially huge consumer market into a land of 75-cent pirated DVDs and $10 fake Louis\n"
9780472024506 - page_360: "START TEXT: \nVuitton handbags.” If Olympics merchandise is copied, the market for Olympics goods will be dispers" ******* END TEXT: "ercent … the fastest pace in more than a decade” (Barboza 2007b). According to one story, favorable\n"
9780472024506 - page_361: "START TEXT: \neconomic trends continued in 2007, with the economy growing “11.1 percent in the first quarter” of " ******* END TEXT: "its of what is acceptable,” Li Lianfa, an economist at Peking University, is quoted as saying. “The\n"
9780472024506 - page_362: "START TEXT: \ngovernment is facing a lot of challenges.” Among the economic challenges, according to one reporter" ******* END TEXT: " China, as is so often the case, is that the potential problems are much bigger, have happened much\n"
9780472024506 - page_363: "START TEXT: \nfaster and could pose greater concerns for the entire world” (Yardley 2005b).\nSome stories use pred" ******* END TEXT: "yu, the head of China's equivalent of the United States' Food and Drug Administration, was executed\n"
9780472024506 - page_364: "START TEXT: \nfor accepting gifts and bribes from pharmaceutical companies (Barboza 2007c). Such incidents that s" ******* END TEXT: "hina might begin to be seen as negative in the constructed narrative because of its restrictions on\n"
9780472024506 - page_365: "START TEXT: \nthe media, for example, the spaces point to China's opening up of opportunities for foreign journal" ******* END TEXT: "e not always successful in insuring that their causes take precedence over the very nature of their\n"
9780472024506 - page_366: "START TEXT: \ncelebrity. In America's infotainment culture (Kellner 2003; West and Orman 2003), the public's atte" ******* END TEXT: "on, they are seen as driving China's transformation into a different kind of physical space. In the\n"
9780472024506 - page_367: "START TEXT: \nspace of equivocation, they are positioned as judges, measuring and passing judgment on China's pro" ******* END TEXT: "e Americans or other outsiders.\nThat the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal would construct\n"
9780472024506 - page_368: "START TEXT: \nChina with a balanced narrative that reassures themselves and their audiences concerning the unknow" ******* END TEXT: "(4): 25–26.\nBeck, Howard. 2007. Cavalier Seeks Players' Support for Darfur. New York Times, May 16.\n"
9780472024506 - page_369: "START TEXT: \nBitzer, Lloyd F. 1968. The Rhetorical Situation. Philosophy and Rhetoric 1: 1–14.\nChang, Leslie. 20" ******* END TEXT: "c Historian, 18: 7–23.\nHall, Stuart. 1988. The Toad in the Garden: Thatcherism among the Theorists.\n"
9780472024506 - page_370: "START TEXT: \nIn Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, ed. Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg, 35–57. Urbana" ******* END TEXT: "Mega-events and Modernity: Olympics and Expos in the Growth of Global Culture. New York: Routledge.\n"
9780472024506 - page_371: "START TEXT: \nSilver, Sara. 2006. Ticketmaster Prepares to Vault into China; Contract for Beijing Olympics Will B" ******* END TEXT: "e University Press.\nZinser, Lynn. 2006. Exchange Planned with China. New York Times, June 10, D6.\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_372: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024506 - page_373: "START TEXT: IVConclusion\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "IVConclusion\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_374: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024506 - page_375: "START TEXT: Toward the Future\nThe New Olympic Internationalism\nChristopher J. Finlay\nThe Beijing Olympics repres" ******* END TEXT: "pments in the Olympic Movement.\nWhen thinking about Olympic internationalism, there is a temptation\n"
9780472024506 - page_376: "START TEXT: \nto use international relations models that divide the world into familiar binaries such as Develope" ******* END TEXT: "ntial moment, cultural differences are celebrated. As Hardt and Negri suggest, cultural differences\n"
9780472024506 - page_377: "START TEXT: \nare thought to be “contingent rather than biological and essential, [and thus] they are thought not" ******* END TEXT: "on 2012 and Vancouver 2010, both of which are using the Games to foster greater cultural pluralism,\n"
9780472024506 - page_378: "START TEXT: \nare also addressing similar issues of transcultural negotiation. Together, these host cities aid in" ******* END TEXT: "established in 1994 and turned into a commission in 2004, and the Sport and Environment Commission,\n"
9780472024506 - page_379: "START TEXT: \nwhich was created in 1995 after the IOC stated that it “has acknowledged its particular responsibil" ******* END TEXT: "y an increasingly vital role in Olympic internationalism. Corporations, such as McDonald's, NBC, or\n"
9780472024506 - page_380: "START TEXT: \nSamsung (and new entrants like China's Lenovo), who have signed multi-Games sponsorship deals, have" ******* END TEXT: " entire government and the main opposition parties too, are behind this bid. It has total political\n"
9780472024506 - page_381: "START TEXT: \nsupport. It is the nation's bid” (Blair, 2005). The Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Oly" ******* END TEXT: "ternational influence, and the IOC has taken notice. But the transformation is not complete. Power,\n"
9780472024506 - page_382: "START TEXT: \nhere as elsewhere, is a function of voice, and the IOC, in an attempt to stay dynamic and relevant," ******* END TEXT: " with the organization were in the enviable position of having a monopoly on political and economic\n"
9780472024506 - page_383: "START TEXT: \npower in the Western half of a bipolar world. Today, in a post—Cold War globalized world, character" ******* END TEXT: "he same time, China's human rights record has remained a matter of great contention. The 2008 Games\n"
9780472024506 - page_384: "START TEXT: \nhave become a touchstone for groups who wish to bring attention to China's internal and external hu" ******* END TEXT: "7d). In the bid, Sochi addresses the role of the Olympics as an agent of change, but in a carefully\n"
9780472024506 - page_385: "START TEXT: \ncushioned way: “A celebration of the ‘new Russia’ during the 2014 Olympic Winter Games will showcas" ******* END TEXT: "2 and Vancouver 2010 bids, both of which shared commitments to social and economic outreach to some\n"
9780472024506 - page_386: "START TEXT: \nof the respective nations' poorest and most violent regions, conform to the pattern that Aksoy iden" ******* END TEXT: "e organizers “have taken a deliberately broad and inclusive definition of culture, representing the\n"
9780472024506 - page_387: "START TEXT: \nbreadth of London's and the UK's expertise and world standing” (London 2012 2007). Massey argues, “" ******* END TEXT: "ng alliance of states and sponsoring corporations in uneasy conversation with global civil society.\n"
9780472024506 - page_388: "START TEXT: \nNOTE\n1. The Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games (VANOC)" ******* END TEXT: " Wins 2012 Olympics. Available at http://www.cnn.com/2005/SPORT/07/06/singapore.olympics/index.htm.\n"
9780472024506 - page_389: "START TEXT: \nDowntown Eastside Residents Association. 2007. Making the Invisible Visible. Available at http://ww" ******* END TEXT: "pic Gold: The London and New York Bids for the 2012 Games. Journal of Urban Affairs 24 (5): 583–99.\n"
9780472024506 - page_390: "START TEXT: \nSochi 2014 Bid Committee. 2007a. Bid Highlights. Available at http://sochi2014.com/37404?\nSochi 201" ******* END TEXT: "alyses of a Global Phenomenon, ed. John Horne and Wolfram Manzenreiter, 73–89. Oxford: Blackwell.\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_391: "START TEXT: Beyond Media Events\nDisenchantment, Derailment, Disruption\nDaniel Dayan\nThe Olympics exemplify a cla" ******* END TEXT: "approach. A body of specialized literature is devoted to identifying, contextualizing, and updating\n"
9780472024506 - page_392: "START TEXT: \nthis “spirit” in reference to the pronouncements of the institution's entrepreneurial prophet, Pier" ******* END TEXT: "ple, in our book, we focused on three story forms, or “scripts,” that constitute the main narrative\n"
9780472024506 - page_393: "START TEXT: \npossibilities within the genre of Contests, Conquests, and Coronations. We argued that these three " ******* END TEXT: "technology. Media events may then create and integrate communities larger than nations. Indeed, the\n"
9780472024506 - page_394: "START TEXT: \ngenre of media events may itself be seen as a response to the integrative needs of national and, in" ******* END TEXT: "roject attempted to bring the anthropology of ceremony (Durkheim 1915; Handelman 1990; Levi-Strauss\n"
9780472024506 - page_395: "START TEXT: \n1963; Turner 1985) to bear on the process of mass communication. In this way, we defined the corpus" ******* END TEXT: "s automatically guaranteed a monopoly of attention, a characteristic imputed to the royal weddings,\n"
9780472024506 - page_396: "START TEXT: \ncoronations, and moon walks of an earlier day. This kind of exclusive focusing on one event at any " ******* END TEXT: "uitous cell phone is a constant invitation to disengage from the surrounding community. Reliance on\n"
9780472024506 - page_397: "START TEXT: \nnew media has reintroduced individualized reception, and this in turn has led to what seems to me t" ******* END TEXT: "e of these grammars brings us to the second implication, a political one. It concerns the quest for\n"
9780472024506 - page_398: "START TEXT: \nproximity that characterizes media events, and almost specializes them in the construction of what " ******* END TEXT: " of redefinition of identity. It is a sphere dominated by consensus and complemented by a mirroring\n"
9780472024506 - page_399: "START TEXT: \nsphere, the sphere of deviance. One sphere is meant to allow deliberation and debate. The other sph" ******* END TEXT: "d of Damocles. These multiple tensions and the calculated moves of various public actors interested\n"
9780472024506 - page_400: "START TEXT: \nin the exploitation of the event's charisma ask the question of “legitimate ownership” and undue ap" ******* END TEXT: ". London: Routledge.\nCsigo, Peter. 2007. Ritualizing and Mediating “Ordinary” Reality in the Era of\n"
9780472024506 - page_401: "START TEXT: \n“Event Television.” Paper presented at International Conference, Media Events, Globalization, and C" ******* END TEXT: "205–17.\nWeber, Max. 1946. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_402: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024506 - page_403: "START TEXT: Author Biographies\nSandra Collins is Lecturer in Japanese History and Culture in the history departm" ******* END TEXT: "s); and Professor of Media Sociology at the University of Geneva. He holds degrees in anthropology,\n"
9780472024506 - page_404: "START TEXT: \ncomparative literature, semiotics and film studies from Stanford University; the Sorbonne; and the " ******* END TEXT: "tment of Communication at the University of Colorado at Denver. Her research and teaching interests\n"
9780472024506 - page_405: "START TEXT: \nare in contemporary rhetorical theory and criticism, visual rhetoric, feminist perspectives on comm" ******* END TEXT: "e in human geography from the University of Oslo, and has read Chinese at Beijing Normal University\n"
9780472024506 - page_406: "START TEXT: \nand Princeton University. She did fieldwork in Beijing around the time when the city was awarded th" ******* END TEXT: "inking about Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century (Oxford University Press, 1988).\n"
9780472024506 - page_407: "START TEXT: \nAndy Miah is Reader in New Media and Bioethics at the University of the West of Scotland and Fellow" ******* END TEXT: "o: Law and Policy; Media and Sovereignty; and Television, the Public Sphere, and National Identity.\n"
9780472024506 - page_408: "START TEXT: \nHai Ren is Professor and Director of the Centre for Olympic Studies in Beijing Sport University and" ******* END TEXT: "itor of the International Review for the Sociology of Sport for the issues from 2000 to early 2004.\n"
9780472024506 - page_409: "START TEXT: \nBarbara J. Walkosz is a faculty member in the Department of Communication at the University of Colo" ******* END TEXT: "in Sparks. Her research interests include new media, online journalism, and user-created content.\n\n\n"
9780472024506 - page_410: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024506 - page_411: "START TEXT: Index\nAir quality, 21, 27, 72, 233, 235, 244, 287, 363\nAmbush marketing, 79–80, 82, 87, 91–92, 325, " ******* END TEXT: " and Evictions (COHRE), 3, 40, 252\nChan, Jackie, 18, 31\nChen Shui-bien, 34, 136\nChen Xitong, 30, 38\n"
9780472024506 - page_412: "START TEXT: \nChina Africa Forum, as dress rehearsal for 2008 Games, 24, 234\nChina Mobile, 51, 287, 296, 298\nChin" ******* END TEXT: " Olympics, 86–87, 92\nHitler, Adolf, 52, 121, 123, 164, 166, 173, 241\nHoberman, John, 92–93, 95, 378\n"
9780472024506 - page_413: "START TEXT: \nHollywood, 107, 110\nHomeless people/homelessness, 20, 40, 100, 230, 253, 349\nHu Jintao, 19, 39, 42," ******* END TEXT: "Media, restrictions on, 150–52, 210–23, 354–55; and Regulations Concerning Foreign Journalists, 215\n"
9780472024506 - page_414: "START TEXT: \nMedia events, 7–8, 86–88, 173, 177–78, 195–97, 284–85, 299, 391–400\nMelbourne 1956, 17, 119, 121–23" ******* END TEXT: "ocide Olympics; Spielberg, Steven; Sudan\nReporters without Borders, 1–2, 42, 99, 136, 216, 218, 354\n"
9780472024506 - page_415: "START TEXT: \nRoche, Maurice, 281, 378\nRogge, Jacques, 2, 75, 96, 169, 203, 268, 271, 274, 310–11\nRome 1960, 17, " ******* END TEXT: "rade Organization\nWushu, 269, 307, 309–13, 318\nXinjiang Autonomous Region, 2, 41, 50, 202, 215, 217\n"
9780472024506 - page_416: "START TEXT: \nYao Ming, 31–32, 131, 135, 180\nYoshinori Sakai (atom boy), 122, 192\nYuan/currency appreciation, 362" ******* END TEXT: "ion, 362\nZhang Dali, 253–4\nZhang Yimou, 18, 31, 155, 179, 201, 269, 274, 281\nZhang Ziyi, 131, 135\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_i: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024513 - page_ii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024513 - page_iii: "START TEXT: WIKI WRITING\nCollaborative Learning in the College Classroom\n \nEdited by Robert E. Cummings and Matt" ******* END TEXT: " and Matt Barton\nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS AND\nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARYANN ARBOR\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by Robert E. Cummings and Matt Barton 2008\nAll rights reserved\nPublished in the United " ******* END TEXT: "   808'.0420711—dc22                     2008032084\n      ISBN-13: 978-0-472-02224-3 (electronic)\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nfor ECS —REC\nfor Elizabeth Barton —MDB\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nfor ECS —REC\nfor Elizabeth Barton —MDB\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_vi: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024513 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Preface\nMatt Barton and Robert E. Cummings\nWiki Writing: Collaborative Learning in the College Class" ******* END TEXT: "k in dialogue with a community of inquiry (one) dedicated to a particular topic or mode of inquiry.\n"
9780472024513 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \nWikis are often simplistically described as Web sites that anyone can edit and seem to many people " ******* END TEXT: "ourself Against Fraud. The page appears to be authored by individuals who have firsthand experience\n"
9780472024513 - page_ix: "START TEXT: \nwith criminal activity on the popular online auction site. The Intel Software Network wiki is inten" ******* END TEXT: "ncerned with helping students, teachers, administrators, and other stakeholders in higher education\n"
9780472024513 - page_x: "START TEXT: \nunderstand the potential for wikis in the college classroom. The essays are grouped into three main" ******* END TEXT: " a series of wiki genres—the resource wiki, the presentation wiki, the gateway wiki, the simulation\n"
9780472024513 - page_xi: "START TEXT: \nwiki, and the illuminated wiki—and, by describing the key qualities and processes of each, provides" ******* END TEXT: "recount their experience of teaching large undergraduate courses using wikis. They too focus on the\n"
9780472024513 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \nconcept of establishing communities of inquiry among students. For their part, they find wikis to l" ******* END TEXT: "healthy wiki community.\nWill Lakeman's “Content and Commentary: Parallel Structures of Organization\n"
9780472024513 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: \nand Interaction on Wikis” investigates the question of how wikis allow authors to shape and access " ******* END TEXT: "introducing wikis to students.\nIn examining the challenges of incorporating wikis in the classroom,\n"
9780472024513 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: \nThomas J. Nelson pays special attention to how their collaborative nature reveals to students a tru" ******* END TEXT: "Accommodation” is very much a teacher's missive to fellow teachers. Whipple's voice is lighthearted\n"
9780472024513 - page_xv: "START TEXT: \nbut provides a very practical guide for teachers who might want to employ wikis in their classrooms" ******* END TEXT: "olume hopes to usher along that process of seeing the wiki for what it is—and for what it is not.\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024513 - page_xvii: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nWe would like to thank Mark Phillipson, Jonah Bossewitch, John Frankfurt, Alexander " ******* END TEXT: "o first introduced him to wikis and all that computers have to offer the teaching of composition.\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_xviii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024513 - page_xix: "START TEXT: Contents\nWhat Was a Wiki, and Why Do I Care? A Short and Usable History of WikisRobert E. Cummings\nW" ******* END TEXT: "no\nContent and Commentary: Parallel Structures of Organization and Interaction on WikisWill Lakeman\n"
9780472024513 - page_xx: "START TEXT: \nAbove and Below the Double Line: Refactoring and That Old-Time RevisionMichael C. Morgan\nWikis and " ******* END TEXT: "Curve: Curiosity, Trial, Resistance, and AccommodationBob Whipple\nBibliography\nContributors\nIndex\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_1: "START TEXT: What Was a Wiki, and Why Do I Care? A Short and Usable History of Wikis\nRobert E. Cummings\nThe meeti" ******* END TEXT: ". . I do believe in that well-worn adage that when every one is responsible no one is responsible.3\n"
9780472024513 - page_2: "START TEXT: \nWhile the chancellor amicably characterized responsible leadership as attentive to broad input, he " ******* END TEXT: "ct of allowing a Web page to be edited by a reader—which is really all that a wiki does—has created\n"
9780472024513 - page_3: "START TEXT: \na global transition to networked epistemology that affects most anyone who is concerned with knowle" ******* END TEXT: " other wikis. First, Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia (or at least it claims the encyclopedia as\n"
9780472024513 - page_4: "START TEXT: \na model—it diverges from those expectations in some significant ways). Other wikis may or may not a" ******* END TEXT: "xt big thing on the Internet” (only to be replaced by Web 2.0 months later). But the more technical\n"
9780472024513 - page_5: "START TEXT: \nanalyses acknowledged that there was a difference between a “wiki” and “Wikipedia” and focused on t" ******* END TEXT: "duct, a working piece of software. Therefore, both its audience and its writers would have a shared\n"
9780472024513 - page_6: "START TEXT: \nlexicon; shared worldview; and, most important, shared means of verifying truth—the software produc" ******* END TEXT: "ed the completely open Wikipedia, placing it on wiki software and allowing anyone to edit articles.\n"
9780472024513 - page_7: "START TEXT: \nThe well-documented growth of the encyclopedia has been phenomenal. During its first year of operat" ******* END TEXT: "ne, irrespective of expertise in or even familiarity with the topic, can edit that article, and the\n"
9780472024513 - page_8: "START TEXT: \nmodifications will stand until further modified. Then comes the entirely faith-based step: . . . so" ******* END TEXT: " product of multiple authors, takes a legislative turn: as a product of compromise between multiple\n"
9780472024513 - page_9: "START TEXT: \nparties and competing perspectives, conclusions trend conservative as style worsens.\nBut beyond iss" ******* END TEXT: "ecided to compare, through blind review, articles from Wikipedia to Encyclopedia Britannica Online.\n"
9780472024513 - page_10: "START TEXT: \nIn the study, entries were chosen from the websites of Wikipedia and Encyclopaedia Britannica on a " ******* END TEXT: "ing and research skills than an encyclopedia than a wholesale retraction of the worth of Wikipedia.\n"
9780472024513 - page_11: "START TEXT: \nThe Seigenthaler Controversy\nImplicit in Wales's statement is the idea that at least some of the kn" ******* END TEXT: " to hold accountable. Wikipedia could not provide this. Instead, Wikipedia relies on those invested\n"
9780472024513 - page_12: "START TEXT: \nin a knowledge community on a volunteer basis to provide edits, and the failure of that system is a" ******* END TEXT: "t is when you spread mean things about people.’ For me, that pillow is a metaphor for Wikipedia.”21\n"
9780472024513 - page_13: "START TEXT: \nThis raises the following question: If Wikipedia is able to propagate false information and enough " ******* END TEXT: "dent, “truthiness” even made some aspects of traditional knowledge production seem appealing again.\n"
9780472024513 - page_14: "START TEXT: \nWikia and Beyond\nWhat is the next step for wikis and Wikipedia? Writing for Entrepreneurs magazine," ******* END TEXT: "publicizing these new epistemological realities among college faculty and decision makers. In print\n"
9780472024513 - page_15: "START TEXT: \nculture, we have oftentimes erred by assigning too much credibility to the type of media rather tha" ******* END TEXT: "04, 34; Sebastian Rupley, “What's a Wiki? Even as Blogs—Web Logs Posted by Individuals—Proliferate,\n"
9780472024513 - page_16: "START TEXT: \na Complementary Form of Online Collaborative Communication Is Taking Off: Wikis,” PC Magazine, June" ******* END TEXT: "\n24. Adam Lashinsky, “Cashing in on Wiki-ness,” Entrepreneurs 154, no. 5 (September 4, 2006): 34.\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_17: "START TEXT: Wikis and the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Wikis and the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_18: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024513 - page_19: "START TEXT: Wikis in the Classroom: A Taxonomy\nMark Phillipson\nWhat Kind of Wiki?\nWikis come burdened with a sli" ******* END TEXT: ", a teacher generally ends up asking for a readily appropriated model. Given that all kinds of wiki\n"
9780472024513 - page_20: "START TEXT: \nsoftware is freely available, this kind of interlocutor will then often ask which one he or she sho" ******* END TEXT: "; they often perform a gamut of functions (presentational, collaborative, archival) simultaneously.\n"
9780472024513 - page_21: "START TEXT: \nNevertheless, I hope that even a crude and reductive classification of classroom wikis may ease the" ******* END TEXT: "tory of a natural environment in Skidmore College's NorthWoods wiki, the assemblage of a dictionary\n"
9780472024513 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nof population genetics at West Virginia University, or the self-styled “Micropedia” of educational " ******* END TEXT: "de sources, as the resource wiki claims for itself a place in the universe of reliable information.\n"
9780472024513 - page_23: "START TEXT: \nThe Presentation Wiki\nIn contrast to a resource wiki, which gathers student work for the theoretica" ******* END TEXT: "aching practices that can grow with us as researchers and teachers.”9 The Teaching English Language\n"
9780472024513 - page_24: "START TEXT: \nArts wiki at the University of British Columbia allows students to build workshops, individually or" ******* END TEXT: "ay wiki's particular potential from looking at a few pioneering social science and science classes.\n"
9780472024513 - page_25: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_26: "START TEXT: \nWhile a resource wiki bolsters its authority through outside citation, it delivers itself to an end" ******* END TEXT: "class notes, supplement readings with links to current news, and draw each other into discussion.13\n"
9780472024513 - page_27: "START TEXT: \n\nA University of Maryland class wiki entitled Eukaryotic Genetics and Molecular Biology is more foc" ******* END TEXT: "ect, and I think it provided a good way for all of the groups to share what they had researched.”16\n"
9780472024513 - page_28: "START TEXT: \n\nFinally, a gateway wiki can supplement student laboratory sections, providing a platform for stude" ******* END TEXT: "riting, but the logs do allow for reactive venting (“there is some terrible curse on the setup”).18\n"
9780472024513 - page_29: "START TEXT: \n\nThe meagerness of student interaction in the McGill physics lab wiki may reflect a fast-paced, com" ******* END TEXT: " interactivity of social software into environments that are not usually regarded as collaborative.\n"
9780472024513 - page_30: "START TEXT: \n\nThe Simulation Wiki\nIn contrast to the straightforward marshaling of information offered by a reso" ******* END TEXT: " and other navigational facilitation, a simulation wiki is more unpredictable; its content might be\n"
9780472024513 - page_31: "START TEXT: \nbrowsed through negotiation of unique pathways, confrontation with decision points, exploration of " ******* END TEXT: "hors of this project, however, had to imagine a complex environment of contingency and consequence.\n"
9780472024513 - page_32: "START TEXT: \n\nThough it does not present users with branching alternatives, Skidmore College's SkidmoreGreekTrag" ******* END TEXT: "e were trying to write a play—our play. We wanted it to work for us as much as for anybody else.”25\n"
9780472024513 - page_33: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_34: "START TEXT: \n\nThough the Holocaust Wiki Project and the SkidmoreGreekTragedy project are quite different in emph" ******* END TEXT: "moreGreekTragedy project are quite different in emphasis and presentation, they both bring students\n"
9780472024513 - page_35: "START TEXT: \ncloser to specific objects of study through group-negotiated emulation. In each case, coherence is " ******* END TEXT: "well, though it is as yet a rarity: the illuminated wiki. Unlike the encyclopedic resource wiki, an\n"
9780472024513 - page_36: "START TEXT: \nilluminated wiki focuses on the act of explication; it is devoted to close reading and communal map" ******* END TEXT: "cific individual classes could be rendered visible or invisible, depending on an instructor's need.\n"
9780472024513 - page_37: "START TEXT: \n\nAs “mashups” of wikis and mapping software proliferate, we are likely to see class wikis directly " ******* END TEXT: "that engagement with source material—their work as individuals and as a class—makes a difference.35\n"
9780472024513 - page_38: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_39: "START TEXT: \n\nWikis are proving natural components of Web application hybrids, or mashups—an increasingly preval" ******* END TEXT: "t to the collaborative environment that wikis foster. Resource building, presentation staging, data\n"
9780472024513 - page_40: "START TEXT: \nanalysis, role playing, exegesis—such activities have been intrinsic to serious study for a long ti" ******* END TEXT: ", http://academics.skidmore.edu/saratoga_census/wiki/index.php/Main_Page (accessed April 19, 2006).\n"
9780472024513 - page_41: "START TEXT: \n13. Biotechnology: Academic, Government & Industry Interactions and Tensions 2006, Harvard Universi" ******* END TEXT: "d.bowdoin.edu:8668/space/snipsnap-index;jsessionid=16rfhc65ofb6 (accessed April 19, 2006); Romantic\n"
9780472024513 - page_42: "START TEXT: \nAudience Project 2, Bowdoin College, http://ssad.bowdoin.edu:9780/snipsnap/eng242-s05/space/start (" ******* END TEXT: "ex.php/Main_Page.\nPHYS-339 Measurements Lab—McGill University Physics Department Technical Services\n"
9780472024513 - page_43: "START TEXT: \nWiki. (MediaWiki software). McGill University (cited February 28, 2006). Available from http://www." ******* END TEXT: "lable from http://web.archive.org/web/20060310114550/http://www.writehere.net/moin.cgi/FrontPage.\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_44: "START TEXT: Wiki Justice, Social Ergonomics, and Ethical Collaborations\nJonah Bossewitch, John Frankfurt, and Al" ******* END TEXT: "s the point of a wiki?\nOur essay begins by exploring the question, What is a wiki? Here, we propose\n"
9780472024513 - page_45: "START TEXT: \na model that locates wikis within the university's pedagogy-technology context and describes their " ******* END TEXT: "plaining how he plans to incorporate this type of technology into his future research and teaching.\n"
9780472024513 - page_46: "START TEXT: \nThe Model: What Is a Wiki?\nEssence of Engagement\nOur understanding of wikis can be enriched by look" ******* END TEXT: "ed to distinguish between raw software functionality and the varieties of engagements they support.\n"
9780472024513 - page_47: "START TEXT: \nCulture of Use: Code = Law?\nSocial software environments encourage particular usages, but a complet" ******* END TEXT: "ed with the software's culture of use, can we begin to appreciate the full dynamics of these tools.\n"
9780472024513 - page_48: "START TEXT: \nPlatonic Wikis\nSo far we have considered wikis as a part of the family of technologies informally l" ******* END TEXT: "the last word. Another illustration is the “despot wiki”—where the community is closed, you need to\n"
9780472024513 - page_49: "START TEXT: \nlog in to participate, and then you can edit only your own section. These despot wikis foster contr" ******* END TEXT: "the values of the users in ways that ought to be considered by the designers of these environments.\n"
9780472024513 - page_50: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_51: "START TEXT: \nThese variations can even be seen across deployments of the very same piece of software and are eve" ******* END TEXT: "irements independent of the ethical design considerations examined in this essay. As we write this,\n"
9780472024513 - page_52: "START TEXT: \nthe environments that mediate communications and learning are being constructed. These systems are " ******* END TEXT: "t these systems will persuade their users to adopt these values, but, given our previous arguments,\n"
9780472024513 - page_53: "START TEXT: \nthey may induce modes of behavior that will in turn lead to a heightened awareness and adjustment o" ******* END TEXT: "to be able to check in and provide feedback to the students as they were working on their projects.\n"
9780472024513 - page_54: "START TEXT: \nThe Social Justice Movements wiki, created for this class project, was a collaborative work space f" ******* END TEXT: "then, there were four elements of the wiki that were especially beneficial for Kelley's assignment:\n"
9780472024513 - page_55: "START TEXT: \n1. The ability to introduce a new technology into the course with minimal technical training.\n2. Th" ******* END TEXT: "allowed Kelley's class to perform these activities, which were essential to the project as a whole.\n"
9780472024513 - page_56: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_57: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_58: "START TEXT: \n \nAlong with the design, training, and implementation, Kelley and CCNMTL also developed methods to " ******* END TEXT: "also considered when grading. The students in Black Movements in the U.S. were not being trained to\n"
9780472024513 - page_59: "START TEXT: \nbe Web masters, but Kelley wanted online pages that had a creative and informed navigation as oppos" ******* END TEXT: " potential strategies for social change, this particular wiki fosters an alternative online culture\n"
9780472024513 - page_60: "START TEXT: \nleaning toward the oppositional. The public sphere of this wiki, in this context, is defined by its" ******* END TEXT: "oration, and there are numerous historical examples of these, even from thousands of years ago. Two\n"
9780472024513 - page_61: "START TEXT: \nmore recent efforts, Encyclopédie and the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) are both famous and well " ******* END TEXT: " the salon set.16 Even the censorious contributed—fifteen of the more than one hundred contributors\n"
9780472024513 - page_62: "START TEXT: \nalso worked as government censors!17 In all, more than one hundred writers contributed 72,998 artic" ******* END TEXT: "ers submitted their quotes of example usage of words, which were sorted by two people. (Originally,\n"
9780472024513 - page_63: "START TEXT: \nthey thought that fifty-four five-inch pigeon holes would hold all the words in English—they were o" ******* END TEXT: "massive undertakings, engaging more people than the average person knows.25 And the expanse covered\n"
9780472024513 - page_64: "START TEXT: \nin each case exceeds any one person's polymathy. The key point to understand is that the wiki-based" ******* END TEXT: "two interesting facets.\nThe first facet is that of accuracy through exhaustion: these collaborative\n"
9780472024513 - page_65: "START TEXT: \nefforts are collaborative precisely because they require a massive amount of human effort. Their ac" ******* END TEXT: "rld that we, as a group, believe to be better. Thus, wiki or no, together we make the world better.\n"
9780472024513 - page_66: "START TEXT: \nWhat is a wiki? A content management system anyone can read or edit.\nHow do you teach a wiki? Set a" ******* END TEXT: "ime you entered the Web you checked your personal control at the log-in. We were powerless, we were\n"
9780472024513 - page_67: "START TEXT: \nalienated, and we were delinquent. Is it any wonder the virus epidemic broke out so? Geeky delinque" ******* END TEXT: "er than ten had even heard of a wiki. Nevertheless, I learned some of the basics and introduced the\n"
9780472024513 - page_68: "START TEXT: \nbasic syntax to the students. In addition, both John and Jonah visited the class and gave a brief b" ******* END TEXT: "nge or alter on their own.\nI am now teaching at the University of Southern California (USC), and my\n"
9780472024513 - page_69: "START TEXT: \ncolleagues and some of the students I have met at USC are already talking about the Social Justice " ******* END TEXT: "sed June 13, 2005).\n 8. Donald Norman, The Design of Everyday Things (New York: Basic Books, 1988).\n"
9780472024513 - page_70: "START TEXT: \n 9. Lev Manovich, The Language of New Media. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001).\n10. The Social Justi" ******* END TEXT: "l 1, 2006, http://threatnyouth.pbwiki.com/f/Junk%20Playgrounds-Roy%20Kozlovsky.pdf.\n31. Ibid., 1.\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_71: "START TEXT: Building Learning Communities with Wikis\nDan Gilbert, Helen L. Chen, and Jeremy Sabol\nAs more and mo" ******* END TEXT: "ble to be adapted to so many different tasks—tasks that other tools were designed to accomplish—how\n"
9780472024513 - page_72: "START TEXT: \ncan we find out what wikis are ideally suited for? What are the chief virtues of wikis, and when ar" ******* END TEXT: " use wikis in the classroom primarily as a means of supporting student learning in the context of a\n"
9780472024513 - page_73: "START TEXT: \nsingle course. Instructors use wikis as repositories of student-generated work or information; they" ******* END TEXT: "imply too much work for a weeklong session that was not intended to create new proprietary content.\n"
9780472024513 - page_74: "START TEXT: \n\nCutting-Edge Technology Meets Preschool Board Game\nThe case study analyses revealed patterns that " ******* END TEXT: "r courses and in helping instructors make sense of how the wiki changes as their course progresses.\n"
9780472024513 - page_75: "START TEXT: \nAfter identifying the elements of the wiki in relation to learning communities, we searched for a m" ******* END TEXT: "tinct steps to building a community of practice, reaching that level might be considered a failure.\n"
9780472024513 - page_76: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_77: "START TEXT: \nThe game metaphor also reinforces the role of the instructor as the person who controls the action " ******* END TEXT: " actively shape the conventions that determine how they will participate and collaborate together.\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_78: "START TEXT: \nA clear articulation of these goals should help decide the next step, which involves developing a t" ******* END TEXT: "rs proved invaluable to the basic use of the wiki itself. In the case of the SCIL Summer Institute,\n"
9780472024513 - page_79: "START TEXT: \nstudents were the most excited about using the wiki when it became clear to them that the resources" ******* END TEXT: "nity—in general, users were much more willing to add text rather than edit or delete existing text.\n"
9780472024513 - page_80: "START TEXT: \nEven with an implemented framework, a clear rationale, and a technology plan in place with specifie" ******* END TEXT: "nged to shape the content, the context, and the nature of the collaboration in the online setting.\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_81: "START TEXT: \nA wiki offers much more functionality for supporting collaborations, such as creating documents wit" ******* END TEXT: "would participate in the wiki with the same commitment that they brought to their course meetings.\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_82: "START TEXT: \nThe implementation of any new practice in a classroom benefits greatly from the support and validat" ******* END TEXT: "the teaching team.7\nAs the wiki fills up with posts, reflections, and edits, it becomes a knowledge\n"
9780472024513 - page_83: "START TEXT: \nbase for the course and for the discipline. As more learners post a diverse set of resources and re" ******* END TEXT: "roups also had more structural support for sustained use, including designated roles for wiki use.\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_84: "START TEXT: \n\nAfter developing a collective sense of ownership over the wiki, the tool is primed for learners, i" ******* END TEXT: " limited to specific projects that are a part of the course. Learners collaborate on a larger scale\n"
9780472024513 - page_85: "START TEXT: \njust by contributing to the development of the online community that the wiki represents. In the ca" ******* END TEXT: "ts to the community and to the wiki were influenced most by the expectations set by the instructor.\n"
9780472024513 - page_86: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nConclusion/Implications\nThe framework elaborated in this chapter can help instructors to better und" ******* END TEXT: "s often explicit recognition—or fear of retribution—that encouraged community members to contribute\n"
9780472024513 - page_88: "START TEXT: \nduring the course. In their chapter, Bossewitch, Frankfurt, and Sherman point to the importance of " ******* END TEXT: "unity and situates the wiki as a tool to support that community. The wiki can maintain the life and\n"
9780472024513 - page_89: "START TEXT: \nactivity of a learning community, but it can only do so if the wiki itself is sustained by the comm" ******* END TEXT: "emann (Sydney: University of Sydney, Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, 2005), 95–105.\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_90: "START TEXT: Success through Simplicity: On Developmental Writing and Communities of Inquiry\nJohn W. Maxwell and " ******* END TEXT: "tion” work into the simplest possible wiki environment, with the surprising result that instructors\n"
9780472024513 - page_91: "START TEXT: \nbegan to invent new applications on their own rather than struggling to adapt to the technology. Bu" ******* END TEXT: " to Ward Cunningham,\nA wiki is a body of writing that a community is willing to know and maintain.5\n"
9780472024513 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nThe original WikiWikiWeb was not designed as educational technology. Ward Cunningham's foundational" ******* END TEXT: "tion with peers.\nCSILE's emphasis on the collective fixes the unit of analysis in the group itself.\n"
9780472024513 - page_93: "START TEXT: \nScardamalia and Bereiter write, “the community database serves as an objectification of a group's a" ******* END TEXT: "research methodology, “Issues of Validity in Openly Ideological Research” (1991), Goldman developed\n"
9780472024513 - page_94: "START TEXT: \nthe concept of “configurational validity,” an idea with considerable currency for wikis in educatio" ******* END TEXT: "ial was engaged in building collaborative learning environments. The research surrounding Guzdial's\n"
9780472024513 - page_95: "START TEXT: \nCaMILE project is recognizable in the mainstream of CSCL.17 The key idea in the CaMILE project—a We" ******* END TEXT: "—that the CoWeb is an example of an application in which teachers actively invent their own uses.21\n"
9780472024513 - page_96: "START TEXT: \nThe radical simplicity of the wiki is undoubtedly what has led many educators to consider and imple" ******* END TEXT: "earch question: what if “everything” were to be hosted in the wiki?—that is, not just the students'\n"
9780472024513 - page_97: "START TEXT: \nproject work but lecture notes and students' individual work as well: class papers, seminar notes, " ******* END TEXT: "ting-intensive” course provided an additional—perhaps essential—level of scaffolding and structure.\n"
9780472024513 - page_98: "START TEXT: \nWriting-Intensive Teaching and Learning\nWith the guidance of the Center for Writing-Intensive Learn" ******* END TEXT: " that they have read and understand the course material) or used primarily as a method of recording\n"
9780472024513 - page_99: "START TEXT: \n(i.e., note taking in class or tutorial), writing to learn aims to provide students with opportunit" ******* END TEXT: "nd for expanding the writing revision process. In the first scenario, the wiki was used much like a\n"
9780472024513 - page_100: "START TEXT: \ndiscussion forum, with the instructor supplementing lectures with discussion questions via the wiki" ******* END TEXT: "ts' work from the wiki.\nMoreover, in the graduate seminar, students were entirely ready and willing\n"
9780472024513 - page_101: "START TEXT: \nto depart from one another's views in the wiki. In a spring 2006 seminar, the class of eighteen stu" ******* END TEXT: "dy guide! My idea was to have a few different sections: People, Definitions, Chapters, Lectures. If\n"
9780472024513 - page_102: "START TEXT: \nyou want to contribute, edit the page, don't just comment. However, comments are welcome too! We co" ******* END TEXT: "ven though this is technically possible, the end result would still be awkward to navigate and read\n"
9780472024513 - page_103: "START TEXT: \nwhen compared to a wiki page, where all content is immediately visible either directly or via links" ******* END TEXT: " almost prototypically found in a community's self-documentation and collective self-representation\n"
9780472024513 - page_104: "START TEXT: \nin a wiki space. The conceptual precursors invoked here—especially Scardamalia and Bereiter and Gol" ******* END TEXT: "evels of Agency,” 51.\n12. Ricki Goldman-Segall, “Configurational Validity: A Proposal for Analyzing\n"
9780472024513 - page_105: "START TEXT: \nMultimedia Ethnographic Narratives,” Journal for Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia 4, no. 2 (19" ******* END TEXT: "on,” Journal of the Learning Sciences 10, no. 3 (2002): 265–79.\n19. Ibid.\n20. Ibid.\n21. Ibid., 6.\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_106: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024513 - page_107: "START TEXT: Wikis in Composition and Communication Classrooms\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Wikis in Composition and Communication Classrooms\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_108: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024513 - page_109: "START TEXT: Disrupting Intellectual Property: Collaboration and Resistance in Wikis\nStephanie Vie and Jennifer d" ******* END TEXT: " nevertheless made a concerted effort to use computerized technologies to open up opportunities and\n"
9780472024513 - page_110: "START TEXT: \npossibilities for textual collaboration. For example, early work in computers and composition envis" ******* END TEXT: "ng? Do wikis, in fact, disrupt established, dominant notions of intellectual property? Can wikis be\n"
9780472024513 - page_111: "START TEXT: \nused as pedagogical tools that challenge capitalist power structures while still providing students" ******* END TEXT: "chnologies and those who view these changes with anxiety and fear. However, the fearful attempts to\n"
9780472024513 - page_112: "START TEXT: \nsustain these modern conceptions are inherently conservative insofar as they seek to stifle the tec" ******* END TEXT: "d, the word author is derived from the Latin augere, a word tied closely to agricultural terms like\n"
9780472024513 - page_113: "START TEXT: \ngrow, increase, and augment. The author has the first rights to the harvests born from his land.9 B" ******* END TEXT: "to set up and use, what holds people back? The perceived lack of control coupled with the potential\n"
9780472024513 - page_114: "START TEXT: \nfor student disinterest and resistance are some reasons, we argue, that wikis are not commonly used" ******* END TEXT: "assroom use and using a previously established wiki that enjoys popular use outside of the academy.\n"
9780472024513 - page_115: "START TEXT: \nMethod 1. Creating Classroom Wikis: Fostering Collaborative Learning and Writing\nWhen deciding whic" ******* END TEXT: "d other institutional documents. They assist in moving away from the banking model of authoritative\n"
9780472024513 - page_116: "START TEXT: \npower invested in the teacher and the institution, helping empower students in their own learning p" ******* END TEXT: "d with constructivist views of classroom practices in mind, they more easily lend themselves to the\n"
9780472024513 - page_117: "START TEXT: \ntype of collaborative writing that allows us to upset traditional modes of intellectual property. S" ******* END TEXT: " threefold. First, presumably, there is already a healthy, thriving discourse community that guides\n"
9780472024513 - page_118: "START TEXT: \nand shapes the site. For example, as Robert E. Cummings notes in the introductory essay to this col" ******* END TEXT: "ey cannot conceive of any other way to edit their work. But in a wiki, students may find that their\n"
9780472024513 - page_119: "START TEXT: \nwork is fundamentally changed and altered by other users and must then grapple with how to assess a" ******* END TEXT: "u decide that you have caught the tenor of the argument; then you put in your oar. Someone answers;\n"
9780472024513 - page_120: "START TEXT: \nyou answer him; another comes to your defense; another aligns himself against you, to either the em" ******* END TEXT: "mputerized technologies. Their consumption of information is through smaller pieces and differently\n"
9780472024513 - page_121: "START TEXT: \nmediated forms; they rely more often on the Internet than the library for information gathering. Th" ******* END TEXT: "ect: A Critical Introduction to Rhetoric and the Writer, by Susan Miller; Expecting the Unexpected:\n"
9780472024513 - page_122: "START TEXT: \nTeaching Myself—and Others—to Read and Write, by Donald M. Murray; and The Presence of Thought: Int" ******* END TEXT: "fm (accessed May 2, 2006).\n21. Johnson-Eilola and Kimme Hea, “After Hypertext: Other Ideas,” 425.\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_123: "START TEXT: Agency and Accountability: The Paradoxes of Wiki Discourse\nD. A. Caeton\nIn keeping with what is thre" ******* END TEXT: " many times before, the prescience of this statement struck me as a discomfiting—albeit fair—rebuke\n"
9780472024513 - page_124: "START TEXT: \nagainst the unintended outcomes of my first effort to incorporate a wiki into a university-level co" ******* END TEXT: " they cannot be suppressed by merely reiterating the benefits of wiki discourse. It would, however,\n"
9780472024513 - page_125: "START TEXT: \nbe equally unreasonable to treat the challenges posed by wikis as irremediable failings. To be sure" ******* END TEXT: " terrorist, I don't hate America and if anyone has any questions I would love to chat about things!\n"
9780472024513 - page_126: "START TEXT: \nClearly, Emina possessed a strong sense of who she was and a keen awareness of how her experiences " ******* END TEXT: "though it differed in degree. She vehemently announced her frustration with “all of these opinions”\n"
9780472024513 - page_127: "START TEXT: \nthat she saw expressed on Wikipedia. The information on Bosnia was anathema to her because she beli" ******* END TEXT: "have also preoccupied a significant number of professional scholars. Both Besiki Stvilia et al. and\n"
9780472024513 - page_128: "START TEXT: \nAndrew Lih have separately conducted recent studies of content production in Wikipedia and offered " ******* END TEXT: "echnology of the book “systematically has hindered full recognition of collaborative authorship.”11\n"
9780472024513 - page_129: "START TEXT: \nIn contrast, Wikipedia, and wikis in general, are vital because they reveal formerly hidden aspects" ******* END TEXT: "ut, I don't want the world to pretend that our genocide never happened by calling everyone Bosniak.\n"
9780472024513 - page_130: "START TEXT: \nThis level of introspection and argumentation is markedly different from the laissez-faire attitude" ******* END TEXT: "s personal belief was such that Emina would have her own conception of her identity infringed upon.\n"
9780472024513 - page_131: "START TEXT: \nPerpetual Negotiation Machine\nEmina's analysis was further complicated by one of Vedran's major jus" ******* END TEXT: "laims could be measured against a predetermined metric of authenticity had become difficult indeed.\n"
9780472024513 - page_132: "START TEXT: \nWhereas Emina's initial dismissal of Wikipedia was based upon a relatively uncomplicated evaluation" ******* END TEXT: "xtual authority on her own.\nArguably the most important and certainly the most frustrating strategy\n"
9780472024513 - page_133: "START TEXT: \nthat Emina developed was that of perpetual negotiation. Whereas she longed for a stable sense of id" ******* END TEXT: "ly flawed novelty is its capacity for infinite discussion. Students like Emina, who first found its\n"
9780472024513 - page_134: "START TEXT: \nlack of certainty and stability bewildering both with respect to authorship and credibility, eventu" ******* END TEXT: "g about war and life and I just had answers that I told to people and myself. Probably I will never\n"
9780472024513 - page_135: "START TEXT: \nknow the truth about any of it. . . . But I want to keep discussing and “not get complacent” like y" ******* END TEXT: "9. Ibid.\n20. Clifford Lynch, “Authenticity and Integrity in the Digital Environment: An Exploratory\n"
9780472024513 - page_136: "START TEXT: \nAnalysis of the Central Role of Trust,” in Authenticity in a Digital Environment (Washington, DC: C" ******* END TEXT: "nsus and Difference in Collaborative Learning,” College English 51, no. 6 (1989).\n24. Ibid., 614.\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_137: "START TEXT: One Wiki, Two Classrooms\nDavid Elfving and Ericka Menchen-Trevino\nFaced with a daunting reading list" ******* END TEXT: "designed to be overwhelming. This is to say that their intention, in part, is to steep new students\n"
9780472024513 - page_138: "START TEXT: \nin the basics of their chosen field and to establish a foundation of working knowledge. They also s" ******* END TEXT: "olution. After trying a free but extremely limited online service, we installed an open source wiki\n"
9780472024513 - page_139: "START TEXT: \nplatform on a student-maintained server. There were some initial technical hurdles as newcomers to " ******* END TEXT: "correspond with the weekly schedule (initial notes were posted each Tuesday) developed by students.\n"
9780472024513 - page_140: "START TEXT: \n\nWhy did the same group of UIC students choose to use a wiki in one class only to disregard it in a" ******* END TEXT: "und ways to help each other out. In the past, they used photocopies and printouts. They would write\n"
9780472024513 - page_141: "START TEXT: \nup summaries of readings, distribute them, and meet to discuss them. When universal access to relia" ******* END TEXT: "e wiki was not just about me getting the article, but just getting ready to have a good discussion.\n"
9780472024513 - page_142: "START TEXT: \nWe weren't simply a class; we were a team that hoped to excel in the eyes of a demanding instructor" ******* END TEXT: "ce in which students with adequate knowledge about wiki technologies were faced with an appropriate\n"
9780472024513 - page_143: "START TEXT: \ntask in a supportive social environment. A student-driven wiki project needs to have all of the rig" ******* END TEXT: "ls, but where Comm 502 was well suited for a wiki-based collaborative approach, Comm 500 was not.\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_144: "START TEXT: Content and Commentary: Parallel Structures of Organization and Interaction on Wikis\nWill Lakeman\nIt" ******* END TEXT: "nt2 or, more radically, through a process of remediation that repositions texts, and the activities\n"
9780472024513 - page_145: "START TEXT: \nof reading and writing, within the fluctuating content of data networks that are both decentered an" ******* END TEXT: "al revisions and shifting indices bypass traditional hierarchies of organization and are themselves\n"
9780472024513 - page_146: "START TEXT: \ndocumented as important webs of data, preserved through devices that chart the amorphous growth of " ******* END TEXT: " Wikipedia. They become familiar with the significance of user interaction through the “discussion”\n"
9780472024513 - page_147: "START TEXT: \npages that Wikipedia automatically attaches to each article, spaces in which the project's avowed i" ******* END TEXT: "e as the content of the wikis themselves, indexical networks that connect a vast array of subjects,\n"
9780472024513 - page_148: "START TEXT: \nresembling argument, analysis, or simply conversation. Furthermore, as the locus of the interaction" ******* END TEXT: " is welcome to participate in these threads of dialogue, encouraged and even empowered by a visible\n"
9780472024513 - page_149: "START TEXT: \nprocess through which content is tangibly shaped by user input. The strategies with which wikis abs" ******* END TEXT: "uld automatically generate summaries and indices as the reader navigated through the information.13\n"
9780472024513 - page_150: "START TEXT: \nEven a superficial investigation of wiki culture will reveal a variety of attempts to apply element" ******* END TEXT: "hways to wider webs of material and allowing production to occur simultaneously at multiple points.\n"
9780472024513 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nThe organization of wikis, in which every individual page is arranged side by side within a flat na" ******* END TEXT: " to radically influence communication, not least insofar as the global availability of open, public\n"
9780472024513 - page_152: "START TEXT: \nhypertexts might diversify access to resources for the recording and transmission of human knowledg" ******* END TEXT: " allowing them to articulate their own concerns regarding bias, accessibility, and marginalization.\n"
9780472024513 - page_153: "START TEXT: \nThe ability of wikis to provide spaces in which these issues are explicitly discussed, and to incor" ******* END TEXT: "ty through a detailed reading of the accumulated products of specific conflicts and collaborations.\n"
9780472024513 - page_154: "START TEXT: \nThe ongoing commentary on a particular subject might direct the reader to a series of previous deba" ******* END TEXT: "e able to understand the terms under which they might contribute as wiki writers. The importance of\n"
9780472024513 - page_155: "START TEXT: \nsocial interaction to this process means that the full privileges of wiki authorship, encompassing " ******* END TEXT: "alking about how to write an encyclopedia.” However, I would suggest that the interplay between the\n"
9780472024513 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nbranches of self-reflexive commentary and the ostensible purpose of the sites themselves in fact re" ******* END TEXT: "not just a new way of presenting material but a radical reconfiguration of the relationship between\n"
9780472024513 - page_157: "START TEXT: \nthe recording and transmission of knowledge. The ability to freely annotate, link, and adjust texts" ******* END TEXT: "omplex processes so appealing to academic researchers. Nevertheless, the accessibility of this type\n"
9780472024513 - page_158: "START TEXT: \nof information, and the unique degree to which it forms new connections between more commonly acces" ******* END TEXT: "5–77.\n20. Christine Hine, Virtual Ethnography (London: Sage Publications, 2000), 65.\n21. Ibid., 54.\n"
9780472024513 - page_159: "START TEXT: \n22. Ibid., 65.\n23. Ward Cunningham, “Informal History of Programming Ideas,” Cunningham and Cunning" ******* END TEXT: "lution,” 5.\n26. Hine, Virtual Ethnography, 64.\n27. Moulthrop, “Revolution,” 22–23.\n28. Ibid., 24.\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_160: "START TEXT: Above and Below the Double Line: Refactoring and That Old-Time Revision\nMichael C. Morgan\nHere is a " ******* END TEXT: "n a wiki, WikiWords signal links to new topics that are open for elaboration. You follow the link.”\n"
9780472024513 - page_161: "START TEXT: \nWriting on a wiki means returning to a topic periodically to see what is developing. It means autho" ******* END TEXT: "ition, a way of understanding, clearly and persuasively, but is not a soapbox so much as a sandbox.\n"
9780472024513 - page_162: "START TEXT: \nThis is to say that thread mode is tentative rather than absolute; opinionated but not seeking clos" ******* END TEXT: "the focus and the center. Document pages on wikis still have a point of view, a perspective, even a\n"
9780472024513 - page_163: "START TEXT: \nvoice. But they don't call attention to themselves as pages, as writing. They are written in what R" ******* END TEXT: "anging the function of the code. An involved procedure might be refactored into one or two lines of\n"
9780472024513 - page_164: "START TEXT: \ncode by using a less-known directive or procedure. Or variables might be given meaningful names.7 W" ******* END TEXT: "aying the same thing” is problematic. We know this, but in refactoring we bracket our concern. As a\n"
9780472024513 - page_165: "START TEXT: \nrhetorical act, refactoring is a declaration that the refactored document encompasses what the thre" ******* END TEXT: " a subtlety, might distort a point, so why bother? Refactoring is important to move the wiki along,\n"
9780472024513 - page_166: "START TEXT: \nbut it is hard to do correctly. You need to synthesize the discussion in a way that is acceptable t" ******* END TEXT: "rowed from c2.com and MeatballWiki for distinguishing document from thread. As c2.com offers, “Some\n"
9780472024513 - page_167: "START TEXT: \npages use DoubleLines to separate a DocumentMode OpeningStatement, thesis, or pattern at the top of" ******* END TEXT: "ialectic going, and remind authors that it is a dialectic.19 I wouldn't suggest the split is simply\n"
9780472024513 - page_168: "START TEXT: \none of “completed above/still at work below.” The double lines can distinguish a range of functiona" ******* END TEXT: "in a paragraph or several.”21 Then (to continue where c2.com leaves off) use a bold “But” on a line\n"
9780472024513 - page_169: "START TEXT: \nby itself and state the qualifications. Material that doesn't yet fit the structure can be placed b" ******* END TEXT: "arguments, and observations from the thread. Some prototypical page patterns might look like these:\n"
9780472024513 - page_170: "START TEXT: \nA pattern for listing alternatives\n• HowDoWeDoX\n• ByThisMeans\n• OrByThisMeans\n• OrByThisMeans\n• . ." ******* END TEXT: "Refactoring is becoming mainstream, and we can expect to see the practice develop further and soon.\n"
9780472024513 - page_171: "START TEXT: \nRefactoring, more than that old-time revision, is overtly social. And so customs of refactoring dev" ******* END TEXT: "Lore and Politics in the Classroom,” and Matt Barton, “Is There a Wiki in This Class?” this volume.\n"
9780472024513 - page_172: "START TEXT: \nBob Whipple discusses the generative value of thread mode messiness in “An (Old) First-Timer's Lear" ******* END TEXT: " WikiFish, http://www.seedwiki.com/wiki/wikifish/wiki_good_style?wpid=77845 (accessed May 1, 2006).\n"
9780472024513 - page_173: "START TEXT: \n24. Wikipedia Contributors, “Refactoring Talk Pages,” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, http://en.w" ******* END TEXT: "state.edu/~morgan/WeblogsAndWikis/wikka.php?wakka=TheCollectiveNotebook (accessed April 5, 2007).\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_174: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024513 - page_175: "START TEXT: Wikis and the Higher Education Classroom\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Wikis and the Higher Education Classroom\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_176: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024513 - page_177: "START TEXT: Is There a Wiki in This Class? Wikibooks and the Future of Higher Education\nMatt Barton\nFor teachers" ******* END TEXT: " individual's prestige may partially be determined by how well he is able to suppress other voices.\n"
9780472024513 - page_178: "START TEXT: \nHow many of us have told our students, “Be careful citing Web sites—that professional-looking site " ******* END TEXT: "ised) by well-meaning instructors who do not integrate their wikis into their classroom properly. I\n"
9780472024513 - page_179: "START TEXT: \nwill also unblushingly own up to having an agenda: I believe that it's important that we recognize " ******* END TEXT: "simple. A good example of this simplicity is the code required to link to another Web site:\n• HTML: "
9780472024513 - page_180: "START TEXT: \nusers publishing material to the Web. Indeed, a few students were so impressed with Moxley's wikis " ******* END TEXT: "e wikis more secure but rather how to make them less needful of security. How could “vulnerability”\n"
9780472024513 - page_181: "START TEXT: \nbe transformed/converted into an asset? I began to take a critical look at successful wikis like Wi" ******* END TEXT: "t as long as we can agree that the stated (and suggested) intentions of the authors or contributors\n"
9780472024513 - page_182: "START TEXT: \ninfluence how they write and how they are read, then we can agree on two points: Wikis are a better" ******* END TEXT: "ns citing verifiable, authoritative sources whenever possible, especially on controversial topics.7\n"
9780472024513 - page_183: "START TEXT: \nThis policy reads, to me at least, like a recipe for delicious and enriching wiki projects. Note th" ******* END TEXT: "smen and political movements. The design of technology is thus an ontological decision fraught with\n"
9780472024513 - page_184: "START TEXT: \npolitical consequences. The exclusion of this vast majority from participation in this decision is " ******* END TEXT: "were vast barbarian armies out there whose sole motivation in life is to spray graffiti on bathroom\n"
9780472024513 - page_185: "START TEXT: \nstalls and dump vulgarities and the prattling of mean-spirited idiots into wikis, then why isn't Wi" ******* END TEXT: "I will turn now to the specific kinds of value that good wiki assignments can add to the classroom.\n"
9780472024513 - page_186: "START TEXT: \nThe key pedagogical benefit wikis offer is epistemological. Wikis demonstrate, in a clear and obvio" ******* END TEXT: "d it would be a very practical work that was more concerned with better grades than better writing.\n"
9780472024513 - page_187: "START TEXT: \nThe advice it offered would probably focus on technique rather than theory, easily applicable dos a" ******* END TEXT: "sly concocted assignment turned out so well, but I'm far prouder of those students who soared. What\n"
9780472024513 - page_188: "START TEXT: \nprofessor worth his tweed wouldn't be proud of http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Compositio" ******* END TEXT: "Leuf and Cunningham (the “thread mode”) or more subtly by special software features. MediaWiki, the\n"
9780472024513 - page_189: "START TEXT: \nsoftware responsible for Wikipedia and Wikitravel, has several built-in features to enable and orga" ******* END TEXT: "s our job to help students improve—to censure or coddle them, but not to oust them. We can show our\n"
9780472024513 - page_190: "START TEXT: \ncontempt very liberally with our red pens, but few of us have the wherewithal to shrug off a stack " ******* END TEXT: "cialize in producing text. To help them out, I let them borrow some of my composition textbook desk\n"
9780472024513 - page_191: "START TEXT: \ncopies, none of which, I'm thankful to say, turned out to be very helpful. Other students took on t" ******* END TEXT: " Chodorow predicts that the scholarship of the future will be “one in which the information used by\n"
9780472024513 - page_192: "START TEXT: \nthe teams of scholars will be in liquid form.”19 Chodorow's vision of future scholarship sounds sur" ******* END TEXT: "t always fair and balanced. They do not inspire what Jay David Bolter calls “worshipful reading.”23\n"
9780472024513 - page_193: "START TEXT: \nA distinguished professor can edit them. So can a child. Long live the wiki.\n\nNOTES\nThe quotation a" ******* END TEXT: "uters, Hypertext, and the Remediation of Print, 2d ed. (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001), 168.\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_194: "START TEXT: Writing in the Wikishop: Constructing Knowledge in the Electronic Classroom\nThomas J. Nelson\nMany el" ******* END TEXT: "ing conversation about a given subject but also reveals his or her contribution to the construction\n"
9780472024513 - page_195: "START TEXT: \nof knowledge about that subject. Wikis are therefore an evocative model of what James Berlin dubbed" ******* END TEXT: "l portal and information source, interaction on the level of content remains rare, except in wikis.\n"
9780472024513 - page_196: "START TEXT: \nWikis and Knowledge Construction\nMost people only think of wikis in relation to the familiar Wikipe" ******* END TEXT: "rpose. This last point ultimately entangles the others, since controversies about the authority and\n"
9780472024513 - page_197: "START TEXT: \nusefulness of Wikipedia dominate so much discussion of wikis. Early conceptions of Wikipedia and th" ******* END TEXT: "aniel Pink describes this democratization in Wikipedia as a “One for All” model of an encyclopedia:\n"
9780472024513 - page_198: "START TEXT: \nInstead of one really smart guy, Wikipedia draws on thousands of fairly smart guys and gals. . . . " ******* END TEXT: "base my term wikishop on Gregory Ulmer's idea of the writing classroom as “textshop.” Ulmer derives\n"
9780472024513 - page_199: "START TEXT: \nan “experimental humanities” from the sciences, proposing the “textshop” as “a laboratory in which " ******* END TEXT: " and directed navigation felt lost the first time they visited a wiki, learning how to rely on text\n"
9780472024513 - page_200: "START TEXT: \nsearches and “what links here?” lists rather than customary Web hierarchies. While experience with " ******* END TEXT: "e and arises from interchanges among the individual, a wider community, and the specific conditions\n"
9780472024513 - page_201: "START TEXT: \nof the writing. It's difficult to say whether this is more important than refining the persuasive e" ******* END TEXT: " as a public wiki's community. The regular users of a preexisting wiki might resent the invasion of\n"
9780472024513 - page_202: "START TEXT: \n“noobs,” so it is probably better to choose one of the many open-source wiki engines available. Med" ******* END TEXT: "/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page (accessed December 14, 2006); Scott Redd and Brad Will, “This Might\n"
9780472024513 - page_203: "START TEXT: \nBe a Wiki: The TMBG Database,” http://www.tmbw.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page (accessed December 14, " ******* END TEXT: "illocks, Teaching Writing as Reflective Practice (New York: Teachers College Press, 1995), 54–57.\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_204: "START TEXT: Wiki Lore and Politics in the Classroom\nCathlena Martin and Lisa Dusenberry\n“Wiki? Friut, Vegetable " ******* END TEXT: "lege classroom? How do students accept and use their public, online writing space? Do wikis provide\n"
9780472024513 - page_205: "START TEXT: \nthe same type of online voice as blogs? Is using a wiki for compositional writing seen by students " ******* END TEXT: " graffiti tag with announcements of bands, endorsements of campus politics, and memorials to fallen\n"
9780472024513 - page_206: "START TEXT: \nGators. It is used as a space to post both serious materials like “Stop Genocide” and everyday gree" ******* END TEXT: " time. In all I think that a wiki is a very promising concept and should only get better with time.\n"
9780472024513 - page_207: "START TEXT: \n\nOf course, the class setting offers the kind of closed community that this student sees as benefic" ******* END TEXT: " different writing environment where students rely more heavily on the style of the Microsoft suite\n"
9780472024513 - page_208: "START TEXT: \nrather than the Web site–like PBwiki. A wiki is self-contained, and while one can upload Word docum" ******* END TEXT: "brainstorming space.\nEach group may assign sections to divide the workload for this larger research\n"
9780472024513 - page_209: "START TEXT: \nproject, but it should present a cohesive whole by completion, and this raises an issue that is rel" ******* END TEXT: "s to which members of the group are contributing. This added extra incentive to one procrastinating\n"
9780472024513 - page_210: "START TEXT: \nstudent who said: “because I'm a procrastinator, the fact that Cathlena could check my progress on " ******* END TEXT: " of teaching in the University of Florida's Networked Writing Environment (NWE). These computerized\n"
9780472024513 - page_211: "START TEXT: \nclassrooms allowed students to participate and collaborate on the wiki during class and allowed me " ******* END TEXT: "nd revising a technical manual on a topic of their choice. In these group writing experiences, both\n"
9780472024513 - page_212: "START TEXT: \nthe students and I found the wiki to be very useful, but not without some limitations and frustrati" ******* END TEXT: "eir own language and structure.\nAs for the group wiki projects, some groups would gather around one\n"
9780472024513 - page_213: "START TEXT: \ncomputer and make the changes together in a more traditional model of group work. For them, the wik" ******* END TEXT: "rary to my expectations, most of my students were not comforted by our ability to track changes and\n"
9780472024513 - page_214: "START TEXT: \nrevert pages to previous versions. The instability of the technological space made them nervous. Th" ******* END TEXT: " the wiki is a simple course management tool4 with complex pedagogical implications. In the future,\n"
9780472024513 - page_215: "START TEXT: \nI plan on more fully integrating the wiki into the course, asking students to write in the medium a" ******* END TEXT: "wiki code or HTML, making it even easier for both students and instructors to use the technology.\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_216: "START TEXT: GlossaTechnologia: Anatomy of a Wiki-Based Annotated Bibliography\nBen McCorkle\nWe academics love our" ******* END TEXT: "ints of medium or form or generic habit? What would become of that venerated metabook if we were to\n"
9780472024513 - page_217: "START TEXT: \ntake the sine qua non of the annotated bibliography and place it into a new medium in order that it" ******* END TEXT: "ost on no one. In this context, a Web-based bibliography made sense, although at first the question\n"
9780472024513 - page_218: "START TEXT: \nof what form—static Web site, blog, discussion board—was still very much up in the air. The name of" ******* END TEXT: "re participants share, rate, construct folksonomies for, comment on, or tag content, have created a\n"
9780472024513 - page_219: "START TEXT: \nmore hospitable climate that has enabled the wiki to flourish.7 The benefit of such a paradigm is t" ******* END TEXT: "horough documentation outlining the various steps involved as well as troubleshooting advice. There\n"
9780472024513 - page_220: "START TEXT: \nwere a couple of reasons we selected MediaWiki over its Web-based counterparts. Although the setup " ******* END TEXT: "m in the future, we agree, will require revisiting this ad hoc policy, and we will perhaps consider\n"
9780472024513 - page_221: "START TEXT: \nlocking certain portions of the site such as the pages peripheral to the bibliography itself (i.e.," ******* END TEXT: "ther have a front-page, one-click solution for easily adding new bibliographic entries. We are also\n"
9780472024513 - page_222: "START TEXT: \nlooking into automated categorization for the entries as well, where users supplying new entries ca" ******* END TEXT: "modify the tool to meet those needs. The community is also in a position to speculate what it might\n"
9780472024513 - page_223: "START TEXT: \nneed for future work and can change the tools and work practices to sup port expected needs.12\nEven" ******* END TEXT: "mselves by visiting http://www.rhetoricalcommons.org/gt/ and adding their own voices to the fray.14\n"
9780472024513 - page_224: "START TEXT: \n\nNOTES\n 1. James L. Harner, On Compiling an Annotated Bibliography (New York: Modern Language Assoc" ******* END TEXT: "ller, for her tireless contributions to the design and overall technical maintenance of the site.\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_225: "START TEXT: An (Old) First-Timer's Learning Curve: Curiosity, Trial, Resistance, and Accommodation\nBob Whipple\nC" ******* END TEXT: "ctures and away from some of the remaining vestiges of current-traditional pedagogy in my teaching.\n"
9780472024513 - page_226: "START TEXT: \nThe Story\nIn spring 2004 and summer 2005, I decided to jump into the wiki stream and see how the wa" ******* END TEXT: ". I eventually settled on CourseForum, a commercially available wiki from CourseForum Technologies,\n"
9780472024513 - page_227: "START TEXT: \ndesigned specifically for education. I chose it because it contained, in a point-and-click installa" ******* END TEXT: "r many years I've espoused the “transformative” model of writing class curricula in my publications\n"
9780472024513 - page_228: "START TEXT: \nand teaching. Simply put, writing is changing from static text to something that lives, breathes, a" ******* END TEXT: " to speak, in what I call the “Age of Rhetorical Linearity” that the movement into hyper-mediation,\n"
9780472024513 - page_229: "START TEXT: \nand toward substantial extratextual mediation, is a profound and career-changing, if not indeed lif" ******* END TEXT: "also retreat when others spread their lives too close to ours in venues such as Facebook, My-Space,\n"
9780472024513 - page_230: "START TEXT: \nor Friendster. In an atmosphere in which we are still navigating the “rules” of publicity and priva" ******* END TEXT: "on resistance thread: “[Newcomers often say] ‘If anybody can edit my text, then anybody can ruin my\n"
9780472024513 - page_231: "START TEXT: \ntext.’ Human nature being what it is, to allow free access to hard earned content is to indulge ope" ******* END TEXT: "rative work space wherein you can track changes and encourage a sense of collaborative exploration.\n"
9780472024513 - page_232: "START TEXT: \nThe Office of Learning Technology at the University of British Columbia puts it this way:\nThere is " ******* END TEXT: "o go all over the place.\nWikis invite creative messiness. They are ideally places where writers can\n"
9780472024513 - page_233: "START TEXT: \nget in there and wallow around in an (almost) totally textual environment. If you can't handle mess" ******* END TEXT: "ing to try something new.\nModel wikispace for your students. If there is anything I learned from my\n"
9780472024513 - page_234: "START TEXT: \nsummer's nonevent with my students, it was that, if I wasn't there, they wouldn't be there either. " ******* END TEXT: " used to the issues and people in this new world, I hope to be a lot better able to navigate in it.\n"
9780472024513 - page_235: "START TEXT: \n\nNOTES\n1. James Berlin, Rhetoric and Reality: Writing Instruction in American Colleges, 1900–1985 (" ******* END TEXT: "ki.org/default.aspx/Writingwiki/For%20Teachers%20New%20to%20wikis.html (accessed March 20, 2006).\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_236: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024513 - page_237: "START TEXT: Bibliography\nAdams, Henry. The Education of Henry Adams. New York: Penguin, 1995.\nAdler-Kassner, Lin" ******* END TEXT: "College. Romantic Audience Project 2. http://ssad.bowdoin.edu:9780/snipsnap/eng242-s05/space/start.\n"
9780472024513 - page_238: "START TEXT: \nBowen, Matthew R. “WriteHere.net.” http://web.archive.org/web/20060310114550/http://www.writehear.n" ******* END TEXT: "rtThreadModeToDocumentMode.\nCunningham, Ward. “DoTheSimplestThingThatCouldPossiblyWork.” Cunningham\n"
9780472024513 - page_239: "START TEXT: \nand Cunningham, Inc. http://c2.com/xp/DoTheSimplestThingThatCouldPossiblyWork.html.\nCunningham, War" ******* END TEXT: " Writing as Social Action, by Marilyn Cooper and Michael Holzman; Reclaiming Pedagogy: The Rhetoric\n"
9780472024513 - page_240: "START TEXT: \nof the Classroom, by Patricia Donahue and Ellen Quandahl, eds.; Rescuing the Subject: A Critical In" ******* END TEXT: " Condition: An Anthology, ed. Robert C. Scharff and Val Dusek, 539–55. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003.\n"
9780472024513 - page_241: "START TEXT: \nHigdon, Jude. “Teaching, Learning, and Other Uses for Wikis in Academia.” Campus Technology. http:/" ******* END TEXT: "Entrepreneurs 154, no. 5 (2006): 34.\nLessig, Lawrence. Free Culture. New York: Penguin Press, 2004.\n"
9780472024513 - page_242: "START TEXT: \nLeuf, Bo, and Ward Cunningham. The Wiki Way. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2001. http://www.wiki.org.\nLih" ******* END TEXT: "p://teachingwiki.org.\nMoxley, Joe, M. C. Morgan, Matt Barton, and Donna Hanak. “For Teachers New to\n"
9780472024513 - page_243: "START TEXT: \nWikis.” WritingWiki.org. http://writingwiki.org/default.aspx/Writingwiki/For%20Teachers%20New%20to%" ******* END TEXT: "tins.com/bb.\nRheingold, Howard. “Rheingold's Rants.” July 4, 1998. http://www.rheingold.com/rants/.\n"
9780472024513 - page_244: "START TEXT: \nRice, Rich, and Cheryl Ball. “Reading the Text; Remediating the Text.” Kairos 10, no. 2 (spring 200" ******* END TEXT: "ly Journals. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994.\nTiddlyWiki. UnaMesa Association. http://tiddlywiki.com.\n"
9780472024513 - page_245: "START TEXT: \nTrimbur, John. “Consensus and Difference in Collaborative Learning.” College English 51, no. 6 (198" ******* END TEXT: "w.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view.\n"
9780472024513 - page_246: "START TEXT: \nWikipedia Contributors. “Nupedia.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N" ******* END TEXT: "hronicle.com/wiredcampus/article/1328/wikipedia-founder-discourages-academic-use-of-his-creation.\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_247: "START TEXT: Contributors\nMatt Barton is an assistant professor of English at St. Cloud State University in St. C" ******* END TEXT: " for Innovations in Learning and a founding member of Electronic Portfolio Action and Communication\n"
9780472024513 - page_248: "START TEXT: \nInternational (EPAC), a community of practice focusing on pedagogical and technological issues rela" ******* END TEXT: "When not thinking about wikis, he works as a user experience designer in San Francisco, California.\n"
9780472024513 - page_249: "START TEXT: \nMichael Felczak is a PhD student in the School of Communication at Simon Fraser University and the " ******* END TEXT: "ishing Program at Simon Fraser University, where his focus is on the impact of digital technologies\n"
9780472024513 - page_250: "START TEXT: \nin the Canadian book and magazine industries. His PhD work (curriculum and instruction) focuses on " ******* END TEXT: "t at Stanford's Center for Teaching and Learning and a lecturer in the Structured Liberal Education\n"
9780472024513 - page_251: "START TEXT: \nprogram. His work at the Center for Teaching and Learning centers around helping faculty and gradua" ******* END TEXT: "iated composition and teaches literacy and technology, workplace writing, and first-year writing.\n\n\n"
9780472024513 - page_252: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024513 - page_253: "START TEXT: Index\nAmapedia, viii\nAmerican Association of University Professors, 1\nAnswers.com, 11\nBagdikian, Ben" ******* END TEXT: ", 112, 119\nInstitute on Scholarship for Engineering Education (ISEE) Workshop, 79, 84\nIto, Joi, 221\n"
9780472024513 - page_254: "START TEXT: \nJohnson, Steven, 219\nJohnson-Eilola, Johndan, 110, 120\nKehoe, Colleen, 93–95\nKnowledge Forum, 92\nKr" ******* END TEXT: "laboration within, 147\nconflation of other wikis with, 3, 196\nexpert contributions to, viii, 8, 182\n"
9780472024513 - page_255: "START TEXT: \nNature study of, 9–10\nneutral point of view (NPOV), 131, 182\nProject Wikidemia, 156\nrefactoring dis" ******* END TEXT: "ty of British Columbia, 23–24\nThis Might Be A Wiki, 196\nThreadMode within, 161–62, 188\nTikiWiki, 73\n"
9780472024513 - page_256: "START TEXT: \nWardsWiki, aka Portland Pattern Repository, 163\nwikibooks, 186–88\nWikibooks, sister project of Wiki" ******* END TEXT: "Wikifish, 170\nWikitravel, viii, 181, 183\nwriting-intensive programs and, 98–100\nWilbur, Jesse, 93\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_i: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024537 - page_ii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024537 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nThe Hyperlinked Society\nQuestioning Connections in the Digital Age\n \n \nJoseph Turow and Lokman Tsui" ******* END TEXT: "n Tsui, editors\n \nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS &\nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARY\nANN ARBOR\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by Joseph Turow and Lokman Tsui 2008\nAll rights reserved\nPublished in the United States" ******* END TEXT: "                                            2008002885\n  ISBN-13: 978-0-472-02453-7 (electronic)\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nContents\nIntroduction: On Not Taking the Hyperlink for GrantedJOSEPH TUROW\n\nPart 1. Hyperlinks and " ******* END TEXT: "ULMAN \nHyperlinking and Advertising StrategyERIC PICARD \nFrom Hyperlinks to HypertiesMARC A. SMITH\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \nPart 3. Hyperlinks, the Individual and the Social \nThe Morality of LinksDAVID WEINBERGER \nLinked Ge" ******* END TEXT: "e Online Public Sphere Good For?MATTHEW HINDMAN\n\nSelected Bibliography\n\nAbout the Authors\n\nIndex\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nJOSEPH TUROW\nIntroduction: On Not Taking the Hyperlink for Granted\nAt the end of the first decade o" ******* END TEXT: "ledge, then, would be to create links between recorded ideas that could be retrieved and passed on.\n"
9780472024537 - page_2: "START TEXT: \nThis basic idea was not unprecedented. For centuries, the publishers of the Talmud have, for exampl" ******* END TEXT: "that Bush experienced when thinking about the implications of these retrievable associative trails.\n"
9780472024537 - page_3: "START TEXT: \nOther technologists eventually began to share his enthusiasm for these new modes of connection as w" ******* END TEXT: "ders, and even billboards.\nThese sorts of activities validate Bush's intuition about the utility of\n"
9780472024537 - page_4: "START TEXT: \n“associative trails”—though they don't always match his utopian vision of their august intellectual" ******* END TEXT: "w about links? What do they know, and what do they want? And, finally, what new research approaches\n"
9780472024537 - page_5: "START TEXT: \nare needed to (1) track the various considerations that drive the creation of particular links and " ******* END TEXT: "ken for granted. The aim was not to drill deeply into particular research projects. It was, rather,\n"
9780472024537 - page_6: "START TEXT: \nto write expansively, provocatively—even controversially—about the extent to which and ways in whic" ******* END TEXT: "nk about the hyperlinked environment as a marketplace of attention.” Drawing from Anthony Giddens's\n"
9780472024537 - page_7: "START TEXT: \ntheory of structuration, he argues that while an examination of the political economy of links indi" ******* END TEXT: "ted as they sometimes appear. In so doing, he identifies a tension that threads through many of the\n"
9780472024537 - page_8: "START TEXT: \nessays in this collection, between the recognition that link patterns might sometimes be the uncoor" ******* END TEXT: "t Web users. Lokman Tsui's research deals with the decisions that different sorts of Web publishers\n"
9780472024537 - page_9: "START TEXT: \nmake as they point their readers through links to certain world-views as opposed to others. Tsui fi" ******* END TEXT: "hip. Although they don't answer the questions Tsui's study raises, they nevertheless reveal much of\n"
9780472024537 - page_10: "START TEXT: \nthe current and future direction of the Internet and other digital media. The first essay, by Marti" ******* END TEXT: "gital environment with the perspectives of advertisers and their agency advisors firmly in mind. As\n"
9780472024537 - page_11: "START TEXT: \ninfluential actors in this arena, Tom Hespos, Stacey Lynn Schulman, and Eric Picard point to import" ******* END TEXT: " the traditional television set into an arm of the digital marketplace, while Smith sees the future\n"
9780472024537 - page_12: "START TEXT: \nmobile phone from that standpoint. Picard sees Americans' relationship with the domestic box changi" ******* END TEXT: "o stark relief. With such capacities, he states, “privacy issues are sharpened.” He concludes, “The\n"
9780472024537 - page_13: "START TEXT: \nwalls have ears and eyes, and others' eyes and ears are now high-fidelity and archival.” In fact, H" ******* END TEXT: "ch hyperlinking, as it is evolving now, is facilitating or hindering the creation of a pluralistic,\n"
9780472024537 - page_14: "START TEXT: \ndemocratic, and caring society. To Stefaan Verhulst and Jeremy Crampton, evaluating the relationshi" ******* END TEXT: "ibilities that politically engaged uses of links offer to forces concerned with the equalization of\n"
9780472024537 - page_15: "START TEXT: \nsocial power, Lada Adamic, Markus Prior, and Matthew Hindman ask what people's everyday activities " ******* END TEXT: " are least likely to serve.”\nIt is a gloomy assessment that might become still gloomier as a result\n"
9780472024537 - page_16: "START TEXT: \nof the marketing trajectories that Stacey Lynn Schulman, Eric Picard, Tom Hespos, and Marc Smith ou" ******* END TEXT: "ng and provocative implications can be assessed or even identified. In fact, despite these writers'\n"
9780472024537 - page_17: "START TEXT: \nwide-ranging knowledge and imagination, they focus primarily on the Internet and do not discuss the" ******* END TEXT: "them greater ability to understand themselves and others and to advocate for change? As the essays,\n"
9780472024537 - page_18: "START TEXT: \ntaken together, suggest, it is crucial for all of us to keep asking these questions about the natur" ******* END TEXT: "blic Policy Center Web site: http://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/AreaDetails.aspx?myId=2.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_19: "START TEXT: \nPart 1: Hyperlinks and the Organization of Attention\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nPart 1: Hyperlinks and the Organization of Attention\n"
9780472024537 - page_20: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472024537 - page_21: "START TEXT: \nPreface to Part 1\nIn a digital era where information is seemingly in abundance, the hyper-link orga" ******* END TEXT: "it evolved over the years to involve full-fledged networks. He also argues, however, that we can no\n"
9780472024537 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nlonger afford to treat the hyperlink simply as a request for a Web document, since an entire indust" ******* END TEXT: "ssay reminds us that it is critical to understand the processes that create the messages we see.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_23: "START TEXT: \nJAMES G. WEBSTER \nStructuring a Marketplace of Attention\nAt the conference “The Hyperlinked Society" ******* END TEXT: "ogs, social networking sites, and other forms of user-generated content (e.g., Wikipedia, YouTube),\n"
9780472024537 - page_24: "START TEXT: \nall content is increasingly being distributed on the same high-speed networks. Traditional media, i" ******* END TEXT: "r structuring the marketplace of attention and the patterns of consumption that emerge as a result.\n"
9780472024537 - page_25: "START TEXT: \nToward a Theory of the Marketplace\nAdopting a marketplace metaphor may suggest that the operative t" ******* END TEXT: "re powerful tools for finding content, which I address below as an example of duality of structure.\n"
9780472024537 - page_26: "START TEXT: \nStructures. Structures—or, in some bodies of literature, “institutions”—cover a multitude of macrol" ******* END TEXT: "els the duality of structure.\nDuality of Structure. There is a tendency in many quarters of academe\n"
9780472024537 - page_27: "START TEXT: \nto attribute social behavior almost entirely to purposeful, reasoning agents or, conversely, to mac" ******* END TEXT: " as many other collaborative features of the hyperlinked environment, share a number of note-worthy\n"
9780472024537 - page_28: "START TEXT: \ncharacteristics. The most elaborate systems are built by amassing people's preferences and behavior" ******* END TEXT: "n a migration from “hits,” which have concentrated attention on the “short head” of a distribution,\n"
9780472024537 - page_29: "START TEXT: \nto niches, which inhabit the increasingly long tail of consumption. Other pundits, noting how the n" ******* END TEXT: " measures, researchers consistently find that the most abundant media produce the most concentrated\n"
9780472024537 - page_30: "START TEXT: \nmarkets. Radio and television, it turns out, are more egalitarian media than the World Wide Web.29\n" ******* END TEXT: "at different places in my home, but ultimately that water is still coming from the same reservoir.”\n"
9780472024537 - page_31: "START TEXT: \nMore specific mechanisms seem to be at work in the world of news and opinion. Recent studies in the" ******* END TEXT: "ed to viewer-defined program types.41 While it seems likely that preferences are, in the long term,\n"
9780472024537 - page_32: "START TEXT: \ncultivated by the environment, people do have relatively stable likes and dislikes. These operate a" ******* END TEXT: "ncreasingly, we are becoming a nation of people who do or do not know about world events. While the\n"
9780472024537 - page_33: "START TEXT: \nold world of linear media succeeded in enforcing almost universal exposure to TV news, the new worl" ******* END TEXT: "anded center stage. They were sometimes derided as offering only the lowest common denominator, but\n"
9780472024537 - page_34: "START TEXT: \nby their very commercial nature, they steered a course through the heart of culture. And for all pr" ******* END TEXT: "Surowiecki argued that averaging input from many ordinary, diverse, and independent decision makers\n"
9780472024537 - page_35: "START TEXT: \noften produces better results than the judgments of experts. A marketplace offers one example of su" ******* END TEXT: ", Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide (New York: New York University Press, 2006).\n"
9780472024537 - page_36: "START TEXT: \n2. P. Lyman and H. R. Varian, “How Much Information?” http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/how-much-info-20" ******* END TEXT: " Audience Polarization in a Multichannel World,” Journal of Communication 55, no. 2 (2005): 366–82.\n"
9780472024537 - page_37: "START TEXT: \n23. C. Anderson, The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More (New York: Hyper" ******* END TEXT: "nation, and Common Knowledge (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); J. T. Hamilton, All\n"
9780472024537 - page_38: "START TEXT: \nthe News That's Fit to Sell: How the Market Transforms Information into News (Princeton, NJ: Prince" ******* END TEXT: ", June–July 2006, http://www.ajr.org/article_printable.asp?id=4121 (accessed November 11, 2006).\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_39: "START TEXT: \nALEXANDER HALAVAIS\nThe Hyperlink as Organizing Principle\nThe Hyperlink\nWhat does a hyperlink mean? " ******* END TEXT: "ically brings the user to a particular point in a cited work—is deceptively simple. Those who first\n"
9780472024537 - page_40: "START TEXT: \nimplemented hyperlinks were sometimes blind to their wider implications. There is, however, a relat" ******* END TEXT: "o interrogate previous authors—presenting their ideas in part rather than as a whole—by “dissecting\n"
9780472024537 - page_41: "START TEXT: \na tradition” also allows for the undermining of authoritative sources, even as it reinscribes them." ******* END TEXT: "e visionary potential of hyperlinking is nowhere as clear as it is in Bush's imagined personal file\n"
9780472024537 - page_42: "START TEXT: \nsystem, the memex. Bush suggested that since the mind was organized as an associative network, a si" ******* END TEXT: "rk. As database systems and programmatic interfaces became the norm, not only were a greater number\n"
9780472024537 - page_43: "START TEXT: \nof people able to create hyperlinks (e.g., with the increasing popularity of wikis), but the hyperl" ******* END TEXT: "n taken in the aggregate.\nFocusing on the structural properties of hyperlinks has been particularly\n"
9780472024537 - page_44: "START TEXT: \nimportant for Web search technologies, especially for Google. By measuring which pages are most cen" ******* END TEXT: "ever. In its most extreme form—studying only the hyperlinks themselves—such analysis approaches the\n"
9780472024537 - page_45: "START TEXT: \npurely theoretical.21 When combined with the text of the target pages, their geographical location," ******* END TEXT: "ng and provides a way forward. I have elsewhere suggested that the process is like inferring social\n"
9780472024537 - page_46: "START TEXT: \nrelationships from road maps, or Bush's “associative trails,” even when it may not be entirely clea" ******* END TEXT: "vide valid and useful information.26 Naturally, the ultimate aim is to integrate the microlevel and\n"
9780472024537 - page_47: "START TEXT: \nmacrolevel understanding of hyperlinking behaviors, but it is not clear that the microlevel underst" ******* END TEXT: "ifficult to observe, in part because the observers are themselves necessarily a part of the system.\n"
9780472024537 - page_48: "START TEXT: \nSecond-order cybernetics attempted to incorporate the observer in the observations; that is, it ins" ******* END TEXT: "of the networked society.30\nAs a result, there is new attention being paid to network measures. Not\n"
9780472024537 - page_49: "START TEXT: \nonly social scientists but their subjects are increasingly interested in where individuals are plac" ******* END TEXT: "iting to attract a larger number of hyperlinks, just as a young academic might publish a literature\n"
9780472024537 - page_50: "START TEXT: \nreview, rather than original work, knowing that a review is more likely to be cited. Young people c" ******* END TEXT: " global, hyperlinked encyclopedia to be a necessary part of a new form of global self-governance.35\n"
9780472024537 - page_51: "START TEXT: \nThe possibility for self-governance arises not just from an increase in global communication but fr" ******* END TEXT: "correct, this conflation speaks to the degree to which the Web and hypertext have become organizing\n"
9780472024537 - page_52: "START TEXT: \nstructures for communications online. Much of what people do on a computer these days, from e-mail " ******* END TEXT: "tent, this “bottom-up” approach provides a great deal more context for Web links. As noted earlier,\n"
9780472024537 - page_53: "START TEXT: \nmuch of the research power in hyperlink networks comes not from the networks themselves but from th" ******* END TEXT: "becomes increasingly important that we understand how hyperlinked structures are formed and change.\n"
9780472024537 - page_54: "START TEXT: \n\nNOTES\n1. N. Holmes, “The KWIC and the Dead: A Lesson in Computing History,” Computer 34, no. 1 (20" ******* END TEXT: " Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine,” WWW7 / Computer Networks 30, nos. 1–7 (1998): 107–17.\n"
9780472024537 - page_55: "START TEXT: \n19. L. C. Freeman, “Centrality in Social Networks: Conceptual Clarification,” Social Networks 1, no" ******* END TEXT: " The Meaning of a Mouse Click,” Information, Communication, and Society 4, no. 2 (2001): 182–98.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_56: "START TEXT: \nPHILIP M. NAPOLI\nHyperlinking and the Forces of “Massification”\nThe role of hyperlinking in the dev" ******* END TEXT: "f “massification”—a term that referenced the then-common argument that the Internet represented the\n"
9780472024537 - page_57: "START TEXT: \nend (or at least the beginning of the end) of traditional mass media. Developed when the medium ess" ******* END TEXT: "e reviewed briefly here.\nBefore examining each of these forces, however, it is important to outline\n"
9780472024537 - page_59: "START TEXT: \nthe basic criteria that we associate with traditional mass media. Detailed discussions of this issu" ******* END TEXT: " economic terms as a “public good.”9 Some key characteristics of public goods are high fixed costs,\n"
9780472024537 - page_58: "START TEXT: \nvery low variable costs, and nondepletability. It is very expensive to produce and sell the “first " ******* END TEXT: "e of sampling, the larger the size of the audience, the more accurate and reliable are the audience\n"
9780472024537 - page_60: "START TEXT: \ndata.13 This creates an inherent bias in the audience marketplace, favoring content providers that " ******* END TEXT: "nction largely to confine the vastness and complexity of the Web into a simpler and more manageable\n"
9780472024537 - page_61: "START TEXT: \nframework. The days of scouring the Web for individual home pages or video clips are now being repl" ******* END TEXT: "ey (Nielsen//NetRatings, 2007).\nOf course, given this institutional migration and the “public good”\n"
9780472024537 - page_62: "START TEXT: \ncharacteristics of media content, it is not surprising that the Web has developed as a key mechanis" ******* END TEXT: "associated with the functioning of search engines (given the centrality of search engines to online\n"
9780472024537 - page_63: "START TEXT: \nnavigation). And we need to note the processes of link generation that accompany—and are meant to a" ******* END TEXT: "stion frequently has arisen whether the dynamics of linking are such that the imbalances in content\n"
9780472024537 - page_64: "START TEXT: \naccessibility and prominence that characterize the traditional mass media world are being replicate" ******* END TEXT: "ed to emphasize an issue that has received surprisingly little attention: the extent to which these\n"
9780472024537 - page_65: "START TEXT: \nradical changes in content distribution, access, and exhibition do anything to alter the well-estab" ******* END TEXT: "in policymaking circles that regulation of traditional media's ownership and market structure is no\n"
9780472024537 - page_66: "START TEXT: \nlonger necessary because the Internet provides a robust and viable alternative to them. Clearly, th" ******* END TEXT: " of communications research, where the initial empirical focus was directed at the receivers of the\n"
9780472024537 - page_67: "START TEXT: \ninformation (their usage patterns, effects, etc.). Only after this line of inquiry matured did we s" ******* END TEXT: "ce: Web Use as Mass Behavior,” Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 46, no. 1 (2002): 1–12.\n"
9780472024537 - page_68: "START TEXT: \n15. D. A. Ferguson and E. M. Perse, “The World Wide Web as a Functional Alternative to Television,”" ******* END TEXT: " Journal of Electronic Publishing 6 (2001), http://www.press.umich.edu:80/jep/06-03/McAdams/pages/.\n"
9780472024537 - page_69: "START TEXT: \n32. P. Aufderheide, “Competition and Commons: The Public Interest in and after the AOL–Time Warner " ******* END TEXT: "alism Stories on the Web,” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 81, no. 2 (2004): 237–53.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_70: "START TEXT: \nLOKMAN TSUI \nThe Hyperlink in Newspapers and Blogs\nFollowing are links to the external Web sites me" ******* END TEXT: " such as politics. Such explorations are almost nonexistent regarding bloggers. The purpose of this\n"
9780472024537 - page_71: "START TEXT: \nessay is to report on a systematic comparison of the ways a sample of leading newspapers and blogs " ******* END TEXT: "wn and how it is known,” simply by providing a link to the source. With over 70 percent of the U.S.\n"
9780472024537 - page_72: "START TEXT: \npopulation having accessed online news, it becomes paramount to have a better understanding of the " ******* END TEXT: " relying on the work of journalists and taking up what they fail to cover at the same time. Because\n"
9780472024537 - page_73: "START TEXT: \nof a relative lack of institutional constraints, bloggers can afford to be specialized and partisan" ******* END TEXT: "o. This might explain the reluctance to link to external Web sites, since there is no control over \n"
9780472024537 - page_74: "START TEXT: \neither their content or availability, as the previously quoted disclaimer from the New York Times e" ******* END TEXT: "k and online news: it is now possible to make the web of facticity explicit through the examination\n"
9780472024537 - page_75: "START TEXT: \nof the use of hyperlink in news articles. In other words, a journalist is now able to write a story" ******* END TEXT: "nt) linking to news sites.28 However, she also notes that this number is likely to be skewed by the\n"
9780472024537 - page_76: "START TEXT: \nhigh number of blogs that act as personal diaries, many of which do not link to other Web sites. On" ******* END TEXT: "g newspapers and five leading political blogs. The newspapers selected were the New York Times, the\n"
9780472024537 - page_77: "START TEXT: \nWashington Post, USA Today, and the Los Angeles Times. The five political blogs selected were the H" ******* END TEXT: "ories were coded as other.\nAll collected news articles and blog postings were analyzed for content.\n"
9780472024537 - page_78: "START TEXT: \nHyperlinks were coded insofar as they were deemed relevant to the news article or blog posting. The" ******* END TEXT: " Post and the New York Times, all linked frequently in their political news articles. Surprisingly,\n"
9780472024537 - page_79: "START TEXT: \nit was not a blog but the New York Times that linked the most of all, with more than ten links per " ******* END TEXT: "logs linked to other blogs, with Michelle Malkin (42.4 percent) and Crooks and Liars (47.5 percent)\n"
9780472024537 - page_80: "START TEXT: \nin particular being fond of linking to other blogs. The blogs also link frequently to mainstream ne" ******* END TEXT: " three categories (blogs, mainstream news sites, and governmental or other institutional sites).\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_81: "START TEXT: \nDiscussion\nJ. D. Lasica, a media critic, blogger, and citizen media expert, has lamented the sparse" ******* END TEXT: "First, the study suggests little support for the hypothesis that the reluctance to link to external\n"
9780472024537 - page_82: "START TEXT: \nWeb sites results from fear of losing control because it might threaten credibility. In the past, a" ******* END TEXT: "m Review, October 19, 2004, http://www.ojr.org/ojr/glaser/1098225187.php (accessed March 23, 2007).\n"
9780472024537 - page_83: "START TEXT: \n2. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, Online Papers Modestly Boost Newspaper Readers" ******* END TEXT: "onsequences of Different Types of Newsmedia Online,” New Media and Society 5, no. 2 (2003): 203–30.\n"
9780472024537 - page_84: "START TEXT: \n19. Jenkins, Convergence Culture, 212.\n20. For the sake of simplicity of argument, I am omitting de" ******* END TEXT: "ws Websites as Gated Cybercommunities.”\n34. Tremayne, “News Websites as Gated Cybercommunities.”\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_85: "START TEXT: \nESZTER HARGITTAI \nThe Role of Expertise in Navigating Links of Influence\nIn this essay, I focus on " ******* END TEXT: "atter and the main types of links that exist on the Web, including a brief consideration of how the\n"
9780472024537 - page_86: "START TEXT: \npresentation of sponsored search engine results has changed over time. In the first section, I also" ******* END TEXT: "arch engines. Experts in search engine optimization (SEO) work with both businesses and individuals\n"
9780472024537 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nto maximize the chances of a good position on search engine results pages. Interestingly, much of t" ******* END TEXT: "g, all hyperlinks are created equal. They can be easily inserted into any page with the simple code "
9780472024537 - page_88: "START TEXT: \nIn a substantively different category are links that show up on aggregator and recommender sites. T" ******* END TEXT: "es links to affiliates. Each time someone clicks on such a link, both the owner of the Web site and\n"
9780472024537 - page_89: "START TEXT: \nGoogle itself, as ad system provider, make money. Without people clicking on such links regularly, " ******* END TEXT: "six, five, and four cents, respectively. This explicit manipulation of search engine results caused\n"
9780472024537 - page_90: "START TEXT: \nconsiderable stir in the industry. Ironically, later manifestations of sponsored links have include" ******* END TEXT: "0s by Google founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page, concerns the reputation of the page on the Web.10\n"
9780472024537 - page_91: "START TEXT: \n\nTo explain the basic idea behind this reputational system, I will draw on an analogy. Imagine a cl" ******* END TEXT: "g from one page to another. If we thus translate the story to Web pages and search engine rankings,\n"
9780472024537 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nthe main idea is that having many links pointing to you and especially having ones from popular, es" ******* END TEXT: "l and remained in the top spot for three years, occupying the second position as of this writing.13\n"
9780472024537 - page_93: "START TEXT: \nMobilizing many people to help out with a Google bomb requires a convincing story to motivate parti" ******* END TEXT: "irection content found that just a few sites are responsible for a large portion of spam content.15\n"
9780472024537 - page_94: "START TEXT: \nIronically, the Google-owned free blog-hosting site Blogspot appears to be one of the most spam-inf" ******* END TEXT: "the wired generation are not necessarily savvy about terms that are important for informed Internet\n"
9780472024537 - page_95: "START TEXT: \nuse and understanding links in particular.16 While most students exhibit a relatively high level of" ******* END TEXT: "know-how concerning “https,” and there is a similar relationship with college entrance exam scores.\n"
9780472024537 - page_96: "START TEXT: \nUnderstanding Search Engine Rankings\nRegarding the special case of understanding how search engines" ******* END TEXT: "le college student at an urban public research university in response to a search query looking for\n"
9780472024537 - page_97: "START TEXT: \nHIV testing options in the city of Chicago. The respondent entered “HIV testing in Chicago” into th" ******* END TEXT: "a good grasp of how search engines make decisions about what results to display. This user seems to\n"
9780472024537 - page_98: "START TEXT: \nput quite a bit of trust in Google's rankings, regardless of outcome, a finding that has been shown" ******* END TEXT: "tabbed browsing) and the largely cryptic (e.g., torrent and widget). Nonetheless, all of these were\n"
9780472024537 - page_99: "START TEXT: \nclaimed to be better understood by students than the term phishing. As with other types of Internet" ******* END TEXT: "epartment for more information.\nEven when links are labeled as sponsored, users do not realize that\n"
9780472024537 - page_100: "START TEXT: \nthey may not be the most relevant (of course, on occasion, they may be). Take the case of a thirty-" ******* END TEXT: "egarding their online savvy and their understanding of link navigation in particular. This know-how\n"
9780472024537 - page_101: "START TEXT: \nis not randomly distributed: on the contrary, socioeconomic status variables exhibit a statisticall" ******* END TEXT: "in what information is seen only by a few people. Links help users meet everyday needs ranging from\n"
9780472024537 - page_102: "START TEXT: \nthe trivial to the profound. Given that people vary in their abilities to understand the sources of" ******* END TEXT: "aper presented at Sixteenth International World Wide Web Conference, Banff, Canada, May 8–12, 2007.\n"
9780472024537 - page_103: "START TEXT: \n16. E. Hargittai, “A Framework for Studying Differences in People's Digital Media Uses,” in Cyberwo" ******* END TEXT: "evel Digital Divide: Differences in People's Online Skills,” First Monday 7, no. 4 (2002): 1–18.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_104: "START TEXT: \nSETH FINKELSTEIN \nGoogle, Links, and Popularity versus Authority\nSuppose one wished to search throu" ******* END TEXT: "ractice of using links as a metric for meaning has proved to have many complicated social effects.1\n"
9780472024537 - page_105: "START TEXT: \nIn sociological terms, it was insightful of the Google creators to realize that a popular answer wo" ******* END TEXT: "laborate, the addition of an increasing number of factors can create many unintended consequences. \n"
9780472024537 - page_106: "START TEXT: \nAs the various ranking aspects interact with each other, several small factors can combine to be eq" ******* END TEXT: "y equivalence that idea to a concept of everyone having equal power. But the ranking algorithms are\n"
9780472024537 - page_107: "START TEXT: \nrarely simple direct democracy. They're akin to “shareholder democracy” as practiced in corporation" ******* END TEXT: "decisions are made as to what results to present to the end user, from among an overwhelming set of\n"
9780472024537 - page_108: "START TEXT: \npossibilities. And both have a concept of objectivity in theory but also inescapable problems with " ******* END TEXT: "esentation and customization.\nWhen Google “removes” material, often it is still in the Google index\n"
9780472024537 - page_109: "START TEXT: \nitself. But the postprocessing has removed it from any results shown to the user. This system can b" ******* END TEXT: " also comes after Cheshire Constabulary's paedophile unit alerted the Internet Watch Foundation....\n"
9780472024537 - page_110: "START TEXT: \nHowever, they urged objectors to bombard Google and the Internet service provider Marhost.com with " ******* END TEXT: "ne of the most well-known examples of complex issues of unintended consequences and social dilemmas\n"
9780472024537 - page_111: "START TEXT: \nis the high ranking of an anti-Semitic Web site, Jew Watch, for Google searches on the keyword “Jew" ******* END TEXT: "o have different sites rank higher for the keyword “Jew.” But Jonathan Bernstein, regional director\n"
9780472024537 - page_112: "START TEXT: \nof the Anti-Defamation League, noted that “one can stumble across plenty of Holocaust denial Web si" ******* END TEXT: " anywhere near a majority share to be returned as a first result. If, hypothetically, anti-Semitism\n"
9780472024537 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nwere the association 19 percent of the time and there were nine other slightly different positive a" ******* END TEXT: " for laughs. In the future, it might well involve much more serious political dirty tricks. Indeed,\n"
9780472024537 - page_114: "START TEXT: \npolitical campaigning is at heart a process of manipulating information, and as search engines beco" ******* END TEXT: " the article, as the ranking algorithm will see only the link itself. If the accumulated purchasing\n"
9780472024537 - page_115: "START TEXT: \nof links eventually results in a high ranking, that process will be virtually invisible to the sear" ******* END TEXT: "s that there is indeed a “class” division between high-priced commercial and low-priced commercial.\n"
9780472024537 - page_116: "START TEXT: \nFuture controversies may present a real-life version of that joke that might go roughly as follows:" ******* END TEXT: " we rank Web sites in our search results. This isn't a negative vote for the site where the comment\n"
9780472024537 - page_117: "START TEXT: \nwas posted; it's just a way to make sure that spammers get no benefit from abusing public areas lik" ******* END TEXT: "o Tim who links to Steve who then links to Dave who links to Doc who follows through with a link to\n"
9780472024537 - page_118: "START TEXT: \nDan, and so on. If you throw in the fact that the Google Guys are, well, guys, then we start to see" ******* END TEXT: "ts of punditry that project a type of divinity or mystification into the technology. New York Times\n"
9780472024537 - page_119: "START TEXT: \ncolumnist Thomas Friedman wrote an op-ed column entitled “Is Google God?” where he quoted a Wi-Fi c" ******* END TEXT: "n, “Google Censorship—How It Works,” http://sethf.com/anticensorware/general/google-censorship.php;\n"
9780472024537 - page_120: "START TEXT: \nBBC News, “Google Censors Itself for China,” http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4645596.stm.\n5. " ******* END TEXT: "ly-Linked Sites Dominate Politics on the Web,” 2003, http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~kt/mpsa03.pdf.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_121: "START TEXT: \nPart 2: Hyperlinks and the Business of Media\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nPart 2: Hyperlinks and the Business of Media\n"
9780472024537 - page_122: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472024537 - page_123: "START TEXT: \nPreface to Part 2\nPart 2 focuses on the ways media and marketing organizations use linking as they " ******* END TEXT: "ate their own online communities that connect the brand to customers in order to win their loyalty.\n"
9780472024537 - page_124: "START TEXT: \nEric Picard, continuing the spirit of the essays by Hespos and Schulman, talks about the challenges" ******* END TEXT: "may be crucial to a democratic society? The essays in part 2 lead us to examine these questions.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_125: "START TEXT: \nMARTIN NISENHOLTZ\nThe Hyperlinked News Organization\nThe Way We Were\nIn The Making of the President," ******* END TEXT: "ond the printed page. This ecosystem created meaningful linkages through the technology of the day.\n"
9780472024537 - page_126: "START TEXT: \nThe Dawn of Internet News\nIt is not surprising, therefore, that the World Wide Web was initially us" ******* END TEXT: "eaders would come to article pages from somewhere else on the Internet was a function of marketing.\n"
9780472024537 - page_127: "START TEXT: \nThese were the days of “anchor tenancies” on AOL, where Web sites would pay tens of millions of dol" ******* END TEXT: "ed the idea of a “knowledge network” that would combine our journalism with what our users knew; in\n"
9780472024537 - page_128: "START TEXT: \nother words, we would attempt to “unlock” the knowledge inherent in our very literate user base and" ******* END TEXT: "en standard and the hyperlinked nature of the medium itself. The most important of these companies,\n"
9780472024537 - page_129: "START TEXT: \nfounded by Jerry Yang and David Filo, was Yahoo. Yahoo's core value contribution, like that of seve" ******* END TEXT: "dressability of content” have all begun to change users' expectations of what a news service should\n"
9780472024537 - page_130: "START TEXT: \nbe. In turn, new forms of content creation and aggregation have exploded, as the gradual de-portali" ******* END TEXT: "the Web 2.0 notion embodied by James Surowiecki in his book The Wisdom of the Crowds. The idea that\n"
9780472024537 - page_131: "START TEXT: \nreaders, by voting en masse on which stories and events are most interesting or important, are now " ******* END TEXT: "Times was now—based solely on the fact that thousands of readers were e-mailing it around—appearing\n"
9780472024537 - page_132: "START TEXT: \non our home page day after day, attaining an afterlife that would have been impossible just a few s" ******* END TEXT: "yperlinked news organization—it can get much larger and has more impact through its disintegration.\n"
9780472024537 - page_133: "START TEXT: \nPart of the reason the Times now has the largest newspaper Web site by a significant margin is our " ******* END TEXT: "ter embodies the principles of Web 2.0 than Google. The very nature of its PageRank algorithm is to\n"
9780472024537 - page_134: "START TEXT: \nuse the “wisdom of crowds”—the underlying link structure of the Web—as a kind of mathematical votin" ******* END TEXT: "ews organization, the problem is that many of these users are so ephemeral as to be of no practical\n"
9780472024537 - page_135: "START TEXT: \neconomic benefit to the provider. Traffic from sites such as Digg can be of very low quality, as me" ******* END TEXT: "n December 2006, twelve resulted from some version of the keywords “ New York Times.” Two non-Times\n"
9780472024537 - page_136: "START TEXT: \nkeywords, “Saddam Hussein” and “James Brown,” were public figures who died in December. The remaini" ******* END TEXT: "eb 2.0?” http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html?page=1.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_137: "START TEXT: \nTOM HESPOS\nHow Hyperlinks Ought to Change the Advertising Business\nThe advertising industry is an i" ******* END TEXT: "ded my metal detector and consulted some of my fellow treasure hunters, I might be more successful.\n"
9780472024537 - page_138: "START TEXT: \nThink about how I might have addressed this challenge in the pre-Internet days. Gathering informati" ******* END TEXT: "very marketing problem. The advertiser and the agency have information to communicate to consumers,\n"
9780472024537 - page_139: "START TEXT: \nand they push this information out through a variety of media—television commercials, ads in magazi" ******* END TEXT: " customers decide to talk back. You can see this systematic reengineering of the Internet in action\n"
9780472024537 - page_140: "START TEXT: \nwhen you take a look at the variety of models in use for advertising within interactive channels.\nT" ******* END TEXT: "io commercials. Clicking on a video clip on CNN's home page usually brings up a thirty-second video\n"
9780472024537 - page_141: "START TEXT: \nspot for an advertiser. The ad runs for thirty seconds before it gets to the news clip the user req" ******* END TEXT: "e messaging buy usually nets an agency significantly less, with many more interactive professionals\n"
9780472024537 - page_142: "START TEXT: \nneeded to staff the account. Why? In general, television campaigns take a lot less work to pull off" ******* END TEXT: "t of the Madison Avenue behemoths to the small independent boutiques. They see how push advertising\n"
9780472024537 - page_143: "START TEXT: \nbecomes less effective year after year, and they believe that advertisers need to make changes in t" ******* END TEXT: "tribute to the blog. They also follow up every comment and question personally. The AccuQuote brand\n"
9780472024537 - page_144: "START TEXT: \nis much less well-known than, say, Chevrolet, and their category tends to generate less conversatio" ******* END TEXT: "haven't seen anything yet.\n\nNOTE\n1. David Ogilvy, Ogilvy on Advertising (New York: Crown, 1983).\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_145: "START TEXT: \nSTACEY LYNN SCHULMAN\nHyperlinks and Marketing Insight\nIt seems that everywhere we turn these days, " ******* END TEXT: "ip. The why is the critical second half, and marketers who embrace and activate this knowledge win.\n"
9780472024537 - page_146: "START TEXT: \nKnow Me, Know My Desires... Just Don't Invade My Privacy\nThe problem with getting at the why is tha" ******* END TEXT: "what consumercentric research is all about, after all? With e-mail, Internet, cable, broadcast, and\n"
9780472024537 - page_147: "START TEXT: \nprint advertising, the relevance of the content to consumers and the extension of the brand deeply " ******* END TEXT: "nking, they can now be rolled into a single-source, behavioral composite of core consumer segments.\n"
9780472024537 - page_148: "START TEXT: \nThe Massive Myth Yields to the Finer Slices of Life\nOver the past ten years, the advertising and ma" ******* END TEXT: " consumer interest but because the concept of community is linked to that of identity. In fact, the\n"
9780472024537 - page_149: "START TEXT: \ntwo concepts are linked in the virtual space just as they are in the physical space. Erik H. Erikso" ******* END TEXT: "itical space in which our identities are crafted by the symbols we choose as representations of our\n"
9780472024537 - page_150: "START TEXT: \ntrue selves. The mediated self exists between identity and community precisely because it acts as a" ******* END TEXT: "Consider, for example, a community of small business entrepreneurs. As a small business advertiser,\n"
9780472024537 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nyou may want to reach these potential consumers within a small business context that is specific to" ******* END TEXT: "s for our virtual identities. How does a group of users who feed on a steady diet of American Idol,\n"
9780472024537 - page_152: "START TEXT: \nfor example, differ from those who quote and link to Bill O'Reilly? And do either currently subscri" ******* END TEXT: "for linking program preferences to product and brand affinities. How many of those self-pro-claimed\n"
9780472024537 - page_153: "START TEXT: \nIdol fans are also commenting on Dove's Real Beauty campaign or the newest Samsung cell phone? In o" ******* END TEXT: "differentiator between success and failure. Marketers eager to be first or to ride the crest of the\n"
9780472024537 - page_154: "START TEXT: \nsocial community du jour without taking the time to listen and learn are at risk of disenfranchisin" ******* END TEXT: "example that points out the return on investment (ROI) of enabling versus disruptive communication.\n"
9780472024537 - page_155: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nInitiative calculated the two marketers' performances along its proprietary Brand Value evaluation " ******* END TEXT: " don't want is to be advertised to. The technology at our fingertips—digital video recorders, video\n"
9780472024537 - page_157: "START TEXT: \non demand, and so on—makes irrelevant content a disruption to our engagement with the experience we" ******* END TEXT: "lture, Inc.: The Corporate Takeover of Public Expression (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).\n"
9780472024537 - page_158: "START TEXT: \n3. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon" ******* END TEXT: ": Insight from the Inside Out,” Hub (Association of National Advertisers), May–June 2005, 10–13.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_159: "START TEXT: \nERIC PICARD\nHyperlinking and Advertising Strategy\nHyperlinking lets people control their own destin" ******* END TEXT: "tunity for any time slot.\nIn the old world, television was linear. Each time slot was filled with a\n"
9780472024537 - page_160: "START TEXT: \nfixed number of channels that a person could choose from at any given viewing moment. If you were a" ******* END TEXT: "how one time, it would get 10 GRPs, and if it ran twice during the same show, it would get 20 GRPs.\n"
9780472024537 - page_161: "START TEXT: \nWhen a media buyer negotiates a price for any given piece of advertising, the buyer is negotiating " ******* END TEXT: "age is viewed. This model is how all advertising will be bought, sold, and delivered in the future.\n"
9780472024537 - page_162: "START TEXT: \nRather than buying a spot and then waiting to find out how many people watch the show an advertisem" ******* END TEXT: "time of day.” Quality content will gather an audience and will therefore gather ad revenue. The old\n"
9780472024537 - page_163: "START TEXT: \nmethods of programming and media buying will shift, and this requires both new strategies and new t" ******* END TEXT: "ght person across all media.\nOn the format side of the ad business, we will see big changes. Rather\n"
9780472024537 - page_164: "START TEXT: \nthan restricting the audience from fast-forwarding over TV advertising, we will let them fast-forwa" ******* END TEXT: "mately, the power of hyperlinking will completely transform media and advertising as we know it.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_165: "START TEXT: \nMARC A. SMITH \nFrom Hyperlinks to Hyperties\nA new form of hyperlink is emerging, the “hypertie,” wh" ******* END TEXT: "n, people also give off impressions that others are highly attuned to discovering and interpreting.\n"
9780472024537 - page_166: "START TEXT: \nThis dance of symbols—authored intentionally and not, exchanged between actors in shifting roles wi" ******* END TEXT: ". In contrast, many forms of social tie signs have been ephemeral or stubbornly physical. They have\n"
9780472024537 - page_167: "START TEXT: \nalso lacked easily generated digital traces that describe their presence and dimension. Bridges, co" ******* END TEXT: "e higher-ranked results often correlate with increased traffic and since traffic rates often map to\n"
9780472024537 - page_168: "START TEXT: \nrevenue, more inbound links of the right quality can equal greater income and value for a Web site." ******* END TEXT: "nd. These sensors allow the detection of other similarly enabled mobiles in the device's proximity.\n"
9780472024537 - page_169: "START TEXT: \nGiven the intimate association of many mobile devices with individuals, these technologies allow fo" ******* END TEXT: "bile devices.\nHypertie Systems\nHere are capsule descriptions of early examples of hypertie systems.\n"
9780472024537 - page_170: "START TEXT: \n“Life logging,” a concept championed by Gordon Bell at Microsoft Research, describes a set of techn" ******* END TEXT: " context-aware form of the “ticket to talk” concept described by sociologist Harvey Sacks. “Tickets\n"
9780472024537 - page_171: "START TEXT: \nto talk” are signs or behaviors that invite others to engage in conversation. A sports team's emble" ******* END TEXT: "ies. The Jabberwocky system processed the aggregate data about past discoveries of Bluetooth radios\n"
9780472024537 - page_172: "START TEXT: \nand presented users with a “familiarity” display that indicated how many people nearby were people " ******* END TEXT: "heir device's) motions. Research using accelerometers suggests that rich diaries of activity can be\n"
9780472024537 - page_173: "START TEXT: \ngenerated cheaply and efficiently for vast numbers of people. Combined with GPS and related technol" ******* END TEXT: "laces they inhabit. The result is a kind of explosion of social science data that is unprecedented.\n"
9780472024537 - page_174: "START TEXT: \nThe resulting data will have many implications. One in particular is the amenability of hypertie da" ******* END TEXT: "ng traces in systems are smaller, allowing the act of “viewing” a piece of content to be visible to\n"
9780472024537 - page_175: "START TEXT: \nothers. Making objects into “favorites,” adding someone to a watch list, and similar features allow" ******* END TEXT: "rch.microsoft.com/sendev/proj ects/sensecam/.\n7. “Nike + iPod,” http://www.apple.com/ipod/nike/.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_176: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024537 - page_177: "START TEXT: \nPart 3: Hyperlinks, the Individual and the Social\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nPart 3: Hyperlinks, the Individual and the Social\n"
9780472024537 - page_178: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472024537 - page_179: "START TEXT: \nPreface to Part 3\nThe essays in this section explore what it means to live in a hyperlinked society" ******* END TEXT: "ed on the basis of shared interests. She finds, for example, that niche hobbies are good predictors\n"
9780472024537 - page_180: "START TEXT: \nof relationships. Adamic also finds that the same is true in the commercial space: niche products e" ******* END TEXT: "e important streams of discussion and research about hyperlinking and society for years to come.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_181: "START TEXT: \nDAVID WEINBERGER \nThe Morality of Links\nLinks are good. I believe that. And I'm not indifferent to " ******* END TEXT: "s not good, then nothing is. But funnels are also used in a form of “waterboarding,” a contemporary\n"
9780472024537 - page_182: "START TEXT: \nform of torture sanctioned by my government. Even so, my belief that funnels are not bad remains un" ******* END TEXT: "g: “What the heck is that? Is it a car part or something I can eat?” It happens, but it's rare. Nor\n"
9780472024537 - page_183: "START TEXT: \ndo we ever run into a word or thing that we insist can mean only one thing. The word elevator usual" ******* END TEXT: "r off for having atomic bombs; or iron maidens; or funnels; or rocks, sticks, and bricks?\nOr links?\n"
9780472024537 - page_184: "START TEXT: \n2.\nLinks are more like sticks than like funnels. There are so many ways to use them that there are " ******* END TEXT: " of saying what the relationship is. A link to, say, www.martinlutherking.org is encoded in HTML as "
9780472024537 - page_185: "START TEXT: \nWe could perform an analysis of those links to get a sense of what sort of connections they're draw" ******* END TEXT: "does. If all you can see is that other person's intellectual framework, then what you've understood\n"
9780472024537 - page_186: "START TEXT: \nis nothing. What counts is seeing how the world matters to the other person. That person would feel" ******* END TEXT: "trong sense that links are good.\nThere is. If morality is based on our caring that we share a world\n"
9780472024537 - page_187: "START TEXT: \nwith others to whom that world matters, then in acting morally, we turn toward that world with othe" ******* END TEXT: "world, letting how it matters to others matter to us—that's the essence of morality and of linking.\n"
9780472024537 - page_188: "START TEXT: \n4.\nMorality and the Web have the same basic architecture? Holy Toledo! That means the Web is the sa" ******* END TEXT: ", you're pretty much off entirely. Third, the Web brings persistence not just to our communications\n"
9780472024537 - page_189: "START TEXT: \nbut to the relationships our communications note; that is, the Web brings persistent links. In this" ******* END TEXT: "hether we think about it explicitly or not, every time we click on a link, we take a step away from\n"
9780472024537 - page_190: "START TEXT: \nthe selfish solipsism that characterizes our age—or, to be more exact, that characterizes how we ta" ******* END TEXT: "al and moving example of this.\n8. I use quotes here because there is, of course, only one world.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_191: "START TEXT: \nSTEFAAN G. VERHULST\nLinked Geographies: Maps as Mediators of Reality\nMaps, just like hyperlinks, he" ******* END TEXT: " other nongeographic information. In addition, we are awash with “maps” of phenomena like the human\n"
9780472024537 - page_192: "START TEXT: \ngenome and social relations; and, of course, the hyperlink itself is part of a larger attempt to ma" ******* END TEXT: "that sheds light on world history, politics, culture, and economics. It begins in ancient Egypt and\n"
9780472024537 - page_193: "START TEXT: \nBabylon, where the earliest maps have been found, and continues through the publication of Ptolemy'" ******* END TEXT: "ly serve to represent reality but can shape it. For example, cartography has been implicated in the\n"
9780472024537 - page_194: "START TEXT: \nNazi propaganda project before and during World War II.8 In addition, cartography has been implicat" ******* END TEXT: " other projects that harm traditionally underrepresented groups. Of course, not all acts of framing\n"
9780472024537 - page_195: "START TEXT: \nand mediation need be harmful. But it is important to keep them in mind: to be aware of them and to" ******* END TEXT: "emselves—became entangled and imbricated with an early form of capitalism. As Benedict Anderson has\n"
9780472024537 - page_196: "START TEXT: \npointed out, the advent of “print capitalism” ushered in a new way of “imagining” and conceiving of" ******* END TEXT: "ay's maps are not just shaped by an unprecedented quantity of data; they use data in very different\n"
9780472024537 - page_197: "START TEXT: \nways. Indeed, as we shall see, the real-time, interactive, and linked maps of today integrate data " ******* END TEXT: " the information they offer is no longer limited to the map itself. Perhaps another way to put this\n"
9780472024537 - page_198: "START TEXT: \nis that such maps are connected to the world. As such, they offer a fuller (or “thicker”) descripti" ******* END TEXT: "emain affiliated with the geographic maps of old, new technologies have also led to conceptual maps\n"
9780472024537 - page_199: "START TEXT: \nthat have no relationship to geography. Today, for example, there are a number of different visuali" ******* END TEXT: "odern maps mean that our worlds are no longer fixed. As noted earlier, the linking of data sets and\n"
9780472024537 - page_200: "START TEXT: \nmaps means that maps are mutable, constantly in flux. This constant change also affects the way we " ******* END TEXT: "velopment. In particular, data was collected to create new GIS maps that revealed shortcomings (and\n"
9780472024537 - page_201: "START TEXT: \nsources of the shortcomings) in the municipal water network; these maps encouraged citizens to dema" ******* END TEXT: "with the inevitable spread of ubiquitous computing and sensor technologies, similar uses of mapping\n"
9780472024537 - page_202: "START TEXT: \ntools for surveillance and law enforcement are likely to increase, posing serious challenges to ind" ******* END TEXT: "ntally altering our relationship to reality. Many of these changes are positive. Indeed, this essay\n"
9780472024537 - page_203: "START TEXT: \nhas made clear many of the exciting and positive contributions that can be made by modern technolog" ******* END TEXT: "tion system made up of a network of twenty-four satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department\n"
9780472024537 - page_204: "START TEXT: \nof Defense. GPS was originally intended for military applications, but in the 1980s, the U.S. gover" ******* END TEXT: "radigm,” Journal of Communication 43, no. 4 (1993): 51–58.\n17. Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching.\n"
9780472024537 - page_205: "START TEXT: \n18. Verhulst, “Mediation, Mediators, and New Intermediaries.”\n19. Comments by Stefaan Verhulst, at " ******* END TEXT: "tion of some of the concerns, see http://www.mcwetboy.net/maproom/2005/09/google_earth_pr_1.php.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_206: "START TEXT: \nJEREMY W. CRAMPTON\nWill Peasants Map? Hyperlinks, Map Mashups, and the Future of Information\nIn thi" ******* END TEXT: "we look at these occasions, they all share something in common; they were popular but not populist \n"
9780472024537 - page_207: "START TEXT: \nevents. In popular mapping, the control of geographical information remains in the hands of an elit" ******* END TEXT: " by the public. Every educated person considered their library incomplete without atlases and maps.\n"
9780472024537 - page_208: "START TEXT: \nA different kind of popular mapping emerged during the nineteenth century. In this case, the new kn" ******* END TEXT: "outlets as Fortune and the Los Angeles Times published incredible new maps by Richard Edes Harrison\n"
9780472024537 - page_209: "START TEXT: \nand Charles Owens suited to the “air age,” featuring views over the polar ice caps and perspectives" ******* END TEXT: "s can also be merely an extension of state control to the exclusion of local actors. Countermapping\n"
9780472024537 - page_210: "START TEXT: \ncan be employed to give voice to these actors, whether they are in East Africa or impoverished Amer" ******* END TEXT: "f erudition or scientificity.”18\nRelevant for our purposes here is that sometimes counterknowledges\n"
9780472024537 - page_211: "START TEXT: \ncan emerge and provide the basis for a critique of the prevailing way of doing things, likened by F" ******* END TEXT: "ideas about how maps worked were formalized in the postwar years by Arthur Robinson, a professor of\n"
9780472024537 - page_212: "START TEXT: \ngeography at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Robinson provided the conceptual apparatus of wha" ******* END TEXT: "luential. The Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics, for example, nurtured early developments in\n"
9780472024537 - page_213: "START TEXT: \nGIS.27 But they were cumbersome, limited to expensive equipment, and required sophisticated program" ******* END TEXT: "ational Geographics of the world. Now people are taking it upon themselves to map their passions.31\n"
9780472024537 - page_214: "START TEXT: \nIn other words, desktop mapping and geovisualization provided the beginnings of new forms of people" ******* END TEXT: "t Westernized? Is it oriented to Europe and North America? One could also compare the maps from two\n"
9780472024537 - page_215: "START TEXT: \ndifferent books on the same topic (e.g., the spread of a disease, like HIV or SARS) to see if they " ******* END TEXT: "e that suggests that access to, control of, and dissemination of geospatial information is changing\n"
9780472024537 - page_216: "START TEXT: \npolitical participation.34 While much political discussion occurs in the traditional, or “mainstrea" ******* END TEXT: "nder (mentioned earlier) about power and knowledge is nowhere more salient than in the relationship\n"
9780472024537 - page_217: "START TEXT: \nbetween the military and digital mapping and geovisualization. The size of the military investment " ******* END TEXT: " permit more efficient allocation of resources, and a more open rational decision-making process.38\n"
9780472024537 - page_218: "START TEXT: \nYet he concedes that these systems are taking place in a larger context of economic production and " ******* END TEXT: "seems likely that open-source mapping will provide a parallel alternative set of publicly available\n"
9780472024537 - page_219: "START TEXT: \ndata, but it does not seem likely that they will replace traditional data providers.\nAnother obstac" ******* END TEXT: "iles in articles showing the occurrence of avian influenza A (H5N1) and other public health issues.\n"
9780472024537 - page_220: "START TEXT: \nAnother fascinating application has been produced by the American Association for the Advancement o" ******* END TEXT: " been razed to the ground, for example—as the AAAS found in Zimbabwe, despite governmental silence.\n"
9780472024537 - page_221: "START TEXT: \nBarriers for Linking Geospatial Data\nInteroperability\nThere are still many barriers to the use of o" ******* END TEXT: "es and end-users may have paid (or not paid). This “tiered” access would resemble the current model\n"
9780472024537 - page_222: "START TEXT: \noften adopted by cable providers, whereby consumers receive different TV channels according to the " ******* END TEXT: "d the left of the political spectrum. Looking not at the cross section of all blogs but, rather, at\n"
9780472024537 - page_223: "START TEXT: \nthose that carry the most readership (the A-list bloggers), Adamic and Glance found that in the mon" ******* END TEXT: "nd barriers. The answers to those questions will prove vital in deciding the future of information.\n"
9780472024537 - page_224: "START TEXT: \n\nNOTES\n1. C. Jacob, The Sovereign Map: Theoretical Approaches in Cartography throughout History (Ch" ******* END TEXT: "orristown, NJ: Schenkman, 1971); W. Bunge, “The First Years of the Detroit Geographical Expedition:\n"
9780472024537 - page_225: "START TEXT: \nA Personal Report,” in Radical Geography, ed. R. Peet (Chicago: Maroufa, 1969), 31–39.\n16. R. M. Do" ******* END TEXT: "s Joint Forces Command, Geospatial Intelligence Support to Joint Operations (Washington, DC, 2007).\n"
9780472024537 - page_226: "START TEXT: \n37. J. Pickles, A History of Spaces: Cartographic Reason, Mapping, and the Geo-Coded World (London:" ******* END TEXT: "utter, “Are Bloggers ‘the People’?” http://policybyblog.squarespace.com/are-bloggers-the-people.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_227: "START TEXT: \nLADA A. ADAMIC\nThe Social Hyperlink\nAt first glance, the hyperlink—a simple sequence of characters " ******* END TEXT: "ial hyperlink but with text and URLs that allowed us to understand the context of the relationship.\n"
9780472024537 - page_228: "START TEXT: \nWe sought to predict, from the information contained in each home page, which home pages would be l" ******* END TEXT: "tes in the profiles themselves. Political science majors were more likely to think of themselves as\n"
9780472024537 - page_229: "START TEXT: \nattractive and lovable, while physics, math, and electrical engineering majors fulfilled the nerdy " ******* END TEXT: " analysis of political blogs.6\nAs a first step, I crawled approximately fifteen hundred liberal and\n"
9780472024537 - page_230: "START TEXT: \nconservative blogs whose home pages and leanings I had gathered from online blog directories. The s" ******* END TEXT: "s bloggers consider their blogs a new kind of journalistic medium, they are still very much tied in\n"
9780472024537 - page_231: "START TEXT: \nwith the mainstream news sources. By studying the top forty political blogs during the three months" ******* END TEXT: "e expected, the articles that are most blogged about tend to have a political focus, reflecting the\n"
9780472024537 - page_232: "START TEXT: \nstrong presence of political blogs in the U.S. blogosphere. For example, the five most blogged New " ******* END TEXT: " they would like to reveal to their readership. Indeed, if we look at the frequency with which news\n"
9780472024537 - page_233: "START TEXT: \nsources are cited in the top political blogs of either leaning, the neutral news sources pull far a" ******* END TEXT: ", the Democrat turned Republican senator who was backing President Bush for reelection. Established\n"
9780472024537 - page_234: "START TEXT: \npolitical figures who had held prior office were mentioned frequently but in more even numbers. Bil" ******* END TEXT: "ks to others they agreed with, who most often happened to be bloggers of similar political leaning.\n"
9780472024537 - page_235: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_236: "START TEXT: \nNatalie and I had left open the question of whether, after the election was over, the political div" ******* END TEXT: "y one must be careful when drawing conclusions from a static snapshot about communities represented\n"
9780472024537 - page_237: "START TEXT: \nby hyperlinks (or from an aggregate snapshot, for that matter), because the hyperlink may represent" ******* END TEXT: "terlinked regions of the blogosphere corresponded to topics such as Catholicism or homeschooling.12\n"
9780472024537 - page_238: "START TEXT: \nSome interests, such as cooking or knitting, have the ability to span cities, if not continents. Wh" ******* END TEXT: "e population consists of foreigners, the foreigners have formed the blogging community. Many of the\n"
9780472024537 - page_239: "START TEXT: \nUAE bloggers were likely to be professionals, with 85 percent holding an undergraduate degree and 3" ******* END TEXT: "g under pseudonyms. Pseudonyms may stand in the way of keeping in touch with at least some friends.\n"
9780472024537 - page_240: "START TEXT: \nKuwait bloggers were most likely (23 percent) to be motivated by the desire to meet new friends, co" ******* END TEXT: "n the comments is attached to blog B's post and will point back to blog A. By following trackbacks,\n"
9780472024537 - page_241: "START TEXT: \none may discover an interactive conversation. Not only trackbacks but direct comments to bloggers' " ******* END TEXT: " As may be expected, there is a positive correlation (ρ = 0.32) between how many comments a blogger\n"
9780472024537 - page_242: "START TEXT: \nleaves on other blogs and how many comments they receive. But the correlation is even greater (ρ = " ******* END TEXT: " of the bloggers citing this post, shown in figure 4, we find that many of them are on each other's\n"
9780472024537 - page_243: "START TEXT: \nblogrolls or have previously cited one another—that is, they are part of the same blogging communit" ******* END TEXT: "e very top bloggers can make a living by blogging these days, but the information that is spreading\n"
9780472024537 - page_244: "START TEXT: \naround tends to be news, opinion, cute photos, jokes, and personality quizzes. Increasingly, howeve" ******* END TEXT: "chasing a product on the Web site, the customer had the option of recommending the product to their\n"
9780472024537 - page_245: "START TEXT: \nfriends by providing their e-mail addresses. A hyperlink would be created and shipped off via e-mai" ******* END TEXT: "d online through Web sites and offline through orchid shows, are more successfully recommended than\n"
9780472024537 - page_246: "START TEXT: \nbooks on tomato growing, a pursuit that does not cause most people to form communities online or of" ******* END TEXT: "o it in some other way than purchasing it from this particular retailer. For DVDs, we saw something\n"
9780472024537 - page_247: "START TEXT: \nquite different: as more and more recommendations were received, a person was more likely to make t" ******* END TEXT: "hat Amit Asaravala of Wired had interviewed us and had written an article about it titled “Warning:\n"
9780472024537 - page_248: "START TEXT: \nBlogs Can be Infectious.”16 The title reflected our finding that some information spreads readily t" ******* END TEXT: "igital Laboratories, Paris, 1999).\n5. Intelliseek was subsequently acquired by Nielsen BuzzMetrics.\n"
9780472024537 - page_249: "START TEXT: \n6. L. A. Adamic and N. Glance, “The Political Blogosphere and the 2004 U.S. Election: Divided They " ******* END TEXT: ". Adar et al., “Implicit Structure.”\n16. http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,62537,00.html.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_250: "START TEXT: \nMARKUS PRIOR\nAre Hyperlinks “Weak Ties”?\nMore than thirty years ago, Mark Granovetter introduced th" ******* END TEXT: ".6 Her results also reveal that crosscutting exposure can depress political participation. Yet both\n"
9780472024537 - page_251: "START TEXT: \nstudies agree—in fact, take as their premise—that weak ties offer the best chance to encounter unex" ******* END TEXT: "ice and the opportunity to customize their media use. The capacity to filter out content in advance\n"
9780472024537 - page_252: "START TEXT: \nhas triggered a vigorous debate about the societal and political implications of new media. While s" ******* END TEXT: "rization is high when people watch a lot of a particular program format or genre and not much else.\n"
9780472024537 - page_253: "START TEXT: \nFor Sunstein's and Turow's predictions to be realized, audiences need to become not only more fragm" ******* END TEXT: "reference to the other cable networks, CNN's exclusive cume in this period was only twelve million.\n"
9780472024537 - page_254: "START TEXT: \nIn December 2004, twelve million people watched CNN for at least six minutes on at least one day an" ******* END TEXT: " candidates looked at both sides even though they could have easily concentrated on their favorite.\n"
9780472024537 - page_255: "START TEXT: \nEven if political fragmentation is more severe than currently available evidence suggests, the cons" ******* END TEXT: "variables, even though choice and the efficiency of choice are nowhere near their practical maxima.\n"
9780472024537 - page_256: "START TEXT: \nPost-Broadcast Democracy offers several findings that can guide scholars in assessing the political" ******* END TEXT: "th 23 percent of all adults, also spent 11.5 percent on cable news, compared to 4.2 percent who did\n"
9780472024537 - page_257: "START TEXT: \nnot watch MSNBC. As discussed earlier, the overlap between audiences for different news channels is" ******* END TEXT: "ricans who are exposed to politics.\nLack of education and functional illiteracy are not the primary\n"
9780472024537 - page_258: "START TEXT: \nobstacles to learning about politics, either. Americans have become better educated, and news media" ******* END TEXT: "nd the Internet expanded viewing choices, news and entertainment fans both received elite messages,\n"
9780472024537 - page_259: "START TEXT: \nand many were sufficiently motivated by them to go to the polls. Since then, more interested, more " ******* END TEXT: "her abandon the news or indulge in it like never before, can hyperlinks limit political inequality?\n"
9780472024537 - page_260: "START TEXT: \nWe can analyze new media effects on political inequality by making two different comparisons: one b" ******* END TEXT: "ive feature of the Internet.\nWithin a domain of interest, however, hyperlinks are more likely to be\n"
9780472024537 - page_261: "START TEXT: \ntraveled. Hyperlinks between different sources of political information are still only passive stru" ******* END TEXT: "eks out political agreement but as a side effect of accepting the most readily available discussion\n"
9780472024537 - page_262: "START TEXT: \npartner or Web site. Long ago, Sears and Freedman referred to this process as “de facto selectivity" ******* END TEXT: "on Post Web site roughly equaled the combined number of their links to FoxNews.com, NYPost.com, and\n"
9780472024537 - page_263: "START TEXT: \nOpinionJournal.com (the Wall Street Journal's editorial page online). Although the link structure o" ******* END TEXT: " than information-gathering.”37\nNot all citizens can be effective monitors. Dedicated entertainment\n"
9780472024537 - page_264: "START TEXT: \nfans, in particular, may prefer not to be. According to Schudson, “in some ways, monitorial citizen" ******* END TEXT: "n inefficient as a basis for accountability. An information environment in which the most prominent\n"
9780472024537 - page_265: "START TEXT: \nlink goes to the highest bidder promises distortions of a different kind. A powerful Influence work" ******* END TEXT: "ade Attention to Political Campaigns More Selective? An Experimental Study of the 2000 Presidential\n"
9780472024537 - page_266: "START TEXT: \nCampaign” (paper presented to the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, CA, April " ******* END TEXT: "onic media outlets face an economic disincentive to link to competitors. News portals, in contrast,\n"
9780472024537 - page_267: "START TEXT: \ndo not provide original content but offer links to other media outlets. Google News provides hundre" ******* END TEXT: " Zaller,” Political Communication 20, no. 2 (2003): 131–38.\n41. Prior, Post-Broadcast Democracy.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_268: "START TEXT: \nMATTHEW HINDMAN\nWhat Is the Online Public Sphere Good For?\nAlmost from the moment the Internet beca" ******* END TEXT: "at, despite its limitations, the Web is “the finest candidate there is for unsettling informational\n"
9780472024537 - page_269: "START TEXT: \npolitics,”4 offering citizens exposure to political points of view not heard in traditional media. " ******* END TEXT: "Jonathan Klein put it) that the Internet gives too much power to “a guy sitting on his couch in his\n"
9780472024537 - page_270: "START TEXT: \npajamas.”11 I argue here that the underlying premise of both assessments is wrong. Inclusiveness is" ******* END TEXT: "hilosophy now includes numerous theorists: John Rawls,13 Joshua Cohen,14 Carlos Nino,15 Amy Gutmann\n"
9780472024537 - page_271: "START TEXT: \nand Dennis Thompson,16 John Dryzek himself,17 and Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin,18 to name a few" ******* END TEXT: " its lowest common denominator.\nFollowing Benkler and other recent commentators, most of this essay\n"
9780472024537 - page_272: "START TEXT: \nis focused on discussions about blogs and other Web sites that are devoted to political commentary " ******* END TEXT: "fectively. Benkler terms this the “Babel” criticism.24 On the other hand, later scholarship worried\n"
9780472024537 - page_273: "START TEXT: \nabout the opposite problem. With winners-take-all patterns in the structure of the Web and in onlin" ******* END TEXT: "itizens to “crash the gates.”\nYet such egalitarian hopes are problematic, as Benkler's “Goldilocks”\n"
9780472024537 - page_274: "START TEXT: \naccount demonstrates. Benkler relies heavily on a piece of scholarship from NEC Research Institute " ******* END TEXT: " or an extreme lognormal distribution. Even the smaller claim that Drezner and Farrel are making is\n"
9780472024537 - page_275: "START TEXT: \ncontradicted by other research that Benkler cites. Adamic and Glance's finding that links among pol" ******* END TEXT: "rs with Internet service providers to track and analyze the behavior of their subscribers, allowing\n"
9780472024537 - page_276: "START TEXT: \nfor highly detailed, clickstream data. Hitwise's sample includes data from ten million American hou" ******* END TEXT: " the social sciences, suggest that online content is more, not less, concentrated than print media.\n"
9780472024537 - page_277: "START TEXT: \nConcentration at the top is nevertheless only part of the story. Hitwise tracks more than thirty th" ******* END TEXT: " with this one-tenth of 1 percent of all Internet traffic. But no matter how visibility within this\n"
9780472024537 - page_278: "START TEXT: \nniche is distributed, it is hard to see how such a small portion of the public's media diet can acc" ******* END TEXT: "ad careers as lawyers, professors, journalists, senior managers, or technology professionals—hardly\n"
9780472024537 - page_279: "START TEXT: \na representative cross section of American society. Bloggers were also overwhelmingly white and mal" ******* END TEXT: " These are all areas with strict professional ethics against factual inaccuracy. Despite persistent\n"
9780472024537 - page_280: "START TEXT: \nclaims that bloggers are a bunch of pajama-clad, rumor-mongering amateurs, the bloggers that actual" ******* END TEXT: "phere is already a de facto aristocracy dominated by those skilled in the “high deliberative arts.”\n"
9780472024537 - page_281: "START TEXT: \nThe Tail of the Blogosphere: Long, but Not Public\nIf the political blogosphere has promoted a form " ******* END TEXT: "gers not public, but they cannot become public without help from their more established colleagues.\n"
9780472024537 - page_282: "START TEXT: \nScandal and the Online Public Sphere\nThus far, I have presented evidence that traffic patterns on t" ******* END TEXT: "ublican citizenship demands. To paraphrase Oscar Wilde, monitorial citizenship doesn't take up many\n"
9780472024537 - page_283: "START TEXT: \nevenings. If we're going to evaluate the online public sphere by the standards of deliberative demo" ******* END TEXT: "n Rather retired in March 2005, many suggested that the controversy served to shorten his tenure.53\n"
9780472024537 - page_284: "START TEXT: \nInitial media coverage suggested that this was a clear instance of the Internet empowering the voic" ******* END TEXT: " project as a whole is so valuable. Collective action is at the heart of politics, and few accounts\n"
9780472024537 - page_285: "START TEXT: \nof collective action in the information age have the depth and richness of Benkler's. If we want to" ******* END TEXT: "an the moral ones. Deliberative democracy asks a lot of those who participate in the public sphere.\n"
9780472024537 - page_286: "START TEXT: \nThose who run top political outlets are far better trained and equipped to meet deliberative demand" ******* END TEXT: ". S. Nino, The Constitution of Deliberative Democracy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998).\n"
9780472024537 - page_287: "START TEXT: \n16. A. Gutmann and D. Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press" ******* END TEXT: "M. Hindman, The Myth of Digital Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, forthcoming).\n"
9780472024537 - page_288: "START TEXT: \n40. C. Paterson, “News Agency Dominance in International News on the Internet,” in Converging Media" ******* END TEXT: "rce.com/html/nationworld/2002039080_buckhead18.html.\n55. Levey, “Anti-Foley Blogger Speaks Out.”\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_289: "START TEXT: \nSelected Bibliography\nAdam, A. K. M. Faithful Interpretations. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2006.\nAdam, A" ******* END TEXT: "Grassroots, and the Rise of People-Powered Politics. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2006.\n"
9780472024537 - page_290: "START TEXT: \nArquilla, J., and D. F. Ronfeldt. Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy." ******* END TEXT: "heoretical and Empirical Investigation.” European Journal of Communication 17, no. 1 (2002): 65–84.\n"
9780472024537 - page_291: "START TEXT: \nBrin, S., and L. Page. “The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine.” WWW7 / Comput" ******* END TEXT: ", no. 2 (2005): 373–90.\nCover, R. “Audience inter/active: Interactive Media, Narrative Control, and\n"
9780472024537 - page_292: "START TEXT: \nReconceiving Audience History.” New Media and Society 8, no. 1 (2006): 139–58.\nCrang, M., T. Crosbi" ******* END TEXT: "elopment of J. B. Harley's Cartographic Theories.” Cartographica 40, nos. 1–2 (Spring–Summer 2005).\n"
9780472024537 - page_293: "START TEXT: \nEdwards, E. Saving Graces: Finding Solace and Strength from Friends and Strangers. New York: Broadw" ******* END TEXT: "of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.\n"
9780472024537 - page_294: "START TEXT: \nGilbert, G. N. “Referencing as Persuasion.” Social Studies of Science 7, no. 1 (1977): 113–22.\nGill" ******* END TEXT: "d Typographical Mistakes during Users' Online Behavior.” Journal of the Association for Information\n"
9780472024537 - page_295: "START TEXT: \nSystems 7, no. 1 (2006). http://jais.aisnet.org/articles/default.asp?vol=7&art=1.\nHargittai E. “Sec" ******* END TEXT: "ing to Learn: Income, Education, and Experience Online.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication\n"
9780472024537 - page_296: "START TEXT: \n12, no. 3 (2007) http://www.jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue3/howard.\nHoyt, L., R. Khosla, and C. Canep" ******* END TEXT: "rmation and the Currency of Democratic Citizenship.” Journal of Politics 62, no. 3 (2000): 790–816.\n"
9780472024537 - page_297: "START TEXT: \nLanham, R. The Economics of Attention: Style and Substance in the Age of Information. Chicago: Univ" ******* END TEXT: "n Map Content and Distribution.” 2005. http://www.sunysb.edu/libmap/coordinates/seriesb/no2/b2.htm.\n"
9780472024537 - page_298: "START TEXT: \nMouzelis, N. “The Subjectivist-Objectivist Divide: Against Transcendence.” Sociology 34, no. 4 (200" ******* END TEXT: "25, no. 1 (2003): 49–61.\nPark, H. W., and M. Thelwall. “Hyperlink Analyses of the World Wide Web: A\n"
9780472024537 - page_299: "START TEXT: \nReview.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 8, no. 4 (2003). http://www.jcmc.indiana.edu/vo" ******* END TEXT: "n and Viewing Choice Models for Network Television.” Journal of Advertising 21, no. 1 (1992): 1–18.\n"
9780472024537 - page_300: "START TEXT: \nSafire, W. “Netroots.” New York Times Magazine, November 19, 2006.\nSanders, L. M. “Against Delibera" ******* END TEXT: ". 2 (1992): 257–71.\nSparke, M. “Between Demythologizing and Deconstructing the Map: Shawnadithit's \n"
9780472024537 - page_301: "START TEXT: \nNew-Found-Land and the Alienation of Canada.” Cartographica 32, no. 1 (1995): 1–21.\nSparke, M. “A M" ******* END TEXT: " J. Grossklags. “The FTC and Consumer Privacy in the Coming Decade.” Paper presented at the Federal\n"
9780472024537 - page_302: "START TEXT: \nTrade Commission meeting “Protecting Consumers in the Next Tech-ade,” Washington, DC, November 8, 2" ******* END TEXT: "o.” New Media and Society 6, no. 1 (2004): 123–29.\nWells, H. G. World Brain. London: Methuen, 1938.\n"
9780472024537 - page_303: "START TEXT: \nWhite, D. M. “The Gatekeeper: A Case Study in the Selection of News.” Journalism Quarterly 27, no. " ******* END TEXT: " History of Online Gatekeeping.” Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 19, no. 2 (2006): 253–98.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_304: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472024537 - page_305: "START TEXT: \nAbout the Authors\nLada A. Adamic is an assistant professor at the School of Information and the Cen" ******* END TEXT: "onger associated with it). For his achievements opposing Internet censorship, he was honored with a\n"
9780472024537 - page_306: "START TEXT: \nPioneer Award from the Electronic Frontier Foundation. He was primarily responsible for winning one" ******* END TEXT: " discussion list for experienced online marketing professionals. He blogs at http://www.hespos.com.\n"
9780472024537 - page_307: "START TEXT: \nMatthew Hindman is an assistant professor of political science at Arizona State University. He was " ******* END TEXT: " Technology” for the industry publication ClickZ and is a frequent speaker at industry conferences.\n"
9780472024537 - page_308: "START TEXT: \nMarkus Prior is an assistant professor of politics and public affairs in the Woodrow Wilson School " ******* END TEXT: "University in 1990, and a PhD in sociology from the University of California, Los Angeles, in 2001.\n"
9780472024537 - page_309: "START TEXT: \nLokman Tsui is a doctoral candidate at the Annenberg School for Communication of the University of " ******* END TEXT: "g the Council of Europe, the European Commission, UNESCO, the United Nations Development Programme,\n"
9780472024537 - page_310: "START TEXT: \nthe U.S. Agency for International Development, and the Department for International Development in " ******* END TEXT: " assistant professor, a marketing VP, and an advisor to political campaigns. He lives in Boston.\n\n\n\n"
9780472024537 - page_311: "START TEXT: \nIndex\nAAAS. See American Association for the Advancement of Science\nABC, 160, 284\nAbuzz, 128\nAckerm" ******* END TEXT: "rners-Lee, T., 129, 184\nBernstein, J., 111\nBillboards, 3, 10, 139–40\nBlacklisted, 112\nBlair, T., 49\n"
9780472024537 - page_312: "START TEXT: \nBlogger, 5, 15–16, 49–50, 52, 66, 70, 72–75, 81, 114, 116, 118, 132–33, 148–49, 223, 230–34, 236–43" ******* END TEXT: ", 213\nDatabase, 14, 42, 104, 108, 134, 151, 153, 179, 191, 215\nData-mining links, 118\nDean, H., 216\n"
9780472024537 - page_313: "START TEXT: \nDeliberative democracy, 250, 271, 280, 283\nDel.icio.us, 219\nDemocratic National Committee, 233\nDepa" ******* END TEXT: "Geographic Information Systems\nGitlin, T., 194\nGlance, N., 15, 33, 76, 223, 229, 231, 233, 262, 275\n"
9780472024537 - page_314: "START TEXT: \nGlobal Positioning System (GPS), 168–70, 172–73, 191, 197, 203–4, 218\nGoffman, E., 165–66, 174\nGold" ******* END TEXT: ", 233, 282\nKoopmans, R., 64\nKorea, 219, 202\nKramer, S., 133\nKrippendorff's alpha, 78\nKuwait, 238–41\n"
9780472024537 - page_315: "START TEXT: \nLanham, R., 24\nLasica, J., 81\nLast Word, The, 133\nLewinsky affair, 284\nLibrary science, 43\nLife log" ******* END TEXT: "works, 11, 21, 23–24, 30, 39, 43–45, 47–48, 51–53, 97, 117, 126, 143, 148, 152, 160, 163, 174, 180,\n"
9780472024537 - page_316: "START TEXT: \n211, 223, 228–29, 247, 250, 253, 261, 269, 270, 275\nNew Orleans, 219\nNew Republic, 268\nNew York, 4," ******* END TEXT: "46, 163, 175, 201–3\nProfessionalism, 72\nProgramming, 24, 28, 43, 160–61, 163, 172, 213–14, 256, 285\n"
9780472024537 - page_317: "START TEXT: \nProxemics, 166\nPublic good, 1, 58–59, 61, 263\nPublicity, 112, 115–16, 281\nPublic sphere, 4, 16, 29," ******* END TEXT: "e payment systems, 3\nSullivan, A., 234, 262\nSunstein, C., 32, 252–55, 268, 271, 273\nSupermarket, 17\n"
9780472024537 - page_318: "START TEXT: \nSurowiecki, J., 34–35, 130\nSutherland, A., 131\nSyntactical analysis, 106\nTabbed browsing, 98\nTaggin" ******* END TEXT: "m, 113\nWorld War II, 1, 194, 208\nWorld Wide Web, 30, 39, 42, 50, 62–63, 74, 126, 140, 165, 167, 227\n"
9780472024537 - page_319: "START TEXT: \nXanadu, 42\nXerox PARC, 227\nYahoo, 10, 14, 87–89, 129, 140, 218–19, 261\nYouTube, 10, 24, 30, 35, 60–" ******* END TEXT: "0, 35, 60–61, 66, 141\nZDNet, 111\nZhang, B., 45\nZimmerman, A., 64\nZittrain, J., 8\nZuniga, M., 273\n\n\n\n"
9780472026609 - page_i: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472026609 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \nTECHNOLOGIES OF THE IMAGINATION NEW MEDIA IN EVERYDAY LIFEEllen Seiter and Mimi Ito, Series Editors" ******* END TEXT: "sible work exploring new media and their impact on society, culture, and scholarly communication.\n\n\n"
9780472026609 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nSKATE LIFE\nRe-Imagining White Masculinity\n \n \nEmily Chivers Yochim\n \nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRE" ******* END TEXT: "Chivers Yochim\n \nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS AND THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARYANN ARBOR\n\n\n"
9780472026609 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by the University of Michigan 2010Some rights reserved\n\nThis work is licensed under the" ******* END TEXT: "                                             2009033066\n    ISBN13 978-0-472-02660-9 (electronic)\n\n\n"
9780472026609 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nTo my boys, my loves Christopher Yochim and Elliot Colin Yochim\nAnd in loving memory of Colin Matth" ******* END TEXT: "hristopher Yochim and Elliot Colin Yochim\nAnd in loving memory of Colin Matthew Chivers (1982–2004)\n"
9780472026609 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780472026609 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \nAcknowledgments\nSkate Life has been accompanied by and ushered through great joys and great sorrows" ******* END TEXT: "narity have both challenged and inspired me. Robin Means Coleman's lively and sagacious approach to\n"
9780472026609 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \nresearch is a consummate model, and her pointed and supportive critiques brought new energy to this" ******* END TEXT: "hat reminded me how exciting research can be. More important, each of these women has been a trusty\n"
9780472026609 - page_ix: "START TEXT: \nconfidante and supportive ally through the peaks and valleys of, well, life. Megan, always creative" ******* END TEXT: "n to his humor and generosity.\nThis volume truly would not exist were it not for the skateboarders.\n"
9780472026609 - page_x: "START TEXT: \nMore than willing participants in my research, these young men have come to represent hope, passion" ******* END TEXT: "s offered hours of child care for which I am fantastically thankful. My mom is a model of grace and\n"
9780472026609 - page_xi: "START TEXT: \ngenerosity, and I will never be able to adequately thank her. My dad, David Chivers, has encouraged" ******* END TEXT: " in the face of true love, friendships, and the everyday joys of regular life. I thank him forever.\n"
9780472026609 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780472026609 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: \nContents\nIntroduction: Regarding Skate Life\n“The mix of sunshine and rebellion is really intoxicati" ******* END TEXT: " their own way”: Corresponding Cultures and (Anti)patriarchal Masculinity\nMethod\nNotes\nBibliography\n"
9780472026609 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780472026609 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nIntroduction\nRegarding Skate Life\n“Pay attention to what he's saying, because he's a skate legend. " ******* END TEXT: "s easily frustrated with himself and sometimes expressed disgust with his peers and their seemingly\n"
9780472026609 - page_2: "START TEXT: \nlazy and sole interest in partying. So when he directed me to listen to the skater on the screen it" ******* END TEXT: "ad does not explicitly reframe skateboarding in a manner antithetical to skateboarders' principles,\n"
9780472026609 - page_3: "START TEXT: \nits mere presence on network television might cause some skateboarders pause. FedEx's appropriation" ******* END TEXT: "nd the media related to it.\nDefining themselves in, through, and around multiple representations of\n"
9780472026609 - page_4: "START TEXT: \nskate life, skateboarders comprise what I call a “corresponding culture” that is always in the proc" ******* END TEXT: "ience store parking lots, and spent my fair share of time sitting around, bored, while they watched\n"
9780472026609 - page_5: "START TEXT: \nskateboarding videos with just as much enthusiasm as the skateboarders in the current study.\nIn 199" ******* END TEXT: "oid pain and injury, places women on the outskirts of the culture. Moreover, stories about talented\n"
9780472026609 - page_6: "START TEXT: \nfemale skateboarders have been relegated to the mainstream press (deemed inauthentic by skaters) be" ******* END TEXT: " swimmer, and artist who occasionally had the audacity to wear skirts to school. The skateboarding,\n"
9780472026609 - page_7: "START TEXT: \nswimming, artistry, and skirts were all clearly tied together as part and parcel of our friend's se" ******* END TEXT: " to 135 million dollars.19 Wheaton reported that by 1999 the surf and skate retailer Quiksilver was\n"
9780472026609 - page_8: "START TEXT: \nselling over 450 million dollars' worth of surfing-related products annually.20\nBy the turn of the " ******* END TEXT: " reported extreme sports' success in reaching the notoriously elusive 14- to 30-year-old male; both\n"
9780472026609 - page_9: "START TEXT: \nthe U.S. Marines and the Air Force have sponsored extreme sports events and used extreme sports in " ******* END TEXT: "epartment store Kohl's, and niche skate shoe brands Vans, Es, Etnies, and DC, formerly sold only in\n"
9780472026609 - page_10: "START TEXT: \ncatalogs and skate shops, are now sold by major retailers. My 18-month-old child wears a pair of ba" ******* END TEXT: "c spaces and the necessity of establishing public skate parks open for community use. City councils\n"
9780472026609 - page_11: "START TEXT: \nand citizens routinely voice concerns about skateboarders' safety,36 pedestrians' safety in the pat" ******* END TEXT: "ice their sport.39 In fact, many American cities have developed public skate parks in order to give\n"
9780472026609 - page_12: "START TEXT: \nskateboarders an alternative to skating on streets and sidewalks. Heidi Lemmon, director of the Ska" ******* END TEXT: "at often accompany them.\n\nSkateboarders, clearly, are a significant element of both popular culture\n"
9780472026609 - page_13: "START TEXT: \nand everyday life. Their culture and style have become principle elements in popular appeals to you" ******* END TEXT: "d controlled. Their symbolic resonance also makes them ideal emblems in consumer culture; more than\n"
9780472026609 - page_14: "START TEXT: \nexisting as willing and able shoppers, youths—and the discourse of youth—are regularly used in adve" ******* END TEXT: "rd chapter, “Freedom on four wheels,” this type of pleasure is central to skateboarders' experience\n"
9780472026609 - page_15: "START TEXT: \nand is one avenue through which they contest dominant norms of white middle-class masculinity.\nThe " ******* END TEXT: " skateboarders as members of a dynamic group whose conceptions of identity are produced through and\n"
9780472026609 - page_16: "START TEXT: \nwithin media designed to facilitate consumption and whose identity is tied to broader notions of wh" ******* END TEXT: " of class relations, post-subcultural theory characterizes subcultures as dynamic and contradictory\n"
9780472026609 - page_17: "START TEXT: \ngroups whose relationship to mainstream culture in highly contested and flexible. More specifically" ******* END TEXT: "ious media play in youth cultures: “micro-media,” such as homemade flyers, serve to organize youths\n"
9780472026609 - page_18: "START TEXT: \ninto identifiable groups; “niche media,” such as magazines, further solidify these groups' standing" ******* END TEXT: "me of the raw materials as well as the discourses from which skaters can draw.”72 By thinking about\n"
9780472026609 - page_19: "START TEXT: \nskateboarders as a “corresponding culture,” my work addresses these questions and the relationships" ******* END TEXT: "lations of identity. In short, I ask, what might youthful pleasure tell us about youthful politics?\n"
9780472026609 - page_20: "START TEXT: \nBoth youthful pleasure and youthful politics are undoubtedly tied to youths' experiences as members" ******* END TEXT: "arks, others were the children of divorced parents living in distinctly middle-class neighborhoods,\n"
9780472026609 - page_21: "START TEXT: \nand still others were the children of upper-middle-class parents working in the professional world " ******* END TEXT: "herings, and even style.\nSkateboarders, I would argue, have an affinity toward both the core values\n"
9780472026609 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nexpressed through the culture and the various accoutrements of the culture. These affinities inspir" ******* END TEXT: "that is less thought out than the idea of struggle suggests. Finally, the active nature of the word\n"
9780472026609 - page_23: "START TEXT: \ncorresponding serves as a reminder that youth cultures are always moving in relationship with domin" ******* END TEXT: "tingent; skateboarders are not throwing off their social privileges, nor are they adopting a highly\n"
9780472026609 - page_24: "START TEXT: \nradical way of approaching the world. Rather, they are expressing an affinity with a culture that s" ******* END TEXT: "ance. The chapter also contends that skaters' alternative masculinities rely on the high value they\n"
9780472026609 - page_25: "START TEXT: \nplace on individuality and freedom and that in this reliance they produce a not necessarily antipat" ******* END TEXT: " or eliminate the power tied up with masculinity, whiteness, middle-classness, and heterosexuality.\n"
9780472026609 - page_26: "START TEXT: \nFinally, I draw attention to several more recent developments associated with skate life and contem" ******* END TEXT: "nd interpret what skateboarders mean when they point to the media and say, “This is how I think.”\n\n\n"
9780472026609 - page_27: "START TEXT: \n“The mix of sunshine and rebellion is really intoxicating”\nAmerican Mythologies, Rebellious Boys, a" ******* END TEXT: "bculture and mainstream culture and skateboarding's contemporary symbolization of white male youth.\n"
9780472026609 - page_28: "START TEXT: \nMichele K. Donnelly rightly contends that academic discussions of skateboarding have relied on the " ******* END TEXT: " heroes, and innovations of skateboarding into and out of mainstream media, I highlight the ways in\n"
9780472026609 - page_29: "START TEXT: \nwhich enduring ideas associated with skateboarding—enterprise, innovation, individuality, and creat" ******* END TEXT: "h and responded to rising fears about the role of white men in sports. Sports Illustrated published\n"
9780472026609 - page_30: "START TEXT: \nan article in 1997 titled “Whatever Happened to the White Athlete?” Kusz characterizes the article " ******* END TEXT: "trepreneurial,13 and even when it is not explicitly market based, I argue, it is about the creation\n"
9780472026609 - page_31: "START TEXT: \nof a culture and the production of cultural codes, modes of communication, gathering places, and so" ******* END TEXT: "the 1950s: “We tried painting them, then we found out the girls liked ’em that way, so decided that\n"
9780472026609 - page_32: "START TEXT: \nwas for sissies and we soaked off the paint and left them plain. But the girls got mad, mostly beca" ******* END TEXT: "however, its surfing roots in both Polynesia and California and its relative danger, as well as its\n"
9780472026609 - page_33: "START TEXT: \nassociation with the burgeoning teen culture, lent skateboarding a rebellious and even exotic edge." ******* END TEXT: "ous spirit.”21 “Youthful intensity” and “adventurous spirit” quite easily evoke notions of American\n"
9780472026609 - page_34: "START TEXT: \ninventiveness and vigor, and skateboarding's origin narratives certainly call these traits to mind." ******* END TEXT: "iding skateboards the previous month.24 Only a month later it published a story about a teenage boy\n"
9780472026609 - page_35: "START TEXT: \nwho had to have his arm amputated after a skateboarding accident.25 Not yet regarded as a subcultur" ******* END TEXT: "for “this healthy sport.”29\nNoticeable in these debates is their focus on children's safety and the\n"
9780472026609 - page_36: "START TEXT: \nabsence of a more fraught argument about teen rebellion or boys with attitude. While such rebellion" ******* END TEXT: "tists who unlocked atomic energy for industry are now seeking a peaceful use for the skateboard.”40\n"
9780472026609 - page_37: "START TEXT: \nThe tension between images of skateboarders as children in need of protection and as teenagers who " ******* END TEXT: "ateboarders to wear helmets, participating in campaigns to advocate for safety rules, and providing\n"
9780472026609 - page_38: "START TEXT: \nawards to organizations promoting safe skateboarding.46 Even those adults who enforced bans sometim" ******* END TEXT: "ale skateboarders are represented as competitive only when they are included in listings of contest\n"
9780472026609 - page_39: "START TEXT: \nwinners, but in most media depictions, female skateboarders are not to be taken seriously.\nBy 1965," ******* END TEXT: "es the decline in popularity to manufacturers' inability to produce a high-quality product, writing\n"
9780472026609 - page_40: "START TEXT: \nthat “skateboarders were faced with poor technology (that is, clay wheels) and concerns about safet" ******* END TEXT: "tor Sean Penn intones, “There is a place where America's Manifest Destiny collides into the Pacific\n"
9780472026609 - page_41: "START TEXT: \nOcean. A place where the fabled Route 66, the roadway of America's dreams, terminates. This is Dogt" ******* END TEXT: "ntradictory ways in which skateboarding was defined during this moment of popularity made the sport\n"
9780472026609 - page_42: "START TEXT: \nand its culture a discursive space—a youthscape—in which it was possible to envision multiple modes" ******* END TEXT: "l certainly did.68 The development of urethane wheels serves as an origin myth even in contemporary\n"
9780472026609 - page_43: "START TEXT: \naccounts of skateboarding. Dogtown and Z-Boys attributes the 1970s evolution of skateboarding to th" ******* END TEXT: "d noted, “American technology in its relentless push solved the various problems” of skateboards.73\n"
9780472026609 - page_44: "START TEXT: \n“Hotdogging of a High Order”: Skateboarding Redefined\nThese technophilic descriptions suggest that " ******* END TEXT: " in spite of the onlooker.”77\nThe dialectic of grace and aggression that exists in 1970s discourses\n"
9780472026609 - page_45: "START TEXT: \nabout skateboarding provides a space in which young boys can be reimagined or redefined. In other w" ******* END TEXT: "nd lethal points in front.”87\nSome, as in the 1960s, complained of speeding youths and the nuisance\n"
9780472026609 - page_46: "START TEXT: \nand danger they presented to pedestrians and adults more generally. The California Highway Patrol b" ******* END TEXT: "e, and schools to develop safe skateboarding guidelines and programs.97 This organization supported\n"
9780472026609 - page_47: "START TEXT: \nthe creation of skateboarding “areas” or parks in the vein of other public recreational facilities " ******* END TEXT: "inning in the summer of 1975. Most of them included slalom races and “freestyle” events that tested\n"
9780472026609 - page_48: "START TEXT: \nskateboarders' ability to perform gymnastic or acrobatic tricks, such as handstands, on their board" ******* END TEXT: "0s, team member Tony Alva did indeed reach the mainstream press. He told the Los Angeles Times that\n"
9780472026609 - page_49: "START TEXT: \nother professional skateboarders are “sportsmen and health freaks. They're people just having fun.”" ******* END TEXT: " approximately 10 dollars in 1965 to as much as 125 in 1976. The newspaper claimed, “Though many of\n"
9780472026609 - page_50: "START TEXT: \nthe early boarders were kids who couldn't afford two roller skates, today skateboarding is not a sp" ******* END TEXT: "rders as “generally boys in their teens and pre-teens.”134 Print journalists maintained the barrier\n"
9780472026609 - page_51: "START TEXT: \nbetween young skateboarders and adults by publishing lists of skateboarding slang, indicating that " ******* END TEXT: "ing later evolved into “vert,” or vertical, skateboarding, which is done on large ramps called half\n"
9780472026609 - page_52: "START TEXT: \npipes. Vert skating is heavily represented on ESPN's The X Games. The second mode of skateboarding " ******* END TEXT: "allet maneuvers.147\nThis article claimed, “The girl skaters, using gymnastic and ballet techniques,\n"
9780472026609 - page_53: "START TEXT: \nadd a soft touch to skateboarding. But some, like Laura Thornhill, are as aggressive as men.”148\nCl" ******* END TEXT: "boarding as the sport du jour, catching on as a sport open to everyone, unlike skateboarding, which\n"
9780472026609 - page_54: "START TEXT: \nappealed to teenagers generally and boys more specifically.152 The Washington Post reported, “‘It's" ******* END TEXT: "g's second demise can be attributed to its “old nemesis, safety concerns,” because many skate parks\n"
9780472026609 - page_55: "START TEXT: \nclosed in response to high insurance premiums.162 He also argues that skateboarding was a victim of" ******* END TEXT: "ff parents and thus potential customers.167 Despite their divergent approaches, both magazines were\n"
9780472026609 - page_56: "START TEXT: \nclearly interested in developing discursive constructions of skateboarding that would be marketable" ******* END TEXT: "ugh to be featured in Sports Illustrated, this time with Tony Hawk as the central character.172 His\n"
9780472026609 - page_57: "START TEXT: \nrole as skateboarding's spokesperson is deeply contradictory and has been received in various ways " ******* END TEXT: "nities that are not antipatriarchal without appearing to notice the contradictions in their claims.\n"
9780472026609 - page_58: "START TEXT: \nBetween 1985 and 1993, skateboarding was represented equally as a practice for both punk teens and " ******* END TEXT: "n was launched in 1986 and began airing SK8TV in 1990.188 In 1987, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\n"
9780472026609 - page_59: "START TEXT: \nanimated series began, and the turtles loved not only pizza but also skateboards. Perhaps the quint" ******* END TEXT: " skateboard ramps so that the skateboarding boys will be forced to stop skating.194 To channel John\n"
9780472026609 - page_60: "START TEXT: \nBerger, “Men act and women watch and appear bored.”195 Though here we see women watching men rather" ******* END TEXT: " of men, suggesting that “Feminism, in its attempt to give decision-making powers to the exploited,\n"
9780472026609 - page_61: "START TEXT: \ninadvertently allowed for a whole new type of commerciality” in which women (and apparently men as " ******* END TEXT: "s' worth of their parents' spending decisions. What's more, the experts at this time predicted that\n"
9780472026609 - page_62: "START TEXT: \nthis spending would increase between 12 and 15 percent each year through 1999.205 Surveys in 1998 s" ******* END TEXT: "mainstream and subcultural. The X Games hadn't completely co-opted and changed skate culture; skate\n"
9780472026609 - page_63: "START TEXT: \nculture had always had a contradictory stance vis-à-vis mainstream sporting culture. For skateboard" ******* END TEXT: "its attraction to teenagers…. It may be the only sport in which participants can get arrested.”215\n\n"
9780472026609 - page_64: "START TEXT: \nThe X Games also showcased the branding power of extreme sports. Marketers for the first games incl" ******* END TEXT: "are ‘a lot better than going to football practice every day and having your coach yell at you.’”219\n"
9780472026609 - page_65: "START TEXT: \nCo-optation and Rebellion, 1998–2001\nBy 1998, the mainstream press was beginning to discuss the way" ******* END TEXT: "nticity by anticipating charges of co-optation and preempting them with clever rationalizations.228\n"
9780472026609 - page_66: "START TEXT: \nDespite their mainstream inclusion, extreme athletes, and skateboarders more particularly, were sti" ******* END TEXT: "omobiles.”233 Between 1994 and 1999, several publications invoked skateboarding style as trendy and\n"
9780472026609 - page_67: "START TEXT: \nhip. A “cool hunter” for Converse shoes deemed skateboarders, along with transvestites, “the most i" ******* END TEXT: "ports helped Generation Y “reject the apparent dullness of modern life” in a successful economy.239\n"
9780472026609 - page_68: "START TEXT: \nTony Hawk provided perhaps the most direct image of skateboarding as all-American. Portrayed freque" ******* END TEXT: "never existed. On the other hand, as my interviews with skateboarders reveal, The X Games' focus on\n"
9780472026609 - page_69: "START TEXT: \ncompetition does feel, in part, like a corruption of the practice's values, for many skateboarders " ******* END TEXT: "m so far-fetched.253\nDogtown and Z-Boys reinserted notions of style and expression into discussions\n"
9780472026609 - page_70: "START TEXT: \nof skateboarding that had come to be dominated by a focus on The X Games and competition. Of course" ******* END TEXT: "rld in which that film was made, Kusz argues, cultural texts worked to present men as imperialistic\n"
9780472026609 - page_71: "START TEXT: \ndominators rather than a group besieged by the powers of women, people of color, and the LGBT (lesb" ******* END TEXT: "ng is classic Americana—and it's what corporations and magazines try to sell with T-shirts that say\n"
9780472026609 - page_72: "START TEXT: \n‘Skate or Die.’ Perhaps this makes skateboarding not an extreme sport, but a trick of balancing ext" ******* END TEXT: "ave noted, Tony Hawk claims that he has made careful choices in order to preserve his authenticity,\n"
9780472026609 - page_73: "START TEXT: \nhis history in the sport, as well as his sheer talent, has also served this purpose. Still his imag" ******* END TEXT: "skate parks, and his demo fees support the foundation. He defends himself against claims of selling\n"
9780472026609 - page_74: "START TEXT: \nout by arguing that he skateboards for the love of it rather than for the money or fame.267 He told" ******* END TEXT: "to the existence of rape.\nIn yet another cautionary tale, Sports Illustrated ran a feature story on\n"
9780472026609 - page_75: "START TEXT: \nformer professional skateboarder Christian Hosoi, who was a champion vertical skateboarder in the 1" ******* END TEXT: "ver, the mainstream press between 2003 and 2006 began to suggest that attitudes about skateboarders\n"
9780472026609 - page_76: "START TEXT: \nwere changing. By 2002, the press was certain that skateboarding and extreme sports had become firm" ******* END TEXT: "ge of courage.”281 In 2005, the Manhattan Parks Department in New York City decided to redesign the\n"
9780472026609 - page_77: "START TEXT: \nBrooklyn Banks near the Brooklyn Bridge as a “skateboard-friendly park” that would include benches," ******* END TEXT: "eboarding's appeal, skateboarders construct a seemingly “authentic” definition of their practice.\n\n\n"
9780472026609 - page_78: "START TEXT: \n“Freedom on four wheels”\nIndividuality, Self-Expression, and Authentic Masculinity in a Skateboardi" ******* END TEXT: "e that the Ann Arbor skateboarding community is consolidated. Although to some degree skateboarding\n"
9780472026609 - page_79: "START TEXT: \nis still imagined to be centered in the sunny climes of California, skateboarders find both the tim" ******* END TEXT: "guishes my work from most audience research, which often defines its audience by either demographic\n"
9780472026609 - page_80: "START TEXT: \nvariables2 or fandom of a particular media text.3 Although such work offers a great deal of insight" ******* END TEXT: "fference within dominance that skateboarders enact a critique of patriarchy that is not necessarily\n"
9780472026609 - page_81: "START TEXT: \nantipatriarchal and offer an alternative to masculinity that does not necessarily strip masculinity" ******* END TEXT: "ey are neither challenging male power nor violently maintaining it. Rather, they are moving through\n"
9780472026609 - page_82: "START TEXT: \nyouthscapes that operate as alternatives in a manner appealing to these boys while shying away from" ******* END TEXT: "imitations placed on their own lives. Their dissatisfaction does not extend to the limitations that\n"
9780472026609 - page_83: "START TEXT: \nwomen, homosexuals, or people of color may face on an everyday basis. Still, I believe that the dev" ******* END TEXT: "opportunity to express themselves and a space in which to feel a sense of freedom or transcendence.\n"
9780472026609 - page_84: "START TEXT: \nAlthough at first glance it may seem as though white middle-class boyhood is entirely focused on fr" ******* END TEXT: "to challenge the status quo.\nSkateboarders' dominant identities do not entirely safeguard them from\n"
9780472026609 - page_85: "START TEXT: \nbeing restricted and policed, and so they are aware of the experience of being targeted as troublem" ******* END TEXT: "ockey player, Jeremiah explained that as a middle-school student he began to feel dissatisfied with\n"
9780472026609 - page_86: "START TEXT: \nhis then current group of friends and turned to “underground” music—punk and indie rock—along with " ******* END TEXT: " it's not meant for it,” you know. And, I don't know, it makes you think a little different, right?\n"
9780472026609 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nSixteen-year-old Jack, a student simultaneously earning his high school diploma and an associate's " ******* END TEXT: "ent.”12 And the attention the skaters paid to attitude aligns with researchers' findings in studies\n"
9780472026609 - page_88: "START TEXT: \nof other “extreme sports.” Belinda Wheaton points out that participants in activities such as skate" ******* END TEXT: "participate in football and basketball. Jeremiah pointed out that while skateboarding “doesn't have\n"
9780472026609 - page_89: "START TEXT: \nthe limitations that other sports do have,” such as rules, the practice still requires physical pro" ******* END TEXT: "of the movie Fight Club, Lynn Ta reveals that even texts that seem to be critical of such norms end\n"
9780472026609 - page_90: "START TEXT: \nup resorting to self-violence.15 I would suggest that skateboarders' rejection of the perceived nor" ******* END TEXT: "ure idea, a thought in your head and go attempt to do it, it's kind of like art. (Jeremiah, age 22)\n"
9780472026609 - page_91: "START TEXT: \nThere's not too many, you know, like there's teams, or whatever, but they're not teams; it's not li" ******* END TEXT: ". Like, having, um, define style. I'd say just skating and doing what you want…. And that's the big\n"
9780472026609 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nthing of skating, like it's for you. Like, just individual art. Art not sport! And, uh, it's all ab" ******* END TEXT: " become a fully realized individual—to be a good skateboarder, you must “push yourself,” presumably\n"
9780472026609 - page_93: "START TEXT: \nthrough some pain—the skaters' frequent claims that when skateboarding one should “Just have fun, s" ******* END TEXT: "se. (Brian, age 29)\nThere's this certain feeling that I get. Like personally, when I bomb a parking\n"
9780472026609 - page_94: "START TEXT: \nstructure [skate down its ramps rapidly], which I usually do two times a day, there's just a feelin" ******* END TEXT: "ems any time, you go skating and you don't really think about it and it feels good. (Kiran, age 24)\n"
9780472026609 - page_95: "START TEXT: \nIn these descriptions, the skateboarders elaborate on the emotional, spiritual, physical, and menta" ******* END TEXT: "y American modes of masculine engagement. As Jack elaborated, “I eat, drink, sleep skate, you know.\n"
9780472026609 - page_96: "START TEXT: \n…When you're a skateboarder, you have that love, that strong love for it.” Brian suggested that, de" ******* END TEXT: "ut a real minority. Skateboarders, is a true minority. ’Cause you know, cops hate us, uh, everybody\n"
9780472026609 - page_97: "START TEXT: \nhates us. Middle-class people, oh we're so dangerous, yet somebody can barrel down the street on a " ******* END TEXT: " out of the area. (Jeremiah, age 18)\nWe don't care what other people think about us. (Eric, age 13)\n"
9780472026609 - page_98: "START TEXT: \nFifteen-year-old Brandon and Jim, interviewed together, explained.\nJim: I think, like, like, skater" ******* END TEXT: "inant norms.20 Skaters' inability or unwillingness to live up to established markers of masculinity\n"
9780472026609 - page_99: "START TEXT: \ndoes not necessarily effect an articulate critique of those norms, nor does it inspire a conscious " ******* END TEXT: " like defining what a person is in any other sport in a certain category. I guarantee you there are\n"
9780472026609 - page_100: "START TEXT: \nall different kinds of personalities and all different kinds of people. (Jeremiah, age 21)\nBrian (a" ******* END TEXT: "ss real nice like [pro skater] Andrew Reynolds, you know, he wears a sports coat. (Matthew, age 21)\n"
9780472026609 - page_101: "START TEXT: \nJim: “There's like preppy skaters, there's dirt skaters, there's all different kinds of skateboarde" ******* END TEXT: "any style and listen to any type of music and still be accepted into it. Certainly, skaters display\n"
9780472026609 - page_102: "START TEXT: \na particular sense of “cool” that operates as a requirement for entry into the culture. The clothin" ******* END TEXT: "n niche videos can also be read as the type of tokenism that maintains the centrality of whiteness.\n"
9780472026609 - page_103: "START TEXT: \n“We just want to skate, you know?” Skateboarding as Transcending Race\nSkateboarders' claims to tole" ******* END TEXT: "at I see around here, yeah, maybe more white kids skate, but like, that's not true everywhere else.\n"
9780472026609 - page_104: "START TEXT: \nYochim: What about race? Is there, from what I've seen it's mainly a white sport.\nBraden (age 15): " ******* END TEXT: "sitively valenced but still monolithic descriptions of various racial or ethnic groups (“Black guys\n"
9780472026609 - page_105: "START TEXT: \nhave good style”) are not racist. The boys' uncomfortable and problematic discussions of diversity " ******* END TEXT: "unded in their general ethos of individuality. As such, to be an authentic skateboarder one must be\n"
9780472026609 - page_106: "START TEXT: \ndoing so for his own reasons rather than to impress others. Consequently, mainstream images of skat" ******* END TEXT: " critique remains nascent inasmuch as it relies on individuality for its expression. Individuality,\n"
9780472026609 - page_107: "START TEXT: \nin part, disallows skateboarders from developing a broad-based, institutional critique.\nIt is impor" ******* END TEXT: "teboarding because [of] kids that actually love it so much that that wouldn't happen. (Joe, age 19)\n"
9780472026609 - page_108: "START TEXT: \nWhen I first started…I didn't know people got paid. I just thought it was something that people wer" ******* END TEXT: " not translate into a rejection of niche skateboarding media and in fact belies most skateboarders'\n"
9780472026609 - page_109: "START TEXT: \nappreciative fandom of the professionals featured in skate videos. Demonstrating their dynamic and " ******* END TEXT: "fer friendly advice, and they rely on gross-out humor yet elaborate powerfully on grace and beauty.\n"
9780472026609 - page_110: "START TEXT: \nThese contradictions pervade skate life's constructions of masculinity and correspond with the mult" ******* END TEXT: "f masculinity produce skate life's not quite antipatriarchal critique of patriarchal limitations.\n\n\n"
9780472026609 - page_111: "START TEXT: \n“Why is it the things that make you a man tend to be such dumb things to do?”\nNever-Ending Adolesce" ******* END TEXT: "arding's simultaneous challenge to and reinscription of dominant masculinities. Each of these shows\n"
9780472026609 - page_112: "START TEXT: \ndisplays young white men reveling in adolescent humor, taking pleasure in pain, and mocking dominan" ******* END TEXT: "e! I do not want to be a man! Get it off! Get it off! Get it off! Okay, I'm a man!” After a Mee-Mee\n"
9780472026609 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nIndian, dressed in traditional garb, proclaims they've succeeded in becoming men, the boys are show" ******* END TEXT: "yz. Although each of these shows operates in this manner, Wildboyz consolidates the nexus of irony;\n"
9780472026609 - page_114: "START TEXT: \nself-inflicted pain; simultaneous mockery of women, nonwhites, and white men; and adolescent humor " ******* END TEXT: "dictory construction of masculinity.4 Their renegotiation of masculinity relies on their whiteness.\n"
9780472026609 - page_115: "START TEXT: \nThe versions of skate culture on display on MTV are not the only media texts in which skateboarders" ******* END TEXT: "king only take it like a man?6\nIn asking, “Why is it the things that make you a man tend to be such\n"
9780472026609 - page_116: "START TEXT: \ndumb things to do?” Steve-O echoes Savran's thesis, though he uses the irreverent and ironic lingo " ******* END TEXT: "e, and the experimentation with homoeroticism suggests an awareness of the constructed and slippery\n"
9780472026609 - page_117: "START TEXT: \nnature of sexuality, the problematic nature of the cultural relationship between masculinity and he" ******* END TEXT: "ssors, Jackass and Viva La Bam, each in its own way says, “Tarzan Schmarzan,” throwing off dominant\n"
9780472026609 - page_118: "START TEXT: \nmasculine conventions and playing with masculinity's fragility, all the while reminding us that whi" ******* END TEXT: "'s an ugly wiener. And then I looked down at mine and I'm like, it looks kind of like mine. Ha ha!”\n"
9780472026609 - page_119: "START TEXT: \nAligning his “wiener” with the animal's, Pontius drives home Susan Bordo's suggestion that the peni" ******* END TEXT: "pulling the “noose” tight. He then throws the string into the water, and a large tarpon attacks the\n"
9780472026609 - page_120: "START TEXT: \nsmall fish. Steve-O prances around, screaming in pain, while Pontius and the others on the boat lau" ******* END TEXT: "s mocking one another, their ugly penises, and their susceptibility to pain. As I discuss next, the\n"
9780472026609 - page_121: "START TEXT: \nboys, over and over again, place on display their physical vulnerability, succumbing time after tim" ******* END TEXT: "isplay do not live up to the physical norms of hegemonic masculinity. They are frequently presented\n"
9780472026609 - page_122: "START TEXT: \nas shorter and skinnier—and of course, less white—than the American version of the ideal male. The " ******* END TEXT: "reinforcement of white male power operates in tandem with their critique of traditional male norms.\n"
9780472026609 - page_123: "START TEXT: \nSteve-O and Pontius also use sarcasm to make fun of their inability to dominate nature. In Alaska, " ******* END TEXT: "ermasculine National Rifle Association, for example), transfers his fear of snakes onto fear of the\n"
9780472026609 - page_124: "START TEXT: \nfeminized institution. Dunn should back off not because of Bam's fear but because of PETA's require" ******* END TEXT: "ething a little mar-GAY!\nSteve-O: What could possibly be margay than this? (Pontius, wearing only a\n"
9780472026609 - page_125: "START TEXT: \njock strap, sits on Steve-O's shoulders.) So, we worked with the margay, now let's go find the most" ******* END TEXT: "lescent boys' popular culture.\nNevertheless, this critique is immediately mitigated by the Wildboyz\n"
9780472026609 - page_126: "START TEXT: \nlaughter, and most of Pontius's homoerotic and/or feminized play—from stripping for a moose and han" ******* END TEXT: "It's a jungle out there, and we're Tarzan” (Episode 1.1). Pontius dissolves into his trademark “heh\n"
9780472026609 - page_127: "START TEXT: \nheh heh” laughter, the camera pans to the sun setting on the ocean, and the sound of “native” chant" ******* END TEXT: "superiority of male adolescents over adult men does correspond to the critique of adult masculinity\n"
9780472026609 - page_128: "START TEXT: \nin niche skateboarding videos, the show's overt displays of dominance and Bam's clear level of powe" ******* END TEXT: " class and racial identities in this country.”27 That is to say, the invocation of these markers of\n"
9780472026609 - page_129: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472026609 - page_130: "START TEXT: \nwhite trash sets up Bam as incontrovertibly powerful in his mode of white masculinity. Compared to " ******* END TEXT: " of ridicule, Bam and his friends can indeed do whatever they want without suggesting that they are\n"
9780472026609 - page_131: "START TEXT: \nout of control or excessive. Although they may run through a grocery store dressed as Vikings (Epis" ******* END TEXT: "his heterosexuality straight.\nThe men also speak irreverently as they toss off sexist comments, and\n"
9780472026609 - page_132: "START TEXT: \ntheir irreverence in this case serves to shore up their power in that it acknowledges the absurdity" ******* END TEXT: " Wildboyz delight in this flexibility and use it to perform alternative modes of white masculinity,\n"
9780472026609 - page_133: "START TEXT: \nas I have discussed throughout this chapter. But their maintenance of white male power in the face " ******* END TEXT: " ever would. Though light bulb eating is certainly shocking, it pales in comparison with the extent\n"
9780472026609 - page_134: "START TEXT: \nof bodily harm and disgust to which Steve-O subjects himself repeatedly. It is through this positio" ******* END TEXT: "lorida, Steve-O and Pontius meet William Cypress, a Seminole Indian wearing traditional dress. With\n"
9780472026609 - page_135: "START TEXT: \nCypress, the boys participate in “the traditional party dances of the Seminole Indians,” dancing ar" ******* END TEXT: ". In fact, only Bam Margera has suggested a measure of thievery and exploitation in the development\n"
9780472026609 - page_136: "START TEXT: \nof these shows, telling Entertainment Weekly that Johnny Knoxville stole material from his CKY vide" ******* END TEXT: "ese kids see it, and they're like, “Man, that's what I need to do to become popular.” (Joe, age 19)\n"
9780472026609 - page_137: "START TEXT: \nI actually like Viva La Bam. But, uh, its funny ’cause I think, like, a lot of people, like get thi" ******* END TEXT: "aightforward discussion of mainstream appropriation of subcultural forms does not do justice to the\n"
9780472026609 - page_138: "START TEXT: \nrelationships among these varied expressions of skateboarding culture, nor does such a discussion a" ******* END TEXT: "ghout skateboarding culture, particularly in the niche videos I examine in the following chapter.\n\n\n"
9780472026609 - page_139: "START TEXT: \n“It's just what's possible”\nImagining Alternative Masculinities and Performing White Male Dominance" ******* END TEXT: "d beauty are not. In this way, skateboarding videos open space in which boys can give expression to\n"
9780472026609 - page_140: "START TEXT: \ntypes of pleasure that are normatively off-limits. Skateboarding videos are not how-to videos, “gre" ******* END TEXT: "hops' composite videos.5\nTaken together, these videos comprise what I call “documents of identity,”\n"
9780472026609 - page_141: "START TEXT: \nwhich define the boundaries of skateboarding culture and the individuals participating in it. A cen" ******* END TEXT: "r never grow up or grow up to support heterosexual families via fulfilling and creative work. These\n"
9780472026609 - page_142: "START TEXT: \nimages position skateboarders against a highly traditional conceptualization of white, middle-class" ******* END TEXT: "cting those norms of masculinity deemed restrictive, unappealing, or inauthentic. Highly homosocial\n"
9780472026609 - page_143: "START TEXT: \ndocuments, these videos actively exclude women and girls while simultaneously suggesting that male " ******* END TEXT: "s expression of hegemonic masculinity—the mode of masculinity that maintains men's power—constantly\n"
9780472026609 - page_144: "START TEXT: \nshifts in response to criticism.12 Furthermore, by taking these boys' ideas seriously we can reveal" ******* END TEXT: "then miraculously fixes itself. Barletta then falls off his board and laughs hysterically. The next\n"
9780472026609 - page_145: "START TEXT: \nscene shows him at a house party wearing a smart grey suit and mugging for the camera. “Hey, I'm Lo" ******* END TEXT: "iers of authenticity in their portrayal of an individualistic collectivity. While the skateboarding\n"
9780472026609 - page_146: "START TEXT: \nmontages are highly produced, the lifestyle scenes simulate home video or “caught-on-tape” footage." ******* END TEXT: "n the outwardly directed performance of physical skill. The frequent use of the fish-eye (extremely\n"
9780472026609 - page_147: "START TEXT: \nwide angle) lens reimagines public spaces in a curvy, almost carnivalesque manner. These spaces bec" ******* END TEXT: "lots, near schools, in front of courthouses, on loading docks, in front of businesses, and in their\n"
9780472026609 - page_148: "START TEXT: \nhomes. They also utilize skate parks, some of which are “famous” within the skateboarding world, an" ******* END TEXT: "ich was spun off the personae developed in The DC Video. Rob Dyrdek is aligned closely with hip-hop\n"
9780472026609 - page_149: "START TEXT: \nmusic and culture, adopting hip-hop (read black) and working class signifiers such as heavy gold ch" ******* END TEXT: "enagers, particularly young black men. Like an advertisement for skateboard wheels analyzed by Sean\n"
9780472026609 - page_150: "START TEXT: \nBrayton, this video “relies on references to street culture in general and the ‘ghetto’ in particul" ******* END TEXT: "thy of attention. That is, according to this logic, skateboarding culture is not the development of\n"
9780472026609 - page_151: "START TEXT: \na corporate world interested only in profit; rather, it is a group of oppressed individuals simply " ******* END TEXT: " poverty (particularly the women sewing and the graffiti-covered ramp) but also a sense of familial\n"
9780472026609 - page_152: "START TEXT: \nhappiness. Despite his poverty, these images suggest, Lincoln Ueda grew up in a close-knit, happy f" ******* END TEXT: "gemony is not fully explanatory. Rather, this adolescent subculture's valorization of authenticity,\n"
9780472026609 - page_153: "START TEXT: \npaired with the authenticity (or legitimacy) bestowed on subordinated groups and American culture's" ******* END TEXT: "ndividual idiosyncrasies and multiple masculinities are accepted, though within certain boundaries.\n"
9780472026609 - page_154: "START TEXT: \nHomosocial Heterosexuality and Hypermasculinity\nAlthough it is generally left unstated and even den" ******* END TEXT: "trayed holding their young daughter, Lotus, while she sits on a skateboard at the top of a ramp. We\n"
9780472026609 - page_155: "START TEXT: \nnever see O'Brien riding on her skateboard let alone performing the tricks of which she is capable." ******* END TEXT: "he desired norm.24 The DC Video mocks the possibility of a sexual relationship between skateboarder\n"
9780472026609 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nRob Dyrdek and his “security guard” Big Black, who jokes, “We went to the movies last week. We watc" ******* END TEXT: "ng and pain-inducing activity, skateboarders constantly make fun of masochistic rituals designed to\n"
9780472026609 - page_157: "START TEXT: \nshore up masculinity. Danny Way's tone of voice—dry and mocking—and his facial expression, complete" ******* END TEXT: "t or for customers to say that. It can be a touchy subject…. There's definitely some jock mentality\n"
9780472026609 - page_158: "START TEXT: \nin skateboarding—calling out things you're going to do. “Oh man, watch this one!” Aggression, compl" ******* END TEXT: "eboarding videos portray urban and suburban space as a never-never land where boys can be perpetual\n"
9780472026609 - page_159: "START TEXT: \nPeter Pans, never growing up to face the responsibilities and demands of adult masculinity.\nAll of " ******* END TEXT: "d as a middle-management automaton trapped in a meaningless job in 1956.25 This is the organization\n"
9780472026609 - page_160: "START TEXT: \nman aware of his entrapment and finding escape only in drinking to excess. As the clip makes fun of" ******* END TEXT: "ability to inspire them to go skateboarding. This inspiration often derived from skaters' vicarious\n"
9780472026609 - page_161: "START TEXT: \nidentification with the practice of skateboarding as featured on the videos. In other words, they r" ******* END TEXT: "ation are very closely tied to one another; the videos' ability to inspire is frequently reliant on\n"
9780472026609 - page_162: "START TEXT: \nskateboarders' identification with the screened experience. Such identification takes several diffe" ******* END TEXT: "fans are revered and courted by mainstream media and marketers. Importantly, such marketable fandom\n"
9780472026609 - page_163: "START TEXT: \nis centered on the competitive sphere; fans are depicted as coming out to support “their” teams, co" ******* END TEXT: " emotional involvement rather than “realistic” identification. Such involvement, for Ang, is vital.\n"
9780472026609 - page_164: "START TEXT: \n[T]he pleasure of fantasy lies in its offering the subject an opportunity to take up positions whic" ******* END TEXT: "to only particular populations.\nAs other scholars and I have noted, skateboarding works to actively\n"
9780472026609 - page_165: "START TEXT: \nexclude everyone but adolescent males. In particular, although skateboarders frequently declare tha" ******* END TEXT: " life, Brian suggests that skateboarding is truly an escape to a freer mind-set. More than everyday\n"
9780472026609 - page_166: "START TEXT: \nlife, though, Brian is referencing domestic life, which is generally coded as feminine. The respons" ******* END TEXT: "the superiority of youth over adulthood. Youth comprises an identity category that plays a key role\n"
9780472026609 - page_167: "START TEXT: \nin the construction of gender, and our understanding of the politics of gender should examine how y" ******* END TEXT: "osition to the organization man, imagining an adult life characterized by independence and freedom.\n"
9780472026609 - page_168: "START TEXT: \nProducing Videos, Producing Masculinity\nThe culture of skateboarding is appealing in part because i" ******* END TEXT: "e must look very closely in order to discern familiar locations. The skaters make a wide variety of\n"
9780472026609 - page_169: "START TEXT: \nchoices in terms of the accompanying music, but they make them carefully in order to showcase anoth" ******* END TEXT: " but it's not like top priority at all, you know. Some of these kids just get too, like, “When am I\n"
9780472026609 - page_170: "START TEXT: \ngonna get sponsored? How am I gonna get sponsored?” This, that, and the next thing. I don't remembe" ******* END TEXT: "ood video would take about a year more, even though it's always getting pushed back.” Jeff revealed\n"
9780472026609 - page_171: "START TEXT: \nthat he spent six hours working on one several-minute montage for the video; clearly, video making " ******* END TEXT: "the same time thinking through and pushing against traditional norms of white, adult masculinity.\n\n\n"
9780472026609 - page_172: "START TEXT: \n“You do it together, and everyone just does it in their own way”\nCorresponding Cultures and (Anti)p" ******* END TEXT: "ers engage in each of these practices. In fact, 16-year-old Jack inadvertently channeled de Certeau\n"
9780472026609 - page_173: "START TEXT: \nwhen he explained the history of skateboarding as one of “making do” with inadequate equipment and " ******* END TEXT: "estioning power relations.\nSkateboarding's (anti)patriarchal revelations regarding the codification\n"
9780472026609 - page_174: "START TEXT: \nof dominant masculinities demonstrate not only the staying power of white male power but also the n" ******* END TEXT: "sponsored by Nike—its racial and gender borders, as well as its notions of identity, may expand and\n"
9780472026609 - page_175: "START TEXT: \nbe transformed.5 The emergence of the “skate pimp” not only exemplifies how cultural phenomena are " ******* END TEXT: "d, Tony Hawk traverses mediascapes and simultaneously presents himself as a grown-up family man and\n"
9780472026609 - page_176: "START TEXT: \na youthful troublemaker.6 In 2006, MTV's Rob and Big debuted, featuring professional skateboarder R" ******* END TEXT: "teboarders respond to various images of the beta male? The answers to these questions would help to\n"
9780472026609 - page_177: "START TEXT: \nfurther explain the shifting nature of hegemonic masculinity, the ways in which power and images of" ******* END TEXT: "time and extreme rebellion.\nBoth the practice and culture of skateboarding correspond with skaters'\n"
9780472026609 - page_178: "START TEXT: \nseemingly authentic desires, values, ideas, and dreams, and this corresponding culture provides an " ******* END TEXT: "how to speak about the practice, and how to be a skater in everyday life, the skateboarders operate\n"
9780472026609 - page_179: "START TEXT: \nas a corresponding culture that informs their impressions of self and identity more generally. Tell" ******* END TEXT: "his is how I think.” Skate life opens a space for alternative masculinities: “This is how I think.”\n"
9780472026609 - page_180: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780472026609 - page_181: "START TEXT: \nMethod\nMuch of the data for this project were derived from interviews conducted, starting in May 20" ******* END TEXT: "re and sexist ways while I have also become quite attached to skateboarders who are kind, generous,\n"
9780472026609 - page_182: "START TEXT: \nand politically engaged. I report this information to better explain my entry into this community a" ******* END TEXT: " skater out of a crowd?\n13.   If you could control the future of skateboarding, what would it be?\n\n\n"
9780472026609 - page_183: "START TEXT: \nNotes\nIntroduction\n1. In this analysis, I define mass media as media directed toward a large demogr" ******* END TEXT: "ways in which skate culture's relationship to mainstream entities is highly contingent and dynamic.\n"
9780472026609 - page_184: "START TEXT: \n7. Bicycle motocrossing (BMX) biking is a sport in which participants ride small, one-speed bikes o" ******* END TEXT: "troduction,” 13.\n21. Laura Petrecca, “Going to Extremes” (2000). Dropping the e from extreme subtly\n"
9780472026609 - page_185: "START TEXT: \nmoved the word away from its use as an indicator of a relatively narrow range of characteristics to" ******* END TEXT: "he age of 14 to wear helmets while skateboarding in public places. California has a similar law. Al\n"
9780472026609 - page_186: "START TEXT: \nBaker, “Law Requires Children to Wear Helmets While Skateboarding,” New York Times, November 25, 20" ******* END TEXT: "hout my investigation, I return to the particularly American nature of extreme sports' masculinity.\n"
9780472026609 - page_187: "START TEXT: \n51. Sunaina Maira and Elisabeth Soep, Youthscapes: The Popular, the National, the Global (Philadelp" ******* END TEXT: "t-subcultures Reader, edited by David Muggleton and Rupert Weinzierl (New York: Berg, 2003), 27–40.\n"
9780472026609 - page_188: "START TEXT: \n63. Sarah Thornton, Club Cultures: Music, Media, and Subcultural Capital (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 19" ******* END TEXT: "ation in the American Television Experience (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991).\n"
9780472026609 - page_189: "START TEXT: \n77. Wray and Newitz, White Trash.\n78. Joanne Kay and Suzanne Laberge, “Mapping the Field of “AR”: A" ******* END TEXT: "thlete: Race, Media, and the Emergence of Extreme Athletes in America (New York: Peter Lang, 2007).\n"
9780472026609 - page_190: "START TEXT: \n10. Kusz, “Extreme America,” 203.\n11. Kusz, Revolt of the White Athlete, 95.\n12. Kusz, “Extreme Ame" ******* END TEXT: "e Medovoi, Rebels.\n31. For example, one man cautioned that the nurse treating him for an arm broken\n"
9780472026609 - page_191: "START TEXT: \nwhile skateboarding said that she had seen four broken arms over the course of one week. The letter" ******* END TEXT: " Times, July 5, 1965, SG8).\n49. Stern Brothers advertisement, New York Times, August 29, 1965, 101.\n"
9780472026609 - page_192: "START TEXT: \n50. “A ‘Good Skate’ Competes Above Board,” Los Angeles Times, October 19, 1964.\n51. “Winning Form,”" ******* END TEXT: "e with which he was experimenting to make skateboard wheels. According to the Post, Frank Nasworthy\n"
9780472026609 - page_193: "START TEXT: \nworked at Heightfield's factory and began marketing his own wheels after working there. Dave Scheib" ******* END TEXT: ", 1975, D1.\n88. “CHP to Ticket Skateboarders for Speeding,” Los Angeles Times, March 30, 1975, SE2.\n"
9780472026609 - page_194: "START TEXT: \n89. Patricia A. Bayley, “Skateboards,” letter to the editor, Los Angeles Times, July 7, 1975, C6.\n9" ******* END TEXT: "e a sport.”\n106. Catherine Coyne, “Family Guide to Weekend Events,” Los Angeles Times, May 8, 1975.\n"
9780472026609 - page_195: "START TEXT: \n107. “Vacation Events Set for Children,” Los Angeles Times, December 19, 1975, U16.\n108. “5,266 Rai" ******* END TEXT: ", “Skateboard,” 36.\n137. McMillan, “Top Skateboarders Spin Their Slicks,” B3.\n138. Ibid.\n139. Ibid.\n"
9780472026609 - page_196: "START TEXT: \n140. Elliott Almond, “Skateboarder Means Business,” Los Angeles Times, August 13, 1976, D8.\n141. Gu" ******* END TEXT: "6, 1981, D1, 16–17; Sharon Launer, “Ah, the Sounds of Summer,” New York Times, July 12, 1981, L120.\n"
9780472026609 - page_197: "START TEXT: \n162. Brooke, The Concrete Wave, 45.\n163. Mike Cranberry, “At 21, Top S.D. Skateboarder Is Sport's O" ******* END TEXT: "n by Skateboarders,” Vogue, September 1992, 191.\n184. Ibid., 194.\n185. Ibid., 207.\n186. Ibid., 212.\n"
9780472026609 - page_198: "START TEXT: \n187. Beastie Boy Adam Yauch told the New York Times in 1992, “‘I never go anyplace without my skate" ******* END TEXT: " Journeys through Sport, edited by Michael Atkinson and Kevin Young (Bingley, UK: JAI Press, 2008).\n"
9780472026609 - page_199: "START TEXT: \n210. Hiestand, “Going to Extremes,” 34.\n211. Michael Burgi, “Don't Try This at Home,” Mediaweek, Ju" ******* END TEXT: " M. Spindler, “Flip-Flop: The Runway Leads the Street,” New York Times, September 19, 1995; Arnold,\n"
9780472026609 - page_200: "START TEXT: \n“Skater Babes”; Maryellen Gordon, “It's Fitted Skaters vs. Baggy Ravers,” New York Times, January 1" ******* END TEXT: ". A. O. Scott, “When California Started Riding on Little Wheels,” New York Times, June 3, 2005, 13.\n"
9780472026609 - page_201: "START TEXT: \n256. O. Gleiberman, “You Say You Want a Skateboard Revolution? Then Hold On,” Entertainment Weekly," ******* END TEXT: "er, “A Skateboarder Gets a Voice in the Redesign of a Beloved Spot,” New York Times, June 24, 2005.\n"
9780472026609 - page_202: "START TEXT: \n“Freedom on four wheels”\n1. Unfortunately, this study does not address skateboarding magazines, whi" ******* END TEXT: "linity, Masochism, and Contemporary American Culture (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998).\n"
9780472026609 - page_203: "START TEXT: \n15. Lynn Ta, “Hurt So Good: Fight Club, Masculine Violence, and the Crisis of Capitalism,” Journal " ******* END TEXT: ", Abjection, and the Economy of White Masculinity,” Journal of Gender Studies 16, no. 1 (2007): 58.\n"
9780472026609 - page_204: "START TEXT: \n2. Ibid., 63.\n3. Although the show's portrayal of male initiation rituals in “faraway places” may s" ******* END TEXT: "odies: Hollywood Masculinity in the Reagan Era (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1994).\n"
9780472026609 - page_205: "START TEXT: \n24. Peggy McIntosh, “White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack,” in White Privilege: Essent" ******* END TEXT: "y Press, 1998), 327.\n4. For the purposes of clarity, I use the term sponsor-me tape throughout this\n"
9780472026609 - page_206: "START TEXT: \nchapter to refer to this kind of video despite the facts that most amateur recordings are never use" ******* END TEXT: " the inspiration for the nickname “Love Park,” which is officially named John F. Kennedy Plaza. See\n"
9780472026609 - page_207: "START TEXT: \nOcean Howell, “The ‘Creative Class’ and the Gentrifying City: Skateboarding in Philadelphia's Love " ******* END TEXT: "h Carolina Press, 1991).\n32. Bonnie J. Dow, Prime-Time Feminism: Television, Media Culture, and the\n"
9780472026609 - page_208: "START TEXT: \nWomen's Movement since 1970 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996), 193–94.\n33. Ien" ******* END TEXT: "ge, edited by Stuart Hall, Dorothy Hobson, Andrew Lowe, and Paul Willis (London: Hutchinson, 1980).\n"
9780472026609 - page_209: "START TEXT: \n2. Dick Hebdige, Subculture: The Meaning of Style (London: Methuen, 1979).\n3. Michel de Certeau, Th" ******* END TEXT: "ateboarding in Afghanistan Provides a Diversion from Desolation,” New York Times, January 26, 2009.\n"
9780472026609 - page_210: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780472026609 - page_211: "START TEXT: \nBibliography\nScholarly Sources\nAnderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin " ******* END TEXT: "art: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.\n"
9780472026609 - page_212: "START TEXT: \nBerger, John. Ways of Seeing. London: Penguin, 1972.\nBernstein, Alina, and Neil Blain. Sport, Media" ******* END TEXT: "hiladelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.\nDyer, Richard. White. London: Routledge, 1997.\n"
9780472026609 - page_213: "START TEXT: \nFaludi, Susan. Backlash: The Undeclared War against American Women. New York: Crown, 1991.\nFoucault" ******* END TEXT: " Man: The White Male Body and the Challenge of Modernity in America. New York: Hill and Wang, 2001.\n"
9780472026609 - page_214: "START TEXT: \nKay, Joanne, and Suzanne Laberge. “Mapping the Field of “AR”: Adventure Racing and Bourdieu's Conce" ******* END TEXT: "nism and Youth Culture: From “Jackie” to “Just Seventeen,” 1–15. London: Macmillan Education, 1991.\n"
9780472026609 - page_215: "START TEXT: \nMedovoi, Leerom. Rebels: Youth and the Cold War Origins of Identity. Durham: Duke University Press," ******* END TEXT: "r.” In Men, Masculinity, and the Media, edited by Steve Craig, 23–39. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992.\n"
9780472026609 - page_216: "START TEXT: \nSavran, David. Taking It Like a Man: White Masculinity, Masochism, and Contemporary American Cultur" ******* END TEXT: "t-subcultures Reader, edited by David Muggleton and Rupert Weinzierl, 119–32. New York: Berg, 2003.\n"
9780472026609 - page_217: "START TEXT: \nWolf, Mark J. P., and Bernard Perron, eds. The Video Game Theory Reader. New York: Routledge, 2003." ******* END TEXT: "enue, Richard. “A Little Bit of Noise but a Whole Lot of Fun.” Washington Post, July 28, 1990, A18.\n"
9780472026609 - page_218: "START TEXT: \n“Blood Transfusion Ordered for Youth.” Los Angeles Times, June 12, 1975, OC5.\nBlum, David J. “U.S. " ******* END TEXT: ", 1998, ST2.\nDeford, Frank. “Promo Wiz in Kidvid Biz.” Sports Illustrated, February 7, 1977, 30–33.\n"
9780472026609 - page_219: "START TEXT: \nDoernberg, Jerry. “Skateboarders Near Thin Ice.” Los Angeles Times, May 24, 1965, SG8.\nDonahue, Bil" ******* END TEXT: "s.” Forbes, July 5, 2004, 98–99, 101.\nGoldman, Lea. “Going to Xtremes.” Forbes, April 3, 2000, 140.\n"
9780472026609 - page_220: "START TEXT: \n“A ‘Good Skate’ Competes Above Board.” Los Angeles Times, October 19, 1964, 3.\n“Good Skates.” Los A" ******* END TEXT: "Holden, Stephen. Review of Stoked: The Rise and Fall of Gator. New York Times, August 22, 2003, 11.\n"
9780472026609 - page_221: "START TEXT: \nHolden, Stephen. “Skating on Top of the World during an Endless Summer.” New York Times, April 26, " ******* END TEXT: " Times, January 19, 1975, CS4.\nMann, Judy. “Skateboard Fever.” Washington Post, May 25, 1979, B1–9.\n"
9780472026609 - page_222: "START TEXT: \nMartin, Judith. “Tagging Toy Prices.” Washington Post, December 5, 1975, D1.\nMcCormick, Lynde. “Ska" ******* END TEXT: "T1.\n“Peninsula Cities Get Tough on Skateboards in Streets.” Los Angeles Times, August 7, 1975, CS2.\n"
9780472026609 - page_223: "START TEXT: \n“Pepper…and Salt.” Wall Street Journal, November 2, 1965, 18.\nPetrecca, Laura. “Going to Extremes.”" ******* END TEXT: "t, June 8, 1975, 160.\n“Sierra Madre Plans Skateboard School.” Los Angeles Times, July 5, 1965, SG8.\n"
9780472026609 - page_224: "START TEXT: \n“Skate-Board Rider Dies after Crash.” Los Angeles Times, September 1, 1964, C8.\n“Skateboard Award.”" ******* END TEXT: "Chairman of the Board.” Business Week, May 28, 2001, 96.\n“Wheel Crazy.” Time, October 27, 1975, 46.\n"
9780472026609 - page_225: "START TEXT: \nWilkinson, Alec. “Bob Burnquist.” Rolling Stone, June 10, 1999, 105.\n“Winning Form.” Los Angeles Ti" ******* END TEXT: ".\nZinsser, William Knowlton. “Super Rad Means O.K., Dad.” Sports Illustrated, April 24, 1978, 36.\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_i: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472026708 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n \n is an imprint of the University of Michigan Press and the Scholarly Publishing Office of the Uni" ******* END TEXT: "ible work exploring new media and their impact on society, culture, and scholarly communication.\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nPoetry’s Afterlife\nVERSE IN THE DIGITAL AGE\n \n \nKevin Stein\n \nThe University of Michigan Press and\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nKevin Stein\n \nThe University of Michigan Press and\nThe University of Michigan Library\nANN ARBOR\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by the University of Michigan 2010 Some rights reserved\n\nThis work is licensed under th" ******* END TEXT: "le.PS326S74    2010811.509—dc22                     2010004463\n  ISBN 978-0-472-02670-8 (e-book)\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_v: "START TEXT: \n \n \nFor Deb, with daisies,And for Kirsten and Joseph, who question everything." ******* END TEXT: "\n \n \nFor Deb, with daisies,And for Kirsten and Joseph, who question everything."
9780472026708 - page_vi: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472026708 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n \nA modest flower,\n         resembling a pink sweet-pea,\n                 you cannot help\n \nbut adm" ******* END TEXT: "us\n          like that?\n             —WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS,\n                “The Pink Locust”\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Preface\n \nPoetry today enjoys a spirited afterlife. Its aesthetic hereafter has come despite, or per" ******* END TEXT: "hers, and the general public, for instance, visited Web sites I’d created to feature audio and video"
9780472026708 - page_x: "START TEXT: poetry, and those same citizens welcomed an audio CD anthology featuring our state’s poets reading " ******* END TEXT: "h large-scale aesthetic history. “Playing Favorites: American Poetry’s Top Ten-ism Fetish” reflects "
9780472026708 - page_xi: "START TEXT: generally on the rousing if bookish process by which poets forge personal relationships to literary " ******* END TEXT: "ritten by American youth.\nThe volume’s concluding section, “After Silence,” likens poetry’s current "
9780472026708 - page_xii: "START TEXT: afterlife to the beguiling because unanticipated music-after-silence offered by the compact disk’s h" ******* END TEXT: "b and to our children, Kirsten and Joe, for excusing (and often enlightening) my preoccupations.\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: Contents\n \nON POETS & AESTHETIC HISTORY\n1. Paper or Plastic, Pepsi or Coke, Irony or Sincerity?\n2. “" ******* END TEXT: "ER SILENCE\n(Hidden Track): Poetry in Public Places\nAcknowledgments\nNotes\nBooks by Kevin Stein\nIndex\n"
9780472026708 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nSECTION ONE\nOn Poets & Aesthetic History\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nSECTION ONE\nOn Poets & Aesthetic History\n"
9780472026708 - page_2: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_3: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 1\nPaper or Plastic, Pepsi or Coke, Irony or Sincerity?\nThat question. No, THE question. Inv" ******* END TEXT: "posing aesthetic camps. In Poetic Culture Christopher Beach describes this conversation as a series "
9780472026708 - page_4: "START TEXT: of revolutions and counter-revolutions forged by aesthetically combative adherents: “Poetic history " ******* END TEXT: "th which to align himself.\nRahv viewed this polarity as a “split personality” or a “blight of onesid"
9780472026708 - page_5: "START TEXT: edness” in the American mind. Others noticed a similar disjuncture. Roy Harvey Pearce labeled the tw" ******* END TEXT: ", writers such as Charles Bernstein, Ron Silliman, Lynn Hejinian, Susan Howe, and Douglas Messerli.\n"
9780472026708 - page_6: "START TEXT: Another cadre of these oppositional poetries is composed of performance, slam, and spoken word poets" ******* END TEXT: " (who fear anything but the page as zone of performance) and discomfiting oral poets (who fear this "
9780472026708 - page_7: "START TEXT: incursion onto their turf beacons the establishment’s eventual co-opting of their countermovement).\n" ******* END TEXT: " dominated more by irony, artifice, and indirection or by sincerity and direct emotional statement?\n"
9780472026708 - page_8: "START TEXT: Again, the American Aesthetic Pendulum\nSee it swinging there, as one would in a clichéd horror film’" ******* END TEXT: "nd the Internet, these poets commanded public attention in ways unimaginable to contemporary poets.\n"
9780472026708 - page_9: "START TEXT: The public literally read their works by the dim glow of fireside and oil lamp. They amounted to a c" ******* END TEXT: "search for some means to gather the various pieces of shattered culture and glue them, staple them, "
9780472026708 - page_10: "START TEXT: duct tape them into an albeit fragmented but still not unworthy whole—“these fragments I have shorn " ******* END TEXT: "tyles. Ferlinghetti’s poetry offered a carnivalesque Coney Island of the Mind that stood in riotous "
9780472026708 - page_11: "START TEXT: contrast to the conservative poet’s decorous Elbow-Patched Tweed Sport Coat of the Mind.\nSurely, the" ******* END TEXT: "and early eighties, I saw the argument against the New Critics as abundantly obvious. Or rather, it "
9780472026708 - page_12: "START TEXT: was not really an argument, but simply a conclusion. My poetic masters had overthrown the houses of " ******* END TEXT: "ine by line the fabric of a poem we poets hold against our chests—and the world’s—to check its fit.\n"
9780472026708 - page_13: "START TEXT: In the quarter century that followed, we’ve seen Derrida, Foucault, and the Language poets. We’ve se" ******* END TEXT: "cipient motion. Narrative poetry, despite or perhaps because of its being decidedly out of fashion, "
9780472026708 - page_14: "START TEXT: shows surprising pertinacity. You’ll also find many poets who clothespin their emotions on the line " ******* END TEXT: " interchanges between poets of opposing camps. Its May 2007 issue inaugurates the feature with Ange "
9780472026708 - page_15: "START TEXT: Mlinko’s glowing review of Language poet Charles Bernstein’s Girly Man going toe-to-toe with David Y" ******* END TEXT: "ll possibilities of art, not simply those approved by competing cadres of fascist rule-loving thugs "
9780472026708 - page_16: "START TEXT: in literary disguise? That poet, in my view, may be the real aesthetic hero— and the rarest for it, " ******* END TEXT: ", genuine art, falls silent in a monologue. When only one mode carries the lag, the lag’s blank.\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_17: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 2\n“The Only Courage Is Joy!”\nEcstasy and Doubt in James Wright’s Poetry\nMore than thirty ye" ******* END TEXT: "ic moment. On one hand, Wright’s poems show his yearning for transcendent release, emotional if not "
9780472026708 - page_18: "START TEXT: physical escape, and ecstatic reverie initiated by contact with the natural. On the other, a number " ******* END TEXT: " about a visionary poet ready and willing to “surrender” his inner life to the “shadow of a horse”?\n"
9780472026708 - page_19: "START TEXT: 2 / “... to keep one’s eyes open”\nEcstasy. The word derives from the Greek existanai-”to displace.” " ******* END TEXT: "lities simply to (a) poems with feeling and (b) poems without. At once frustrated with and bored by "
9780472026708 - page_20: "START TEXT: these paired eenie-meenie choices, Wright openly shows his exasperation in this short, unpublished f" ******* END TEXT: "tually embodies these dual human roles of being in the world but seeing beyond it. Found in current-"
9780472026708 - page_21: "START TEXT: day Tlatilco, the 3,300-year-old statue possesses two faces, two mouths, two noses, but curiously “t" ******* END TEXT: " luring summer,\nThat summon the flesh to fall.\nBe glad of the green wall\nYou climbed across one day\n"
9780472026708 - page_22: "START TEXT: When winter stung with ice\n That vacant paradise.11\nBoth the poem’s postlapsarian, nearly Puritan th" ******* END TEXT: "ge of selected poems by Donne, Herbert, Jonson, and Herrick.13 A six-page section of the exam tests "
9780472026708 - page_23: "START TEXT: students by providing poetic quotations ranging in length from one to eight lines. In response, stud" ******* END TEXT: ". I don’t think that one can change one’s life simply as an act of will.”14 This makes all the more "
9780472026708 - page_24: "START TEXT: remarkable Wright’s labors in Amenities and his stunning breakthroughs in Branch, a book whose most " ******* END TEXT: "ternoon.\nTo my right,\nIn a field of sunlight between two pines,\nThe droppings of last year’s horses\n"
9780472026708 - page_25: "START TEXT: Blaze up into golden stones.\nI lean back, as the evening darkens and comes on.\nA chicken hawk floats" ******* END TEXT: "nst the pine branch\nIs changing to dark green bronze.\nAt the end of the ravine behind Duffy’s house\n"
9780472026708 - page_26: "START TEXT: The droppings of last year’s horses dry into golden stones.\nAs evening comes a little closer home, s" ******* END TEXT: "ng via a “black and white” horse whose very colors signal a reconciling of opposites in one body:\n \n"
9780472026708 - page_27: "START TEXT: I would like to hold the slenderer one in my arms,\nFor she has walked over to me\nAnd nuzzled my left" ******* END TEXT: "luding that Wright’s reworking the poem amounted to “a warning against the wrong kind of revision.”\n"
9780472026708 - page_28: "START TEXT: In Wright’s “A Blessing” and other poems of ecstatic experience, as in the vast majority of mystical" ******* END TEXT: "ker finds comforting unity.\nTime has little consequence in such a “country.” In fact, the speaker’s "
9780472026708 - page_29: "START TEXT: ecstatic experience seems suspended entirely out of time; he has arrived but is still unheard by his" ******* END TEXT: "gics without appreciating Wright’s emotional nakedness and his equally serious discipline of craft.\n"
9780472026708 - page_30: "START TEXT: On the same draft, Wright reveals his own awareness of risks attending poems of Romantic or mystical" ******* END TEXT: "as well tell the truth, and some of the truth is agony. The only courage is joy!”26 For Wright, noth"
9780472026708 - page_31: "START TEXT: ing is harder won or more transient than joy. Smack dab in Auden’s Age of Anxiety, in an era fitfull" ******* END TEXT: "orse to embody mystical union. Instead, these shadows populate the bailiwick of the dead. “Where’ve "
9780472026708 - page_32: "START TEXT: you gone?” the speaker asks plaintively of his body, of the vivifying world he once saw with his own" ******* END TEXT: "ters night’s melancholy “one wing” of Wright’s earlier “Facing the Sun through Closed Eyelids.” The "
9780472026708 - page_33: "START TEXT: speaker’s release into the sycamore’s “one wing” this time offers ecstatic rising that looms both tr" ******* END TEXT: "vexed by the notion that, as William James laments, “no adequate report” of these encounters can be "
9780472026708 - page_34: "START TEXT: given in words. In “Blue Teal’s Mother,” for example, Wright’s frustration emerges rather baldly:\n \n" ******* END TEXT: "n.” His story is one of forlorn isolation:\n \nAn old man\nAppeared to me once\nIn the unendurable snow\n"
9780472026708 - page_35: "START TEXT: ........................................\nHe paused on a street in Minneapolis\nAnd stroked my face.\nG" ******* END TEXT: "ert Hass calls this “boozy insistence,” and the gesture indeed evokes that familiar bloodshot clamor"
9780472026708 - page_36: "START TEXT: ing.31 Yet we all know what underlies the drunk’s all-knowing and embalmed obstinacy—fear and uncert" ******* END TEXT: " the initial surge of “Northern Pike”:\n \nAll right. Try this,\nThen. Every body\nI know and care for,\n"
9780472026708 - page_37: "START TEXT: And every body\nElse is going\nTo die in a loneliness\nI can’t imagine and a pain\nI don’t know.\nHowever" ******* END TEXT: " Critical tension between opposing forces, a formidable struggle between competing notions. Blinded "
9780472026708 - page_38: "START TEXT: by the otherworldly fireworks of Wright’s ecstatic moments, readers often lose sight of this fundame" ******* END TEXT: "tionship. In short, Wright takes on Arnold’s distrust of human and natural communion—as well as his "
9780472026708 - page_39: "START TEXT: own misgivings expressed in “A Fit against the Country.” Via the epigraph to Wright’s poem, Arnold g" ******* END TEXT: ", and somehow\nImpossibly hovering in the air over everything.\nThe Mediterranean, nearer to the moon\n"
9780472026708 - page_40: "START TEXT: Than this mountain is,\nShines. A voice clearly\nTells me to snap out of it. Galway\nMutters out of the" ******* END TEXT: "the wing to lift us beyond mundane reality and thereby open our eyes to greater seeing, granting an "
9780472026708 - page_41: "START TEXT: ecstatic peek into alternate reality? Conceivably, Wright came to fathom that poetry’s greatest gift" ******* END TEXT: "other one deep in shadow. There, just beyond the browsing horse, beyond trees awash in sunlight.\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_42: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 3\nPlaying Favorites\nAmerican Poetry’s Top Ten-ism Fetish\n \nAmerica worships top ten lists. " ******* END TEXT: "ame “My Five Most Important Books,” thus edging halfway to a vaunted top ten. What’s more, querying "
9780472026708 - page_43: "START TEXT: writers for these lists is not at all uncommon. Like many, I’ve been asked to do so by students or f" ******* END TEXT: "uld deny the merit of pondering the nuanced permutations of authorial as well as textual influence?\n"
9780472026708 - page_44: "START TEXT: Readers of such lists yearn for evidence of the poet’s flashed epiphanic moment. Readers hanker for " ******* END TEXT: "f anthologies keen to take on the task of selecting and rating our culture’s “best” poems. See, for "
9780472026708 - page_45: "START TEXT: example, Leslie Pockell’s not-so-humbly-titled The 100 Best Poems of All Time (New York: Warner Book" ******* END TEXT: "ake one look smart. And it’s possible a book scanned if not wholly digested can still offer blazing "
9780472026708 - page_46: "START TEXT: insight or inspiration. Who really knows how a book—like the cell’s mitochondria—fuels the reader-wr" ******* END TEXT: "s, handshakes, sloppy kisses. Outside, the night sky reminds us how tiny our hands and our resumes.\n"
9780472026708 - page_47: "START TEXT: Admittedly, mentioning the role of intoxicants in such scenes threatens to reduce them to mere middl" ******* END TEXT: "nsumption. For you, I, we are consumed by the music as much as we consume it. We eat and are eaten. "
9780472026708 - page_48: "START TEXT: We’re made full and made empty at once. Then, abruptly and without even casual warning, those belove" ******* END TEXT: "ise, no discovery, no interrogation of one’s impulses or anxieties. From this point on there’s only "
9780472026708 - page_49: "START TEXT: unknowing self-parody. One’s now morphs into one’s always, a curious state of suspended animation. T" ******* END TEXT: "ell as one’s taste for others’ art, the product of a similar Cuisinarting of beauty and experience?\n"
9780472026708 - page_50: "START TEXT: Such notion gives credence to the belief that both one’s life in art and the life in one’s art resid" ******* END TEXT: "ummary of the top ten books that “shaped” my art at the milestone ages of thirty, forty, and fifty.\n"
9780472026708 - page_51: "START TEXT: FAVORITES @ AGE THIRTY\nJames Wright, The Branch Will Not Break and Amenities of Stone\n     (the latt" ******* END TEXT: "ithin their poems what current hip-hop artists do so well. Back then, these guys sampled texts, not "
9780472026708 - page_52: "START TEXT: songs, stealing from nearly forgotten historical sources and layering their own musings within the m" ******* END TEXT: "r writers.\nFAVORITES @ AGE FORTY\nFrank O’Hara, Lunch Poems\nPhilip Levine, A Walk with Tom Jefferson\n"
9780472026708 - page_53: "START TEXT: Robert Lowell, History\nHayden White, Tropics of Discourse\nM. M. Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination\nHa" ******* END TEXT: "e outed. Without her knowledge, Bradstreet’s brother-in-law snuck her manuscript away to England to "
9780472026708 - page_54: "START TEXT: be printed. Once in print, Bradstreet’s The Tenth Muse became the first book published by a citizen " ******* END TEXT: "ane, The Poems of Stephen Crane\nKenneth Koch, New Addresses\nM. M. Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination\n"
9780472026708 - page_55: "START TEXT: William James, Varieties of Religious Experience\nA Score of My Contemporaries’ Books\n \nPerhaps becau" ******* END TEXT: "                                  become known.\nAre we not most of us\n                  like that?9\n"
9780472026708 - page_56: "START TEXT: Likely it’s that quality of thought I’m drawn to in others on this list. James, for instance, poses " ******* END TEXT: "to his emblematic quest for the ecstatic but chooses to keep his feet on the ground. Time and again "
9780472026708 - page_57: "START TEXT: he refuses the pull of the other world in favor of this flawed one. Here’s the closer of Wright’s “H" ******* END TEXT: "alleable in these books’ hands and in our clumsy own. More books and more daybreaks will make of us "
9780472026708 - page_58: "START TEXT: something similar but different come next week, come next year, and come, with fanfare whose acronym" ******* END TEXT: "assorted temporal selves? When only books—our best portrait—linger in the silent chorus of dust?\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_59: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 4\n“When the Frost Is on the Punkin”\nNewspaper Poetry’s History and Decline\n \n             I" ******* END TEXT: "ling 10.6 percent for the six months ending September 30, 2009, when compared with the year-earlier "
9780472026708 - page_60: "START TEXT: period. Sunday circulation plummeted 7.5 percent.1 The newspapers’ public allure has lost its gloss." ******* END TEXT: "iny experienced surprising renewal of its prewar status, feeding an escalating sense of nationhood.\n"
9780472026708 - page_61: "START TEXT: With this awareness of nationhood came a corollary interest in the manners and customs of our nation" ******* END TEXT: "vertising signs until he tired of this peripatetic life. In 1877 Riley landed in Anderson, Indiana, "
9780472026708 - page_62: "START TEXT: my hometown. It seemed a decent place to ply his newly chosen newspaperman’s trade for the Anderson " ******* END TEXT: "iscent of Whitman’s baldly quoting Emerson’s note on Leaves of Grass. Not surprisingly, that piece— "
9780472026708 - page_63: "START TEXT: accompanied by Riley’s own sketchings—shuttled back unwanted. Word of his failures with the East Coa" ******* END TEXT: " fashion a knock-off of Edgar Allan Poe and pawn it to the reading public as a recently found, unpub"
9780472026708 - page_64: "START TEXT: lished work by the dead poet. When the piece received critical praise, Riley’s case would be made. R" ******* END TEXT: " Tales but told to deceive you,—\n          So must Leonainie leave you\n   While her love is young.”\n"
9780472026708 - page_65: "START TEXT: Then God smiled and it was morning.\n   Matchless and supreme\nHeaven’s glory seemed adorning\n   Earth" ******* END TEXT: "ntaining the poem—a forgery just completed by Riley’s pal Ethell—might be shipped to him for study.\n"
9780472026708 - page_66: "START TEXT: Riley Grade School was built in Anderson, Indiana, in 1915. At a cost of forty thousand dollars, the" ******* END TEXT: "g confidence, Riley was stricken by the bad press. The national papers sprung into low-parody mode, "
9780472026708 - page_67: "START TEXT: enjoying a good joke at Riley’s—and the spoofed editors’—expenses. Some claimed to have found a Bret" ******* END TEXT: "at an event honoring assassinated President McKinley, President Theodore Roosevelt invited Riley to "
9780472026708 - page_68: "START TEXT: read verse in praise of McKinley. The front page of the Anderson Herald, formerly edited by Riley’s " ******* END TEXT: "man, to the contrary, is personified as a “wild apple tree that has never known the virtue of a prun"
9780472026708 - page_69: "START TEXT: ing knife.” More to the point, Whitman’s “effusions” are said to “indicate a lack of the fine moral " ******* END TEXT: "rgeois” poetic sensibility, a mode fraught with sentimentality so prevalent in the newspapers. Now, "
9780472026708 - page_70: "START TEXT: T. S. Eliot preached in “Tradition and the Individual Talent,” poetry was not “a release of emotion " ******* END TEXT: "le to readers familiar with the civil manners of old verse. It was discontinuous, elliptical, innova"
9780472026708 - page_71: "START TEXT: tive, and often intellectually challenging. Much of it was allusive to other literatures as well as " ******* END TEXT: "ery sky itself lies in dire need of repair, spread “etherized” and suffering upon a gurney. Nothing "
9780472026708 - page_72: "START TEXT: in the scene prompts one to believe the procedure will result in anything resembling a happy ending " ******* END TEXT: ": “These syndicated rhymers, like the movie-producers, are learning that ‘it pays to be good,’ that "
9780472026708 - page_73: "START TEXT: one ‘gets by by giving the emotions of virtue, simplicity, and goodness, with this program paying at" ******* END TEXT: "ptured by irony than it is now. The New York Times serves as prime example. In 1945, the year World "
9780472026708 - page_74: "START TEXT: War II closed, the Times printed roughly a poem a day, as its yearly Index’s four columns of printed" ******* END TEXT: "uscitate this aesthetic dodo. Now, let’s see how that bird fares in our brave new digital world.\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_75: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 5\nAesthetic Dodo\nFive decades after newspaper verse seemingly succumbed to extinction, some" ******* END TEXT: "herworld fashioned by academia and a nursery of reborn little magazines, many university supported. "
9780472026708 - page_76: "START TEXT: Many argue that poetry hardly owns a voice in the larger public discourse. In their minds poetry has" ******* END TEXT: " of presentation to the public—considerations that walk hand in hand. In short, the newspaper venue "
9780472026708 - page_77: "START TEXT: predicates that only poems of a certain type must be put forward. Restricted to roughly twenty lines" ******* END TEXT: "oin those ranks. Just what that fear is and where its roots lie are matters the poet chooses not to "
9780472026708 - page_78: "START TEXT: pursue in this piece. She does, however, come to realize that her son’s growing up is also a kind of" ******* END TEXT: "ld. All week he’s curled at my feet,\n                    warming himself and me watching more TV,\n \n"
9780472026708 - page_79: "START TEXT: or wandered the lonely rooms, my dog shadow,\n           who like a poodle now hops, amped-up windup\n" ******* END TEXT: "ed in 2006 with assigning poet and recent Ph.D. Mike Chasar to write topical (mostly rhyming) poems "
9780472026708 - page_80: "START TEXT: to be run on the op-ed page for its thirty thousand daily readers. In some respects, Chasar was plyi" ******* END TEXT: "paper variety, in fact, implies both mode and readership that Language poets largely disdain. Note, "
9780472026708 - page_81: "START TEXT: however, the skillful manner in which Bernstein engages the social dialogue, tweaking the values of " ******* END TEXT: "an’t say for certain, but I know my own fondness for the daily rag has not been transmitted by genet"
9780472026708 - page_82: "START TEXT: ics or by example to my sixteen-year-old son, Joe. Joe never turns a single page of the newspaper, t" ******* END TEXT: " newspapers’ darkening star?\nThis much is undeniable. If newspaper poetry in all its manifestations "
9780472026708 - page_83: "START TEXT: is to avoid falling to extinction, and indeed, if it is to flourish, not merely survive, some format" ******* END TEXT: "os Williams suggests poems both embody and express. Let’s do so with poems that have edge and sheen."
9780472026708 - page_84: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_85: "START TEXT: SECTION TWO\nOn Technology & the Writerly Life\n" ******* END TEXT: "SECTION TWO\nOn Technology & the Writerly Life\n"
9780472026708 - page_86: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 6\nPoems and Pixels\nThe Work of Art in an Age of Digital Reproduction\nTechnology emerges to " ******* END TEXT: "nd interaction with art has been altered in a manner promising effects both immediate and evolving.\n"
9780472026708 - page_88: "START TEXT: For the art of poetry, its bookish star eclipsed by technological advances of film, digital video, r" ******* END TEXT: "a work of art’s “aura” sets its roots in the domain of tradition, in the viewer’s solitary contempla"
9780472026708 - page_89: "START TEXT: tion of a painting or an audience’s hearing a chorale presentation in an auditorium or in open air. " ******* END TEXT: " to the poet’s digitized voice via ears too small to drink in his baritone? In short, the existence "
9780472026708 - page_90: "START TEXT: of hierarchy surely does not imply all recorded music or poetry or video is aesthetically bankrupt. " ******* END TEXT: "opies lack the authenticity not to mention the patina granted by time and aging, but they’re expert "
9780472026708 - page_91: "START TEXT: knockoffs, some capably reproduced by hand but most by machine or now by computer. For example, Joha" ******* END TEXT: "Dalton, and so on, when some madman bent on world destruction ties him below a descending pendulum?\n"
9780472026708 - page_92: "START TEXT: Is it not possible that humans have adapted to technology, or that technology has adapted us, in suc" ******* END TEXT: "lture where the “eye” rules.\nWhat happens, however, to our conception of art, and of acting itself, "
9780472026708 - page_93: "START TEXT: when the action is removed not only from the dramatic stage but also from the movie production studi" ******* END TEXT: "lmed while gulping down a full bottle of Mrs. Butterworth’s maple syrup in one bottoms-up binge (mim"
9780472026708 - page_94: "START TEXT: icking a scene from the stoney comedy film Super Troopers). That stunt landed him happily on YouTube" ******* END TEXT: " out into a frightening world. This primary narcissism is a core ingredient of one’s mental health.\n"
9780472026708 - page_95: "START TEXT: When this narcissism becomes pathological, however, we show a desperate need to have others confirm " ******* END TEXT: "ding their manuscripts under the great iron gates and affixing SASE with proper return postage. Via "
9780472026708 - page_96: "START TEXT: the Internet, they reach a truly worldwide audience of readers, serious and dilettante alike.\nFor ma" ******* END TEXT: "e obvious good graces resulting from a more diverse writership, one not bound, say, to sufficiently "
9780472026708 - page_97: "START TEXT: ivied universities or beholden to old money or to internships at the best presses, currying the favo" ******* END TEXT: ". Turns out, the fellow is a twenty-four-year-old university dropout. Making matters worse, when con"
9780472026708 - page_98: "START TEXT: fronted with this truth, the site’s cofounder Jimmy Wales is said to have spouted, “I don’t really h" ******* END TEXT: "nowledgeable and dismissing the hacks. If it means someone pockets money on the venture, bet on it.\n"
9780472026708 - page_99: "START TEXT: 5 / The Kingdom of the Eye and Our Polyfocal Attention\nIn digital video culture, the eye rules as bo" ******* END TEXT: " we need never be disconnected from our need to be connected. In similar fashion, one home computer "
9780472026708 - page_100: "START TEXT: begat two home computers begat the laptop we can, if we wish, trundle with us everywhere, its fulles" ******* END TEXT: "him to draw inferences and make associations. In essence, Carr mourns the loss of his capability to "
9780472026708 - page_101: "START TEXT: ponder a subject. Of Carr’s lament, one may remark that it is encouraging, if perhaps unintendedly s" ******* END TEXT: "wo-year-olds, Kirsten displays what to me is an amazing capacity to filter multiple stimuli and yet "
9780472026708 - page_102: "START TEXT: retain the ability to act on each of them with surprising efficiency. Here’s Benjamin on the subject" ******* END TEXT: "ewiring of the digital generation’s individual and collective brains, a type of specialized neurogen"
9780472026708 - page_103: "START TEXT: esis occasioned by immersion in a sea of digital multitasking experiences. Perhaps Benjamin was righ" ******* END TEXT: "ess and pertinacity of that individual-cum-social desire have become perilously confused with need.\n"
9780472026708 - page_104: "START TEXT: Recent developments with cell phone technology present a similar irony. Increasingly, the cell phone" ******* END TEXT: "seemingly without sequence.\nOne time-tested goal of poetry is to negotiate that velocity and to fash"
9780472026708 - page_105: "START TEXT: ion order out of chaos. Poetry operates by connecting readers to opposing notions of flux and stasis" ******* END TEXT: "and of American poetry yearns to reestablish a broad, general readership for poetry, not unlike the "
9780472026708 - page_106: "START TEXT: nineteenth-century variety that gave us the newspaper poets. On the other hand, the opposing camp pr" ******* END TEXT: "I’d wager there’s cause for modest optimism. How does one account for the undeniable reality that\n \n"
9780472026708 - page_107: "START TEXT: • well over three thousand poetry books are printed each year\n• innumerable clubs and poetry societi" ******* END TEXT: " four years’ time well over one hundred school visits, public library poetry readings, nursing home "
9780472026708 - page_108: "START TEXT: presentations, radio interviews, and the like, I have found palpable craving for the heightened cont" ******* END TEXT: "g and receiving that art.\nSuffice it to say, if technology has created new ways for humans to experi"
9780472026708 - page_109: "START TEXT: ence an ancient art like poetry, poetry must adapt or risk going the way of the dodo bird and the ei" ******* END TEXT: "ism of voices and aesthetics, of modes and manners, characteristic of contemporary poetry’s vibrant "
9780472026708 - page_110: "START TEXT: mélange. They can do so as means of connecting poetry to its ancient roots in song, dance, and music" ******* END TEXT: "ely to spend time alone reading that poem.” In curious but undeniable fashion, people become deeply "
9780472026708 - page_111: "START TEXT: invested in poems they hear or see the poet read. Use the Internet’s digital audio and video resourc" ******* END TEXT: "he CD into as many Illinois classrooms and libraries as possible, heightening the chances a knowing "
9780472026708 - page_112: "START TEXT: teacher might deliver students to just this sort of epiphany. In addition, two laureate sites (http:" ******* END TEXT: "Satisfy the public’s appetite for hearing poets recite their own poems. At the very least, presses’ "
9780472026708 - page_113: "START TEXT: and journals’ Web sites ought to contain both audio and video poetry by a range of their contributor" ******* END TEXT: ", the poem’s ecstatic instant—itself engendered by contemplation—is founded on these principles.\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_114: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 7\nA Digital Poetry Playlist\nVarieties of Video and New Media Poetries\nThe advent of digital" ******* END TEXT: "stance, the issue is not so much the usual aesthetic wrangling over what printed-text poems say and "
9780472026708 - page_115: "START TEXT: the manner in which they say it. Rather, the matter is more finely a question of how, via new techno" ******* END TEXT: "ense of play one encounters in the creative work and criticism of new media poetry commentators. In "
9780472026708 - page_116: "START TEXT: meaningful ways, the notion of “play” is rooted in electronic poetry’s wires, bits, programs, langua" ******* END TEXT: "ationships with the current dominant mode of the printed page thus can be figured by constructing a "
9780472026708 - page_117: "START TEXT: set of sliding-scale metrics. The measures following range from the left pole’s conventional aesthet" ******* END TEXT: " the eventual product as much as the source and process of its creation—which is to say, under this "
9780472026708 - page_118: "START TEXT: classification, one may start with printed text and then transform, enhance, enlarge, and reimagine " ******* END TEXT: "y look not to fellow members of the creative writing faculty or even to the radical theorists among "
9780472026708 - page_119: "START TEXT: their English Department colleagues. Instead, they wander the hallways of Instructional Technology d" ******* END TEXT: "gital tenderfoot, much e-poetry can seem merely vacuous or oddly ostentatious, a kind of electronic "
9780472026708 - page_120: "START TEXT: showing-off that valorizes not the poem but the process by which it comes into being. Marjorie Perlo" ******* END TEXT: "ry clan of fellow believers.\nOne notable result of the docu-video-poem was its ability to scale the "
9780472026708 - page_121: "START TEXT: fortified walls of the nation’s school system. Suddenly, visionary teachers had means to engage stud" ******* END TEXT: "tics, and outsider arts.”13Focusing on the work of outlier artists decidedly beyond the mainstream— "
9780472026708 - page_122: "START TEXT: “opposing” poets, if you will—UbuWeb’s library of arts-related audio and video rivals or exceeds tha" ******* END TEXT: " of 40 oz. malt liquor bottles fade in and out of school hallway scenes of young black men, waiting "
9780472026708 - page_123: "START TEXT: their own endless wait for “change,” for “tomorrow” amid “broken dreams,” exams, and “manhood” check" ******* END TEXT: " each of his Cin(E)-Poems augments its visual features with a dynamic soundtrack of music and sound "
9780472026708 - page_124: "START TEXT: effects. Aguilar, while often drawing inspiration from the natural world, say, sunrise in the Grand " ******* END TEXT: "ang. To close his Cin(E)-Poem, Aguilar adds a further element of intertextuality by inserting seven "
9780472026708 - page_125: "START TEXT: well-known lines from William Butler Yeats’s “The Second Coming” splayed in ghostly white letters ag" ******* END TEXT: ".” Then a flurry of farm images appears, upon which the poem’s beginning lines waver and disappear:\n"
9780472026708 - page_126: "START TEXT:  \nThe other day a farmer told me,\n‘They’ll wipe out a whole field\nif you let them.’\nThe “whole field" ******* END TEXT: "wn barriers between creator and critic. The computer itself, in fact, came to constitute for Lanham "
9780472026708 - page_127: "START TEXT: “the ultimate postmodern work of art.”19 As a result, he championed the enlarging of literary studie" ******* END TEXT: " unified not discrete entities. Support for this claim can be found in multimedia texts archived at "
9780472026708 - page_128: "START TEXT: what is arguably the finest repository of e-poetry: the University of Buffalo’s Electronic Poetry Ce" ******* END TEXT: "Gradually the red words begin to assemble lineated text in various spots around the screen, and the "
9780472026708 - page_129: "START TEXT: reader is comforted at last to make out something vaguely reminiscent of the printed poem and its me" ******* END TEXT: "tively expands via digital means.\nOther forms of new media poetry are founded not on the concept of "
9780472026708 - page_130: "START TEXT: textual stability but instead on counternotions of textual instability. These e-poems valorize textu" ******* END TEXT: "aft of meanings. Many of these are electric with political/cultural charge inherent in phrases such "
9780472026708 - page_131: "START TEXT: as “reading the Pre-Socratics in Havana” or becoming a “social flycatcher.” Glazier’s poem recalls f" ******* END TEXT: "sely notes that such a user interacts “with a previously established set of parameters” that limits "
9780472026708 - page_132: "START TEXT: the user’s supposed “autonomy.”31 Both the world the user moves through and his agent of engagement " ******* END TEXT: " note,” we imagine T.M. exclaiming from the other room, as he clicks off the screen and departs the "
9780472026708 - page_133: "START TEXT: site. Who lingers for a sufficiently prolonged period for the work’s flood of image and language to " ******* END TEXT: " call into question the very concept of good taste. In this way Flarf resembles the early twentieth "
9780472026708 - page_134: "START TEXT: century Dadaist rebellion born in response to the horrors of World War I. Dadaist poets often (liter" ******* END TEXT: " just as well by using someone else’s? And if your identity is not your own, then sincerity must be "
9780472026708 - page_135: "START TEXT: tossed out as well. . . . Disposability, fluidity, and recycling: there’s a sense that these words a" ******* END TEXT: "selves in negation to the conventional mode, all such rebellions inextricably tie themselves to the "
9780472026708 - page_136: "START TEXT: manners they refuse. Without its necessary other, the countermovement’s heretical rebelliousness dri" ******* END TEXT: "d poetry the “poetician,” commentator intent upon discovering the ways language and technology come "
9780472026708 - page_137: "START TEXT: to “play” together—his word choice echoing our initial talk of play as essential to e-poetry.38 If c" ******* END TEXT: "and toward, poetry has begun a digital voyage from which there is little chance of turning back.\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_138: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 8\nThese Drafts and Castoffs\nMapping Literary Manuscripts\nOutside Madrid’s Reine Sophia Muse" ******* END TEXT: "ain’s national symbol, a great bull looking first in my eyes and then away. Gradually, village build"
9780472026708 - page_139: "START TEXT: ings half in rubble, a roof akilter and giving way. Now here, where the fist once fisted, one wide-e" ******* END TEXT: "t seldom trollops happily from A to Z. Both Wright’s manuscripts and Picasso’s studies map the topog"
9780472026708 - page_140: "START TEXT: raphy of imagination. They plot a terrain where one powerful tectonic force slams against another, s" ******* END TEXT: "rest us for several reasons. First, they reveal poets’ creative topography, the terrain of their aes"
9780472026708 - page_141: "START TEXT: thetic struggles and the paths they take along the way to making a poem, a book, an oeuvre. Manuscri" ******* END TEXT: "assical modes whose castle he had labored mightily to build and to inhabit. The undergraduate years "
9780472026708 - page_142: "START TEXT: studying Latin at Kenyon College had not washed the coal dust off the working-class kid from Martins" ******* END TEXT: "ing loose a roundhouse punch and ducking his head at the same time, Wright thought to quote Whitman "
9780472026708 - page_143: "START TEXT: on the book’s August 10, 1961, frontispiece: “I note Whitman on the defense of the past: ‘If he does" ******* END TEXT: "ct vitriol in Wright’s declaration of independence and identify, too, a sadness bending on gloom:\n \n"
9780472026708 - page_144: "START TEXT: Now my amenities of stone are done,\nGod damn me if I care whether or not\nAnyone hears my voice, you " ******* END TEXT: "m. In that case, the poet fell back on the protectiveness of what I call the aesthetic rope-a-dope.\n"
9780472026708 - page_145: "START TEXT: Aesthetic Rope-a-Dope\nAmong Wright’s work, “A Blessing” has received nearly universal critical accla" ******* END TEXT: "his head and torso with his arms. While his opponent swung wildly, Ali would remain safe behind his "
9780472026708 - page_146: "START TEXT: raised arms’ protective wall. So, perhaps, would Wright, if he excised these lines from his poem. He" ******* END TEXT: "red the wind.\nMen are dying without ever knowing it.\nAmerica, America,\nIt is raining\nIn the river.7\n"
9780472026708 - page_147: "START TEXT: No doubt Wright understood the conservative social climate of the early sixties, a buttoned-down sce" ******* END TEXT: "t, the rhythm of such a poem was the rhythm of its images, suggested Robert Kelly in the little maga"
9780472026708 - page_148: "START TEXT: zine Trobar.8 As with fascination with the Nehru, the image poem signaled a countercultural quest fo" ******* END TEXT: "reviled for the way its quick flurry of nature images resolves in startling confession, “Lying in a "
9780472026708 - page_149: "START TEXT: Hammock” emanates technical confidence and élan. It’s the type of poem one simply can’t imagine the " ******* END TEXT: "ries the polar burden of sensitive attachment to a precious locale and the people who inhabit it:\n \n"
9780472026708 - page_150: "START TEXT: Robert Bly’s barn is heavy with a million loose grains of corn.\nHe and Carol gathered them slowly, a" ******* END TEXT: "s saying too much in the process. Wright’s politically charged “Eisenhower’s Visit to Franco, 1959” "
9780472026708 - page_151: "START TEXT: shows the pitfalls awaiting poets trying to learn to speak via poetic image and not through traditio" ******* END TEXT: " the poet’s confessing what any good reader ought to have already decoded from the poem’s images:\n \n"
9780472026708 - page_152: "START TEXT: I am ashamed of my country.\nReaders not drunk on politics’ thinned gin wince at that line. The line’" ******* END TEXT: "appling hooks\nDrag delicately about, between skiff hulks and sand shoals,\nUntil they grasp\nFingers.\n"
9780472026708 - page_153: "START TEXT: 3\nSomewhere in a vein of Bridgeport, Ohio;\nDeep in the coal hill behind Hanna’s name;\nBelow the tipp" ******* END TEXT: "en. His name was always in the newspapers when somebody drowned & they had to ‘drag’ for the body.” "
9780472026708 - page_154: "START TEXT: Given these manuscript clues, readers now bring to their experiences with the poem a name to match t" ******* END TEXT: "t’s meant only for her own eyes?\nWright’s comments on his worksheets often pull back the curtain so "
9780472026708 - page_155: "START TEXT: readers might gaze upon the puny man working the Great Wizard of Oz’s levers, bells, and whistles. T" ******* END TEXT: "vior radiated confidence and assurance. Tellingly, for them to judge so was also to trust in the gen"
9780472026708 - page_156: "START TEXT: eral principle of aesthetic sea change and in the particular possibility of its magic occurring in t" ******* END TEXT: "ndertaken, consequences that reverberate within his work and its critical reception to this day.\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_157: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 9\nDeath by Zeroes and Ones\nThe Fate of Literary “Papers”\nThe widespread use of computer and" ******* END TEXT: "s developed their own systems of revising the typed page, say, a circled word signifying one thing, "
9780472026708 - page_158: "START TEXT: a cross-out meaning something else entirely. Once sufficient handwritten revisions appeared on the t" ******* END TEXT: "elf electrically charged and vulnerable to the hard drive’s crashing—until the poet pushes “print.” "
9780472026708 - page_159: "START TEXT: Then out spews a neatly printed version, not perfect but enticingly perfectible. Still, one wonders " ******* END TEXT: "drafts were mainly digital not paper? How would we know he thought this piece to be “junk” and that "
9780472026708 - page_160: "START TEXT: one he would cut to a “single line” were the true poem to emerge from his elisions? Those notions wo" ******* END TEXT: "dy to mourn the book’s imminent demise. Scribes copied books by hand for a century after Gutenberg.\n"
9780472026708 - page_161: "START TEXT: Keep in mind, however, a new machine is now being marketed to the public that allows one to “rip” a " ******* END TEXT: "on, those things we now think of as draft, worksheet, and manuscript may fade like stars at sunrise."
9780472026708 - page_162: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_163: "START TEXT: SECTION THREE\nOn Teaching & the Writer’s Workshop " ******* END TEXT: "SECTION THREE\nOn Teaching & the Writer’s Workshop "
9780472026708 - page_164: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_165: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 10\nThe Hammer\nBy the third week of workshop I knew something was amiss. For one, the classr" ******* END TEXT: "frequently turn that violence inward toward the self. For poets, the dreamed-of victim lives within "
9780472026708 - page_166: "START TEXT: their own skin. If it’s vengeance they want to exact, too often it’s vengeance against the self.\nThi" ******* END TEXT: " are regarded with suspicion by many other poets. It’s no surprise those same poets of humor magnet "
9780472026708 - page_167: "START TEXT: public readership like iron filings. Maybe it’s a thoughtless attraction, a compulsion difficult to " ******* END TEXT: "layfulness and minutiae of language, on theoretical matters of linguistics and philosophy, on cultur"
9780472026708 - page_168: "START TEXT: ally shared language and idea, on public culture, for goodness sake, nicely preempts students from m" ******* END TEXT: "uch a program exists for students who need it, I’m not entirely comfortable with being the one who— "
9780472026708 - page_169: "START TEXT: without proper training in counseling—embroils a merely moody student in the byzantine process to pr" ******* END TEXT: "e basis of writing work that mildly disturbed his classmates and me. I’d seen worse over the years.\n"
9780472026708 - page_170: "START TEXT: Four weeks later, Peter upped the ante. At workshop he refused to speak in class. In fact, he refuse" ******* END TEXT: " engineering major, but the class roster, and Peter himself, said his was history. Russian history.\n"
9780472026708 - page_171: "START TEXT: What’s more, his week’s poem was again set in the kitchen, with bottle and terry tablecloth but no g" ******* END TEXT: "igned, so I was graced with the good sense to nod a lot. I was not profound. Handshakes all around.\n"
9780472026708 - page_172: "START TEXT: Here’s the thing, a gnawing rodent that has pestered me incessantly and dirtied my life’s clean kitc" ******* END TEXT: "eeded help and that you had to intervene. That hammer—there in wood and steel, or there only in meta"
9780472026708 - page_173: "START TEXT: phor his writing provided—did the same for me. It’s enough to make me pine for an outward sign of in" ******* END TEXT: "s emails blinked infrequently until, like the light above the kitchen sink, they suddenly gave out.\n"
9780472026708 - page_174: "START TEXT: Coda\nThis essay, written eight years before 2007’s tragic shootings at Virginia Tech, fell off the s" ******* END TEXT: "ted therapist who cared about [Cho] deeply and worked with him one-on-one at a culturally sensitive "
9780472026708 - page_175: "START TEXT: location,” according to Hollis Stambaugh. Golden also asserts Cho received “50 minutes of language a" ******* END TEXT: "xhibited an interest in violence in their own writings, such as poems, essays, or journal entries.”\n"
9780472026708 - page_176: "START TEXT: Late that April evening, I emailed poet Bob Hicok, who teaches creative writing at Virginia Tech, ho" ******* END TEXT: "med Mr. Christopher, a surname that mirrors his own first name. Neither Barber’s prior semester 3.9 "
9780472026708 - page_177: "START TEXT: grade point average or his status as an Iraq War navy veteran could overcome the perception he was a" ******* END TEXT: "quad where lawn sprinklers arc here and there, sunlight casting gorgeous if artificial rainbows.\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_178: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 11\nVoice\nWhat You Say and How Readers Hear It\nNo aspect of poetry writing is more fundament" ******* END TEXT: "subject is to appreciate the beautiful duality of the term “voice.” When we think of voice, we most "
9780472026708 - page_179: "START TEXT: often fall upon the literal sense of the word—the actual physical and auditory sense of spoken voice" ******* END TEXT: "in turn how they feel about the poem. This accounts for advice like that Aristotle gives writers in "
9780472026708 - page_180: "START TEXT: his Rhetoric. There Aristotle urges prospective writers to make readers care about them as humans, t" ******* END TEXT: "rcises to sharpen your use of metaphor or image, for example, but no teacher I know can lead you to "
9780472026708 - page_181: "START TEXT: your voice by dint of classroom assignment. Voice isn’t a technique, a trick, or even a skill. It’s " ******* END TEXT: ".\nI like clean socks.\nThey just feel good,\ncotton and all, soft\nand unaware\nof the mouth they carry\n"
9780472026708 - page_182: "START TEXT: or the mind it hides.\nI guess I lie on greenish grass\nsix feet away\nfrom “the other side.”\nMy mouth\n" ******* END TEXT: "oem spoken by a voice that would feel at home in locales such as the Nuyorican Café and other urban "
9780472026708 - page_183: "START TEXT: coffeehouse scenes where oral presentation is valorized over the page’s textual subtleties. Here’s t" ******* END TEXT: "nal poetic history. The speaker’s voice exudes, as she suggests following, a good deal of “sass”:\n \n"
9780472026708 - page_184: "START TEXT: I—guess there is no difference\nbetween me and the rapper poppin’ Moet.\nBut—then again\nmaybe there is" ******* END TEXT: "\nhalf-cocked lyrics peak from rhythmic chambers\nready to spew a new danger\nMos Definitely knowledge\n"
9780472026708 - page_185: "START TEXT: will build this power\n...............................\nNo race has pulled itself up by doing what we " ******* END TEXT: "imultaneously (and paradoxically) makes of itself—and of hip-hop—a cannabis vehicle of veracity, cel"
9780472026708 - page_186: "START TEXT: ebrating the buzz attendant to admitting the truth about both mode and culture.\nPerformative not rea" ******* END TEXT: "lf” becomes perilously bound up with the “someone” who fires a bullet through the speaker’s window. "
9780472026708 - page_187: "START TEXT: How “close,” indeed, both in physical and emotional distance, these (identical?) figures come to app" ******* END TEXT: " and what’s not, you fashion a voice to be embraced or instead cold-shouldered by your audience.\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_188: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 12\nWhy Kids Hate Poetry\n \nBecause we teach them to hate it. However alluring, this glibness" ******* END TEXT: " respectable society. Poets, in fact, often don’t operate within conventional society as much as on "
9780472026708 - page_189: "START TEXT: its fringes, sniping away at the center’s follies, prejudices, and foibles. In this way, poetry offe" ******* END TEXT: " and high school instructors simply don’t hazard teaching poetry. As students, they learned to hate "
9780472026708 - page_190: "START TEXT: it. Now, as instructors, they have learned, as a mode of defense, to ignore it. Rather than nakedly " ******* END TEXT: "0s moralist was apt to follow up that jaunty tune by admonishing the child to eat everything on her "
9780472026708 - page_191: "START TEXT: plate, for there were people starving in China. The bodily delight to be had by hearing those lines " ******* END TEXT: "tened ways listeners engage oral poetry as opposed to prose. It would seem Roethke’s method was not "
9780472026708 - page_192: "START TEXT: unproductive. Poets James Wright, Carolyn Kizer, Richard Hugo, and a slew of notable others passed t" ******* END TEXT: "ight Live’s “Master Thespian” played by Jon Lovitz. Of the sixteen state finalists, roughly a third "
9780472026708 - page_193: "START TEXT: exhibited fondness for the double-clenched breast, wink and eye roll, bent-knee plea, and open-armed" ******* END TEXT: "led into appreciating the art. Keep in mind that even 2008 Poetry Out Loud winner Shawntay A. Henry "
9780472026708 - page_194: "START TEXT: believed poetry was “boring”—until she began to perform it orally and thus became enamored of its so" ******* END TEXT: "t the meaning encoded beneath the flesh of its lines. Without guilty conscience, both will kill the "
9780472026708 - page_195: "START TEXT: poem to save themselves and others, if only to rescue everyone from indeterminacy. That’s because bo" ******* END TEXT: "ng about the poem’s musical formal control, about Frost as a blend of Modern and nineteenth-century "
9780472026708 - page_196: "START TEXT: poet, about careful word choice or even about his distaste for the old master. Instead, his journal " ******* END TEXT: "he pitcher’s effort shows he’s tiring and thus call the bullpen for a reliever to begin warming up.\n"
9780472026708 - page_197: "START TEXT: All these various readings of this one event have validity. They reflect the individual’s knowledge " ******* END TEXT: "croll to on their omnipresent iPods. Once they encounter art fleshed with the moment, they are much "
9780472026708 - page_198: "START TEXT: more likely to advance the attention and patience necessary to enliven a text and thus give art life" ******* END TEXT: "ous for those of us who believe poetry offers a lifetime of humanizing pleasures. Some demon of irre"
9780472026708 - page_199: "START TEXT: sistible if irritable charms, some fiend possessing intractable powers, burrows his way inside our k" ******* END TEXT: "ng in the world of men\nwhen I most needed one,\n \nwhen I was pale and scrawny,\nnaked, goosefleshed\n \n"
9780472026708 - page_200: "START TEXT: as a plucked chicken\nin a supermarket cooler, a poor\n \nforked thing stranded in the savage\nuniverse " ******* END TEXT: " Depending on the group’s sophistication, the teacher could address Wittgensteinian coding/decoding "
9780472026708 - page_201: "START TEXT: as well as language games, the vocabulary of class and gender, and the ways words both define and co" ******* END TEXT: "egetables with a little butter and pepper, persuading them in the process green beans can be tasty.\n"
9780472026708 - page_202: "START TEXT: Cuisinarting the Study and Practice of Poetry\nWith notable success, grade, middle, and high school—a" ******* END TEXT: "try can be antidote to the fumings of The Man and the slackness of our own inattentiveness—both soul"
9780472026708 - page_203: "START TEXT: less enemies of pleasure. Those who teach poetry to young folks from grade school to the university " ******* END TEXT: "r own faces, breathing their own breath, and speaking the once unspeakable lines of their lives.\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_204: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 13\nWhitman’s Sampler\nAn Assortment of Youth Poems\nThe holiday arrival of Whitman’s Sampler " ******* END TEXT: "ffer up some surprising delights. These I’ve gathered, à la my sister, from my Whitman’s Sampler of "
9780472026708 - page_205: "START TEXT: youth poems. These I savored for myself; these I now offer up so you may do the same. Lest my previo" ******* END TEXT: "dience, it elicits roaring belly laughs, a surprisingly uncontainable gush of hilarity made all the "
9780472026708 - page_206: "START TEXT: more enjoyable because its very uncontainability so surprises the audience. Listeners and readers lo" ******* END TEXT: " our own, an act of personal discrimination owning peculiar communal properties. When the boys thus "
9780472026708 - page_207: "START TEXT: swerve into direct address, they playfully tie their poem to poetry’s ancient lineage, linking fifth" ******* END TEXT: "e speaker paints a portrait of her life’s concerns—soggy vegetables, homework, and dance class. And "
9780472026708 - page_208: "START TEXT: she does so while paying considerable attention to frisky rhymes like math/ scratch, sport/warts. Sh" ******* END TEXT: "window, looking at\nthe lonely street, longing\nfor a friend. It is a ghost town,\nwhite snow and dark\n"
9780472026708 - page_209: "START TEXT: out, and she sits\nby the window.3\nWhat’s striking is the poet’s deft use of enjambment to verbally a" ******* END TEXT: "f.\n \nI walk through the front door,\nthe scent of Mati’s\ntandoori chicken curry\nsticks to the air.\n \n"
9780472026708 - page_210: "START TEXT: In the kitchen\nshe stands before the stove\nadding masala spices\nin a beige and white salwar kameez,\n" ******* END TEXT: "of recognition she half accepts and half rejects. Her mother’s native dress she knows as intimately "
9780472026708 - page_211: "START TEXT: as randy Bill Clinton’s wanderings and American movie fare. Her father’s traditional wrist bracelet—" ******* END TEXT: "oduct. Made only of breath, the poem rises stolid from the page, rises from one person into another."
9780472026708 - page_212: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_213: "START TEXT: SECTION FOUR\nAfter Silence\n" ******* END TEXT: "SECTION FOUR\nAfter Silence\n"
9780472026708 - page_214: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_215: "START TEXT: (Poetry rewards patience,\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "(Poetry rewards patience,\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_216: "START TEXT: the soulful lollygag\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "the soulful lollygag\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_217: "START TEXT: along a highwire.)\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "along a highwire.)\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_218: "START TEXT: (Hidden Track)\nPoetry in Public Places\n \nIt’s patently ludicrous to believe any poet laureate, wheth" ******* END TEXT: "among the few, as has always been the case. The rest of us have the solace of momentary reverie, of "
9780472026708 - page_219: "START TEXT: evanescent ecstatic release. It tastes sweet and good, or pools bitter as bile upon the tongue, but " ******* END TEXT: "s to fight battles, jesters to tell jokes, then one rightly ought to maintain a poet to perform the "
9780472026708 - page_220: "START TEXT: court’s versifying duties. Over time, the poet laureate’s obligation to write such occasional verse " ******* END TEXT: "nate within their lives as well. One is charged, in sum, to convince the hopeful, the disbelieving, "
9780472026708 - page_221: "START TEXT: or the merely distracted that poetry might surge electric within the big democratic life we call com" ******* END TEXT: "to chat in sour-breathed whispers. In short, the library seems as much social as educational venue.\n"
9780472026708 - page_222: "START TEXT: On the night of my reading, over two hundred folks gathered in the library’s largest room, arcing ar" ******* END TEXT: "ellow in overalls sidled up, ball cap in hand. He admitted the wife had dragged him with her, first "
9780472026708 - page_223: "START TEXT: to Denny’s for Thursday’s fried chicken special and then for some poetry. He shook my hand, summonin" ******* END TEXT: "re the second poem’s done—and learned as well to study the Weather Channel’s hour-by-hour forecast.\n"
9780472026708 - page_224: "START TEXT: When the private-poet/public-verse puzzle seemed hopeless, often but not always a piece fell into pl" ******* END TEXT: "ve. A few lunch-boxed their sandwiches, stood up from their bench’s cushionless seat, and asked for "
9780472026708 - page_225: "START TEXT: more, intent to fill the ten minutes they owned before toggling themselves and their machines back o" ******* END TEXT: "ing a writer.” Deciding “to follow Brooks’s advice,” Cose embarked, setting out to write his way to "
9780472026708 - page_226: "START TEXT: comprehending the fires of April 1968 when his Chicago neighborhood exploded after the assassination" ******* END TEXT: " poet, laureate or otherwise, to incite in others and to embody in oneself poetry’s afterlife.\n \n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_227: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\n \n \nFinally, I offer my gratitude to the following authors and publishers for permis" ******* END TEXT: "y Charles Bernstein. First appeared in the Philadelphia Inquirer. Used with permission of the poet.\n"
9780472026708 - page_228: "START TEXT: “You and We” by Seb Chevrel and Gabe Kean. Copyright © 2002 Seb Chevrel and Gabe Kean. First appeare" ******* END TEXT: "Directed by Kurt Heintz. Copyright © 1995 by Quraysh Ali Lansana. Used with permission of the poet.\n"
9780472026708 - page_229: "START TEXT: “ode to hip’ hop: a poem written while listening to Kanye West, Common Sense, a little Lupé Fiasco, " ******* END TEXT: "permission of the author.\n“Playing Favorites: American Poetry’s Top Ten-ism Fetish” by Kevin Stein.\n"
9780472026708 - page_230: "START TEXT: Copyright © 2008 by Kevin Stein. First appeared in Boulevard. Used with permission of the author.\n“T" ******* END TEXT: "ing,” Arriving in the Country Again,” “A Secret Gratitude,” “Blue Teal’s Mother,” “Confession to J.\n"
9780472026708 - page_231: "START TEXT: Edgar Hoover,” “Many of Our Waters: Variations on a Poem by a Black Child,” “Northern Pike,” and “Ei" ******* END TEXT: "ight, introduction © 1990 by Donald Hall. Reprinted by permission of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, LLC."
9780472026708 - page_232: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_233: "START TEXT: Notes\n \nPREFACE\n1. Although Joseph Epstein’s essay first appeared more than twenty years ago in the " ******* END TEXT: "Poetries: Issues and Institutions, 2 vols. (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1996), 1: 1–2.\n"
9780472026708 - page_234: "START TEXT: 9. Lazer, Opposing Poetries, 1: 37. In volume 1 of his two-volume text, Lazer sets in place the issu" ******* END TEXT: "06),173–74.\n20. Marjorie Perloff, “Poetry Doesn’t Matter,” American Book Review 15, no.5 (1993): 7.\n"
9780472026708 - page_235: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 2\n1. W. H. Auden, The Dyer’s Hand (New York: Vintage Books: 1968), 27.\n2. Wright witnessed f" ******* END TEXT: "hotocopy of Professor Coffin’s seventeenth-century lyric course examination discussed above. Through"
9780472026708 - page_236: "START TEXT: an elaborate and arcane scoring system, Wright earned an 80 on the exam. However, no letter grade i" ******* END TEXT: "older “MSS: Poetry Castoff Drafts.”\n26. Wright Papers, box 54, folder “MSS: Poetry Castoff Drafts.”\n"
9780472026708 - page_237: "START TEXT: 27. Wright Papers, box 36, folder “Poetry Drafts 1962.” Nowhere among Wright’s voluminous files coul" ******* END TEXT: "ity Press, 1989), xxiv.\n3. See William Harmon, ed., The Top500 Poems (New York: Columbia University "
9780472026708 - page_238: "START TEXT: Press, 1992), 1077. To be sure, offering even a representative list of such anthologies would consum" ******* END TEXT: "tions of others, I can not enter into any minute discussion of the merits of the poems you sent me. "
9780472026708 - page_239: "START TEXT: I can only say in general terms, that I have read them with great pleasure, and think they show the " ******* END TEXT: "icanlifeinpoetry.org.\n2. Mr. Kooser detailed this exchange in an email to me, dated August 3, 2007. "
9780472026708 - page_240: "START TEXT: What’s more, because Kooser’s wife and son work in journalism, the medium is both familiar and welco" ******* END TEXT: "“Know It All,” 40–41\n16. The range of Essjay’s purported knowledge ought to have raised a red flag. "
9780472026708 - page_241: "START TEXT: His first contributions to Wikipedia dealt mainly with his supposed field of religious studies exper" ******* END TEXT: "istracted: The Erosion of Attention and the Coming Dark Age (New York: Prometheus Books, 2008), 14.\n"
9780472026708 - page_242: "START TEXT: 21. Nicholas Carr, “Is Google Making Us Stupid?” Atlantic 301, no. 6 (2008): 57. In assuming that hi" ******* END TEXT: "ightful overview of Holman’s methods and goals for The United States of Poetry. Beach suggests that "
9780472026708 - page_243: "START TEXT: Holman, for the most part, chose to privilege poets outside of the academy, poets possessing politic" ******* END TEXT: "is neither poetry nor not-poetry but an active exchange” between two divergent discourse modes. See "
9780472026708 - page_244: "START TEXT: Morris, “New Media Poetics: As We May Think/How to Write,” in New Media Poetics: Contexts, Technotex" ******* END TEXT: "n equally large repository of audio poems by a range of Chicago-area and national performers, includ"
9780472026708 - page_245: "START TEXT: ing Luis Rodriguez, Maureen Seaton, David Ray, Mark Perlberg, and Tyhemiba Jess. Filreis’s site can " ******* END TEXT: "lo; accessed December 2008.\n27. Loss Pequeno Glazier, “White-Faced Bromelaids on 20 Hectares,” avail"
9780472026708 - page_246: "START TEXT: able at http://epc.buffalo.edu/authors/glazier/java/costa1/00.html; accessed December 2008.\n28. See " ******* END TEXT: "ature.org. As an offshoot of her book Electronic Literature, Hayles created an outstanding resource "
9780472026708 - page_247: "START TEXT: for those interested in teaching courses devoted to e-literature: visit http://newhorizons.eliteratu" ******* END TEXT: "’s title, and separated by a slash, Wright has written what appears to be “Bulbs like a thunderhead "
9780472026708 - page_248: "START TEXT: trying to / snuff out / whole cities.” A marginal note in Wright’s handwriting and an arrow pointing" ******* END TEXT: ", it also heralds changes in the ways one regards and interacts with future versions of the “book.”\n"
9780472026708 - page_249: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 10\n1. Daniel Golden, “From Disturbed High Schooler to College Killer,” Wall Street Journal, " ******* END TEXT: "oems written by the hip-hop artist Tupac Shakur, see http://www.alleyezonme.com/poetry/index/phtml.\n"
9780472026708 - page_250: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 13\n1. This piece was cowritten by then-fifth-graders Cole Anderson, Grant Dutton, and Eric R" ******* END TEXT: "e winners of 2006 Poems of Special Merit page, IATE Poetry Contest, http://www.bradley.edu/poet.\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_251: "START TEXT: BOOKS BY KEVIN STEIN\n \nPoetry\nSufficiency of the Actual\nAmerican Ghost Roses\nChance Ransom\nBruised P" ******* END TEXT: "oetry of a Grown Man\n \nAnthologies\nBread & Steel, audio CD\nIllinois Voices, edited with G. E. Murray"
9780472026708 - page_252: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472026708 - page_253: "START TEXT: Index\n \nA-Basin ski area, aka Arapaho Basin Ski Area, 42\nAcademic and workshop poetry, 5, 15, 114\nAc" ******* END TEXT: "\nBishop, Elizabeth, “Manmoth,” 193\nBlack Arts Movement, 11\nBlake, William, 44\nBloom, Harold, 43, 45\n"
9780472026708 - page_254: "START TEXT: Bly, Carol, 29, 30, 150\nBly, Robert, 1, 19, 25, 29, 30, 47, 51, 147, 150, 178; David, the horse owne" ******* END TEXT: "9, 155. See also Bakhtin, M. M.\nDickey, James, 142\nDickinson, Emily 47, 179; describing poetry, 192\n"
9780472026708 - page_255: "START TEXT: Digital poetry, 7, 114–37; characteristics of, 135; definition of, 117–18; effects on poetry drafts," ******* END TEXT: " 131, 136; Digital Poetics, 128; “White-Face Bromelaids on 20 Hectares,” 130–31\nGolden, Daniel, 174\n"
9780472026708 - page_256: "START TEXT: Goldsmith, Kenneth, 134–35\nGoodman, Felicitas, 20–21, 29; Ecstasy, Ritual, and Alternate Reality, 20" ******* END TEXT: "r, 97\nKeen, Gabe, “You and We,” 132–33\nKelly, Robert, 147\nKenyon College, 22, 142, 143, 158, 235n12\n"
9780472026708 - page_257: "START TEXT: Kenyon Review, xii\nKenyon Review Online, xii\nKerouac, Jack, 10\nKindle, digital book reader by Amazon" ******* END TEXT: "nt, 74\nMilton, John, 22\nMiss Tiger Lily Delight, 220\nMitchell, Jené, 187; “ode to hip’ hop,” 183–86\n"
9780472026708 - page_258: "START TEXT: Mlinko, Ange, 14–15\nModernism, 5, 9, 11, 55, 69–74, 114\nMohammed, K. Silem, 134. See also Conceptual" ******* END TEXT: "ts and draft manuscripts, 140–61; fair and foul copies, 141\nPoetry Daily, 108\nPoetry Foundation, 75\n"
9780472026708 - page_259: "START TEXT: Poetry 180 and 180 More, anthologies edited by Billy Collins, 199\nPoetry Out Loud, 6–7, 190–93; Illi" ******* END TEXT: "evolution Redux, 6\nSports Center, ESPN, 82\nSports Illustrated, 44\nStafford, William, 11, 47, 51, 52\n"
9780472026708 - page_260: "START TEXT: Stambaugh, Hollis, 175\nStar Trek, 88, 113\nStephans, Brian Kim, 7, 114, 128; difficulties of defining" ******* END TEXT: "35n6, 247n3\nWright, James, 10, 11, 17–41, 47, 50, 52, 105, 158, 192, 224, 234n9; animals, as agents "
9780472026708 - page_261: "START TEXT: of ecstatic reverie, 26–30, 36–39; conversion experience, as ecstatic change, 23; Eucharistic gestur" ******* END TEXT: "Record, 79\nYoung, Dean, 17\nYouth poetry, 204–11\nYouTube, 83, 93, 94, 97, 111, 119, 166\nYugo, 178\n\n\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_i: "START TEXT: My Life as a Night Elf Priest\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "My Life as a Night Elf Priest\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \nEllen Seiter and Mimi Ito, Series Editors\nThis book series showcases the best ethnographic research" ******* END TEXT: "ssible work exploring new media and their impact on society, culture, and scholarly communication.\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_iii: "START TEXT: MY LIFE AS ANIGHT ELF PRIEST\nAn Anthropological Accountof World of Warcraft\nBonnie A. Nardi\nTHE UNIV" ******* END TEXT: "ft\nBonnie A. Nardi\nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS ANDTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARYAnn Arbor\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_iv: "START TEXT: Copyright © by the University of Michigan 2010\nAll rights reserved\nPublished in the United States of" ******* END TEXT: ". Title.\nGV1469.25.W64N37        2010\n\n\n793.93—dc22\n2010007914\n\n\n \nISBN 978-0-472-02671-5 (e-book)\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_v: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nAlthough writing is a solitary pursuit, the influences of others are constantly pres" ******* END TEXT: "ng the Productive Play Workshop.\nI have many guildmates to thank—for good times as well as insights "
9780472026715 - page_vi: "START TEXT: about game play. The guilds in which I conducted research must remain anonymous, but Terror Nova, a " ******* END TEXT: "ors, software artifacts—which has proved an endlessly fascinating object of discovery and inquiry.\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nPART ONE. Introduction to World of Warcraft\nPrologue\nCHAPTER ONE. What Is World of Warcraft" ******* END TEXT: ". Gender\nCHAPTER NINE. Culture: WoW in China . . . and North America\nCoda\n \nNotes\nReferences\nIndex\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_1: "START TEXT: PART ONE\nIntroduction to World of Warcraft\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART ONE\nIntroduction to World of Warcraft\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_3: "START TEXT: Prologue\n0/12 19:36:38.533 [Raid] Loro: Now Slams and I have been talking about a lot of events rega" ******* END TEXT: "816 [Raid] Loro: I find that by partying and questing together, we make the game a little more fun.\n"
9780472026715 - page_4: "START TEXT: 0/12 19:41:34.032 [Raid] Loro: social events tend to be successful in attracting other members.\n0/12" ******* END TEXT: " on the monster and right click!” he suggested. I obeyed. My frantic clicking produced the salutary "
9780472026715 - page_5: "START TEXT: effect of killing the monster (which would soon have killed my character). Such activity seemed inor" ******* END TEXT: "al corporations, including Intel, Boeing, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Sun Microsystems (Cefkin et al. "
9780472026715 - page_6: "START TEXT: 2009; Nardi et al. 2009; Yee 2009). Many organizations have applications in Second Life, a 3D virtua" ******* END TEXT: " drawing on activity theory (Leontiev 1974) and the work of philosopher John Dewey. I am interested "
9780472026715 - page_7: "START TEXT: in the peculiarities of human play. Play links us to the upper reaches of the animal kingdom while a" ******* END TEXT: "d I spent a month observing players in Internet cafes and talking to them about World of Warcraft.\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_8: "START TEXT: CHAPTER ONE\nWhat Is World of Warcraft and Who Plays it?\nOnce I got over my initial disorientation in" ******* END TEXT: " portrayal that communicates some, at least, of what it was that got the undergraduates so excited.\n"
9780472026715 - page_9: "START TEXT: A Day in the Life of a Night Elf Priest\nTo begin, I recount a day in the life of my character Innikk" ******* END TEXT: "asure—valuable pieces of equipment that empower characters to perform their roles more effectively.\n"
9780472026715 - page_10: "START TEXT: \nA Player’s Bags Carry Their Items: Items in bag slots are labeled with the number of each. A player" ******* END TEXT: "sure. We buff the raid with several life-giving, damage-enhancing, mobdefeating spells and proceed.\n"
9780472026715 - page_11: "START TEXT: We immediately “wipe” on the trash—that is, the whole raid is killed. Everyone runs back from the gr" ******* END TEXT: "Finally we defeat Hydross.\nIt has been an amazing evening. It’s 10:00 p.m. for me but 1:00 a.m. for "
9780472026715 - page_12: "START TEXT: East Coast guildmates. We must end the raid even though there are more bosses to kill in Serpentshri" ******* END TEXT: "s consciousness is the game itself, allowing the kind of immersion one imagines Victorians attained "
9780472026715 - page_13: "START TEXT: with their hefty novels into which they could sink for hours of commerce-free entertainment. This fo" ******* END TEXT: "ideo games take up this theme; Hunter and Lastowka (2004) observed that in games such as EverQuest, "
9780472026715 - page_14: "START TEXT: Dark Age of Camelot, and Ultima Online “the clear goal is to become a more powerful [player].”\nWoW r" ******* END TEXT: "ith officers and a chat channel—so they will have others with whom to play. In the opening vignette "
9780472026715 - page_15: "START TEXT: in the Prologue, Innikka’s guild is having a meeting. Guilds range in size from a small handful to s" ******* END TEXT: "d 40-man raids. Raids are conducted in “dungeons”—elaborate fantasy structures such as a school for "
9780472026715 - page_16: "START TEXT: necromancy, a decrepit mansion, the underground control room of a vast reservoir.\nParties and raids " ******* END TEXT: " game experience up a level—players must be constantly aware of surrounding players and ready to do "
9780472026715 - page_17: "START TEXT: battle (or flee) at any moment. Nonplayer characters (NPCs) are predictable and can usually be avoid" ******* END TEXT: "orld (see Klastrup 2008).\nI will refer to environments such as World of Warcraft and Second Life as "
9780472026715 - page_18: "START TEXT: virtual worlds. In these worlds, participants (1) create an animated character, (2) move the charact" ******* END TEXT: "lnesses. He took many medications, some of which kept him awake. World of Warcraft was a major part "
9780472026715 - page_19: "START TEXT: of his social life, and he played at odd hours, day and night. A former guild master in Scarlet Rave" ******* END TEXT: "o not reveal the nuances of the social atmosphere created by the presence of male and female, older "
9780472026715 - page_20: "START TEXT: and younger players. Scarlet Raven had a couple of young teens whose parents played in the guild. Oc" ******* END TEXT: "laying World of Warcraft, the stereotype of the lonely gamer persists. I have been playing World of "
9780472026715 - page_21: "START TEXT: Warcraft so long that I am startled when people ask about the lonely players who are cut off from “r" ******* END TEXT: "tion for people who played together and even for those who played but not together. One player said "
9780472026715 - page_22: "START TEXT: that he had gotten his brother to start playing, “. . . and, as a result we have new things to talk " ******* END TEXT: " To Delbarth: are you doing insane druids?\n1/8 21:02:13.481 Delbarth says: do you want to party up?\n"
9780472026715 - page_23: "START TEXT: 1/8 21:02:20.599 Delbarth has invited you to join a group.\n1/8 21:02:50.556 Delbarth says: what poin" ******* END TEXT: "at dungeon solo, for sure!\nThe players I encountered had interests beyond World of Warcraft. I knew "
9780472026715 - page_24: "START TEXT: two players who bowled weekly. Members of Scarlet Raven participated in sports, including skiing, fo" ******* END TEXT: "ality. Through voice chat, I experienced varied North American regional accents (those so carefully "
9780472026715 - page_25: "START TEXT: cleansed from the mass media) from places like East Texas, Alabama, West Virginia, and Quebec.\nA 21-" ******* END TEXT: "stacle. All while maintaining an enjoyable balance of gaming, community, and everything in between.\n"
9780472026715 - page_26: "START TEXT: Some guilds were built around shared characteristics such as a religion or sexual orientation. There" ******* END TEXT: " together, as players gather in Internet cafes, and as they meet and socialize with others online.\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_27: "START TEXT: CHAPTER TWO\nAn Ethnographic Investigation of World of Warcraft\nWhen I began my study, I had no hypot" ******* END TEXT: "d nearly every culture on earth, and the “primitives” to whom we have been devoted are disappearing "
9780472026715 - page_28: "START TEXT: into modernity. The blockage created by diminished opportunities to study cultures untouched by cosm" ******* END TEXT: "ecordings, observations, and any and all relevant artifacts. We attend to important events but also "
9780472026715 - page_29: "START TEXT: slavishly observe the everyday, the mundane, the boring (although it is not boring to us). People, o" ******* END TEXT: "aduate student, conducted interviews and in-game observations. Stella Ly, a UCI employee, conducted "
9780472026715 - page_30: "START TEXT: observations in her guild. Yong Ming Kow, a graduate student, conducted interviews in China and Nort" ******* END TEXT: "r, a firefighter, an emergency medical technician, a stocker at a big box store, a city bus driver, "
9780472026715 - page_31: "START TEXT: a man who drove a billboard on a truck through a large city, and many others. There were about 200 p" ******* END TEXT: "lay experiences as a result of having been interviewed. I can identify no risks the research posed.\n"
9780472026715 - page_32: "START TEXT: \nThe Hoodoos Visit Zul’Farrak\nOne of the first things an ethnographic investigation requires is find" ******* END TEXT: "ld meetings in which players humorously subverted Loro’s efforts to conduct serious guild business.\n"
9780472026715 - page_33: "START TEXT: As so often happens in WoW guilds, interpersonal conflict, i.e., drama, reared its ugly head. One da" ******* END TEXT: " lot of fun with my PS2, Xbox, Gamecube, and PC games. I loved checking out the latest games, and I "
9780472026715 - page_34: "START TEXT: played lots of RTS [real time strategy games] like Dawn of War and Battle for Middle Earth. Since Wo" ******* END TEXT: "nline, my WoW character appeared as any character, and I was a full participant in game activities. "
9780472026715 - page_35: "START TEXT: Pearce (2009) suggested the term participant-engagement to describe this style of work in which the " ******* END TEXT: "ity to hear what Blizzard movers and shakers had to say in media interviews and panel discussions.\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_37: "START TEXT: PART TWO\nActive Aesthetic Experience\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART TWO\nActive Aesthetic Experience\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_39: "START TEXT: CHAPTER THREE\nPlay as Aesthetic Experience\nAn obvious question about World of Warcraft is: Why do pe" ******* END TEXT: "ed with permission):\nWoW rewards players systematically with level increases that happen frequently "
9780472026715 - page_40: "START TEXT: at first and then less frequently as time goes by (and you and I both know the little thrill we get " ******* END TEXT: " activity theory (Leontiev 1974; Kaptelinin and Nardi 2006) and the work of the American pragmatist "
9780472026715 - page_41: "START TEXT: philosopher John Dewey. Ideas from these sources will be used throughout the book to examine issues " ******* END TEXT: "ssion. The novelist engages the project with deep interest and attachment; it is a passion for her.\n"
9780472026715 - page_42: "START TEXT: \nThe hierarchical structure of activity. Activities are composed of actions, which are composed of o" ******* END TEXT: "l use the terms action, object, and activity in the technical sense established by activity theory.\n"
9780472026715 - page_43: "START TEXT: Dewey’s Dimensions of Aesthetic Experience\nWe turn now to Dewey, who concerned himself with a partic" ******* END TEXT: "h the artifact is present.\nHaving established that aesthetic experience is a subjective disposition "
9780472026715 - page_44: "START TEXT: toward activity, Dewey went on to describe aesthetic experience more precisely. He characterized aes" ******* END TEXT: "ion and not a cessation.\nIn World of Warcraft, much of the pleasure of questing or running dungeons "
9780472026715 - page_45: "START TEXT: lay in devising the particular means by which to accomplish a quest or defeat a mob. The means thems" ******* END TEXT: " they were against Blizzard terms of service and players could lose their accounts for using them).\n"
9780472026715 - page_46: "START TEXT: \nA WoW Quest Log Showing Quest with Goal and Description\nPlayers were of two minds about buying and " ******* END TEXT: "ling only by attending to the subjective dispositions of players with their own personal histories, "
9780472026715 - page_47: "START TEXT: beliefs, and inclinations. As World of Warcraft itself ages, and players accumulate personal histori" ******* END TEXT: "e, it is also remaking the experience of the community in the direction of greater order and unity.\n"
9780472026715 - page_48: "START TEXT: For many who played World of Warcraft, the game was a stimulus to the “remaking of community” (see S" ******* END TEXT: " lives.)\nDewey sought movement and development, noting their roots in our animal past. He observed:\n"
9780472026715 - page_49: "START TEXT: The live being recurrently loses and re-establishes equilibrium with its surroundings. The moment of" ******* END TEXT: ".” Stasis, monotony, submission, aimlessness were, for Dewey, antithetical to the potentialities of "
9780472026715 - page_50: "START TEXT: the living being in intimate engagement with its environment—all senses on the qui vive, as he put i" ******* END TEXT: "ife of an organized community.\nModernity sequesters the aesthetic in regulated institutions outside "
9780472026715 - page_51: "START TEXT: normal processes of living. Dewey suggests how deeply peculiar this is. He argued that active aesthe" ******* END TEXT: "delighted care” and “genuine affection” that move collective life toward excellence of experience.\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_52: "START TEXT: CHAPTER FOUR\nA New Medium\nIn an Internet cafe in Beijing, Huatong, a young female player, showed us " ******* END TEXT: "r theater, where participants engage in specific, recognizable instances of performative activity.\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_53: "START TEXT: \nDruid Forms\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nDruid Forms\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_54: "START TEXT: Contemporary culture offers many activities that afford either a strong visual experience or a venue" ******* END TEXT: "ll in elf costumes.” The term “elf costumes” evoked the visuals so vital to players. Baseball was a "
9780472026715 - page_55: "START TEXT: metaphor for the competitive contests central to play in World of Warcraft: quests, raids, duels, ba" ******* END TEXT: "same ability is mandatory in team sports, where the positions of the ball (puck/Frisbee/ . . .) and "
9780472026715 - page_56: "START TEXT: the positions of other players, as well as their specific movements, must be tracked and responded t" ******* END TEXT: "u can click the cube at the right moment or you cannot. There is no way to disguise an inability to "
9780472026715 - page_57: "START TEXT: perform this action precisely and accurately. Bardzell and Bardzell said, “A subjectivity . . . cann" ******* END TEXT: " log” was a history of game actions, reporting in minute detail what transpired during a particular "
9780472026715 - page_58: "START TEXT: encounter, including metrics such as who delivered a “killing blow” and how much damage or healing r" ******* END TEXT: "ter fantasy game,” as he put it, but a site of serious competitive play and performative challenge.\n"
9780472026715 - page_59: "START TEXT: \nA 10-Man Raid on the Kilrogg server\nA member of an internationally known guild, Nihilum, wrote on t" ******* END TEXT: "em not for performative experience but for loot—with loot, of course, always feeding forward to the "
9780472026715 - page_60: "START TEXT: next opportunity for performance and improving a player’s numbers on the charts and meters.\nA furthe" ******* END TEXT: "’s Lair\n1/1 - Magtheridon’s Lair\n6/6 - SSC\n4/4 - TK\n5/5 - Hyjal\n9/9 - BT\n6/6 - Sunwell\n0/1 - Hogger\n"
9780472026715 - page_61: "START TEXT: Re: Hogger\nby belegamarth\n \nEven with your guide, we had 2 40-man raids (lvl 80s with tier 12 gear) " ******* END TEXT: "ns to gain advantage. In sporting contests, by contrast, players are constantly aware of rules they "
9780472026715 - page_62: "START TEXT: might usefully bend and manipulations players on the opposing team might be planning to leverage. Th" ******* END TEXT: "It was released in North America and Europe in January 2007 and in China in September 2007. Players "
9780472026715 - page_63: "START TEXT: spoke of “TBC,” as it was known, and “pre-TBC,” indicating its importance as a critical juncture in " ******* END TEXT: "y, exacerbating the problem.\nWithin Scarlet Raven, considerable disturbance ensued. Incipient guild "
9780472026715 - page_64: "START TEXT: cliques became more visible. Players advancing quickly wanted to play with others doing the same. Th" ******* END TEXT: "he people.” But relations between game and people must be understood in more complex terms. WoW was "
9780472026715 - page_65: "START TEXT: engineered to require sociability for the most challenging content, but it only weakly developed com" ******* END TEXT: "dress me even once and even ignored me one day I sent him 3 whispers asking for a good time to help "
9780472026715 - page_66: "START TEXT: me. I read all the forums and did research on my own however sometimes you just need some advice fro" ******* END TEXT: "they were still waiting for TBC.) Scarlet Raven was irreversibly altered after The Burning Crusade. "
9780472026715 - page_67: "START TEXT: The relaxed atmosphere in which guildmates engaged each other in playful player-designed activities " ******* END TEXT: " argue for seeing rules as a potential resource rather than a hindrance to positive human activity.\n"
9780472026715 - page_68: "START TEXT: Rules Rule\nThe story of TBC indicates that we pay special attention to the influences of artifacts o" ******* END TEXT: "extual encounters.\nKallinikos urged that we examine the qualities of software itself, in particular "
9780472026715 - page_69: "START TEXT: its capacity to direct activity through encoded rules. In studying only “contextual encounters,” we " ******* END TEXT: "ive meaning to the activities of hackers trying to break them, to employees finding local solutions "
9780472026715 - page_70: "START TEXT: to the inflexibilities of large software systems, and to game masters and guild leaders patching ove" ******* END TEXT: " pressing them into one another.\nEngaging Pickering’s notion, Steinkuehler (2006) discussed ways in "
9780472026715 - page_71: "START TEXT: which player practice modulated undesirable effects of the rules in the video game Lineage. She desc" ******* END TEXT: "to realities entrained by game rules. The necessary accommodations, reactionary in nature, followed "
9780472026715 - page_72: "START TEXT: events engendered by the rules. Rules established conditions that made killing low-level players pos" ******* END TEXT: "ce planning systems), cannot account for the capacity of digital technology to direct activity (see "
9780472026715 - page_73: "START TEXT: also Taylor 2006a; Fron et al. 2007b). A kind of figure-ground reversal seems to occur in which acti" ******* END TEXT: "and in need of being broken into, both arguments cast digital rules in a bad light. Analyzing World "
9780472026715 - page_74: "START TEXT: of Warcraft invites us to examine rules from a different angle, considering them as resources preser" ******* END TEXT: "n another way; under some circumstances, in particular in pickup groups, but also 5-man guild runs, "
9780472026715 - page_75: "START TEXT: players had to decide whether to cheat. One of the game’s mechanisms for allocating loot was a roll " ******* END TEXT: "ers afforded means by which to cheat, as well as means by which to share wealth if they so chose.12\n"
9780472026715 - page_76: "START TEXT: Hunter and Lastowka (2004) observed of an early virtual world, LambdaMoo, that its founder, Pavel Cu" ******* END TEXT: ". A point of comparison with the highly designed universe of World of Warcraft comes ready to hand. "
9780472026715 - page_77: "START TEXT: We will inspect a virtual world devoid of its own content, dedicated instead to participants’ creati" ******* END TEXT: " executive observed:\nIn addition, even if you filter out mature content, the risqué clothing, skin, "
9780472026715 - page_78: "START TEXT: and parts business is unbelievable, so you are never safe from a flash of some body part while walki" ******* END TEXT: " of art deco gas stations. With no gravitational limits on building, the skyline is correspondingly "
9780472026715 - page_79: "START TEXT: unconstrained, and the word that springs to mind . . . is, indeed, “trash.”\nWithout the gifts of art" ******* END TEXT: "er and responsibility to govern their own community and world.” While there is appeal in this idea, "
9780472026715 - page_80: "START TEXT: I believe it is quite difficult to determine where the design of a game such as WoW leaves off and “" ******* END TEXT: "interface to these numbers became a central focus of player attention. As with much quantification, "
9780472026715 - page_81: "START TEXT: numbers rarely tell the whole story, but they become the salient point of contact between actor and " ******* END TEXT: "allowing them to prepare and take action. I used Deadly Boss Mods until it stopped working (I tried "
9780472026715 - page_82: "START TEXT: everything to restore it, and eventually did). But for a time I got used to not having it. Golub obs" ******* END TEXT: "reful what we wish for.15\nI am doubtful of the feasibility of participatory design methods in large "
9780472026715 - page_83: "START TEXT: virtual worlds. At the time of this writing, World of Warcraft had 11 million players. These players" ******* END TEXT: "they had missed. These players could not obtain a single piece of equipment better than that of the "
9780472026715 - page_84: "START TEXT: new TBC dungeons; acquiring gear was moot. Doubling back to the old dungeons was purely for the plea" ******* END TEXT: "r and designer.” Unless players are extending a game through their “own imagination,” play activity "
9780472026715 - page_85: "START TEXT: is merely consumption. Huisman and Marckmann observed, “[I]t turns out that [participation] is inter" ******* END TEXT: "senses of the word) to trace paths visible only as they emerge in their particular temporality. For "
9780472026715 - page_86: "START TEXT: analyses grounded in notions of texts (such as Raessens’s), temporal flows of human activity may be " ******* END TEXT: "nimals, everything. You know the little leaves that they’ll have falling. Or, like a feather on the "
9780472026715 - page_87: "START TEXT: ground. It’s just like, out of all the things they had to do in this game, they remembered to do a l" ******* END TEXT: "to both visual and performative experience, but new content had tremendous visual impact when first "
9780472026715 - page_88: "START TEXT: encountered, bringing forth complex visual worlds no one had ever seen before. Juul (2005) observed:" ******* END TEXT: "However, the blockbuster games, including multiplayer role-playing games and first-person shooters, "
9780472026715 - page_89: "START TEXT: are only weakly narrativized as far as play goes. One can play without knowing a shred of what playe" ******* END TEXT: "re than gaze; much of what they saw was intended to be interpreted for purposes of play. The visual "
9780472026715 - page_90: "START TEXT: environment contained quest items, friendly and unfriendly NPCs and players, flowers to be picked, o" ******* END TEXT: "tly inverting audience and actor, the directive authorizes, indeed demands, participatory activity.\n"
9780472026715 - page_91: "START TEXT: \nBarnes invites the audience to. . . .\n\n. . . a performance of Little Red Riding Hood.\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nBarnes invites the audience to. . . .\n\n. . . a performance of Little Red Riding Hood.\n"
9780472026715 - page_92: "START TEXT: WoW’s visual surface, then, did double duty; players could gaze appreciatively at their surroundings" ******* END TEXT: "aduate that year as a result.\nThe entire computer industry was set back by a week. (Rickadams n.d.)\n"
9780472026715 - page_93: "START TEXT: Though tongue-in-cheek exaggerations, these statements indicate the excitement and intensity players" ******* END TEXT: "c expressive performance, embedded in vivid visual spaces, were emerging as forms of mass culture.\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_94: "START TEXT: CHAPTER FIVE\nWork, Play, and the Magic Circle\nGaming is of course a kind of play. This chapter conne" ******* END TEXT: " games.\nWork and Play\nDewey contrasted aesthetic activity with the “the toil of a laborer” in which "
9780472026715 - page_95: "START TEXT: the wage is the sole reward. Taking certain forms of play as a kind of aesthetic activity, the contr" ******* END TEXT: "I have heard nothing but bad things about “Work”! If i was you I wouldnt even go there . . .\nTakamu\n"
9780472026715 - page_96: "START TEXT: Arian and Takamu bracketed work by putting it in quotes, setting it outside the realm of the game. T" ******* END TEXT: "e:\nOur main priority is to have fun! World of Warcraft is a game, not a job.\nA Chinese player said:\n"
9780472026715 - page_97: "START TEXT: Let the game be a game and not work.\nPlayers commonly gave precise times when they would have to ret" ******* END TEXT: "ates his foiled plans:\n[Tom] began to think of the fun he had planned for this day, and his sorrows "
9780472026715 - page_98: "START TEXT: multiplied. Soon the free boys would come tripping along on all sorts of delicious expeditions, and " ******* END TEXT: "eel like work for some. Farming referred to repetitive actions undertaken to acquire game materials "
9780472026715 - page_99: "START TEXT: such as killing the same type of monster over and over again. (The term grinding was also used.)\nBot" ******* END TEXT: "um posted on its website:\nHalf of us don’t realize what was behind all of it. Hard, grunt work. The "
9780472026715 - page_100: "START TEXT: determination to learn this encounter to its fullest extent. The next day—after 3 hours of tries on " ******* END TEXT: "es. Some stayed; some left to participate in guilds structured very differently than Scarlet Raven.\n"
9780472026715 - page_101: "START TEXT: Dewey captured the paradox of the freedom of play and its coupling with seriousness:\nPlay remains an" ******* END TEXT: " selling of “leisure” activities in which corporations compete for discretionary dollars and hours.\n"
9780472026715 - page_102: "START TEXT: Within play, then, elements of “work” enter in two ways. First, play may manifest seriousness and de" ******* END TEXT: "on an imaginary picnic. The activities are not unrelated, but one requires a more vigorous exercise "
9780472026715 - page_103: "START TEXT: of the imagination with the possibility of ending up in new places of the mind rather than more pred" ******* END TEXT: "ion through cognitive and/or physical skill\nContingency\nRules\nOpportunities for limited perfection\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_104: "START TEXT: This characterization draws on the work of several theorists. While I believe it is descriptive of W" ******* END TEXT: "real life” as, in part, a response to the boredom of school and work embodied in their lack of both "
9780472026715 - page_105: "START TEXT: playful and aesthetic elements. At the end of August, as school approached, guild chat featured lame" ******* END TEXT: "r player, surreptitiously reading humorous posts on the Scarlet Raven website while at work, wrote:\n"
9780472026715 - page_106: "START TEXT: And I am now laughing so hard I’m drawing stares from the other cattle in the cube farms . . . I’d b" ******* END TEXT: "armers’ schedule makes this a surprising claim, assuming that at least some gold farmers played WoW "
9780472026715 - page_107: "START TEXT: after work, Dibbell’s story of a gold farmer known for after-hours play is telling—the player did no" ******* END TEXT: "ife as a professional gamer:\nProfessional gamers, recruited from around the country usually through "
9780472026715 - page_108: "START TEXT: success in local tournaments sponsored by PC Bangs, can make six-figure salaries and receive corpora" ******* END TEXT: "ing or dreamed about it at night.\nGame play was entwined with the demands of others in the player’s "
9780472026715 - page_109: "START TEXT: social milieu. Players spoke of “spousal aggro,” or “family aggro,” metaphorically invoking the term" ******* END TEXT: " and what they needed to learn in order to evolve and grow within the company, and where they could "
9780472026715 - page_110: "START TEXT: eventually get if they invested their time and effort in developing certain talents.\nThe only hard p" ******* END TEXT: "(the required element for the gear) when they appeared on a little map in the corner of the screen.\n"
9780472026715 - page_111: "START TEXT: Given that players agree to undertake such activities, some researchers have suggested that repetiti" ******* END TEXT: "rmine for itself how it can be substantiated, how it can be more than a moment of radical mischief.\n"
9780472026715 - page_112: "START TEXT: Rather than games as training grounds for the workplace, a more straightforward explanation is ready" ******* END TEXT: "ttributing conscious purpose to the inclusion of these activities, calling them “a malignly perfect "
9780472026715 - page_113: "START TEXT: style of capitalist brainwashing.” Even allowing for rhetorical flourish, such provocative words ind" ******* END TEXT: " message embodied a small moment of amiable connection expressive of our common performative goals.\n"
9780472026715 - page_114: "START TEXT: \nNote Stamina in Base Stats in the box on the bottom left. Stamina is an important stat for warriors" ******* END TEXT: "tamina by equipping the Knight’s Gauntlets of the Bear, replacing the Sentry’s Glove of the Monkey.\n"
9780472026715 - page_115: "START TEXT: Players were required to come to raids with “consumables” such as elixirs and potions. As long as a " ******* END TEXT: "ame conserves socially valued qualities such as perseverance—which players must exhibit in order to "
9780472026715 - page_116: "START TEXT: undertake repetitive activities like farming—while at the same time suggesting the fundamental inade" ******* END TEXT: "layer’s actions are sensible, interesting, compelling, meaningful. The non-sense of the game viewed "
9780472026715 - page_117: "START TEXT: from outside sometimes generated agitation, annoyance, even anger. One of my guildmates typed into g" ******* END TEXT: "nside the magic circle; it defines play activity and separates those who know from those who don’t.\n"
9780472026715 - page_118: "START TEXT: Collective order in the magic circle is expressed through knowledge of the rules of the game. In the" ******* END TEXT: " “instanced” play—a magic circle within the magic circle. Instances, in which players entered zones "
9780472026715 - page_119: "START TEXT: inhabited only by a formal group (a party, raid, arena team, or battleground team) were distinctive " ******* END TEXT: "ontext of guild raids, a player’s closest partners. Raiding late at night with guild members and no "
9780472026715 - page_120: "START TEXT: one else, listening to their voices in voice chat, knowing how they played and tailoring performance" ******* END TEXT: "on is not guaranteed, but we gain a pretty good chance of achieving moments of limited perfection.\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_121: "START TEXT: PART THREE\nCultural Logics of World of Warcraft\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART THREE\nCultural Logics of World of Warcraft\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_123: "START TEXT: CHAPTER SIX\nAddiction\nHaving examined theoretical arguments about magic circles, performativity, and" ******* END TEXT: " Dewey (2005) wrote:\nThere is an element of passion in all aesthetic [activity] . . . [W]hen we are "
9780472026715 - page_124: "START TEXT: overwhelmed by passion, as in extreme rage, fear, jealousy, the experience is . . . non-aesthetic . " ******* END TEXT: "eir diagnoses and solutions.\nThe notion of video game addiction followed this pattern precisely. In "
9780472026715 - page_125: "START TEXT: addition to stories produced by journalists and promulgated by mass media, credentialed experts came" ******* END TEXT: "y, to signal membership in an in-group of players (two related uses), or to denote problematic use.\n"
9780472026715 - page_126: "START TEXT: In the following, Mark joked about the “addictive” qualities of World of Warcraft:\nMark: I have a re" ******* END TEXT: "s who spent too much time playing. Internet sites provided forums where players, or former players, "
9780472026715 - page_127: "START TEXT: could confess their addictions to “Warcrack.” Posts on such sites tended to be somewhat uninformativ" ******* END TEXT: "truth informing the images and vocabulary the stereotype invokes—in this case the young person with "
9780472026715 - page_128: "START TEXT: huge problems who turns to a game for solace. I interviewed a clinical psychologist, Dr. Jane Kingst" ******* END TEXT: "ion that must be examined in assessing whether a set of actions is aesthetic or has overwhelmed us.\n"
9780472026715 - page_129: "START TEXT: As Dewey theorized, aesthetic activity is potentially dangerous because of the very quality of passi" ******* END TEXT: " doubt you’ll have your grades back up in no time. Drop in and chat with us here when you can. /hug\n"
9780472026715 - page_130: "START TEXT: Another wrote:\nHopefully it all works out for you and you can get back asap!\nAww, now I’m not gonna " ******* END TEXT: "me to take one. Got a lot of RL stuff going one, with a potential change in jobs, other things that "
9780472026715 - page_131: "START TEXT: are taking (and need a lot of man hours) time to make sure that they are taken care of.\nMy account w" ******* END TEXT: "month old son in the afternoons and weekends so ive decided to take a break from gaming for a while "
9780472026715 - page_132: "START TEXT: who knows I might come back in a month or so hopefully, I really enjoyed being with u guys\nAs with K" ******* END TEXT: "much time in World of Warcraft.\nProblematic use may be mitigated by negotiation with those affected "
9780472026715 - page_133: "START TEXT: by a player’s actions. Rowena, a graduate student I interviewed, described how her boyfriend would “" ******* END TEXT: "m; they loop back on standard meanings of the words they playfully twist. Addiction in this context "
9780472026715 - page_134: "START TEXT: connoted not clinical illness but attachment to the game, the forgoing of activities that competed w" ******* END TEXT: "W sound track.) In addition, many players drank alcohol and smoked marijuana while playing World of "
9780472026715 - page_135: "START TEXT: Warcraft. I was alerted to this early on by my undergraduate students and began to notice guild and " ******* END TEXT: "ic use or addiction, normative questions follow. Is playing World of Warcraft better than competing "
9780472026715 - page_136: "START TEXT: activities such as watching television or viewing movies or reading books? How does WoW compare to a" ******* END TEXT: "k about ways to intelligently assess the impact of video gaming on the larger life of the culture.\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_137: "START TEXT: CHAPTER SEVEN\nTheorycraft and Mods\nThis chapter examines WoW’s capacity to stimulate participatory a" ******* END TEXT: ", hosted theorycrafters’ technical discussions of WoW game mechanics (elitistjerks.com). Interested "
9780472026715 - page_138: "START TEXT: players explored subtleties of game mechanics, plumbing the depths of WoW minutiae. The following is" ******* END TEXT: ". There’s one thing that really annoys me about Shadowfiend: it seems to spend a significant amount "
9780472026715 - page_139: "START TEXT: of time moving when cast on a really big mob (Gruul). It seems to appear near the middle of Gruul’s " ******* END TEXT: "he Dwarf Priest wrote:\nI enjoy that World of Warcraft is a game with various dynamics and mechanics "
9780472026715 - page_140: "START TEXT: . It keeps the game from being too one-dimensional. However, I do regret that there is so much work " ******* END TEXT: "loring BoE\n167.43 - Digested Silken Robes? Naxxramas - Maexxna (heroic)\nThe Dwarf Priest explained:\n"
9780472026715 - page_141: "START TEXT: This list was created using stat weights of all priest-healing stats and summing them to get the ite" ******* END TEXT: "y”—that are indeed scientific.\nThe gamers in their study did not engage these particular scientific "
9780472026715 - page_142: "START TEXT: practices at all. But theorycrafters did. As we saw in the Shadowfiend experiments, theorycrafters c" ******* END TEXT: " and around games such as game design and analysis of complex game mechanics (see also Kafai 1995).\n"
9780472026715 - page_143: "START TEXT: Modding\nWorld of Warcraft is one of many games that allow players to create and install software mod" ******* END TEXT: "te, one of the earliest WoW modding sites.3 He said that he created mods when he had “a good idea.”\n"
9780472026715 - page_144: "START TEXT: BN: So where do you get these good ideas?\nKarl: I don’t know. Either from the community—someone says" ******* END TEXT: "kbook. (ctmod.net)\nCTMod claimed over 100 million downloads—an astonishing figure for any software.\n"
9780472026715 - page_145: "START TEXT: Isenberg said that Cosmos generated only about a thousand dollars in the three years he was affiliat" ******* END TEXT: "ounts was “a fulfilling thing.” (See Scacchi 2004; and Kelty 2008 on similar Open Source dynamics.)\n"
9780472026715 - page_146: "START TEXT: Mods are protected by copyright but not software patents (an expensive, complex process beyond the r" ******* END TEXT: "four monitors that he used to display the output of dozens of mods. (He was playing the interface!)\n"
9780472026715 - page_147: "START TEXT: During challenging encounters, players tracked rapid state changes in multiple variables related to " ******* END TEXT: ". The labor of software management is stretched across the collectivity, resulting in time savings.\n"
9780472026715 - page_148: "START TEXT: Auctioneer was not an isolated instance of such information sharing. Gatherer had an option to mark " ******* END TEXT: "thusiasm with Jacquii, enabling her to learn more about how to customize and empower her character.\n"
9780472026715 - page_149: "START TEXT: When I discovered mods, I was surprised that Blizzard allowed such experimentation with its software" ******* END TEXT: "et for Blizzard. Over time, Blizzard acknowledged and appeared to appreciate the modding community. "
9780472026715 - page_150: "START TEXT: However, initially there was little support for modding, although mods were permitted (Kow and Nardi" ******* END TEXT: "more open relationship between people and technology. While sustained by a great many technological "
9780472026715 - page_151: "START TEXT: features and processes beyond the reach of players, World of Warcraft represents a family of technol" ******* END TEXT: "while at the same time the capacity to alter rules in controlled ways is designed into the system.\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_152: "START TEXT: CHAPTER EIGHT\nGender\nFrom the moment one creates a character and must choose its gender, gender is a" ******* END TEXT: "] Mrs. Pain: 39\n[13:54] Mrs. Pain: I am a mother of 2 girls\n[13:54] Mrs. Pain: and a wife of 21 yrs\n"
9780472026715 - page_153: "START TEXT: Many female players, such as Mrs. Pain (interviewed by an undergraduate in instant messaging), found" ******* END TEXT: "e across the channel. The [male] raid leader asked . . . “John . . . is that a dick in your mouth?”\n"
9780472026715 - page_154: "START TEXT: Golub (2007) was quite clear on the use of masculinist talk in World of Warcraft and that such talk " ******* END TEXT: " answered (for Science of course) “Ya, me, Innikka, I’m female.” The raid leader said he had gotten "
9780472026715 - page_155: "START TEXT: a fortune cookie at lunch in which he was promised a wish. “Innikka, would you please immediately em" ******* END TEXT: "ryday life is rife with male dominance, but it is generally hidden under a welter of coded language "
9780472026715 - page_156: "START TEXT: , polite niceties, and superficial civility. In-game, such dominance was embraced, exaggerated, and " ******* END TEXT: "slang terms for genitalia such as clit (see Thelwall 2008). Female players did not joke about rape.\n"
9780472026715 - page_157: "START TEXT: It is unclear how female players felt about such language. Since they did not typically employ it th" ******* END TEXT: "elf-competence and control plays out in a competitive game world in which females are also present.\n"
9780472026715 - page_158: "START TEXT: The Interactive Gendered Landscape\nDespite all the sexualized talk, possibilities for actual flirtat" ******* END TEXT: "o surprise—they did so (see Yee 2005; DiGiuseppe and Nardi 2007). The servers were full of alluring "
9780472026715 - page_159: "START TEXT: female Night Elves and Blood Elves, while the homely ladies of the Dwarf and Orc races were rarely s" ******* END TEXT: " female character types of varying attractiveness, again unlike many games (see Corneliussen 2008).\n"
9780472026715 - page_160: "START TEXT: Further shaping of the gendered landscape ensued from the common rhetorical practice of males callin" ******* END TEXT: "mics of the tree house.\nAnother practice suggesting a male desire to retrench from heterosexuality, "
9780472026715 - page_161: "START TEXT: within the confines of WoW, occurred during late-night runs. Players sometimes announced in chat tha" ******* END TEXT: "nd transfigurations of cross-gender characters, rhetorical practices, and exaggerated gender norms, "
9780472026715 - page_162: "START TEXT: were the simple desires of ordinary people for interaction with the opposite sex. It is easy to over" ******* END TEXT: "g the other males. The neglected males were livid at their exclusion from the lively sexual banter.\n"
9780472026715 - page_163: "START TEXT: The situation was intolerable for them, and discord grew until guild officers threw the e-pimps and " ******* END TEXT: "n on blogs and forums. Opinions varied, but some posters endorsed exclusionary practice. One wrote:\n"
9780472026715 - page_164: "START TEXT: It’s not a misogynistic ideal for Nihilum to be a guys-only guild; in fact, it’s exactly like most s" ******* END TEXT: "and frequently because I found them funny and everyone enjoyed them. There was one player with whom "
9780472026715 - page_165: "START TEXT: I always seemed to trade a long string of emotes; we liked throwing in some of the less common comma" ******* END TEXT: "e complexities they entailed in the context of game performance. At still other times, conventional "
9780472026715 - page_166: "START TEXT: cross-gender confusions played out in misreadings schematized by the particularities of social struc" ******* END TEXT: "itive video games such as first-person shooters (Kennedy 2005). But still, nowhere near 50 percent.\n"
9780472026715 - page_167: "START TEXT: This middling number—20 percent—says that something was happening in World of Warcraft that fostered" ******* END TEXT: " depicting disorder, terror, and violence. Nothing about World of Warcraft matched this description "
9780472026715 - page_168: "START TEXT: (with the exception of some dark lighting, and that was polychromatic).12 On the contrary, varying p" ******* END TEXT: "andard gendered fairy tale tropes were turned on their head. Princess Theradras, for example, was a "
9780472026715 - page_169: "START TEXT: wonderfully hideous, misshapen gal who put up a tough fight and whose desirable loot made her fun to" ******* END TEXT: "afting gear, collecting materials, brewing potions, cooking, making bandages, fishing, and farming.\n"
9780472026715 - page_170: "START TEXT: \nA Halo character\n\nA World of Warcraft Blood Elf\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nA Halo character\n\nA World of Warcraft Blood Elf\n"
9780472026715 - page_171: "START TEXT: In ordinary life, many of these activities are associated primarily with one gender, such as cooking" ******* END TEXT: " shit down easy on rogue!\nWoW subverted gender norms by offering activities with traditional gender "
9780472026715 - page_172: "START TEXT: connotations that were presented as simply things to do to improve your character, or merely to play" ******* END TEXT: "t of character development.\nFemales nearly always chose female characters in World of Warcraft (Yee "
9780472026715 - page_173: "START TEXT: 2005; Kavetsky 2008). The reasons were unclear. Female players said they wanted a character who repr" ******* END TEXT: "ereotypically masculine and feminine pleasures and strengths may ultimately be the most stimulating "
9780472026715 - page_174: "START TEXT: and . . . valuable games.” It seems that WoW has realized such a space, combining masculine and femi" ******* END TEXT: "ho don’t know me have a certain stereo type of me\n[14:04] Mrs. Pain: they think A. I am not a woman\n"
9780472026715 - page_175: "START TEXT: [14:04] Mrs. Pain: just pretending to be one\n[14:04] Mrs. Pain: or B\n[14:05] Mrs. Pain: Iam big, fat" ******* END TEXT: "get to know me\n[14:06] Mrs. Pain: they love me\n[14:06] Mrs. Pain: well most\n[14:06] Mrs. Pain: lol\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_176: "START TEXT: CHAPTER NINE\nCulture: WoW in China . . . and North America\nIn an Internet cafe in Shanghai, a nurse," ******* END TEXT: " Chinese called “gold raids.” She was not raiding for real money but was directing a practice I did "
9780472026715 - page_177: "START TEXT: not observe in North America—running raids with auctions to raise game gold for individuals or guild" ******* END TEXT: "terviews were audiotaped. They were transcribed and translated by the native speakers on the team.\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_178: "START TEXT: \nPlaying games in an Internet cafe, Beijing, Summer 2007\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nPlaying games in an Internet cafe, Beijing, Summer 2007\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_179: "START TEXT: \nBigfoot, one of two of the major mod compilation sites in China\nMy biggest finding in China was tha" ******* END TEXT: "r equipment. Wang ba provided high-end equipment and bandwidth that made game play more enjoyable.1\n"
9780472026715 - page_180: "START TEXT: \nClose quarters in a dorm room in Beijing, Summer 2007\nQiu and Liuning (2005) observed that Chinese " ******* END TEXT: ", my house is tiny and it affects my parents. Second, the computer hardware at home is not as good.\n"
9780472026715 - page_181: "START TEXT: These findings are consistent with those of Thomas and Lang (2007) who reported that wang ba “have e" ******* END TEXT: "mixed reality of the virtual and the physical (see Crabtree and Rodden 2007; Lindtner et al. 2008).\n"
9780472026715 - page_182: "START TEXT: The same dynamic was at play in North America and Europe in more limited settings. In student dormit" ******* END TEXT: "e, a potential of which Chinese players were constantly aware. In particular, the system of payment "
9780472026715 - page_183: "START TEXT: for the game presented an opportunity for cheating that probably contributed to Chinese players’ mor" ******* END TEXT: "vel character for this purpose.\nI never saw the General chat channel on North American servers used "
9780472026715 - page_184: "START TEXT: to report cheaters. But guild websites posted stories about players to avoid. For example, a player " ******* END TEXT: "many players earned all their play by buying point cards with game gold. Point cards generally sold "
9780472026715 - page_185: "START TEXT: for 300 to 550 gold, although prices fluctuated and varied by server. One player said:\nI got a lot o" ******* END TEXT: "were told is that the skeletons frustrate and scare people. But I feel graves are actually scarier.\n"
9780472026715 - page_186: "START TEXT: The government’s action appeared to be a reminder that its censors were monitoring the game and coul" ******* END TEXT: "ositively valuing non-Christian traditions and which attempted to create fear around themes such as "
9780472026715 - page_187: "START TEXT: “witchcraft” and “sorcery.” They reported the following reviews, which give a sense of the logics an" ******* END TEXT: "One player said:\nI hate such ladyboy characters.\nAnother said he always played males. We asked why.\n"
9780472026715 - page_188: "START TEXT: I don’t know. I just dislike turning into a ladyboy. Although the game is a virtual one, a boy is su" ******* END TEXT: "s were “prettier.”\nOne male player said:\nSometimes I choose a female character, if it looks pretty.\n"
9780472026715 - page_189: "START TEXT: He favored Night Elves.\nAnother player agreed:\nThe female Elf is the most beautiful.\nAnother said:\nI" ******* END TEXT: "e character was simply a positive visual experience for males willing to risk being called ladyboy.\n"
9780472026715 - page_190: "START TEXT: While gender-bending was no more a part of the Chinese than the North American WoW experience, I sen" ******* END TEXT: "are supposed to be quiet and live at home. Additionally, females are more sensitive to feelings and "
9780472026715 - page_191: "START TEXT: emotions, and they like activities such as watching movies, chatting, and shopping.\nThere was a mark" ******* END TEXT: "l girls don’t like PK.\nMei: For girls playing PK, it is easy for them to lose a fight and be killed "
9780472026715 - page_192: "START TEXT: because the skills of girls are really not good. My PK abilities are weak and I lose often.\nLuli: Gi" ******* END TEXT: ". In China, the social experience of play seemed even more important than in North America for many "
9780472026715 - page_193: "START TEXT: players. Thomas and Lang (2007) remarked on the unique role of wang ba in China, observing that the " ******* END TEXT: "observed:\nWhen raiding, there are so many people doing something together, which is very enjoyable.\n"
9780472026715 - page_194: "START TEXT: One player compared Chinese games to WoW:\nIndividual heroism is more common in Chinese online games " ******* END TEXT: "e, to create a presence in order to continually make visible and reinforce certain cultural values.\n"
9780472026715 - page_195: "START TEXT: \nAny WoW player would recognize this scene and the player controls. Screenshot taken in an Internet " ******* END TEXT: "servative cultural authorities?\nAt the same time that we examine cross-cultural similarities in WoW "
9780472026715 - page_196: "START TEXT: play, we should be alert to variable cultural inflections in player experience. Such variability ind" ******* END TEXT: "ndication of the worlds’ status as, and footing in, real human social activity—both East and West.\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_197: "START TEXT: Coda\n“Are you still studying World of Warcraft?” one of my colleagues at a conference questioned me " ******* END TEXT: "s of time, money, and access to engage. Many of the babysitting parents, soldiers, soldiers’ wives, "
9780472026715 - page_198: "START TEXT: students with little money, and chronically ill whom I met in-game were ace players; they had master" ******* END TEXT: "tion. Changes in rules must be handled carefully; we are still working through issues of governance "
9780472026715 - page_199: "START TEXT: and management of virtual worlds, finding ways to incorporate the many, varied voices of participant" ******* END TEXT: "s of gambling and cock-fighting, and these activities remind us that no activity is always manifest "
9780472026715 - page_200: "START TEXT: in its purest form. Analytical categories are intended to slice into the chaos of something as compl" ******* END TEXT: "008) and Second Life, indicate that we are not yet finished defining what work and school might be.\n"
9780472026715 - page_201: "START TEXT: There is much more to say about World of Warcraft— about guild politics, player forums, identity for" ******* END TEXT: " for my kids” and “in the same room with my husband.” For her, games supplanted television, another "
9780472026715 - page_202: "START TEXT: mode of escape, enabling an active engagement with friends and spouse. Dewey hoped that aesthetic ex" ******* END TEXT: "istory . . . The game belongs to the whole Western culture. Mages, druids, and so on originate from "
9780472026715 - page_203: "START TEXT: Western myths, and are relevant to the whole Western myth of the story. Some WoW races like gnomes, " ******* END TEXT: "ey are the site of a great deal of good old-fashioned frolic and tomfoolery.\nSuch as the following.\n"
9780472026715 - page_204: "START TEXT: My son Anthony, his fiancée Jackie, and some of their friends started playing World of Warcraft. My " ******* END TEXT: "arye whispers: *gasp*\nGilarye whispers: *slap* yr mean!\nTo Gilarye: laters gil, have a good day :D\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_205: "START TEXT: Notes\nChapter One\n1. WoW had 70 levels of play during the period of research reported here. To avoid" ******* END TEXT: "ay . . .). I went with my wolf pet. His dps is a bit less than an offense-centric pet, but he seems "
9780472026715 - page_206: "START TEXT: to hold focus better, as bite only fires once every 10 seconds. This seems to give him more focus av" ******* END TEXT: "and preferred more challenge. For example, the Stranglethorn Fever quest was “nerfed”; it no longer "
9780472026715 - page_207: "START TEXT: required the efforts described by the hunter. One player commented on the thottbot webpage with the " ******* END TEXT: "ipline priests were not recorded by meters and that proper education of raid leaders was essential.\n"
9780472026715 - page_208: "START TEXT: 16. Videogamesblogger headlined a post “World of Warcraft hits 11 million users worldwide! Making it" ******* END TEXT: "erial interest, and no profit can be gained by it” (see Stevens 1978). Some theorists throw out the "
9780472026715 - page_209: "START TEXT: baby (Huizinga’s good work) with the bathwater (this particular claim). His good work should be reco" ******* END TEXT: "erence to its reputation for being dominated by adult-themed activity (see Bardzell and Odom 2008).\n"
9780472026715 - page_210: "START TEXT: Chapter Seven\n1. There are various ways to define game mechanics (see Sicart 2008), but for purposes" ******* END TEXT: "d States males used stronger language than females. This is consistent with my findings. But in the "
9780472026715 - page_211: "START TEXT: United Kingdom, younger males and females exhibited similar patterns of language use, possibly due t" ******* END TEXT: "al-Gadhafi, so the work had a greater impact on me. The artist appeared to be in his late thirties.\n"
9780472026715 - page_212: "START TEXT: 3. This sentiment on the need to collaborate was common to both Chinese and North American players. " ******* END TEXT: "eliussen played on a European server; things may be much different there. More research is needed.\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_213: "START TEXT: References\n \nAarseth, E. 1997. Cybertext: Perspectives on Ergodic Literature. Baltimore: Johns Hopki" ******* END TEXT: "Again Christians. http://www.barma.org/FlexPage.aspx?Page=Topic&TopicID=8. Last accessed July 2008.\n"
9780472026715 - page_214: "START TEXT: Baudrillard, J. 1983. In the Shadow of the Silent Majorities. New York: Semiotext(e).\nBeavis, C., H." ******* END TEXT: " Build Theory in Guild Wars and World of Warcraft. Honors thesis, University of California, Irvine.\n"
9780472026715 - page_215: "START TEXT: CNNIC. 2007. The 20th China Internet Report. http://www.cnnic.cn/uploadfiles/pdf/2007/7/18/113918.pd" ******* END TEXT: "ork: ACM Press.\nDucheneaut, N., N. Yee, E. Nickell, and R. Moore. 2006. “Alone Together?” Exploring "
9780472026715 - page_216: "START TEXT: the Social Dynamics of Massively Multiplayer Online Games. In Proceedings CHI06, 407–16. New York: A" ******* END TEXT: " Balinese Cockfight. In The Interpretation of Culture, ed. C. Geertz, 21–40. New York: Basic Books.\n"
9780472026715 - page_217: "START TEXT: Golub, A. 2007. Being in the World (of Warcraft): Raiding, Care, and Digital Subjectivity. Paper pre" ******* END TEXT: "ress.\nHuizinga, J. 1950. Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture. Boston: Beacon Press.\n"
9780472026715 - page_218: "START TEXT: Hurwitz, B. 2000. Cardiovascular Reactivity as an Indicator of Risk for Future Hypertension. In Stre" ******* END TEXT: "g Green, OH. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc_num=bgsu1213989105. Last accessed April 2009.\n"
9780472026715 - page_219: "START TEXT: Kelty, C. 2008. Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software. Durham: Duke University Press." ******* END TEXT: "craft in China. In Proceedings on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 371–82. New York: ACM Press.\n"
9780472026715 - page_220: "START TEXT: Lowood, H. 2008. Game Capture: The Machinima Archive and the History of Digital Games. Mediascape (S" ******* END TEXT: "aft. In Proceedings Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 149–58. New York: ACM Press.\n"
9780472026715 - page_221: "START TEXT: Nardi, B., S. Ly, and J. Harris. 2007. Learning Conversations in World of Warcraft. In Proceedings H" ******* END TEXT: "Raessens, J., and J. Goldstein, eds. 2005. Handbook of Computer Game Studies. Cambridge: MIT Press.\n"
9780472026715 - page_222: "START TEXT: Rea, S. 2009. Playing the Citizen. Unpublished paper. University of California, Irvine.\nReeves, B., " ******* END TEXT: " Proceedings of the International Conference of the Learning Sciences, 723–29. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.\n"
9780472026715 - page_223: "START TEXT: Steinkuehler, C., and S. Duncan. 2008. Scientific Habits of Mind in Virtual Worlds. Journal of Scien" ******* END TEXT: " Simon & Schuster.\nTurkle, S. 1998. At Heart of a Cyberstudy, the Human Essence. Interview by Katie "
9780472026715 - page_224: "START TEXT: Hafner. http://web.mit.edu/sturkle/www/nytimes.html. Last accessed January 2009.\nTurner, V. 1982. Fr" ******* END TEXT: "Large Engineering Projects: 3d Open Source Options. IT Innovation Collaboratory, Intel Corporation.\n"
9780472026715 - page_225: "START TEXT: Yee, N. 2005. WoW Gender–Bending. http://www.nickyee.com/daedalus/archives/001369.php. Last accessed" ******* END TEXT: "ulture 1:68–71.\nYee, N., J. Ellis, and N. Ducheneaut. 2009. The Tyranny of Embodiment. Artifact 2.\n\n"
9780472026715 - page_227: "START TEXT: Index\nPage numbers in italics refer to illustrations.\n \nAarseth, E., 89\nactive aesthetic experience," ******* END TEXT: "83–84, 208nn17–18\nAshby, R., 71\nAuctioneer (mod), 147–48\nautonomy, and performance, 7, 101, 205–6n1\n"
9780472026715 - page_228: "START TEXT: bag slots, 10, 75, 146\nBainbridge, W., 8, 21, 134, 186, 196, 200, 208n16\nBakhtin, M., 161\nBandura, A" ******* END TEXT: "n games and game play, 103, 104, 142, 155\nComeliussen, H., 156, 159, 166, 168, 171, 172, 199, 212n1\n"
9780472026715 - page_229: "START TEXT: corpse camping, 17\nCounter-Strike (video game), 143, 210n1\nCrabtree, A., 181\ncritical thinking skill" ******* END TEXT: " 101, 107, 109, 124, 125, 135; video games, and play with, 21, 26, 179, 182, 192\nFarmer, R., 70, 93\n"
9780472026715 - page_230: "START TEXT: farming: as capitalist labor, 112–13; defined, 59, 110; gold, 106–7, 176; RL, and links with, 110–16" ******* END TEXT: "c language, 156; on men’s rhetoric, 157; on mods, 81–82; on performative demands of raiding, 56; on "
9780472026715 - page_231: "START TEXT: sexualized language, 153–54, 156; on worklike activities, 209n5\nGraner Ray, S., 166, 173\nGreenberg, " ******* END TEXT: ", K., 85\n \nLambdaMoo (video game), 76, 93\nLampe, C., 182\nLandoverBaptist.org, 26\nLang, T., 181, 193\n"
9780472026715 - page_232: "START TEXT: Lastowka, F., 13–14, 76, 93\nLatour, B., 62\nLeontiev, A., 6, 18, 40–41\nleveling, 12, 15, 39–40, 45–46" ******* END TEXT: " 148, 150, 210n2; on power of technology, 62; productive play seminar and, 70; on sociality, 21, 22\n"
9780472026715 - page_233: "START TEXT: Night Elves, 5, 16, 159\nNihilum (pseud.) guild, 59, 99–100, 163–64\nNissenbaum, H., 174\nNoël, S., 16\n" ******* END TEXT: "16, 203. See also specific races\nRaessens, J., 84, 85, 86\nraiding and raiding guilds: about, 9, 31; "
9780472026715 - page_234: "START TEXT: causal, 11; damage meters and, 58, 59, 207n15; gear and, 63–66; gendered rhetoric, 154; gold, 176–77" ******* END TEXT: "179, 180, 193–94, 212n3; collaboration and, 5, 21, 55, 193, 212n3; diversity of players and, 20–21; "
9780472026715 - page_235: "START TEXT: gear and, 65–66, 74; guilds and, 25–26, 194; performance, and effects of, 64–65; problematic use and" ******* END TEXT: "lating visual environment and, 7, 8; hybrid physical-digital spaces and, 182, 196, 201; interactive "
9780472026715 - page_236: "START TEXT: stabilization in, 70–72; MMORPG and, 17–18, 202; moral principles and, 124, 129–30, 186–87; performa" ******* END TEXT: "209n6; on game play, 99, 111, 112; on gendered practice, 160\n \nZaphiris, P., 5\nZimmerman, E., 117\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nIs William Martinez Not Our Brother?\nTWENTY YEARS OF THE PRISON CREATIVE ARTS PROJECT\n \nBuzz Alexan" ******* END TEXT: "\nBuzz Alexander\nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS ANDTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARY\nANN ARBOR\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © 2010 by Buzz Alexander\nSome rights reserved\n\nThis work is licensed under the Creative C" ******* END TEXT: " 365'.66—dc22\n2010014033\nISBN 978-0-472-02744-6 (e-book)\nCover image: Overcrowded by Ronald Rohn\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nNate Jones, wherever you are now\nyou are the ground, the heart, the spirit, the struggle\nJanie Paul" ******* END TEXT: "nd complexity of your art and the\nmultiple layers of your being everywhere, to all of us, to me\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_vi: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472027446 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \nACKNOWLEDGMENTS\nTo the youth and adults in the Prison Creative Arts Project workshops, exhibitions," ******* END TEXT: " table with each other and me and the members of PCAP and to work things out, for your willingness \n"
9780472027446 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \nalways, in spite of all, to embrace rather than condemn, and for your knowledge always at the end o" ******* END TEXT: " the Michigan Department of Corrections, the climate changed and everything changed for us. You are\n"
9780472027446 - page_ix: "START TEXT: \n all clear- and tough-minded humanists and progressives working in painful places and are my friend" ******* END TEXT: "ore colleagues and administrators than I can name, thank you all for the faith you had in PCAP from\n"
9780472027446 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n the start and for your financial and moral support every moment along the way.\nIn spring 1969, I s" ******* END TEXT: "elve children, I thank you for your life and my opportunity to draw upon it. To my long-gone mother\n"
9780472027446 - page_xi: "START TEXT: \n and father, your civic engagement and truth to your roots is my deepest source. To my six siblings" ******* END TEXT: "Nancy and Robert Fichter!), during two months in a cottage on a bluff over Lake Michigan (thank you\n"
9780472027446 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n Mike Deem of Timber Bluff!), in a casita twenty minutes south of the Santa Fe Plaza (thank you Bar" ******* END TEXT: "te, I miss you always.\nBuzz Alexander\nlooking out over the redbud tree\nAnn Arbor, August 5, 2009\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: \nCONTENTS\nIntroduction\nCHAPTER ONE. The Beginning\nCHAPTER TWO. Is William Martinez Not Our Brother?\n" ******* END TEXT: "TER TEN. The PCAP Associates: Places Like Rwanda\nAppendix\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex\nIllustrations\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nINTRODUCTION\nI have dedicated this book to Nate Jones and Janie Paul.\nI met Janie at the Blue Mount" ******* END TEXT: "ide and outside prison, when he was very alive and while he was dying. Sometimes he was my brother.\n"
9780472027446 - page_2: "START TEXT: \nAnd I could have dedicated this book to a thousand other people. Two of them are Ollie Ganz and a b" ******* END TEXT: "ement agenda” where people of diverse backgrounds and interests meet in local “enabling” or “free” \n"
9780472027446 - page_3: "START TEXT: \n spaces to complete specific tasks. When completed, these tasks constitute “public goods” that serv" ******* END TEXT: " might “reclaim their public soul and public muscle” and inspire other disciplines to do the same.5\n"
9780472027446 - page_4: "START TEXT: \nThe Prison Creative Arts Project originated in a single course at the University of Michigan in 199" ******* END TEXT: "srael in the School of Public Health.9 Under their leadership and that of others, Imagining America\n"
9780472027446 - page_5: "START TEXT: \n came into being at the University of Michigan, as did Arts of Citizenship and the Ginsberg Center " ******* END TEXT: "and 4,069 people walked through the gallery. Since 1999, we have curated eleven annual exhibitions \n"
9780472027446 - page_6: "START TEXT: \n of art by incarcerated youth and since 2005 two biannual exhibitions of art by returned citizens.\n" ******* END TEXT: ", against a city landscape, and realizes, “I can take something I love to do and make something of \n"
9780472027446 - page_7: "START TEXT: \n it…[and be] on top of the world…and accomplish anything,”11 PCAP is founded. When Jesse Jannetta, " ******* END TEXT: "ferret out for you the elements, the simple secrets, that have made so much of our work successful,\n"
9780472027446 - page_8: "START TEXT: \n even while we falter and blunder and run into trouble and don't get it. Yet there have been thousa" ******* END TEXT: "g” in Mankato, Minnesota, about Luis Valdez and Teatro Campesino, read all the numbers of Theater- \n"
9780472027446 - page_9: "START TEXT: \n work Magazine I could get my hands on, read Ross Kidd's essays about his people's theater and thea" ******* END TEXT: "Bronx, Susan Perlstein of Elders Share the Arts, three women, and I repeated over and over a sound \n"
9780472027446 - page_10: "START TEXT: \nand motion that represented our work lives—one woman placed a wig on a doll, her factory job—and la" ******* END TEXT: " situation or themselves.\nWhat happened insults us, but remember it is their self-hatred, that they\n"
9780472027446 - page_11: "START TEXT: \n are actually doing it to themselves. It is hard for them to see someone doing something good or po" ******* END TEXT: "ich each responded in his own way. Some learned to screen out all except the soft and the soothing;\n"
9780472027446 - page_12: "START TEXT: \n others denied even as they saw plainly, and heard. But all knew that under quiet words and warmth " ******* END TEXT: "ct for a year or two. A prison artist drew a portrait of her cutting hair, but the prison would not\n"
9780472027446 - page_13: "START TEXT: \n allow her to keep it. I bring her a catalog from the Tenth Annual Exhibition of Art by Michigan Pr" ******* END TEXT: "tes Simanga Kumalo from the University of Natal in South Africa: “The movements against colonialism\n"
9780472027446 - page_14: "START TEXT: \n produced a great generation of liberation leaders. What we need now is a new generation of develop" ******* END TEXT: "ducational space where music, dance, and storytelling play key roles, where Martin Luther King Jr.,\n"
9780472027446 - page_15: "START TEXT: \n Rosa Parks, and so many many others would prepare to enter into or develop community organizing, p" ******* END TEXT: " affluence, and training to know what is happening bear the most responsibility for what happens.26\n"
9780472027446 - page_16: "START TEXT: \nWe must name things for what they are. But we also must not engage in public work thinking of and t" ******* END TEXT: "n that in order to truly love her daughter, she must love John, who treats her with insolence, and \n"
9780472027446 - page_17: "START TEXT: \nVercuil, the drunk, homeless Afrikaner who appears on her property the day of her diagnosis and att" ******* END TEXT: "ten took the role of fight announcer, turning 4A–4L into his little piece of Vegas. When a fancied \n"
9780472027446 - page_18: "START TEXT: \n combatant lived up to his reputation, he could be thanked by the guards for “making them a bit ric" ******* END TEXT: "e prison authorities, a federal judge threw the case out.33 Is he not our brother, husband, son?\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_19: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER ONE\nThe Beginning\nPCAP began when I was a curly-haired blond boy of five with an odd name w" ******* END TEXT: "cally during my trips to the peasant communities near Cuzco with radical Peruvian agronomist Miguel\n"
9780472027446 - page_20: "START TEXT: \n Ayala and when I saw an Irishwoman at the Freirean-inspired school, Cenecape CCAIJO, place a therm" ******* END TEXT: "a Kappa. I had no idea Mary had been lead plaintiff in Glover v. Johnson, a famous lawsuit that had\n"
9780472027446 - page_21: "START TEXT: \n gained equal educational and other rights for women in Michigan prisons. In fact, I knew next to n" ******* END TEXT: "I would also find a way to stand up to the thief. One of my students was told to imagine herself in\n"
9780472027446 - page_22: "START TEXT: \n the shower, assaulted by a woman covered with lesions, then rescued by a male officer, who then as" ******* END TEXT: "friend Melissa Hagstrum,\nWe've been there four times, but on the fourth time, yesterday, we learned\n"
9780472027446 - page_23: "START TEXT: \n how prison politics—among the prisoners—is threatening to destroy what we are doing. The two women" ******* END TEXT: "g, making love, talking, feeling so full, then go to the prison where these women have been cut off\n"
9780472027446 - page_24: "START TEXT: \n from anything even remotely like that, some of them—Joyce, Mary, Char—for life? How can I come int" ******* END TEXT: "ns officer, appeared, and as they noticed me one at a time, they stopped dancing until one remained\n"
9780472027446 - page_25: "START TEXT: \n dancing alone, and he cut off the radio. The audience was delighted and amused.\nDean Nissen wrote " ******* END TEXT: "elong friend. When George left Egeler after our first play, we began a correspondence. Then in 2004\n"
9780472027446 - page_26: "START TEXT: \n he turned up in the Poet's Corner, a workshop I was cofacilitating at the Southern Michigan Correc" ******* END TEXT: "Parks's seventieth birthday, complete with the sculpted buildings and buses of downtown Montgomery.\n"
9780472027446 - page_27: "START TEXT: \n The children produced an utterly charming tape with interviews of the warm, wise, delighted grandm" ******* END TEXT: " Lutes, and others slowly began to work in the evening program, which served high school youth with\n"
9780472027446 - page_28: "START TEXT: \n children, daytime jobs, or suspensions from day school. In January 1994 in English 319 we started " ******* END TEXT: "son that of course we would not and should not be trusted anywhere until we had proven ourselves.11\n"
9780472027446 - page_29: "START TEXT: \nWhen Governor John Engler cut off funds for much of adult education and the Adult Basic Education P" ******* END TEXT: ". It was not just pleasure and surprise. Awareness of some new connection, some unusual commitment,\n"
9780472027446 - page_30: "START TEXT: \n was suddenly in the air. It had not been some one-time project by a class at the University of Mic" ******* END TEXT: "Maxey “has no time” for the project. Nor, he said, did they have time for the theater workshops his\n"
9780472027446 - page_31: "START TEXT: \n counselors had requested after seeing Inside Out and learning how we work.\nWe turned to Marlys Sch" ******* END TEXT: " 1 and 10 and July 6 and 8.\nThe youth seized the opportunity, asking about prison food, discipline,\n"
9780472027446 - page_32: "START TEXT: \n exercise, entertainment, tattoos, danger, sex, visits, loneliness (Q: “What was it like when you g" ******* END TEXT: " more sure of their invincibility than the incarcerated youth, they too began to share their lives \n"
9780472027446 - page_33: "START TEXT: \n(“It's bad as hell out here, worse”; “It is hard to do the right thing when there's nothing to fall" ******* END TEXT: "ps with incarcerated youth. Adrian Training School was next. December 1994 saw a play by one of the\n"
9780472027446 - page_34: "START TEXT: \n boys' halls and Growing Up in the Hood by the West Hall Drama Troupe, a girls' group. In the summe" ******* END TEXT: "and Phoenix High Schools, Maxey and Adrian Training Schools, and four more prisons—Adrian Temporary\n"
9780472027446 - page_35: "START TEXT: \n and Gus Harrison in Adrian, Ryan in Detroit, and Scott in Plymouth, we still had no organization, " ******* END TEXT: "e plays. In 1999, despite the temporary closing of most of our theater workshops at the prisons, we\n"
9780472027446 - page_36: "START TEXT: \n had fifty-one plays. In 1998, we added creative writing workshops in the prisons. In 1999 we had o" ******* END TEXT: " national coalition, which might include a Center for Prison Arts at the University of Michigan.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_37: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER TWO\nIs William Martinez Not Our Brother?\nWhat an interesting populace we have. Nobody seems" ******* END TEXT: "l, where they did an excellent job, and where, as far as I know, Mike kept his position to himself.\n"
9780472027446 - page_38: "START TEXT: \nPicture this scene in any middle-class suburb in the United States: students at the local high scho" ******* END TEXT: "970s, 314,000 Americans were in our prisons and jails. Policymakers so far have more than septupled\n"
9780472027446 - page_39: "START TEXT: \n that number to 2.3 million and have us spending $60 billion a year to run our correctional institu" ******* END TEXT: "y factors were at play. Recovered from World War II, Germany and Japan were competitive, with lower\n"
9780472027446 - page_40: "START TEXT: \n wages, newer capital stock, and greater efficiency than the United States. Meanwhile, American com" ******* END TEXT: "he Great Depression,” useful, Volcker said, because “the standard of living of the average American\n"
9780472027446 - page_41: "START TEXT: \n has to decline.” In Ann Arbor, as in cities across the country, the streets filled with homeless p" ******* END TEXT: "f a Pontiac attorney.\nThe third scene is set in the house where JB's wife and son live. It is 1997.\n"
9780472027446 - page_42: "START TEXT: \n JB is home after seventeen years in prison eager for a relationship with his son. LeDaryle punches" ******* END TEXT: "nd racial hierarchies upon which the private enterprise system depends. This group cannot simply be\n"
9780472027446 - page_43: "START TEXT: \n swept aside. Controlling them requires both a defensive policy of containment and an aggressive po" ******* END TEXT: ", FBI, and prison budgets were increased, and Reagan “stacked the federal bench with mean-spirited,\n"
9780472027446 - page_44: "START TEXT: \n anti-crime, anti-drug zealots, who in turn began handing down law that, as [chief of staff Ed] Mee" ******* END TEXT: "lternatives to prison. In less than a year, however, “this optimistic scenario had been transformed\n"
9780472027446 - page_45: "START TEXT: \n into a repressive criminal justice climate rivaling that of any time during the preceding twenty y" ******* END TEXT: " as to suppress a report by a Justice Department working group formed by Janet Reno that questioned\n"
9780472027446 - page_46: "START TEXT: \n the impact of mandatory minimum policy on low-level drug offenders. Former deputy attorney general" ******* END TEXT: " They, the judge, the police who came into court to testify, the bailiff, and the stenographer were\n"
9780472027446 - page_47: "START TEXT: \n all very comfortable and casual, even affable, in their interactions with each other. The defense " ******* END TEXT: "nate ratio of women to men in affected neighborhoods, means men who play the field, children raised\n"
9780472027446 - page_48: "START TEXT: \n by single mothers, children whose mothers are incarcerated being raised by others, children who th" ******* END TEXT: "construction and maintenance of prisons, for supplies, for goods, for health care, for the salaries\n"
9780472027446 - page_49: "START TEXT: \n of an expanding prison workforce: in Michigan in 1983, one in eleven state employees worked in the" ******* END TEXT: " be to incarcerate impoverished young black and Latino men.” And in chapter 12 he puts it squarely:\n"
9780472027446 - page_50: "START TEXT: \nThe toll that this has taken on the African American community, and increasingly the Latino communi" ******* END TEXT: "” says Jessica Mitford,\ndo not like to think of wardens and guards as our surrogates. Yet they are,\n"
9780472027446 - page_51: "START TEXT: \n and they are intimately locked in a deadly embrace with their human captives behind the prison wal" ******* END TEXT: "ord, when a bullet or cop took his father, or his mother, or his older brother away? When corporate\n"
9780472027446 - page_52: "START TEXT: \n leaders and politicians and policymakers decide that “William Martinez” is trash and must spend tw" ******* END TEXT: "hile English 310 and 319 students generally, but not necessarily, have more progressive values than\n"
9780472027446 - page_53: "START TEXT: \n most, their backgrounds sharply accent their differences from the youth and adults in the high sch" ******* END TEXT: "t (.6), while 39.3 percent call themselves liberal, 37.4 middle of the road, and 19.4 conservative.\n"
9780472027446 - page_54: "START TEXT: \nOn the whole an entering class will reflect the values of the homes they come from, and for some of" ******* END TEXT: "06. You and your classmates are working in teams in Michigan prisons and juvenile facilities and in\n"
9780472027446 - page_55: "START TEXT: \n Detroit high schools. Draw a picture that represents the coded existential situation of the member" ******* END TEXT: "appened, talk about the participants and dynamics, and we laugh, celebrate, worry. And at the heart\n"
9780472027446 - page_56: "START TEXT: \n of it all is a rich tension over the two places we inhabit and the one the prisoners inhabit at th" ******* END TEXT: "me tension would be there and the same stirring.\nWhile the prison population continues to surge.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_57: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER THREE\nThe University Courses\nAt the end of a long quiet corridor is 3275 Angell Hall. When " ******* END TEXT: "experiences. I tell them about the texts, the weekly journals, and the final analytic essay, and I \n"
9780472027446 - page_58: "START TEXT: \ntry to give them a feeling for what will happen in our classroom. Then I tell them what I expect of" ******* END TEXT: "who believe in them. So they know when believing in them has stopped, and when it stops, everything\n"
9780472027446 - page_59: "START TEXT: \n changes. It resembles a relationship: if two people believe in each other, everything blossoms; if" ******* END TEXT: "g rink to fight and the crowd followed, Asia's sister advised leaving, but Asia wanted to see what \n"
9780472027446 - page_60: "START TEXT: \nwould happen. A stray AK-47 bullet pierced her head. I might tell them of the shaken voice of Nate " ******* END TEXT: "leasure of working with kinetic talented youth and engaged, highly talented adults. I tell them how\n"
9780472027446 - page_61: "START TEXT: \n much they will know by the end of the class, about the exhilaration of the performances. And I tel" ******* END TEXT: "ays, they revert to habits from other classes, becoming theoretical, distant, and even competitive.\n"
9780472027446 - page_62: "START TEXT: \nThat night we clear a very large classroom of its chairs and for three and one-half hours, in pairs" ******* END TEXT: "have told her she needed to do this. She may have worked at a summer camp for children with AIDS or\n"
9780472027446 - page_63: "START TEXT: \n interned in Washington with the ACLU and gone each day into Southeast DC to talk with indigent sen" ******* END TEXT: "been unable to talk with and need to confront. They speak and imagine the responses. Since everyone\n"
9780472027446 - page_64: "START TEXT: \n is speaking, no one overhears: the conversations are private. I leave the room or walk rapidly bac" ******* END TEXT: "warning stories,” accounts of all the mistakes 310, 319, and PCAP members have made over the years,\n"
9780472027446 - page_65: "START TEXT: \n some of them leading to elimination of a facilitator, some to elimination of a workshop, all of th" ******* END TEXT: "professional reasons for being there and indicate that he or she is risking the future of workshops\n"
9780472027446 - page_66: "START TEXT: \n at the prison. If that doesn't work or the behavior is more subtle, circle the group up and talk a" ******* END TEXT: "-energy activity, Freeze, Kitty Want a Corner, Apples, Oranges, and Bananas, Bear and Woodcutters.9\n"
9780472027446 - page_67: "START TEXT: \nI finish by telling a story. Years ago Nancy and Charlotte, facilitating a lively workshop at the E" ******* END TEXT: "nd to patronize them while instructing them in the arts. Sometimes they are right. The students are\n"
9780472027446 - page_68: "START TEXT: \n mostly white, mostly female, mostly affluent, the prisoners African American, Hispanic, Native, po" ******* END TEXT: "e fate of our planet depends on which storytellers prevail, those who mine uranium and make massive\n"
9780472027446 - page_69: "START TEXT: \n bombs, torture others, and pollute our minds and land, or those who maintain community, preserve a" ******* END TEXT: "w we will begin. Someone may have come in burning with a question or issue, and we go with that. We\n"
9780472027446 - page_70: "START TEXT: \n gradually develop themes that become important, and we return to those. We may need to confront ou" ******* END TEXT: "y. From my podium—we were in a room of nailed-down seats facing the front—I stepped in and smoothed\n"
9780472027446 - page_71: "START TEXT: \n things over, explaining to each of them what the other had meant to say. They subsided, and probab" ******* END TEXT: "s a skit or other form of presentation to convey to the other groups what happened in their room.13\n"
9780472027446 - page_72: "START TEXT: \nAnd I listen for the energy, passion, and need that one or more of them bring into the room on a gi" ******* END TEXT: "respected me, and I tell them so. But I also avoid speaking in a manner that allows that to happen.\n"
9780472027446 - page_73: "START TEXT: \n\nHerbert Kohl's classroom, as he describes it in 36 Children, has a very fluid structure. It respon" ******* END TEXT: "gh schools, juvenile facilities, and prisons. We wanted our students to discover the kind of trust,\n"
9780472027446 - page_74: "START TEXT: \n patience, and belief in each other that would allow community to emerge from chaos. While the two " ******* END TEXT: "and become a part of their effort to resist. This in turn led to a discussion about whether members\n"
9780472027446 - page_75: "START TEXT: \n of the class, knowing all they now knew from the reading and from their workshop experiences, shou" ******* END TEXT: " successful 310 received in the fall of 2006. We were fortunate to have present throughout the term\n"
9780472027446 - page_76: "START TEXT: \n a reader of the story we were creating. In our final session we decided on a talk circle. One at a" ******* END TEXT: "hey had become powerful together and that children's lives would be different because of them.24\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_77: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER FOUR\nThe Workshops\nI\n“In the yard, I am like this!”\nHollis-El shows a clenched fist.\n“In he" ******* END TEXT: "Y AFTER LEAVING AND THEN RETURNING TO A THEATER WORKSHOP AT SOUTHERN MICHIGAN CORRECTIONAL FACILITY\n"
9780472027446 - page_78: "START TEXT: \nChildren and youth, incarcerated youth, and prisoners, working with English 310 and 319 students, w" ******* END TEXT: "n for second performances and presented in small and large classrooms, in auditoriums, in theaters.\n"
9780472027446 - page_79: "START TEXT: \nOur shortest play was five minutes. It was created in desperation in the hour before the performanc" ******* END TEXT: " we choose one of the conflicts and either (1) have the two actors create new scenes, one preceding\n"
9780472027446 - page_80: "START TEXT: \n and one following the original scene, choosing others to join them if the new scenes require other" ******* END TEXT: "in and prison health conditions in general. Pilar Anadon and I listened without interruption except\n"
9780472027446 - page_81: "START TEXT: \n to ask questions. At the end I asked what the discussion had to do with our next play. The women r" ******* END TEXT: "e have no opportunity to talk with them, find out what is happening, and encourage them to return.7\n"
9780472027446 - page_82: "START TEXT: \nI admire prison theater based on texts, including the remarkable work facilitated and directed by m" ******* END TEXT: "own to escape the corruption of the big city and who refuses to help someone with a sex change. The\n"
9780472027446 - page_83: "START TEXT: \n characters rise not only from our imaginations, but also from our own experiences and needs. Berna" ******* END TEXT: "luence and academic success, although most of us are white and female, although at the end of every\n"
9780472027446 - page_84: "START TEXT: \n session we return to the comfort of our Ann Arbor apartments and homes, and although it is because" ******* END TEXT: "facility curtain calls, refreshments when the facility lacks the budget to provide them. We stay in\n"
9780472027446 - page_85: "START TEXT: \n touch with the liaison, we phone ahead to make sure everything is in order, we enter the facility " ******* END TEXT: "umni with their detailed analysis and criticism of the high school and community environment. They \n"
9780472027446 - page_86: "START TEXT: \nargued that they could organize the community. The alumni acquiesced and offered backing. The play " ******* END TEXT: "m a magician, and I turn Pedro into a magician.” Pedro then ascends to the chair. In a variation on\n"
9780472027446 - page_87: "START TEXT: \n this exercise, each boy in Lauren Rubinfeld and Mryna Vaca's workshop at Maxey (2001) would shout," ******* END TEXT: " as a person without loved ones or aspirations or creativity, of attending funerals under guard, of\n"
9780472027446 - page_88: "START TEXT: \n missing a child's graduation, a child's marriage, a chance to care for a dying parent.\nThe walls c" ******* END TEXT: "rt our force into safe channels.17 In fifth grade, my son brought to show-and-tell a story of human\n"
9780472027446 - page_89: "START TEXT: \n rights abuses in Chile. His teacher was moved and asked the children to write “world wishes.” They" ******* END TEXT: "after Vietnam and after he watched his buddy blow his brains out in the VA hospital, and he becomes\n"
9780472027446 - page_90: "START TEXT: \n close to Pilar, Maria, Janie and me, Nate says he found his first real friend through the workshop" ******* END TEXT: " in our anger when it rises\nI find it in Co-Pilot's desire to write poetry like cutting quick right\n"
9780472027446 - page_91: "START TEXT: \n    for a jump-shot and passing off, spontaneous,\n I find it in Chi's assignment not to revise\n    " ******* END TEXT: "nderneath, there is always a sense of the potential for something being found between us, among us.\n"
9780472027446 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nIn an English 310 exercise, I number my students off into groups of three, then have them decide wh" ******* END TEXT: " other in other people. Once someone has been respected, one seeks respect. Once someone has broken\n"
9780472027446 - page_93: "START TEXT: \n through to connect, one will know how to do that and seek it. Once someone has engaged across the " ******* END TEXT: " deputy warden hates programs, lies to me on the phone, offers obscure time slots for the workshop,\n"
9780472027446 - page_94: "START TEXT: \n limits the number of women who can participate, limits the number of women who can attend the perf" ******* END TEXT: "ke gun is of course a potential danger in the prison. The play was canceled. I answered that we had\n"
9780472027446 - page_95: "START TEXT: \n not known, that now no props are made without our permission, that any questions about props go to" ******* END TEXT: "h well-paid public servants, he treated me as he would treat a prisoner. I was owed no explanation.\n"
9780472027446 - page_96: "START TEXT: \nI gradually pieced together what had happened. Sara Falls and Matt Schmitt, two dedicated veteran P" ******* END TEXT: "en in once before this all broke and had a great, lively beginning, reported on what happened next:\n"
9780472027446 - page_97: "START TEXT: \nWe drove up to Parnall and went to the front desk. The guard at the desk was an unfamiliar face. It" ******* END TEXT: "ut I think that is being confused with the power a prisoner finds within him or herself. Let me in!\n"
9780472027446 - page_98: "START TEXT: \nAlso on the twentieth, Liz Grubb, writing about her PCAP workshop at Southern Michigan Correctional" ******* END TEXT: "workshops. I asked Phil Klint-worth if he would like a poetry workshop, then sent Shawn Durrett and\n"
9780472027446 - page_99: "START TEXT: \n Melissa Spengler, who had been assigned to Huron Valley Men's, to Southern Michigan Correctional F" ******* END TEXT: "e Quarles, in a March 12 letter asked us to submit the scenario to a prison staff person, who would\n"
9780472027446 - page_100: "START TEXT: \n ensure “that the content of the script is appropriate for a prisoner audience.” It would then come" ******* END TEXT: "ontact of the kind that is not permitted in the prisons.” In my cover letter to Bolden, I explained\n"
9780472027446 - page_101: "START TEXT: \n that Amy's work did not involve that kind of contact, told him Assistant Deputy Warden Dan Hawkins" ******* END TEXT: "n rights. But I think some of the same issues might come into mind when someone lives in prison.”27\n"
9780472027446 - page_102: "START TEXT: \nSometime in 1991, Sharleen Wabindato walks into the TV Production Room, where the Sisters Within Th" ******* END TEXT: "We become vulnerable and we blossom. We dance. It is what we have come to do, and we will do it.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_103: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER FIVE\nA Matter of Language\nOn April 5, 2006, I received an e-mail message from Maureen McGra" ******* END TEXT: "l officers were afraid of the prisoners and would remain at a distance and write major disciplinary\n"
9780472027446 - page_104: "START TEXT: \n tickets, contributing to the tension in a very charged prison.1 When the Baldwin prison closed, th" ******* END TEXT: "t, of course, they talked about the two women and argued over who was liked by whom. They might end\n"
9780472027446 - page_105: "START TEXT: \n up fighting each other. It might play out, too, in the workshop and escalate, even with Maureen in" ******* END TEXT: " write reflections in their journals. Some have my first experience: in the lot I felt watched and \n"
9780472027446 - page_106: "START TEXT: \nguilty, as if I had done something wrong or would make a mistake and be apprehended; I imagined and" ******* END TEXT: "the yard with your escort, an officer or special activities director, and head toward the education\n"
9780472027446 - page_107: "START TEXT: \n building. If no escort is available, a yard officer “eyes” you (“does a visual”) to assure you are" ******* END TEXT: "n what they imagine or choose to perceive: overfriendliness with prisoners, a touch, a note passed.\n"
9780472027446 - page_108: "START TEXT: \nThis is the language conveyed by the institution to free-world people who enter, and to the incarce" ******* END TEXT: "tes in “Taking,”\nI will myself not to hate\ninto bitter oblivion\nas little by little my keepers take\n"
9780472027446 - page_109: "START TEXT: \nmore and more from me,\nmy self respect, my clothing,\nall the small things of comfort,\nand next my w" ******* END TEXT: "obby and come up to the desk, pass through the bubble and into the yard,9 what do the officers see?\n"
9780472027446 - page_110: "START TEXT: \n We are very young and therefore unseasoned, susceptible.\nAlthough at the beginning we may have som" ******* END TEXT: " We may scorn the custodians as keepers and oppressors of prisoners. It is all too possible that we\n"
9780472027446 - page_111: "START TEXT: \n hold economically and culturally induced stereotypes of the human beings who have found jobs in pr" ******* END TEXT: "s, stereotyping, admiring, loving, not wanting to be racist or classist, not wanting to leave one's\n"
9780472027446 - page_112: "START TEXT: \n politics at the door,12 failure to fully assimilate the complexity of the place and the complexity" ******* END TEXT: "ing PCAP workshops received full-body searches, and performers in our Residential Treatment Program\n"
9780472027446 - page_113: "START TEXT: \n theater troupe were not permitted to shake hands or stand close to outside guests. During the rece" ******* END TEXT: "in trouble if we don't do so.\nThat some students go to their first several workshops super anxious—\n"
9780472027446 - page_114: "START TEXT: \n because of the warnings—that they will make a wrong move, is not a problem. It is better than the " ******* END TEXT: "f each written work. They will also assign poems to be written during the week to be brought in and\n"
9780472027446 - page_115: "START TEXT: \n read each week. We stress clear oral presentations, constructive feedback, and an atmosphere in wh" ******* END TEXT: "ning in February 2002, prisoners were clustered around the desk where they checked in. Al, a member\n"
9780472027446 - page_116: "START TEXT: \n of their theater workshop, was in a heated discussion with a young female officer who was new to t" ******* END TEXT: " years “of loyal volunteer work at the Ryan Facility” and his previous work at the Adrian Temporary\n"
9780472027446 - page_117: "START TEXT: \nAs our mission statement (approved by Deputy Director Dan Bolden) says, we train our volunteers to " ******* END TEXT: "everse a punishment. Anna Clark and her partner brought a copy of a review of the annual exhibition\n"
9780472027446 - page_118: "START TEXT: \n to show the Poets Corner. One of the poets scribbled a note asking Anna to bring in more copies. I" ******* END TEXT: "en again, compromise—which can mean agreeing not to shake hands with prisoners, agreeing to have an\n"
9780472027446 - page_119: "START TEXT: \n officer in the room or to be on probation or undergo suspension—so that in the end the butterfly c" ******* END TEXT: " at you.)\nI'm marked by the color of my skin.\nThe bullets are discrete and designed to kill slowly.\n"
9780472027446 - page_120: "START TEXT: \nThey are aiming at my children.\nThese are facts.\nLet me show you my wounds: my stumbling mind, my\n“" ******* END TEXT: " the regional office, the regional administrator phoned the warden, and the scenario moved forward.\n"
9780472027446 - page_121: "START TEXT: \n When next the regional administrator and the warden told us to go through channels and he again st" ******* END TEXT: "an educator. Basically, about half an hour into the workshop, nothing was going right in generating\n"
9780472027446 - page_122: "START TEXT: \n this piece of music, we had hit a wall—and I did a big teacher no-no—and sat down and admitted I h" ******* END TEXT: "wn you what it looks like and feels like. Can you feel me? “One Long Journey” represents how I have\n"
9780472027446 - page_123: "START TEXT: \n taken it upon myself to rise from rock bottom. It represents each and every woman that has been in" ******* END TEXT: ". IT'S ABOUT HUMAN BEINGS. IT'S ABOUT HUMAN BEINGS.\nWe placed her statement on the gallery wall.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_124: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER SIX\n“This Is Our Bridge…and We Built It Ourselves!” The Annual Exhibition of Art by Michiga" ******* END TEXT: "then we call them back one at a time for intense moments of discussion. We are moved by the emotion\n"
9780472027446 - page_125: "START TEXT: \n of artists accepted for the first time, eager to listen to those who have repeated, supportive of " ******* END TEXT: " and works exhibited arrives, and our liaison convenes the artists for a showing or screens it over\n"
9780472027446 - page_126: "START TEXT: \n the prison TV network, stimulating the artists to new development and risk. We write to the artist" ******* END TEXT: "er Ypsilanti stairwell at her son's art and her eyes widen with new realization. Nothing is easy in\n"
9780472027446 - page_127: "START TEXT: \n this world of damage and pain, but at least here new understandings, new possibilities for connect" ******* END TEXT: "xploitative of prisoners? We sent a reply through his brother: this is an exhibition of artists who\n"
9780472027446 - page_128: "START TEXT: \n happen to be in prison, not an exhibition of the work of prisoners; we are taking no money from th" ******* END TEXT: "matic, a small portrait of Rudolf Hess's face in part profile, half in shadow, with small swastikas\n"
9780472027446 - page_129: "START TEXT: \n patching the space around him. The drawing quality qualified it for acceptance, and it was possibl" ******* END TEXT: "paucity of women's art. We knew of artists at the Scott Correctional Facility—we learned some names\n"
9780472027446 - page_130: "START TEXT: \n and wrote to them—but the staff made little effort to communicate with them and help them get thei" ******* END TEXT: "are bunked with 5 other people in a 12‘ by 16‘ cubicle. With people\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_131: "START TEXT: \nsleeping at different times, it is hard to find space and light to work. Some work at a small desk." ******* END TEXT: "c choices are made deliberately. Artists spend hours on the various stages of their carefully honed\n"
9780472027446 - page_132: "START TEXT: \n processes. It isn't only that prisoners have a lot of time to fill. Time must be transformed from " ******* END TEXT: "ork and integrate them into their own compositions. Many artists keep a file of reference materials\n"
9780472027446 - page_133: "START TEXT: \n gathered from magazines, books, newspapers, CD covers, and other visual materials. Some copy very " ******* END TEXT: "-run Inmate Benefit Funds in 2007 responded to our funding appeal with $1,160, an indication of the\n"
9780472027446 - page_134: "START TEXT: \n importance of the exhibition for all prisoners. It is the contribution we are most proud of.\nHISTO" ******* END TEXT: "andatory minimums, gave a presentation. Video interviews with Anthony James, Nancy Jean King, Larry\n"
9780472027446 - page_135: "START TEXT: \n Kuligowski, Tracy Neal, Maurice Scott, Martin Vargas, and Charles M. Young ran constantly in the g" ******* END TEXT: "he same exhibition space, which was very crowded last year with 343 works of art, and we anticipate\n"
9780472027446 - page_136: "START TEXT: \n a higher volume of entries. Therefore we believe it will be helpful to you to know what we are loo" ******* END TEXT: "ave been progressively better. In their evaluations, artists have expressed gratitude for the push.\n"
9780472027446 - page_137: "START TEXT: \nOBSTACLES\nIn 1999, as we have seen in chapter 4, Deputy Director Dan Bolden precipitated a crisis b" ******* END TEXT: "e deputy, who requested that we not exhibit the drawing. Warden Howes and Director Patricia Caruso,\n"
9780472027446 - page_138: "START TEXT: \n who would be speaking at the opening, would take offense. I thanked him and promised to get back. " ******* END TEXT: " of his retirement, wrote:\nMy review of [the information you sent] indicates that the volume of art\n"
9780472027446 - page_139: "START TEXT: \n work processed through this exhibition far exceeds the number which had been anticipated. Addition" ******* END TEXT: "in mass incarceration and believe that human beings have a right to grow beyond their worst moment.\n"
9780472027446 - page_140: "START TEXT: \nTAXATION OF ARTIST INCOME\nAnother challenge we have faced is the Michigan Department of Corrections" ******* END TEXT: "ult of their high regard for the exhibition, their personal connections with us, their awareness of\n"
9780472027446 - page_141: "START TEXT: \n the immense year-round energy and diligence we put in, and their awareness of how easily the exhib" ******* END TEXT: " ourselves!” Because, you see, many of us want to strengthen the rungs and come across to the other\n"
9780472027446 - page_142: "START TEXT: \n side…. Expressing ourselves, sharing those expressions with a community we have been separated fro" ******* END TEXT: "ything, then maybe you can understand just a little, what this has done for me. I now have a talent\n"
9780472027446 - page_143: "START TEXT: \n that I can utilize to support myself, and give people pleasure, at the same time, it is so amazing" ******* END TEXT: "when he learned his work had sold, “I felt like I was on top of the world and that I can accomplish\n"
9780472027446 - page_144: "START TEXT: \n anything…I want to thank you for helping me realize that I can take something I love to do and mak" ******* END TEXT: "re in the packet.29\nHis letter triggered something profound in my own experience, and I wrote back,\n"
9780472027446 - page_145: "START TEXT: \nI've long realized that what differentiates the workshops from anything else I've participated in i" ******* END TEXT: "ss like blacken wings of death\nto the soul, heart and minds, to all who witness these painful acts.\n"
9780472027446 - page_146: "START TEXT: \nBut the worst was seeing the heated tears of betrayal falling time\nafter time. And inside of me liv" ******* END TEXT: "the kiss of death upon our lips\nwe so hunger for through lost hope.\nThank you for opening up a door\n"
9780472027446 - page_147: "START TEXT: \nwhere we can be seen through feelings of Art and words\nin which our eyes would have refused on face" ******* END TEXT: "f drugs, gangs, prostitution; the heritage of violence. To become an artist, or an actor or a poet,\n"
9780472027446 - page_148: "START TEXT: \n to grow into articulation and originality and dignity, resists and overcomes what has been done to" ******* END TEXT: " us, and what we become. This enriched capacity makes further kinds of resistance more possible.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_149: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER SEVEN\nIs the Scapegoat Not Our Brother?\nTHE SIXTY-FOUR-YEAR-OLD POET DOESN'T REMEMBER \nDOES" ******* END TEXT: " bus\nacross state as the day darkens\naround the bright wounding colors\nof the fall trees to see him\n"
9780472027446 - page_150: "START TEXT: \nfor the first time in two years,\nbehind a long wire fence and locked doors,\nI don't remember that t" ******* END TEXT: "d with some insistence, and when he knelt down and the sins were placed on his head, the atmosphere\n"
9780472027446 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nin the room became almost numinous—he either was re-living a ritual or creating the ritual for some" ******* END TEXT: "e University of Michigan School of Social Work and became my course assistant in English 411, where\n"
9780472027446 - page_152: "START TEXT: \nonce he cried in class at the sudden realization, triggered by another student's epiphany—“We want " ******* END TEXT: "nd meaning, that he was the Prison Creative Arts Project at its most hurt and at its best.4 I loved\n"
9780472027446 - page_153: "START TEXT: \nhim, all of us who knew him loved him and his creativity and humor and spirit. On the one hand, I w" ******* END TEXT: " Stop?” three of us continually forced back to the floor a fourth actor, constantly trying to rise.\n"
9780472027446 - page_154: "START TEXT: \n\nDave Hawkins was the other replacement for Nate, a large, powerful, earnest, decent man. After a P" ******* END TEXT: " powerful moment in the play.\nTouché (Jeffery Smith) took the culinary arts course at the Thumb Cor\n"
9780472027446 - page_155: "START TEXT: \nrectional Facility and was working in food preparation at the Adrian Temporary Correctional Facilit" ******* END TEXT: "hollow begins to fill with the substance of a life that one must recognize as human and demanding.7\n"
9780472027446 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nTHE ACCESS GRANT\nIn March 1996 I brought Michael Keck to the Florence Crane Women's and the Western" ******* END TEXT: "back; they needed to be organized on the outside, sisters who supported and fought for each other.\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_157: "START TEXT: \nIn 2000 the University nominated PCAP for a National Endowment for the Arts Access Grant and provid" ******* END TEXT: "hts cases. She was responding to inmate correspondence, interviewing prisoners, preparing documents\n"
9780472027446 - page_158: "START TEXT: \non prison conditions and overcrowding evidence, and actively involved in a case on due process righ" ******* END TEXT: " duty don't understand, are not excited for the youth, don't provide a quiet space. Sometimes there\n"
9780472027446 - page_159: "START TEXT: \nis simply no such space available: the room is agitated with noise, and other youth stop by the tab" ******* END TEXT: "ng the pace and trajectory of each person's journey,” lessons that have continued in her work as an\n"
9780472027446 - page_160: "START TEXT: \nadvocate and organizer and in how she “interacts with others on an everyday basis.” She writes me t" ******* END TEXT: "t Vista. Her life was an open book, and by the sounds of it, she wasn't done talking. She's been in\n"
9780472027446 - page_161: "START TEXT: \nthe system since she was 12, moving from placement to placement, after running, self mutilating, dr" ******* END TEXT: "help her get it all done. With a huge smile on my face, I told her of course, this is why I'm here!\n"
9780472027446 - page_162: "START TEXT: \n“Ashley's life has been nothing short of hell,” Sari writes, and\nshe says she wants to share her li" ******* END TEXT: "silient youth. Most of all, as Sari says, we learn to be strong. And we take away, in their name, a\n"
9780472027446 - page_163: "START TEXT: \ncommitment to struggle, one way or another and in spite of our fears and limits, on their behalf fo" ******* END TEXT: "et with him frequently to help him develop his portraiture, charcoal drawing, and landscape skills.\n"
9780472027446 - page_164: "START TEXT: \nAt the beginning of this endeavor Jesse and I were on our own. Unexpectedly, the Linkage Project me" ******* END TEXT: "ther a computer with her $300, wrote and read her poetry and exhibited prisoner art at a local café\n"
9780472027446 - page_165: "START TEXT: \nand in her own exhibition. Cathy Babcock helped Danny Biddinger create a small chapbook of his art " ******* END TEXT: "mitted his felony on forty job applications and was turned down, then finally lied and was hired to\n"
9780472027446 - page_166: "START TEXT: \ncaulk houses, developing pains in his arms and hands so severe that he was unable to hold a paintbr" ******* END TEXT: "ot heal, cancers, seizures, headaches, bladder and kidney infections, and other terrible disorders \n"
9780472027446 - page_167: "START TEXT: \nand diseases. Many of the women I knew have died from brain, breast, colon, lung, bone, liver and p" ******* END TEXT: "ember takes them in, the family risks eviction. In most states those with a criminal sexual conduct\n"
9780472027446 - page_168: "START TEXT: \nconviction are restricted in where they may live, in some states so severely restricted that they f" ******* END TEXT: "hildren as our own.” Now the incarcerated are unable to think of their own children as their own.29\n"
9780472027446 - page_169: "START TEXT: \nAnd they return to families and neighborhoods damaged and wounded by their preprison behavior and b" ******* END TEXT: "r 2004 we failed to bring participants together for a sharing, assessment, and planning conference.\n"
9780472027446 - page_170: "START TEXT: \nThe consequences of this decline were evident in the second Linkage exhibition, “Are We Community,”" ******* END TEXT: "fund them for a second year, doing what we could to help with services and adding no new mentees.38\n"
9780472027446 - page_171: "START TEXT: \nMichael Keck, recognizing from his own experience with youth that the borderline was subtle and pai" ******* END TEXT: "entors, with mentees.\nMary in the meantime, always a powerful speaker, diversified the coordinator \n"
9780472027446 - page_172: "START TEXT: \nposition. She joined the Michigan Prisoner Re-Entry Initiative (MPRI) steering committee, attended " ******* END TEXT: "n Michigan Correctional Facility,39 looking at the submissions for the Seventh Annual Exhibition of\n"
9780472027446 - page_173: "START TEXT: \nArt by Michigan Prisoners. One was The Lost Swimmer, a haunting expressionistic piece: a hat floati" ******* END TEXT: "r the months I began to see a willingness to begin sharing his art with the world. I think for some\n"
9780472027446 - page_174: "START TEXT: \nartists the work is so personal that the thought of someone looking at it and critiquing it is quit" ******* END TEXT: "till moves me and it sets your wedding day out as the most remarkable wedding I have ever attended.\n"
9780472027446 - page_175: "START TEXT: \nyou guys are forever amazing me.\nthank you for everything and your friendship.\nnow I will answer yo" ******* END TEXT: "it it out. \nIt tasted like old stale cardboard. \nMy mind went racing and came to a screeching halt.\n"
9780472027446 - page_176: "START TEXT: \nAfter I realized that it had been over 12 years since I had an ice cream cone.\nReality checks that " ******* END TEXT: "o assist you.\nplease ask me more questions and I will answer. \nhope to hear from you soon. \nwynn\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_177: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER EIGHT\nThe Prison Creative Arts Project: Crafted Out of Newspaper, Modge Podge, Paint, and G" ******* END TEXT: " government relations Cynthia Wilbanks for help.\nAnd we began to take new steps as an organization.\n"
9780472027446 - page_178: "START TEXT: \nBolden's behavior was precipitated by a warden learning that a veteran PCAP team had planned a scen" ******* END TEXT: "dance at meetings seriously. We told Carol King at Maxey that the workshop team there was no longer\n"
9780472027446 - page_179: "START TEXT: \nunder PCAP supervision. She responded that they were then no longer welcome. The team began to come" ******* END TEXT: "ke at the Saginaw Correctional Facility and Norma Green, former director of the Okimaw Ohci Healing\n"
9780472027446 - page_180: "START TEXT: \nLodge in Saskatchewan); one retired researcher and policymaker in the Michigan Department of Correc" ******* END TEXT: " I do not lecture. I play a very active role that enables students to take on power and leadership.\n"
9780472027446 - page_181: "START TEXT: \nMy role shifts within PCAP. It is crucial that I am just another strong member. I can't discard my " ******* END TEXT: "ugh to hire Pilar Horner as part-time exhibition administrator.11 But it was only with our National\n"
9780472027446 - page_182: "START TEXT: \nEndowment for the Arts Access Grant in 2001 that we gained a full-time administrator. Jesse Jannett" ******* END TEXT: "he damage that has been done.\nAnd within PCAP we celebrate. We celebrate the start of the fall with\n"
9780472027446 - page_183: "START TEXT: \na retreat in someone's yard, at a lake, or at a center distant from Ann Arbor. We share summer stor" ******* END TEXT: "and based in significant work.\nWe are still a unique organization and continue to draw members with\n"
9780472027446 - page_184: "START TEXT: \nthat same spirit. Yet because we are also much larger, we have had to create rules and policies and" ******* END TEXT: " and loss of trust that makes it harder for us to speak with each other, to be political, and to be\n"
9780472027446 - page_185: "START TEXT: \nout on the edge of what work in this field in an era of massive incarceration demands.\nThe other te" ******* END TEXT: " who come to us in the classes and from outside, a constant source of new energy and leadership.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_186: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER NINE\nFailure\nAshley Lucas came to the 2008 Annual Exhibition of Art by Michigan Prisoners t" ******* END TEXT: "ols to the street life of school droputs, but instead of guiding them into a meaningful exploration\n"
9780472027446 - page_187: "START TEXT: \nof this subject, he and Tim had gone along with their focus on being comic. Also, given the damage " ******* END TEXT: " really proud of that moment.\nUltimately, that is what I hope to have accomplished this semester in\n"
9780472027446 - page_188: "START TEXT: \nmy workshops. Every Thursday morning, for approximately one hour, these students were responsible f" ******* END TEXT: " acoustical challenge, to say the least.\nWhen I outed Corey in class, Christopher was “dumfounded.”\n"
9780472027446 - page_189: "START TEXT: \nFirst and foremost, Corey is a close friend and I assumed he would have come to me if he felt he an" ******* END TEXT: "e meat of the story and play without reciprocating and allowing the men to get to know the real me.\n"
9780472027446 - page_190: "START TEXT: \nLike Becky, he resolved that his next workshop would be different.\nIf I can spend this first semest" ******* END TEXT: "le one another in class. But that's just it: not all of it is positive, not everything we are doing\n"
9780472027446 - page_191: "START TEXT: \nis good; the job is far from over. It is too easy to be complacent and take for granted what we've " ******* END TEXT: "bout challenging himself.\nIt goes beyond what I had thought in the past, it goes beyond the idea of\n"
9780472027446 - page_192: "START TEXT: \n“seizing the opportunity” or stepping outside your comfort zone. The challenge is not about having " ******* END TEXT: "nd I know the guys appreciated having Tim and me there. But more than anything it is important that\n"
9780472027446 - page_193: "START TEXT: \nI continue, if for no other reason, I have to do it because I told Jeff I would and I intend to kee" ******* END TEXT: "l prison where the Germans held him; farmers who became members of the Resistance and served time in"
9780472027446 - page_194: "START TEXT: concentration camps; and a pharmacist who was too frightened to join the Resistance. I haven't seen" ******* END TEXT: "“I've called the hospital, they're on the way.”\nI wait.\nNate comes on the line and says\n“Back off,”\n"
9780472027446 - page_195: "START TEXT: \nI mean\nhe barely enunciates in a thin voice\nso full of the sadness of a lost life,\nthe sadness Trac" ******* END TEXT: ",\nNate held on to the downward spin,\nthe lie, the evasion,\nthat enable him to keep his habit.\nAnd I\n"
9780472027446 - page_196: "START TEXT: \nsupported them in this, I held on\nto the distance and relative peace\nso important to continuing my " ******* END TEXT: "go into counseling and offered to help me, through her connections, find someone back in Ann Arbor.\n"
9780472027446 - page_197: "START TEXT: \nOn the advice of the woman with whom I then did short-term therapy in 2001 and into 2002, I read Ju" ******* END TEXT: "he first time to people who had worked with us inside and had come home. In this commitment we have\n"
9780472027446 - page_198: "START TEXT: \nexperienced much success, and much sorrow. Inside “Back Off” are many lives and much disappointment" ******* END TEXT: "oodwill, for all we actually do, we fail with them. It is systemic. It is also the human condition.\n"
9780472027446 - page_199: "START TEXT: \nWe come into the workshops together looking for what is missing in our lives. We pick up a pencil a" ******* END TEXT: "ime blurs.\n                                    I recall only\nthe muster room and its foolish murals\n"
9780472027446 - page_200: "START TEXT: \nof Snow White and the Seven Dwarves,\nDisney style, for the children who came\nby country road to Col" ******* END TEXT: "heir families,\n                                    I know that\nCoca-Cola, Pepsi, Nestle, and others\n"
9780472027446 - page_201: "START TEXT: \nmine and bottle our precious water\nand sell it for more than the price of oil,\nI know that they sol" ******* END TEXT: "on each week,\nshould we all come into this room, each week,\nbecause here too we fight for water?\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_202: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER TEN\nThe PCAP Associates: Places Like Rwanda\nWhen in my doddering years my mind roves and dr" ******* END TEXT: "atie Craig, Anita Feingold-Shaw, Ollie Ganz, Emi Kaneko, Abbey Marshak, Andy Ramos, Kate Schuster, \n"
9780472027446 - page_203: "START TEXT: \nJulia Taylor, Amit. Easy, everyone nods, raises their hands. Others who have left and who did not e" ******* END TEXT: "nvestigator for the criminal defense attorneys of the Bronx Defenders, she spoke with witnesses and\n"
9780472027446 - page_204: "START TEXT: \ngathered information. In November 2004 she worked with former street children in Children's Sunrise" ******* END TEXT: "more complicated than I originally thought.” In the summer of 2003, wrapping up his work, he wrote,\n"
9780472027446 - page_205: "START TEXT: \nOnly five more months to go. I'm tired and frustrated with my work, and the conditions in Mali are " ******* END TEXT: "ing relocation, general case management/social services, benefits advocacy, job training workshops,\n"
9780472027446 - page_206: "START TEXT: \ncareer counseling, job placement, GED classes, computer training, journaling workshops, tenants' ri" ******* END TEXT: "Janie and I married on a bluff above Lake Michigan on September 8, 2007, we asked Chiara Liberatore\n"
9780472027446 - page_207: "START TEXT: \nto read Mary Oliver's “When Death Comes.” When a major traffic jam on the way from Chicago almost s" ******* END TEXT: "n field, another in labor organizing\n3 are professionals working with incarcerated youth and adults\n"
9780472027446 - page_208: "START TEXT: \n2 are working in the environmental field\n2 are leadership training professionals\n2 are working with" ******* END TEXT: " and urban education.\nSince graduation, nine have at one point or another worked with incarcerated \n"
9780472027446 - page_209: "START TEXT: \nyouth, another twenty-four have worked with incarcerated adults, and eighteen presently hold positi" ******* END TEXT: "with incarcerated women…. I have been working extensively on a class action lawsuit challenging the\n"
9780472027446 - page_210: "START TEXT: \nrecent sex offender restriction law in Georgia, a law so severe that it had the potential to banish" ******* END TEXT: "defense or public interest law.13\nWhile in law school at the City University of New York, Joe Kudia\n"
9780472027446 - page_211: "START TEXT: \ninterned at the Office of the Appellate Defender, working with indigent defendants who had been unj" ******* END TEXT: "to prison unnecessarily, which we all know interrupts the rehabilitation and transition process.”16\n"
9780472027446 - page_212: "START TEXT: \nSince June 2006, Kate Richardson has worked as a paralegal with Rosen, Bien & Galvan, a law firm th" ******* END TEXT: "een neglected of opportunity,” she has created an online magazine—http://nonpretentious.com, “a pop\n"
9780472027446 - page_213: "START TEXT: \nculture blog,” though if you go “a little deeper,” it is “a community for aspiring and inspiring wr" ******* END TEXT: "shal, Susie Harter, Laurie Hess, Jesse Jannetta, Chiara Liberatore, Vanessa Mayesky, Melissa Palma,\n"
9780472027446 - page_214: "START TEXT: \nand Ravi Ramaswamy along with some of the current PCAP members who were in town: Mica Doctoroff, Ma" ******* END TEXT: "7.    Support each other\n8.    Build system that sets us up to be ready to act on something larger,\n"
9780472027446 - page_215: "START TEXT: \norganize nationally, stay better connected, collaborate on specific projects/future adventures\n9.  " ******* END TEXT: " art and dialogue. Through donations at the door as well as passing the bucket around after some of\n"
9780472027446 - page_216: "START TEXT: \nSaiyid's inspiring freestyle sessions we were able to raise 380$. Around 1 am as I began to pack up" ******* END TEXT: "And once again, after years of doing this work, talking about it, searching for ways to communicate\n"
9780472027446 - page_217: "START TEXT: \nabout it—I learned something new last night. During a moment of feeling protective of the artwork, " ******* END TEXT: "nessa Mayesky, and Melissa Palma discussed a beer-tasting fund-raiser for PCAP and volunteering for\n"
9780472027446 - page_218: "START TEXT: \nthe annual exhibition “to alleviate PCAP member burnout.”28 Four members of the same hub barbecued " ******* END TEXT: "be PCAP, and want to not only remember and reconnect with it, but continue the work of creating it.\n"
9780472027446 - page_219: "START TEXT: \nEmily Harris observed that “a huge part of the weekend was about strengthening the support for each" ******* END TEXT: "the teachers. Kate Conrad:\nOur school is in school improvement this year and if we don't meet state\n"
9780472027446 - page_220: "START TEXT: \nstandards (i.e. tests—they don't care that our paint is peeling and the desks are broken and roache" ******* END TEXT: "n and control of students is more important than academic achievement…more important than students \n"
9780472027446 - page_221: "START TEXT: \nfeeling comfortable and excited to come to school…more important than student-teacher relationships" ******* END TEXT: "hey have nothing. The children are another story. While many are visibly malnourished and ill, they\n"
9780472027446 - page_222: "START TEXT: \nlit up at the arrival of visitors and followed us along as we toured the camps, chattering at my si" ******* END TEXT: "all passion in her spent; then taking her out into my car and driving with her to the City Hospital\n"
9780472027446 - page_223: "START TEXT: \nwhile she, as epileptics very often feel, keeps saying that she is going to have another seizure; a" ******* END TEXT: "rol a second time. It's eleven o'clock now, and soon it's quarter of twelve; and it's cold as stone\n"
9780472027446 - page_224: "START TEXT: \ndown here beneath the wooden underside of the church-stairs, and still you can't stop trembling. Gr" ******* END TEXT: "why Naomi travels to Baltimore and Chicago to expose Indianapolis youth to great youth organizing. \n"
9780472027446 - page_225: "START TEXT: \nI understand what Neela felt arriving at a Gulu night shelter that protected children from kidnappi" ******* END TEXT: "en retelling those stories.”41\nI don't want to romanticize or exaggerate the associates. Not all of\n"
9780472027446 - page_226: "START TEXT: \nthem gather, not all of them are drawn back toward PCAP. All of them are everyday people like the r" ******* END TEXT: "bear witness, they have an orientation, they have each other, and they are in for the long haul.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_227: "START TEXT: \nAPPENDIX\nThe Prison Creative Arts Project of the University of Michigan\nMISSION STATEMENT\nThe Priso" ******* END TEXT: " of a play, and they gain skills in working together, in creating ideas and images and putting them\n"
9780472027446 - page_228: "START TEXT: \ntogether, and in speaking publicly before an audience. And the attention and praise of the audience" ******* END TEXT: " perspectives, and their rich range of themes. We understand it as an annual event that encourages \n"
9780472027446 - page_229: "START TEXT: \nmen and women in prison to develop their abilities as artists, and so in selecting the art our goal" ******* END TEXT: "formance and the applause it receives, adds to each participant's sense of their own possibilities.\n"
9780472027446 - page_230: "START TEXT: \nTraining and Responsibility:\nThe student volunteers who come through the courses of Buzz Alexander " ******* END TEXT: "each facility, and we do everything we can to enhance and improve that work and that collaboration.\n"
9780472027446 - page_231: "START TEXT: \nBecause the official mission statement that Dan Bolden demanded in 1999 didn't get at the heart of " ******* END TEXT: "make possible spaces in and from which the voices and visions of the incarcerated can be expressed.\n"
9780472027446 - page_232: "START TEXT: \nPCAP Statement of Commitment and Understanding (draft) (Summer 1999)\n1. More than workshops\nI under" ******* END TEXT: "ervised. This supervision happens in the give and take of weekly PCAP meetings and in other planned\n"
9780472027446 - page_233: "START TEXT: \nmeetings. I understand that I am expected to attend PCAP meetings and that if those meetings happen" ******* END TEXT: "ollaborators and friends, that we support and back each other, that we engage with each other, that\n"
9780472027446 - page_234: "START TEXT: \nwe attend each other's performances and presentations, that we celebrate each other and celebrate t" ******* END TEXT: "e feed each other and find occasions to check in and relax and generally just plain party together.\n"
9780472027446 - page_235: "START TEXT: \nPrison Creative Arts Project: Member Statement of Commitment and Expectations (Fall 1999)\nAs a memb" ******* END TEXT: "exhibitions for prisoners and incarcerated youth, speaking engagements and planning and management.\n"
9780472027446 - page_236: "START TEXT: \nPCAP Structure and Policies\nExecutive Committee\nIn the summer of 2000 we generated a proposal for a" ******* END TEXT: "work, seek ways of deepening our practice, and look at larger economic and political issues. In the\n"
9780472027446 - page_237: "START TEXT: \nsummer of 2008 we discussed a theme—the United States phenomenon of sentencing adolescent offenders" ******* END TEXT: "hops before you begin. Your partner may not be another new member. When outside guests come to your\n"
9780472027446 - page_238: "START TEXT: \nperformance, you inform them about dress and behavior. If you have an incident, you immediately not" ******* END TEXT: "ment for the Michigan Department of Corrections, approved by Deputy Director Dan Bolden in 1999.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_239: "START TEXT: \nNOTES\nIntroduction\n1. This and the following description of public scholarship are based on the fol" ******* END TEXT: "an faculty and students, Praxis III, 297–321. Boyte and Ellison frequently talk about public goods.\n"
9780472027446 - page_240: "START TEXT: \nChairs in a circle—Boyte, 91, is here sharing a point made by Michael Kuhne. “High tolerance…” come" ******* END TEXT: "ggling “for cultural, political, and economic democracy in the United States,” and argued that “the\n"
9780472027446 - page_241: "START TEXT: \nmost important initiatives for cultural democracy take place on a grass roots level in communities," ******* END TEXT: "rs in America 2008,” Pew Center on the States' Public Safety Performance Project, February 2, 2008.\n"
9780472027446 - page_242: "START TEXT: \n21. Boyte, Everyday Politics, 83–84, 49, 55, and 177.\n22. Jonathan Kozol, The Night Is Dark and I A" ******* END TEXT: "o earned a University of Michigan degree while in prison. While Susan lectured, suddenly five women\n"
9780472027446 - page_243: "START TEXT: \ninterspersed in the class began to gasp for breath while a heartbeat sounded on a drum in the back " ******* END TEXT: " and Society. If I think about it, I can see how that applies to what we do, but we call the course\n"
9780472027446 - page_244: "START TEXT: \nby its subtitle, “The Henry Ford High School Project” (in 2009 “The Cooley High School Project”) an" ******* END TEXT: "lity in America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006). I am also indebted to all those who have\n"
9780472027446 - page_245: "START TEXT: \nthought about the arts in prison and those who have committed to describing their world through art" ******* END TEXT: "me, October 10, 1988.\n18. Michel J. Crozier, Samuel P. Huntington, and Joji Watanuke, The Crisis of\n"
9780472027446 - page_246: "START TEXT: \nDemocracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission (New York: New Y" ******* END TEXT: "uments/DHS-dmc-appx-h-06-142986_7.pdf.\n31. Hagstrom et al., “Disproportionate Minority Contact,” 1.\n"
9780472027446 - page_247: "START TEXT: \n32. “Easy School Search,” Michigan Department of Education, 2007, http://www.easyschoolsearch.com/." ******* END TEXT: ",” Detroit News, May 2, 2008, available at http://www.capps-mi.org/prison%20costs %20on%agenda.htm.\n"
9780472027446 - page_248: "START TEXT: \n40. Mauer, Race to Incarcerate, 111–13, 157.\n41. Christie, Crime Control as Industry, 16.\n42. There" ******* END TEXT: "r imagination, it breaks down fairly evenly between black and white. I should use the same exercise\n"
9780472027446 - page_249: "START TEXT: \nin a juvenile facility or prison, asking for an image of an elite college student. In my prison fil" ******* END TEXT: "ant a corner?” and is told, “Go ask your neighbor.” While this is happening any two people who meet\n"
9780472027446 - page_250: "START TEXT: \neach other's eyes have to run and exchange places, and the first person tries to get in the spot on" ******* END TEXT: "lassroom which had become important to them. I could do nothing about the facts, therefore my words\n"
9780472027446 - page_251: "START TEXT: \nwere useless. But through listening, the facts remained open and therefore placed school in the con" ******* END TEXT: "June 16, 2009).\nChapter Four\n1. On May 16, 2007, I was able to watch a performance of Shakespeare's "
9780472027446 - page_252: "START TEXT: The Tempest at the Racine Correctional Institution in Racine, Wisconsin. In the audience were family" ******* END TEXT: "ut the suicide attempt, I would ask him or her to convey the letter. That way the decision would be\n"
9780472027446 - page_253: "START TEXT: \na professional decision by someone responsible within the facility. We have gradually learned the p" ******* END TEXT: "the Sisters there.\n13. Normally we simply carry out leftover programs, but on this occasion we were\n"
9780472027446 - page_254: "START TEXT: \ntold we would have to manifest them out. I could have left them inside, but I was offended and deci" ******* END TEXT: " felt strongly about such as one thing they loved, one thing they hated, and one thing they feared.\n"
9780472027446 - page_255: "START TEXT: \nThey would make gestures to illustrate each of these words. This would form a short movement phrase" ******* END TEXT: "escape. With 244 plays to our credit, this has never happened. It is probably very rare in general \n"
9780472027446 - page_256: "START TEXT: \nand is very unlikely to happen with us, because of prisoner support and defense of our workshops.\n5" ******* END TEXT: "banned from the prison for three or four years because the special activities director was hostile.\n"
9780472027446 - page_257: "START TEXT: \nIt gave her the excuse she wished, and until she finally took another job, we were unable to persua" ******* END TEXT: "hrases” (what many call consensual language) play in the banality of evil. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A\n"
9780472027446 - page_258: "START TEXT: \nReport on the Banality of Evil (New York: Penguin, 1994), 25, 26, 48–49, 52, 55, 85–86, 287–88.\n23." ******* END TEXT: "ork there. Neither wished to do so, because the treatment they had experienced had been so painful.\n"
9780472027446 - page_259: "START TEXT: \n29. Eric in 2007 was in his fourth year teaching high school in St. Louis. He reported the followin" ******* END TEXT: "ool program that works directly with inner-city schools. Two of his students have won scholarships \n"
9780472027446 - page_260: "START TEXT: \nto Kendall College of Art and Design. He says he is doing the same work he was doing at Ionia Maxim" ******* END TEXT: "P for the grant and provided matching funds. In 2005, the University also successfully nominated me\n"
9780472027446 - page_261: "START TEXT: \nfor a Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and Council for the Advancement and Suppo" ******* END TEXT: "sponses were skeptical.\n21. Letter from Julie M. Southwick on behalf of Bolden, March 31, 2000 (she\n"
9780472027446 - page_262: "START TEXT: \nenclosed pages 18 and 19 of DOCS/TODAY, March 2000; letter replying to South-wick, May 1, 2000.\n22." ******* END TEXT: "carceration?\n5. Gillian Eaton used process drama method to direct this play, drawing on interviews \n"
9780472027446 - page_263: "START TEXT: \nwe did with each other and on stories and poems we wrote. We performed in Ann Arbor, Birmingham, De" ******* END TEXT: "graph to chapter 4 and subsequent discussion in that chapter.\n14. This is not the girl's real name.\n"
9780472027446 - page_264: "START TEXT: \n15. From Sari's term paper, written for Janie Paul. Sari in 2009 is PCAP's coordinator of membershi" ******* END TEXT: "led “From Prison to Home: The Effect of Incarceration on Children, Families and Communities,” 2001.\n"
9780472027446 - page_265: "START TEXT: \n24. Letter to author, November 9, 2007.\n25. Bernstein, All Alone, 182–83. The citation is from Judi" ******* END TEXT: "ing operation; children's day care and education; conference facilities; and volunteer and outreach\n"
9780472027446 - page_266: "START TEXT: \nactivities” (Focus: HOPE website). It was a privilege and honor to be welcomed into an institution " ******* END TEXT: "ext years, was very successful: we maintained cordial relations and attended each other's readings.\n"
9780472027446 - page_267: "START TEXT: \n8. August 30, 1999.\n9. PCAP associates are former PCAP members. See chapter 10.\n10. We had no clerg" ******* END TEXT: "the winter term 2009, twenty of fifty-five graduated (the latter number includes myself and staff).\n"
9780472027446 - page_268: "START TEXT: \nChapter Nine\n1. They had a very disruptive group. When a strict disciplinarian staff member who was" ******* END TEXT: "not the real names.\n14. “Abraham Had Backers, So Where Are They?” Detroit Free Press, May 31, 2008,\n"
9780472027446 - page_269: "START TEXT: \n13A. The other information for this paragraph comes from the report by John Wisely and Korie Wilkin" ******* END TEXT: "message, June 5, 2009.\n10. Associates Newsletter 5, no. 1 (May 2007); e-mail message, June 9, 2009.\n"
9780472027446 - page_270: "START TEXT: \n11. Associates Newsletter 5, no. 1 (May 2007); e-mail message, June 12, 2009.\n12. Associates Newsle" ******* END TEXT: " Emily, September 23, 2009; Chiara, September 24.\n30. E-mail message to author, September 23, 2009.\n"
9780472027446 - page_271: "START TEXT: \n31. Associates Newsletter 5, no. 2 (December 2007). In 2009, Kate changed one of the sentences in t" ******* END TEXT: "ciates Newsletter 3, no. 1 (Winter 2004–5).\n40. Kohl, 36 Children, 224.\n41. Dispatch, May 25, 2005.\n"
9780472027446 - page_272: "START TEXT: \nAppendix\n1. Between 2000 and 2004, the meetings were open the full two hours. However, in the fall " ******* END TEXT: "nt of Corrections generally forbids media); we don't pay outside artists to lead PCAP workshops.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_273: "START TEXT: \nBIBLIOGRAPHY\nWorks Cited\nNote: The bibliography is organized into two main sections, Works Cited an" ******* END TEXT: "lty Casebook on Community Service Learning, ed. Jeffrey Howard, 41–56. Ann Arbor: OCSL Press, 1994.\n"
9780472027446 - page_274: "START TEXT: \nAlexander, William. “Creating Spaces.” In Praxis III, ed. Joseph Galura, Jeffrey Howard, Dave Water" ******* END TEXT: "lishing, 1999.\nChomsky, Noam. American Power and the New Mandarins. New York: Pantheon Books, 1967.\n"
9780472027446 - page_275: "START TEXT: \nChristie, Nils. Crime Control as Industry: Towards Gulags Western Style? 2nd ed. New York: Routledg" ******* END TEXT: "Wright, eds. Prison Profiteers: Who Makes Money from Mass Incarceration. New York: New Press, 2007.\n"
9780472027446 - page_276: "START TEXT: \nHerman, Judith. Trauma and Recovery. New York: Basic Books, 1992.\nHerter, Roberta. “Conficting Inte" ******* END TEXT: "African-American Males in the Criminal Justice System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.\n"
9780472027446 - page_277: "START TEXT: \nMitford, Jessica. Kind and Usual Punishment: The Prison Business. New York: Knopf, 1973.\nMoore, Sus" ******* END TEXT: "ed as a Poem: My Years Teaching Poetry at San Quentin. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2000.\n"
9780472027446 - page_278: "START TEXT: \nTrounstine, Jean. Shakespeare behind Bars: One Teacher's Story of the Power of Drama in a Women's P" ******* END TEXT: ".usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/pji.\nSentencing Project. “Facts about Prisons and Prisoners.” December 2007.\n"
9780472027446 - page_279: "START TEXT: \nFilms\nCalifornia Prison Focus. Maximum Security University.\nCuthard, Doug, and Vicki Covington. Sen" ******* END TEXT: "2010.\nKauffman, Kelsey. Prison Officers and Their World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.\n"
9780472027446 - page_280: "START TEXT: \nLamb, Wally, ed. Couldn't Keep It to Myself: Wally Lamb and the Women of York Correctional Institut" ******* END TEXT: "rector. Ghosts of Attica. Icarus Films, 2001.\nRosenblum, Nina, director. Through the Wire. 1990.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027446 - page_281: "START TEXT: \nINDEX\nNote: Page numbers in italic indicate figures.\nAccess Grant, 36, 133, 144, 156–57, 182, 259n3" ******* END TEXT: "ct, 44\nApples, Oranges, and Bananas, 66, 249n9,\nArce, Marta, xi, 8, 15\nArdis Elementary School, 135\n"
9780472027446 - page_282: "START TEXT: \nArena Theater, 9, 254n14,\n“Are We Free: A Linkage Exhibition of Art,” 165\nArkansas, 269n2,\nArnold, " ******* END TEXT: "jumbura, Burundi, 270n24,\nBunton, Toni, 7\nBurke, Luella, viii, ix, 30, 95, 118, 179, 255n1, 267n10,\n"
9780472027446 - page_283: "START TEXT: \nBurke, Michael, 35, 269n2,\nBursac, Sara, 213, 215\nBurt, Sherry, ix Burundi, 204, 270n24,\nBusby, Mic" ******* END TEXT: "4\nCoNtRoLLeD ChaOS, 191\nConvention of the American Correctional Association, 50\nCook, Connie, ix, 5\n"
9780472027446 - page_284: "START TEXT: \nCook County State Attorney's Office, 211\nCooley High School, viii, 29, 52, 66, 187–88, 243n9, 263n9" ******* END TEXT: "ix, xii, 3, 4, 180, 240n4, 267n10,\nNational Advisory Board, ix\n“Overemphasis on critique,” 239nn1–2\n"
9780472027446 - page_285: "START TEXT: \nThe Embrace, 10\nLa Eme, 17\nEngler, John, 29, 103\nEnglish, Chuck, 7\nEnsler, Eve\nVagina Monologues, 7" ******* END TEXT: "ministrator, 164, 182, 215\nassociate, 214, 267n10,\nNational Advisory Board, ix\nGraham, Anthony, 134\n"
9780472027446 - page_286: "START TEXT: \nGrand Rapids, MI, 198, 259n6,\nCommunity Center, 254n18,\nGrant, Jane, viii Gray, Ray, 126\nGreat Depr" ******* END TEXT: "el, vii, 7\nadministrator, 182\nassociate, 267n10,\nex-officio member, 202\nNational Advisory Board, ix\n"
9780472027446 - page_287: "START TEXT: \nHudson-Bey, 30\nHuffman, Terry, 25\nHuman Rights Watch, 204, 208, 269n4,\nHuron Valley Men's Correctio" ******* END TEXT: "ael, 239n2,\nKuligowski, Larry, 134\nKumalo, Simanga, 13\nKupers, Terry, 261n14,\nLake, Darlene, 242n2,\n"
9780472027446 - page_288: "START TEXT: \nLake County, MI, 103\nLakeland Correctional Facility, 31, 93, 94\nLalonde, Leo, 261n19,\nLatin America" ******* END TEXT: "20\nMendes-France, Pierre, 193\nMental Hygiene Legal Service, 212\nMentoring USA, 208\nMerino, Lupe, 24\n"
9780472027446 - page_289: "START TEXT: \nMexico, 201, 215\nMeyers, Boyd, ix\nMichigan Battered Women's Clemency Project, 261n14,\nMichigan Coun" ******* END TEXT: "one Too Soon,” 102\nNissen, Eugene, 20, 25\nNoble, Elise, xii\nNoble, Tom, xii\nNobles, Scott, 116, 117\n"
9780472027446 - page_290: "START TEXT: \nNorth St. Louis City, MI, 259n29,\nNorthwestern Law School, 209\nChildren and Family Justice Center, " ******* END TEXT: " Tenth, 13, 130; Twelfth, 124, 262n25,; Thirteenth (2008),186; Fourteenth, 261n15,; Fifteenth, 183; "
9780472027446 - page_291: "START TEXT: artists, 130– 33; beginning, 127–30; budget, 133; history, 134–36; meanings of the exhibition, 141–4" ******* END TEXT: "17\nParnall Correctional Facility, 35, 97, 154, 164\nParr Highway Correctional Facility, 210, 262n26,\n"
9780472027446 - page_292: "START TEXT: \nPrison Creative Arts Project theater workshops (continued)\nPhoenix School, 29, 34\nRyan Correctional" ******* END TEXT: " 96, 177, 180, 215, 260n11,\nSchrantz, Dennis, ix\nSchuster, Kate, 202\nSchutjer, Marlys, viii, ix, 31\n"
9780472027446 - page_293: "START TEXT: \nSchwartz, Jase, 221, 224\nScobey, David, 4, 239n2,\nScott, Andrea, ix, 164, 180\nScott, Maurice, 135\nS" ******* END TEXT: " Like It Is, 27\nTemoche, Tomas, xi The Tempest, 253n9,\nTemple, Telisha, 134\nTheaterwork Magazine, 8\n"
9780472027446 - page_294: "START TEXT: \nA Thin Line Between Life & Death, 26\nThomas, Denise, viii, 33\nThompson, Suzie, 165, 173. See also " ******* END TEXT: "ii, 78\nurbanization, 39\nurban landscape, 136\nurban neighborhoods, 67\nurban school children, 14, 219\n"
9780472027446 - page_295: "START TEXT: \nurban schools, 50\nurban slum, 204\nurban unrest, 39\nurban youth, vii, 5, 21, 59, 67, 70, 75, 78, 85," ******* END TEXT: ", Cynthia, 99, 177, 266n2,\nWilliams, Kay, ix, 266n39,\nWilliams, Noelle, 73\nWilliams, Ralph, 27, 101\n"
9780472027446 - page_296: "START TEXT: \nWilliams, Virgil\nTarbaby, 128\n“Will the Punishment Never Stop?” 72, 153\nWilmette Methodist Church, " ******* END TEXT: "d the Wicked Stepmother, 79, 86, 252n3,\nYuyachkani, xi, 8\nZahm, Barbara\nThe Last Graduation, 134\n\n\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_i: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472027491 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n \nLANDMARK VIDEO GAMES\nThe Landmark Video Games book series is the first in the English language in" ******* END TEXT: "sible work exploring new media and their impact on society, culture, and scholarly communication.\n\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nMYST AND RIVEN\nTHE WORLD OF THE D'NI\n \nMark J. P. Wolf\n \nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS AND THE U" ******* END TEXT: "ark J. P. Wolf\n \nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS AND THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARYANN ARBOR\n\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \n \n \nCopyright © by Mark J. P. Wolf 2011\nSome rights reserved\n\nThis work is licensed under the Creat" ******* END TEXT: "69.25.M95W35 2011\n793.93'2—dc22                                                        2010047521\n\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_v: "START TEXT: \n \n \nAcknowledgments\n \nFirst, I would like to thank the Miller brothers and Cyan Worlds (formerly Cy" ******* END TEXT: " support and patience with me as I wrote and revised this book. And, as always, thanks be to God.\n\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_vi: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472027491 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \n \n \nContents\n \nIntroduction\nThe Myst Phenomenon\nMyst and the Adventure Game Genre\nEarly Works of th" ******* END TEXT: " of the Myst Series\nMyst's and Riven's Influence on the Adventure Game Genre\nNotes\nGlossary\nIndex\n\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_viii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472027491 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nINTRODUCTION\nMyst (1993) and Riven: The Sequel to Myst (1997) are landmark video games not only wit" ******* END TEXT: "d all of these trends, as well as extending the storylines begun in Myst, expanding to five CD-ROMs,"
9780472027491 - page_2: "START TEXT: compared to the single one on which Myst was stored. Riven's world and its design and puzzles were " ******* END TEXT: "aised expectations, and the adventure genre, and video games in general, would never be the same.\n\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_3: "START TEXT: \nTHE MYST PHENOMENON\nThe first time I encountered Myst was at the 1994 Digital World Expo in Los Ang" ******* END TEXT: "und on September 24, 1993, for the Macintosh, with an IBM-compatible version available the following"
9780472027491 - page_4: "START TEXT: March. By April 1994 it had already sold 200,000 copies, a phenomenal amount considering that most " ******* END TEXT: "had more than 2,500 screens’ worth of imagery, which helped make up for their stasis. This profusion"
9780472027491 - page_5: "START TEXT: became possible through the use of CD-ROM technology, and Myst became the first big hit to appear i" ******* END TEXT: "ention was paid to detail.\nWhile I will be referring to Myst as a game, some may question its status"
9780472027491 - page_6: "START TEXT: as such, but with its single-player environment in which the player explores, solves puzzles, and u" ******* END TEXT: " Myst's accomplishments, however, we should first consider its place in the history of the genre.\n\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_7: "START TEXT: \nMYST AND THE ADVENTURE GAME GENRE\nBefore we look at the adventure genre and Myst's place in it, we " ******* END TEXT: "y as to distinguish it from other genres, it seemed to me that the game's world and the player's use"
9780472027491 - page_8: "START TEXT: and experience of it are at the core of the adventure game. Many adventure games, while they have m" ******* END TEXT: "mercially.4 The innovations introduced by text adventures, particularly the concepts of rooms joined"
9780472027491 - page_9: "START TEXT: together into a navigable space, characters with which one could have brief conversations or intera" ******* END TEXT: " between screens. Haunted House (1981) had staircases (in top view) that connected identical-looking"
9780472027491 - page_10: "START TEXT: floors that differed in color, so that the player-character did not disappear and reappear elsewher" ******* END TEXT: "ns and typed responses.\nThe other type of adventure game, the text adventure or Interactive Fiction,"
9780472027491 - page_11: "START TEXT: relied on words for description and interaction, which enabled it to have much larger worlds with h" ******* END TEXT: "as a much friendlier hardware environment for doing a static graphics + text style of adventure game"
9780472027491 - page_12: "START TEXT: than the Atari 2600. (Well, you just could not do this kind of game on the 2600—no way to type, cou" ******* END TEXT: "uest III: To Heir is Human (1986), is EGA; and the bottom screen, from Mean Streets (1989), is VGA.\n"
9780472027491 - page_13: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_14: "START TEXT: \nDuring the 1980s, and especially after the appearance of the graphical user interface, home compute" ******* END TEXT: "Inventory. It is empty at the beginning of the game; the name of an object is added to a character's"
9780472027491 - page_15: "START TEXT: Inventory when the character picks the object up during game play. There is no limit to the number " ******* END TEXT: "wing a cut-scene, you do not direct the action so the text below the Animation Window disappears.8\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_16: "START TEXT: \nLucasFilm Games would go on to use the SCUMM engine (and updated versions of it) for their games in" ******* END TEXT: "th David Wingrove); and both were noted for being the reason many consumers bought CD-ROM drives.10\n"
9780472027491 - page_17: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_18: "START TEXT: \nOver time, however, Myst proved it had staying power and became a classic, while The 7th Guest laps" ******* END TEXT: "ll endeavour to execute the building of an island like the island of Myst in every possible way.”12\n"
9780472027491 - page_19: "START TEXT: \nMyst brought with it new twists on familiar ideas, and can be seen as both innovating and developin" ******* END TEXT: " a time, with entrances and exits indicated on the screen, and only by moving screen to screen could"
9780472027491 - page_20: "START TEXT: a sense of the game's geography and layout be obtained. Examples of this would include moving from " ******* END TEXT: "way. Often the machinery used to power other machines or to gain access to new places was spread out"
9780472027491 - page_21: "START TEXT: over different locations, rather than being localized in a single place, making the connection of c" ******* END TEXT: "eloping in the three earlier works of Rand and Robyn Miller, and it is to these that we now turn.\n\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nEARLY WORKS OF THE MILLER BROTHERS\nIn 1987, brothers Rand and Robyn Miller formed the company Cyan " ******* END TEXT: "smic Osmo, for example, was released on six 3½-inch floppy diskettes through Activision. The Manhole"
9780472027491 - page_23: "START TEXT: and Cosmic Osmo were both relatively small programs, much less than the roughly 650 megabytes avail" ******* END TEXT: "n-head after the player clicks on it, and in another, the hand flies around in pain and plunges into"
9780472027491 - page_24: "START TEXT: water after the player clicks on a hot surface, which the player is likely to do since a nearby sig" ******* END TEXT: " real objectives in the three early games. The additional objectives found in Myst, Riven, and later"
9780472027491 - page_25: "START TEXT: games in the Myst series act as motivation for the player's discoveries, placing an even greater im" ******* END TEXT: " to seem less mediated than the diegetic mediated imagery) gains a more realistic feel as a result.\n"
9780472027491 - page_26: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_27: "START TEXT: \nEven without the optical technologies present, players are able to see farther (spatially) in these" ******* END TEXT: "ent sounds in Myst would grow or die out gradually as the player moved from one location to another."
9780472027491 - page_28: "START TEXT: For example, near the dock on Myst Island the quiet cry of seagulls and the lapping of the waves pr" ******* END TEXT: " effectively create an enigma, giving the player a mystery to solve and a mini-objective to pursue.\n"
9780472027491 - page_29: "START TEXT: \nA device developed in Cosmic Osmo that would be used to greater effect in Riven is the idea of diff" ******* END TEXT: "elescope on Vegetable Moon, one sees the Mackeral in space, which one can then arrive at by clicking"
9780472027491 - page_30: "START TEXT: on it (the same can be done with the objects in the microscope). In Spelunx, an entire forest can b" ******* END TEXT: "s the player to have an understanding of the five islands and how they are related geographically.\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_31: "START TEXT: \n\nAnother device (also reminiscent of Alice in Wonderland) that defies spatial consistency is the ch" ******* END TEXT: "ture the perspective seems already smaller than an ordinary human, and the right-hand one is smaller"
9780472027491 - page_32: "START TEXT: still). The player appears at times to be a full-sized human, yet is able to go into tiny doors, in" ******* END TEXT: "xt. Consider, for example the three different views of the microscope from Cosmic Osmo in figure 8.\n"
9780472027491 - page_33: "START TEXT: \n\nIn the first image, the rack of slides is positioned alongside the microscope so that its sides ar" ******* END TEXT: "hat the space between the rack and the microscope narrows in the direction of the door. In the third"
9780472027491 - page_34: "START TEXT: image, the rack does not even appear in the frame, despite the amount of space provided to the left" ******* END TEXT: "e, and the crafting of the player's experience of the game and the world in which it takes place.\n\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_35: "START TEXT: \nTHE WORLD OF MYST\nMyst is the story of a father, Atrus, and his two sons, Sirrus and Achenar. They " ******* END TEXT: " Island as seen from afar, surrounded by blue waters and skies. A tagline announces the game as “The"
9780472027491 - page_36: "START TEXT: Surrealistic Adventure That Will Become Your World.” An outline of a falling person is in the cloud" ******* END TEXT: "sizes the game's realistic nature both on the back of the box, where it, too, exchanges Atrus's note"
9780472027491 - page_37: "START TEXT: for a list of new features (all relating to graphics and sound), and in the instruction booklet, wh" ******* END TEXT: "ers actually doing during the course of the game series), is now the next step taken by the player.\n"
9780472027491 - page_38: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_39: "START TEXT: \nAt this point the idea of the “linking book” is established nonverbally, and the hand-on-page activ" ******* END TEXT: "accompanying sound effect, nothing seems to happen, leaving the player momentarily baffled; not only"
9780472027491 - page_40: "START TEXT: is no objective given, but even such a deliberate action as throwing a switch appears to have no ef" ******* END TEXT: "oking the dock, the tower window when it is properly aligned, and right in front of it, which is the"
9780472027491 - page_41: "START TEXT: only place it can be seen moving or in different states. Other places on the island where you could" ******* END TEXT: "neous topographical extrusion map. Another red herring occurs at the end of Atrus's recorded message"
9780472027491 - page_42: "START TEXT: on the imager. After giving some background to the situation at hand and alluding to things elsewhe" ******* END TEXT: "rare example of a game producer and designer starring in the live action imagery of his own game).\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_43: "START TEXT: \nThe design of the forechamber is typical of locations we find throughout the Myst series, as it inc" ******* END TEXT: "nd at this point, the correct combinations are not noticeably different from the wrong ones, without"
9780472027491 - page_44: "START TEXT: a sense of which constellations are useful ones, or why we need to see them at all.\nAfter the plane" ******* END TEXT: "n each case we do get two pieces of information clearly; the speaker's name (Sirrus in the red book,"
9780472027491 - page_45: "START TEXT: Achenar in the blue book), and the request for pages of the book's color. The page nearby serves as" ******* END TEXT: "mine in the room, whereas previously neither music nor clues were present. In addition, the tower is"
9780472027491 - page_46: "START TEXT: designed in such a way that the player might notice the “book” side ladder (since the elevator open" ******* END TEXT: " the spaceship the book is present where the player is. The Stoneship Age and Mechanical Age linking"
9780472027491 - page_47: "START TEXT: books, however, are not present, but a model indicating the actual hiding place moves to indicate s" ******* END TEXT: "nel in the planetarium, with 5,356,800,000 possible settings, makes a brute force search impossible."
9780472027491 - page_48: "START TEXT: Ironically, the Stoneship Age is still probably the easiest Age to get into, because one can bypass" ******* END TEXT: "ing each pattern on the fireplace door is a far more laborious process. At the same time, some clues"
9780472027491 - page_49: "START TEXT: are readily available in the books in the library, like the five-note sequence for the organ, where" ******* END TEXT: "as mentioned above), even if they are already very familiar with the island and all the other Ages.\n"
9780472027491 - page_50: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_51: "START TEXT: \nTHE STONESHIP AGE\nHaving used a linking book to travel to Myst Island, the player can watch the pre" ******* END TEXT: "ting for us to dare to press it, with no indication of what lies beyond it (the player may have also"
9780472027491 - page_52: "START TEXT: encountered a similar situation on Myst Island on the way to the generator). The game's instruction" ******* END TEXT: "nged, lined with dark wood, bones, antlers, primitive masks, and (in realMYST) slowly swinging lamps"
9780472027491 - page_53: "START TEXT: that barely light the place. The bedspread is dirty and unattractive. The rib cage so prominently d" ******* END TEXT: "ra detail that can be easily missed by players (in the original version of Myst, the key can even be"
9780472027491 - page_54: "START TEXT: picked up again at this point, though it has no further use). Upstairs, the battery and charger awa" ******* END TEXT: "ook at the Age. We arrive in the Age standing at the end of a dead-end boardwalk, where a tree rises"
9780472027491 - page_55: "START TEXT: out of the water. A pipe also appears in the frame, one that really has no use except to attract ou" ******* END TEXT: "ller, rounder ones look alike, and the constant changing of direction can be disorienting (albeit in"
9780472027491 - page_56: "START TEXT: a pleasing and fun way, if you like mazes). Even in realMYST, where turning around does not involve" ******* END TEXT: "ay door. After descending to power the elevator, the player can ascend to the second level of huts.\n"
9780472027491 - page_57: "START TEXT: \nThe second level of huts is designed to be seen in a specific order; Achenar's temple, then his roo" ******* END TEXT: "hines, then, the pages are motivated more by the game's structure rather than the game's narrative.\n"
9780472027491 - page_58: "START TEXT: \n\nSirrus's bedroom is again finely furnished and neat, except for some bottles lying around and the " ******* END TEXT: "s and locations, a few things, like the messages on the imagers and the halves of the note about the"
9780472027491 - page_59: "START TEXT: marker switch vault, use the same graphics as the original version of Myst, resulting in low-resolu" ******* END TEXT: "e in lighting between Myst and realMYST, and this is perhaps most noticeable in the Channelwood Age,"
9780472027491 - page_60: "START TEXT: where the overhead foliage casts shadows on all the walkways and huts. Even in the black-and-white " ******* END TEXT: "natorial machine and the closed metal stairway provide some initial enigmas, but the player can pass"
9780472027491 - page_61: "START TEXT: them by and enter the fortress, gaining access to both throne rooms (instead of bedrooms) right awa" ******* END TEXT: "ically given the best possible view, although we are usually responsible for finding it ourselves).\n"
9780472027491 - page_62: "START TEXT: \nPassing through the sons’ rooms we come to the central hall of the fortress, where a tubelike eleva" ******* END TEXT: "add to a total of 99). With these numbers, the player can generate any amount of power from 1 to 99,"
9780472027491 - page_63: "START TEXT: except for settings of 4 and 95. The magic number the player needs at this point is 59, and there a" ******* END TEXT: "ere is simulated interference making it difficult to get a sense of the lay of the land (in realMYST"
9780472027491 - page_64: "START TEXT: the movie is blown up larger, and appears even more fuzzy and blocky). A map of the Aage appears in" ******* END TEXT: "rn around (a trick that will be used with an elevator in Riven to good effect). We also find a light"
9780472027491 - page_65: "START TEXT: switch, which is optional since we can travel the passage in the dark as well. On the opposite end " ******* END TEXT: "he game, you can travel the walkway all the way around the car, another nice touch.) The maze itself"
9780472027491 - page_66: "START TEXT: has 35 nodes between its start and end, which are laid out in a schematic diagram in figure 15. (Ev" ******* END TEXT: "or when the red button is pressed) and these are intended as clues as to which way to turn, matching"
9780472027491 - page_67: "START TEXT: the sounds associated with directions in the Mechanical Age's fortress rotation simulator, the only" ******* END TEXT: "orth and east so this new sound “Pssshhh” must be “east” since you already know the sound for north."
9780472027491 - page_68: "START TEXT: The fifth node reinforces the east sound. The sixth teaches that “bonk” means “south.” The seventh " ******* END TEXT: "lear once the entire context was revealed and understood. There are, of course, some clues, like the"
9780472027491 - page_69: "START TEXT: flag of the Black Ship, the notes, and so forth, but nothing that contradicts or gives a twist to w" ******* END TEXT: "cing Atrus (as one would expect from the image in the linking book) in realMYST. The player can then"
9780472027491 - page_70: "START TEXT: explore the single underground chamber before approaching Atrus, who sits writing at his desk. (In " ******* END TEXT: " with the addition of the Rime Age, added, no doubt, to convince fans who had the first two versions"
9780472027491 - page_71: "START TEXT: of Myst that there was a reason to buy a third. The presence of the Rime Age, which is announced on" ******* END TEXT: "d had to try it; to turn the gas on without turning on the stove, and then close the door so the gas"
9780472027491 - page_72: "START TEXT: builds up in the room. I was hoping that lighting the stove with the room full of gas would result " ******* END TEXT: "he story. Before turning to Riven, however, there are some other Myst products we might consider.\n\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_73: "START TEXT: \nBEYOND THE GAME: THE OTHER MYST PRODUCTS\nLooking beyond Myst itself, we can first note what came wi" ******* END TEXT: "ning their files, Riven protected its content against such snooping by combining its data into giant"
9780472027491 - page_74: "START TEXT: files (with more abstract names) that could not be opened directly; for example, disc 2 contains a " ******* END TEXT: "lete understanding of how the books work, and all for his own glory. Atrus comes to realize this and"
9780472027491 - page_75: "START TEXT: tries to escape, only to be imprisoned by Gehn in a room in K'veer, which is the very room referred" ******* END TEXT: "ure to hurry them onward, resulting in a story that is a bit too relaxed compared to the other two.\n"
9780472027491 - page_76: "START TEXT: \nA little less than halfway into the book, beginning on page 183, the story shifts as Atrus and his " ******* END TEXT: "Myst and Riven were released as audio CDs through Virgin Records (the Myst soundtrack was originally"
9780472027491 - page_77: "START TEXT: released in 1995 and distributed by Cyan). Both discs consisted of ambient music from the games, co" ******* END TEXT: "tated approach to merchandising is a wise one that helps to keep the focus on the games themselves.\n"
9780472027491 - page_78: "START TEXT: \nAround the same time Riven was released in 1997, Richard Kadrey's book From Myst to Riven: The Crea" ******* END TEXT: "t, a process that the master-builder of imaginary worlds, J. R. R. Tolkien, called “subcreation.”\n\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_79: "START TEXT: \nFROM MYST TO RIVEN: SUBCREATION AND EXPANSION\nIn both Kadrey's From Myst to Riven book and an inter" ******* END TEXT: "ds to spring with silver leaves and rams to wear fleeces of gold, and put hot fire into the belly of"
9780472027491 - page_80: "START TEXT: the cold worm. But in such “fantasy” as it is called, new form is made … Man becomes a sub-creator." ******* END TEXT: "h, one in the Primary World and one in the secondary world. Atrus, Gehn, Catherine, and the D'ni are"
9780472027491 - page_81: "START TEXT: all subcreated subcreators, giving the world of the D'ni a nice self-reflexivity that allows it to " ******* END TEXT: "y wife—Keta, you were the only true kindness I have ever known. Watching you flicker in the imager …"
9780472027491 - page_82: "START TEXT: I sometimes wonder if you were real. If I could restore your life with my pen, I would do so in an " ******* END TEXT: "ations (along with higher spatial resolution) greater visual depth on the z-axis could be achieved.\n"
9780472027491 - page_83: "START TEXT: \n\nAnd Riven's imagery does contain staging in depth, even more than Myst's imagery did. In the view " ******* END TEXT: "ail, depth, and sense of interconnectedness in the game's world, and a more immersive experience.\n\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_84: "START TEXT: \nTHE WORLD OF RIVEN\nLike Myst, the box for Riven shows sample images from the game, and text that ex" ******* END TEXT: "ook back to D'ni, which the player is told to use to capture Gehn. Atrus then holds the linking book"
9780472027491 - page_85: "START TEXT: for us until the image within it fills the screen, and then the title “Riven” zooms toward us with " ******* END TEXT: "s world and storyline in a plausible manner (some of their purposes become clearer after reading the"
9780472027491 - page_86: "START TEXT: journals). The clues for the major puzzles of the game are so distributed throughout the islands th" ******* END TEXT: " able to discuss our differences face to face,” but since he is alone and without a boat and without"
9780472027491 - page_87: "START TEXT: much knowledge of Tay, he could just as likely end up being at the mercy of the Moiety as well.\nIn " ******* END TEXT: "they are colloquially known are given in parentheses, since the islands are not named in the game).\n"
9780472027491 - page_88: "START TEXT: \nTEMPLE ISLAND (DOME ISLAND)\nAt the start of the game, the player links to Temple Island with the st" ******* END TEXT: "e also implied that a key was the solution to the problem, rather than another way around the door.\n"
9780472027491 - page_89: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_90: "START TEXT: \nBeyond the Gate Room lies the golden dome, accessible to the player who has mastered the workings o" ******* END TEXT: "een on the viewscreen is located. Even though the door from the tunnel to the temple is camouflaged,"
9780472027491 - page_91: "START TEXT: neither that door nor the door to the spider chair room is locked, so one would think that eventual" ******* END TEXT: "here does not appear to be much in the way of bathrooms anywhere in the worlds of Myst and Riven.)3\n"
9780472027491 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nMuch further along, the stairs take us past a blue-green button on a pole, the kind used for summon" ******* END TEXT: "t seem just a natural part of the rich detail of the world, one of the strengths of Riven's design.\n"
9780472027491 - page_93: "START TEXT: \nTaking the path behind the wooden door, we go down through a forest and past one of the big daggers" ******* END TEXT: "s in Gadget [1993]). Such sudden appearances happen a few other places in Riven: in the temple, when"
9780472027491 - page_94: "START TEXT: you return to it by the main door when it is closed, Gehn's image appears in the imager; and underg" ******* END TEXT: "ium, which were connected to constellations in the library book, which were connected to the plaques"
9780472027491 - page_95: "START TEXT: around the fountain and the combination for raising the ship. Here, the toy connects numbers to D'n" ******* END TEXT: " Assembly Island, where the fifth eyeball is with its number (or the player could have seen the fish"
9780472027491 - page_96: "START TEXT: outline through the viewer on Survey Island, and figured out that this is the missing animal). Of c" ******* END TEXT: "we receive only a tantalizing glimpse, leaving the rest to our imagination. If the entire subcreated"
9780472027491 - page_97: "START TEXT: world can be explored and known to the smallest detail, the world will have become too small, too f" ******* END TEXT: "s in the book, as discussed earlier). Any subsequent visits will leave us stranded in the cliff-side"
9780472027491 - page_98: "START TEXT: cave, with nothing to do but view the hive across the lake, examine the effigy up close, and link b" ******* END TEXT: " a ladder inside the pipe, anyway? And how did the water drain out earlier if the pipe goes uphill?)"
9780472027491 - page_99: "START TEXT: and fall out the end of it onto the hillside. We cannot climb back up into the pipe, making it one " ******* END TEXT: "thinks of climbing into the air vent. This is, after all, more like something we might try in Cosmic"
9780472027491 - page_100: "START TEXT: Osmo, where we might even be able to ride the frog trap down into the chasm (perhaps these things a" ******* END TEXT: " from one game to the next). Gehn's workroom has a wealth of interesting detail, though sometimes we"
9780472027491 - page_101: "START TEXT: might wish there was even more; you can only open the top drawer in the chest of drawers, unlike in" ******* END TEXT: "e design process from a closet in the original design to a grandiose high seat in a huge underground"
9780472027491 - page_102: "START TEXT: chamber, features two machines of Gehn's. On the left is a viewer with two buttons; the left button" ******* END TEXT: "ve animations each, four for rotating 90 degrees from one position to the next, and one animation of"
9780472027491 - page_103: "START TEXT: the pins going up or down (the same animation can be played in reverse for the opposite movement). " ******* END TEXT: " is written. It's just that the more detailed your description, the more the Age will match what you"
9780472027491 - page_104: "START TEXT: want. If you just write the word “island” and use the Book, you'll link to a complete Age, but the " ******* END TEXT: "journal and experiencing profound loneliness, alone on a desolate mountaintop in an uninhabited Age."
9780472027491 - page_105: "START TEXT: His desire to see the D'ni civilization reborn suddenly seems less a lust for power and more a need" ******* END TEXT: "you can never drop any of the books you carry in Riven (apart from linking into the prison book).\n\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_106: "START TEXT: \nRIVEN's FORTUNES AND THE REST OF THE MYST SERIES\nRiven was released October 28, 1997, rather late i" ******* END TEXT: " held the rights to the Myst product line, slowing down the game's progress. Myst III: Exile finally"
9780472027491 - page_107: "START TEXT: appeared in 2001, and its storyline took place sometime after the events of Riven, with Atrus, Cath" ******* END TEXT: "oped and published by Ubi-soft. The story brings back Sirrus and Achenar, and Rand Miller once again"
9780472027491 - page_108: "START TEXT: appears as Atrus. The final game in the Myst series, Myst V: End of Ages, appeared in 2005 and was " ******* END TEXT: "ook goes to press in winter 2011, there is talk of a motion picture version of Myst in the works.\n\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_109: "START TEXT: \nMYST'sAND RIVEN's INFLUENCE ON THE ADVENTURE GAME GENRE\nIn the years following Myst, the adventure " ******* END TEXT: " Legacy [1999], Syberia [2002], Syberia II [2004], Syberia III [forthcoming as of mid-2010]), Riddle"
9780472027491 - page_110: "START TEXT: of the Sphinx: An Egyptian Adventure (2000) and its sequel Riddle of the Sphinx 2: The Omega Stone " ******* END TEXT: " movie based on the Myst novels is in the works, with the progress on it reported at mystmovie.com.\n"
9780472027491 - page_111: "START TEXT: \nThe Myst series, and Myst and Riven in particular, have changed the adventure genre and the world o" ******* END TEXT: "es will find its way to new generations and audiences, further establishing its place in history.\n\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_112: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472027491 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nNotes\nTHE MYST PHENOMENON\n1. Sales figures are from David Dorsey, “The Parable of Myst II,” FastCom" ******* END TEXT: "rding to http://www.atariage.com/software_page.xhtml?SoftwareLabelID=1 (accessed October 13, 2010).\n"
9780472027491 - page_114: "START TEXT: \n7. E-mail from Warren Robinett to the author, March 22, 2004.\n8. From the LucasFilm Games manual to" ******* END TEXT: "thhold views of the tree elevator, a more practical reason for this structuring absence could be the"
9780472027491 - page_115: "START TEXT: pre-rendered views themselves. Since the tree elevator can be at several different positions or sta" ******* END TEXT: " by the publisher. They wanted to use the animal icons to decorate the user's manual. We were afraid"
9780472027491 - page_116: "START TEXT: that they'd give away the solution to the animal puzzle, and told them so. They assured us that the" ******* END TEXT: "esn't make sense that the combination is set when Gehn is captured. If you were really there, you'd "
9780472027491 - page_117: "START TEXT: obviously be able to open it by trying every possible combination even before Gehn was captured. Un" ******* END TEXT: "ew: Curse of Blackmoor Manor [2004]), Echo: Secrets of the Lost Cavern (2005), and Voyage (2005).\n\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_118: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472027491 - page_119: "START TEXT: \nGlossary\nAchenar  Atrus's son who appears in the blue book in the library on Myst Island. He appear" ******* END TEXT: "nd credits, which the audience sees and hears but the characters cannot, is said to be nondiegetic.\n"
9780472027491 - page_120: "START TEXT: \nD’ni Literally, “New Start.” The word refers to the culture that developed the Art of Writing the D" ******* END TEXT: "player-character approaches too closely. Their sound and shape are also part of the clues in Riven.\n"
9780472027491 - page_121: "START TEXT: \ntext adventures  Adventure games that are mainly text-based, in which the environment and actions w" ******* END TEXT: "ound underground on Book Assembly Island. The name comes from the name “Marty” spelled backwards.\n\n\n"
9780472027491 - page_122: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472027491 - page_123: "START TEXT: \nIndex\nAchenar, 44, 47, 52–53, 57–59, 61, 68, 77, 81–82, 105, 107, 119\nAdventure, 7–9, 43\nadventure " ******* END TEXT: "33rd Age\ngraphics, 1, 4, 12–13, 16, 59–60, 82\nHarold, 32\nHobbit, The, 79\nHyperCard, 37, 40, 73, 110\n"
9780472027491 - page_124: "START TEXT: \ninteractive fiction, 7, 10–11, 120\niPhone, 108, 110\niPod Touch, 108, 110\nJ'nanin, 20\nJourneyman Pro" ******* END TEXT: "43–44, 47 \nPole Position, 27 \nPONG, 4\nPresto Studios, 106\nPrison Island, 105\nProject Green Tea, 106\n"
9780472027491 - page_125: "START TEXT: \npuzzles, 20, 47–48, 53–55, 62–63, 65–68, 71, 78, 85, 91, 98–99, 116\nQadaffi, Mohmmar, 69\nRaiders of" ******* END TEXT: "ove, David, 74\nWired magazine, 79\nWoods, Don, 7\nWorld Wide Web, 3\nYeesha, 76, 107\nytrams, 99, 121\n\n\n"
9780472027606 - page_i: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472027606 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \nTECHNOLOGIES OF THE IMAGINATION: NEW MEDIA IN EVERYDAY LIFE\nEllen Seiter and Mimi Ito, Series Edito" ******* END TEXT: "s dedicated to publishing work in new media studies and the emerging field of digital humanities\n\n\n\n"
9780472027606 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nDIGITAL TOOLS IN URBAN SCHOOLS\nMediating a Remix of Learning\n \n \nJabari Mahiri\n \nTHE UNIVERSITY OF " ******* END TEXT: "OOLS\nMediating a Remix of Learning\n \n \nJabari Mahiri\n \nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESSANN ARBOR\n\n\n\n"
9780472027606 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by Jabari Mahiri 2011\nSome rights reserved\n\nThis work is licensed under the Creative Co" ******* END TEXT: "c22                                              2011007219\nCover image: Ilja Mašík/Shutterstock\n\n\n\n"
9780472027606 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nTo Helio J. Mahiri “the First”\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nTo Helio J. Mahiri “the First”\n\n\n\n"
9780472027606 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472027606 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \nACKNOWLEDGMENTS\nThis book would not have been possible without the vision, passion, and commitment " ******* END TEXT: "ally, I thank Fani Garagouni, who wonderfully facilitated the research and writing of this book.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027606 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472027606 - page_ix: "START TEXT: \nCONTENTS\n1 | New Literacies Need New Learning\n2 | Hip-Hop Journalism\n3 | Digital Teachers\n4 | “Virt" ******* END TEXT: "nal Technology Standards and Performance Indicators for Students (NETS•S)\nNotes\nReferences\nIndex\n\n\n\n"
9780472027606 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472027606 - page_1: "START TEXT: \n1 | NEW LITERACIES NEED NEW LEARNING\nThe digital age and the age of hip-hop emerged collaterally du" ******* END TEXT: " these affordances often reflects hip-hop cultural influences that are revealed in language, music, "
9780472027606 - page_2: "START TEXT: images, entertainment media, electronic games, and sports as well as in personal styles and perspect" ******* END TEXT: "llenges of the twenty-first century. These challenges call for innovative approaches and programs to"
9780472027606 - page_3: "START TEXT: facilitate teachers in mediating the learning of contemporary youth with appropriate uses of digita" ******* END TEXT: "s surrounding page-based texts (Rich 2008). This issue will be addressed later in this chapter. Yet,"
9780472027606 - page_4: "START TEXT: as Lankshear and Knobel (2002) have argued, page-based texts and their corresponding instructional " ******* END TEXT: "nd global contexts, this country's schools are also failing many of its highest achieving students.\n"
9780472027606 - page_5: "START TEXT: \nQuestions are now being raised as to whether schools can be saved or are worth saving. For example," ******* END TEXT: " to transform schooling and increase student achievement (Darling-Hammond 1997, 2000). Consequently,"
9780472027606 - page_6: "START TEXT: the TEACH Project focused its work on the professional development of teachers as a key lever for s" ******* END TEXT: "icularly with and from other teachers, if they were going to improve significantly as professionals."
9780472027606 - page_7: "START TEXT: For new knowledge and skills to be acquired and effectively implemented, they concluded, teachers n" ******* END TEXT: "he TEACH Project during the 2007–8 school year that is the focus of this book. The first goal was to"
9780472027606 - page_8: "START TEXT: develop and document an approach to teacher professional development that integrated effective prin" ******* END TEXT: "d it became clear through their excitement that the school was undergoing dramatic changes under the"
9780472027606 - page_9: "START TEXT: leadership of the new principal. He had a master's degree in educational technology, and his vision" ******* END TEXT: "ic skills vary greatly. In addition to behavioral considerations, some have substance abuse issues. "
9780472027606 - page_10: "START TEXT: Throughout the academic year of our collaboration, all of the teachers struggled with inconsistent s" ******* END TEXT: "tion to return to the comprehensive high school, approximately 90 percent decide to stay at V-Tech.\n"
9780472027606 - page_11: "START TEXT: \nData for this book comes from a range of qualitatively documented activities of the TEACH Project. " ******* END TEXT: "to conceal real identities in the publication of this work. Elements of the teaching and learning in"
9780472027606 - page_12: "START TEXT: the classes of two of these teachers were also brought into focus through observations in some of t" ******* END TEXT: "ng of a laboratory in which to try new conceptions and new practices of teaching. My perspectives on"
9780472027606 - page_13: "START TEXT: teacher professional development have been substantially influenced by my ongoing research in urban" ******* END TEXT: "ng, complex tasks for learning; and (5) engaging students in planned, goal-directed dialogues called"
9780472027606 - page_14: "START TEXT: instructional conversations (Tharp et al. 2001). CREDE feels that the use of “activity centers” is " ******* END TEXT: "ecause she was a veteran, credentialed teacher with more experience than most of the other teachers,"
9780472027606 - page_15: "START TEXT: the principal and I asked her to informally take the lead in piloting some aspects of the TEACH Pro" ******* END TEXT: "earning of the teachers in the PD sessions was designed to model approaches that they also could use"
9780472027606 - page_16: "START TEXT: to engage their students' learning in classrooms. Essentially, this chapter chronicles what was pro" ******* END TEXT: "propriate technology, to vitalize learning and make it relevant to the challenges of a new century.\n"
9780472027606 - page_17: "START TEXT: \nWHAT'S NEW ABOUT NEW LITERACIES\nMany scholarly works explore the emergence and functions of new lit" ******* END TEXT: "t the school. The professional development did not attempt to go that far. However, in the sessions,"
9780472027606 - page_18: "START TEXT: we did place considerable focus on six of the principles outlined by Gee that we found to be highly" ******* END TEXT: "urrently organized make it difficult to prepare kids for innovation through epistemic games” (182).\n"
9780472027606 - page_19: "START TEXT: \nScholarship on technology and learning in urban contexts is often focused on settings beyond school" ******* END TEXT: "ng to apprehend the pedagogical implications of “what's new about new literacies,” the TEACH Project"
9780472027606 - page_20: "START TEXT: proposed and sought to realize two key conceptual turns. The first was a turn for teachers away fro" ******* END TEXT: " teachers and the multimodal affordances of digital texts and tools were key to a rhizomatic shift.\n"
9780472027606 - page_21: "START TEXT: \nThis shift is aided because the core interactions between teachers and learners—including the relat" ******* END TEXT: "nts are highly influenced by hip-hop culture. So, through instructional conversations, teachers make"
9780472027606 - page_22: "START TEXT: these connections in conjunction with their designs of challenging, complex projects and tasks for " ******* END TEXT: "rding affordances of specific digital tools was more useful in the TEACH Project for seeing the ways"
9780472027606 - page_23: "START TEXT: that teachers needed to incorporate mediating capacities of the digital devices into their own medi" ******* END TEXT: " connected to many of these new standards for technology in education. In the context of new demands"
9780472027606 - page_24: "START TEXT: and possibilities enabled by technology, the role of teachers in mediating student learning has bec" ******* END TEXT: "earning that cultivated new roots and shoots of rhizomatic growth and intellectual connectivity.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027606 - page_25: "START TEXT: \n2 | HIP-HOP JOURNALISM\nDuring the 2007–8 school year, students in Ms. Foster's Hip-Hop Journalism c" ******* END TEXT: "ook, their work was also presented as two National Public Radio “special reports” in the late 1990s."
9780472027606 - page_26: "START TEXT: The second NPR special, “Remorse: The Fourteen Stories of Eric Morse,” won broadcasting's highest h" ******* END TEXT: " comply. The class met during the first block of instruction every day except Fridays. The principal"
9780472027606 - page_27: "START TEXT: had structured the first period of school as a two-hour block for several elective class offerings," ******* END TEXT: "ther teachers to do. Be on me to get things outta here that are not needed. I'm big on aesthetics.”\n"
9780472027606 - page_28: "START TEXT: \nTHE WORLD WIDE WALL\nMidway through the academic year, 10 Mac iBook laptops that were carted to the " ******* END TEXT: " blog. So DeShawn struggled and experimented on his own until he discovered how to run the slideshow"
9780472027606 - page_29: "START TEXT: on his blog site. His excitement at the moment of this accomplishment was apparent to everyone in t" ******* END TEXT: "cipants, and how student work was connected to attempts at influencing social change beyond school.\n"
9780472027606 - page_30: "START TEXT: \nYOUNG JOURNALISTS\nSince it was important to Ms. Foster and the TEACH Project to incorporate perspec" ******* END TEXT: "tern. When I interviewed her about her ideas for collaborating with Ms. Foster at V-Tech, she said,\n"
9780472027606 - page_31: "START TEXT: \nI think it's very important to have opportunities for leadership in this new school. Like here at Y" ******* END TEXT: "st month of the new semester, she and Ms. Young accompanied students who had decided to go to a Jena"
9780472027606 - page_32: "START TEXT: Six protest on a university campus close to V-Tech. On the same day, a young black man from the sur" ******* END TEXT: "achers and students actually do and say while working in class, more so than what they say they do.\n"
9780472027606 - page_33: "START TEXT: \nA Day in Class\nThe classroom is one of the nine “portables” that face each other—four on one side, " ******* END TEXT: "in. He always has lots of things to say about any topic being discussed in class. He is also notable"
9780472027606 - page_34: "START TEXT: because he doesn't wear baggy jeans and sweatshirts. Instead, his slacks or jeans are more fitted, " ******* END TEXT: "nd everyone else's amazement, Darnell reads the message out loud. Then he answers it out loud to the"
9780472027606 - page_35: "START TEXT: now captive audience of the class. “I'm in school. What you think I'm doin'?” he says, as if the te" ******* END TEXT: "s who have problems working on the assignment. Someone asks what the word megapixels means, and Ms. "
9780472027606 - page_36: "START TEXT: Young explains, “The more megapixels you have, the sharper the picture comes out.” There is continua" ******* END TEXT: "u need to give the main image a solid background.” She models additional editing techniques with the"
9780472027606 - page_37: "START TEXT: pictures they have taken of themselves: “Another thing I was telling you guys is that when you see " ******* END TEXT: "e the teachers' ambitious plans for the class. The class also did not have digital cameras and photo"
9780472027606 - page_38: "START TEXT: printers or voice recorders initially. Students joked about how going to V-Tech with no technology " ******* END TEXT: " following step-by-step demonstration of how she had worked on parts of the example magazine cover.\n"
9780472027606 - page_39: "START TEXT: \nThe magic wand I used to select a big body of color for the background. If I need to delete somethi" ******* END TEXT: "ut, the class never actually produced the paper version of the magazine. But when I asked Deja later"
9780472027606 - page_40: "START TEXT: how she felt about the magazine project, she said, “Hey, we went stupid on our pictures. I loved do" ******* END TEXT: "rk being done on the specific projects.\nPowerPoint presentations have become common in some schools,"
9780472027606 - page_41: "START TEXT: but most of the students in Ms. Foster's class had never actually created and delivered one before." ******* END TEXT: "mmentaries and “news breaks” were engaging, and the content was timely and relevant. Since the audio"
9780472027606 - page_42: "START TEXT: broadcasts were accompanied by written transcripts on the website, these models were particularly u" ******* END TEXT: "ollege in the world, but that would be nice. You can go to a community college or a two-year college"
9780472027606 - page_43: "START TEXT: to get your associate's degree. But that's just like getting your high school diploma. Do you know " ******* END TEXT: "ed human beings, no chance to escape.\nAnd it still goes on today.\nMy question is, why and what for?\n"
9780472027606 - page_44: "START TEXT: \nI stress the message with emphasis.\nWhat is institutional oppression?\nWhat about white supremacy?\nN" ******* END TEXT: "ut the use of computers in the journalism class revealed that they felt greatly facilitated and even"
9780472027606 - page_45: "START TEXT: inspired to do research as an engaging way to learn. As one student reported in our anonymous surve" ******* END TEXT: "nment). Ultimately, as Shaffer (2006) argued, rather than focusing on the digital media itself, what"
9780472027606 - page_46: "START TEXT: is important are these new ways of thinking and learning that it enables.\nWords, still images, movi" ******* END TEXT: "ligence] to achieve yet more powerful effects” (210). In the example of Rosa's digital story, it was"
9780472027606 - page_47: "START TEXT: clear that aspects of the material intelligence of the computer allowed her to “give voice” to more" ******* END TEXT: "ial intelligence designed into digital devices plays important roles in the learning dynamic through"
9780472027606 - page_48: "START TEXT: ways that it teaches us as we engage it. In other words, systematic processes for learning at diffe" ******* END TEXT: "re historically entrenched economic, political, and geographic structures that contribute to shaping"
9780472027606 - page_49: "START TEXT: school and classroom outcomes and issues, it is clear that much can be done to ameliorate approache" ******* END TEXT: "and beyond school. I also show how work in the class reflects key perspectives of the TEACH Project."
9780472027606 - page_50: "START TEXT: First, however, I provide a brief consideration of what it is that teaching practices need to chang" ******* END TEXT: "coming to V-Tech. To be sure, this nurturant model was at the core of the whole school's approach to"
9780472027606 - page_51: "START TEXT: working with students with its emphasis on relationships, rigor, and relevance. But it is significa" ******* END TEXT: "ctual learning activities that the students felt were challenging as well as fun. Many of the survey"
9780472027606 - page_52: "START TEXT: responses reflected this, as in the following example: “We hardly did a lot of boring readings. Eve" ******* END TEXT: " contingent of students to the first national Youth Bill of Rights conference as well as an American"
9780472027606 - page_53: "START TEXT: Anthropological Association conference in Washington, D.C. This group also toured black colleges in" ******* END TEXT: "t as one anonymous response on our student survey aptly noted, “We are smarter than they think.”\n\n\n\n"
9780472027606 - page_54: "START TEXT: \n3 | DIGITAL TEACHERS\nMs. Foster's use of digital media for learning in her journalism class reflect" ******* END TEXT: "gram of both guidance and support. A key aspect of the program was to focus on the actual curricular"
9780472027606 - page_55: "START TEXT: work and pedagogical challenges occurring in the participants' classrooms. Another key aspect was t" ******* END TEXT: "ing the teaching perspectives, strategies, and skills to more effectively mediate student learning.\n"
9780472027606 - page_56: "START TEXT: \nMATH ON GOOGLE EARTH\nOne PD workshop in the spring of 2008 focused on teachers exploring Google Ear" ******* END TEXT: "ore they did the Google Earth lab project, but Mr. Guy said that he wanted to make trigonometry more"
9780472027606 - page_57: "START TEXT: immediate and personal for them by providing real-world applications and challenges.\nWhen the stude" ******* END TEXT: "ooks like a big pistol, with a trigger near the handle and a crosshair site at the tip of what looks"
9780472027606 - page_58: "START TEXT: like a barrel. It is made of bright blue plastic and would not be mistaken for a gun. Yet it is aim" ******* END TEXT: "cted several of CREDE's principles of effective pedagogy. It engaged the students and the teacher in"
9780472027606 - page_59: "START TEXT: joint productive activities, situated academic content in contexts that were familiar to the studen" ******* END TEXT: "alized through relevant learning projects. In this section, I further discuss why TEACH incorporated"
9780472027606 - page_60: "START TEXT: CREDE, and in the following two sections, I discuss our initial work to create the “relationships” " ******* END TEXT: "s and problems utilizing rich, dialogic language that incorporated and modeled specific disciplinary"
9780472027606 - page_61: "START TEXT: discourses. During the summer before the PD program began, members of the TEACH “core team” (I alon" ******* END TEXT: "unteered their classrooms for the initial PD sessions, and when the computer lab was completed later"
9780472027606 - page_62: "START TEXT: in the first semester, the sessions then took place there. The first PD session, on September 7, 20" ******* END TEXT: "earch collaboration that I had been one of the principal investigators for at the comprehensive high"
9780472027606 - page_63: "START TEXT: school that sends students to V-Tech. I noted how we could have a much higher level of impact at V-" ******* END TEXT: "w up in LA, and it's interesting because I identify with struggle because my parents have struggled "
9780472027606 - page_64: "START TEXT: even though I grew up in a middle-class house.” She talked about wanting be a teacher to serve the k" ******* END TEXT: "al.” He went on to tell us that neither of his two siblings finished high school and that his mother"
9780472027606 - page_65: "START TEXT: did not finish either, after having her first child at 15. Then he shared the following:\nWe are not" ******* END TEXT: "rate on how to use what students are already using outside of class, especially the Sidekicks [cell "
9780472027606 - page_66: "START TEXT: phones]. If there was a way to use the Sidekicks for some sort of assignment, then that would be a d" ******* END TEXT: "lopment with its students. These educators certainly understood key challenges their students face. "
9780472027606 - page_67: "START TEXT: A couple of decades earlier, the principal himself might have been one of these students. So our wor" ******* END TEXT: " standards from the standpoint of how each could be actualized (or more fully actualized) in V-Tech "
9780472027606 - page_68: "START TEXT: teachers' current practices. I paired with Ms. Church, and we talked about how the project of creati" ******* END TEXT: " key. She shared a successful curricular design, focused around the refugee experience that she had "
9780472027606 - page_69: "START TEXT: implemented in her social studies class. “First, they had to brainstorm about leaving home,” she tol" ******* END TEXT: "year. Ms. Rivers's comments echoed the need to go beyond the walls of the school on field trips. She"
9780472027606 - page_70: "START TEXT: also wanted to learn additional techniques to make her classes more interactive, including learning" ******* END TEXT: "that is conducted around the United States by the National Urban Alliance for Effective Education.\n\n"
9780472027606 - page_71: "START TEXT: \nFinally, I wanted to model how the V-Tech teachers could use the PD sessions to pilot their develop" ******* END TEXT: "ened in the poem—just the sequence of events. At this point, Ms. Kim stated, “I don't understand the"
9780472027606 - page_72: "START TEXT: difference between what we are doing now with the flow map and what we did before.” Rather than att" ******* END TEXT: "ngle page from Alice Walker's The Color Purple on which Celie talks to Harpo about marriage and also"
9780472027606 - page_73: "START TEXT: describes how her husband had treated her: “He beat me like he beat the children.” I asked the teac" ******* END TEXT: "ke the way our mapping of the events of the poem also forced a discussion about the narrator and the"
9780472027606 - page_74: "START TEXT: narrator's role in the poem in contrast to that of the author. Ms. Church noted on this point, “I h" ******* END TEXT: "s about how you can help me.”\nThere was silence for a while as we all tried to think of ways to help"
9780472027606 - page_75: "START TEXT: Mr. Roy develop his lesson. Finally, Ms. Kim, who has been thumbing through the science textbook, s" ******* END TEXT: "cates the use of activity centers as the most effective way to incorporate and realize its standards"
9780472027606 - page_76: "START TEXT: for effective pedagogy in the actual practices of teaching and learning (Hilberg, Chang, and Epaloo" ******* END TEXT: "al. “I have an idea for the poetry center,” said Ms. Kim. “It could be a place where they go to read"
9780472027606 - page_77: "START TEXT: poetry and then translate it into writing. The reading can be translated by writing it in Spanish.”" ******* END TEXT: "ing effective teaching practices through a process of joint activities was important to creating the"
9780472027606 - page_78: "START TEXT: framework within which the teachers actually learned to use and eventually would teach by using a v" ******* END TEXT: "ew class is that the instructor didn't just talk about an individual computer program or application"
9780472027606 - page_79: "START TEXT: in isolation, but about creating a product that encompasses several or many applications at one tim" ******* END TEXT: "ing podcasting, blogging, various Google applications, digital photography and video, story-boarding"
9780472027606 - page_80: "START TEXT: with Comic Life, and explorations of Second Life, in that order. Mr. Cameron's work on the developm" ******* END TEXT: "g on blogs, or one for working on podcasts, or one for working on digital graphics and photography.\n"
9780472027606 - page_81: "START TEXT: \nAs the work with podcasts and blogs continued to thread through and become more elaborated in subse" ******* END TEXT: "what they were already doing in their classes and what else they hoped to learn in the PD sessions. "
9780472027606 - page_82: "START TEXT: “I pretty much want to know what uses you are making of technology in your classrooms,” he told them" ******* END TEXT: "s working perfectly and these products come out, we don't have from our own training the ability to "
9780472027606 - page_83: "START TEXT: assess their quality. What is an ‘A' youth commentary versus a ‘B' commentary, or an ‘F' commentary?" ******* END TEXT: "udio might end up on a blog, or it might be burned onto a CD. . . . Do you record on Monday, mix on "
9780472027606 - page_84: "START TEXT: Wednesday, and publish it on the web on Friday, so you have a weekly cycle? . . . Knowing your proce" ******* END TEXT: " a number of productive ways. The teachers began posting and reading the blog to both inform others "
9780472027606 - page_85: "START TEXT: and to keep up with what was going on in different classrooms through the continual record that was " ******* END TEXT: "nsiderations are further discussed later in this chapter in the section “Teaching with Technology.”\n"
9780472027606 - page_86: "START TEXT: \nGoogle Applications\nAfter working with blogs, the next session was focused on the use of three Goog" ******* END TEXT: "ications for every subject area in high school. Teachers asked to have it posted on the PD website.\n"
9780472027606 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nDigital Photography\nAs a part of working with digital photography, Mr. Roy shared things he had bee" ******* END TEXT: "mp them into a podcast, then pair with Ms. Rivers to read all the captions and bounce that to iTunes"
9780472027606 - page_88: "START TEXT: and into the same podcast. . . . So going from just one storyboard into a podcast, you have two pro" ******* END TEXT: "g? What do you think it can help do in a classroom setting?” Ms. Foster raised considerations about "
9780472027606 - page_89: "START TEXT: privacy, and this led to an extended discussion also about issues of identity, since a person can ch" ******* END TEXT: "ccommodate digital learning, even when there was not extensive use of digital media in a particular "
9780472027606 - page_90: "START TEXT: classroom. The teachers themselves had experienced working in activity centers at various times in t" ******* END TEXT: "cited. . . . So I thought about blogs, and then I thought, “Well, I have to teach myself more about "
9780472027606 - page_91: "START TEXT: them.” So I found out that all the kids who were in your class were like “Oh yeah, we already have b" ******* END TEXT: " making assignments that were more comprehensive in the blend of foci and content from both classes."
9780472027606 - page_92: "START TEXT: Ultimately, the work of these two teachers helped us understand that each student needed to have on" ******* END TEXT: "o their work. When the issue in focus switched to HIV/AIDS, the students extended their online work "
9780472027606 - page_93: "START TEXT: from the incorporation of images to actually doing more research on the Internet at a variety of web" ******* END TEXT: "cience resources in my classroom, I'll let them know, and they'll help me integrate technology.”\n\n\n\n"
9780472027606 - page_94: "START TEXT: \n4 | “VIRTUAL” WORLD MEDIA\nThe image shown in figure 3 is from Teen Second Life, the youth version o" ******* END TEXT: "ject at a specific location in the world and e-mail it to themselves or to others as a “postcard.”\n\n"
9780472027606 - page_95: "START TEXT: \nThe postcard in figure 3 depicts the avatar of a young man I will call Terrance, a 17-year-old V-Te" ******* END TEXT: "in attempting to utilize a virtual environment for learning in the real world of Ms. Glide's class.\n"
9780472027606 - page_96: "START TEXT: \nUnlike Ms. Foster, the highly experienced teacher of the Hip-Hop Journalism class, Ms. Glide was in" ******* END TEXT: "al space for which I purchased a one-year lease from Linden Lab, the company that owns Second Life. "
9780472027606 - page_97: "START TEXT: Consequently, a few students in the school had experiences with this virtual environment seven month" ******* END TEXT: " notes by Ms. Canon and Ms. Glide; and interviews with Ms. Glide before and after the intervention.\n"
9780472027606 - page_98: "START TEXT: \nCLASSROOM CONTEXT\nMs. Glide taught two 55-minute periods of World Media that were scheduled during " ******* END TEXT: "tain a variety of assignments that allow students to demonstrate their knowledge in different ways.\n"
9780472027606 - page_99: "START TEXT: \nMost of the students in the World Media classes were sophomores and juniors, although this delineat" ******* END TEXT: "can explore and experiment. Importantly, these rich understandings are distributed across all phases"
9780472027606 - page_100: "START TEXT: of the modeling process, including the learning about and use of the computational tools needed to " ******* END TEXT: " mathematical identities.\nIn Ms. Glide's class, we also saw that acts of identity construction were "
9780472027606 - page_101: "START TEXT: central to the kinds of learning that took place in Teen Second Life, and we found that the students" ******* END TEXT: "n that they were in. “I just got in as ‘BigO Footman,'” one student exclaimed. “I got ‘Doe Magic,'” "
9780472027606 - page_102: "START TEXT: his friend responded. (I use the student avatar names in this chapter because these selected names a" ******* END TEXT: "t sheet had a list of the most recent last names that the virtual world provided, and all residents "
9780472027606 - page_103: "START TEXT: have to select from these lists for a last name. However, new residents are allowed to create their " ******* END TEXT: "with the last names required by Teen Second Life had unintended consequences, like they would forget"
9780472027606 - page_104: "START TEXT: their last names (or forget how to spell them, since they were unusual) and then find that they cou" ******* END TEXT: "ith the clothing, hair, and shoe options.” Students wanted to make interesting-looking avatars, but "
9780472027606 - page_105: "START TEXT: they often ended up spending a lot of time trying to remove or change objectionable aspects of the a" ******* END TEXT: " it to where he was satisfied with the look. When asked why he chose to make this avatar, he joked, "
9780472027606 - page_106: "START TEXT: “Because I'm a terrorist.” Ms. Glide noted that this student, whose attendance had been sporadic all" ******* END TEXT: " exchange called Lindex, and in the real world, Linden dollars can be traded against U.S. dollars at"
9780472027606 - page_107: "START TEXT: the rate of one dollar to 270 Linden dollars. But adults cannot give this in-world money to teens, " ******* END TEXT: "e play of identities as learners relate, and reflect on first their multiple real-world identities, "
9780472027606 - page_108: "START TEXT: then their virtual identity, and finally a projective identity” (208). In other words, the real iden" ******* END TEXT: " front of the computers while animating their avatars' travels to real places in the virtual world.\n"
9780472027606 - page_109: "START TEXT: \nWORLD TRAVELING\n“Are these real people?” a student said out loud when his avatar encountered other " ******* END TEXT: "y other people in the lab were the three adults. “That girl was following me,” he told us, although "
9780472027606 - page_110: "START TEXT: we hadn't asked anything. “Where'd everybody go?” he asked finally. “I guess I'm 'bout to leave. How" ******* END TEXT: "er residents had made and left available for everyone's use, like cars, helicopters, and even guns.\n"
9780472027606 - page_111: "START TEXT: \nSeveral male and a couple female students were definitely interested in getting guns for their avat" ******* END TEXT: " around the corner, paused for a moment, and peered down the long street. Then it turned around and "
9780472027606 - page_112: "START TEXT: went back toward the battle with the other armed avatars. Before returning to their computers, the y" ******* END TEXT: "age Project, would be able to begin helping the students get started with this project. I even heard"
9780472027606 - page_113: "START TEXT: Ms. Canon ask Jada a technical question about teleporting to get around in Teen Second Life. In add" ******* END TEXT: "he same as when you are making clothes and stuff for your avatar. Like if you wanted to make a silk "
9780472027606 - page_114: "START TEXT: shirt, you can click on that if you have it in your inventory. The same goes for textures for your h" ******* END TEXT: "is class was ready to end, several students asked Ms. Glide if they could stay for the second class "
9780472027606 - page_115: "START TEXT: and continue to work. She said they could if they got permission from their next-period teachers. Tw" ******* END TEXT: "verlapping digital realities.\nAfter the weekend, students came back to the class very excited about "
9780472027606 - page_116: "START TEXT: designing and building structures on TEC Island. Like Ripcarl Magic did earlier, another student tal" ******* END TEXT: "ide was pleased to see that most of her students had completed making a digital project that was in "
9780472027606 - page_117: "START TEXT: line with the general goals of the unit. As they completed their projects, students would often call" ******* END TEXT: "le and then said to her, “I want to attach stuff. Can I upload some stuff?” “Like what?” she asked. "
9780472027606 - page_118: "START TEXT: “Like some pictures. I have some of my pictures on Photoshop.” They talked this over. It was one of " ******* END TEXT: "rance said finally. “Its complicated, so complex. It takes time to get well into it. But it's fun.”\n"
9780472027606 - page_119: "START TEXT: \nLEARNING IN VIRTUAL WORLDS\n“Is this some real stuff?” a student asked Ms. Canon on the first day of" ******* END TEXT: ". However, ameliorating these problems begins with transforming how the reality of the school place "
9780472027606 - page_120: "START TEXT: can be reconceived. For this to happen, educators must redesign how behaviors and activities are fra" ******* END TEXT: "he wanted to continue the students' development as well as hers. I have described earlier how their "
9780472027606 - page_121: "START TEXT: projects had been realized in individual and joint productive activity that distributed the learning" ******* END TEXT: "mmerse students within contexts that challenge, ground, and ultimately extend their understandings.\n"
9780472027606 - page_122: "START TEXT: \nThe students' connectedness to the symbolic texts and to the constructed reality of the virtual wor" ******* END TEXT: "b in ways that provided a culturally specific personalization of the design. Although he ran out of "
9780472027606 - page_123: "START TEXT: time, his intention was to build more things into the space like a photo gallery and prompts to play" ******* END TEXT: " Terrance said, “It's complicated, so complex. It takes time to get well into it. But it's fun.”\n\n\n\n"
9780472027606 - page_124: "START TEXT: \n5 | A SECOND LIFE FOR LEARNING\nWith ever-expanding modes for making meaning, creating and enacting " ******* END TEXT: "es that occurred during the project with respect to the students' learning despite these obstacles. "
9780472027606 - page_125: "START TEXT: Then I discuss vital aspects of the teachers' learning that occurred during the project. In address" ******* END TEXT: "tudents faced, the teachers, administrators, and staff at V-Tech were committed to implementing its "
9780472027606 - page_126: "START TEXT: “three R's”: “relationships,” “rigor,” and “relevance.” Ms. Glide's interaction with the disaffected" ******* END TEXT: " questions, making assignments, monitoring seatwork, reviewing assignments, giving tests, assigning "
9780472027606 - page_127: "START TEXT: homework, reviewing homework, marking papers, giving grades, and punishing noncompliance. The most e" ******* END TEXT: " families or to support themselves. Sometimes there were traumatic events occurring in their lives, "
9780472027606 - page_128: "START TEXT: as alluded to in some of the podcasts that were created in Ms. Foster's Hip-Hop Journalism class. At" ******* END TEXT: " about teaching and to get beyond a certain amount of reliance on and comfort with more traditional "
9780472027606 - page_129: "START TEXT: methods. The teachers reported very little, if any, training from their teacher preparation or PD pr" ******* END TEXT: "ustrate how their students' learning was connected to a number of principles of learning associated "
9780472027606 - page_130: "START TEXT: with new media (Gee 2004) as well as how it reflected key aspects of the emerging National Education" ******* END TEXT: " sources like Google Images. In line with the NETS for students, these young people were encouraged "
9780472027606 - page_131: "START TEXT: to “create original works” using “a variety of digital environments and media” to “interact, collabo" ******* END TEXT: "explore alternative solutions.”\nThrough the work in Ms. Foster's class, students became excited and "
9780472027606 - page_132: "START TEXT: highly focused about learning. There was often laughter and other signs of genuine enjoyment. Someti" ******* END TEXT: " enabled by digital media as noted by Gee (2004, 207–11), Ms. Glide's students learned, by enacting "
9780472027606 - page_133: "START TEXT: virtual identities, to “probe” the alternative realities and reflect on the consequences of their ac" ******* END TEXT: "al issues and events taking place in the physical world, Ms. Glide's students traveled, learned in, "
9780472027606 - page_134: "START TEXT: and ultimately built their own additions to the virtual world. Intuitively, they instantiated a sens" ******* END TEXT: "t enrolled, because they had heard about or seen the digitally mediated learning that was going on.\n"
9780472027606 - page_135: "START TEXT: \nTEACHERS' LEARNING\nAt the end of the school year, the teachers were interviewed about what they fel" ******* END TEXT: "ll feel apprehensive. I just like to be in my classroom where I can control how things go.” Yet she "
9780472027606 - page_136: "START TEXT: did actively try some things to change her practice, as she indicated later: “Still, I use other inn" ******* END TEXT: "igital tools, but she noted, “I have mostly done Internet research with the students when they have "
9780472027606 - page_137: "START TEXT: to write a paper.” Her fellow English teacher, Ms. Church, worked to incorporate more of the digital" ******* END TEXT: "ving toward the goals of these standards in how technology was being incorporated into instruction. "
9780472027606 - page_138: "START TEXT: Another one of the standards addresses the need for teachers to use technology with their students t" ******* END TEXT: ". It's always nice when you have new ideas. It's kind of a challenge, because then you think, well, "
9780472027606 - page_139: "START TEXT: there are all these standards you have to meet, and how can the two merge. . . . But I think it will" ******* END TEXT: "ation school was extremely challenging, and these challenges exacted tolls on teachers and students "
9780472027606 - page_140: "START TEXT: alike. Yet, like Ms. Church, the teachers at V-Tech finished the school year feeling quite encourage" ******* END TEXT: "ed. I think some collaboration has started to kinda pick up, but it's kind of been organic. When we "
9780472027606 - page_141: "START TEXT: come together even more purposefully in a more organized kind of way, I think it's going to be even " ******* END TEXT: "us section about talk going around the school of a potential collaboration with a new school on the "
9780472027606 - page_142: "START TEXT: East Coast alluded to the ideas of modeling on computer designs that were central to the vision of t" ******* END TEXT: "p them directly implement their curricular goals. Within the school structure, we created 90-minute "
9780472027606 - page_143: "START TEXT: bimonthly PD meetings that facilitated caring, collegial relationships as a context for professional" ******* END TEXT: "nal design was also revealed in how the teachers engaged in learning in and beyond the PD sessions. "
9780472027606 - page_144: "START TEXT: We tried to structure their learning to exemplify ways that the teachers could also design instructi" ******* END TEXT: "l. 2009). In their book, Ito and her colleagues synthesized three years of extensive collaborative, "
9780472027606 - page_145: "START TEXT: ethnographic work from a project funded by the MacArthur Foundation entitled “Kids' Informal Learnin" ******* END TEXT: " modify the learners' interactions and increase their levels of understanding. In these mediations, "
9780472027606 - page_146: "START TEXT: teachers and students become active, co-constructors of meaning, yet the instruction still guides st" ******* END TEXT: "earning. We must define its place for learning in schools or watch it take the place of schools.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027606 - page_147: "START TEXT: \nAPPENDIX A | THE ISTE NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY STANDARDS AND PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR TEAC" ******* END TEXT: "te authentic learning experiences and assessments incorporating contemporary tools and resources to "
9780472027606 - page_148: "START TEXT: maximize content learning in context and to develop the knowledge, skills, and attitudes identified " ******* END TEXT: "ncluding respect for copyright, intellectual property, and the appropriate documentation of sources\n"
9780472027606 - page_149: "START TEXT: \nb. address the diverse needs of all learners by using learner-centered strategies and providing equ" ******* END TEXT: "191 (U.S. & Canada) or 1.541.302.3777 (Int'l), iste@iste.org, www.iste.org. All rights reserved.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027606 - page_150: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472027606 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nAPPENDIX B | THE ISTE NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY STANDARDS AND PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR STU" ******* END TEXT: "gital tools to gather, evaluate, and use information. Students:\na. plan strategies to guide inquiry\n"
9780472027606 - page_152: "START TEXT: \nb. locate, organize, analyze, evaluate, synthesize, and ethically use information from a variety of" ******* END TEXT: "191 (U.S. & Canada) or 1.541.302.3777 (Int'l), iste@iste.org, www.iste.org. All rights reserved.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027606 - page_153: "START TEXT: \nNOTES\nCHAPTER 1\n1. This research collaboration received funding through the Chancellor's Award for " ******* END TEXT: "”“getting stupid,” and “getting dumb.” So when Deja said, “We went stupid,” it was a good thing.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027606 - page_154: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472027606 - page_155: "START TEXT: \nREFERENCES\nAlvermann, D. E., ed. 2002. Adolescents and literacies in a digital world. New York: Pet" ******* END TEXT: " Structures of participation in digital culture, 132–57. New York: Social Science Research Council.\n"
9780472027606 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nBrooks, D. 2008. Obama, liberalism, and the challenge of reform. New York Times, July 27. Retrieved" ******* END TEXT: " 1987. Thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.\n"
9780472027606 - page_157: "START TEXT: \nDewey, J. 1938. Experience and education. New York: Macmillan.\nDoherty, R. W., and Pinal, A. 2004. " ******* END TEXT: "ochicago/think3.htm.\nHarrison, S., and Dourish, P. 1996. Re-place-ing space: The roles of place and "
9780472027606 - page_158: "START TEXT: space in collaborative systems. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative W" ******* END TEXT: "ard, J., eds. 1999. Actor network theory and after. Oxford: Black-well; Keele: Sociological Review.\n"
9780472027606 - page_159: "START TEXT: \nLee, C. D. 2005. Taking culture into account: Intervention research based on current views of cogni" ******* END TEXT: "awrence Erlbaum Associates.\nManovich, L. 2001. The language of new media. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.\n"
9780472027606 - page_160: "START TEXT: \nMcLaren, P., Hammer, R., Sholle, D., and Reilly, S., eds. 1995. Rethinking media literacy: A critic" ******* END TEXT: "ting learning for culturally and linguistically diverse students, 79–94. Monterey, CA: Brooks Cole.\n"
9780472027606 - page_161: "START TEXT: \nShaffer, D. W. 2006. How computer games help children learn. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.\nShaffer," ******* END TEXT: "tribune.com/services/newspaper/printedition/tuesday/chi-070924discipline,0,5751354.story?page=2.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027606 - page_162: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472027606 - page_163: "START TEXT: \nINDEX\nPage numbers followed by letter f refer to figures.\n \nactive, critical learning principle, 18" ******* END TEXT: " TEACH Project and, 7, 143; with universities, 32, 44, 68; in World Media class, 106, 110, 117, 134\n"
9780472027606 - page_164: "START TEXT: \ncollective intelligence, 18; digital media and, 23, 146; TEACH Project and, 20, 48, 73\ncollegial pe" ******* END TEXT: "on: technology in, new standards for, 23, 125, 130–31, 133, 134, 137–38, 147–52; youth commentaries "
9780472027606 - page_165: "START TEXT: on, 42–43. See also U.S. education system\nEducation Equality Project, 5\nEducation Trust, 5\nEnglish c" ******* END TEXT: "ductive activity in, 29, 31, 51; learning in, 29, 130–32; linking with academic literacy standards, "
9780472027606 - page_166: "START TEXT: 53; linking with current issues, 31–32, 41; magazine project in, 37–40; material intelligence utiliz" ******* END TEXT: "rthur Foundation, 145\nmagazine project, in Hip-Hop Journalism class, 37–40, 130\nManovich, L., 2, 17\n"
9780472027606 - page_167: "START TEXT: \nmaterial intelligence of digital devices: concept of, 22–23; and learning, 22, 23, 46–47, 59, 143, " ******* END TEXT: "11, 65; relations with students, 37; support for teachers, 27, 65; vision of, 8–9, 17, 82, 142, 144\n"
9780472027606 - page_168: "START TEXT: \nprobing principle of learning, 18, 45; in Hip-Hop Journalism class, 29, 47, 130; in Teen Second Lif" ******* END TEXT: "3, 134, 151–52; and obstacles to learning, 125; risks for, 49; at V-Tech, 8, 9, 28, 49, 125–26, 127\n"
9780472027606 - page_169: "START TEXT: \n \nTeacher Quality Index, 5\nteachers: blogs of, 66, 77, 90–91, 137; collaboration among, digital tec" ******* END TEXT: "nt session, 71–73\n“think papers,” 19\n“third participant,” material intelligence as, 47–48, 130, 146\n"
9780472027606 - page_170: "START TEXT: \ntraditional teaching culture: connecting to digital technology, 98, 99, 139, 142; as obstacle to tr" ******* END TEXT: "d pedagogy of collegiality, 13, 14, 29\n \nzone of proximal development (ZPD), learning in, 22, 48\n\n\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_i: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472027835 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \nLANDMARK VIDEO GAMES\nThe Landmark Video Games book series is the first in the English language in w" ******* END TEXT: " dedicated to publishing work in new media studies and the emerging field of digital humanities.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nSilent Hill\nThe Terror Engine\n \n \nBernard Perron\n \nThe University of Michigan PressAnn Arbor\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nSilent Hill\nThe Terror Engine\n \n \nBernard Perron\n \nThe University of Michigan PressAnn Arbor\n\n\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by Bernard Perron 2012Some rights reserved\n\nThis work is licensed under the Creative Co" ******* END TEXT: "                                                                                      2011028327\n\n\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nAcknowledgments\nI would like to thank:\nShantal Robert and Léa Elisabeth Perron who let me spend sle" ******* END TEXT: "uyen, Mark J. P. Wolf, Pierre Fontaine, Serge Cardinal, Serge Fortin, and Andréane Morin-Simard.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472027835 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \nContents\nIntroduction\n1. Survival Terror\n2. Characters' Nightmarish Delusions in a Resort Town\n3. D" ******* END TEXT: "Nightmare\nThe Silent Hill Franchise (1999–2009)\nNotes\nGlossary\nBibliography and Ludography\nIndex\n\n\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472027835 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nIntroduction\nThe way is the goal.\n—Theravada Buddhist proverb\nThe typical starting point for any di" ******* END TEXT: "nds. These narrative frameworks eventually gave birth to two different games. Resident Evil is more\n"
9780472027835 - page_2: "START TEXT: \naction-oriented, focusing on quick thrill jumps, scares, and gory images, while Silent Hill is devi" ******* END TEXT: "een sold to date. Therefore, although I'll be discussing SH: 0rigins (2007), SH: Homecoming (2008),\n"
9780472027835 - page_3: "START TEXT: \nand SH: Shattered Memories (2009), as well as talking about SH4: The Room (2004) in the conclusion—" ******* END TEXT: "erentiates the “game as an experiential route” and the “game as a map and as a system” (2003, 144).\n"
9780472027835 - page_4: "START TEXT: \nIt is certainly beneficial to know our way around, and it would be difficult to write about games w" ******* END TEXT: "n. Just as each monster has a number representing physical strength, so does Heather. Although this\n"
9780472027835 - page_5: "START TEXT: \npoint system is hidden in the game, you can use it to your advantage if you are aware of it” (2004," ******* END TEXT: "f Silent Hill is not for a gameplayer (Perron 2003, 251–53), a gamer that would play with the game,\n"
9780472027835 - page_6: "START TEXT: \nan agent appropriating the formal structure of the game and essentially playing according to his go" ******* END TEXT: "virtual worlds and therefore has to be adapted to single-player games (gamers and player characters\n"
9780472027835 - page_7: "START TEXT: \ndon't socialize much in survival horror games), I must admit that I do not really fit into any of t" ******* END TEXT: "induced emotion: first, fiction emotions, which are rooted in the fictional world with the concerns\n"
9780472027835 - page_8: "START TEXT: \naddressed by that world, and second, artifact emotions, which arise from concerns related to the ar" ******* END TEXT: "ons. I will address the role of navigation, battle, use of weapons, solution to riddles, and so on.\n"
9780472027835 - page_9: "START TEXT: \nBut to begin with, I summarize in chapter 1 the distinguishing formal characteristics of the surviv" ******* END TEXT: "ent and disturbing images in this [book]. The fear of blood tends to create fear for the flesh.”\n\n\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_10: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 1Survival Terror\nTerror is the widening of perspective and perception.\n—David Drayton in St" ******* END TEXT: " forces are numerous and all deserve to die. Hence horror games are a natural fit. (Rouse 2009, 16)\n"
9780472027835 - page_11: "START TEXT: \nTo paraphrase Rouse's essay title, the “match made in hell” is as inevitable as it is successful.\nT" ******* END TEXT: "been banned in Australia in its original gory state (Ramsay 2008). To argue against this hostility,\n"
9780472027835 - page_12: "START TEXT: \nwhich is itself a by-product of fear, we could take a look at the games from the survival angle.\nPl" ******* END TEXT: " generally narrow because it demands from the reader [or the gamer] a certain degree of imagination\n"
9780472027835 - page_13: "START TEXT: \nand a capacity for detachment from everyday life. Relatively few are free enough from the spell of " ******* END TEXT: "the case of snuff movies, where showing the actual murder of a human being renders them intolerable\n"
9780472027835 - page_14: "START TEXT: \nand unacceptable to the general viewer—the antithesis to playful). To find pleasure in horror film," ******* END TEXT: "resentation. Cinema thus occupies a preponderant place since it constantly invents and perfects its\n"
9780472027835 - page_15: "START TEXT: \nrealistic effects. The conclusions of Amossy put Steven Poole's reasoning in perspective:\nWhy is it" ******* END TEXT: "eated for a generation of teenagers who are as much film and television viewers as they are gamers.\n"
9780472027835 - page_16: "START TEXT: \nAs Amossy's reference to game boards and Dika's video game analogy show, the contemporary horror fi" ******* END TEXT: "ng, morbid, and dark features. There is a last reason to see survival horror as an exemplary genre.\n"
9780472027835 - page_17: "START TEXT: \nThe adventure maze embodies a classic fairy-tale narrative of danger and salvation. Its lasting app" ******* END TEXT: "ased on the number of matches you use and the number of lives you have left at the end of the game.\n"
9780472027835 - page_18: "START TEXT: \nWhile the scrolling of Haunted House is mainly vertical in a very limited space (three rectangular " ******* END TEXT: "com / Capcom, 1989)—released at the same time as its film counterpart realized by Kiyoshi Kurosawa.\n"
9780472027835 - page_19: "START TEXT: \nOne of the primary inspirations for Resident Evil, Sweet Home follows classical horror patterns. An" ******* END TEXT: " hurt you, enemies such as flying bats, suits of armor, and mirrors wander around launching attacks\n"
9780472027835 - page_20: "START TEXT: \nif you do not avoid them. However, there are many monsters (corpses, evil dolls, hounds, ghosts, gh" ******* END TEXT: "Works of H. P. Lovecraft” (box set) and also inspired by the zombie movies of George A. Romero (see\n"
9780472027835 - page_21: "START TEXT: \nProvezza 2006, 54) takes place in the 1920s and follows the trail of private detective Edward Carnb" ******* END TEXT: "s sometimes employed as a technique to hide monsters from sight, as is the case when the longfanged\n"
9780472027835 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nmonster appears16 and attacks you, just after you've taken Jeremy Hartwood's notebook in his first " ******* END TEXT: "ne for the inventory, one for the possible actions, and one that shows your player character's life\n"
9780472027835 - page_23: "START TEXT: \npoints and the selected items. The inventory is limited; therefore it's important to manage the ite" ******* END TEXT: "o Sweet Home. With its door-opening loading screens, its in-game note saying, “You must escape this\n"
9780472027835 - page_24: "START TEXT: \nhouse of residing evil!” (seen as an explicit reference), and the fact that the game was played dur" ******* END TEXT: "hat it created additional tension by (somewhat arbitrarily) limiting the player's inventory. Bad in\n"
9780472027835 - page_25: "START TEXT: \nthat it tended to “break the illusion” of an interactive horror movie by inadvertently reminding pl" ******* END TEXT: "e beast to the rhythm of fast-paced music and turned the corner, another dog again bursts through a\n"
9780472027835 - page_26: "START TEXT: \nwindow (a Flying Reptile bursts in a similar way through Cafe 5to2's windows at the beginning of SH" ******* END TEXT: " However, because SH1 takes place inside, outside, and in overlapping real and alternate worlds, it\n"
9780472027835 - page_27: "START TEXT: \nbuilds a whole new frightening atmosphere. To render its fully real-time 3-D environments, Team Sil" ******* END TEXT: "o draw attention to with my quick look at the history of the genre, traced back to Adventure. Given\n"
9780472027835 - page_28: "START TEXT: \nthat you can only see what you light, you have to be very careful because monsters can be waiting, " ******* END TEXT: "know that there is something around that you can't see, you'll be scared, deep down. (Beuglet 2001)\n"
9780472027835 - page_29: "START TEXT: \nMasashi Tsuboyama, who worked on SH1 and directed SH2, puts a term on the general atmosphere of the" ******* END TEXT: "mpure monsters, art-horror is an occurrent emotional state (rather than a dispositional one such as\n"
9780472027835 - page_30: "START TEXT: \nundying envy) that has both a physical and cognitive dimension (1990, 24). Insofar as the etymology" ******* END TEXT: "ities on the known universe's utmost rim” (1973, 15). With its religious cult trying to bring about\n"
9780472027835 - page_31: "START TEXT: \nthe birth of an Old God to destroy the world so it may be born anew, the plot of SH: 0rigins, SH1, " ******* END TEXT: "le anticipatory dread. “In fact, terror is always of the indeterminate and incomprehensible, of the\n"
9780472027835 - page_32: "START TEXT: \nunseen but sensed or suspected, or of the imperfectly seen” (Rockett 1988, 46). Terror engenders a " ******* END TEXT: "or games, it would be more appropriate to refer to Silent Hill as a paradigm of survival terror.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_33: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 2Characters' Nightmarish Delusions in a Resort Town\nSo what exactly happened to Silent Hill" ******* END TEXT: "from scattered, succinct in-game information, the storytelling takes place primarily out-of-game in\n"
9780472027835 - page_34: "START TEXT: \ncut-scenes that introduce the principal characters and unfold the narrative. On the one hand, the c" ******* END TEXT: "r trials, try to imagine what she is feeling, and give her my unconditional support, the greater my\n"
9780472027835 - page_35: "START TEXT: \nenjoyment will be of the ultimate triumph, as well as of each little step that brings that triumph " ******* END TEXT: "nhausen 2007a, 73; Yamaoka goes on to say, “And now with SH5 [Homecoming, developed by Double Helix\n"
9780472027835 - page_36: "START TEXT: \nGames], it's an American take on a Japanese-filtered American horror”).4 The town is described this" ******* END TEXT: "y hands reach up towards the boats that pass overhead. Perhaps they reach for their comrades. (SH2)\n"
9780472027835 - page_37: "START TEXT: \nLisa Garland, the nurse, also explains to Harry in a cut-scene:\nBefore this place was turned into a" ******* END TEXT: "One may have visited or seen dilapidated abandoned buildings with torn wallpaper and broken ceramic\n"
9780472027835 - page_38: "START TEXT: \ntiles, and so on. Additionally, the fictional and virtual environment of the Silent Hill series exp" ******* END TEXT: "avigation through space; therefore the attraction of a labyrinthine town is without doubt enormous.\n"
9780472027835 - page_39: "START TEXT: \n\nHowever, the role of Silent Hill is even more important in the series. In interviews, Akihiro Imam" ******* END TEXT: "nd his TV series Twin Peaks (1990–91). Twin Peaks is the name of a picturesque American town in the\n"
9780472027835 - page_40: "START TEXT: \nrural Northwest. Its peace and order are disrupted when the high-school homecoming queen, Laura Pal" ******* END TEXT: "e about games (Resident Evil at the front for survival horror) that they analyze and theorize about\n"
9780472027835 - page_41: "START TEXT: \nthe plots. In regards to Silent Hill, I share the astonishment of Daragh Sankey in “Fear, Art and S" ******* END TEXT: " in his seminal book The Philosophy of Horror or Paradoxes of the Heart. These ideas are strikingly\n"
9780472027835 - page_42: "START TEXT: \nuseful in explaining the ins and outs of the genre while linking to the analysis I wish to make.\nAs" ******* END TEXT: " the question is “whether the creature can be destroyed” (Carroll 1990, 182), the player characters\n"
9780472027835 - page_43: "START TEXT: \nabsolutely must destroy them or, for the Pyramid Head(s) of SH2, hold out long enough to make them " ******* END TEXT: "lesh straitjackets of SH2 and SH: Origins, the Numb Bodies of SH3); they have various malformations\n"
9780472027835 - page_44: "START TEXT: \nand deformities (the Underhangers of SH2, the Closers and Slurpers of SH3); their walk is dubious; " ******* END TEXT: "cited when you step on them, snuffing out their lives.\nHEATHER: Are you talking about the monsters?\n"
9780472027835 - page_45: "START TEXT: \nVINCENT: Monsters…? They look like monsters to you? (Heather grumbles.) Don't worry, it's just a jo" ******* END TEXT: " decision making, reasoning, and problem solving. While they get your adrenaline pumping, and place\n"
9780472027835 - page_46: "START TEXT: \nthe lives of the player characters you control in the game world in peril, the monsters make the ex" ******* END TEXT: "nd in the Storage Room, that the young Travis had attempted to enter the sanitarium to see his mom,\n"
9780472027835 - page_47: "START TEXT: \nbut was taken by his dad. When he reaches the Riverside Motel, the place is somewhat familiar to hi" ******* END TEXT: "fe died of a disease that “has left a shadow over his shoulder”—manual). Harry sees a figure on the\n"
9780472027835 - page_48: "START TEXT: \nroad. To avoid it, he swerves, consequently running his vehicle off the road. When he wakes up behi" ******* END TEXT: " sleep talk, and the crest of Samael, which is evident all over town (the one Harry found the first\n"
9780472027835 - page_49: "START TEXT: \ntime in the school's courtyard). Later on, Lisa Garland reveals the existence of the cult in Silent" ******* END TEXT: "laced the path to deliverance and salvation. To understand this, it is relevant to turn to Rockett:\n"
9780472027835 - page_50: "START TEXT: \nThe threats to survival, the things to be feared lurking just beyond the rim of firelight in the ca" ******* END TEXT: " the entrance of Dahlia Gillespie in SH1, the encounter of Heather Manson—the player character—with\n"
9780472027835 - page_51: "START TEXT: \nClaudia Wolf (wasn't the hallucinogenic plant called “White Claudia”?) triggers the play of ratioci" ******* END TEXT: "iving force for the game-play. Even though many details of the play of ratiocination have here been\n"
9780472027835 - page_52: "START TEXT: \nleft out, my intention was to demonstrate how the main story of the series keeps the gamer interest" ******* END TEXT: "f giving us ever more human and believable heroes. It makes the ensuing darkness and horror all the\n"
9780472027835 - page_53: "START TEXT: \nmore threatening by contrast … and creators Akira Yamaoka and Masahiro Ito damn well know it. (Huda" ******* END TEXT: "ion between Claudia and Vincent in the room at Jack's Inn (the conversation took place on Heather's\n"
9780472027835 - page_54: "START TEXT: \narrival, which reveals that Vincent is lying to her); (2) the encounter between Claudia and Detecti" ******* END TEXT: "uinea pig, a human subject in an army experiment. Upon this assumption, he attempts to discover the\n"
9780472027835 - page_55: "START TEXT: \ntruth. He finds out about a drug called “the Ladder” that increases aggressive tendencies, which wa" ******* END TEXT: "own. This is also true for SH3 (I'll talk about SH2 in the next section). Like SH1, the game begins\n"
9780472027835 - page_56: "START TEXT: \nwith a longer nightmare, from which Heather supposedly wakes up. But again, given that the huge mon" ******* END TEXT: "he flashes of supersight which penetrate the common veil of obvious empiricism. (Lovecraft 1970, 7)\n"
9780472027835 - page_57: "START TEXT: \nEven a doctor's journal, found by James in the document room of the Brookhaven Hospital of SH2, ack" ******* END TEXT: "e main protagonists.\nIn the enemy camp, the blind beliefs of Dahlia Gillespie (SH: Origins and SH1)\n"
9780472027835 - page_58: "START TEXT: \nand Claudia Wolf (SH3) in the Order really make them wicked characters. Mysterious, yet elusive and" ******* END TEXT: "le to give her father a decent burial. With the help of Detective Cartland, she abandons her father\n"
9780472027835 - page_59: "START TEXT: \nunder a white bedsheet in his room. Cartland is in some ways replacing Harry from now on. He is a n" ******* END TEXT: " really alive and waiting for him. The first living being he encounters when he gets to town (after\n"
9780472027835 - page_60: "START TEXT: \na talk with Angela at the cemetery) is a monster he has to kill. The first human he comes across is" ******* END TEXT: "nd). The scene where James realizes his act is certainly one of the saddest moments of the survival\n"
9780472027835 - page_61: "START TEXT: \nhorror genre. (2) As Krzywinska has noticed, SH2 “attempt[s] to disrupt the conventional good/evil " ******* END TEXT: "e Brookhaven Hospital: “He who is not bold enough to be stared at from across the abyss is not bold\n"
9780472027835 - page_62: "START TEXT: \nenough to stare into himself. The truth can only be learned by marching forward.” If James (re)visi" ******* END TEXT: "ly enough, wanders alone safely in Silent Hill. Initially she is a real brat to James, dragging him\n"
9780472027835 - page_63: "START TEXT: \ninto the hands of monsters (the Boss Hangers). Even so, she knew Mary and declares to him that he d" ******* END TEXT: "also Pyramid Head who kills Maria at the hospital. James has to survive until a final confrontation\n"
9780472027835 - page_64: "START TEXT: \nwith two Pyramid Heads, who are executioners from the past, which he discovers in the Historical So" ******* END TEXT: "rience. SH2 remains the best game of the series and, as a story-driven one, a unique video game.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_65: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 3Designers' Cinematic Depiction of a Game World\nPlay has a tendency to be beautiful. It may" ******* END TEXT: " As the reference to Carroll's art-horror emphasized in the previous chapter, fear has an important\n"
9780472027835 - page_66: "START TEXT: \nphysical dimension. What might make fear potentially enjoyable rests on the excitement, the “rush” " ******* END TEXT: "t instant aware of the film [and the game] as artefact. In a general sense, it may be that the more\n"
9780472027835 - page_67: "START TEXT: \nintense the emotion, the greater the likelihood the viewer [and gamer] will realize that this is a " ******* END TEXT: "ival horror points of reference. In the marking out of the parallel worlds and the transition to an\n"
9780472027835 - page_68: "START TEXT: \nOther one, few references are made to the Dark World of Darkseed (Cyberdreams / Cyberdreams, 1992) " ******* END TEXT: "nexplored component of the pleasure of computer gameplay is our astonishment at visual and auditory\n"
9780472027835 - page_69: "START TEXT: \ntechnology, at our participation in technological spectacle, and in the story of its development. I" ******* END TEXT: " in those terms: “Featuring shocking realistic graphics.... Series' trademark graphics possess even\n"
9780472027835 - page_70: "START TEXT: \nmore disturbing detail” (box set). According to the story of its technological development, the shi" ******* END TEXT: "ke you more distrustful (fig. 4). Carrying the fascination to the extreme, you might end up walking\n"
9780472027835 - page_71: "START TEXT: \naround only to see the shadows following your move, as around Heather's school desk in SH3, or cast" ******* END TEXT: "ing nice shadows while you follow Michelle Valdez and Lisa Garland home in SH: Shattered Memories.\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_72: "START TEXT: \n\nSince the light is coming from diegetic sources, there are a few noteworthy moments in Silent Hill" ******* END TEXT: "r flashlight] can see her mirror reflection. However, small lines of blood begin seeping out of the\n"
9780472027835 - page_73: "START TEXT: \nreflected sink, and soon cover the floor and walls. As you watch, blood engulfs Heather's reflectio" ******* END TEXT: "not open until the lines of blood have touched the door and are closing in on Heather. (2004, 115)\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_74: "START TEXT: \nThis scene, which occurs in real time, leaves you—to use Konami's term—breathless!\nSilent Hill woul" ******* END TEXT: "sort town is well and truly organized to welcome tourists, but one knows it is not that simple. The\n"
9780472027835 - page_75: "START TEXT: \nsign at the beginning of SH2 is ample evidence: with two letters missing, it doesn't say “Welcome!”" ******* END TEXT: "shed and mangled bicycle of his son Gabe, who had been run over, with a wheel still spinning. Then,\n"
9780472027835 - page_76: "START TEXT: \ncrossed corridors slowly deteriorate. The atmosphere becomes completely insane. The ceiling changes" ******* END TEXT: "er is one that you can empathize with. But when it comes to discussing artifact emotions, it should\n"
9780472027835 - page_77: "START TEXT: \nnot be forgotten, as Poole points out (2000, 163), that he or she should also be aesthetically plea" ******* END TEXT: "n't want anyone to notice; that's why he combs his hair back so that nobody will see his bald spot.\n"
9780472027835 - page_78: "START TEXT: \nThe monsters are not to be outdone. Masahiro Ito explains that his hideous and grotesque visions co" ******* END TEXT: "from the synthesized themes of other cut-scenes) and by the camera moving toward Harry as the dying\n"
9780472027835 - page_79: "START TEXT: \nLisa is heard knocking behind the closed door. In SH2, the camera is just as mobile during the firs" ******* END TEXT: "(Birlew 2004, 35). SH: 0rigins adds dirt and scratches on the already grainy celluloid image during\n"
9780472027835 - page_80: "START TEXT: \nfights with monsters; they are also added in SH4: The Room when ghosts appear—during short dying cu" ******* END TEXT: "ertical angle is used to show Edward in a corridor of Derceto in Alone in the Dark, and also at the\n"
9780472027835 - page_81: "START TEXT: \nbeginning of Resident Evil 2, showing Leon running in the back street behind the gun shop. A simila" ******* END TEXT: "s in the alley, only two high-angle shots are fixed. Otherwise, the camera does not stop moving. It\n"
9780472027835 - page_82: "START TEXT: \nmoves in a peculiar manner to show the distressed father through several pipes (fig. 10), rises up," ******* END TEXT: "ather through several pipes (fig. 10), rises up, and looks down vertically as he reaches a corner.\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_83: "START TEXT: \n\nThen the camera drops low to follow his footpath. There is a similar shot when Harry comes across " ******* END TEXT: "ehind. What's more, with the exception of a few locations (the alley being one example), the camera\n"
9780472027835 - page_84: "START TEXT: \ncan be controlled with a “search view” (L2 button in SH1 to SH: 0rigins), which fixes the camera at" ******* END TEXT: "fact that you cannot continuously and completely command the roving virtual camera provides it with\n"
9780472027835 - page_85: "START TEXT: \nsome supernatural powers. “It almost acts as if it has a will of its own, conjuring up the independ" ******* END TEXT: "ological states through external forms, those of the world's spaces and the objects within them. To\n"
9780472027835 - page_86: "START TEXT: \ncarry off this effect, the image is distorted by various means such as diagonal compositions, depth" ******* END TEXT: "f bending the stimmung is most certainly one of the distinctive, stylistic features of Silent Hill.\n"
9780472027835 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nAudio-Video Games\nTo begin a short essay on the importance of sound in the video game, Jonathan Hof" ******* END TEXT: "and incidentally the series, was designed with sound in mind (which is not always the case in video\n"
9780472027835 - page_88: "START TEXT: \ngames). With the key visual device of the series—the flashlight with its limited halo and range of " ******* END TEXT: "The creatures of SH: Shattered Memories also have a high-pitched scream. In SH2, a never-to-be-seen\n"
9780472027835 - page_89: "START TEXT: \nroaring monster follows James along the hiking path at the beginning, and small, unseen beasts rust" ******* END TEXT: " and “Killed by Death” of the SH1 Original Soundtrack give a really good indication of the range of\n"
9780472027835 - page_90: "START TEXT: \nYamaoka's work. The more you progress in Silent Hill, the deeper you go in its nightmarish depths, " ******* END TEXT: "ippings during the day adds a tenebrous dimension to the atmosphere. The eerie atmospheric rumbling\n"
9780472027835 - page_91: "START TEXT: \nis only broken by your footsteps on the foggy roadway, the static of the pocket radio, the encounte" ******* END TEXT: "ds may break out, alarming sounds may fade in and out, and an ambience may overlap across different\n"
9780472027835 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nspaces. However, the pulsation separating and joining the visual “cuts” is also salient. The end of" ******* END TEXT: "” (414). From the moment the terrifying dream starts, SH: Homecoming is seen as a recurrence of the\n"
9780472027835 - page_93: "START TEXT: \nother beginnings of the series. The pink bunny links SH: Homecoming's nightmare to the one in SH3 a" ******* END TEXT: " of SH2, when James comes across a well and it turns out to be a save point. Knowing the convention\n"
9780472027835 - page_94: "START TEXT: \nof the survival horror genre where save points precede a new area or a difficult fight, you move on" ******* END TEXT: "ed seeking out another type of spectator, mostly through the creation of a new type of emotions.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_95: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 4Gamers' Terrifying Exploration of Silent Hill\nIn a video game, the emotional engine that g" ******* END TEXT: " interpreted. Our mind is busy with the plot level and the action level at the same time. The first\n"
9780472027835 - page_96: "START TEXT: \none, that we experience on the fly, can be narrated afterwards (it is tell-able) and makes sense as" ******* END TEXT: "l an emotional episode is closed due to a change of situation—is not actual fact, but only virtual.\n"
9780472027835 - page_97: "START TEXT: \nThere is nothing one can do except watch or turn away. In the case of film viewing [as compared to " ******* END TEXT: " characterized by his predefined functions such as his look, gestures, or predesigned dialogue, but\n"
9780472027835 - page_98: "START TEXT: \nalso by his goals and subgoals in the game, and by the actions he can and cannot perform (Lankoski " ******* END TEXT: "nge the cognitive labelling of the arousal. The emotional experience is not primarily input-driven,\n"
9780472027835 - page_99: "START TEXT: \narousal-driven, but driven by the wish for an active control, and thereby also driven by a wish for" ******* END TEXT: " act of playing is more than a sum of the two, since actual gameplay is full of doubts, ineffective\n"
9780472027835 - page_100: "START TEXT: \nmovement, reloads, maybe deaths, etc. This superfluous material is also part of playing, in a way i" ******* END TEXT: "or instance). You do not have a map of this place either (but you know there is one by the manual).\n"
9780472027835 - page_101: "START TEXT: \nAfter the two short cut-scenes that direct you to the alley behind the figure of Cheryl, you follow" ******* END TEXT: " that's not the start SH1 and SH2 taught you. After an exploration of the entrance of the amusement\n"
9780472027835 - page_102: "START TEXT: \npark, if you do not fall in a gaping hole in the floor, you go to a second area where you already h" ******* END TEXT: "hospital elevator he finally reaches, but suddenly wakes up in the passenger seat of a truck on his\n"
9780472027835 - page_103: "START TEXT: \nway to Shepherd's Glen, that you're also realize that, again, you're welcomed into Silent Hill thro" ******* END TEXT: "ite frankly I don't want to play a game that progresses like a turtle. By the time I had reached my\n"
9780472027835 - page_104: "START TEXT: \nsecond hour, I lost all interest I had in playing Silent Hill 2. The game began to feel like a chor" ******* END TEXT: "le, in SH1, you have to deduce the actions to perform at the normal Midwich Elementary School after\n"
9780472027835 - page_105: "START TEXT: \nreading three notes written in blood linked to time, that is, to the Clock Tower of the Courtyard g" ******* END TEXT: "ok at interesting items during his search. But contrary to Resident Evil, the backtracking is quite\n"
9780472027835 - page_106: "START TEXT: \nlimited in Silent Hill. The search and the use of items are limited to a rather specific area, and " ******* END TEXT: " both are always aware they are not themselves the victim of the horror and that it is someone else\n"
9780472027835 - page_107: "START TEXT: \nsuffering (as in Tan 1996, 241). This is the fictional dimension of the experience. But while, idea" ******* END TEXT: "power to take meaningful actions and see the results of our decisions and choices” (1997, 126). You\n"
9780472027835 - page_108: "START TEXT: \nare in command of your player character in the game world, an ascendancy that leads to a mutation i" ******* END TEXT: " the simple reason that it helps you keep them alive. This is another departure for the video game.\n"
9780472027835 - page_109: "START TEXT: \nIn movies, Carroll says, “the fear that the audience emotes with regard to the monster is not fear " ******* END TEXT: "vicariously identify with the coping potentials of the endangered film character. The viewer cannot\n"
9780472027835 - page_110: "START TEXT: \npersonally come up with specific coping strategies; like the rest of the audience, the viewer can o" ******* END TEXT: "weapon is questionable [from which the auto-aim facing a monster] and is certainly dependent on the\n"
9780472027835 - page_111: "START TEXT: \ndistance. Try to let the enemies close in a bit to get off a sure hit.” Reviewers like Gamespot's L" ******* END TEXT: "ound with melee weapons in SH3, being out of bullets becomes less stressful in the indoor locations\n"
9780472027835 - page_112: "START TEXT: \nof SH1 from the moment you get the hammer or the bonus katana in a “Next fear” game. In any case, i" ******* END TEXT: "o use on her way to the hellish Brookhaven Hospital to meet Leonard. Since ultimately this is not a\n"
9780472027835 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nlabyrinth to get lost in or to face enemies in, you might just have to follow the path mapped out b" ******* END TEXT: "n, and the action level, the exploration of Silent Hill shapes the game experience. As it was noted\n"
9780472027835 - page_114: "START TEXT: \nin the preceding chapter, the meticulous design of the resort town renders the visit a riveting one" ******* END TEXT: "her teammates, thinking the beast hides inside, carefully open a locker, only to be surprised by an\n"
9780472027835 - page_115: "START TEXT: \nextreme close-up of a shrieking cat jumping out, its every movement frenzied (2000, 18). There are " ******* END TEXT: "e back of the clothing store where you get the bulletproof vest is also unnerving in SH3. Since you\n"
9780472027835 - page_116: "START TEXT: \ncan only see in front of you with the flashlight, you hurriedly look around to see what made that n" ******* END TEXT: "t of forewarning on emotional responses to a horror film,” Joanne Cantor, Dean Ziemke, and Glenn G.\n"
9780472027835 - page_117: "START TEXT: \nSparks show that one would intuitively think that prior knowledge about an upcoming frightening eve" ******* END TEXT: "ilent Hill signifies a threat, but does not reveal anything regarding what is about to occur. There\n"
9780472027835 - page_118: "START TEXT: \nstill remains an uneasiness over the uncertainty of the outcome. Thus, not only fright, but anxiety" ******* END TEXT: "t was only later that I came to understand that the Double Heads made those fearsome noises because\n"
9780472027835 - page_119: "START TEXT: \nthey were eating chunks of flesh, not because they were after me. These are the moments I may not h" ******* END TEXT: "u cannot find it anywhere. This happens in SH1. Taking the elevator down in the Alchemilla Hospital\n"
9780472027835 - page_120: "START TEXT: \nactually brings you to a place called “Nowhere.” In SH: Shattered Memories, Harry jumps down twice " ******* END TEXT: "ing into the abyss of the resort town, the longer become the transitions (stairways, corridors, and\n"
9780472027835 - page_121: "START TEXT: \nwalks in the streets) to new places or locations. It should be repeated, one last time, that you fe" ******* END TEXT: "tion, and somewhere to the pathos of his condition. (Higuinen and Tesson 2002b, 31; my translation)\n"
9780472027835 - page_122: "START TEXT: \n\nThe notion of duration cannot be overlooked with regard to the crossing of the Toluca Lake either." ******* END TEXT: "d feelings. Though you only have to try to steer your course toward the light on the opposed shore,\n"
9780472027835 - page_123: "START TEXT: \nyou are, at the same time, enveloped by the fog, and you're also listening to the noise of your oar" ******* END TEXT: "ss for her. If you're caught up in the story, anticipating what kind of hell is waiting for Heather\n"
9780472027835 - page_124: "START TEXT: \nin Silent Hill but not knowing if she'll come back to her home (you need to get the UFO ending for " ******* END TEXT: "tyard sequence of SH2 is a truly memorable scene. It conveys perfectly the gaming experience of the\n"
9780472027835 - page_125: "START TEXT: \nseries. It also summarizes what survival horror and, more certainly, what survival terror games are" ******* END TEXT: "s I've said elsewhere (Perron 2005b), it is a playground where you play at frightening yourself.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_126: "START TEXT: \nConclusion:An Endless Nightmare\nSurvive, you must have the willThis movie doesn't end the way we wa" ******* END TEXT: "inally intended to be related to Silent Hill; it is in any case part of the series now. It revolves\n"
9780472027835 - page_127: "START TEXT: \naround Henry Townshend, the player character, who finds himself trapped in his cursed apartment in " ******* END TEXT: "tive regarding the design of SH4: The Room was too far from the aforementioned idea of commonality.\n"
9780472027835 - page_128: "START TEXT: \nAkihiro Imamura, the subproducer, and Akira Yamaoka, the sound director, music composer, and produc" ******* END TEXT: "s accustomed to. Like the item boxes found in various locations of Resident Evil's Spencer Mansion,\n"
9780472027835 - page_129: "START TEXT: \ncollected items must be stored in a chest located in the living room of the apartment. This forces " ******* END TEXT: " hardware, performance, or memory limitations. However, and SH: Homecoming bears witness, it is not\n"
9780472027835 - page_130: "START TEXT: \npossible to wander from the straight and narrow when it comes to the traditional survival terror (s" ******* END TEXT: "ourney. The painter is the main protagonist of Silent Hill: Paint It Black by Scott Ciencin (story)\n"
9780472027835 - page_131: "START TEXT: \nand Shaun Thomas (art), published the previous year. Owing to such links, you understand that if yo" ******* END TEXT: ", comic books have their own language. The reader has to address not only the sequential continuity\n"
9780472027835 - page_132: "START TEXT: \nbetween the panels, but also the spatial montage of those panels. For instance, the layout plays a " ******* END TEXT: "ge ache Sharon (and not Cheryl, played by Jodelle Ferland) is suffering from and that could confine\n"
9780472027835 - page_133: "START TEXT: \nher to a mental hospital. In spite of the protests from her husband, Christopher DaSilva (Sean Bean" ******* END TEXT: " cutting. If he reproduces the vertical panoramic view on the second crucified corpse at the end of\n"
9780472027835 - page_134: "START TEXT: \nthe alley, he intensifies the horror thanks to a close-up of the bloodshot eyes of the crucified, w" ******* END TEXT: "ans of defense, the number of monsters met during the search for Sharon is largely reduced. Instead\n"
9780472027835 - page_135: "START TEXT: \nof roaming in the whole hospital, the Nurses are, for instance, grouped in a single corridor. Using" ******* END TEXT: "great pleasure, let's hope Silent Hill, the survival terror games, will be an endless nightmare.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_136: "START TEXT: \nThe Silent Hill Franchise(1999–2009)\nVideo Games\nSilent Hill (PSone). Konami / Konami (1999).\nSilen" ******* END TEXT: " (2003).\nThe Silent Hill Experience (PSP). Konami (2006).\nFilm\nSilent Hill (Christophe Gans, 2006).\n"
9780472027835 - page_137: "START TEXT: \nNovels\nSilent Hill: The Novel by Sadamu Yamashita. Konami (2006).\nSilent Hill 2: The Novel by Sadam" ******* END TEXT: "Homecoming Soundtrack (Konami, 2008).\nSilent Hill: Shattered Memories Soundtrack (Konami, 2009).\n\n\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_138: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472027835 - page_139: "START TEXT: \nNotes\nIntroduction\n1. I'll be referring to the title Silent Hill for the entire series, using abbre" ******* END TEXT: "he flashlight, we have a little surprise: a mannequin rises in a sound burst to restart the action.\n"
9780472027835 - page_140: "START TEXT: \n8. I borrow this distinction from Hochberg and Brooks (1996, 380–81).\n9. Grodal uses the term “novi" ******* END TEXT: ".\nChapter 1\n1. This label has indeed been questioned more than once. For instance, Laurie N. Taylor\n"
9780472027835 - page_141: "START TEXT: \nprefers to talk about ludic-gothic games (2009, 46–61). Following Matthew Weise, we also have to ac" ******* END TEXT: "rio Bros. (Nintendo/Nintendo, 1985) and Pac-Man (Namco/Midway, 1980), not to survival horror games.\n"
9780472027835 - page_142: "START TEXT: \n15. One chapter of Daniel Ichbiah's book La saga des jeux vidéo (1997) is devoted to the making of " ******* END TEXT: "but also the spirits that they believed inhabited the trees, rocks and water around them. According\n"
9780472027835 - page_143: "START TEXT: \nto legend, this was where the holiest ceremonies took place. But it was not the ancestors of those " ******* END TEXT: "strous being and one of the bosses who is killing Nurses—therefore women—with a large meat cleaver.\n"
9780472027835 - page_144: "START TEXT: \n16. There are four more endings: “Good+,”“Bad+,”“Bad,” and “UFO.”\n17. See the entry “Samael” of the" ******* END TEXT: "icits a highly conscious awareness of the film image engaging the viewer's curiosity. The spectator\n"
9780472027835 - page_145: "START TEXT: \ndoes not get lost in a fictional world and its drama, but remains aware of the act of looking, the " ******* END TEXT: " anyway), it is even more difficult from a procedural authorship perspective to be certain that the\n"
9780472027835 - page_146: "START TEXT: \ngamer will feel a specific emotion. Based on his past experience and his actual performance, a part" ******* END TEXT: "l (2001) also suggests the nagging feeling that something was missed on the way can be detrimental.\n"
9780472027835 - page_147: "START TEXT: \nConclusion\n1. http://silenthillheaven.com/.\n2. I must admit, I was one of those.\n3. A new four-issu" ******* END TEXT: " more like an experimental art film than a horror film—except for the horror, of course” (2006).\n\n\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_148: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472027835 - page_149: "START TEXT: \nGlossary\nartifact emotion: An emotion that arises from concerns related to the artifact, as well as" ******* END TEXT: "e medium) and “immediacy” (a style of visual representation whose goal is to make the viewer forget\n"
9780472027835 - page_150: "START TEXT: \nthe presence of the medium and believe that he is in the presence of the objects of representation)" ******* END TEXT: " specific actions, etc.).\nwalkthrough: Step-by-step instructions telling how to complete a game.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nBibliography and Ludography\nAarseth, Espen. 1997. Cybertext: Perspectives on Ergodic Literature. Ba" ******* END TEXT: "77.\nBeuglet, Nicolas. 2001. The Making of Silent Hill 2: Alchemists of Emotion. Fun TV. 33 minutes.\n"
9780472027835 - page_152: "START TEXT: \nBeuglet, Nicolas. 2003. Silent Hill 3: Naissance d'une Renaissance. WE Production / Konami. 26 minu" ******* END TEXT: ".com, March 9. Online at http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3097/its_all_in_your_mind_visual_.p.\n"
9780472027835 - page_153: "START TEXT: \nEaton, Marcia M. 1982. “A Strange Kind of Sadness.” Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 41, no." ******* END TEXT: "ditorial: Cinéphiles et Ludophiles.” Cahiers du Cinéma, special issue on video games, September, 5.\n"
9780472027835 - page_154: "START TEXT: \nHiguinen, Erwan, and Charles Tesson. 2002b. “Entretien. Christophe Gans: ‘Ce n'est pas du cinéma!.'" ******* END TEXT: "nference, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver. Online at http://www.digra.org/dl/db/06278.03293.pdf.\n"
9780472027835 - page_155: "START TEXT: \nLovecraft, Howard Phillips. 1970. The Tomb and Other Tales. New York: Ballantine.\nLovecraft, Howard" ******* END TEXT: "Film and the Notions of Stereotype, Fun and Play.” Journal of Moving Image Studies 5, no. 1: 20–30.\n"
9780472027835 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nPerron, Bernard. 2009. “The Survival Horror: The Extended Body Genre.” In Horror Video Games: Essay" ******* END TEXT: " 1989. Evil Influences: Crusades against the Mass Media. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.\n"
9780472027835 - page_157: "START TEXT: \nSterling, Jim. 2008. “How Survival Horror Evolved Itself into Extinction.” Destructoid.com, Decembe" ******* END TEXT: "pcom, 2001.\nDino Crisis (PSone). Capcom / Capcom, 1999.\nDOOM (PC). id Software / id Software, 1993.\n"
9780472027835 - page_158: "START TEXT: \nDOOM II: Hell on Earth (PC). id Software / id Software, 1994.\nDOOM 3 (PC). id Software / Activision" ******* END TEXT: "COM Simulation / Mindscape, 1987.\nUnreal Tournament (PC). Epic MegaGames / GT Interactive, 1999.\n\n\n\n"
9780472027835 - page_159: "START TEXT: \nIndex\nAarseth, Espen, 6–7\naction tendency, 35, 96, 98, 145n2\nAdventure, 16, 17, 19, 23, 27\nagency, " ******* END TEXT: "), 8, 12, 35, 38, 44, 53–54, 55, 60–61, 76, 123, 131, 144n3\nendings, 4, 7, 55, 98, 100, 135, 143n15\n"
9780472027835 - page_160: "START TEXT: \nEraserhead, 68, 87\nEternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem, 110\neXistenZ, 134\nExorcist, The, 1, 68, 70\nF" ******* END TEXT: "blood, 26\nOwaku, Hiroyuki, 45, 51, 109, 130, 139n4, 147n4\nParasite Eve, 26, 52\nParasite Eve II, 100\n"
9780472027835 - page_161: "START TEXT: \nplayer (attitude of), 6, 114\nplayer character, 17, 19, 21, 24\nplay of ratiocination, 8, 45–46, 48, " ******* END TEXT: "acter (NPC), 57–58\nplayer character, 31, 52, 53, 54, 97\nSilent Hill: Shattered Memories, 3, 28, 72,\n"
9780472027835 - page_162: "START TEXT: \n74, 77, 88, 97, 98, 106, 109, 112, 120, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 143n7\nending, 93, 123, 140n10\nSile" ******* END TEXT: "maoka, Akira, 35, 38, 53, 87, 89–91, 128, 129, 133, 139n4, 145n7, 145n14, 147n4\nYuri, Shingo, 77\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_i: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472028931 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \nLANDMARK VIDEO GAMES\nThe Landmark Video Games book series is the first in the English language in w" ******* END TEXT: " dedicated to publishing work in new media studies and the emerging field of digital humanities.\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nDOOM\nSCARYDARKFAST\n \n \nDAN PINCHBECK\n \nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESSANN ARBOR\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nDOOM\nSCARYDARKFAST\n \n \nDAN PINCHBECK\n \nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESSANN ARBOR\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by Dan Pinchbeck 2013Some rights reserved\n\nThis work is licensed under the Creative Com" ******* END TEXT: "2893-1 (e-book)    1. Doom 64 (Game)   I. Title.GV1469.35.D68P56       2013794.8—dc23\n2012042610\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nAcknowledgments\nIt's a little daunting to write a book about DOOM. There's a mass of information ou" ******* END TEXT: "invaluable comments during the editing process. Equally, colleagues at the University of Portsmouth\n"
9780472028931 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \nshould be thanked, particularly Steve Hand and David Anderson, both of whom were very patient with " ******* END TEXT: "car. I love you, and I'd fight through the forces of Hell for either of you any day of the week.\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \nContents\nIntroduction: There Are a Lot of People Totally Opposed to Violence. They're All Dead.\n1. " ******* END TEXT: "ndful of Vertebrae and a Headful of Mad: Modding DOOM\n13. Not if I Frag You First: DOOM Multiplayer\n"
9780472028931 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n14. Fucked in the Dark: Ports, Sequels, and Other Unholy Offspring\n15. You Gibbed It Here First: DO" ******* END TEXT: "l FPS Game\n16. SCARYDARKFAST: The Legacy of DOOM\nNotes\nGlossary\nReferences\nFurther Reading\nIndex\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nIntroduction\nThere Are a Lot of People Totally Opposed to Violence. They're All Dead.\nIt was early " ******* END TEXT: "rilla Games 2011). There is something absolutely unique about the direct mapping of your perception\n"
9780472028931 - page_2: "START TEXT: \nonto an avatar's, something really wonderful about how, in many ways, these games extend the reward" ******* END TEXT: "ammo bandolier, power up the plasma gun, grab some blue armor, and, in the immortal words of DOOM's\n"
9780472028931 - page_3: "START TEXT: \nhilariously succinct intro, put a “couple of pellets in the forehead” of whatever killed your buddi" ******* END TEXT: "ng of what playing it entails.\nThe first release of DOOM occurred on December 10, 1993, in the form\n"
9780472028931 - page_4: "START TEXT: \nof a free shareware episode available for download, plus two further episodes requiring payment. Th" ******* END TEXT: "it as a “mass murder simulator” (60 Minutes, CBS, 1997), and the game was at the center of attempts\n"
9780472028931 - page_5: "START TEXT: \nto push through compulsory licensing of virtual realities. This was driven up to fever pitch with t" ******* END TEXT: "a Cacodemon. Play it all over again. Because it's just, quite simply, a really bloody good game.\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_6: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 1\nEva! Auf Wiedersehen!\nThe Birth of a Genre\nWe need to consider the context into which DOO" ******* END TEXT: "lds water, its importance as a game is undiminished—even if for no other reason than because Spasim\n"
9780472028931 - page_7: "START TEXT: \nis a clear spiritual ancestor of Elite (Braben and Bell 1984) and its many derivatives. It perhaps " ******* END TEXT: "o igniting the modern FPS powder keg. As is, the debts owed by RPG/FPS crossovers from Deus Ex (Ion\n"
9780472028931 - page_8: "START TEXT: \nStorm 2000) to Borderlands (Gearbox 2009) and Fallout 3 (Bethesda 2008) are clear, and while less e" ******* END TEXT: "n Catacomb 3D, but [Catacomb 3D] looked like it had a direction, a promise we could go after. (JR)3\n"
9780472028931 - page_9: "START TEXT: \n\nThe follow-up to Catacomb 3D discarded any notion of the RPG. Whereas Catacomb 3D could potentiall" ******* END TEXT: "king the basic premise of escape from a Nazi castle, id dispensed largely with the stealth approach\n"
9780472028931 - page_10: "START TEXT: \nthat formed much of the gameplay of Warner's game. Rather than encouraging the player to avoid dete" ******* END TEXT: "out a series of similar-looking environments, collecting treasure as you go (if that's your thing).\n"
9780472028931 - page_11: "START TEXT: \nThe Wolfenstein 3D player has access to only four weapons: a knife, a pistol, a machine gun, and a " ******* END TEXT: "t. In essence, Wolfenstein 3D established a set of conceptual design constraints, in its refusal to\n"
9780472028931 - page_12: "START TEXT: \nbe counted alongside games like Ultima Underworld. DOOM might add complexity in the form of lightin" ******* END TEXT: "set the ground for id's first major split and, arguably, its transition into a grown-up company.\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_13: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 2\nThe Speed of Light Sucks\nThe Rise of id\nThe meteoric rise of id Software is the stuff of " ******* END TEXT: "educing the DOOM team to the two most visible members doesn't do justice to the spread of input and\n"
9780472028931 - page_14: "START TEXT: \ntalent across the studio. In particular, he singles out Adrian Carmack's art as being underrepresen" ******* END TEXT: "1988] to Nintendo, who declined to pick it up). When SoftDisk failed to live up to the ambitions of\n"
9780472028931 - page_15: "START TEXT: \nthe team members, they decided that they were going to go it alone, if with a little “help” from So" ******* END TEXT: "omplex diegetic content. The DOOM Bible, which is discussed in the next chapter, clearly shows this\n"
9780472028931 - page_16: "START TEXT: \nvision beginning to emerge. However, it did not fall into line with the singular thrust of the rest" ******* END TEXT: "f this book, but in terms of putting DOOM in context, the preceding account should start to paint a\n"
9780472028931 - page_17: "START TEXT: \npicture of the organizational mentality, the unique hive mind, that spawned DOOM. First, a major th" ******* END TEXT: "xtent or another, it's this instinct that arguably led to the multiplayer sections of DOOM becoming\n"
9780472028931 - page_18: "START TEXT: \nas important as they did. What's more fun than arcade games? Competitive arcade games! What makes t" ******* END TEXT: "e wound up doing that in. That probably was the key contribution of the whole Wolfenstein 3D, DOOM,\n"
9780472028931 - page_19: "START TEXT: \nQuake legacy, is making it work on a very fast-paced, adrenaline-fueled action game, when 3D was re" ******* END TEXT: "tyle of game, and that's when we knew we were pushing on something a little bit different. (JC)6\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_20: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 3\nBeefy Chunklets from Bible to Beta\nAt the beginning of DOOM's development, Tom Hall creat" ******* END TEXT: "c structure. Although the basic story of DOOM actually made it into the released game—albeit spread\n"
9780472028931 - page_21: "START TEXT: \nacross both DOOM and DOOM II (id Software 1995)—Hall's original story involves multiple battles aro" ******* END TEXT: "he leader of the demons, allowing them to overrun and destroy the world. The second major influence\n"
9780472028931 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nwas James Cameron's film Aliens (1986). Kushner reports that Jay Wilbur, then working as id's busin" ******* END TEXT: "ork on DOOM did little more than clone Wolfenstein 3D, as can be seen in the earliest tech preview,\n"
9780472028931 - page_23: "START TEXT: \nreleased on February 4, 1993. While the members of the id team were committed to a new vision, a ne" ******* END TEXT: "thought, “This is it, this is how we're doing our levels.” So that really defined how we were going\n"
9780472028931 - page_24: "START TEXT: \nto build our levels, and the whole game reflected that, that level design breakthrough. (JR)\nRomero" ******* END TEXT: "ng at you, people would physically dodge in their chair, and that was something new to games. (KC)8\n"
9780472028931 - page_25: "START TEXT: \nFor both Cloud and Carmack, FPS games were routed as much in the rhetoric of virtual reality as in " ******* END TEXT: "t, despite Romero's protestations, there was—at least in part—a singular vision of DOOM right there\n"
9780472028931 - page_26: "START TEXT: \nfrom the start. In a way, the sprites had already evolved way beyond their contemporaries, setting " ******* END TEXT: "d the part-built nature of the environments, the lack of combat, and the lack of audio, of course).\n"
9780472028931 - page_27: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_28: "START TEXT: \nThe three core ingredients of DOOM's design—or, certainly, the springboards from which it leapt awa" ******* END TEXT: "s, they could hear you.\nRomero describes this “sound flooding” as an entirely new way of activating\n"
9780472028931 - page_29: "START TEXT: \nenemies, a subtly unique feature that maximized the atmosphere (and the artificial intelligence) of" ******* END TEXT: "ant role in DOOM. And it is interesting in recent years to see the resurgence of achievements. (JC)\n"
9780472028931 - page_30: "START TEXT: \n\nEventually, scoring would be reduced to a percentage for kills and secrets, but not just yet. Once" ******* END TEXT: "ved fully away from Wolfenstein 3D and is as obsessed with the vertical axis as with the horizontal\n"
9780472028931 - page_31: "START TEXT: \n(fig. 6). Gone are the linked series of independent rooms and corridors. Instead, there is a more o" ******* END TEXT: "n items counter also remains in the HUD bar, but apart from that, it's the final version (the items\n"
9780472028931 - page_32: "START TEXT: \nand score features are entirely separate as well). On finishing each level, a working version of th" ******* END TEXT: "g down as a lift drops you into a dark pit you can't shoot into but know is full of Pinkys, feeling\n"
9780472028931 - page_33: "START TEXT: \nyour way around in half light until strobing lights suddenly announce the presence of a Cacodemon (" ******* END TEXT: "y Petersen was now on the list as designer, but the creative director wasn't. Tom Hall had gone.\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_34: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 4\nThe Fastest Texture Mapping in Town\nid Tech 1\nThe design of DOOM was creating level archi" ******* END TEXT: " absolute right angles and orthogonality between aspects of the environment as found in Wolfenstein\n"
9780472028931 - page_35: "START TEXT: \n3D, but it was still locked to absolute vertical and horizontal: there were no sloping floors or ce" ******* END TEXT: "lacked any kind of textures, he was looking to push forward to the next problem. As Romero puts it,\n"
9780472028931 - page_36: "START TEXT: \n\nAnd so that's why Catacomb 3D was texture mapped, because of this “what are you going to do next”;" ******* END TEXT: "s not actually that slow. This is an interesting point, however, as the fact that Ultima Underworld\n"
9780472028931 - page_37: "START TEXT: \nisn't necessarily sluggish by contemporary standards may say more about a general drop in speed in " ******* END TEXT: "OOM Bible. Cloud explains,\nA lot of games had very vibrant colour palettes, a very cartoon concept.\n"
9780472028931 - page_38: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472028931 - page_39: "START TEXT: \nAnd the thing that was hitting us at the time was all this new scanning, at least from my perspecti" ******* END TEXT: "t have been all about the arcades, but inadvertently or not, it created the basic technological and\n"
9780472028931 - page_40: "START TEXT: \ndesign tools that were to initiate the deviation of FPS games away from this basic form into games " ******* END TEXT: " the levels, then strobing and flickering lights, not to mention the combination of abrupt lighting\n"
9780472028931 - page_41: "START TEXT: \nshifts with environmental triggers, allowed the level design to tip over into panic-inducing. As a " ******* END TEXT: "bout, barrels exploding, lifts rising and falling, and so on. One of the methods of cutting down on\n"
9780472028931 - page_42: "START TEXT: \nthe computation per second is to only render what is visible to a player, which simply reduces the " ******* END TEXT: "uch, like any kind of indexing algorithm, BSPs are phenomenally powerful in reducing rendering time\n"
9780472028931 - page_43: "START TEXT: \nand, therefore, upping the frame rate. Traditionally, Carmack's “discovery” of BSPs is attributed t" ******* END TEXT: "ff with a different approach that wasn't getting the speed I wanted. I first used BSPs on the Super\n"
9780472028931 - page_44: "START TEXT: \nNintendo Wolfenstein 3D port, where I had to come up with more speed than the raycasting approach. " ******* END TEXT: "game design fused in a particularly magical and effective way in idTech1. The result is history.\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_45: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 5\nDOOM by Numbers\nDOOM is a game of wonderful simplicity in many dimensions, not just story" ******* END TEXT: "of fire between an Imp and the player, the Trooper will get hit by the Imp's fireball, and provided\n"
9780472028931 - page_46: "START TEXT: \nthis doesn't prove fatal, the Trooper is likely to forget all about the player and attack back. Thi" ******* END TEXT: "e development, the lack of a drive toward transferable intellectual property and the requirement of\n"
9780472028931 - page_47: "START TEXT: \nextendable franchises was liberating and also served to simply make a better game.\nWe would create " ******* END TEXT: " minute from roughly 123 to 525, so it's similar to the chaingun, which uses the same ammo and does\n"
9780472028931 - page_48: "START TEXT: \nthe same damage as the pistol (5–15 units) but increases the fire rate from 150 shots per minute to" ******* END TEXT: "why. On paper, Prey does things right, it adds new weapons just before it introduces new aliens, so\n"
9780472028931 - page_49: "START TEXT: \nyou get the rush of power as a reward before the difficulty ramps up, it keeps back old friends eve" ******* END TEXT: "dard Troopers, with 30 hit points and a shotgun attack similar to the player's, dealing 3–15 damage\n"
9780472028931 - page_50: "START TEXT: \nper bullet, with a potential total of 9–45. Barons have a whopping 1,000 hit points, move at the sa" ******* END TEXT: "e hood, but their influence on game design and gameplay is total. In games, the integer is king.\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_51: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 6\nA Soundtrack for Mayhem\nBobby Prince, DOOM's composer and audio wizard, had been working " ******* END TEXT: "f repetition is a compositional challenge. Prince estimates that every note cost around 5 bytes, so\n"
9780472028931 - page_52: "START TEXT: \nI literally had to go in and sometimes take a note out of a chord, or very selectively pick a note " ******* END TEXT: "rol the office stereo, was more into Prince (as in “the artist formerly known as,” not Bobby),3 but\n"
9780472028931 - page_53: "START TEXT: \nessentially DOOM was metal through and through. Prince had reservations about this, pushing more fo" ******* END TEXT: "irst to turn music off when gaming and argues that the critically important factor was managing the\n"
9780472028931 - page_54: "START TEXT: \nbalance of having music that was serving a purpose without being repetitive and obtrusive. As much " ******* END TEXT: "le too attractive in reality.\nSo let's put all this into context. On one hand, we have DOOM's metal\n"
9780472028931 - page_55: "START TEXT: \nscore creating one of the first truly iconic soundtracks in modern gaming. On the other, we have th" ******* END TEXT: ", giant-piston steps of the Cyberdemon before they even see the thing, that job is already done.\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_56: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 7\nAll Hell Breaks Loose\nLaunch, Sales, and Critical Reception\nWe're nearly ready to take a " ******* END TEXT: "ion, arguing that DOOM's success is closely tied to the explosion of the Internet around this time.\n"
9780472028931 - page_57: "START TEXT: \nThere was an increasing demand for content designed for PCs, and these computers were rapidly becom" ******* END TEXT: " teeth as a game programmer, with a couple of text-based adventures under his belt, and in 1987, he\n"
9780472028931 - page_58: "START TEXT: \ntried out the new version of sharewaring for the ASCII-graphic top-down action-adventure title King" ******* END TEXT: "nto the monetized one(s). Large interwoven role-playing games just weren't going to work; the sense\n"
9780472028931 - page_59: "START TEXT: \nof completeness of the free section of the game was critical. As Hall points out, “People were kind" ******* END TEXT: "st game that anyone had played…was FREE—that was huge, huge, huge,” the fact that DOOM arguably was\n"
9780472028931 - page_60: "START TEXT: \nthe greatest game anyone had played was the deciding factor. Carmack concurs with this estimation, " ******* END TEXT: "tters, one syllable and a major international phenomenon. Never before has a computer game gathered\n"
9780472028931 - page_61: "START TEXT: \nsuch a cult following” was Jeffrey Adam Young's take on things in the December 1994 issue of Video " ******* END TEXT: " The short version is that DOOM launched at about the same time that political momentum was already\n"
9780472028931 - page_62: "START TEXT: \nbuilding to do something about violence in the media and particularly in games. Seventeen years lat" ******* END TEXT: "es of Grand Theft Auto III (DMA Design 2001), Fallout 3, or even Fable III (Lionhead Studios 2010).\n"
9780472028931 - page_63: "START TEXT: \nIn our games you always were the hero. You know, you're supposed to be defending humanity against t" ******* END TEXT: "with gunpowder and entrails and to examine, in a bit more detail, “the greatest game ever made.”\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_64: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 8\nA “Shot-by-Shot” Analysis of DOOM, Part 1\nKnee Deep in the Dead\nYou're standing in some k" ******* END TEXT: "y million miles, your day consisted of suckin' dust and watchin' restricted flicks in the rec room.\n"
9780472028931 - page_65: "START TEXT: \nFor the last four years the military, UAC's biggest supplier, has used the remote facilities on Pho" ******* END TEXT: "take the core pegs from the backstory: it's Hell in there; you're on your own; you're underequipped\n"
9780472028931 - page_66: "START TEXT: \nand outnumbered; whatever is going on, it's kind of UAC's fault one way or another (shades of the c" ******* END TEXT: "ns), focusing and driving gameplay. Everybody's dead: don't expect to find other people to talk to.\n"
9780472028931 - page_67: "START TEXT: \nThere's no talking, no need for social artificial intelligence, no need to worry about intricacies " ******* END TEXT: "s as a beacon of how to do it.\nid doesn't hold back in the opening seconds of DOOM: we get the full\n"
9780472028931 - page_68: "START TEXT: \nimpact of the new engine's capabilities right there in front of us. The cut-through sectors give yo" ******* END TEXT: "area, which we can run back to before it raises again (and it only does this once; some secrets are\n"
9780472028931 - page_69: "START TEXT: \nnonrepeatable). The lift leads to a short corridor with a couple of small armor bonuses before deli" ******* END TEXT: "2, the complexities the new engine allowed are really let off the leash by Romero, in a much larger\n"
9780472028931 - page_70: "START TEXT: \nand more complicated setup. While the texturing is still predominantly sci-fi industrial (we really" ******* END TEXT: "y area, which culminates in opening up a new section that ultimately leads to a bonus secret level.\n"
9780472028931 - page_71: "START TEXT: \nIt also builds further the complexity of vertical scale. This is evident from the donut-shaped exte" ******* END TEXT: "yer), there is a pentacle of glowing red material on the floor, a candle at each corner, and a very\n"
9780472028931 - page_72: "START TEXT: \ntempting missile launcher in the center. We'd have to be the most naive of players—not to mention p" ******* END TEXT: "e we're seeing it for the first time, and it is quite a first time. With a series of green flashing\n"
9780472028931 - page_73: "START TEXT: \nsprites, the room fills with Pinkys, Imps, and Troopers, and all hell breaks loose. The monsters ar" ******* END TEXT: ", exterior areas, multiple trip wires, sequenced monster closets, cut-through sectoring, and linked\n"
9780472028931 - page_74: "START TEXT: \nset piece. Essentially, as he added “world interactive elements (strobe lights, switches, platforms" ******* END TEXT: "aight on to E1M5 Phobos Lab.\nHere, the level is based around two large set-piece areas with a third\n"
9780472028931 - page_75: "START TEXT: \ntucked away at the end of the level. The use of split-levels and windows ramps up here as well. The" ******* END TEXT: "sters, which would be fine if it weren't for the fact it is very, very dark. A pulsing strobe light\n"
9780472028931 - page_76: "START TEXT: \nmeans the action is staccato and panicky, and this feels like the first time Romero really pushes t" ******* END TEXT: "promontory over a nukage pit and just happens to release a Pinky and friends from the wall directly\n"
9780472028931 - page_77: "START TEXT: \nbehind us (naively, we didn't have the presence of mind to approach the keycard backward). A quick " ******* END TEXT: "wever, DOOM got there first, and if that's not an argument that holds for E1M7, then we'll get back\n"
9780472028931 - page_78: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472028931 - page_79: "START TEXT: \nto the higher-than-high concept level of E3M9 in just a while. Backtracking is a bit of a dubious p" ******* END TEXT: "king it this far) and a second small chamber with two recesses containing guns and ammo for the big\n"
9780472028931 - page_80: "START TEXT: \nfinish. Beyond these is a star-shaped chamber with two big closets and two big horn-faced, goat-leg" ******* END TEXT: "rough.\nTo continue the DOOM experience, play The Shores of Hell and its amazing sequel, Inferno!\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_81: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 9\nA “Shot-By-Shot” Analysis of DOOM, Part 2\nThe Shores of Hell\nA bunch of text appearing on" ******* END TEXT: "ng way towards making it a mix of Hell and Science Fiction. Me providing the Hell, of course. (SP)1\n"
9780472028931 - page_82: "START TEXT: \nIn terms of Hall's contribution, Petersen estimates that “50 percent or more” of the work was his o" ******* END TEXT: "pping three sequential switches. Then there's this massive, red, pulsing, inverted crucifix we have\n"
9780472028931 - page_83: "START TEXT: \nto go through, only it hurts to do that, like a nukage floor. To begin with, it might be the normal" ******* END TEXT: "see the switch that surely must take us forward, and then, from behind us, comes a seething, putrid\n"
9780472028931 - page_84: "START TEXT: \nhissing, and we spin round to find a huge ball of red flesh bearing down on us, spewing blue and re" ******* END TEXT: "s target movement must be factored in. This makes the plasma gun a firm favorite in close quarters,\n"
9780472028931 - page_85: "START TEXT: \nas the rapid fire is much more likely to trigger a pain reflex in the target, reducing its ability " ******* END TEXT: "with incarcerated hellspawn. Containment Area also introduces two new features to the game: another\n"
9780472028931 - page_86: "START TEXT: \nenemy, in the Lost Soul, and a new power-up melee weapon, Berserk. The latter fills the screen with" ******* END TEXT: "age. In the hands of a top player, Berserk is like a cross between bare-knuckle boxing and ballet.\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nLost Souls are another flying menace that subtly changes combat, as their new features mean a recon" ******* END TEXT: "simpler than later levels such as E2M4 Deimos Lab and certainly E2M6 Halls of the Damned. There are\n"
9780472028931 - page_88: "START TEXT: \nno real traps as such; tellingly, the large room off to the left as play starts contains none of th" ******* END TEXT: " with a plasma gun. Just before this, a tunnel leads down to a fiendish network of secret passages,\n"
9780472028931 - page_89: "START TEXT: \nwhere the rewards are tempered by a couple of doors you just know are going to unload some bad Hell" ******* END TEXT: "stone, fleshy lifts, and subsumed computer systems effectively carry off the feeling of a weird and\n"
9780472028931 - page_90: "START TEXT: \ncorrupted industrial sector. The level ends with a double-teleporter chamber and a high-level exit " ******* END TEXT: "ion, and then we'd go nuts on that theme for a while. In general I was always trying to go too far,\n"
9780472028931 - page_91: "START TEXT: \nand they would try to rein me in. Then they'd improve the engine, and what I'd done would become ac" ******* END TEXT: " Episode 2 perhaps suffers from is being the least immediately standout episode of the trilogy, and\n"
9780472028931 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nit would be a mistake to draw any conclusions about design quality from this. Everyone knowing DOOM" ******* END TEXT: "urning red room, all hellfire and brimstone. Dispatched, it leaves a switch that opens up a passage\n"
9780472028931 - page_93: "START TEXT: \nto the large exterior area that seems to sit at the center of the level. I'm always wary about read" ******* END TEXT: "me of the franchise at least, the levels are small enough to make the exploration really rewarding.\n"
9780472028931 - page_94: "START TEXT: \nEverything in DOOM is only a short sprint away, and it does raise the question of whether bigger is" ******* END TEXT: "ear feel than its predecessors, and Hall's striving to create more realistic environments is almost\n"
9780472028931 - page_95: "START TEXT: \npalpable through the design. It's certainly less focused, with rooms that don't really feel like th" ******* END TEXT: "lay, love, and study DOOM. It's in that spirit that I'd argue, with all due scholarly consideration\n"
9780472028931 - page_96: "START TEXT: \nand objectivity, that the normal reaction to the first glimpse of the Cyberdemon guarding the Tower" ******* END TEXT: "talk more about her later on). The mix of how gameplay-tough and visually impressive the Cyberdemon\n"
9780472028931 - page_97: "START TEXT: \nwas cemented its place in gaming legend. Bosses weren't anything new, of course, and they'd always " ******* END TEXT: ", the Cyberdemon is still the blueprint for FPS boss battles, the unholy granddaddy of them all.\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_98: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 10\nA “Shot-By-Shot” Analysis of DOOM, Part 3\nInferno\nBack to the mayhem for the final push." ******* END TEXT: "ront of us isn't a door. In fact, we're at the bottom of a pit, and triggering the button raises us\n"
9780472028931 - page_99: "START TEXT: \nup to the floor level of a flat exterior space (it doesn't drop the walls, which is what I'd always" ******* END TEXT: " be no more signposts indicating the right way to go or the correct button to hit (and not to hit);\n"
9780472028931 - page_100: "START TEXT: \nplayers should have paid attention in the last two episodes. Third and most important, the occasion" ******* END TEXT: "horsepower that we can do a credible job of anything a designer can visualize. There's still better\n"
9780472028931 - page_101: "START TEXT: \nand worse choices, but back in the DOOM days, there were clearly things that work well and things t" ******* END TEXT: " Romero's, but from a historical perspective, the experimentation going on in levels like Slough of\n"
9780472028931 - page_102: "START TEXT: \nDespair has as much of a legacy in FPS level design as that in Episode 1. The move away from consta" ******* END TEXT: "er a bit. Awful recoil. BFG stands for “Big Fucking Gun.” Safest use: back to wall, distant target.\n"
9780472028931 - page_103: "START TEXT: \nBig Fucking Gun. As it is, as it was, as it ever shall be. Actually, the BFG wasn't originally the " ******* END TEXT: "econdary fire kicking in. Third, the tracers spread out, getting soaked up by damage-taking objects\n"
9780472028931 - page_104: "START TEXT: \nas they did, meaning that the position of creatures and, by extension, other players made quite a b" ******* END TEXT: " level in terms of the way it shifts gameplay styles but shares with Pandemonium the wide corridors\n"
9780472028931 - page_105: "START TEXT: \npacked with monsters that drive the player toward strafing, hit-and-run action. However, tacked int" ******* END TEXT: "eleporter; another with a large group of Pinkys; and a last containing four switches sitting behind\n"
9780472028931 - page_106: "START TEXT: \ncrushing ceilings. The central area contains four closed-off rooms, the door of each facing a centr" ******* END TEXT: "l break loose, but that anticipation is part of the fun. It's not just a sudden “Boo! Gotcha!” (SP)\n"
9780472028931 - page_107: "START TEXT: \nOf course, the really interesting part to all of this is that, like the majority of the Unholy Cath" ******* END TEXT: "de 4: Thy Flesh Consumed or DOOM II in terms of being a collection of loosely themed levels, rather\n"
9780472028931 - page_108: "START TEXT: \nthan the tightly woven thread of Knee Deep in the Dead, where the sense of Phobos Base as a singula" ******* END TEXT: " It also hardly presents what could be described as realistic town planning; certainly, compared to\n"
9780472028931 - page_109: "START TEXT: \nDuke Nukem's downtown Los Angeles, it's a messy and limited affair. However, the fact that it inver" ******* END TEXT: "omething of a sense of descending further into Hell itself. There are certainly no real indications\n"
9780472028931 - page_110: "START TEXT: \nor hangovers from the sci-fi; this is pure gothic. The player enters the level through a number of " ******* END TEXT: "taining the yellow key is only accessible through a teleporter, as are switches opening up the rest\n"
9780472028931 - page_111: "START TEXT: \nof the secrets in the level. Moving between the teleporters brings the player out to a series of ro" ******* END TEXT: ", with 3,000 hit points; trudged about at 140 MUS; and was capable of putting a fair amount of lead\n"
9780472028931 - page_112: "START TEXT: \ninto your average space marine. Her chaingun did 9–15 damage, but in a three-pellet burst for a tot" ******* END TEXT: ", and we nosedive into the final text. Oh wait. Hang on. There actually is a cut-scene of sorts.\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 11\nEndgame\nWhy DOOM Is a Masterpiece of Game Design\nFirst, we get the scrolling text out of" ******* END TEXT: "lay is driven by an immensely well-balanced system of integer manipulation, making it intrinsically\n"
9780472028931 - page_114: "START TEXT: \nrewarding and flexible. Even DOOM's mediocre levels work because the fundamentals of its gameplay a" ******* END TEXT: "a bag full of great ideas and is confident (and short) enough to not have to repeat them endlessly.\n"
9780472028931 - page_115: "START TEXT: \nThe sheer number of one-offs in the game (bearing in mind that many of these were entirely novel) i" ******* END TEXT: " with an equally diverse set of monsters whose actions make sense to the player. It sets up a clear\n"
9780472028931 - page_116: "START TEXT: \nreason for action but doesn't require the player to get involved or invest in anything deeper, free" ******* END TEXT: "n that easily, and we do need to recognize that sometimes the magic is in the mix. Above everything\n"
9780472028931 - page_117: "START TEXT: \nelse, however, I keep returning over and over again to how tightly woven DOOM is, the sheer lack of" ******* END TEXT: "it is operating within, and it uses every available means of maximizing what it can within them.\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_118: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 12\nA Handful of Vertebrae and a Headful of Mad\nModding DOOM\nBack in 1994, even a diehard Ma" ******* END TEXT: "and motliest crew of player-cum-designers the Internet has ever seen: the burgeoning mod community.\n"
9780472028931 - page_119: "START TEXT: \nModding is creating new variations on a game by using a combination of new assets, new level design" ******* END TEXT: "work from someone else's software to make profit, but you can't use it directly to make profit. The\n"
9780472028931 - page_120: "START TEXT: \nresult would be better software and community involvement in improving technology. Everybody would " ******* END TEXT: "ein 3D so badly they figured out how to do it, and that was really, really difficult. It was really\n"
9780472028931 - page_121: "START TEXT: \nhardcore hacking, and when we saw people did that, we thought, wow, people really want our data, we" ******* END TEXT: "ites too, which meant rather than Imps and Cacodemons, you could have Facehuggers and Drones, pulse\n"
9780472028931 - page_122: "START TEXT: \nrifles and motion trackers, cargo bay powerloaders, queens and aliens, Batman and Star Wars charact" ******* END TEXT: "till a number of very active DOOM modding communities, with new mods still hitting the streets, and\n"
9780472028931 - page_123: "START TEXT: \nwe can say that even if we discount the half-finished, the half-baked, and the half-a-line-of-code-" ******* END TEXT: "game format.6 Back in 1987, Activision gave the world Aliens: The Computer Game, which, ironically,\n"
9780472028931 - page_124: "START TEXT: \nfeatured a first-person dropship flying sequence, and Squaresoft released its own two-dimensional s" ******* END TEXT: "hers, picking up the to-be-freely-released Evilution mod and commissioning The Plutonia Experiment.\n"
9780472028931 - page_125: "START TEXT: \nEvilution was a fully fledged mod about to go public, including levels designed by the Casali broth" ******* END TEXT: " So many people and so many companies, and it's all down to mods…. John laid that foundation. (MH)7\n"
9780472028931 - page_126: "START TEXT: \nBut if this drive to create professional standard gaming experiences by Fisher, Team TNT, the Casal" ******* END TEXT: "M modding culture is how it tailed off as id pushed further and further technologically. The genius\n"
9780472028931 - page_127: "START TEXT: \nabout the original engine was how easy it was to use. Practically anyone with a computer could be u" ******* END TEXT: "ority. But that hasn't stopped a diehard community from sticking to their plasma guns and producing\n"
9780472028931 - page_128: "START TEXT: \nmodern classics. You can spend a happy few hours reliving DOOM in idTech4 courtesy of Classic DOOM " ******* END TEXT: "inition video (fig. 20). It makes you realize how much you've missed the place. Thanks, fellas.\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_129: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 13\nNot if I Frag You First\nDOOM Multiplayer\nShooting Zombies is fun, right? What could be m" ******* END TEXT: "s and crushing ceilings. And did I mention how fast it was? OK, well, just to be sure, it was fast.\n"
9780472028931 - page_130: "START TEXT: \nThe description of the game in the DOOM Bible is, typically for id Software, a masterpiece of under" ******* END TEXT: "a great two hours, but we're done!” But the other side of things is that there are good fundamental\n"
9780472028931 - page_131: "START TEXT: \nreasons why team play is superior to a large free-for-all, because half the people always win, rath" ******* END TEXT: "ereas Petersen was fond of tight, claustrophobic spaces that would inevitably make both cooperative\n"
9780472028931 - page_132: "START TEXT: \nplay and deathmatch less rewarding, as they offer fewer opportunities to work strategically or show" ******* END TEXT: "iplayer, proved irresistible, even if, according to Willits, its actual impact is often overstated.\n"
9780472028931 - page_133: "START TEXT: \nThe whole multiplayer gaming was cool, but actually not that many people did it, because it was so " ******* END TEXT: "es are sent, via the server, to Player B's client-side software, which renders Player A's avatar on\n"
9780472028931 - page_134: "START TEXT: \nPlayer B's screen. When Player B fires a salvo of rockets as a response, the trajectory of this is " ******* END TEXT: "ers who could get to that level where you could pattern the other player and use psychology on them\n"
9780472028931 - page_135: "START TEXT: \nto make them lose or reveal themselves.” He is in no doubt that “DOOM really nailed the psychology " ******* END TEXT: "ility in single-player game agents by the same token, because it's rewarding as a player to pattern\n"
9780472028931 - page_136: "START TEXT: \nan enemy and beat them as a result. This is clearly a balancing act for designers. DOOM's artificia" ******* END TEXT: "-based prowess to psychological prowess, the ability to predict and react to a highly emergent flow\n"
9780472028931 - page_137: "START TEXT: \nof events and, if you are really good, to start controlling and manipulating them. It's this that R" ******* END TEXT: "emoman arcs a grenade over onto an unsuspecting Medic or you ace a bomb run—it all started here.\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_138: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 14\nFucked in the Dark\nPorts, Sequels, and Other Unholy Offspring\nBetween the release in lat" ******* END TEXT: "ut buying id around this time), Linux, and Mac OSX. These are the official releases; once we add in\n"
9780472028931 - page_139: "START TEXT: \ncommunity-driven ports of the game (including Mike Welsh's extraordinary browser-based Flash port)," ******* END TEXT: "auded. Chris Lombardi of Computer Gaming World loved it but felt he needed to point out that “it is\n"
9780472028931 - page_140: "START TEXT: \nnot what DOOM is to Wolfenstein 3D, it is simply more DOOM” (Lombardi 1994). In PC Gamer, Gary Whit" ******* END TEXT: "Episode 1.”6 According to Willits, even that may be overstating the planning that went into things.\n"
9780472028931 - page_141: "START TEXT: \nWe knocked that out in like a week or two. It was crazy. It was like a week, two's work. Our beta t" ******* END TEXT: " another codebase fork. While I can certainly add a bunch of new features fairly quickly, iterating\n"
9780472028931 - page_142: "START TEXT: \nthrough a lot of user testing and checking for problems across the >100 commercial DOOM levels woul" ******* END TEXT: "ns up the potential for some truly extraordinary gameplay and experience design. The most striking,\n"
9780472028931 - page_143: "START TEXT: \nmemorable moment in DOOM 3, for me, is near the beginning of Delta Labs: on entering a lobby area, " ******* END TEXT: "meplay and this universe in a modern time frame” (KC). For example, in DOOM 3, we get to be present\n"
9780472028931 - page_144: "START TEXT: \nfor the actual invasion itself; the question of UAC's culpability in the disaster is foregrounded, " ******* END TEXT: "shock, horror) the creepy one-eyed English gimp is actually in league with Satan, being betrayed by\n"
9780472028931 - page_145: "START TEXT: \nSarge, and cleaning house by being sent to recover a special artifact that can close the portal. Th" ******* END TEXT: "ewhere on the Mars facility, the Duct Tape mod sticks flashlights to your machinegun and shotgun.12\n"
9780472028931 - page_146: "START TEXT: \nWhile unpopular in some circles (Murphy's site claims eighty thousand downloads in the first twenty" ******* END TEXT: "nvironments that satisfied what we felt were the expectations of the modern gamer at the time. (KC)\n"
9780472028931 - page_147: "START TEXT: \nOf course, it's important to separate out your own playing experience from any claims of objective " ******* END TEXT: "rning. Sure such a monster can kill you, but how can you prepare for it? Where is the tension? (SP)\n"
9780472028931 - page_148: "START TEXT: \nI'm not accusing DOOM 3 of the kind of lazy teleporter usage Petersen is talking about, although it" ******* END TEXT: "ding, challenging gameplay experience that fits their own personal preference. The same can be said\n"
9780472028931 - page_149: "START TEXT: \nfor FPS games like S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Call of Pripyat that include many more horror elements in terms " ******* END TEXT: "not DOOM 3 is a good game but how it relates to the original vision: both the intellectual property\n"
9780472028931 - page_150: "START TEXT: \nand the game itself. It's here that we should probably take on board some of Tim Willits's comments" ******* END TEXT: "question of this powerful template for FPS games, this idea of DOOM as the prototypical shooter.\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 15\nYou Gibbed It Here First\nDOOM as the Prototypical FPS Game\nWe've already seen that DOOM " ******* END TEXT: "though Hooper is talking about DOOM 3, his comments are more or less indistinguishable from the way\n"
9780472028931 - page_152: "START TEXT: \nPetersen and Romero talk about DOOM. So when Hooper says that, like DOOM, the reboot was driven pre" ******* END TEXT: " a kind of structuralist approach is that it helps build up a body of baseline data that we can use\n"
9780472028931 - page_153: "START TEXT: \nto compare titles within a genre. It also helps us get a better understanding of how, for instance," ******* END TEXT: "ientation as a free look function. DOOM has no vertical controls—no jump, no looking up or down. It\n"
9780472028931 - page_154: "START TEXT: \ndoes have split-level environments, but objects at a different height to the player are automatical" ******* END TEXT: " factors create a model for gameplay best understood by examining the alternatives. A zoom or scope\n"
9780472028931 - page_155: "START TEXT: \ncreates a heightened strategic dimension to combat (like the crouch function), suggesting that loca" ******* END TEXT: "ipulate mood in exploratory phases before combat kicks off. But in many other ways, these are games\n"
9780472028931 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nof configuration, where making smart choices outside the pressure of real-time gameplay have as muc" ******* END TEXT: "oint, we need to make a decision and ask whether a game like Fallout 3, which combines first-person\n"
9780472028931 - page_157: "START TEXT: \nperspective with an extremely high emphasis on configurative affordances, should be classified as a" ******* END TEXT: " progression through a dangerous environment by a lone protagonist, with an increasing diversity of\n"
9780472028931 - page_158: "START TEXT: \nagents balanced by an increasing arsenal of weaponry. However, even in this list, we can find examp" ******* END TEXT: "pacity (the majority of the genre) and predominantly multiplayer titles with single-player capacity\n"
9780472028931 - page_159: "START TEXT: \n(e.g., Modern Warfare 2), to multiplayer-only FPS games (e.g., Left 4 Dead and Counter-Strike).4\nLe" ******* END TEXT: "making exercises we sometimes find in game studies. Arguably, DOOM represents the first significant\n"
9780472028931 - page_160: "START TEXT: \nmove from purely reactive arcade play, by increasing the complexity of environments, breaking up am" ******* END TEXT: "s with other characters.”\nWhile I find these kinds of readings of games highly dubious, titles such\n"
9780472028931 - page_161: "START TEXT: \nas Modern Warfare 2 do seem to go out of their way to conform to the idea of a libertarian power fa" ******* END TEXT: "ng the experience emotionally by offering engaging humanized representations of themes, issues, and\n"
9780472028931 - page_162: "START TEXT: \nsymbols. More important, they are exceptionally powerful ludic objects. NPCs are particularly usefu" ******* END TEXT: "en greater levels with Amnesia, which replaces combat with the considerably less glamorous activity\n"
9780472028931 - page_163: "START TEXT: \nof hiding in cupboards whenever a monster is near. The early stages of Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corner" ******* END TEXT: "ss as the game progresses.\nThere are modern games that don't take quite as radical a stance, fusing\n"
9780472028931 - page_164: "START TEXT: \ndiegetic experimentation with traditional gameplay. Far Cry 2 and Bioshock achieve the fusion of di" ******* END TEXT: "cases, apparently owing as much to Ultima Underworld as to DOOM. Where have all the demons gone?\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_165: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 16\nSCARYDARKFAST\nThe Legacy of DOOM\nThe demons have not gone far, as it turns out. The bott" ******* END TEXT: "this art direction, was darker, faster, more urgent, and more frightening than pretty much anything\n"
9780472028931 - page_166: "START TEXT: \nthat had gone before, and yet the game kept that edge of humor that is lacking from the overwhelmin" ******* END TEXT: "was. It allowed us to boil down some great stuff. We made a bunch of games before getting together,\n"
9780472028931 - page_167: "START TEXT: \na bunch of small games together, then formed id. That much practice out of the public eye is sort o" ******* END TEXT: "ruly popular game derives itself from something kids have been doing or playing forever. So whether\n"
9780472028931 - page_168: "START TEXT: \nyou're building something, racing something, blowing something up, these are things that kids do,…g" ******* END TEXT: "n a deathmatch server of your choice. Because that's just the way we roll here. See you in Hell.\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_169: "START TEXT: \nNotes\nINTRODUCTION\nThe subtitle is a tagline for an Ultimate DOOM publicity poster seen hanging on " ******* END TEXT: "nd other interviews are initialized for clarity.\nCHAPTER 2\nThe title is attributed to John Carmack.\n"
9780472028931 - page_170: "START TEXT: \n1. Given that the focus of this book is on the game itself, Jay Wilbur, as id's business manager at" ******* END TEXT: "1.\n9. http://toastytech.com/DOOMa/index.html. You can also download the alphas and betas from here.\n"
9780472028931 - page_171: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER 4\n1. Most famously, the Phobos Base appears to be located in the vicinity of Yangshuo Caver" ******* END TEXT: "mare disables cheats, increases the speed of monsters, and adds respawning monsters to every level.\n"
9780472028931 - page_172: "START TEXT: \n2. http://DooMedsda.us/wad947.html.\n3. http://speeddemosarchive.com/DOOM.html.\n4. http://www.youtub" ******* END TEXT: "nd rewind time in an FPS setting, but this mechanic was ultimately let down by unimaginative design\n"
9780472028931 - page_173: "START TEXT: \nand lackluster combat. Even with a very smart mechanic at the center, the game quickly dulled into " ******* END TEXT: "nny since they did finish that arc in DOOM II” (TH). This is discussed in more detail in chapter 4.\n"
9780472028931 - page_174: "START TEXT: \n5. http://www.vgchartz.com/game/6233/doom-ii/.\n6. Id Games Discussion/Ultimate DOOM thread on rome." ******* END TEXT: "awkish general, a classic “enemy within” story line that is highly critical of “big government.”\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_175: "START TEXT: \nGlossary\naffordance: A feature of an object, the “what it lets you do.” For example, a window may b" ******* END TEXT: "t mapping of the player's perception onto the avatars. In other words, the avatar is only minimally\n"
9780472028931 - page_176: "START TEXT: \nrepresented, usually by a gun or hands at the bottom of the screen, and the player is invited to lo" ******* END TEXT: "r example, we would describe DOOM on Xbox as a port, as it's essentially the same game. DOOM 64 for\n"
9780472028931 - page_177: "START TEXT: \nthe Nintendo 64, however, is substantially different to the original in many ways, and it may not b" ******* END TEXT: "me world as if seen through the eye of a virtual camera, showing the player character in the scene.\n"
9780472028931 - page_178: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_179: "START TEXT: \nReferences\nAtkins, D. 1994. Review of DOOM. Compute! 163 (April 1994): 82.\nBateman, C., and R. Boon" ******* END TEXT: "ry.” Fibreculture 5. http://journal.fibreculture.org/issue5/kucklich.html. Retrieved June 22, 2011.\n"
9780472028931 - page_180: "START TEXT: \nKushner, D. 2003. Masters of DOOM: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture. Lond" ******* END TEXT: "O. 2007. “On Modder Labour, Commodification of Play, and Mod Competitions.” First Monday 12, no. 9.\n"
9780472028931 - page_181: "START TEXT: \nStrugatksy, B., and A. Strugatsky. 1972. Roadside Picnic. Trans. A. W. Bouis. Newton Abbot: Readers" ******* END TEXT: "I. PC Gamer, November 11, 1994, 134.\nYoung, J. A. 1994. Review of DOOM. Video Games, December 1994.\n"
9780472028931 - page_182: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_183: "START TEXT: \nFurther Reading\nYou want more? Good, good—as Betruger might croon, his one good eye glazing over in" ******* END TEXT: "wonderful source of history and preservationist info.\nwww.tomtomtom.com—HallHallHall. Go visit him.\n"
9780472028931 - page_184: "START TEXT: \nDOOM NOVELIZATIONS\nHugh, D. A., and B. Linaweaver. 1995. DOOM: Knee-Deep in the Dead. New York: Poc" ******* END TEXT: "\nBittanti, M., and S. Morris, eds. 2005. Doom: Giocare in prima persona. Milan: Costa and Nolan.\n\n\n\n"
9780472028931 - page_185: "START TEXT: \nIndex\nAcorn, 11\naffordances, 5, 152–59, 162\nagent, 3, 8, 10, 25, 28, 39, 41, 45, 112, 114, 135–36, " ******* END TEXT: ", 90, 91, 100–105, 116, 120, 125, 127, 130, 131, 136, 141, 142, 152, 166–68\nCasali brothers, 124–26\n"
9780472028931 - page_186: "START TEXT: \nCatacomb 3D, 5, 8, 9, 18, 36, 115, 136, 151\nChaingun, 1, 9, 11, 47, 49, 74, 84, 85, 11–13, 129, 139" ******* END TEXT: "7, 20, 36, 37, 41, 43, 56, 61, 62, 126, 134, 147, 150, 160\nhackers, 119, 120, 121\nhacking, 121, 162\n"
9780472028931 - page_187: "START TEXT: \nHalf-Life, 2, 11, 45, 71, 73, 115, 148, 157, 161\nHalf-Life 2, 7, 49, 155\nHall, Tom, 13, 15, 16, 18," ******* END TEXT: ", 149\nNuts, 126\nopen source, 2, 199\npar time, 29, 32, 69, 79, 106\npattern manipulation, 156, 162–63\n"
9780472028931 - page_188: "START TEXT: \nPetersen, Sandy, 13, 16, 18, 22, 33, 39, 41, 74, 75, 77, 79, 81–84, 87, 88, 91–92, 94, 98–107, 109," ******* END TEXT: " 15, 16, 20–22, 25, 45, 58, 64–67, 71, 81, 113, 115, 116, 139, 144–45, 149, 157, 159, 160, 161, 164\n"
9780472028931 - page_189: "START TEXT: \nstrafe, strafing, 3, 74, 86, 92, 99, 102, 105, 112, 146, 153\nsurvival horror, 40, 148, 150\nSystem S" ******* END TEXT: ", 120, 121, 140, 151, 154–57, 160, 164\nZombies, 10, 31, 33, 68, 98, 109, 129, 139, 146, 149, 163\n\n\n\n"
9780472029136 - page_xi: "START TEXT: \nAcknowledgments\n \n \nThis book is dedicated to the memory of my colleague and friend Roy Rosenzweig," ******* END TEXT: "y to her fifth grade class), and everyone who ever helped make Zotero what it is, helped in various "
9780472029136 - page_xii: "START TEXT: ways. A research leave from George Mason in 2010 made it possible to get a great deal of the researc" ******* END TEXT: "though they thought it regularly, never once did they say, “Aren't you done with that book yet?”\n\n\n\n"
9780472029136 - page_149: "START TEXT: \nBibliography\n \n \nAditi, Muralidharan. “Text Mining 19th Century Novels with the Stanford Literature" ******* END TEXT: "m_medium=en.\nAusten, Jane. Sense and Sensibility and Sea Monsters. Philadelphia: Quirk Books, 2009.\n"
9780472029136 - page_150: "START TEXT: \nAutrey, Tara M., Cathy O'Berry Edington, Troy Hicks, Aram Kabodian, Nicole Lerg, Rebecca Luft-Gardn" ******* END TEXT: "ebruary 1980): 167–78.\nBingham, Adrian. “‘The Digitization of Newspaper Archives: Opportunities and "
9780472029136 - page_151: "START TEXT: Challenges for Historians’.” Twentieth Century British History 21, no. 2 (June 2010): 225–31.\nBirnba" ******* END TEXT: "r Higher Education, 2001), 45–67.\nCarr, Edward H. What is History? New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962.\n"
9780472029136 - page_152: "START TEXT: \nCarretero, Mario, and James F. Voss, eds. Learning and Reasoning in History. vol. 2. International " ******* END TEXT: " Humanities Blog, May 24, 2007. http://www.dancohen.org/2007/05/24/million-books-workshop-wrap-up/.\n"
9780472029136 - page_153: "START TEXT: \nCohen, Daniel J. “Web of Lies? Historical Knowledge on the Internet.” First Monday 10, no. 12 (Dece" ******* END TEXT: " the Past: How to Read, Write, and Think About History. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.\n"
9780472029136 - page_154: "START TEXT: \nCummings, Robert E., and Matt Barton, eds. Wiki Writing: Collaborative Learning in the College Clas" ******* END TEXT: "ing the History Survey Course Using Multimedia Techniques.” Perspectives 36, no. 2 (February 1998).\n"
9780472029136 - page_155: "START TEXT: \nEvans, Sara, and Roy Rosenzweig. “Introduction.” Journal of American History 78, no. 4 (March 1992)" ******* END TEXT: "on F. “Why We Must Change: The Research Evidence.” Thought & Action 14, no. 1 (Spring 1998): 71–88.\n"
9780472029136 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nGasteiner, Martin, and Peter Haber. Digitale Arbeitstechniken: für die Geistes- und Kulturwissensch" ******* END TEXT: "/2830/2476.\nHeer, Jeffrey, Michael Bostock, and Vadim Ogievetsky. “A Tour through the Visualization "
9780472029136 - page_157: "START TEXT: Zoo—ACM Queue.” ACMQueue, May 13, 2010. http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1805128.\nHeroes, “The Tan" ******* END TEXT: "ork Times, May 14, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/magazine/14publishing.html?pagewanted=4.\n"
9780472029136 - page_158: "START TEXT: \nKelly, T. Mills. “Before Plugging In, Consider Your Options.” Chronicle Review, July 13, 2001.\nKell" ******* END TEXT: "y Anyway?” D-Lib Magazine, November 2005. http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november05/lagoze/11lagoze.html.\n"
9780472029136 - page_159: "START TEXT: \nLambert, Peter, and Philip Schofield, eds. Making History: An Introduction to the History and Pract" ******* END TEXT: "0&feature=youtube_gdata.\nLowenthal, David. “Dilemmas and Delights of Learning History.” In Knowing, "
9780472029136 - page_160: "START TEXT: Teaching and Learning History: National and International Perspectives, 63–82. New York: New York Un" ******* END TEXT: " http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/09/25/which-came-first-the-chicken-or-the-egg-part-one/.\n"
9780472029136 - page_161: "START TEXT: \nMosborg, Susan. “Speaking of History: How Adolescents Use Their Knowledge of History in Reading the" ******* END TEXT: "nd the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning.” American Historical Review 109, no. 4 (October 2004).\n"
9780472029136 - page_162: "START TEXT: \nParry, David. “Twitter for Academia.” AcademHack, January 23, 2008. http://academhack.outsidethetex" ******* END TEXT: " Past: The Challenge of Film to Our Idea of History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.\n"
9780472029136 - page_163: "START TEXT: \nRosenzweig, Roy. “Can History Be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past.” Journal of Ame" ******* END TEXT: "ducers of New Historical Knowledge on the Web.” Journal of American History 88, no. 4 (March 2002).\n"
9780472029136 - page_164: "START TEXT: \nSmith, Randall E. “History of Social Studies Education (Lit Review).” http://www.siue.edu/~resmith/" ******* END TEXT: "Tischler, Barbara. “Teaching World History: Issues and Possibilities.” Perspectives (October 2009).\n"
9780472029136 - page_165: "START TEXT: \nTobin, Kathleen A. “To Think On Paper: Using Writing Assignments in the World History Survey.” Hist" ******* END TEXT: "rth/lyman.htm.\nVanSledright, Bruce A. “Can Ten-Year-Olds Learn to Investigate History As Historians "
9780472029136 - page_166: "START TEXT: Do?” Organization of American History, August 2000. http://www.oah.org/pubs/nl/2000aug/vansledright." ******* END TEXT: "05.\nWineburg, Daisy Martin Sam. “Seeing Thinking on the Web.” History Teacher 41, no. 3 (May 2008).\n"
9780472029136 - page_167: "START TEXT: \nWineburg, Sam. “Crazy for History.” Journal of American History 90, no. 4 (March 2004): 1401–14.\nWi" ******* END TEXT: " Life Project, December 16, 2010. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Generations-2010.aspx.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029136 - page_14: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472029136 - page_15: "START TEXT: “A memory that lays hold of subject-matter should be stimulated rather than a mere verbal memory.”2 " ******* END TEXT: "ot changed much since 1917.7\nTwo distinct areas of concern emerged from those earliest speculations "
9780472029136 - page_16: "START TEXT: about how best to teach history: content knowledge and procedural knowledge. In the wider public deb" ******* END TEXT: "tatement of the just-the-facts view of history is a law passed by the Florida legislature in 2006.\n\n"
9780472029136 - page_17: "START TEXT: \nAmerican history shall be viewed as factual, not constructed, shall be viewed as knowable, teachabl" ******* END TEXT: "ods or analysis is secondary to the acquisition of the proper set of the facts. In the debates over "
9780472029136 - page_18: "START TEXT: content, there is generally little popular disagreement over what history is—the debate is most typi" ******* END TEXT: "ich hundreds, and sometimes thousands, of women attended to express their opposition to being given "
9780472029136 - page_19: "START TEXT: the vote.17 “Of course every woman would want the vote,” my students' thinking goes, and if they are" ******* END TEXT: ". As Wineburg says, “The familiar past entices us with the promise that we can locate our own place "
9780472029136 - page_20: "START TEXT: in the stream of time and solidify our identity in the present.”23 We want the past to be knowable t" ******* END TEXT: " be obtained and verified. But facts from the past are not history.30 History is a way of thinking, "
9780472029136 - page_21: "START TEXT: a way of knowing, a habit of mind. It is, as Robert Bain argues, an “epistemic activity.”31\nWhat the" ******* END TEXT: "ctions, it becomes impossible to adjudicate between competing versions (and visions) of the past.34\n"
9780472029136 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nWineburg's view, already discussed in the introduction, is that:\nThe argument I make pivots on a te" ******* END TEXT: " to “source the source”; that is, figure out who created the source, when it was created, and so on."
9780472029136 - page_23: "START TEXT: \n3. The ability to obtain information about the authority of the source and to assess that authority" ******* END TEXT: " a world where the measurement of their academic abilities prior to arriving at college was heavily "
9780472029136 - page_24: "START TEXT: dependent on their ability to select the correct answer from several choices and then fill in a bubb" ******* END TEXT: "gination almost always attributes to the bad guys on the other side. Coming to grips with this sort "
9780472029136 - page_25: "START TEXT: of strange reality is central to the development a more mature historical consciousness and is, ther" ******* END TEXT: " thorny historical problems. In the end, however, these media are just one more resource for us.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029136 - page_26: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472029136 - page_27: "START TEXT: \nAs anyone who has ever searched for historical information online knows, those days of scarcity are" ******* END TEXT: "at came up in class. George Landow—one of the most prolific early adopters of digital media for his "
9780472029136 - page_28: "START TEXT: courses in literature—says that when students pursue their own lines of inquiry, they embark on unme" ******* END TEXT: " of information online. This removal of hierarchical controls over information in the digital realm "
9780472029136 - page_29: "START TEXT: is called disintermediation, and it has profound implications for how we teach students about the pa" ******* END TEXT: " with some highlighting on them, and said, “I'm all set.” He then ticked off a couple of reasonable "
9780472029136 - page_30: "START TEXT: answers derived from the highlighted text on his papers. “Where did you get that?” the young woman a" ******* END TEXT: "icked a number of history teachers and educational developers (discussed in detail in chapter 5).12\n"
9780472029136 - page_31: "START TEXT: \nLesson 4—All Content Online Is Fair Game\nWhen we think about students' search for information onlin" ******* END TEXT: "complete the work we are requiring of them, and only default to the most basic searching strategies "
9780472029136 - page_32: "START TEXT: when we have not taught them better ways to do their work. Moreover, as dependent as students are on" ******* END TEXT: "ig around in databases, and so it is now already high time to teach history students about metadata—"
9780472029136 - page_33: "START TEXT: what it is, how it works, how it governs searching, what the Dublin Core is, and so on.17\nTo date, h" ******* END TEXT: " offering an exhibition of the photography of Li Zhensheng (Red-ColorNewsSoldier.com), or a playful "
9780472029136 - page_34: "START TEXT: website offering up hundreds of primary sources from the life of Marshall Tito of Yugoslavia (Titovi" ******* END TEXT: "nd historical content sits the search engine. What happens when a student doing a keyword search in "
9780472029136 - page_35: "START TEXT: a search engine finds themselves confronted with hundreds of thousands, or even millions, of possibl" ******* END TEXT: "pril 2010 returned the Hitler Historical Museum on the first page of search results. As a result, a "
9780472029136 - page_36: "START TEXT: student trying to do some web research on Adolf Hitler is all but doomed to find his or her way to t" ******* END TEXT: "e to its role as an educational museum, these exhibits allow for visitors to understand and examine "
9780472029136 - page_37: "START TEXT: historical documents and information for themselves.” At some point in their education, most student" ******* END TEXT: " coherently. Whether this failure is from a lack of information, scholarship ability, or honesty is "
9780472029136 - page_38: "START TEXT: unimportant. What is important is that historical information be made freely available and gathered " ******* END TEXT: "t teach such skills. It could be that we make the mistake of assuming that because our students are "
9780472029136 - page_39: "START TEXT: adept users of technology, they are therefore adept learners with technology. Or it could be that we" ******* END TEXT: "s visiting websites should not be given a pass on finding out who the author/creator of the website "
9780472029136 - page_40: "START TEXT: (or a portion of the site) might be. The simplest way to find out something about who made a website" ******* END TEXT: "ch queries. But what if we dig a little deeper into the morass of information that is the Internet?\n"
9780472029136 - page_41: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029136 - page_42: "START TEXT: \nA simple question to ask about the owner of any Internet domain is what other domains that person o" ******* END TEXT: "g the metadata a website's creator(s) insert can offer useful clues to what sorts of search traffic "
9780472029136 - page_43: "START TEXT: they are trying to attract. The Hitler Historical Museum home page includes the following metadata:\n" ******* END TEXT: "they are trying to attract. The Hitler Historical Museum home page includes the following metadata:\n"
9780472029136 - page_44: "START TEXT: (archive.org).34 The Internet Archive offers users access to billions of web pages, most of which ar" ******* END TEXT: "urrent version of the website tells us. But historians know that thorough historical research means "
9780472029136 - page_45: "START TEXT: looking at all of the available evidence, not merely the first and last versions of an artifact like" ******* END TEXT: "fourth grade history textbook approved for adoption by the Virginia State Board of Education, which "
9780472029136 - page_46: "START TEXT: makes the false claim that thousands of slaves fought willingly on the side of the Confederacy durin" ******* END TEXT: "urces, rather than relying on basic searches with search engines, or on social networks, we have to "
9780472029136 - page_47: "START TEXT: teach them how to slog their way through these difficult and often bewildering interfaces.\nFor examp" ******* END TEXT: "e information resources are.\nFor example, a Google search proves to be more helpful in a roundabout "
9780472029136 - page_48: "START TEXT: way. Searching on “historical maps of Virginia” turns up some interesting options on the first searc" ******* END TEXT: "s of the large cultural institutions to search for historical content, students can—and do—approach "
9780472029136 - page_49: "START TEXT: the task of finding historical information in a variety of ways. One that is becoming increasingly c" ******* END TEXT: "cho of the 2008 campaign slogan of President Barack Obama, it is not a quotation from Martin Luther "
9780472029136 - page_50: "START TEXT: King, but rather from the Reverend Martin Luther. Even though you can buy a Martin Luther King Jr. b" ******* END TEXT: "n Facebook—where he or she is led to one web page—or in Google, where tens of thousands of possible "
9780472029136 - page_51: "START TEXT: results pop up on the computer screen? The answer, of course, is both and neither at the same time. " ******* END TEXT: " are always easy for the students to identify, but as they work their way down the list, the images "
9780472029136 - page_52: "START TEXT: become more and more difficult to identify. At first, they try to complete the assignment on their o" ******* END TEXT: "ch their students both how to use the packages and what the value of using such tools over time can "
9780472029136 - page_53: "START TEXT: be. In my experience, once students crest this not-very-steep curve, they wonder how it is they made" ******* END TEXT: "en convinces my students that such a chat might actually be helpful. I point out to them that where "
9780472029136 - page_54: "START TEXT: once upon a time librarians were known as librarians, these days they are much better known as infor" ******* END TEXT: " If we do not, we are leaving it to them to puzzle out just what to do with ten million sources.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029136 - page_55: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472029136 - page_56: "START TEXT: is much more difficult to pin down in the archives. Like Kramář, Klofáč has been the subject of seve" ******* END TEXT: "e. At this basic level, use of material from the lives of both Klofáč and Kramář will be easier for "
9780472029136 - page_57: "START TEXT: historians. What will be different is that if these materials are all marked up properly when they a" ******* END TEXT: "ian read a letter written 100 years ago and you will see her or him check first for contextual data "
9780472029136 - page_58: "START TEXT: such as the date the letter was written, the author's name, the recipient's name, the place the lett" ******* END TEXT: "into Prague. Once in Prague he was witness to the German troops and tanks riding into town, and the "
9780472029136 - page_59: "START TEXT: inauguration of the Nazi Protectorate government. The letter is chatty, and the author breezily reco" ******* END TEXT: " American presidents, the beginning of the source code for the page might look like the code below.\n"
9780472029136 - page_60: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472029136 - page_61: "START TEXT: code, none of this formatting exists, because such formatting decisions can be made by the user else" ******* END TEXT: "ed information in a way that is easy to read and work with. Such scraping algorithms already exist. "
9780472029136 - page_62: "START TEXT: Perhaps the most popular is the search engine Google. Think for a minute about what you see after ty" ******* END TEXT: "ance, the Million Books Project, and others are likewise making millions of books available online; "
9780472029136 - page_63: "START TEXT: digital repositories of scholarly articles are also growing at a rate almost unimaginable just a few" ******* END TEXT: "id not begin with the appearance of inexpensive directional aids on the market several years ago.15 "
9780472029136 - page_64: "START TEXT: Historians have been worrying about this problem for decades, if not longer.16 At the most basic lev" ******* END TEXT: "ce include: are the Powers diary entries provided in this layer complete or edited; have all of the "
9780472029136 - page_65: "START TEXT: diary entries been added to the map layer, or only those that make a point the creator of this map l" ******* END TEXT: "e 100 years ago, that politicians often travel to locations where they have willing audiences, that "
9780472029136 - page_66: "START TEXT: anarchist sentiment seems to have been spread across the United States just after the turn of the tw" ******* END TEXT: "ayer showing arrests for prostitution and another for the locations of brothels in Harlem (fig. 8).\n"
9780472029136 - page_67: "START TEXT: \n\nRight away students will see that the locations of brothels and the arrests for prostitution do no" ******* END TEXT: " brothels unfriendly locations for prostitutes to ply their trade, so they stayed further uptown? A "
9780472029136 - page_68: "START TEXT: diligent student who did not have access to this map interface could puzzle out the lack of correlat" ******* END TEXT: " students already need to know.\nRight now, historians and history students rely on projects such as "
9780472029136 - page_69: "START TEXT: those already described to make available limited sets of geotagged historical information. But as m" ******* END TEXT: "orical data with much less well-formed questions, such as “What was the nature of the relationships "
9780472029136 - page_70: "START TEXT: between the historical actors in this database?” or “Is there any evidence of change in family patte" ******* END TEXT: "ons at a much more rapid rate than poor countries. But the velocity of mass-digitalization projects "
9780472029136 - page_71: "START TEXT: is growing with each passing year. Cast your mind back ten years and recollect how many online histo" ******* END TEXT: "t that is not in database form as in the prior example—for example, a novel like Les Misérables—and "
9780472029136 - page_72: "START TEXT: with text-mining software determine relationships between the characters, such as how often they int" ******* END TEXT: "chniques and the issues they raise for historical analysis, students can then be taught to use much "
9780472029136 - page_73: "START TEXT: more sophisticated text- and data-mining engines and the visualization software that allows scholars" ******* END TEXT: "done nothing to stimulate the economy or create any new jobs or provide any more health coverage.37\n"
9780472029136 - page_74: "START TEXT: \nAnyone familiar with the parameters of the American debate over abortion rights will be able to tel" ******* END TEXT: "ategies that will incorporate these tools as they emerge. Otherwise students will either try to use "
9780472029136 - page_75: "START TEXT: these tools on their own with limited or mixed results, or, more likely, will not use them at all, a" ******* END TEXT: "when it comes to this latter task. It is already possible to train a search algorithm to ferret out "
9780472029136 - page_76: "START TEXT: images of a particular object—a motorcycle, for instance—by determining which sectors of the image o" ******* END TEXT: "s might be possible in as little as five years. Given that students may very well be able to engage "
9780472029136 - page_77: "START TEXT: in this kind of image mining soon, it is incumbent upon us as educators to begin working on ways to " ******* END TEXT: "own, inviting them to be part of this discussion will almost certainly be well worth the effort.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029136 - page_78: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472029136 - page_79: "START TEXT: these same forms, leaving out only the organizational features such as the table of contents. Histor" ******* END TEXT: "le that “history and writing are inseparable”? Or that “We cannot know history well unless we write "
9780472029136 - page_80: "START TEXT: about it”? If that is true and Marius is right, the historical profession has two choices: change ou" ******* END TEXT: "information for all they are worth, while helping them remain true to the values of our profession.\n"
9780472029136 - page_81: "START TEXT: \nBefore we proceed to the forms historical presentation is taking and likely will take in the future" ******* END TEXT: " At the top of the list of intellectual and practical skills that employers wanted students to gain "
9780472029136 - page_82: "START TEXT: in college was “The ability to communicate effectively, orally and in writing.” Also near the top of" ******* END TEXT: " it will be that we will be stewards of a profession increasingly out of sync with the realities of "
9780472029136 - page_83: "START TEXT: the lives students lead, or plan to lead, after graduation. In an educational world driven increasin" ******* END TEXT: "n the students in the course and, depending upon the digital environment we choose, with others not "
9780472029136 - page_84: "START TEXT: enrolled in the course—students in other sections of the course, students enrolled at other institut" ******* END TEXT: "s the Berlin Wall was being built. This exhibition, Halt! Grenze, taught her not only how to create "
9780472029136 - page_85: "START TEXT: a historical exhibition from primary sources, but also how to present that work online as part of a " ******* END TEXT: " history, few (if any) of my students could do any original research in the sources I use in my own "
9780472029136 - page_86: "START TEXT: work. For all these reasons, I decided to create a version of the methods course that would get my s" ******* END TEXT: "of campus, others were much farther away; some were located on public lands; others were on private "
9780472029136 - page_87: "START TEXT: property, but all of them were available for my students as sites of research. In addition to this p" ******* END TEXT: "hs to dimensions that work on the web; how to geolocate their sources; and how to write descriptive "
9780472029136 - page_88: "START TEXT: text for the web that is brief, pithy, accurate, and useful to other researchers. Once all their ent" ******* END TEXT: " McTighe provide a simple model for rewriting any course to refocus it on understanding rather than "
9780472029136 - page_89: "START TEXT: coverage, arguing that the best way to engage in such a redesign is to begin at the end of the cours" ******* END TEXT: "f historical information—can now be stored in a database and used in whatever way the user chooses. "
9780472029136 - page_90: "START TEXT: So, for instance, the students in my historical methods course placed 742 items in a database devote" ******* END TEXT: "lege history department where no one uses PowerPoint or other forms of slideware in their teaching.\n"
9780472029136 - page_91: "START TEXT: \nIf you have ever had the opportunity to wander the halls of a high school or college to peek in and" ******* END TEXT: "werPoint also reinforce two models of history teaching that are detrimental to the kind of learning "
9780472029136 - page_92: "START TEXT: we want taking place. The first of these is the coverage model that, as Lendol Calder argues, works " ******* END TEXT: "the possibility of hiring our center to create what we would now call “history apps” for the mobile "
9780472029136 - page_93: "START TEXT: phones in their network. As we discussed the format for the presentation, the marketing manager we w" ******* END TEXT: " albeit to a significantly lesser degree, their history professors. Blogs—a platform for writing in "
9780472029136 - page_94: "START TEXT: reverse-date order—first appeared on the Internet in their current form in the late 1990s. Once seve" ******* END TEXT: "h their blog posts? Because the answers to these questions are most often “no,” most class blogs go "
9780472029136 - page_95: "START TEXT: silent the minute the semester ends. That class blogs die at the end of the semester should be no su" ******* END TEXT: " blog where all students contribute to something created by the professor, it is much easier to set "
9780472029136 - page_96: "START TEXT: strict rules for such things as tone (formal vs. casual), attention to the rules of grammar, syntax," ******* END TEXT: "t in the eyes of the casual or inexperienced user. The initial impulse of many history teachers was "
9780472029136 - page_97: "START TEXT: to warn their students off Wikipedia at all costs, and some even banned the use of Wikipedia altoget" ******* END TEXT: "ate history that is malleable, that can be changed by anyone at any time. What does it mean to have "
9780472029136 - page_98: "START TEXT: historical information crowdsourced? Can the collective wisdom of the crowd be reasonably compared t" ******* END TEXT: "th them as they create historical knowledge online has many advantages. By forcing them to actively "
9780472029136 - page_99: "START TEXT: engage in public knowledge production—to help make history in the world's most popular information r" ******* END TEXT: "ore than 3,000 times by an uncounted number of users. On June 30, 2011, the opening paragraph read:\n"
9780472029136 - page_100: "START TEXT: \nThe Donner Party (sometimes called the Donner—Reed Party) was a group of American pioneers who set " ******* END TEXT: "ies. Being part of this larger community of writers and editors not only gives the students a clear "
9780472029136 - page_101: "START TEXT: sense for just how malleable information in their favorite encyclopedia can be, but also introduces " ******* END TEXT: "ade, and that have relevance to the lives they are living now and plan to live after graduation.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029136 - page_102: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472029136 - page_103: "START TEXT: to historians' use of digital media in their own work. Almost 70 percent of the more than 4,000 hist" ******* END TEXT: "aduate students. It is worth remembering that students live in a remix culture—where popular music, "
9780472029136 - page_104: "START TEXT: film, and fiction all draw on multiple sources—many of them created by other authors, directors, or " ******* END TEXT: "is filled with remixes of historical video. To cite but one example, a fruitful hour could be spent "
9780472029136 - page_105: "START TEXT: examining all the ways the story of the “Tank Man” of Tiananmen Square in 1989 is being told on YouT" ******* END TEXT: "r of video sharing websites such as YouTube, according to Michael Wesch, since 1948 the three major "
9780472029136 - page_106: "START TEXT: American television networks (ABC, NBC, CBS) have delivered approximately 1.5 million hours of progr" ******* END TEXT: "of this chapter believes, we should do our best to teach them how to make the most of digital media "
9780472029136 - page_107: "START TEXT: by taking advantage of their creative impulses. We need to give them room to create, even as we teac" ******* END TEXT: "ians. Also, because I had already seen evidence of students (and the public at large) taking a more "
9780472029136 - page_108: "START TEXT: playful approach to the past, I decided to access my own sense of fun to see what we might accomplis" ******* END TEXT: "have become convinced that history as a discipline has become a bit too stodgy for its own good. It "
9780472029136 - page_109: "START TEXT: seems to me that we are taking ourselves a little too seriously of late (if there was ever a time wh" ******* END TEXT: "tional for an upper-level history course. The first article we read was “The Violence of the Lambs” "
9780472029136 - page_110: "START TEXT: by John Jeremiah Sullivan, which appeared in the February 2008 issue of that stodgy academic journal" ******* END TEXT: "history course is intended to teach them, including identifying a topic, creating a thesis they can "
9780472029136 - page_111: "START TEXT: support with evidence gleaned from research, then finding an appropriate set of primary and secondar" ******* END TEXT: " the real Edward Owens.28 Also, the name Edward Owens was generic enough that a Google search would "
9780472029136 - page_112: "START TEXT: turn up too many possibilities to be sorted through in a timely manner. The platform the students ch" ******* END TEXT: "line, academic bloggers—including history teachers and professors, instructional technologists, and "
9780472029136 - page_113: "START TEXT: librarians—began writing about Jane's blog as an exemplar of how undergraduate students could use ne" ******* END TEXT: "ademics turned out to be the primary victims of the hoax generated some controversy in the academic "
9780472029136 - page_114: "START TEXT: blogosphere—a controversy discussed in more detail below. In the aftermath of the hoax's exposure th" ******* END TEXT: "As discussed in chapter 2, too often these days students search for plausible information using the "
9780472029136 - page_115: "START TEXT: “type some keywords into Google and see what comes up” method. When a reasonable source appears thro" ******* END TEXT: "overnment report, newspaper story, poem, sacred text)? Because my students had to create at least a "
9780472029136 - page_116: "START TEXT: few invented sources to set beside real sources from archives and libraries, they needed to think ca" ******* END TEXT: "nsus records, looking up specifics in the regions we were placing Edward, and the like. I feel very "
9780472029136 - page_117: "START TEXT: knowledgeable in the ways of Coastal Virginia after the Civil War now. It's not like we were filling" ******* END TEXT: " have to grapple with much more difficult ethical issues—not the least of which is what it means to "
9780472029136 - page_118: "START TEXT: create a lie and purvey it on their own website, but also on the websites of others, such as Wikiped" ******* END TEXT: "ours. Therefore, I challenged my students to think about whether or not we were crossing an ethical "
9780472029136 - page_119: "START TEXT: Rubicon that we really should not be crossing. To have this conversation at all we had to discuss th" ******* END TEXT: "at one would find in a book trying to convince readers of a deliberately false version of the past.\n"
9780472029136 - page_120: "START TEXT: \nAlso, it seems to me that if we are going to turn our students loose to create historical content o" ******* END TEXT: " ruled out, for instance, any hoax that had to do with pornography or gambling. With the boundaries "
9780472029136 - page_121: "START TEXT: of the hoax firmly established, my students were then free to create any hoax they might think up.\nT" ******* END TEXT: "t the class sessions, worked in small groups outside of class, and laughed throughout the semester.\n"
9780472029136 - page_122: "START TEXT: \nThe additional issue that arose after the exposure of the first hoax is less a part of the main sto" ******* END TEXT: "that the domain was created on October 22, 2008. Given that Jane's first post in her blog was dated "
9780472029136 - page_123: "START TEXT: September 3, 2008, this more careful reader might have noticed something a little fishy. The questio" ******* END TEXT: "n digital media. Given this lack of guidance, I think we can anticipate two results. The first will "
9780472029136 - page_124: "START TEXT: be that the majority of our students will go on producing history the way we did and the way our pro" ******* END TEXT: " such as the pyramid at Chichen Itza, a gothic cathedral, or Stonehenge are all available online.59\n"
9780472029136 - page_125: "START TEXT: \nLearning to use tools such as the MakerBot is not as simple as learning how to start a class blog, " ******* END TEXT: "s from learning how to teach students to make the most of the advantages technology offers them.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029136 - page_126: "START TEXT: \nConclusion\n \n \nBecause the digital realm is a space of rapid change, this book could never be more " ******* END TEXT: "estions remain. Will history maintain its place in that curriculum, or continue to slip in terms of "
9780472029136 - page_127: "START TEXT: its overall popularity and the resources it commands in the face of competition from the STEM discip" ******* END TEXT: "ith any certainty is how and where they will indulge their creative impulses. In 2013, Facebook and "
9780472029136 - page_128: "START TEXT: YouTube are the two most common places where young people create content for others to see, use, and" ******* END TEXT: "ted to mash up historical and geographic datasets. Google changed the terms of this particular game "
9780472029136 - page_129: "START TEXT: when they made their Maps API available to the general public in 2005.3 The Google Maps API has prov" ******* END TEXT: "e for a mobile app; it might be a series of blog posts; it might be a map overlay; or it might be a "
9780472029136 - page_130: "START TEXT: combination of any or all of these. While it is impossible to say what exactly they might produce if" ******* END TEXT: "about the past and how we can combine what we know with what they know to make history together.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029136 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by T. Mills Kelly 2013\nSome rights reserved\n\nThis work is licensed under the Creative C" ******* END TEXT: "ing (Higher)—Technological innovations. I. Title.\nD16.255.C65K45    2013\n907.8'5—dc23\n2012047396\n\n\n\n"
9780472029136 - page_i: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472029136 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \nDIGITAL HUMANITIES\nThe Digital Humanities series provides a forum for groundbreaking and benchmark " ******* END TEXT: " dedicated to publishing work in new media studies and the emerging field of digital humanities.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029136 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nIntroduction\nThe historian is of his own age, and is bound to it by the conditions of human existen" ******* END TEXT: "cutions that were available on YouTube. The students' first task was to discuss the primary sources "
9780472029136 - page_2: "START TEXT: among themselves. Then we watched the video clips as a precursor to a general class discussion of th" ******* END TEXT: "source. He shrugged his shoulders and said, “Yeah, but mine's better.” When I saw that perhaps half "
9780472029136 - page_3: "START TEXT: the class was on his side, I gave up on the Cold War and European integration and spent the rest of " ******* END TEXT: " demonstrating concrete evidence of a way of thinking about the nature of evidence and how evidence "
9780472029136 - page_4: "START TEXT: can and should be used to make sense of past events. As I first wrote these words in the spring of 2" ******* END TEXT: "ry may become in the digital age.\nWhat then is a historian to do in the face of students who may be "
9780472029136 - page_5: "START TEXT: more interested in authenticity than originality? First and foremost we have to set aside our squeam" ******* END TEXT: "o answer pressing scientific questions, first a crisis and then a revolution occurs, leading to new "
9780472029136 - page_6: "START TEXT: ways of thinking about old problems.8 Historians are more fortunate than physicists, because we are " ******* END TEXT: " process by which that Austrian stencil was used by whomever tagged the building I photographed two "
9780472029136 - page_7: "START TEXT: years earlier, thereby at least opening up the possibility that we might have gained some new or dif" ******* END TEXT: "ies a similarly jagged landscape of history, and scholars like Turkel and his colleagues in the Lab "
9780472029136 - page_8: "START TEXT: for Humanistic Fabrication, Cohen, and my colleagues at the Center for History and New Media will be" ******* END TEXT: "ow in our hearts that students cannot be expected to engage in sophisticated analysis of historical "
9780472029136 - page_9: "START TEXT: events unless they know what those historical events actually were. Because most college history cur" ******* END TEXT: "my argument(s), you may be thinking, “Ah, but his critique doesn't apply to me.” After all, you may "
9780472029136 - page_10: "START TEXT: lecture no more than a few times in an entire semester and your classes may be built around a series" ******* END TEXT: "ast decade—not only because we now call it the Internet. When Horton was writing about how to teach "
9780472029136 - page_11: "START TEXT: with Internet resources, the resources she was talking about were websites created either by what we" ******* END TEXT: "t only is the Internet of 2012 radically different than the Internet of 2000, but more importantly, "
9780472029136 - page_12: "START TEXT: students' use of digital media is substantially different. They still consume a great deal of online" ******* END TEXT: "which sets the stage for a discussion and analysis of how students search for, and find, historical "
9780472029136 - page_13: "START TEXT: content. Subsequent chapters consider how students might actually analyze historical sources that no" ******* END TEXT: " results our students may come up with when they create that content—are worth taking seriously.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029136 - page_131: "START TEXT: \nNotes\n \n \nPreface\n1. T. Mills Kelly, “For Better or Worse? The Marriage of the Web and Classroom,” " ******* END TEXT: "ng and Howard Walter Caldwell, Studies in European and American History (J. H. Miller, 1897), 9–10.\n"
9780472029136 - page_132: "START TEXT: \n4. Simon Spradlin, Studies in the History of History Teaching (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press" ******* END TEXT: " We Must Change,” 4–10.\n18. Lendol Calder, “Uncoverage: Toward a Signature Pedagogy for the History "
9780472029136 - page_133: "START TEXT: Survey,” Journal of American History 92, no. 4 (March 2006), http://www.historycooperative.org/journ" ******* END TEXT: "/www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/making-history-a-civics-a-priority/2011/06/17/AGb1tYZH_story.html.\n"
9780472029136 - page_134: "START TEXT: \n9. “Slade Gorton Speech on the Proposed National History Standards,” C-SPAN, January 18, 1995, http" ******* END TEXT: "st,” Phi Delta Kappan 89, no. 3 (November 2007): 233–55; Pace, “The Amateur in the Operating Room.”\n"
9780472029136 - page_135: "START TEXT: \n25. Carl Wieman and Kathleen Perkins, “Transforming Physics Education,” Physics Today 58, no. 11 (2" ******* END TEXT: "rumsey.com/ and http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/map_collection_guide.html. Accessed October 1, 2010.\n"
9780472029136 - page_136: "START TEXT: \n8. George P. Landow, Hypertext 2.0 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 183.\n9. Aliso" ******* END TEXT: " http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/09/25/which-came-first-the-chicken-or-the-egg-part-one/. "
9780472029136 - page_137: "START TEXT: Errol Morris, “Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg? (Part Two),” Opinionator, October 23, 2007," ******* END TEXT: "4, 2005.\n38. http://digitool1.lva.lib.va.us, call number G3841.P15 1849.M58. Accessed May 19, 2010.\n"
9780472029136 - page_138: "START TEXT: \n39. Martin Luther King Jr. community page, Facebook.com. Accessed May 10, 2010, at 2:00 p.m. EST. I" ******* END TEXT: "l. Accessed December 3, 2010.\n7. John Unsworth, “New Methods for Humanities Research” (lecture, the "
9780472029136 - page_139: "START TEXT: Lyman Award Lecture, National Humanities Center, November 11, 2005), http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~" ******* END TEXT: " John Battelle, “Web Squared: Web 2.0 Five Years On” (lecture, presented at the Web 2.0 Summit, San "
9780472029136 - page_140: "START TEXT: Francisco, October 2009), http://www.web2summit.com/web2009/public/schedule/detail/10194.\n24. Katrin" ******* END TEXT: "“By the Book: Assessing the Place of Textbooks in U.S. Survey Courses,” Journal of American History "
9780472029136 - page_141: "START TEXT: 91, no. 4 (March 2005), http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/91.4/cohen.html.\n37. Cited in" ******* END TEXT: "dent-connected-open-to-change; and Mizuko Ito, Becky Herr-Stephenson, Dan Perkel, and Christo Sims, "
9780472029136 - page_142: "START TEXT: eds., Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out: Kids Living and Learning with New Media (Cambrid" ******* END TEXT: "th New Media (Washington, D.C: American Historical Association, 2005), 5.\n24. Calder, “Uncoverage.”\n"
9780472029136 - page_143: "START TEXT: \n25. Tufte, “PowerPoint Is Evil.”\n26. Peter Norvig, “The Gettysburg PowerPoint Presentation,” http:/" ******* END TEXT: "ion=next&oldid=50355986.\n42. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donner_Party&oldid=51286585.\n"
9780472029136 - page_144: "START TEXT: \n43. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donner_Party&oldid=436095208.\n44. “Donner Party,” htt" ******* END TEXT: "ry: An Introduction to the History and Practices of a Discipline (London: Routledge, 2004), 251–53.\n"
9780472029136 - page_145: "START TEXT: \n13. “An Anthropological Introduction to YouTube,” 2008, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU&" ******* END TEXT: "aculty/kelly/blogs/h389/.\n26. The books assigned in the course were John Mitchinson and John Lloyd, "
9780472029136 - page_146: "START TEXT: The Book of General Ignorance; Robert Harris, Selling Hitler: The Extraordinary Story of the Con Job" ******* END TEXT: "rch_strategies_making_a_case_for_integrating_information/.\n38. Lévesque, Thinking Historically, 27.\n"
9780472029136 - page_147: "START TEXT: \n39. Comment by Kelly on “Was the Last American Pirate ‘Authentic’?” Edwired.org, April 13, 2010.\n40" ******* END TEXT: ". Comment by Kelly on “Was the Last American Pirate Authentic?” http://edwired.org/?p=608#comments.\n"
9780472029136 - page_148: "START TEXT: \n57. For a further meditation on pushing the boundaries of our understanding of the relationships be" ******* END TEXT: "ps-api-turns-5.html.\n4. Weaving History, http://www.weavinghistory.org/. Accessed June 29, 2011.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029136 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nPreface\n \n \nHistorians are always a little nervous about the whole concept of “beginnings,” because" ******* END TEXT: "tant lesson we would do well to remember. That online syllabus did have a surprising result. When I "
9780472029136 - page_vi: "START TEXT: got my end-of-semester survey results back, student after student wrote in their comments that the o" ******* END TEXT: "ize I was onto something.\nThe following year, I was a sabbatical replacement instructor at Grinnell "
9780472029136 - page_vii: "START TEXT: College. While there, I built my first website and began to post resources online. I also designed s" ******* END TEXT: "are much closer to the cutting edges of the digital revolution than we are, but nothing I have seen "
9780472029136 - page_viii: "START TEXT: in the past dozen years of close observation has altered my conviction that just because they are ad" ******* END TEXT: "ular because it offers the possibility of putting students in the places where the history they are "
9780472029136 - page_ix: "START TEXT: learning about actually happened.2 While they cannot visit those places as they were long ago (or ev" ******* END TEXT: "to accommodate our teaching to that shift. If we do not, our students will make history without us.\n"
9780472029136 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029136 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nTeaching History in the Digital Age\n \n" ******* END TEXT: "\nTeaching History in the Digital Age\n \n"
9780472029136 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: \nContents\n \n \nIntroduction\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nContents\n \n \nIntroduction\n"
9780472029136 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_i: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472029174 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \nDIGITALCULTUREBOOKS, an imprint of the University of Michigan Press, is dedicated to publishing wor" ******* END TEXT: " dedicated to publishing work in new media studies and the emerging field of digital humanities.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nThe Unreal Estate Guide to Detroit\n \nAndrew Herscher\n \n \nThe University of Michigan PressAnn Arbor\n" ******* END TEXT: "e Unreal Estate Guide to Detroit\n \nAndrew Herscher\n \n \nThe University of Michigan PressAnn Arbor\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by Andrew Herscher 2012\nSome rights reserved\n\nThis work is licensed under the Creative " ******* END TEXT: " the British Library.\nISBN 978-0-472-03521-2 (pbk. : alk. paper)\nISBN 978-0-472-02917-4 (e-book)\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_v: "START TEXT: \n“Precisely because physical devastation on such a huge scale boggles the mind, it also frees the im" ******* END TEXT: "ens of a commons to come.”\n—Rob Halpern, “Provisional Prepositions for a Project on the Commons”\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \nThe Detroit Unreal Estate Agency: A Preface\nUnreal Estate: An Introduction\nUnprofessional Practices" ******* END TEXT: "\nSecret Pizza Party\nTrtl\nRadical Hospitality\nBoggs Center\nCatherine Ferguson Academy\nBlock Clubbing\n"
9780472029174 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \nUnsanctioned Collectives\nTemporary Communities\nDally in the Alley\nTheatre Bizarre\nDetroit Guerrilla" ******* END TEXT: "ash Café\nAfrican Bead Museum\nHeidelberg Project\n \nGlossary\nReferences\nAcknowledgments\nImage Credits\n"
9780472029174 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472029174 - page_1: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_2: "START TEXT: \nThe Detroit Unreal Estate Agency: A Preface\nThe Detroit Unreal Estate Agency was founded in 2008 as" ******* END TEXT: "n, is both within and beyond this guide, at once a context for the guide and a text included in it.\n"
9780472029174 - page_3: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_4: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_5: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_6: "START TEXT: \nUnreal Estate: An Introduction\nunreal (ŭn-rē'al, -rēl’)\nadjective\n1.      not corresponding to ackn" ******* END TEXT: "ials that decline brings—the ways in which the shrinking city is also an incredible city, saturated\n"
9780472029174 - page_7: "START TEXT: \nwith urban opportunities that are precluded or even unthinkable in cities that function according t" ******* END TEXT: "tic interlocutor of what some have called the urban “underclass.”6 It has also yielded the race-and\n"
9780472029174 - page_8: "START TEXT: \nclass-inflected portrayal of members of the “creative class” as the fundamental harbinger of change" ******* END TEXT: " different systems of value, whether cultural, social, political or otherwise. The values of unreal\n"
9780472029174 - page_9: "START TEXT: \nestate are unreal from the perspective of the market economy—they are liabilities, or unvalues that" ******* END TEXT: "ies the enclosures of private property. The enclosure of commons was a constituent component of the\n"
9780472029174 - page_10: "START TEXT: \ndevelopment of capitalism, a means to incorporate collective space into property regimes and profit" ******* END TEXT: "ers—a heterogeneous array of individual and collective urban inhabitants. The political, social and\n"
9780472029174 - page_11: "START TEXT: \ncultural agencies of these inhabitants are diverse, but their skills, techniques and knowledge are " ******* END TEXT: "ism, but rather to the ways in which these modes are received by their audiences or users. Everyday\n"
9780472029174 - page_12: "START TEXT: \nurbanism certainly offers an “alternative,” but this alternative is not so much critical, a questio" ******* END TEXT: "m recuperative, through reformist, to radical, so that the politics of unreal estate are various.16\n"
9780472029174 - page_13: "START TEXT: \nOccupations of unreal estate emerge from both long-term community activism, short-term artistic int" ******* END TEXT: "e in order to facilitate its growth, consolidation or protection. Instead, my aim is to investigate\n"
9780472029174 - page_14: "START TEXT: \nthe forms and possibilities of self-organized urbanism in the context of the shrinking city. Indeed" ******* END TEXT: "d to support the “renewal” of the city (investment, community-building, securitization, large-scale\n"
9780472029174 - page_15: "START TEXT: \nconstruction) become, by contrast, banal at best and destructive of unprecedented futures at worst." ******* END TEXT: "houses not only provide the space to begin anew but also the incentive to create innovative ways of\n"
9780472029174 - page_16: "START TEXT: \nmaking our living—ways that nurture our productive, cooperative and caring selves.”21\nUnreal Estate" ******* END TEXT: "with those of the “mist-enveloped regions of the religious world”: through the commodity, he wrote,\n"
9780472029174 - page_17: "START TEXT: \n“there is a definite social relation between men that assumes…the fantastic form of a relation betw" ******* END TEXT: "of decline by proffering the ruin as the definitive urban figure of contemporary Detroit. According\n"
9780472029174 - page_18: "START TEXT: \nto photographers Yves Marchand and Romain Meffre, for example, Detroit is “a contemporary Pompeii, " ******* END TEXT: "t only in Detroit but also in other cities, perhaps including the city where you now find yourself.\n"
9780472029174 - page_19: "START TEXT: \nNotes\n1. See Shrinking Cities: International Research, ed. Philipp Oswalt (Ostfildern-Ruit, Germany" ******* END TEXT: "77), 91.\n9. See Ellen Meiksins Wood, The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View (London: Verso, 2002).\n"
9780472029174 - page_20: "START TEXT: \n10. See Everyday Urbanism, ed. John Leighton Chase, Margaret Crawford and John Kaliski (New York: M" ******* END TEXT: "posite of, a complement to, or contained within.” See Gibson-Graham, A Postcapitalist Politics, 56.\n"
9780472029174 - page_21: "START TEXT: \n20. AbdouMaliq Simone, For the City Yet to Come: Changing African Life in Four Cities (Durham: Duke" ******* END TEXT: " Debord, The Society of the Spectacle, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (New York: Zone, 1995), 14.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nUnprofessional Practices\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nUnprofessional Practices\n"
9780472029174 - page_23: "START TEXT: \nRuin Harvest\nFood Infill\nMunicipal Therapy\nFurtive Inhabitation\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nRuin Harvest\nFood Infill\nMunicipal Therapy\nFurtive Inhabitation\n"
9780472029174 - page_24: "START TEXT: \nThe city of unreal estate is, in part, a city of ruins. These ruins are usually regarded as distres" ******* END TEXT: "not seize upon just such a building to do something that cannot be done elsewhere and otherwise?\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_25: "START TEXT: \nRuin Harvest\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nRuin Harvest\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_26: "START TEXT: \nDetroit Demolition Disneyland\nIn the winter of 2005, Detroit's municipal government prepared to hos" ******* END TEXT: "hetorically critique an urban disaster without proposing alternatives to it? Indeed, while invoking\n"
9780472029174 - page_27: "START TEXT: \n“action,” the only action that the group explicitly attempted to incite in its audience was mimetic" ******* END TEXT: "hat registers a site's deviation from a norm without destroying that very deviation in the process.\n"
9780472029174 - page_28: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_29: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_30: "START TEXT: \nFireBreak\nThe tens of thousands of vacant and abandoned homes in Detroit have frequently been targe" ******* END TEXT: "e status of abandoned houses as large-scale templates for formal transformations; the Hay House was\n"
9780472029174 - page_31: "START TEXT: \ncreated by attaching 3000 rolls of hay to the house's facades. Still other projects re-fashioned ab" ******* END TEXT: "actions, interactions, and reactions. What is seen as void of culture is actually culturally rich.”\n"
9780472029174 - page_32: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_33: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_34: "START TEXT: \nSalvaged Landscape\nIn Detroit, the city typically clears away the remains of burned homes. In so do" ******* END TEXT: " to working with unvalued places and materials that is characteristic of unreal estate development.\n"
9780472029174 - page_35: "START TEXT: \n\n“Salvaged Landscape” was also designed to be a piece that could be removed from the burned house i" ******* END TEXT: "of unreal estate's precarious existence between actual misrecognition and possible commodification.\n"
9780472029174 - page_36: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_37: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_38: "START TEXT: \nThere are many hungers in the city of unreal estate: for memory without anger, for futures worth wa" ******* END TEXT: "s, food activists, community advocates, locovores, gourmands or hybrids of any of the preceding.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_39: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472029174 - page_40: "START TEXT: \nFood Infill\n\nEarthworks Urban Farm\nThe Earthworks Urban Farm is one of the largest urban agricultur" ******* END TEXT: "ts and jams, as well as honey and beeswax hand balm made from bee hives situated on the roof of the\n"
9780472029174 - page_41: "START TEXT: \nfood bank. In addition, it added a greenhouse where seedlings are grown for use both by Earthworks " ******* END TEXT: "in turn, opportunity to facilitate new models of food consumption, community and urban environment.\n"
9780472029174 - page_42: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_43: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_44: "START TEXT: \nD-Town Farm\nThe D-Town Farm is an urban farm in the Rouge Park neighborhood operated by the Detroit" ******* END TEXT: " The farm's activities are presented publically in a number of formats, including an annual Harvest\n"
9780472029174 - page_45: "START TEXT: \nFestival and the Food Warriors Youth Development Program, in which elementary school students at th" ******* END TEXT: "to other problems, not all of which are food-related, facing Detroit's African-American population.\n"
9780472029174 - page_46: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_47: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_48: "START TEXT: \nGeorgia Street Community Garden\nThe Georgia Street Community Garden was started by Mark Covington, " ******* END TEXT: "arden from the City of Detroit and plans to convert them into a corner market and community center.\n"
9780472029174 - page_49: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_50: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_51: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_52: "START TEXT: \nBrightmoor Farmway\nBrightmoor is a neighborhood in Northwest Detroit with large numbers of abandone" ******* END TEXT: "s come to include not only a path connecting around 20 existing gardens, but also new pocket parks,\n"
9780472029174 - page_53: "START TEXT: \nnew community gardens, a wildflower garden, an orchard and a market garden for neighborhood youth. " ******* END TEXT: "ites of food production and food consumption, all taking place on readily available unreal estate.\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_54: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_55: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_56: "START TEXT: \nPeaches and Greens\nIn response to the food insecurity that many low-income residents of central Det" ******* END TEXT: "and Greens, the market thereby assists in the transformation of food consumers into food activists.\n"
9780472029174 - page_57: "START TEXT: \n\nThe Peaches and Greens Market has been augmented by the re-purposing of a former UPS delivery truc" ******* END TEXT: "oduce consumption is transformed into a local ritual, specific to the Peaches and Greens community.\n"
9780472029174 - page_58: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_59: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_60: "START TEXT: \nField of Our Dreams\nField of Our Dreams is a mobile produce market serving the Eastside of Detroit." ******* END TEXT: " social gathering to informal economies—all equally unreal from the perspective of the free market.\n"
9780472029174 - page_61: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_62: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_63: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_64: "START TEXT: \nWhere there is pain, there is an opportunity to provide therapy. Municipal therapists take on pain " ******* END TEXT: "n failure, or even missed urban opportunity, there is an opportunity for a therapeutic response.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_65: "START TEXT: \nMunicipal Therapy\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nMunicipal Therapy\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_66: "START TEXT: \nMotor City Blight Busters\nThe Motor City Blight Busters is a non-profit organization in Northwest D" ******* END TEXT: "c and entertainment.” The artist studio in the village is occupied by Chazz Miller, who has painted\n"
9780472029174 - page_67: "START TEXT: \nmurals over the exterior walls of the complex of buildings, as well as on a number of other buildin" ******* END TEXT: "tially exploitive economic processes—ways for the community to profit from real estate development.\n"
9780472029174 - page_68: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_69: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_70: "START TEXT: \nGreening of Detroit\nThe Greening of Detroit is a non-profit organization dedicated to the enhanceme" ******* END TEXT: "collaboration with community groups. The organization also collaborated in the transformation of an\n"
9780472029174 - page_71: "START TEXT: \nunderutilized 26 acre urban landscape, Romanowski Park, into a model urban farm, with community far" ******* END TEXT: "ent, it possesses value to a city posed as a site of intense and thorough forestry and agriculture.\n"
9780472029174 - page_72: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_73: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_74: "START TEXT: \nHope District\nThe Hope District was conceived by Mike and Lilly Wimberley as a means to develop an " ******* END TEXT: " district into a community and to make this community self-sustaining and socially and economically\n"
9780472029174 - page_75: "START TEXT: \nviable. The responses to economic challenge offered by the Hope District thus do not aim at simply " ******* END TEXT: "nsformations of a neighborhood's urban context, social form, political agency and economic status.\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_76: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_77: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_78: "START TEXT: \nNavin Field Grounds Crew\nProfessional baseball has been played in Detroit since 1895. For over one " ******* END TEXT: "ay pick-up games on a site where professional baseball had been played since the sport's beginning.\n"
9780472029174 - page_79: "START TEXT: \n\nThe city regards this upholding of baseball tradition as trespassing on city-owned property; while" ******* END TEXT: "ly regards as undeveloped real estate, the Grounds Crew is apprehending that site as unreal estate.\n"
9780472029174 - page_80: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_81: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_82: "START TEXT: \nDetroit Mower Gang\nIn the city of real estate, public amenities like parks are regarded as luxuries" ******* END TEXT: ". In so doing, the Mower Gang transforms park maintenance from laborious drudgery to creative play.\n"
9780472029174 - page_83: "START TEXT: \n\nAmong the spaces that the Mower Gang has tended are O'Shea Park, Riverside Park, Roosevelt Park an" ******* END TEXT: "ers park maintenance a public right—the right of the public to care for spaces that it cares about.\n"
9780472029174 - page_84: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_85: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_86: "START TEXT: \nWhat happens when the occupation of space is illegal, unauthorized or just unusual? What happens wh" ******* END TEXT: "and empty spaces can thus be occupied while seeming to remain neglected and empty all the while.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nFurtive Inhabitation\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nFurtive Inhabitation\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_88: "START TEXT: \nDetroit Blues\nThe Detroit Blues are one among the groups that explore abandoned buildings (“urban s" ******* END TEXT: "ation in Detroit. In so doing, the group appropriated the abandonment and decay of the buildings as\n"
9780472029174 - page_89: "START TEXT: \npositive values enhancing the experience of trespassing within them. This was an aestheticization o" ******* END TEXT: "registered not only by the destinations of exploration, but also by the form of exploration itself.\n"
9780472029174 - page_90: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_91: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nHookie Monsters\nAbandoned schools are prominent landmarks in Detroit's cityscape. They are outcomes" ******* END TEXT: "ding is a counter-public space—a site that can accommodate those whose identities and interests are\n"
9780472029174 - page_93: "START TEXT: \nnot socially valorized. The exploration of these sites thus offers a way to occupy the city accordi" ******* END TEXT: "stem will also open up a number of new sites to explorations like those undertaken by the Monsters.\n"
9780472029174 - page_94: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_95: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_96: "START TEXT: \nUrban Yoga Lab\nIn the summer of 2007, a group of Detroit-based yoga adepts, aficionados, poseurs an" ******* END TEXT: "owever, it opens onto other accesses whose targets and consequences cannot be predicted in advance.\n"
9780472029174 - page_97: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_98: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_99: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_100: "START TEXT: \nSeed Detroit\nIn Seed Detroit, wildflowers were planted on some of the many vacant lots in the Brush" ******* END TEXT: "t created an uncommitted community only unified by its brief participation in acts of seed bombing.\n"
9780472029174 - page_101: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_102: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_103: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_104: "START TEXT: \nUnwarranted Techniques\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nUnwarranted Techniques\n"
9780472029174 - page_105: "START TEXT: \nFeral Research\nWaste Curation\nPublic Secrecy\nRadical Hospitality\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nFeral Research\nWaste Curation\nPublic Secrecy\nRadical Hospitality\n"
9780472029174 - page_106: "START TEXT: \nTo study unreal estate while participating in its unreality requires feral research—an improvised a" ******* END TEXT: "sed for peer review; its evaluation will always rest on stakes that it has to invent for itself.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_107: "START TEXT: \nFeral Research\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nFeral Research\n"
9780472029174 - page_108: "START TEXT: \nDetroit Geographical Expedition\nIn 1968, radical Detroit geographer William Bunge founded the Detro" ******* END TEXT: " and attempted to continue Bunge's effort to produce “maps that could change the map of the world.”\n"
9780472029174 - page_109: "START TEXT: \n\nBased on the family connections of one of its members, the Expedition initiated a collaboration wi" ******* END TEXT: "he atlas project but also led to the Expedition taking new form as a laboratory for urban advocacy.\n"
9780472029174 - page_110: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_111: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_112: "START TEXT: \nPink Pony Express\nThe; Pink Pony Express is a research collaborative investigating small-scale urba" ******* END TEXT: "unicipal incinerator; broadcasting messages of urban possibility on Christian ministry radio shows,\n"
9780472029174 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nSunday church services and church message boards; and physically mapping social networks on a block" ******* END TEXT: " estate instead of merely producing commentary on that world from a position of presumed distance.\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_114: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_115: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_116: "START TEXT: \nThe city in crisis is a city of loss, but also a city of gain: in ruined buildings, in the flora an" ******* END TEXT: "astically sustainable—waste curation is a technique for sustainability in drastic circumstances.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_117: "START TEXT: \nWaste Curation\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nWaste Curation\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_118: "START TEXT: \nTree of Heaven Woodshop\nThe Tree of Heaven Woodshop was founded by Mitch Cope, Ingo Vetter and Anne" ******* END TEXT: "re custom-made for exhibitions or galleries. The objects are, in the words of the workshop, “highly\n"
9780472029174 - page_119: "START TEXT: \nrhetorical”; their function is not simply to be used as equipment or furniture, but to communicate " ******* END TEXT: "renewed city, but on recognizing and responding to the city's particular condition in the present.\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_120: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_121: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_122: "START TEXT: \nArchitectural Salvage Warehouse\nThe building demolitions that are widespread in Detroit typically y" ******* END TEXT: "historical consciousness adds values to what would otherwise be a mere reaction to value's absence.\n"
9780472029174 - page_123: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_124: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_125: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_126: "START TEXT: \nFriends of Gorgeous Berries\nAmong the plants that flourish on vacant lots in Detroit are mulberry t" ******* END TEXT: "hat the circulation of berries functions to deepen and extend both friendships and community bonds.\n"
9780472029174 - page_127: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_128: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_129: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_130: "START TEXT: \nWith few and fragile barriers to its occupation and use, unreal estate allows for secrets to be pub" ******* END TEXT: "crets usually bears are the desires, anxieties and dreams of those who attempt to decipher them.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_131: "START TEXT: \nPublic Secrecy\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nPublic Secrecy\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_132: "START TEXT: \nHygienic Dress League\nThe Hygienic Dress League is a corporation that creates nothing but its own c" ******* END TEXT: "it's obsessive futurology into public visibility and allows it to be newly scrutinized or resisted.\n"
9780472029174 - page_133: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_134: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_135: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_136: "START TEXT: \nSecret Pizza Party\nSecret Pizza Party was a design studio founded and run by Josh Dunn and Andy DeG" ******* END TEXT: "ation and potential solutions to those problems unspecified and so up to its audience to determine.\n"
9780472029174 - page_137: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_138: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_139: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_140: "START TEXT: \nTrtl\nIn 2003 and 2004, abandoned buildings, bridges and road signs in and around downtown Detroit b" ******* END TEXT: "constructed on the basis of mobility and speed but one currently defined by torpor and inacitivity.\n"
9780472029174 - page_141: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_142: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_143: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_144: "START TEXT: \nBoth within and beyond the city of unreal estate, the possibilities for sanctuary dwindle; there ar" ******* END TEXT: " patrolled by authorities, divided into public and private, inhabited and empty, saved and lost.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_145: "START TEXT: \nRadical Hospitality\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nRadical Hospitality\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_146: "START TEXT: \nBoggs Center\nThe Boggs Center was founded by friends and colleagues of Grace Lee Boggs and James Bo" ******* END TEXT: " and the Detroit Asian Youth Project, in which Hmong and other Asian-American youth develop greater\n"
9780472029174 - page_147: "START TEXT: \nawareness of identity, community and social justice issues. The staff at the Center also lead study" ******* END TEXT: "o the prevalent blight tourism, focus on the city as site of activist labor and creative survival.\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_148: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_149: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_150: "START TEXT: \nCatherine Ferguson Academy\nThe Catherine Ferguson Academy is an alternative high school for pregnan" ******* END TEXT: "rnsworth Street, some of whom also teach at the Academy, raise feed for many of the farm's animals.\n"
9780472029174 - page_151: "START TEXT: \n\nAs well as reinforcing the teaching of parenting skills, work on the farm yields products such as " ******* END TEXT: "l estate, this proposal represented a typical but wholly dysfunctional response to economic crisis.\n"
9780472029174 - page_152: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_153: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_154: "START TEXT: \nBlock Clubbing\nBlock clubs exist throughout Detroit; they index the city's low level of municipal s" ******* END TEXT: "any specific mandate they are formed to carry out and thereby enter into unreal estate speculation.\n"
9780472029174 - page_155: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_156: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_157: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_158: "START TEXT: \nUnsanctioned Collectives\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nUnsanctioned Collectives\n"
9780472029174 - page_159: "START TEXT: \nTemporary Communities\nDo-It-Yourself-Then-Together\nMicropolitanism\nUrban Toeholds\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nTemporary Communities\nDo-It-Yourself-Then-Together\nMicropolitanism\nUrban Toeholds\n"
9780472029174 - page_160: "START TEXT: \nThe fragile and incomplete infrastructure of unreal estate supports communities whose existence is " ******* END TEXT: "a nimble ability to take advantage of unreal estate's low or non-existent barriers to occupancy.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_161: "START TEXT: \nTemporary Communities\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nTemporary Communities\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_162: "START TEXT: \nDally in the Alley\nThe Dally in the Alley is an annual community fair held in alleys, backyards and" ******* END TEXT: "us comprises an adaptive reuse of urban space as a resource for the self-management of a community.\n"
9780472029174 - page_163: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_164: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_165: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_166: "START TEXT: \nTheatre Bizarre\nTheatre Bizarre was a performance and party venue or “live-event playground” taking" ******* END TEXT: "ousness, an experience that was amplified by costumes some guests worked on all year, as well as by\n"
9780472029174 - page_167: "START TEXT: \ncarnival exhibits like the Fiji Mermaid, Fortune Teller, Scaredy Cat Club and a homemade roller coa" ******* END TEXT: "tributing to its own demise by failing to recognize the possibilities of unreal estate development.\n"
9780472029174 - page_168: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_169: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_170: "START TEXT: \nDetroit Guerrilla Queer Bar\nThe Detroit Guerrilla Queer Bar is a gay bar that roams through Detroit" ******* END TEXT: "errilla Queer Bar party eloquently registers the type of possibilities that unreal estate opens up.\n"
9780472029174 - page_171: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_172: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_173: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_174: "START TEXT: \nJohn's Carpet House\nIn the mid 1980s, John Estes built a shed next to his house on the Eastside of " ******* END TEXT: "n chairs and sometimes tables, coolers and barbeques, producing a participatory outdoor juke joint.\n"
9780472029174 - page_175: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_176: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_177: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_178: "START TEXT: \nTashmoo Biergarten\nThe Tashmoo Biergarten is a pop-up beer garden located on three vacant lots in D" ******* END TEXT: "tood on one of the lots on which the beer garden takes place, thus pinning place and time together.\n"
9780472029174 - page_179: "START TEXT: \n\nThe community that forms at the beer garden is allied by more or less intense affiliations to the " ******* END TEXT: "d without a commitment to any particular place and time—satisfied, in other words, by unreal means.\n"
9780472029174 - page_180: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_181: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_182: "START TEXT: \nTo do it yourself, rather than to rely on others to do it, is to reclaim responsibility for creatin" ******* END TEXT: "-together is to fabricate or rely upon relations of trust, affection, familiarity or solidarity.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_183: "START TEXT: \nDo-It-Yourself-Then-Together\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nDo-It-Yourself-Then-Together\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_184: "START TEXT: \nUFO Factory\nThe UFO Factory was a self-described “art/design and sound production company, recordin" ******* END TEXT: "ome of the art work displayed in exhibitions at the UFO Factory emerged from an intersection of art\n"
9780472029174 - page_185: "START TEXT: \nand music, including cover art and packaging for cassette tapes, LPs and CDs; posters for concerts;" ******* END TEXT: "est in which the do-it-yourself ethic of experimental art and music was extended and collectivized.\n"
9780472029174 - page_186: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_187: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_188: "START TEXT: \nYes Farm\nThe Yes Farm is an artists' collective in which “art” encompasses a wide range of practice" ******* END TEXT: "rowth—are thrown into question. Eschewing both these values and the systems from which these values\n"
9780472029174 - page_189: "START TEXT: \nemerge, the Yes Farm's relationship to its social context is subtly but decisively different from o" ******* END TEXT: "adical suspension of programs to “improve” the lives of others, whether by art or any other means.\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_190: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_191: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_192: "START TEXT: \nThe city of unreal estate is punctuated by havens, pockets, isolated islands, narrow interstices. T" ******* END TEXT: "ffairs that passes for objective reality: to refuse, to differ, to disappear, to live otherwise.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_193: "START TEXT: \nMicropolitanism\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nMicropolitanism\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_194: "START TEXT: \nFarnsworth Street\nIn the mid 1980s, Paul Weertz, a science teacher at the Catherine Ferguson Academ" ******* END TEXT: "se proximity. But few, if any, of these farmers are only farmers; Farnsworth Street is a grassroots\n"
9780472029174 - page_195: "START TEXT: \nlive-work-play community whose diverse members exchange skills and interests and are thus able to p" ******* END TEXT: "uerilla farmers, artists, musicians and bicycle repairers often merging projects and involvements.\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_196: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_197: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_198: "START TEXT: \nFourth Street\nIn the 1950s, the construction of the campus of Wayne State University and then Inter" ******* END TEXT: "gh the participation of local musicians, local artists and local producers of food and merchandise.\n"
9780472029174 - page_199: "START TEXT: \n\nThe isolation and fragmentation of Fourth Street are crucial to the community that has developed a" ******* END TEXT: " then, is able to support values, ideals and practices that diverge from the communities around it.\n"
9780472029174 - page_200: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_201: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_202: "START TEXT: \nTrumbullplex\nTrumbullplex is an anarchist-oriented collective house and performance and exhibition " ******* END TEXT: "y by voluntary donations. In addition, Trumbullplex houses the Idle Kids Zine Library, an extensive\n"
9780472029174 - page_203: "START TEXT: \ncollection of zines and activist literature that was compiled at the now-closed Idle Kids Books and" ******* END TEXT: "energy of its occupants to be directed outwards, with precise intentionality and heightened effect.\n"
9780472029174 - page_204: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_205: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_206: "START TEXT: \nTo relinquish the thought that the city is already understood is to open the city to curiosity, scr" ******* END TEXT: " than this knowledge: another apprehension of the city, with its own particular uses and values.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_207: "START TEXT: \nUrban Toeholds\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nUrban Toeholds\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_208: "START TEXT: \nCenter for Creative eXchange\nThe Center for Creative eXchange was envisioned by its founder, Phaedr" ******* END TEXT: "investment and depopulation. This re-visioning framed Detroit not as a crisis or disaster, but as a\n"
9780472029174 - page_209: "START TEXT: \ncontext for new kinds of creative production and exchange. In 2009, the building that housed the ce" ******* END TEXT: " available for other uses, licit or illicit, reactionary or progressive, therapeutic or dangerous.\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_210: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_211: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_212: "START TEXT: \nFilter Detroit\nFilter Detroit is a guest residence for artists and researchers sited in a house in " ******* END TEXT: "titutionalize a process that otherwise occurs in a more-or-less unplanned and decentralized manner.\n"
9780472029174 - page_213: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_214: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_215: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_216: "START TEXT: \nEgo Circus\nEgo Circus is an invitation-only residency for artists and architects in Hamtramck. The " ******* END TEXT: "ions on the ambitions, achievements and evaluative criteria of artistic and architectural research.\n"
9780472029174 - page_217: "START TEXT: \n\nThese meditations have almost all taken the form of site-specific interventions in the Ego Circus " ******* END TEXT: "to poignantly contradict its intention to liberate art and architecture from social responsibility.\n"
9780472029174 - page_218: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_219: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_220: "START TEXT: \nUnsolicited Constructions\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nUnsolicited Constructions\n"
9780472029174 - page_221: "START TEXT: \nAccidental Architecture\nExtreme Housework\nScavenged Space\nPatrimony of the Unlost\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nAccidental Architecture\nExtreme Housework\nScavenged Space\nPatrimony of the Unlost\n"
9780472029174 - page_222: "START TEXT: \nIf architecture is, among other things, an ensemble of concepts and practices that regulate the fab" ******* END TEXT: "the innovation that happens when the attempt to make something happen is surrendered or ignored.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_223: "START TEXT: \nAccidental Architecture\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nAccidental Architecture\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_224: "START TEXT: \nMichigan Building Parking Garage\nThe Michigan Building was opened in 1925 in downtown Detroit. It o" ******* END TEXT: "nserted into the theater's empty shell, leaving much of the theater's original architecture intact.\n"
9780472029174 - page_225: "START TEXT: \n\nThe inadvertent result of the transformation of the theater into a parking garage is a space of en" ******* END TEXT: "perties diverge from, and perhaps exceed, any deliberately conceived work of heritage conservation.\n"
9780472029174 - page_226: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_227: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_228: "START TEXT: \nPeacemakers International\nPeacemakers International is a Christian ministry located in a group of b" ******* END TEXT: "ding and the subsequent emergence of the building's footprint as its only resource for development.\n"
9780472029174 - page_229: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_230: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_231: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_232: "START TEXT: \nBlotting\nThe many vacant lots in Detroit allow both new sorts of public uses and new forms of priva" ******* END TEXT: "ng front or back yards. While these uses are not at all radical in themselves, the process by which\n"
9780472029174 - page_233: "START TEXT: \nthese uses take place is specific to cities of unreal estate like Detroit. In these cities, the cre" ******* END TEXT: "ner (typically the city, county or state) to space endowed with new values by new users or owners.\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_234: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_235: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_236: "START TEXT: \nWhere there is a surplus of houses, the house is available for extreme housework. This work takes t" ******* END TEXT: "what estranges the days, what beguiles the city, what renders architecture unfamiliar to itself.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_237: "START TEXT: \nExtreme Housework\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nExtreme Housework\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_238: "START TEXT: \nDetroit Industrial Gallery\nThe Detroit Industrial Gallery is a house/urban art work in the midst of" ******* END TEXT: "al estate market? Let's get things moving in Detroit again!” Thus, precisely the imperatives of the\n"
9780472029174 - page_239: "START TEXT: \nmarket economy that many artists of urban renewal explicitly attempt to refuse (“we're not in this " ******* END TEXT: "urn, raised questions about the reality of values that the market economy so routinely fabricates.\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_240: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_241: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_242: "START TEXT: \nFull Scale Design Lab\nOccupying a fire-damaged North Hamtramck house owned by Power House co-owner," ******* END TEXT: "iplinary and professional possibilities of architecture. Detroit's unreal estate offers a plenitude\n"
9780472029174 - page_243: "START TEXT: \nof sites where such possibilities can be explored. At the same time, the concept of unreal estate a" ******* END TEXT: "ut architects, on the basis of forms of knowledge exterior and irrelevant to architecture-as-such.\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_244: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_245: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_246: "START TEXT: \nPower House\nThe Power House is a self-styled “social art project” taking form through the renovatio" ******* END TEXT: "own urban art projects in Detroit, the Power House has also consolidated an audience far beyond its\n"
9780472029174 - page_247: "START TEXT: \nimmediate neighborhood, an effect perhaps unanticipated but one that has introduced a highly-salien" ******* END TEXT: "ects, all in the Power House's neighborhood, include Filter Detroit and the Full Scale Design Lab.\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_248: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_249: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_250: "START TEXT: \nThe city of unreal estate is a city of apparent vacancy, emptiness and abandonment. And yet, to a g" ******* END TEXT: "ay in turn be discovered as scavengers of events, pastimes, and entertainments come across them.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_251: "START TEXT: \nScavenged Space\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nScavenged Space\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_252: "START TEXT: \nAlley Culture\nAlley Culture is a gallery in a converted garage behind a house in the Woodbridge nei" ******* END TEXT: "ly progressive artists and exploited the availability of under-used or unused property in the city.\n"
9780472029174 - page_253: "START TEXT: \n\nAlley Culture translates the ambitions of Collaborative Projects to Detroit and to Detroit's speci" ******* END TEXT: "orhood and urban culture and resisting the homogenizing forces of conventional urban “development.”\n"
9780472029174 - page_254: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_255: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_256: "START TEXT: \nGrafikjam Alleys\nThe Grafikjam Alleys are a series of alleys in a section of Southwest Detroit wher" ******* END TEXT: "tion of one part of the single-family home into a publicly available site of expressive creativity.\n"
9780472029174 - page_257: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_258: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_259: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_260: "START TEXT: \nThe Lot\nThe Lot was an outdoor exhibition venue founded by Kathy Leisen. Originally located in Nort" ******* END TEXT: "e Lot” identified the site. After two years, The Lot became a nomadic exhibition venue, temporarily\n"
9780472029174 - page_261: "START TEXT: \noccupying other vacant lots in Detroit, again identified only by freestanding letters. The Lot's sp" ******* END TEXT: "pecificity” here became an appreciation of what is absent from a site, as well as what is present.\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_262: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_263: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_264: "START TEXT: \nSubmerge\nSubmerge is the major production and distribution company for electronic music in Detroit." ******* END TEXT: " to share business services and know-how so that they could distribute their work most effectively.\n"
9780472029174 - page_265: "START TEXT: \n\nIn 2002, Submerge completed the renovation of a former laundry workers union hall into a new build" ******* END TEXT: " glass”; unreal estate makes urban space available for this, and other, counter-hegemonic projects.\n"
9780472029174 - page_266: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_267: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_268: "START TEXT: \nContemporary Art Institute of Detroit\nThe Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit was founded in 1979" ******* END TEXT: "-founded by artists Aaron Timlin and Phaedra Robinson, founder of the Center for Creative eXchange.\n"
9780472029174 - page_269: "START TEXT: \n\nThe Detroit Contemporary building, owned by Timlin, was a formerly abandoned house sited amidst ma" ******* END TEXT: "itive or absent has only heightened the tendentious nature of the Institute's own institutionality.\n"
9780472029174 - page_270: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_271: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_272: "START TEXT: \nWith their caretakers frequently preoccupied with immediate tasks of survival, objects in the city " ******* END TEXT: "ists, claiming unreal estate to archive and arrange unreal estate's particular material culture.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_273: "START TEXT: \nPatrimony of the Unlost\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nPatrimony of the Unlost\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_274: "START TEXT: \nHamtramck Disneyland\nIn 1990, a Ukranian emigrant and retired General Motors autoworker named Dmytr" ******* END TEXT: "n the years since, what has become known as Hamtramck Disneyland has continued to grow and develop.\n"
9780472029174 - page_275: "START TEXT: \n\nUnlike Detroit's best-known example of an urban found-art environment, Tyree Guyton's Heidelberg P" ******* END TEXT: "t's intentions and meanings are left undefined, and thus, left to its audience to decipher, or not.\n"
9780472029174 - page_276: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_277: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_278: "START TEXT: \nCar Wash Café\nThe Car Wash Café was an open-air auto storage facility/party venue/barbeque garden/p" ******* END TEXT: "sational programs. Moreover, these programs, and the equipment that supported them, were themselves\n"
9780472029174 - page_279: "START TEXT: \ncollected in the Car Wash Café, so that the site also served as a museum of its own history. The si" ******* END TEXT: "ash Café was, at once, abandoned, completed, musealized and waiting to re-open for the next party.\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_280: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_281: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_282: "START TEXT: \nAfrican Bead Museum\nThe African Bead Museum was founded by artist and curator Olayame Dabls as a re" ******* END TEXT: "ctor of the Charles Wright Museum of African American History, where Dabls had worked as a curator.\n"
9780472029174 - page_283: "START TEXT: \n\nDabls surfaced the exterior walls of the museum in broken mirrors, paintings and painted wood, an " ******* END TEXT: "has appropriated unutilized urban property as a place of memory, mourning and cultural reclamation.\n"
9780472029174 - page_284: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_285: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_286: "START TEXT: \nHeidelberg Project\nAt the Heidelberg Project, artist Tyree Guyton appropriates abandoned houses and" ******* END TEXT: "parts of the project, in 1991 and 1999, in response to protests from local community organizations.\n"
9780472029174 - page_287: "START TEXT: \n\nThese protests contradicted, to some degree, Guyton's expressed intention “to improve lives and ne" ******* END TEXT: "ly suited to unreal estate and one that may yet comprise the project's most profound social effect.\n"
9780472029174 - page_288: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_289: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_290: "START TEXT: \nGlossary\nActive Neglect: the deliberate withholding of investment and other resources from Detroit'" ******* END TEXT: " socioeconomic population whose work privileges creativity and innovation and drives urban economic\n"
9780472029174 - page_291: "START TEXT: \ndevelopment; from radical perspectives, an objective abstraction that is used to legitimize neolibe" ******* END TEXT: "ivity that collaborates in the production of the problematic situation it seemingly only describes.\n"
9780472029174 - page_292: "START TEXT: \nDetroitland: fantasy-image of Detroit as a business friendly, culturally rich and well governed cit" ******* END TEXT: "cant lots or urban gardens, sites of unintended biodiversity that are very conducive to beekeeping.\n"
9780472029174 - page_293: "START TEXT: \nGhetto Palm: common term for Ailanthis altissima, a rapidly growing and aggressively spreading deci" ******* END TEXT: "of an early 21st century business initiative networking aspiring entrepreneurs in Detroit; a figure\n"
9780472029174 - page_294: "START TEXT: \nfor the recuperation of cultural critique as marketing strategy in late capitalism.\nParking Empire:" ******* END TEXT: "ng metal, such as copper, nickel and brass, from abandoned buildings, usually practiced by homeless\n"
9780472029174 - page_295: "START TEXT: \nor impoverished men; metal is typically transported via shopping carts to scrap yards, where it is " ******* END TEXT: "it for cultural or sporting events, urban exploration or other temporary “low-risk” occupations.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_296: "START TEXT: \nReferences\n \nAfrican Bead Museumwww.mbad.org.\nDeAndra Mack, “African Beads Cultivate Cultures, Comm" ******* END TEXT: "om a Black Radical's Notebook: A James Boggs Reader. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2011.\n—\n"
9780472029174 - page_297: "START TEXT: \nBrightmoor Farmway\nJon Kalish, “Farming Detroit,” Makezine, September 2011, http://blog.makezine.co" ******* END TEXT: "://www.democracynow.org/2010/6/24/detroit_urban_agriculture_movement_looks_to_reclaim_motor_city.\n—\n"
9780472029174 - page_298: "START TEXT: \nDally in the Alleyhttp://www.dallyinthealley.com.\n—\nDetroit Blueshttp://detroiturbex.com.\n“The Big " ******* END TEXT: ".\n“Atlas of Love and Hate,” Volume 22 (2010).\n—\nEarthworks Urban Farmhttp://www.cskdetroit.org/EWG.\n"
9780472029174 - page_299: "START TEXT: \nOlga Bonfiglio, “Growing Green in Detroit,” Christian Science Monitor, 21 August 2008.\n—\nField of O" ******* END TEXT: "r Wasacz, “Unofficial Art,” Model D, 15 August 2006.\n—\nHeidelberg Projecthttp://www.heidelberg.org.\n"
9780472029174 - page_300: "START TEXT: \nTyree Guyton, Connecting the Dots: Tyree Guyton's Heidelberg Project. Detroit: Wayne State Universi" ******* END TEXT: "gan Theatre,” Detroit News, 17 March 2001.\n—\nMotor City Blight Bustershttp://www.blightbusters.org.\n"
9780472029174 - page_301: "START TEXT: \nCurt Guyette, “Blight Buster,” Metro Times, 11 June 2008.\n—\nPeacemakers Internationalhttp://www.pea" ******* END TEXT: "The Whole Why World’,” Metro Times, 19 April 2006.\n—\nSeed Detroithttp://seeddetroit.blogspot.com.\n—\n"
9780472029174 - page_302: "START TEXT: \nSubmergehttp://www.submerge.com.\nC. Vecchiola, “Submerge in Detroit: Techno's Creative Response to " ******* END TEXT: "\nJennifer Andrews, “UFOs Land in Detroit: Art Scene May Never Be the Same,” Model D, 8 July 2008.\n—\n"
9780472029174 - page_303: "START TEXT: \nYes Farmhttp://theyesfarm.blogspot.com.\nMichael Jackman, “Just Say Yes,” Metro Times, 5 May 2010.\nM" ******* END TEXT: "y 2010.\nMelena Ryzik, “Wringing Art Out of the Rubble in Detroit,” New York Times, 3 August 2010.\n—\n"
9780472029174 - page_304: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_305: "START TEXT: \nAcknowledgments\nThis book emerged from a collective endeavor. It was inspired by discussions within" ******* END TEXT: "stian Unverzagt.\nI dedicate this book to my sister and brother, in gratitude for their unreal love.\n"
9780472029174 - page_306: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029174 - page_307: "START TEXT: \nImage Credits\nAll images are by the author except the following, which are authored and copyrighted" ******* END TEXT: "arrett Maclean; 98-99 (Urban Yoga Lab large) Kaleena Quinn; 189-191 (Yes Farm) KT Andresky/Yes Farm\n"
9780472029174 - page_308: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_201: "START TEXT: \nBibliography\nAcland, Charles, ed. Residual Media. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007." ******* END TEXT: "and Abuse to Africa. Seattle: Basel Action Network, 2005.\nBasel Action Network. http://www.ban.org.\n"
9780472029402 - page_202: "START TEXT: \nBasel Action Network. “Detailed Critique of Problems with R2 Standard.” November 2008. http://e-ste" ******* END TEXT: "translated by Edmund Jephcott, 177–92. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, Schocken Books, 1986.\n"
9780472029402 - page_203: "START TEXT: \nBenjamin, Walter. “Theses on the Philosophy of History.” In Illuminations, edited by Hannah Arendt," ******* END TEXT: ", 2000.\nCERCLA. “Priority List of Hazardous Substances.” http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cercla/index.asp.\n"
9780472029402 - page_204: "START TEXT: \nCeruzzi, Paul. A History of Modern Computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.\nChun, Wendy Hui Kyong" ******* END TEXT: "Tip, edited by Chris Driessen and Hiedi van Mierlo, 100–105. Amsterdam: Fundament Foundation, 1999.\n"
9780472029402 - page_205: "START TEXT: \nDouglas, Mary. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. 1966. Reprint, Lo" ******* END TEXT: " Christine A. Artifacts: An Archaeologist's Year in Silicon Valley. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001.\n"
9780472029402 - page_206: "START TEXT: \nFishbein, Bette K. Waste in a Wireless World: The Challenge of Cell Phones. New York: Inform, 2002." ******* END TEXT: "Falling: Health Hazards in the Microelectronics Industry.” Science for the People 17, no. 8 (1985).\n"
9780472029402 - page_207: "START TEXT: \nGeiser, Kenneth. Materials Matter: Towards a Sustainable Materials Policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press" ******* END TEXT: "itute, 1997.\nHansen, Karen Tranberg. Salaula: The World of Secondhand Clothing and Zambia. Chicago: "
9780472029402 - page_208: "START TEXT: University of Chicago Press, 2000.\nHansen, Mark. Embodying Technesis: Technology beyond Writing. Ann" ******* END TEXT: "ew York: New Press, 2005.\nHetherington, Kevin. “Secondhandedness: Consumption, Disposal, and Absent "
9780472029402 - page_209: "START TEXT: Presence.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 22, no. 1 (2004): 157–73.\nHetherington, Kev" ******* END TEXT: "nt 10, no. 5 (October 2004): 831–52.\nKoolhaas, Rem. “Junkspace.” October 100 (Spring 2002): 175–90.\n"
9780472029402 - page_210: "START TEXT: \nKoolhaas, Rem. “Wasteland. Dump Space: Freedom from Order.” Wired 11, no. 6 (June 2003).\nKrauss, Ro" ******* END TEXT: "t.” Nettime, February 25, 2003. http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-0302/msg00132.html.\n"
9780472029402 - page_211: "START TEXT: \nLovink, Geert, and Soenke Zehle, eds. Incommunicado Reader. Amsterdam: Institute of Network Culture" ******* END TEXT: "n: Verso, 2007.\nMassumi, Brian. Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation. Durham: Duke "
9780472029402 - page_212: "START TEXT: University Press, 2002.\nMatthews, Emily, et al. The Weight of Nations: Material Outflows from Indust" ******* END TEXT: "complete_listing.html.\nMoore, Gordon E. “No Exponential Is Forever…but We Can Delay Forever.” Solid "
9780472029402 - page_213: "START TEXT: State Circuits Conference Proceedings 1 (2003): 20–23.\nMoser, Walter. “The Acculturation of Waste.” " ******* END TEXT: "ress, 2001.\nOsborne, Peter. “Small-Scale Victories, Large-Scale Defeats: Walter Benjamin's Politics "
9780472029402 - page_214: "START TEXT: of Time.” In Walter Benjamin's Philosophy: Destruction and Experience, edited by Andrew Benjamin and" ******* END TEXT: "tober 2008, 31–45.\nRogers, Heather. Gone Tomorrow: The Hidden Life of Garbage. New York: New Press, "
9780472029402 - page_215: "START TEXT: 2005.\nRosenberg, Daniel, and Susan Harding, eds. Histories of the Future. Durham: Duke University Pr" ******* END TEXT: "Press, 1963.\nShiller, Robert J. Irrational Exuberance. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.\n"
9780472029402 - page_216: "START TEXT: \nShred Tech. http://www.shred-tech.com/electronic.html.\nSilicon Valley Toxics Coalition. “Electronic" ******* END TEXT: "tan Books, 1999.\nStrathern, Marilyn. Partial Connections. Savage, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1991.\n"
9780472029402 - page_217: "START TEXT: \nStrathern, Marilyn. Property, Substance and Effect: Anthropological Essays on Persons and Things. L" ******* END TEXT: "een_FINALVERSION-sml.pdf.\nUnited Nations Environment Programme. “Vital Waste Graphics.” UNEP, 2004.\n"
9780472029402 - page_218: "START TEXT: \nUnited Nations Environment Programme. “Vital Waste Graphics, 2.” 2nd ed. UNEP, 2006.\nUnited Nations" ******* END TEXT: "ic/news/2005/02/66513.\nFildes, Jonathan. “The Winds of Change for Africa.” BBC News, July 23, 2009.\n"
9780472029402 - page_219: "START TEXT: \nFildes, Jonathan. “Wireless Power System Shown Off.” BBC News, July 23, 2009.\nFisher, Jim. “Poison " ******* END TEXT: "CA.\nNational Archive for the History of Computing, Manchester, UK.\nTechnology Museum, San Jose, CA.\n"
9780472029402 - page_220: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_20: "START TEXT: \nONE\nSilicon Elephants\nTHE TRANSFORMATIVE MATERIALITY OF MICROCHIPS\nOut of the chip you can in fact " ******* END TEXT: "t elements anywhere in the earth's crust) but for its ability to transform silicon into microchips.\n"
9780472029402 - page_21: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_22: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_23: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_24: "START TEXT: \nFrom silicon to microchip and from microchip to underground contamination, a complex set of mutatio" ******* END TEXT: "discarded in the process of chip manufacture;4 instead, I select moments in the scattered relations "
9780472029402 - page_25: "START TEXT: of chip manufacture and information processing that resonate as key processes of materialization. Th" ******* END TEXT: "while the conditions for chemical transfer and storage have become less precarious, the manufacture "
9780472029402 - page_26: "START TEXT: of microchips still depends on a vast number of chemical compounds in order to assemble electronical" ******* END TEXT: "ut also to wash away any impurities or dust that may interfere with the functioning of the circuit. "
9780472029402 - page_27: "START TEXT: Dust can damage chips irreparably, wedging like boulders into the narrow pathways of transistors, go" ******* END TEXT: "technologies. The quicker the transmission required, the more highly processed the silicon must be. "
9780472029402 - page_28: "START TEXT: Chemical transformations involve more than making apparently “raw” materials usable and efficient wi" ******* END TEXT: "rochips contribute to pollution at both bodily and environmental levels, this condition intensifies "
9780472029402 - page_29: "START TEXT: with the sheer quantity of microchips manufactured. By the latest estimates, nearly 1 billion transi" ******* END TEXT: "machines, irons and stereos, Web cams and toaster ovens, shavers and shredders. Serenading shoppers "
9780472029402 - page_30: "START TEXT: in this electronics superstore is even an automated player piano, which hammers out its anthems to t" ******* END TEXT: "ocument the decreasing size and increasing capabilities of computing power. Spanning from the 4004, "
9780472029402 - page_31: "START TEXT: Intel's first microprocessor, developed in 1971 with only 2,300 transistors, to the Intel Itanium pr" ******* END TEXT: " period in the 1960s to the early 1970s, to emerge in the mass quantities and pervasive uses common "
9780472029402 - page_32: "START TEXT: today. But the pervasiveness of electronics occurs not just through material resources, chemical rev" ******* END TEXT: "What are the limits to digital absorption, and what is the fallout from such complete assimilation?\n"
9780472029402 - page_33: "START TEXT: \nThe bit, as defined by Shannon and Weaver, is an ideal communication device and strategy of control" ******* END TEXT: "on of learning” and in what counts as “knowledge statements.”44 In Lyotard's assessment, the amount "
9780472029402 - page_34: "START TEXT: of information and its devices in circulation could transform cultures of knowledge. More informatio" ******* END TEXT: " means to capture the information explosion; yet it is possible to extend this measurement one step "
9780472029402 - page_35: "START TEXT: further. The authors of “How Much Information” decided that terabytes would be the ideal unit for me" ******* END TEXT: "volume of information growth, the study conveys the quality of quantity, where the self-reinforcing "
9780472029402 - page_36: "START TEXT: and accumulative tendencies of calculation contribute to altered organizational and material arrange" ******* END TEXT: "oks, to a miniscule size with technologies of compression. Bush proposed a technology that took the "
9780472029402 - page_37: "START TEXT: form of what he called the “Memex,” a technique for compressing and accessing vast stores of informa" ******* END TEXT: "and transmission of vast stores of digital information. Because rates of digital transmission still "
9780472029402 - page_38: "START TEXT: lag well behind the quantity of information that can be stored and generated on digital devices, com" ******* END TEXT: "ional overload is paired with continual strategies for contending with proliferation, environmental "
9780472029402 - page_39: "START TEXT: overload exists alongside accompanying strategies for dealing with saturation.\nSilicon Valley is a l" ******* END TEXT: "res are not ancillary to the information revolution. They are, in fact, critical material resources "
9780472029402 - page_40: "START TEXT: and relationships within the dynamics of economic growth.64 Silicon Valley, a landscape geared towar" ******* END TEXT: "er narratives for describing the material and imaginary aspects of electronic technology. What this "
9780472029402 - page_41: "START TEXT: remainder reveals is that digital technologies do not oscillate exclusively between control and prol" ******* END TEXT: "other materials, economies, and spaces required for its transformation and deformation. Rather than "
9780472029402 - page_42: "START TEXT: focus exclusively on the initial promise or assumed progress of digital technology, I focus on this " ******* END TEXT: ", in the orders of electronic time and exchange that emerge at the interface of electronic markets.\n"
9780472029402 - page_43: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_44: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_45: "START TEXT: \nTWO\nEphemeral Screens\nEXCHANGE AT THE INTERFACE\nOur best machines are made of sunshine; they are al" ******* END TEXT: " demonstrating that it, too, was an essential building block that cut through the core of the city.\n"
9780472029402 - page_46: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_47: "START TEXT: \nThis “removal” and “transplant” describes the movement and relative abstraction of material within " ******* END TEXT: "reen imaginaries, and the performativity of networks and software. These processes suggest that the "
9780472029402 - page_48: "START TEXT: signal and thing are co-constitutive, that commodities, value, and matter emerge or dissipate not th" ******* END TEXT: "y now as the date when NASDAQ reached its peak but also experienced a sudden plummet in value. From "
9780472029402 - page_49: "START TEXT: 5,048 points, NASDAQ quickly fell 3,000 points. It had lost 60 percent of its value by March 2001 an" ******* END TEXT: "volve affective as much as calculative maneuvers. In fact, the calculative becomes inseparable from "
9780472029402 - page_50: "START TEXT: the performative.9 But such performativity is, as suggested throughout this study, often unruly. In " ******* END TEXT: "tronic technologies’ formation and transformation, distribution and erosion, both in terms of their "
9780472029402 - page_51: "START TEXT: materiality and value. The electronic, then, extends from technologies to markets and to modes of wa" ******* END TEXT: "sumed more frequently and in greater proportions.15 So, by another process of “removal-transplant,” "
9780472029402 - page_52: "START TEXT: the physical bulk from individual machines has diminished but has at the same time proliferated acro" ******* END TEXT: "convey the significance of this electronic market-without-a-market, however, a tremendous amount of "
9780472029402 - page_53: "START TEXT: material was deployed. The NASDAQ MarketSite tower is clad in what is declared to be the largest sta" ******* END TEXT: "and function of the interface.19 Through the electronic transaction, the screen's role as a primary "
9780472029402 - page_54: "START TEXT: site of involvement seems to disappear from view, as the screen becomes a portal for a more virtual " ******* END TEXT: "ication of markets and market activity. They are neither fact nor fiction; rather, they are virtual "
9780472029402 - page_55: "START TEXT: expenditures that set in motion self-perpetuating and even obligatory economic conditions.25\nThe eno" ******* END TEXT: "berance” of the new economy; they also help to generate the terms of the new economy's performance.\n"
9780472029402 - page_56: "START TEXT: \nWhile in the 1990s these screen-based performances of the new economy may have been relatively nove" ******* END TEXT: "etworks enable trading in greater speeds and larger volumes, so this increase in speed and quantity "
9780472029402 - page_57: "START TEXT: potentially results in greater volatility. But it is precisely through the sudden and even minute sh" ******* END TEXT: "enditure give rise to the sense of dematerialization that is so specific to electronic technologies "
9780472029402 - page_58: "START TEXT: and electronic markets. The technopresent describes time as a program, which is operational and effi" ******* END TEXT: "ay move through processes of “stabilization” and “destabilization.”42 The market is a primary space "
9780472029402 - page_59: "START TEXT: where this operation takes place; it is an institutional and authoritative register for informing th" ******* END TEXT: "ility from multi-ton machines that are presently bolted to the floor. To get them to dance requires "
9780472029402 - page_60: "START TEXT: substituting a lot of mass with a lot of networked intelligence. Flexibility has to sink deep into t" ******* END TEXT: ". This expenditure has had such an impact, moreover, that, together, these information technologies "
9780472029402 - page_61: "START TEXT: have now been classified as the largest industry in the United States.51 With such a sudden and thor" ******* END TEXT: "er, typically operate through programs of efficiency—or software—that can render automatic and even "
9780472029402 - page_62: "START TEXT: seemingly “natural” many of the functions, distributions, and relationships that make these exchange" ******* END TEXT: "respondent electrical charges in silicon circuitry.”59 As soon as we attempt to delineate software, "
9780472029402 - page_63: "START TEXT: it inevitably leaks into material structures, demonstrating that while the program of software opera" ******* END TEXT: "required more than just the mere appendage of some “new gadgets” to what were “obsolete processes,” "
9780472029402 - page_64: "START TEXT: he argued; instead, the stock exchange needed to rethink its entire operations through automation. D" ******* END TEXT: "due not just to automation but also to the electronic quality of the machines doing the processing. "
9780472029402 - page_65: "START TEXT: Electrical and electronic automation can lead to entirely different “inventories,” comprised, as McL" ******* END TEXT: "y become forces on which to capitalize. Exchange, in this sense, can be understood as the source of "
9780472029402 - page_66: "START TEXT: value. The ways in which objects circulate—or are exchanged—inform their value.70 By focusing on exc" ******* END TEXT: "re to the regularity of stock.\nWrestling with this problem, Machlup decided that “flow” is the most "
9780472029402 - page_67: "START TEXT: ideal measure for reckoning with the quantity of “society's knowledge.” By measuring circulation, it" ******* END TEXT: "ities. By sheer odds, some messages do eventually reach receptive audiences, who execute “buy/sell” "
9780472029402 - page_68: "START TEXT: orders (most likely based on “pump and dump” missives).78 What informs the circulation of these mess" ******* END TEXT: "lity of things and with the generative and dynamic qualities of waste and the formation of value.83 "
9780472029402 - page_69: "START TEXT: Waste is at once an inevitable and distinct force at play, informing the circulation of objects and " ******* END TEXT: "suggested, in its report on the exportation of electronic waste to Southeast Asia, that much of the "
9780472029402 - page_70: "START TEXT: “virtuality” of digital technologies exists by virtue of the factories and dumping grounds that are " ******* END TEXT: "al economies and ecologies of resource inputs and waste disposal. The material effects of discarded "
9780472029402 - page_71: "START TEXT: electronics often register far from the spaces of their past operation. “These sunshine-belt machine" ******* END TEXT: "f signals and light to the often extended and complex circuits of material divestment and disposal.\n"
9780472029402 - page_72: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_73: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_74: "START TEXT: \nTHREE\nShipping and Receiving\nCIRCUITS OF DISPOSAL AND THE “SOCIAL DEATH” OF ELECTRONICS\nNothing goo" ******* END TEXT: "; yet the remainders that move through these spaces of disposal give Leonia its “definitive form.”1\n"
9780472029402 - page_75: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_76: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_77: "START TEXT: \nSimilar daily rituals of consuming and wasting emerge in even greater relief in Cornucopia City, an" ******* END TEXT: "ructures, practices, and relationships in order to shift devalued objects into spaces for potential "
9780472029402 - page_78: "START TEXT: revaluation. Such circulations more fully describe the material geographies and practices of disposa" ******* END TEXT: "studies on consumption suggest that we trace the “social life of things” in order to understand the "
9780472029402 - page_79: "START TEXT: “trajectories” of commodities.5 Yet there is a certain difficulty in following “things” in a study o" ******* END TEXT: "o describe how electronics became so disposable in the first place. As they shift around the globe, "
9780472029402 - page_80: "START TEXT: disposed electronics sediment as residues from the processes that have contributed to the “throwaway" ******* END TEXT: "of plastic appliances. Microchips and plastic assemble into simultaneously pervasive and disposable "
9780472029402 - page_81: "START TEXT: devices. Leftover electronic devices are primarily composed of plastic and thus appear to be disposa" ******* END TEXT: " than microchips simply acting on matter. Instead, they evidence the changing material arrangements "
9780472029402 - page_82: "START TEXT: and practices that sediment within particular technological and material forms. Automation, altered " ******* END TEXT: "ked a fundamental shift, not just in the form of commodities, but also in the dynamics whereby they "
9780472029402 - page_83: "START TEXT: were valued or devalued. Technological advancements that allowed for more rapid product manufacture " ******* END TEXT: "s, dematters, disappears, and wastes. The boundaries of objects break down at the same time as they "
9780472029402 - page_84: "START TEXT: receive an intensifying jolt. Just as the early pioneers from Texas Instruments and Intel anticipate" ******* END TEXT: "t plastics and silicon are also functional materials; they perform operations, so they do more than "
9780472029402 - page_85: "START TEXT: provide the “raw” material for technologies and objects. These materials in fact inform the possibil" ******* END TEXT: "e use of plastic in order to minimize associated material, energy, and transport costs was related, "
9780472029402 - page_86: "START TEXT: then, to a certain drive toward dematerialization. The drive toward dematerialization became continu" ******* END TEXT: "view. For this reason, plastic partly enabled the sense of virtuality, the sense that digital media "
9780472029402 - page_87: "START TEXT: somehow operate free from materiality.32 As discussed earlier, in many ways, immateriality has less " ******* END TEXT: "rders of ephemerality. Plastic is nearly synonymous with disposability; yet it is also the enduring "
9780472029402 - page_88: "START TEXT: discardable. Packaging carries with it this deeply ambivalent relation to materiality. Inside the pl" ******* END TEXT: "for the most mobile of technologies are, no doubt, often the most disposable. The discards that are "
9780472029402 - page_89: "START TEXT: mobilized, packaged, and shipped across watery networks give rise to new places and new formations. " ******* END TEXT: "any devices of its kind, this PC had sat in a closet gathering dust. Outdated, with a DOS operating "
9780472029402 - page_90: "START TEXT: system, the petrified machine was a bulky object that one felt should be put to good use but that wa" ******* END TEXT: "ed from sending their electronics to landfills, so they are bound by law to find a recycling option "
9780472029402 - page_91: "START TEXT: for their machines.51 While it is not yet illegal in many places for consumers to place their electr" ******* END TEXT: "ctivists have mapped how this legitimately recycled electronic device was eventually retrieved in a "
9780472029402 - page_92: "START TEXT: secondhand market in Nigeria. But there were many stages to locating and recovering the television a" ******* END TEXT: "ndling. Instead of returning with empty vessels, they fill their cargo containers with U.S. wastes, "
9780472029402 - page_93: "START TEXT: which they then sell to recycling and disposal operations in their home countries.”61 Shipping conta" ******* END TEXT: "pace” of the sea actually enables the movement of most materials, including electronics. So binding "
9780472029402 - page_94: "START TEXT: are these material flows that they serve as a significant counterpoint to the dematerialized flows o" ******* END TEXT: ", as they are processed and repurposed in locations often distant from their use and consumption.65\n"
9780472029402 - page_95: "START TEXT: \nWhat makes electronic waste of particular concern is not just its volume and the fact that it now c" ******* END TEXT: "ere material rejection and devaluation takes place. Wire villages, canals flush with broken monitor "
9780472029402 - page_96: "START TEXT: glass, and alleys full of chemical barrels, which are the typical sites for recycling electronic was" ******* END TEXT: "e and fall of value and the formation of new commodities. Indeed, Marx says as much when he argues, "
9780472029402 - page_97: "START TEXT: “Consumption accomplishes the act of production only in completing the product as product by dissolv" ******* END TEXT: "ated to occur in any single designated place. If we return to Leonia and Cornucopia City, we arrive "
9780472029402 - page_98: "START TEXT: this time with a much different sense of the circuits of disposal in these places. Cornucopia City t" ******* END TEXT: "e offer up spaces of demattering and disposal, as well as material memories of failed technologies.\n"
9780472029402 - page_99: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_100: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_101: "START TEXT: \nFOUR\nMuseum of Failure\nTHE MUTABILITY OF ELECTRONIC MEMORY\nComputers offer an interesting daydream:" ******* END TEXT: " of the PhD thesis of Gene Amdahl at the University of Wisconsin. While this machine was pioneering "
9780472029402 - page_102: "START TEXT: for its time, it quickly became obsolete as many new mainframes entered the market, and Amdahl went " ******* END TEXT: "the WISC acquired this other layer of dust, a rough grain recording the fate of failed electronics.\n"
9780472029402 - page_103: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472029402 - page_104: "START TEXT: \n\n\nIn the museum and archive,1 there are failed and obsolete technologies in abundance. On display a" ******* END TEXT: "ide evidence of the dust that sediments as a record of these material and technological imaginings.\n"
9780472029402 - page_105: "START TEXT: \nThere is yet another image of bullets in this history of electronics. A chart by International Comp" ******* END TEXT: "ir breaking. These are the two moments when the utopic future that technological objects promise is "
9780472029402 - page_106: "START TEXT: revealed. When technologies become obsolete, we have the opportunity to reexamine these utopian prom" ******* END TEXT: "hemy that is not about automatic progress as much as the complex ways in which machines fall apart.\n"
9780472029402 - page_107: "START TEXT: \nSome of the best places to witness the unwitting decay of electronics are in the very spaces where " ******* END TEXT: "so are beyond the scope of any “earth-bound body.”11 The scope of such memory has gone beyond being "
9780472029402 - page_108: "START TEXT: a mere material extension or surrogate, to become a seemingly independent entity. Computers synthesi" ******* END TEXT: "by compressing a large store of information to a minute size, where reams of papers and entire sets "
9780472029402 - page_109: "START TEXT: of encyclopedias could be accessed within the space of a tidy desk. The principal use of the Memex, " ******* END TEXT: " of material to be indexed is quite simply “inexhaustible.” Even the expiration date on the milk in "
9780472029402 - page_110: "START TEXT: the refrigerator can be made into archivable, searchable, and programmable content.\nWhile one leap o" ******* END TEXT: "your bits will live forever and be interpretable?”23 The upgrading of hardware, the introduction of "
9780472029402 - page_111: "START TEXT: new operating systems, the transience of data formats—these elements are constants within the develo" ******* END TEXT: "lay for various bulky, difficult, inexplicable reasons. The material you are trying to preserve may "
9780472029402 - page_112: "START TEXT: be encrypted. The key may have been lost. There may be digital rights management difficulties that f" ******* END TEXT: "eous way. Storage is only accessible to memory if it, too, moves through these rapid transmissions.\n"
9780472029402 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nWe can see how assumptions regarding the archive—whether electronic or otherwise—founder when they " ******* END TEXT: " compile a complete account of computing, because this is an ever-shifting and rapidly accelerating "
9780472029402 - page_114: "START TEXT: field. The speed with which innovations occur means that the speed of analysis and capture is seemin" ******* END TEXT: "as not something that could be “attributed to the evil design of a few contemporary hucksters” but, "
9780472029402 - page_115: "START TEXT: instead, stemmed from the rapid rate of obsolescence, the “fantastic rate of turnover of the product" ******* END TEXT: " margins, playing silent witness to the newness of the newest devices. Obsolete objects continue to "
9780472029402 - page_116: "START TEXT: play a role in the overall market of change; they reveal the “capitalization of change.”48 Obsolete " ******* END TEXT: "ical growth or failure is shored up by expectations and investments that ensure such a performance. "
9780472029402 - page_117: "START TEXT: “Moore's Law,” he writes, “is not merely an after-the-fact empirical description of processes of cha" ******* END TEXT: "able, technological innovation of its own accord. This level of innovation is an industry standard, "
9780472029402 - page_118: "START TEXT: and it is the rate of change to which any number of social, political, economic, and technological d" ******* END TEXT: " include the decay and oblivion that, at one time, it was the task of the archive to guard against.\n"
9780472029402 - page_119: "START TEXT: \nElectronic storage brings the tension between memory and oblivion to a renewed collision. Electroni" ******* END TEXT: "in their recordability and in their recognized relevance, through recording technologies. Histories "
9780472029402 - page_120: "START TEXT: and futures emerge—are programmed and computed—through archival machines. The electronic archive, as" ******* END TEXT: "es are capable of generating oblivion in other ways—not least of which is through the technological "
9780472029402 - page_121: "START TEXT: obsolescence that is so critical to their further development. Digital memory is volatile in more th" ******* END TEXT: "lchemy of electronics, which reveal, through their material transformations, how these technologies "
9780472029402 - page_122: "START TEXT: contribute both to distinct modes of demattering and to reconfigurations of material memory. In thes" ******* END TEXT: "nduring artifacts,” as well as “reviving dead links,” so that when the “404 - Page Not Found” error "
9780472029402 - page_123: "START TEXT: is received, “archived versions” of these lost sites are available. In their collection, the Interne" ******* END TEXT: "ggests.80 This notion of correspondence points to the active processes of translation and emulation "
9780472029402 - page_124: "START TEXT: that occur across media types and within shifting media technologies. Such correspondence, or emulat" ******* END TEXT: "; it orders and possibly disrupts the everyday functioning of so much technology that surrounds us.\n"
9780472029402 - page_125: "START TEXT: \nThe program of technological obsolescence possibly reaches such a point of advanced failure that it" ******* END TEXT: "but only, as the next chapter explores, by turning our attention to questions of salvage and decay.\n"
9780472029402 - page_126: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_127: "START TEXT: \nFIVE\nMedia in the Dump\nSALVAGE STORIES AND SPACES OF REMAINDER\nHe could tell at a glance that these" ******* END TEXT: "ep from the steaming bowels of these recently sedimented landforms. The workers, in white jumpsuits "
9780472029402 - page_128: "START TEXT: and waders, enter this debris into a detailed inventory as evidence of our consumption activities. H" ******* END TEXT: "coveted, possessed, and abandoned, sampled and tabulated from the formless sludge of decomposition.\n"
9780472029402 - page_129: "START TEXT: \n\nThe other story involves a picture of a worker suited in galoshes and rubber gloves standing under" ******* END TEXT: "ted machines scatter and travel across the globe, often far from their sites of initial consumption "
9780472029402 - page_130: "START TEXT: and use. While the spaces prior to the dump often generate multiple practices for the recuperation o" ******* END TEXT: "t is possible to observe the landfill as an ecological archive. An unwitting staging ground for the "
9780472029402 - page_131: "START TEXT: breakdown and demattering of wasted materials, the landfill contains a record of contemporary consum" ******* END TEXT: "up, sifting and reworking remainders—albeit for much different purposes and in much different ways. "
9780472029402 - page_132: "START TEXT: To salvage is to repurpose objects, to recycle some elements and discard others, to reinforce materi" ******* END TEXT: "veral stages of devaluation, salvaging, recycling, reprocessing, and decay. Just as the manufacture "
9780472029402 - page_133: "START TEXT: of electronics gives rise to chemical fallout and wasted resources, so, too, the disposal of electro" ******* END TEXT: "tes, the “commodity recovery values” from stripped electronics range between 1.50 to 2 U.S. dollars "
9780472029402 - page_134: "START TEXT: per machine. At the same time, these values are unstable, and because newer electronics contain fewe" ******* END TEXT: "ond. Electronic waste circulates from developed countries (including the United States, Europe, and "
9780472029402 - page_135: "START TEXT: parts of Asia) through transit points spanning from Dubai to Singapore, passing through as undefined" ******* END TEXT: " collection and transport to assorted stages of disposal, which entail everything from incineration "
9780472029402 - page_136: "START TEXT: and recycling to dumping and exportation.20 Exportation of waste is often discussed as an unviable m" ******* END TEXT: "ndfill as much as a record for the fallout from modernity. However, through this record, the “power "
9780472029402 - page_137: "START TEXT: of ghosts embedded in the commodities created by yesteryear's technology”26 come to light, revealing" ******* END TEXT: " return to the death of objects.\nThe transformation of waste to raw material through recycling is a "
9780472029402 - page_138: "START TEXT: way in which commodities become formless in order to be reformed. Recycling does not remove remainde" ******* END TEXT: "hods does little more than convert materials into idle raw materials. Whether recycling methods are "
9780472029402 - page_139: "START TEXT: “high-tech” ways of generating dust or consist of more dangerous methods of burning leftover electro" ******* END TEXT: "on Network indicates, the remaining electronic waste stream is sent to landfills or incinerators.39\n"
9780472029402 - page_140: "START TEXT: \nThe dump is a site where we encounter this fossil record in high relief. Garbologists picking throu" ******* END TEXT: "rogeneous materials mix in an equally indiscriminate way. The architecture of the landfill accretes "
9780472029402 - page_141: "START TEXT: through the sedimentation of trash, layers covered with earth and compacted into airless cells. The " ******* END TEXT: "g of waste still generates an intractable spread and persistence of pollution. Indeed, as the Basel "
9780472029402 - page_142: "START TEXT: Action Network indicates, “About 70% of heavy metals (including mercury and cadmium) found in landfi" ******* END TEXT: "tions.”51 These processes of materialization extend to the “cultural work” that informs how objects "
9780472029402 - page_143: "START TEXT: dematerialize and transform to rubbish. Through such a study of digital rubbish, it may be possible " ******* END TEXT: " conclusion that follows attempts to open up the possibilities of such an encounter with remainder.\n"
9780472029402 - page_144: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_145: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_146: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_147: "START TEXT: \nConclusion\nDIGITAL RUBBISH THEORY\nIn these reflections on the multiple, on the mix, on the speckled" ******* END TEXT: "e.”3 Yet it is typically these two polarities that are presented in relation to waste, producing it "
9780472029402 - page_148: "START TEXT: in abundance, while simultaneously imagining the utopic possibilities of a waste-free society. Perha" ******* END TEXT: "aste, it may be possible to unearth overlooked relations within the politics and poetics of things.\n"
9780472029402 - page_149: "START TEXT: \n\nStrategies for dealing with waste often proceed by imagining its elimination: a society of “zero w" ******* END TEXT: "ifferent sense of the “natural,” which does not purify this category as an (ever-receding) ideal to "
9780472029402 - page_150: "START TEXT: move toward but, instead, considers how new natures are always in the making, emerging in that fluct" ******* END TEXT: "he ways in which waste—as a mutable and relational object—offers “possibilities for the unexpected, "
9780472029402 - page_151: "START TEXT: the creative and the ethical.”17 The creative and ethical aspects of waste are often typically elide" ******* END TEXT: "essary developments within the world of electronics.22 Within this area, there are so many projects "
9780472029402 - page_152: "START TEXT: underway that it is tempting to make a modest proposal and public appeal for someone to write a “han" ******* END TEXT: "inative and uncanny dimensions of these devices.30 Repurposing obsolete electronics through reverse "
9780472029402 - page_153: "START TEXT: engineering and hacking has been one strategy not only for unpicking the assumed functionality of th" ******* END TEXT: "s sense, there are opportunities to engage with the creative and ethical aspects of electronics and "
9780472029402 - page_154: "START TEXT: electronic waste not just through improving electronics manufacture but also through linking up ecol" ******* END TEXT: "llects, I suggest there are other ways of thinking about material culture through these remainders. "
9780472029402 - page_155: "START TEXT: Electronics constitute “materializing and transformative processes.” Such processes, as Buchli write" ******* END TEXT: "through which things sediment—it is possible to take greater responsibility for our material lives.\n"
9780472029402 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nBut in these moments of transformation, the smashing ceremony that resonates the clearest is the on" ******* END TEXT: "ics of materials. That imaginary, as described here, settles into a natural history of electronics.\n"
9780472029402 - page_157: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_158: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nFirst paperback edition 2013\nCopyright © by the University of Michigan 2011\nSome rights reserved\n\nT" ******* END TEXT: "          2010033747\n\nISBN 978-0-472-03537-3 (pbk. : alk. paper)\nISBN 978-0-472-02940-2 (e-book)\n\n\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_i: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472029402 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \nDIGITALCULTUREBOOKS, an imprint of the University of Michigan Press, is dedicated to publishing wor" ******* END TEXT: " dedicated to publishing work in new media studies and the emerging field of digital humanities.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_221: "START TEXT: \nIndex\nAccess Space, 154\nAcland, Charles, 9\nactor-network theory, 164n45, 189n44\nAdkins, Lisa, 174n4" ******* END TEXT: "n, 121\nconsumption, 4–5, 12, 16, 17, 28, 33, 59, 68, 77, 78, 81–83, 96–98, 129, 155, 182n17, 185n65\n"
9780472029402 - page_222: "START TEXT: \ncopper, 3–4, 13, 70, 75, 87, 91, 131, 134–35, 137, 180n88\nCornucopia City. See Packard, Vance\nCorzo" ******* END TEXT: "\nhardware, discarded, vi, 2, 3, 5, 13, 38, 70–71, 74–98, 135, 140, 154\nHarvey, David, 173n63, 174n7\n"
9780472029402 - page_223: "START TEXT: \nHarwood, Graham, and Matsuko Yokokoji, 154\nHawkins, Gay, 82, 150–51, 194n28\nHayles, N. Katherine, 1" ******* END TEXT: "tural history” methodology, vii, 5–13, 17, 65, 106, 118, 149–50, 153, 161n19, 162n24, 162–63nn27–28\n"
9780472029402 - page_224: "START TEXT: \nnature, 1, 7, 8–9, 149, 150, 155, 162n21, 163n28, 163n34, 163n36, 194n28, 200n40\nNelson, Ted, 101\nN" ******* END TEXT: "1, 172n59\nSlade, Giles, 183n47, 189n42\nSlater, Don, 58; and Andrew Barry, 172n51\n“social death,” 79\n"
9780472029402 - page_225: "START TEXT: \nsoftware, v–vi, 3, 62–63, 154\nsolvents, 3, 25\nspam, 67–68, 179nn78–79\nspeed, 25–31, 48–50, 55–58, 6" ******* END TEXT: "ehle, Soenke, 154, 199–200n36\nZero Dollar Laptop, 154\nzero waste, 149–50\nZielinksi, Siegfried, 9–10\n"
9780472029402 - page_226: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nIntroduction\nA NATURAL HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS\nTo each truly new configuration of nature—and, at bot" ******* END TEXT: " components for such technologies as computers, mobile devices, microwaves, and digital cameras has "
9780472029402 - page_2: "START TEXT: contributed to the accumulation of chemicals underground. Mutating and migrating in the air and eart" ******* END TEXT: "abor and lax environmental laws. The digital revolution, as it turns out, is littered with rubbish.\n"
9780472029402 - page_3: "START TEXT: \nWhile much of the attention to electronic waste focuses on the recycling and disposal of computers," ******* END TEXT: "al discussion of electronic technologies. Waste is not just sheer matter, so, arguably, the methods "
9780472029402 - page_4: "START TEXT: for studying waste might also account for more than empirical processes of waste making. The sedimen" ******* END TEXT: " immateriality. Virtuality, I suggest, can even enable more extensive consumption and wasting. When "
9780472029402 - page_5: "START TEXT: electronic devices shrink to the scale of paper-thin and handheld devices, they appear to be lightwe" ******* END TEXT: "h commodities and technologies.21\nSuch a natural history is an effective guide for thinking through "
9780472029402 - page_6: "START TEXT: the remainders of electronic waste. But this is not a conventional rendering of natural history. The" ******* END TEXT: "ectronic technologies fail and decay.25 These failures and sedimentations can be understood in part "
9780472029402 - page_7: "START TEXT: through the repetitive urge to pursue technological progress and regularly “upgrade.” By focusing on" ******* END TEXT: "is way, the microchip, as one of the fossilized forms discussed here, can be conceived of as a site "
9780472029402 - page_8: "START TEXT: where materials, environments, bodies, politics, technologies, ecologies, and economies accumulate. " ******* END TEXT: "t time. Fossils operate as indicators of changes in the “interrelated conception of nature, culture "
9780472029402 - page_9: "START TEXT: and history.”36 At one time, these encrusted forms might be read for proof of the Deluge; at another" ******* END TEXT: "ological investigations into the “deep time” of media, Siegfried Zielinski begins with the “rubbish "
9780472029402 - page_10: "START TEXT: heaps” of media, to suggest that bundled into media are more complex temporalities and imaginings th" ******* END TEXT: "rcuit. While this study does deploy these terms, it calls out the ways in which many of these terms "
9780472029402 - page_11: "START TEXT: have specific histories within computing and information theory. The histories of these terms are ma" ******* END TEXT: "th technologies. It moves across scales, from the fossilized fragment to the temporal landscape. It "
9780472029402 - page_12: "START TEXT: tells material histories not as fixed, abstract, or essential but as dynamic, concrete, and entangle" ******* END TEXT: "57 In the arcades, “a past become space,”58 he was able to imagine how commodities and technologies "
9780472029402 - page_13: "START TEXT: transformed into residues that contained traces of the resources, labor, and imaginations that went " ******* END TEXT: "ather, sites of unexpected accumulation. I take up these scraps and fossils in the sites where they "
9780472029402 - page_14: "START TEXT: are found, in order to think through the disparate effects, sedimentations, and imaginaries that inf" ******* END TEXT: "evitably circulate through extended geographies. In the end, transportable electronic waste follows "
9780472029402 - page_15: "START TEXT: the path of the most undesirable forms of trash—from economically privileged country to poorer one. " ******* END TEXT: " in chapter 4. It dwells on the masses of scrap and peripherals, as fossil forms that are stripped, "
9780472029402 - page_16: "START TEXT: salvaged, burned, and finally dumped, often far from the sites of their initial consumption.\nDigital" ******* END TEXT: "relation to ordering systems and structures of value. It is a variable within what Michael Thompson "
9780472029402 - page_17: "START TEXT: calls an “economy of values.” As Thompson states in his authoritative Rubbish Theory, rubbish is a w" ******* END TEXT: " dirt—may be the most compelling devices for registering the transience of electronic technologies.\n"
9780472029402 - page_18: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_19: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_159: "START TEXT: \nNotes\nPreface\nBruce Sterling, “The Dead Media Project: A Modest Proposal and a Public Appeal,” http" ******* END TEXT: "and to those more natural-cultural ecologies that occur through soil and chemicals, water, and air.\n"
9780472029402 - page_160: "START TEXT: \n4. Gopal Krishna, “E-Waste: Computers and Toxicity in India,” in Sarai 3: Shaping Technologies (Del" ******* END TEXT: "etwork and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition, Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia (Seattle "
9780472029402 - page_161: "START TEXT: and San Jose, 2002), as well as BAN's newer study into electronic waste in Lagos, Nigeria, The Digit" ******* END TEXT: "York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Schocken Books, 1986), 177–92.\n20. Benjamin, Arcades Project, 203.\n"
9780472029402 - page_162: "START TEXT: \n21. Discussing Benjamin's “unorthodox” use of natural history, cultural and literary theorist Beatr" ******* END TEXT: " Revolution (New York: Routledge, 1997); Anna Munster, Materializing New Media: Embodiment in Media "
9780472029402 - page_163: "START TEXT: Aesthetics (Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College Press, 2006). The present study works with a more unruly " ******* END TEXT: "rpretations of fossils have given rise to shifting definitions of nature, culture, history, and the "
9780472029402 - page_164: "START TEXT: global. See Martin Rudwick, The Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Paleontology (Chicago" ******* END TEXT: " (1988): 575–99; Marilyn Strathern, Partial Connections (Savage, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1991).\n"
9780472029402 - page_165: "START TEXT: \n47. I do not approach consumption and the “user” through everyday practice or mutual formation of u" ******* END TEXT: "nd beauty. Allegories are, in the realm of thoughts, what ruins are in the realm of things” (Origin "
9780472029402 - page_166: "START TEXT: of German Tragic Drama, 177–78). The meeting of time and space in the ruin has influenced many schol" ******* END TEXT: "The Material Culture Reader, ed. Victor Buchli [Oxford: Berg, 2002], 17).\n69. Serres, Parasite, 13.\n"
9780472029402 - page_167: "START TEXT: \nChapter 1\nDonna Haraway, “Cyborgs, Coyotes, and Dogs: A Kinship of Feminist Figurations” and “There" ******* END TEXT: "l Corporation, “From Sand to Circuits,” 2005, ftp://download.intel.com/museum/sand_to_circuits.pdf.\n"
9780472029402 - page_168: "START TEXT: \n9. Ibid.\n10. Kuehr, Velasquez, and Williams, “Computers and the Environment,” 7. As these authors w" ******* END TEXT: "ellophane” (Synthetic Worlds: Nature, Art, and the Chemical Industry [London: Reaktion, 2005], 24).\n"
9780472029402 - page_169: "START TEXT: \n19. Ibid.\n20. See the Semiconductor Industry Association's Web site at http://www.sia-online.org/cs" ******* END TEXT: ": The Tangled History of Silicon (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 221.\n34. Ibid., 252.\n"
9780472029402 - page_170: "START TEXT: \n35. Claude E. Shannon, “The Mathematical Theory of Communication,” in Shannon and Weaver, Mathemati" ******* END TEXT: "f new technologies (punch cards) to manage that information. See Jennifer Gabrys, “Paper Mountains, "
9780472029402 - page_171: "START TEXT: Disposable Cities,” in Surface Tension Supplement 1, ed. Brandon Labelle and Ken Ehrlich (Los Angele" ******* END TEXT: "2). Media theorists have also discussed at length the relation between calculation and computation. "
9780472029402 - page_172: "START TEXT: For example, Darin Barney elaborates on the notion of the calculative episteme of computing technolo" ******* END TEXT: "undance in this same location: Silicon Valley is also the site of one of the largest concentrations "
9780472029402 - page_173: "START TEXT: of millionaires in the world (see Pellow and Park, Silicon Valley of Dreams, 1). Many of these milli" ******* END TEXT: "S. equities exchange by volume with an average in NASDAQ securities of 2.17 billion shares per day” "
9780472029402 - page_174: "START TEXT: trading on the NASDAQ platform. See NASDAQ, “2007 Annual Report,” 7, http://ir.nasdaq.com/annuals.cf" ******* END TEXT: " the arcades “will demonstrate how the milieu in which Marx's doctrine arose affected that doctrine "
9780472029402 - page_175: "START TEXT: through its expressive character (which is to say, not only through causal connections); but, second" ******* END TEXT: "ely determined by the performance of telecommunication and computer-based systems in the management "
9780472029402 - page_176: "START TEXT: of financial data. Capital exchanges have become a problem of informational management effected ‘in " ******* END TEXT: "s: Technology and Trading in Global Financial Markets,” American Ethnologist 30, no. 2 (2003): 259.\n"
9780472029402 - page_177: "START TEXT: \n37. Ibid.\n38. Ibid., 261. Knorr-Cetina and Bruegger emphasize the ways in which screens even qualif" ******* END TEXT: "ohnson, “Web Providers Must Limit Internet's Carbon Footprint, Say Experts,” Guardian, May 3, 2009.\n"
9780472029402 - page_178: "START TEXT: \n49. Dan Schiller, Digital Capitalism: Networking the Global Market System (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press" ******* END TEXT: "ation: The Advent of the Automatic Factory (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1952), 46.\n62. Ibid., 46–47.\n"
9780472029402 - page_179: "START TEXT: \n63. Ibid., 47.\n64. Ibid., 30. In many ways, this optimization and improved efficiency in the produc" ******* END TEXT: "lications for the Internet,” 2000, http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/doc/history.communications0.pdf.\n"
9780472029402 - page_180: "START TEXT: \n80. Paul Reyes details the remainders of these recently failed economies in “Bleak Houses: Digging " ******* END TEXT: "k: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974), 91. Calvino writes, “The bulk of the outflow increases and the "
9780472029402 - page_181: "START TEXT: piles rise higher, become stratified, extend over a wider perimeter. Besides, the more Leonia's tale" ******* END TEXT: "f price rises…. Now, we know that the order or production only survives by paying the price of this "
9780472029402 - page_182: "START TEXT: extermination, this perpetual calculated ‘suicide’ of the mass of objects, and that this operation i" ******* END TEXT: ", “Plastic,” in Mythologies, trans. Annette Lavers (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972), 97.\n"
9780472029402 - page_183: "START TEXT: \n29. Ibid.\n30. Ibid.\n31. Jeffrey L. Meikle, American Plastic: A Cultural History (New Brunswick, NJ:" ******* END TEXT: "annot produce enough containers for America to continue at its current level as an exporter of both "
9780472029402 - page_184: "START TEXT: electronic goods and electronic waste” (Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America [Cambr" ******* END TEXT: "90&Cr=electronic&Cr1=.\n61. Heather Rogers, Gone Tomorrow: The Hidden Life of Garbage (New York: New "
9780472029402 - page_185: "START TEXT: Press, 2005), 201. Increasingly, the production of electronics has been offshored to India, China, a" ******* END TEXT: "Political Economy (Rough Draft), trans. Martin Nicolaus (London: Pelican, 1973), 91.\n74. Ibid., 93.\n"
9780472029402 - page_186: "START TEXT: \n75. Ibid.\n76. Lucas, “Disposability and Dispossession,” 17.\n77. Rudi Colloredo-Mansfeld, “Consuming" ******* END TEXT: "hat not every object in the history of electronics can possibly be retained for “future posterity.”\n"
9780472029402 - page_187: "START TEXT: \n8. This chapter maintains the standard differentiation between mass or permanent storage, typically" ******* END TEXT: "s Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 1999], xvii).\n23. Gemmell, Bell, and Lueder, “MyLifeBits.”\n"
9780472029402 - page_188: "START TEXT: \n24. Indeed, MyLifeBits assumes such an underlying condition of transience, which presents cause for" ******* END TEXT: "ontemporary” emerges not through the elimination of the new, but through the shaping of distinctive "
9780472029402 - page_189: "START TEXT: relations between “older and newer elements.” See Marking Time (Princeton: Princeton University Pres" ******* END TEXT: "achines reveals a rate of advance not matched by other technologies, ancient or modern” (ibid., 3).\n"
9780472029402 - page_190: "START TEXT: \n53. According to Ceruzzi, the pervasiveness of computers also attests to the far-reaching impacts o" ******* END TEXT: "re of Memory,” in Neville and Villeneuve, Waste-Site Stories, 113).\n65. Ibid., 115.\n66. Ibid., 116.\n"
9780472029402 - page_191: "START TEXT: \n67. Jacques Derrida, Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression, trans. Eric Prenowitz (Chicago: Universi" ******* END TEXT: "ing projects across media. See http://www.variablemedia.net.\n81. Kittler, “Exhibition as Emulator.”\n"
9780472029402 - page_192: "START TEXT: \n82. In fact, such a description might align with Benjamin's description of a preferred mode of stor" ******* END TEXT: "alter Benjamin's Archive: Images, Texts, Signs, trans. Esther Leslie (London: Verso, 2007), 251–65.\n"
9780472029402 - page_193: "START TEXT: \n8. For an urban narrative approach to salvaging and the possible imaginaries to which this gives ri" ******* END TEXT: "n the atmosphere released from outmoded objects as discussed by Benjamin in his essay “Surrealism.”\n"
9780472029402 - page_194: "START TEXT: \n25. Ibid.\n26. Ibid.\n27. Agarwal and Wankhade, “Hi-Tech Heaps, Forsaken Lives,” 234–46.\n28. Hawkins " ******* END TEXT: "tons of E-waste ended up in U.S. landfills. It is thought that most households and small businesses "
9780472029402 - page_195: "START TEXT: that dispose rather than store their obsolete electronic components send their material to landfills" ******* END TEXT: "—Dump Space: Freedom from Order,” Wired 11, no. 6 (June 2003).\n54. Douglas, Purity and Danger, 198.\n"
9780472029402 - page_196: "START TEXT: \n55. Ibid., 196.\n56. On Benjamin's interest in undoing the insistence on progress, Peter Osborne wri" ******* END TEXT: "solution is to fill all the holes with garbage. In Alexander's strange mathematics, the distinction "
9780472029402 - page_197: "START TEXT: between raw material, commodity, and waste collapses. Materials seem only to have wanted to leave th" ******* END TEXT: "gn through the use of fewer toxic materials, this report proposes extended producer responsibility, "
9780472029402 - page_198: "START TEXT: or EPR, as an important strategy in the take-back and recycling of electronics.\n22. These initiative" ******* END TEXT: " Products,” DTI/1164/PA (2009), http://www.unep.org./pdf/DTIE_PDFS/DTIx1164xPA_guidelines_sLCA.pdf.\n"
9780472029402 - page_199: "START TEXT: \n28. Ed van Hinte, Eternally Yours: Visions on Product Endurance (Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 1997), " ******* END TEXT: "olitics after the Net, September 21, 2006, http://www.metamute.org/en/Environmentalism-for-Net-2.0. "
9780472029402 - page_200: "START TEXT: Together with Geert Lovink, Soenke Zehle set up the Web site incommunicado.net as a space to discuss" ******* END TEXT: "2.\n44. Ibid., 41.\n45. Benjamin, “Theses on the Philosophy of History,” in Illuminations, 261–62.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nPreface\nWhat we need is a somber, thoughtful, thorough, hype-free, even lugubrious book that honors" ******* END TEXT: "ld would be met. Years later, electronic devices of all shapes and sizes proliferate and pile up at "
9780472029402 - page_vi: "START TEXT: end of life. Scan any city street, and you may find discarded monitors and mobile phones, printers a" ******* END TEXT: "te. Electronics are bound up with elaborate mechanisms of fascination, with driving economic forces "
9780472029402 - page_vii: "START TEXT: beyond the control of any single person, and with redoubling rates of innovation and decay.\nIn a tim" ******* END TEXT: " Borck, Jonathan Sterne, Christine Ross, and Jasmine Rault. Faculty members at Concordia University "
9780472029402 - page_viii: "START TEXT: in Montreal have also provided valuable help along the way, including Johanne Sloan, Kim Sawchuk, Mi" ******* END TEXT: "story at the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, DC; the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, "
9780472029402 - page_ix: "START TEXT: California; the London Science Museum Computing Archives; the British Film Institute in London; the " ******* END TEXT: "ve gracefully endured more than a few extended conversations and readings in relation to this text.\n"
9780472029402 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nDIGITAL RUBBISH\nA Natural History of Electronics\n \nJennifer Gabrys\n \n \nThe University of Michigan P" ******* END TEXT: " Natural History of Electronics\n \nJennifer Gabrys\n \n \nThe University of Michigan Press\nAnn Arbor\n\n\n\n"
9780472029402 - page_xi: "START TEXT: \nContents\nIntroductionA NATURAL HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS\n1. Silicon ElephantsTHE TRANSFORMATIVE MATERI" ******* END TEXT: "mpSALVAGE STORIES AND SPACES OF REMAINDER\nConclusionDIGITAL RUBBISH THEORY\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex\n"
9780472029402 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_i: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472029471 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \nDIGITAL HUMANITIES\nThe Digital Humanities series provides a forum for groundbreaking and benchmark " ******* END TEXT: " dedicated to publishing work in new media studies and the emerging field of digital humanities.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nHacking the Academy\nNEW APPROACHES TO SCHOLARSHIP AND TEACHING FROM DIGITAL HUMANITIES\n \n \nEdited b" ******* END TEXT: "IES\n \n \nEdited byDaniel J. Cohen and Tom Scheinfeldt\n \nThe University of Michigan PressAnn Arbor\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by Daniel J. Cohen and Tom Scheinfeldt 2013Some rights reserved\n\nThis work is licensed " ******* END TEXT: "                                                                                      2013001475\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nContents\nIntroductions\nPrefaceDANIEL J. COHEN AND TOM SCHEINFELDT\nWhy “Hacking”?TAD SUITER\nHacking " ******* END TEXT: "en-Access and Scholarly Values: A ConversationDANIEL J. COHEN, STEPHEN RAMSAY, KATHLEEN FITZPATRICK\n"
9780472029471 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \nVoices: Sharing One's ResearchCHAD BLACK AND MARK SAMPLE\nMaking Digital Scholarship CountMILLS KELL" ******* END TEXT: "D AND JIM GROOM\nHacking the DissertationANASTASIA SALTER\nHow to Read a Book in One HourLARRY CEBULA\n"
9780472029471 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \nHacking Institutions\nThe Absent Presence: A ConversationBRIAN CROXALL AND DAVID PARRY\nUninvited Gue" ******* END TEXT: "ter to the Forces of ChangeJENNIFER HOWARD\nThe Trouble with Digital CultureTIM CARMODY\nCONTRIBUTORS\n"
9780472029471 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nIntroductions\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nIntroductions\n"
9780472029471 - page_2: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_3: "START TEXT: \nPreface\nDaniel J. Cohen and Tom Scheinfeldt\nOn May 21, 2010, we posted these intentionally provocat" ******* END TEXT: "the web on a common theme.\nFrom this large pool of contributions we have assembled what we consider\n"
9780472029471 - page_4: "START TEXT: \nto be the best works of any size and shape (with the unfortunate exception of audio and video, whic" ******* END TEXT: "sn't the existence of Hacking the Academy as a book undermine its argument? Why put this supposedly\n"
9780472029471 - page_5: "START TEXT: \nfirebrand work into a traditional form? The answer is that we wanted this project to have maximum i" ******* END TEXT: "o add your contributions to the ongoing conversation about how we can hack the academy together.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_6: "START TEXT: \nWhy “Hacking”?\nTad Suiter\nAs a fan of Oulipo and Oubapo, the notion of trying to crowdsource the me" ******* END TEXT: "Which, after all, is how the Net was born—out of DARPA's ARPANET.) Hackers are trying to steal your\n"
9780472029471 - page_7: "START TEXT: \npersonal data. They want to steal your passwords, and empty your bank account. They are malevolent," ******* END TEXT: " ugly hack or an eloquent hack. Either way, the product is functional, it does something, and it is\n"
9780472029471 - page_8: "START TEXT: \ninnovative; also, it is a product of your relationship to that systemic knowledge structure—to the " ******* END TEXT: " to be solved.\n2. No problem should ever have to be solved twice.\n3. Boredom and drudgery are evil.\n"
9780472029471 - page_9: "START TEXT: \n4. Freedom is good.\n5. Attitude is no substitute for competence.\nI would argue that a great number " ******* END TEXT: "f us, appears to be broken.\nBut when a system fails, you hack around it. Some hacks may be eloquent\n"
9780472029471 - page_10: "START TEXT: \nand subtle; they may be almost poetic. Others are nasty hacks that only really serve in a single wo" ******* END TEXT: "abk&AN=67998. Claude Lévi-Strauss, The Savage Mind (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966).\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_11: "START TEXT: \nHacking Scholarship\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nHacking Scholarship\n"
9780472029471 - page_12: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_13: "START TEXT: \nGetting Yourself Out of the Business in Five Easy Steps\nJason Baird Jackson\nLast year, did you get " ******* END TEXT: " not to submit scholarly journal articles or other works to publications owned by for-profit firms.\n"
9780472029471 - page_14: "START TEXT: \n2. Say no, when asked to undertake peer-review work on a book or article manuscript that has been s" ******* END TEXT: "ntage of, they will help.\nWhat choices are you making? Are you ready to get out of the business?\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_15: "START TEXT: \nBurn the Boats/Books\nDavid Parry\nWhen Marc Andreesen, the entrepreneur behind the first mainstream " ******* END TEXT: "urs and shapes, and nuance and details that matter here. They are not a direct equivalence, but the\n"
9780472029471 - page_16: "START TEXT: \nunderlying logic is the same. It concerns me that academics and intellectuals, with some exceptions" ******* END TEXT: "ip look like if it were not designed to end up in books.\nHere are some suggestions for this change:\n"
9780472029471 - page_17: "START TEXT: \nStop publishing in closed systems. If you publish in a journal that charges for access, you are not" ******* END TEXT: "anel, anonymous peer review? One thing we know is that diversity of perspective enriches discourse.\n"
9780472029471 - page_18: "START TEXT: \nAspire to be a curator. We have to give up being authorities, controlling our discourse, and seeing" ******* END TEXT: "ats,’” TechCrunch, March 6, 2010, http://techcrunch.com/2010/03/06/andreessen-media-burn-boats/.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_19: "START TEXT: \nReinventing the Academic Journal\nJo Guldi\nThe web is thirsty for efficient, effective ways of retri" ******* END TEXT: "will function usefully as finding aids for the most relevant, expert material in their disciplines.\n"
9780472029471 - page_20: "START TEXT: \nIn going Web 2.0, journals have the ability to mesh their publications with tools that will allow r" ******* END TEXT: "ailable for download on the web.\nIn a world where the primary tools for finding new scholarship are\n"
9780472029471 - page_21: "START TEXT: \ntagged, social databases like Delicious and LibraryThing, the most efficient form of journal interf" ******* END TEXT: "log-sized opinions about exciting new directions for the field. An electronic journal has no reason\n"
9780472029471 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nto exclude a twenty-minute audio segment, a selection of maps shared on SlideShare, or a video segm" ******* END TEXT: "he electronic journal is the issue of expertise. Like the essay, the journal peer-review process is\n"
9780472029471 - page_23: "START TEXT: \nthe relic of another age: an age of abundant, unbegrudging emeriti with plentiful leisure to foster" ******* END TEXT: " An article could be published as “officially under review” in a subcategory of the journal stream,\n"
9780472029471 - page_24: "START TEXT: \nsubjected to gradual wiki conversation for a year, and remain available to a reading public for the" ******* END TEXT: "n at the beginning, the article could be removed from the journal stream at the end of the year.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_25: "START TEXT: \nReading and Writing\nMichael O'Malley\nThe way we're taught to read is diametrically opposite the way" ******* END TEXT: "e peer review”? The stuff which has been most influential in my intellectual life, the stuff that's\n"
9780472029471 - page_26: "START TEXT: \nbeen most profound and useful, is profound and useful in ways that have nothing at all to do with p" ******* END TEXT: "hbor had just dropped by in a carriage and left their card in the foyer. Yes, methodologies change;\n"
9780472029471 - page_27: "START TEXT: \nthe liquid in the glass changes colors and flavors, but the glass remains thick, square, and cloude" ******* END TEXT: "k; one that takes advantage of the technologies we have, instead of pretending they don't exist?\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_28: "START TEXT: \nVoices\nBLOGGING\nMatthew G. Kirschenbaum, Mark Sample, Daniel J. Cohen\nThe science fiction writer Ha" ******* END TEXT: "kind I would talk about with a group of friends, if I still had the time. But I'm too busy teaching\n"
9780472029471 - page_29: "START TEXT: \nand writing to sit around anymore and talk about these kinds of things. So I steal a few random min" ******* END TEXT: "est bloggers inevitably become a nexus for information exchange in their field.\n—DANIEL J. COHEN\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_30: "START TEXT: \nThe Crisis of Audience and the Open-Access Solution\nJohn Unsworth\nWhen my daughter Eleanor, now twe" ******* END TEXT: "ches and Porky Pig Tattoos on Stomach’: High and Low Pressures in Gravity's Rainbow,” and “‘Mais ce\n"
9780472029471 - page_31: "START TEXT: \nn'est surtout pas vrai’: On Some Recent Re-Citings of Jacques Derrida,” and “Currency Exchanges: Th" ******* END TEXT: "larly communication is really not viable, it would be better for it to die off and be replaced with\n"
9780472029471 - page_32: "START TEXT: \nsomething new than to drag on, on life support, and stifle the potential emergence of new modes and" ******* END TEXT: "e losing game of trying to recoup the costs of managing an editorial process on top of the costs of\n"
9780472029471 - page_33: "START TEXT: \ndesigning and manufacturing books, in a tiny and static market. In this case, again, open-access pu" ******* END TEXT: " too close an equivalent for the print object, then make the content available as HTML, rather than\n"
9780472029471 - page_34: "START TEXT: \nPDF—experiments at the National Academy Press have made it clear that free HTML does not cannibaliz" ******* END TEXT: " Academies holds true, it might reverse the fortunes of the university presses at the same time.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_35: "START TEXT: \nOpen-Access Publishing\nKathleen Fitzpatrick\nRaising the idea of open-access publishing among contem" ******* END TEXT: "o provide access to the most important research being done in the STEM fields (science, technology,\n"
9780472029471 - page_36: "START TEXT: \nengineering, and mathematics). And, of course, scholars without official ties to a subscribing inst" ******* END TEXT: " been in continuous, open publication since. Kairos, likewise, has been in open, online publication\n"
9780472029471 - page_37: "START TEXT: \nsince 1996. Open Humanities Press publishes a range of open-access, peer-reviewed journals online.1" ******* END TEXT: "t that ethical imperative toward the widest possible distribution of the knowledge that we produce.\n"
9780472029471 - page_38: "START TEXT: \nNotes\n1. “Electronic Book Review,” http://www.electronicbookreview.com/. “Kairos: A Journal of Rhet" ******* END TEXT: "econ.ucsb.edu/%7Etedb/jep.pdf.\n3. “Compact for OA Publishing Equity,” http://www.oacompact.org/.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_39: "START TEXT: \nOpen Access and Scholarly Values\nA CONVERSATION\nDaniel J. Cohen, Stephen Ramsay, Kathleen Fitzpatri" ******* END TEXT: "o be honest, I just like good music.” We all laughed—and then realized how true that statement was.\n"
9780472029471 - page_40: "START TEXT: \nAnd secretly, we all did like a wide variety of music—from rock, to bluegrass, to big-band jazz.\nUp" ******* END TEXT: "tion today, in the age of the web, would it look like the one we have today? Disparage bloggers all\n"
9780472029471 - page_41: "START TEXT: \nyou like, but they control their communication platform and the outlet for their passion, and most " ******* END TEXT: "e physical library; that is, they have become comfortable with certain aspects of “going digital.”\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_42: "START TEXT: \nAt the same time, though, the ITHAKA report notes that they remain stubbornly wedded to their old w" ******* END TEXT: ", there was actually a sharp drop in professors who cared about open access between 2003 and 2009.\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_43: "START TEXT: \nThis would be acceptable if we understood ourselves to be ruthless, bottom-line-driven careerists. " ******* END TEXT: "nal. He simply posted it to arXiv.org—an open-access website—and let others know about it. For him,\n"
9780472029471 - page_44: "START TEXT: \njust getting the knowledge out there was enough, and the mathematical community responded in kind b" ******* END TEXT: "ress is better than Ashgate. Oxford is better than Michigan. Critical Inquiry is better than Modern\n"
9780472029471 - page_45: "START TEXT: \nDrama. Monographs are better than edited collections. It's just so easy this way.\nHow does a profes" ******* END TEXT: " in its present form, disappears.\nThose of us in the digital humanities have often wondered why our\n"
9780472029471 - page_46: "START TEXT: \ndisciplines are so resistant to electronic publication, and digital projects in general. The standa" ******* END TEXT: "ter of the authority of scholarly work—particularly in the digital realm, when we have so many more\n"
9780472029471 - page_47: "START TEXT: \ncomplex means of assessing the effect of/response to scholarly work via network analysis?\nGoing qua" ******* END TEXT: " 2009,” http://www.ithaka.org/ithaka-s-r/research/faculty-surveys-2000-2009/faculty-survey-2009.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_48: "START TEXT: \nVoices\nSHARING ONE'S RESEARCH\nChad Black and Mark Sample\nThere is a long history of scholars turnin" ******* END TEXT: "thout the resources to do it all themselves. Finally, it would keep researchers honest.\n—CHAD BLACK\n"
9780472029471 - page_49: "START TEXT: \nWe in the humanities are accustomed to being very secretive about our research. Sure, we go to conf" ******* END TEXT: " do all the lonely hours we spend tracing sources, reading, and writing make sense.\n—MARK SAMPLE\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_50: "START TEXT: \nMaking Digital Scholarship Count\nMills Kelly\nAs more and more scholars do work in the digital envir" ******* END TEXT: " journal with little or no reputation. We know that a book published by a university press that has\n"
9780472029471 - page_51: "START TEXT: \na great reputation is almost surely better than one published by a press no one has ever heard of. " ******* END TEXT: "sn't than to define what it is—especially because, as we'll see, it is an inherently moving target.\n"
9780472029471 - page_52: "START TEXT: \nI think we would all agree that a course website or a series of lectures created in one's favorite " ******* END TEXT: "er work—book or article—and submits it for publication. Then, after waiting months—or, more likely,\n"
9780472029471 - page_53: "START TEXT: \nmany months—the historian finally receives feedback on his or her work and either has a little more" ******* END TEXT: "ng a system that made good sense a hundred or fifty years ago, but makes less and less sense today?\n"
9780472029471 - page_54: "START TEXT: \nI wondered what a provost might think about this issue, so I spoke to Peter Stearns, provost at Geo" ******* END TEXT: "n Historical Review, December 2003.\n3. Social Science Research Network (SSRN), http://ssrn.com/.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_55: "START TEXT: \nTheory, Method, and Digital Humanities\nTom Scheinfeldt\nThe criticism most frequently leveled at dig" ******* END TEXT: "amed position he occupied for more than forty years—Curator of Experiments to the Royal Society. In\n"
9780472029471 - page_56: "START TEXT: \nthis role, it was Hooke's job to prepare public demonstrations of scientific phenomena for the Fell" ******* END TEXT: "metimes it takes a while; in which meantime tools themselves and the whiz-bang effects they produce\n"
9780472029471 - page_57: "START TEXT: \nmust be the focus of scholarly attention. The eighteenth-century electrical machine was a parlor tr" ******* END TEXT: " of technology as social history for a generation. By the time Merton was writing in the 1930s, the\n"
9780472029471 - page_58: "START TEXT: \ncultural climate had changed, and the consolidating and methodological activities of the teacher we" ******* END TEXT: "e, I suspect it will be again.\nEventually, digital humanities must make arguments. It has to answer\n"
9780472029471 - page_59: "START TEXT: \nquestions. But yet? Like eighteenth-century natural philosophers confronted with a deluge of strang" ******* END TEXT: "“Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth Century England,” Osiris 4 (January 1938): 360–632.\n"
9780472029471 - page_60: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_61: "START TEXT: \nHacking Teaching\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nHacking Teaching\n"
9780472029471 - page_62: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_63: "START TEXT: \nDear Students\nGideon Burton\nDear students:\nI'm about to say something a college professor shouldn't" ******* END TEXT: "ntiers of opportunity have been opened for you through digital means that would make Cortés weep at\n"
9780472029471 - page_64: "START TEXT: \nhow comparatively little spoil he carted off from the Aztecs. Each of you can reach across the plan" ******* END TEXT: "ctivities that a resume will be redundant. The time will come when a college degree will be suspect\n"
9780472029471 - page_65: "START TEXT: \nif not complemented by an admirable online record—and I'm not talking about transcripts. Your trans" ******* END TEXT: "college campus—and it is becoming so for your future employers.\nSincerely,\nA concerned professor\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_66: "START TEXT: \nLectures Are Bullshit\nJeff Jarvis\nThe following is an excerpt from Jeff Jarvis's talk at TEDxNYED, " ******* END TEXT: "ion with Bob Kerrey at the New School. He asked what he could do to compete with brilliant lectures\n"
9780472029471 - page_67: "START TEXT: \nnow online at MIT. I said don't complete, complement. I imagined a virtual Oxford based on a system" ******* END TEXT: "ll the mistakes and corrections we make and feed that back to us in the miraculous, “Did you mean?”\n"
9780472029471 - page_68: "START TEXT: \n“In the real world,” he said, “the tests are all open book, and your success is inexorably determin" ******* END TEXT: "r expression of our thinking and capability? The school becomes not a factory, but an incubator.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_69: "START TEXT: \nFrom Knowledgeable to Knowledge-able\nMichael Wesch\nMost university classrooms have gone through a m" ******* END TEXT: "l information is also qualitatively different than information in other forms. It has the potential\n"
9780472029471 - page_70: "START TEXT: \nto be created, managed, read, critiqued, and organized very differently than information on paper, " ******* END TEXT: "t authority and follow along.\nThis is a message that very few faculty could agree with, and in fact\n"
9780472029471 - page_71: "START TEXT: \nsome may use the room to launch spirited attacks against it. But the content of such talks is overs" ******* END TEXT: " 10,000 hours of video are uploaded to the web every day. In the past six months, more material has\n"
9780472029471 - page_72: "START TEXT: \nbeen uploaded to YouTube than all of the content ever aired on major network television. While such" ******* END TEXT: "icance in their education. Nothing good will come of these technologies if we do not first confront\n"
9780472029471 - page_73: "START TEXT: \nthe crisis of significance and bring relevance back into education. In some ways, these technologie" ******* END TEXT: " what psychologist Thomas Szasz referred to in The Second Sin as “an injury to one's self-esteem.”5\n"
9780472029471 - page_74: "START TEXT: \nTo illustrate what I mean by subjectivities over subjects, I have created a list of subjectivities " ******* END TEXT: " and use the wiki to work together to create the “rules” for our simulation. They face the daunting\n"
9780472029471 - page_75: "START TEXT: \ntask of creating a way to simulate colonization, revolution, the emergence of a global economy, war" ******* END TEXT: "zing content instead of exercising a new perspective in the pursuit of real and relevant questions.\n"
9780472029471 - page_76: "START TEXT: \nOf course, multiple-choice questions are an easy target for criticism, but even more sophisticated " ******* END TEXT: "ust-do/.\n2. Marshall McLuhan and Quentin Fiore, The Medium Is the Massage (New York: Bantam, 1967).\n"
9780472029471 - page_77: "START TEXT: \n3. Clay Shirky, “Ontology Is Overrated—Categories, Links, and Tags,” http://www.shirky.com/writings" ******* END TEXT: "demic Commons, January 7, 2009, http://www.academiccommons.org/commons/essay/introduction-issue.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_78: "START TEXT: \nVoices\nCLASSROOM ENGAGEMENT\nMills Kelly, David Doria, Rey Junco\nSometimes it seems to me that whene" ******* END TEXT: ", but also can demonstrate that his training has resulted in him being an excellent pilot. However,\n"
9780472029471 - page_79: "START TEXT: \nfor arguably the most important job—educating the next generation—no one blinks an eye at the zero " ******* END TEXT: "agement demands are low (possibly near zero). Can we blame them for being disengaged?\n—REY JUNCO\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_80: "START TEXT: \nDigital Literacy and the Undergraduate Curriculum\nJeff McClurken, Jeremy Boggs, Adrianne Wadewitz, " ******* END TEXT: " discussions related to this notion of enabling students to take control of their digital identity.\n"
9780472029471 - page_81: "START TEXT: \nIncreasingly, I have become convinced that a key, but often overlooked, aspect of digital literacy " ******* END TEXT: "the class or out, should think of themselves as a role model for how those technologies can be used\n"
9780472029471 - page_82: "START TEXT: \nfor responsible, beneficial goals. One way I do this is to be completely transparent with students " ******* END TEXT: "cle, and try as hard as they can to ensure their article isn't vandalized or deleted, and encourage\n"
9780472029471 - page_83: "START TEXT: \nother users to contribute to the article. Learning these things requires a lot of my time for tech " ******* END TEXT: " into a blog post, goes a long way to get students vested in the assignments, and class as a whole.\n"
9780472029471 - page_84: "START TEXT: \nResults\nAll of these roles help me accomplish one of my goals in class: help my students become mor" ******* END TEXT: "ns regarding other online sources such as blogs and other self-published websites. The deeper, more\n"
9780472029471 - page_85: "START TEXT: \ninteresting conversations we want to foster with our students are about how, and by whom, knowledge" ******* END TEXT: "back and reevaluate their sources, find better ones, and try again. Even with plagiarism, there was\n"
9780472029471 - page_86: "START TEXT: \nno longer a need to make a fuss, because at no time were they handing in what purported to be a fin" ******* END TEXT: " (March 2010), http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2830/2476.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nWhat's Wrong with Writing Essays\nA CONVERSATION\nMark Sample and Kelly Schrum\nWhat's Wrong with Writ" ******* END TEXT: "s? Why not images? Why not sound? Why not objects? The word text, after all, derives from the Latin\n"
9780472029471 - page_88: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472029471 - page_89: "START TEXT: \ntextus, meaning that which is woven, strands of different material intertwined together. Let the wa" ******* END TEXT: "ry with 5 Photos for Educators.”1 One student told a tale of two goldfish bowls entitled An Escape.\n"
9780472029471 - page_90: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_91: "START TEXT: \n\nThe fish leaves a crowded fishbowl to explore a solitary life. After swimming alone, though, the f" ******* END TEXT: "p, choosing companionship over solitude.\nBut this is what happens when the pictures are rearranged.\n"
9780472029471 - page_92: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_93: "START TEXT: \n\nThe images tell a very different story.\nWe experimented with this in class, arranging and rearrang" ******* END TEXT: " visually. As simple as it was, it started the process of shifting their thinking from a text-based\n"
9780472029471 - page_94: "START TEXT: \nworld to one in which images tell stories and communicate meaning. This was one step of many on the" ******* END TEXT: "ves, but also to consider the constructed nature of meaning and the process of scholarly discourse.\n"
9780472029471 - page_95: "START TEXT: \n\nDST challenged students to think in new ways, to ask new questions, and to interrogate the sources" ******* END TEXT: " shortcomings, investigated alternative modes of communicating and conveying information—especially\n"
9780472029471 - page_96: "START TEXT: \nemerging best practices in the video blogging (vlogging) community—and encouraged viewers to think " ******* END TEXT: "en-minute digital stories focused on historical research or on teaching and learning at the college\n"
9780472029471 - page_97: "START TEXT: \nlevel challenged students to think in new ways, to question not only the sources they used, but how" ******* END TEXT: " You!,” http://vimeo.com/11424032.\n5. Mark Bergman, “Copyright Vlog,” http://vimeo.com/12140910.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_98: "START TEXT: \nAssessment versus Innovation\nCathy Davidson\nMost of us think that the current emphasis on assessmen" ******* END TEXT: "pend the year working hard—we all do—to improve how we work together as a collaborative team, I can\n"
9780472029471 - page_99: "START TEXT: \nthink of nothing more harmful to what we accomplish together than saying Person 1 is better than Pe" ******* END TEXT: "ent. The tragedy is that, in many cases, we have reached a binary: assessment versus innovation.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_100: "START TEXT: \nA Personal Cyberinfrastructure\nGardner Campbell\nCyberinfrastructure is something more specific than" ******* END TEXT: "asses, to participating in online discussion, to seeing grades mere seconds after they were posted.\n"
9780472029471 - page_101: "START TEXT: \nThis answer seemed to be the way forward into a world of easy-to-use affordances that would empower" ******* END TEXT: "he first year, in a set of lab seminars facilitated by instructional technologists, librarians, and\n"
9780472029471 - page_102: "START TEXT: \nfaculty advisors from across the curriculum, students would build out their digital presences in an" ******* END TEXT: "on these aids, the freedom to explore and create is the last thing on their minds, so deeply has it\n"
9780472029471 - page_103: "START TEXT: \nbeen discouraged. Many students simply want to know what their professors want and how to give that" ******* END TEXT: "About Personal Learning Environments,” 2009, http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ELI7049.pdf.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_104: "START TEXT: \nVoices\nLEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS\nMatt Gold and Jim Groom\nThe problem with learning management sys" ******* END TEXT: "ing fears about student safety along with a promise of a centralized convenience and peace of mind.\n"
9780472029471 - page_105: "START TEXT: \nSo, like the artists that moved into SoHo and the Lower East Side of New York City in the 1960s and" ******* END TEXT: " all, of the original spaces that made them interesting and compelling to begin with.\n—JIM GROOM\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_106: "START TEXT: \nHacking the Dissertation\nAnastasia Salter\nWhen I teach, I'm constantly asking my students to work i" ******* END TEXT: "ase for academic dissertations encourages work to be put into stasis: the ProQuest UMI Dissertation\n"
9780472029471 - page_107: "START TEXT: \ndatabase now has an open-access model for digital publication, but the work once archived sits as a" ******* END TEXT: "ties go a step beyond the social networks we now have as graduate students (like Gradshare and Grad\n"
9780472029471 - page_108: "START TEXT: \nCafe) and become spaces that encourage continual revision, collaboration, and extension.7 Embracing" ******* END TEXT: "uate school Admission, advice, discussions, help and information, http://forum.thegradcafe.com/.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_109: "START TEXT: \nHow to Read a Book in One Hour\nLarry Cebula\nAs children, we are taught that reading is always linea" ******* END TEXT: "d read that. The conclusion will reinforce the thesis and have some more quotable material. In your\n"
9780472029471 - page_110: "START TEXT: \nnotes, write down one or two direct quotes suitable for using in a review or literature review, sho" ******* END TEXT: "essor that you read the assignment in an hour. Not even if that professor is me. I'll flunk you.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_111: "START TEXT: \nHacking Institutions\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nHacking Institutions\n"
9780472029471 - page_112: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nThe Absent Presence\nA CONVERSATION\nBrian Croxall and David Parry\nBrian Croxall didn't have enough m" ******* END TEXT: "year's MLA. I know that we as a profession are increasingly aware of the less than ideal conditions\n"
9780472029471 - page_114: "START TEXT: \nunder which contingent faculty members—and graduate students—labor while providing more than half o" ******* END TEXT: "at they had been in 2007.2\nLanding a job in the professoriate has been difficult for well more than\n"
9780472029471 - page_115: "START TEXT: \nthis decade, but the recent economic crisis has necessitated—or allowed, if we're feeling cynical—a" ******* END TEXT: "—who are, again, contingent faculty—cannot attend the MLA, or any other conference, it results in a\n"
9780472029471 - page_116: "START TEXT: \nfaculty that cannot advance; that does not, in other words, appear to be doing the things that woul" ******* END TEXT: "of the convention.\nIn part, Brian's story is a story of the rise of social media and its influence.\n"
9780472029471 - page_117: "START TEXT: \nIf you imagined asking all of the MLA attendees, not just the social-media enabled ones, what paper" ******* END TEXT: "nities/social-networking/academic world. More than a lot of folks, and deservedly so. It isn't that\n"
9780472029471 - page_118: "START TEXT: \nhe just “plays” with all this social media, he actually contributes to the community of scholars wh" ******* END TEXT: ", and as Amanda French and Bitch Ph.D. remark, did it with a real-time spin that enhanced the level\n"
9780472029471 - page_119: "START TEXT: \nof content and delivery. The real influence should be measured by how many people read his paper wh" ******* END TEXT: "he Chronicle. But if there's one thing that I learned in graduate school, it's that every narrative\n"
9780472029471 - page_120: "START TEXT: \ncan—and probably should, if you're looking to get published—get deconstructed. On reflection, it se" ******* END TEXT: " outside the field who attend the virtual MLA; it really can be anyone. Curious onlookers who might\n"
9780472029471 - page_121: "START TEXT: \nwant to know what exactly it is that literature professors do can suddenly find out; it is that gro" ******* END TEXT: "ver-increasing portion of today's faculty members. While I would certainly like to have more secure\n"
9780472029471 - page_122: "START TEXT: \nemployment, the conversion of just one person from contingent faculty to the tenure track will not " ******* END TEXT: ",” New York Times, December 18, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/18/education/18professor.html.\n"
9780472029471 - page_123: "START TEXT: \n3. Jennifer Howard, “Missing in Action at the MLA: Today's Teachers of Today's Students,” Chronicle" ******* END TEXT: ", “Auld Lang Syne,” December 29, 2009, http://bitchphd.blogspot.com/2009/12/auld-lang-syne.html.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_124: "START TEXT: \nUninvited Guests\nTWITTER AT INVITATION-ONLY EVENTS\nBethany Nowviskie\nInvitation-only gatherings are" ******* END TEXT: "l-culture expert/digital historian/etc.—in the room. And some moderators will make desired personae\n"
9780472029471 - page_125: "START TEXT: \nexplicit. (I use that word deliberately, because this kind of representation is necessarily masquer" ******* END TEXT: "for discussions of alternative academic careers), and some mark Twitter messages as relevant to the\n"
9780472029471 - page_126: "START TEXT: \ndiscussion at a conference or other event.1 Twitter has played an important and occasionally transf" ******* END TEXT: "he money and the focus, but sometimes it's even because they couldn't manage to book a larger room.\n"
9780472029471 - page_127: "START TEXT: \nAnd of course my lengthy disquisition on Twitter was meant to level the playing field for those sen" ******* END TEXT: "itter use is exclusionary. At the outset of a closed conference, some people may have access to it,\n"
9780472029471 - page_128: "START TEXT: \nand others may not. I have figured Twitter as a democratizing medium; however, participation in it " ******* END TEXT: "me as a wish for control. I am fairly unsympathetic to an ownership frustration I have heard from a\n"
9780472029471 - page_129: "START TEXT: \nsmall number of scholars, manifesting as a desire that ideas they express at conferences—even well " ******* END TEXT: " it's probably because you are known to be on Twitter and presumed to be as able to defend yourself\n"
9780472029471 - page_130: "START TEXT: \nthere as elsewhere. In other words, I have heard some anxiety expressed about personal attack, but—" ******* END TEXT: "#uvashape) is to be published by Rice University Press. Also, the Library of Congress has announced\n"
9780472029471 - page_131: "START TEXT: \nan initiative to archive the entire Twitter corpus—an amazing resource for future scholars. Library" ******* END TEXT: "d, November 24, 2009, http://www.zephoria.org/thoughts/archives/2009/11/24/spectacle_at_we.html.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_132: "START TEXT: \nUnconferences\nEthan Watrall, James Calder, Jeremy Boggs\nNotes on Organizing an Unconference\n—Ethan " ******* END TEXT: "ns—not the least of all being part of the tenure and promotion machine. However, unconferences fill\n"
9780472029471 - page_133: "START TEXT: \nan extremely important niche in the scholarly ecosystem. It is worth noting that several traditiona" ******* END TEXT: "a venue with a variety of room types and sizes is great. If all you can manage are classrooms—which\n"
9780472029471 - page_134: "START TEXT: \nmight be the case if your unconference is taking place on a university campus—try to to get rooms w" ******* END TEXT: "tendees drive an unconference. You need to do everything you can to facilitate these conversations.\n"
9780472029471 - page_135: "START TEXT: \nGetting the Most Out of an Unconference\n—James Calder\nOver the past couple of years, I have been fo" ******* END TEXT: "powerful way.\nWhat to Propose?\nAnother common question for prospective unconference participants is\n"
9780472029471 - page_136: "START TEXT: \nwhat to propose. The most important thing I learned about unconference proposals, as both a present" ******* END TEXT: "mething thoughtful, and what that thoughtful thing is. Discovery happens through group cooperation.\n"
9780472029471 - page_137: "START TEXT: \nInsight and knowledge are not guarded for the next publication; they're shared openly, with hopes t" ******* END TEXT: "our colleagues do better, and to make our experiences at conferences richer and more productive.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_138: "START TEXT: \nVoices\nTWITTER AT CONFERENCES\nKathleen Fitzpatrick, Jason B. Jones, Matthew G. Kirschenbaum, Amanda" ******* END TEXT: "t just one way of participating in a conference, and so you should feel empowered to make the event\n"
9780472029471 - page_139: "START TEXT: \nas meaningful/productive for you as possible, without worrying too much about whether you're “doing" ******* END TEXT: "servs—yes, still—and, better, the much more public blogosphere and Twittersphere.\n—AMANDA FRENCH\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_140: "START TEXT: \nThe Entropic Library\nAndrew Ashton\nIn the United States, over the past century, the practice of hea" ******* END TEXT: "awareness of the unique role of academic and research libraries and their contributions to society;\n"
9780472029471 - page_141: "START TEXT: \nIncrease visibility and support for academic and research libraries and librarians; help librarians" ******* END TEXT: "mage we might imagine the cloistered stacks, the hours spent ingesting the wisdom in the books, and\n"
9780472029471 - page_142: "START TEXT: \nthe boundless potential in the unread volumes. It is a powerful image, and it is made more poignant" ******* END TEXT: "/advocacy/advleg/publicawareness/campaign@yourlibrary/prtools/academicresearch/academicresearch.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_143: "START TEXT: \nThe Wrong Business for Libraries\nChristine Madsen\nOur academic libraries have been in the wrong bus" ******* END TEXT: " years, Google has come much closer to the creation of a universal library than our libraries have.\n"
9780472029471 - page_144: "START TEXT: \nThe problem is, of course, that we have spent nearly 150 years crafting this idea that our academic" ******* END TEXT: " to information, it is to provide a space—whether literal or virtual—for the support of all aspects\n"
9780472029471 - page_145: "START TEXT: \nof the scholarship process, with information provision being just one of these services. The inform" ******* END TEXT: "fm.\n4. S. R. Ranganathan, Five Laws of Library Science, 2nd ed. (Bombay: Asia Pub. House, 1963).\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_146: "START TEXT: \nReimagining Academic Archives\nChristopher J. Prom\n‘Does the past exist concretely, in space? Is the" ******* END TEXT: "ion, even if we do not accept the premises of dystopian predictions that civilization will collapse\n"
9780472029471 - page_147: "START TEXT: \nafter the oil runs out, or a catastrophe besets humanity. Nevertheless, records become more fragile" ******* END TEXT: "tanner who sold him his vellum, and the cartographer who sold him the maps he carefully annotated.2\n"
9780472029471 - page_148: "START TEXT: \nOf course, each of the businesses Pepys patronized has long since passed gently into the night. We " ******* END TEXT: "t be understood without extensive recourse to other online materials, such as blog posts or videos.\n"
9780472029471 - page_149: "START TEXT: \nUsing their professional principles of provenance, sanctity of original order, collective appraisal" ******* END TEXT: "European Conference on Digital Archiving, http://www.vsa-aas.org/de/aktuell/eca-2010/2010-4-29/.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_150: "START TEXT: \nInterdisciplinary Centers and Spaces\nStephen Ramsay and Adam Turner\nCenters of Attention\n—Stephen R" ******* END TEXT: "he faintest idea how to draw?\nThat this turned into one of the most vibrant centers of intellectual\n"
9780472029471 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nactivity in North America—a hugely influential research group that would be widely imitated by such" ******* END TEXT: "seful or a question remains interesting? Such entities would be born like centers—born with all the\n"
9780472029471 - page_152: "START TEXT: \nexcitement and possibility of not knowing what you're doing—of having to learn from each other what" ******* END TEXT: "MLab, the digital humanities and new-media lab at Umea University in Sweden, serves as an excellent\n"
9780472029471 - page_153: "START TEXT: \nestablished example—exists not to institute interaction, but to provide a creative environment for " ******* END TEXT: "arranging them, adding to them, and then taping, soldering, and gluing them back together again.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_154: "START TEXT: \nTake an Elective\nSharon Leon\nTasked with establishing a university for Catholics in Ireland in the " ******* END TEXT: "cialized practitioners appeared to have significant benefits for both the students and the faculty.\n"
9780472029471 - page_155: "START TEXT: \nIf we are to consider how we might change the practices of the academy to help us begin to move pas" ******* END TEXT: "ity,” Newman Reader, September 2001, http://www.newmanreader.org/works/idea/index.html, 100–101.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nVoices\nINTERDISCIPLINARITY\nEthan Watrall, Kathleen Fitzpatrick, David Parry\nMany institutions pride" ******* END TEXT: "ap and intermingling, rather than producing territorial invasion and defense.\n—KATHLEEN FITZPATRICK\n"
9780472029471 - page_157: "START TEXT: \nIf what the digital does is just take the old disciplines and make them digital, leaving disciplina" ******* END TEXT: " just the content or practice of the disciplines, but the very idea of disciplinarity.\n—DAVID PARRY\n"
9780472029471 - page_158: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_159: "START TEXT: \nCautions\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nCautions\n"
9780472029471 - page_160: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_161: "START TEXT: \nAn Open Letter to the Forces of Change\nJennifer Howard\nTo: The forces of change\nFrom: J. Howard\nSo " ******* END TEXT: "tion—or those who feel excluded from the conversation—be tempted to bring out the tumbrels for you?\n"
9780472029471 - page_162: "START TEXT: \n3) Have you looked for friends in the enemy camp lately? Or: maybe you will find allies where you d" ******* END TEXT: "iscover. It may not be at all what you expect. It might be exactly what you expect. Let me know.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_163: "START TEXT: \nThe Trouble with Digital Culture\nTim Carmody\nOne of the problems with studying any medium is that i" ******* END TEXT: "de into practice, and the protocols, consoles, and infrastructure that govern and enable their use.\n"
9780472029471 - page_164: "START TEXT: \nThis is important, because digital humanists' efforts to “hack the academy” most often turn out not" ******* END TEXT: "ct of digital technology—whether old or new, establishment or counterestablishment—plays a part.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029471 - page_165: "START TEXT: \nContributors\nAndrew Ashton is the Director of Digital Technologies at Brown University Library.\nJon" ******* END TEXT: " Center for History and New Media and an Associate Professor of History at George Mason University.\n"
9780472029471 - page_166: "START TEXT: \nBrian Croxall is the Digital Humanities Strategist in the Robert W. Woodruff Library and Lecturer o" ******* END TEXT: "or of Folklore in the Department of Folklore and Ethnomusicology at Indiana University Bloomington.\n"
9780472029471 - page_167: "START TEXT: \nJeff Jams is an Associate Professor and Director of the Tow-Knight Center for Entrepreneurial Journ" ******* END TEXT: "s an Assistant Professor of Emerging Media and Communications at the University of Texas at Dallas.\n"
9780472029471 - page_168: "START TEXT: \nChristopher J. Prom is the Assistant University Archivist and Associate Professor of Library Admini" ******* END TEXT: "ty.\nMichael Wesch is an Associate Professor of Cultural Anthropology at Kansas State University.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nAbout the Web Version\nA freely accessible version of this book, including the original essay ideas," ******* END TEXT: "ture of the Internet, all external links have been cited in the notes to assist future researchers.\n"
9780472029914 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \nAcknowledgments\nThis volume of essays would not have been possible without the numerous contributor" ******* END TEXT: " Rosales Castañeda, Lisa Rosner, Katherine Rowe, Paul Rowland, Allison Ruda, Brian Sarnacki, Martha\n"
9780472029914 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \nSaxton, Frank Schloeffel, Julia Schreiner, Steven Schwinghamer, Amanda Seligman, Jen Seltz, Ryan Sh" ******* END TEXT: "ckson, Christopher Dreyer, Alexa Ducsay, Andrea Olson, Jill Butler Wilson, and their colleagues.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_21: "START TEXT: \nIs (Digital) History More than an Argument about the Past?\nSherman Dorn\nDigital history is one more" ******* END TEXT: "y is in some ways a new version of the simulation role playing that teachers have used for decades.\n"
9780472029914 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nYet there are new opportunities and challenges that did not exist several decades ago. One is the a" ******* END TEXT: "rmats over electronic books, the early production of digital history thus emphasized infrastructure\n"
9780472029914 - page_23: "START TEXT: \nover electronic equivalents of monographs. This first-mover advantage for new formats existed even " ******* END TEXT: "storical scholarship. (See additional images for this essay at http://WritingHistory.trincoll.edu.)\n"
9780472029914 - page_24: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_25: "START TEXT: \nDiverse Digital History\nDigital history projects have a broad range of quality and scope. This sect" ******* END TEXT: "adata and can often be reached either as part of an organized presentation or through search tools.\n"
9780472029914 - page_26: "START TEXT: \nThe Papers of George Washington is a 43-year-old editing project that has produced more than 50 vol" ******* END TEXT: "ir breadth of purpose and the varied extent to which individual projects make an explicit argument,\n"
9780472029914 - page_27: "START TEXT: \nranging from what one might call demonstrative argumentation (Europe, Interrupted and the individua" ******* END TEXT: "The fields at the margins of history departments provide a partial solution, as academic historians\n"
9780472029914 - page_28: "START TEXT: \nin the post–World War II era have recognized the value of nonargument activities and functions. Pub" ******* END TEXT: "ge Washington, it is clear that while the editing quality is the same for the (identical) hard copy\n"
9780472029914 - page_29: "START TEXT: \nand online main text, the public digital version is missing critical traits of annotation that hist" ******* END TEXT: "m argumentation that has made self-publishing of short commentary accessible to individual scholars\n"
9780472029914 - page_30: "START TEXT: \nfor more than a decade, but long-form or multimedia arguments have generally required specialized w" ******* END TEXT: "enior scholars. But if assistant professors continue to work on a software package they contributed\n"
9780472029914 - page_31: "START TEXT: \nto as graduate students, that collaboration risks their careers, even if the software is used exten" ******* END TEXT: "s in the United States and websites in English, but the argument is more general: we should see the\n"
9780472029914 - page_32: "START TEXT: \ndiversity of successful digital projects everywhere as a way to talk about historical scholarship.\n" ******* END TEXT: "nd Roy Rosenzweig, Digital History (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), chap. 7.\n"
9780472029914 - page_33: "START TEXT: \n14. Edward L. Ayers, In the Presence of Mine Enemies (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003).\n15. Michael O'" ******* END TEXT: "tative Information, 2nd ed. (Cheshire, CT: Graphics, 2001), 40–41. See also, more generally, Daniel\n"
9780472029914 - page_34: "START TEXT: \nRosenberg and Anthony Grafton, Cartographies of Time (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2010" ******* END TEXT: "James E. Porter, “Intertextuality and the Discourse Community,” Rhetoric Review 5 (1986): 34–47.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_35: "START TEXT: \nPasts in a Digital Age\nStefan Tanaka\n“Digital remembering erodes time.”\n—Viktor Mayer-Schönberger1\n" ******* END TEXT: " have to prevent their past that might possibly haunt their future.4 Indeed, we need to question to\n"
9780472029914 - page_36: "START TEXT: \nwhat extent the past is past and whether the distinction of past and present has ever been clear. E" ******* END TEXT: "age indicates that sound bites, excerpts distanced from context, are not new to the electronic age.\n"
9780472029914 - page_37: "START TEXT: \nMore important, this phrase that stands for the objectivity of history was only the last part of a " ******* END TEXT: "a that had to be defined, collected, and organized. Institutions—libraries, archives, universities,\n"
9780472029914 - page_38: "START TEXT: \nand publishers—were reordered and created to manage this new knowledge.14 The practitioner of this " ******* END TEXT: "ructure is still apposite. If modernity is indeed moving from some version of solid to liquid, then\n"
9780472029914 - page_39: "START TEXT: \nby its very connection to institutions and knowledge systems, the modern literary system is also sh" ******* END TEXT: "ties for reconsidering and reformulating the practice and value of history to contemporary society.\n"
9780472029914 - page_40: "START TEXT: \nOne way that I see history benefiting from the intervention of digital media is through an understa" ******* END TEXT: "e went with an unknown, old, white-haired man who said that he would show her interesting places.\n \n"
9780472029914 - page_41: "START TEXT: \nKidnapping, disappearance, running away might explain why Chiyo disappeared. Yet the notion that sh" ******* END TEXT: "ving that goal, and textuality becomes the establishment of a history (building on the lessons from\n"
9780472029914 - page_42: "START TEXT: \nRanke) that synchronizes a Japanese history into the teleology of world history at that time. It is" ******* END TEXT: "ist. To return to my discussion of the non-West as the “not yet,” Hölscher's new annalistic history\n"
9780472029914 - page_43: "START TEXT: \nenables us to write a much more layered history that sees the variability of process (such as moder" ******* END TEXT: " negotiations and decisions that lead to the structures, ideas, and social forms of our narratives.\n"
9780472029914 - page_44: "START TEXT: \nConstantin Fasolt quotes a rather casual but provocative statement by Thomas Kuhn: “In history, mor" ******* END TEXT: "010.\n5. Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Times: Living in an Age of Uncertainty (Cambridge: Polity, 2007), 1.\n"
9780472029914 - page_45: "START TEXT: \n6. See, for example, works in media archaeology, such as Lisa Gitelman and Geoffrey B. Pingree, eds" ******* END TEXT: "nce, Culture, and Time, trans. Roxanne Lapidus (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995), 57.\n"
9780472029914 - page_46: "START TEXT: \n21. George Simmel, The Philosophy of Money, ed. David Frisby, trans. Tom Bottomore and David Frisby" ******* END TEXT: "d the Practical Past,” Storia Della Storiografia 61 (2012): 127–34.\n32. Bauman, Liquid Times, 4.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_49: "START TEXT: \n“I Nevertheless Am a Historian”\nDigital Historical Practice and Malpractice around Black Confederat" ******* END TEXT: "ack Confederate soldiers to explore how digital technologies are changing who researches and writes\n"
9780472029914 - page_50: "START TEXT: \nhistory—as well as what authorial roles scholars are playing in the fuzzy edges of historical pract" ******* END TEXT: "storians have subscribed to the narrative that there were thousands of black Confederate soldiers.6\n"
9780472029914 - page_51: "START TEXT: \n\nThe rapid spread of black Confederate soldier narratives is a function not only of proponents' app" ******* END TEXT: "istorians and others who attempt to refute the myth. (Alas, the 21st-century footprint is no longer\n"
9780472029914 - page_52: "START TEXT: \nmerely digital; a textbook distributed to Virginia students in September 2010 stated that “thousand" ******* END TEXT: "ht from them to a universal assertion, this proves all Confederate cooks were considered soldiers….\n"
9780472029914 - page_53: "START TEXT: \nI took 20 Confederate regiments more or less at random, and went through their rosters as listed in" ******* END TEXT: "te Soldiers site to distinguish between soldiers and slaves on the front line. Levin highlights the\n"
9780472029914 - page_54: "START TEXT: \nsite's utter lack of realistic context for the experience of African Americans laboring on behalf o" ******* END TEXT: "ically correct media.”20 The implication is that Edgerton's and others' websites provide a valuable\n"
9780472029914 - page_55: "START TEXT: \npublic service in highlighting primary source documents and interpreting them for an Internet audie" ******* END TEXT: "ave a grasp of the original source material that you present. However, the other blogger and I have\n"
9780472029914 - page_56: "START TEXT: \nhistory degrees which is not the be-all-to-end-all on the situation, but it does help us when we ar" ******* END TEXT: "hat crowdsourcing history via the “wisdom of the crowds” fails because “the crowds are not wise.”30\n"
9780472029914 - page_57: "START TEXT: \nMy outlook on how the public “does history” online is less cataclysmic than Poe's. I have seen enth" ******* END TEXT: "iances of, in this example, nineteenth-century black men, enslaved or free, literate or illiterate,\n"
9780472029914 - page_58: "START TEXT: \nthroughout the United States. Brooks Simpson emphasizes the importance of sharing not only the quot" ******* END TEXT: "ks, etc. but the fact is they were not there willingly, and to fight for the Confederate cause.37\n \n"
9780472029914 - page_59: "START TEXT: \n\nAs these examples make clear, digital technologies allow a broader spectrum of people to research " ******* END TEXT: "g an e-book on how to interpret primary sources from a particular era and geographic region. Others\n"
9780472029914 - page_60: "START TEXT: \nwill relish a more assertive or even combative role as debunkers of myths on forums or Wikipedia.\n\n" ******* END TEXT: " era proved unsuccessful.\n3. Edward A. Bardill, “Black Confederate Soldiers Overlooked during Black\n"
9780472029914 - page_61: "START TEXT: \nHistory Month,” Knoxville News-Sentinel, 27 February 2005, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news" ******* END TEXT: "t Fort Mahone],” photo by Thomas C. Roche, 3 April 1865, Selected Civil War Photographs, 1861–1865,\n"
9780472029914 - page_62: "START TEXT: \nLibrary of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/cwp2003000602/PP/; David Lowe and Philip Shim" ******* END TEXT: "pt/richardscenter/2011/05/what-will-become-of-the-black-confederate-controversy---a-follow-up.html.\n"
9780472029914 - page_63: "START TEXT: \n29. Marshall Poe, “Fighting Bad History with Good; or, Why Historians Must Get on the Web Now,” His" ******* END TEXT: "afrigeneas.com/forum-militaryarchive/index.cgi/md/read/id/1553/sbj/aa-confederate-solider-info/.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_64: "START TEXT: \nThe Historian's Craft, Popular Memory, and Wikipedia\nRobert S. Wolff\nHow has the digital revolution" ******* END TEXT: "hey confront the digital age.\nUnderlying much of the trepidation with digital-first scholarship may\n"
9780472029914 - page_65: "START TEXT: \nbe the realization that on the web, professional historians are not the sole arbiters of what const" ******* END TEXT: "ten treated as a sacred set of potentially absolute meanings and stories, possessed as the heritage\n"
9780472029914 - page_66: "START TEXT: \nor identity of a community. Memory is often owned; history, interpreted. Memory is passed down thro" ******* END TEXT: "d context. (See the images in the web version of this essay at http://WritingHistory.trincoll.edu.)\n"
9780472029914 - page_67: "START TEXT: \n\nWikipedia currently provides a plausible, if somewhat rambling, essay on the origins of the Americ" ******* END TEXT: "o block the expansion of slavery into the western territories. Southern slave owners held that such\n"
9780472029914 - page_68: "START TEXT: \na restriction on slavery would violate the principle of states' rights.”13 On this essential point," ******* END TEXT: "ism should be removed from the article is patently absurd. It would leave us with no way to address\n"
9780472029914 - page_69: "START TEXT: \nhow white people came to believe that Africans should be kept in bondage. That's why the relationsh" ******* END TEXT: " simply an imperfect version of scholarly authority. In other words, although it is tempting to see\n"
9780472029914 - page_70: "START TEXT: \nWikipedia as a space in which the expertise of professional historians is not yet (or not always) r" ******* END TEXT: "e Shadow, from the OACW.27\nIf, according to Roy Rosenzweig and David Thelen, “millions of Americans\n"
9780472029914 - page_71: "START TEXT: \nregularly document, preserve, research, narrate, discuss, and study the past,” it should not be sur" ******* END TEXT: " Introduction: Burritos, Browsers, and Books (Draft).” Dan Cohen's Digital Humanities Blog, 26 July\n"
9780472029914 - page_72: "START TEXT: \n2011, http://www.dancohen.org/2011/07/26/the-ivory-tower-and-the-open-web-introduction-burritos-bro" ******* END TEXT: "ost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South, 1865–1913 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).\n"
9780472029914 - page_73: "START TEXT: \n12. OACW, 16:39, 12 May 2004, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origins_of_the_American_Civ" ******* END TEXT: "the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 24.\n"
9780472029914 - page_74: "START TEXT: \n29. “Wikipedia article traffic statistics,” Wikipedia, http://stats.grok.se/en/201104/FortSumter; C" ******* END TEXT: " Wikiblitz: A Wikipedia Editing Assignment in a First-Year Undergraduate Class,” in this volume.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_75: "START TEXT: \nThe Wikiblitz\nA Wikipedia Editing Assignment in a First-Year Undergraduate Class\nShawn Graham\nIn th" ******* END TEXT: " higher ranking. In this way, Wikipedia and Google feed one another, and the loop is strengthened.3\n"
9780472029914 - page_76: "START TEXT: \nWe as historians need to teach our students to understand how all this works and how it creates his" ******* END TEXT: "peration and competition.9 Before the Wikiblitz, we spent two sessions looking at crowdsourcing and\n"
9780472029914 - page_77: "START TEXT: \nways that small changes/additions can add up to substantial revisions.10 We discussed Wikipedia's “" ******* END TEXT: "is essay was by this point self-evident. In hindsight, making that assumption was perhaps an error.\n"
9780472029914 - page_78: "START TEXT: \n\nResistance and Surprise\nI had made it clear to my students that I felt that Wikipedia was a valuab" ******* END TEXT: "erted], mirabile dictu, is why wikis can have so little protective armor and yet be so resistant to\n"
9780472029914 - page_79: "START TEXT: \ndamage. It takes longer to set fire to the building than put it out, it takes longer to graffiti th" ******* END TEXT: "ents to absorb was that Wikipedia articles are “spare” in the sense that they contain no fat. If an\n"
9780472029914 - page_80: "START TEXT: \narticle loses its focus, other users will either delete that fat or remove it to its own wiki page." ******* END TEXT: " of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica on the Project Gutenberg site were uploaded into Wikipedia).26\n"
9780472029914 - page_81: "START TEXT: \nAs we discussed this incident, we surmised that our small class's activities, a concentrated stream" ******* END TEXT: "ge—is actually rather frightening.\n \nI tabulated the content of my students' feedback in table 2.\n \n"
9780472029914 - page_82: "START TEXT: \nTABLE 2. Summary of Student Feedback on Wikiblitz Exercise\n\n\n\nGist of Comment\nNumber of Mentions by" ******* END TEXT: " Archaeology: Digital Media for Learning and Research (http://electricarchaeologist.wordpress.com).\n"
9780472029914 - page_83: "START TEXT: \nNotes\n1. This is a generalized pattern; see, for instance, Bernard Jansen and Amanda Spink, “How Ar" ******* END TEXT: "9. Cf. Melanie Mitchell, Complexity: A Guided Tour (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 215–20.\n"
9780472029914 - page_84: "START TEXT: \n10. A useful source for this was Robert E. Cummings and Matt Barton, eds., Wiki Writing: Collaborat" ******* END TEXT: "drid, Spain, ed. Juan Quemada et al. (New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 2009), 731–40.\n"
9780472029914 - page_85: "START TEXT: \n23. Wikipedia can also serve as a platform for casual games of “racing” to find the shortest paths " ******* END TEXT: "tp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:History_of_Wikipedia_bots.\n27. Udell, “Heavy Metal Umlaut.”\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_86: "START TEXT: \nWikipedia and Women's History\nA Classroom Experience\nMartha Saxton\nIn 2007, I began assigning my wo" ******* END TEXT: "ncyclopedia-like projects: “[P]rofessional norms of interpretation, discourse, and debate cannot be\n"
9780472029914 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nreadily applied and may be unwelcome.”)3 Nevertheless, according to the “School and University Proj" ******* END TEXT: "or quasi-dormant pages, he suggested that they revise immediately. These preparations were helpful,\n"
9780472029914 - page_88: "START TEXT: \nand some editors responded welcomingly, but students also encountered such criticisms as “irrelevan" ******* END TEXT: "om were hostile toward it.\nThus, writing for Wikipedia lets fledgling historians directly engage in\n"
9780472029914 - page_89: "START TEXT: \nthe conflicts and debates over who gets to tell which stories about our past. Writing in the wake o" ******* END TEXT: "women into our acknowledged history. Adding a section that can be easily overlooked and that seems,\n"
9780472029914 - page_90: "START TEXT: \nby its separateness, to be incidental to central events of our past helps to confirm a view of wome" ******* END TEXT: "nd social playing field. For me the article's [previous] editor was the one being “anti-woman.”19\n \n"
9780472029914 - page_91: "START TEXT: \nRepressing women's role in our darker chapters falsely removes them from participation, for better " ******* END TEXT: "e but equal” offers an easy solution but fails to advance the cause of locating women's history—and\n"
9780472029914 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nall minority history—in our national development in all its complexity. Perhaps WikiProject Women's" ******* END TEXT: "ravka Ugresic, Karaoke Culture (Rochester, NY: Open Letter, 2011), 10.\n13. “Jimmy Wales Interview.”\n"
9780472029914 - page_93: "START TEXT: \n14. Robert Wolff, “The Historian's Craft, Popular Memory, and Wikipedia,” in this volume.\n15. All a" ******* END TEXT: "WikiProject_United_States.\n24. Melissa Greenberg, e-mail message to Martha Saxton, August 11, 2011.\n"
9780472029914 - page_94: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_97: "START TEXT: \nToward Teaching the Introductory History Course, Digitally\nThomas Harbison and Luke Waltzer\nIntrodu" ******* END TEXT: "ment and promise to end in a moment. Schedules require quick and steady forward progress whether or\n"
9780472029914 - page_98: "START TEXT: \nnot students have mastered a period's complexity. Faculty members, especially new ones acclimating " ******* END TEXT: "ls, students in introductory history classes are able to engage with history in ever more intensive\n"
9780472029914 - page_99: "START TEXT: \nand dynamic ways. Over the past two decades, the Internet has made it easier to integrate additiona" ******* END TEXT: "uke as a sounding board, adviser, and occasional participant both in class and on the course sites.\n"
9780472029914 - page_100: "START TEXT: \nIn the fall of 2008, Tom taught his first class at Baruch, an introductory U.S. history course. For" ******* END TEXT: "tform expanded the opportunities for a range of student work and created conditions for pedagogical\n"
9780472029914 - page_101: "START TEXT: \nexperimentation that simply were not present in a more traditionally structured introductory course" ******* END TEXT: "ng by which monographic works are produced, interpreted, and synthesized. In this context, students\n"
9780472029914 - page_102: "START TEXT: \nbegan to evaluate their own work as a secondary source. This prepared them to practice modifying th" ******* END TEXT: "pace. Many of the most probing questions and constructive criticisms were launched across sections.\n"
9780472029914 - page_103: "START TEXT: \nThe extra social and physical distance between the students worked as an advantage more often than " ******* END TEXT: "at surround questions of intellectual property in the digital age. Such conversations help students\n"
9780472029914 - page_104: "START TEXT: \nbetter comprehend both the power and ethical implications of researching information on the Interne" ******* END TEXT: "h they can practice distinctive techniques for reading such sources. As they embed images, students\n"
9780472029914 - page_105: "START TEXT: \nconsult online tutorials for analyzing visual evidence (such as those provided on History Matters) " ******* END TEXT: "eview a portfolio of contributions arranged by theme, and the dominant tropes of the course emerge.\n"
9780472029914 - page_106: "START TEXT: \nAs the class brings order to an increasingly complex web of information over the course of the seme" ******* END TEXT: " students practice and reflect on methodology and historiography, as opposed to historical content?\n"
9780472029914 - page_107: "START TEXT: \n• What factors determine whether students should work independently or in groups?\n \nThese pedagogic" ******* END TEXT: "urcing, we intervened immediately with a detailed response, but we otherwise tried to judge student\n"
9780472029914 - page_108: "START TEXT: \ncontributions generally and in the context of the broader conversations in which they were engaged." ******* END TEXT: "thank Mikhail Gershovich, the Bernard L. Schwartz Communication Institute, and the Baruch Computing\n"
9780472029914 - page_109: "START TEXT: \nand Technology Center for their support of Blogs@Baruch. We would also like to thank all those who " ******* END TEXT: " Mike Neary and Joss Winn at the University of Lincoln, http://studentasproducer.lincoln.ac.uk/.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_110: "START TEXT: \nLearning How to Write Analog and Digital History\nAdrea Lawrence\nCreating a robust historical work h" ******* END TEXT: " to develop a course on the histories of education that featured student work in old and new media.\n"
9780472029914 - page_111: "START TEXT: \nDesign of the Course and the History Signature Pedagogy\nIn the fall of 2010 at American University," ******* END TEXT: "f analyzing what they had found. By the time class members presented their digital histories at the\n"
9780472029914 - page_112: "START TEXT: \nend of the semester, the degree of familiarity they had with each other's interests and research af" ******* END TEXT: "ach author's research and/or reporting methodologies, many of which could only be uncovered through\n"
9780472029914 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nan extremely close inferential reading. Students closed their critical reviews with statements abou" ******* END TEXT: "ld be and were knowledge producers and to have students critically examine Wikipedia as a secondary\n"
9780472029914 - page_114: "START TEXT: \nsource that purports to publish descriptive, fact-only material.10 Students in my class had to cond" ******* END TEXT: " this essay was drafted. Though these data are limited and should not be considered representative,\n"
9780472029914 - page_115: "START TEXT: \nthey confirm Rosenzweig's contention that Wikipedia is an important source for people who want to l" ******* END TEXT: "ibuting to Wikipedia became, effectively, a series of self-sustaining, creative intellectual acts.\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_116: "START TEXT: \nThe Digital History Project\nBuilding on students' experiences writing conventional critical reviews" ******* END TEXT: "essay was not terribly appealing to students, particularly when the online environment allowed them\n"
9780472029914 - page_117: "START TEXT: \nto provide a range of primary, multimedia sources to readers, instead of just citations. So student" ******* END TEXT: "ed the Hollywood Made Kids digital history project, also used the Prezi presentation tool to design\n"
9780472029914 - page_118: "START TEXT: \na nonlinear, motion-driven companion time line, titled “Censorship, The Payne Fund Studies and Holl" ******* END TEXT: "ing readers of digital histories and to consult the emerging scholarship of cognitive psychologists\n"
9780472029914 - page_119: "START TEXT: \nand specialists in informatics and literacy. Additionally, the question of the long-term accessibil" ******* END TEXT: "sage (1966),” in Understanding Me: Lectures and Interviews (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003), 76–97.\n"
9780472029914 - page_120: "START TEXT: \n13. WordPress, an open-source web-publishing tool, offers free hosting, at http://www.wordpress.com" ******* END TEXT: ".\n16. “EDU-596 Digital History Presentations,” discussion with Adrea Lawrence, December 9, 2010.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_121: "START TEXT: \nTeaching Wikipedia without Apologies\nAmanda Seligman\nApril 20, 2008: If I can get the technology se" ******* END TEXT: "at are students to do with information they locate only on Wikipedia? Moreover, college instructors\n"
9780472029914 - page_122: "START TEXT: \nhave developed bitter feelings about the ease with which students plagiarize assignments by cutting" ******* END TEXT: " of the major departments where they might find themselves conducting historical research: at UWM's\n"
9780472029914 - page_123: "START TEXT: \nGolda Meir Library, this includes Research and Instructional Support, Archives, Special Collections" ******* END TEXT: "e role of expertise in determining historical significance. The most important problem, he saw, was\n"
9780472029914 - page_124: "START TEXT: \nthat historians earn no professional credit for contributing to Wikipedia, precisely because of its" ******* END TEXT: "to answer a question about whether Wikipedia articles are better or worse than those that appear in\n"
9780472029914 - page_125: "START TEXT: \nspecialty encyclopedias. In writing this paper, you should think about such issues as the interpret" ******* END TEXT: "as my own encyclopedic career unfolded. My first professional publication was an encyclopedia entry\n"
9780472029914 - page_126: "START TEXT: \nabout Canada's Montagnais-Naskapi people.13 Native American study is far afield for me intellectual" ******* END TEXT: "itatively written encyclopedia entry, it is usually very difficult to discern the broader scholarly\n"
9780472029914 - page_127: "START TEXT: \ncontext that might allow a student to envision an alternative argument. Unless the author explicate" ******* END TEXT: " one of our two greatest scholarly contributions (the other being close scrutiny and interpretation\n"
9780472029914 - page_128: "START TEXT: \nof primary sources). We should keep in mind that writing for Wikipedia is making a contribution, no" ******* END TEXT: "06, http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/72347/july-31-2006/the-word---wikiality.\n"
9780472029914 - page_129: "START TEXT: \n2. Correspondence with Louisa A. Burnham, Associate Professor of History, Middlebury College.\n3. Ba" ******* END TEXT: "edu/evolution/initial-proposal/ and http://writinghistory.trincoll.edu/evolution/revised-proposal/.\n"
9780472029914 - page_130: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_133: "START TEXT: \nHistorical Research and the Problem of Categories\nReflections on 10,000 Digital Note Cards\nAnsley T" ******* END TEXT: "al points or areas of interest?\nTo research my dissertation, “Schooling the Metropolis: Educational\n"
9780472029914 - page_134: "START TEXT: \nInequality Made and Remade, Nashville, Tennessee, 1945–85,” I started with various questions about " ******* END TEXT: "ians' own research processes—questions highlighted during work with databases. Particularly, where,\n"
9780472029914 - page_135: "START TEXT: \nwhen, and how do we categorize information; how do we interact with these categories as we think an" ******* END TEXT: "f these.10 I read and took notes on a portion on site, in those collections that prohibited digital\n"
9780472029914 - page_136: "START TEXT: \ncopying or charged exorbitantly for physical copies. Because I had very limited time to work on-sit" ******* END TEXT: "king down and reordering notes without such a database. Two examples illustrate this accessibility.\n"
9780472029914 - page_137: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_138: "START TEXT: \nOne central problem in my work has been understanding the multiple layers of inequality at work in " ******* END TEXT: "ing of how categories of race, geography, and class overlapped in my story and where they diverged.\n"
9780472029914 - page_139: "START TEXT: \nIn another case, I found that the database allowed me to reframe an initial research question into " ******* END TEXT: "s. In researching and writing my dissertation, I was able to set out initial categories of analysis\n"
9780472029914 - page_140: "START TEXT: \n(via keywords), but it was possible, at no great expense of time, to throw these out. Sometimes I u" ******* END TEXT: "etized encyclopedia came about at a point when the previous disciplinary categories no longer could\n"
9780472029914 - page_141: "START TEXT: \ncontain growing knowledge. A new, more horizontal model took their place, a model that allowed read" ******* END TEXT: "rization and are reminded to take stock of how our ways of organizing help and what they leave out.\n"
9780472029914 - page_142: "START TEXT: \nThe matter of flexible categorization touches on another strand of scholarship: archivists debating" ******* END TEXT: "he conceptual as well.\nIt is also worth considering what kinds of concerns may arise for historians\n"
9780472029914 - page_143: "START TEXT: \nwho have not yet made use of digital tools like databases in their own research. Historians surely " ******* END TEXT: "Paul Lazersfeld Center, Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy, Columbia University.\n"
9780472029914 - page_144: "START TEXT: \nNotes\n1. McNeill quoted in Tracy L. Steffes, “Lessons From the Past: A Challenge and a Caution for " ******* END TEXT: " Perspectives, January 2005, http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2005/0501/0501arc1.cfm;.\n"
9780472029914 - page_145: "START TEXT: \nKonrad Lawson, “The Articulated Arm of an Archive Raider,” Chronicle of Higher Education, ProfHacke" ******* END TEXT: "arency,” in “The Hermeneutics of Data and Historical Writing” in the present volume, pp. 159–70.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_146: "START TEXT: \nCreating Meaning in a Sea of Information\nThe Women and Social Movements Web Sites\nKathryn Kish Skla" ******* END TEXT: "analyze documents) with the Internet's spaciousness and hypertext capacity. By publishing documents\n"
9780472029914 - page_147: "START TEXT: \nin their entirety and arranging them in document projects that are much more monographic than is ec" ******* END TEXT: "tation. Document archives provide a minimal interpretive framework for a larger group of documents.\n"
9780472029914 - page_148: "START TEXT: \nThese gains came at a price—our site was no longer freely accessible. Our initial concern on that s" ******* END TEXT: "nterpret the question. This stage of the process often takes about a year and a half, with frequent\n"
9780472029914 - page_149: "START TEXT: \ncommunication between us and an author to address historiographic issues or gaps or redundancies in" ******* END TEXT: "ct format, these topics invite the exploration of historical methods associated with cause, effect,\n"
9780472029914 - page_150: "START TEXT: \nperiodization, audience, power, and, of course, class, race, and gender. But they can also be used " ******* END TEXT: "wed us to expand each issue of our journal to include extensive full-text sources that are not part\n"
9780472029914 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nof document projects. This enhances the site's resources and the meanings that can be derived from " ******* END TEXT: "e work of scholars in document projects and the publication of full-text primary sources—means that\n"
9780472029914 - page_152: "START TEXT: \nWASM is much more than a journal whose articles are accessible online. This is a lot of work, and w" ******* END TEXT: " 2013. We hope it will greatly enhance scholarship about women and social movements internationally\n"
9780472029914 - page_153: "START TEXT: \nby providing a wide range of systematic sources, including the proceedings of more than 500 women's" ******* END TEXT: "ons to publish copyrighted materials. With these spreadsheets, we could analyze the contents of our\n"
9780472029914 - page_154: "START TEXT: \narchive as it grew—analyzing it by dates, geographical regions, and topical coverage so that we cou" ******* END TEXT: "nces on women, from Mexico City in 1975 to Beijing in 1995, her papers constituted an international\n"
9780472029914 - page_155: "START TEXT: \ngold mine. We visited the archive and arranged to photograph more than 3,000 pages of manuscript an" ******* END TEXT: "essed on these NGO websites.\nFinally, the preparation of an online archive dramatically expands the\n"
9780472029914 - page_156: "START TEXT: \npotential audience for the rare and fugitive materials we have chosen for inclusion. We have includ" ******* END TEXT: " have purchased them from ASP. The press supplies purchasing libraries with a copy of the database,\n"
9780472029914 - page_157: "START TEXT: \nthereby ensuring its availability in the future. For Women and Social Movements in the United State" ******* END TEXT: "ocial Movements in the United States, 1820–1940 Web Project at SUNY Binghamton,” History Teacher 35\n"
9780472029914 - page_158: "START TEXT: \n(February 2002): 163–73, http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ht/35.2/dublin.html. For a disc" ******* END TEXT: "raphies,” Center for the Historical Study of Women and Gender, http://chswg.binghamton.edu/wasi.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_159: "START TEXT: \nThe Hermeneutics of Data and Historical Writing\nFred Gibbs and Trevor Owens\nOngoing digitization of" ******* END TEXT: "ense of the historical record.\nIn this essay, we consider data as computer-processable information.\n"
9780472029914 - page_160: "START TEXT: \nThis includes measurements of nearly every kind, such as census records, as well as all types of te" ******* END TEXT: " confirmatory, like reinforcing the periodization of Shakespeare's plays or confirming the codified\n"
9780472029914 - page_161: "START TEXT: \nfamily of literary genres. To be clear, this is not a criticism of these projects and their outcome" ******* END TEXT: "per quantitative history.\nSimilarly, historians need not treat and interpret data only for rigorous\n"
9780472029914 - page_162: "START TEXT: \nhypothesis testing. This is another crucial difference between our approach and the approaches of t" ******* END TEXT: "is a new kind of role for searching to play in the hermeneutic process of understanding, especially\n"
9780472029914 - page_163: "START TEXT: \nin the value of “screwing around” and embracing the serendipitous discovery that our recent abundan" ******* END TEXT: " history writing that interfaces with, explains, and makes accessible the data that historians use.\n"
9780472029914 - page_164: "START TEXT: \nWe need history writing that will foreground the new historical methods to manipulate text/data com" ******* END TEXT: ", and humanists continually argue that we should embrace more public modes of writing and thinking,\n"
9780472029914 - page_165: "START TEXT: \nas a way to challenge the kind of work that scholars do. For example, Dave Perry's blog post “Be On" ******* END TEXT: " allows one to see all of the collocates (words that appear within a specified number of words from\n"
9780472029914 - page_166: "START TEXT: \nthe search term) and to display counts by decade.16 A resulting list of the words that appear most " ******* END TEXT: " it, as well as providing a link for others to explore and download the data.17 Over the next week,\n"
9780472029914 - page_167: "START TEXT: \nthe post was viewed over two hundred times; twenty-two researchers and librarians tweeted about the" ******* END TEXT: "data allow us to approach interesting questions from multiple and interdisciplinary points of view,\n"
9780472029914 - page_168: "START TEXT: \nin the way that citations to textual sources do not. Again, we are arguing not for wholly replacing" ******* END TEXT: "playful and exploratory, and useful techniques should be shared as readily as research discoveries.\n"
9780472029914 - page_169: "START TEXT: \nWhile typical history scholarship has largely kept methodology and data manipulation in the backgro" ******* END TEXT: "tables/public/tour/index.html.\n9. Stephen Ramsay, “The Hermeneutics of Screwing Around; or What You\n"
9780472029914 - page_170: "START TEXT: \nDo with a Million Books,” (paper presented at the conference “Playing with Technology in History,” " ******* END TEXT: "We Become Users?,” August 5, 2011, http://www.trevorowens.org/2011/08/when-did-we-become-users/.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_173: "START TEXT: \nVisualizations and Historical Arguments\nJohn Theibault\nThe popular aphorism “A picture is worth a t" ******* END TEXT: "ful information in two- or three-dimensional spatial form intended to further a systematic inquiry”\n"
9780472029914 - page_174: "START TEXT: \nand images as a “supplement or illustration to a written account.”2 Staley's definition implies two" ******* END TEXT: " than it is to describe the lineage in paragraphs of “begats.” Each of these forms of visualization\n"
9780472029914 - page_175: "START TEXT: \nevolved a distinct visual vocabulary, with periods of experimentation and innovation producing visu" ******* END TEXT: "o construct a very powerful single-page narrative of the events of Napoleon's march. Minard's chart\n"
9780472029914 - page_176: "START TEXT: \nis often cited as a model example of information visualization because it is easy to understand, ev" ******* END TEXT: "ho read the text and assumed the charts and graphs confirmed what was said there and those who read\n"
9780472029914 - page_177: "START TEXT: \nthe charts and graphs while paying scant regard to the text. To be sure, many more historians devel" ******* END TEXT: " of what one might call rhetorical honesty in the formulation of visualizations were compounded for\n"
9780472029914 - page_178: "START TEXT: \nhistorians and other humanists by the hard choices that were required to generate the data to be pr" ******* END TEXT: " of development in digital humanities. Complex visualizations based on maps are emerging as part of\n"
9780472029914 - page_179: "START TEXT: \na “geospatial turn” in the humanities.10 One particular way that geospatial information density can" ******* END TEXT: "tory Project that relate to the themes of the book, collected under the heading Shaping the West.15\n"
9780472029914 - page_180: "START TEXT: \nThere are twenty-six different visualizations included at the site, sixteen of which are animated. " ******* END TEXT: "ealth and wealth, but the point comes across perfectly clearly even without verbal accompaniment.17\n"
9780472029914 - page_181: "START TEXT: \nRosling draws on an extremely rich database, and readers are able to customize the display of infor" ******* END TEXT: "to highlight relationships in text is Ben Fry's concordance of the six editions of Charles Darwin's\n"
9780472029914 - page_182: "START TEXT: \nOrigin of Species completed in his lifetime.20 The original text is represented by each sentence be" ******* END TEXT: "traordinarily difficult to understand why nodes are in a specific relationship to one another. Thus\n"
9780472029914 - page_183: "START TEXT: \nnetwork analysis demands the kind of “hermeneutics of data” advocated by Gibbs and Owens in this vo" ******* END TEXT: ". The English Emblem Book Project, Pennsylvania State University, http://emblem.libraries.psu.edu/.\n"
9780472029914 - page_184: "START TEXT: \n2. David J. Staley, Computers, Visualization, and History (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2003), 9.\n3. D" ******* END TEXT: "www.gapminder.org/world/.\n17. “Hans Rosling Shows the Best Stats You've Ever Seen,” TED Talk, 2006,\n"
9780472029914 - page_185: "START TEXT: \nhttp://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_shows_the_best_stats_you_ve_ever_seen.html.\n18. Whitney Trett" ******* END TEXT: "ta, http://flowingdata.com; PeopleMovin: Migration Flows Across the World, http://peoplemov.in/.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_186: "START TEXT: \nPutting Harlem on the Map\nStephen Robertson\nBeginning in 1904, black New Yorkers relocated their re" ******* END TEXT: "truck by how much that picture omits and how little sense of the place it conveys. If urban history\n"
9780472029914 - page_187: "START TEXT: \nis defined by a concern with particular places and spaces, it has long been satisfied with a large-" ******* END TEXT: "sting historical studies focused on showing the boundaries of the area dominated by black residents\n"
9780472029914 - page_188: "START TEXT: \nand the location of a handful of landmarks, at a scale that located Harlem in Upper Manhattan, the " ******* END TEXT: "ame geographic space. What were previously unrelated facts become integrated and correlated.”10 The\n"
9780472029914 - page_189: "START TEXT: \nsources that feature in Digital Harlem are qualitative records, rather than the quantitative data t" ******* END TEXT: "t contrast is evident in a comparison of how traffic accidents appear in the database and displayed\n"
9780472029914 - page_190: "START TEXT: \non a map.) Not only is mapped data seen in its geographical context, but layers of different data a" ******* END TEXT: "wned most nightclubs and speakeasies and catered to white or racially mixed crowds, blacks operated\n"
9780472029914 - page_191: "START TEXT: \nthe buffet flats for black patrons, without publicizing their locations, thereby extending some of " ******* END TEXT: "ccupying a central place in Harlem life. Christened the “Black Broadway” by writer Wallace Thurman,\n"
9780472029914 - page_192: "START TEXT: \nSeventh Avenue featured the nightlife visited by thousands each evening in the late 1920s, as well " ******* END TEXT: " gave me a new sense of how blacks moved around the neighborhood and the wider city. Digital Harlem\n"
9780472029914 - page_193: "START TEXT: \nuses lines to mark two kinds of temporal relations, to link sequences of locations at which events " ******* END TEXT: "ked to the site provided a medium in which to tell stories about the maps on the site. In addition,\n"
9780472029914 - page_194: "START TEXT: \nDigital Harlem's maps are difficult to incorporate into print publications, where dynamic maps have" ******* END TEXT: "igital Harlem has led me to another form of online writing. When I began this project, I implicitly\n"
9780472029914 - page_195: "START TEXT: \nsubscribed to the “build it and they will come” assumption that underlies much digital history, the" ******* END TEXT: " Giroux, 1981), 128, 174, 236.\n2. Shane White, Stephen Robertson, Stephen Garton, and Graham White,\n"
9780472029914 - page_196: "START TEXT: \n“Black Metropolis: Harlem 1915–1930,” Department of History, University of Sydney, http://sydney.ed" ******* END TEXT: "Digital Harlem Blog, http://digitalharlemblog.wordpress.com/2009/04/17/harlem-undercover-the-maps/.\n"
9780472029914 - page_197: "START TEXT: \n17. Wallace Thurman, “Negro Life in New York's Harlem: A Lively Picture of a Popular and Interestin" ******* END TEXT: "onwardena, Stefan Kipfer, Richard Milgrom, and Christian Schimd (New York: Routledge, 2008), 15.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_198: "START TEXT: \nPox and the City\nChallenges in Writing a Digital History Game\nLaura Zucconi, Ethan Watrall, Hannah " ******* END TEXT: "esign as a digital humanities tool, is the content specialist for Edinburgh medicine and for visual\n"
9780472029914 - page_199: "START TEXT: \nrepresentations of the city. Laura Zucconi is both a historian of medicine and an avid gamer, with " ******* END TEXT: "f alliances leading to the outbreak of World War I. This type of scenario can be easily paired with\n"
9780472029914 - page_200: "START TEXT: \nanother pedagogical imperative, getting students to read primary sources. The underlying assumption" ******* END TEXT: "pisodes, games do not lend themselves to re-creation of the lives and ideas of specific, well-known\n"
9780472029914 - page_201: "START TEXT: \nindividuals, because then players are constrained, not empowered, by their knowledge of real histor" ******* END TEXT: "in terms of active learning.13\nFor the high school or undergraduate student, the plausible scenario\n"
9780472029914 - page_202: "START TEXT: \nhelps them learn how to do research. For graduate students and other researchers, the plausible sce" ******* END TEXT: "tive simply does not work well with a mouse interface. The second problem had to do with the design\n"
9780472029914 - page_203: "START TEXT: \ndecision, prevalent in the genre of serious games, to program in Flash. Knowledge of Flash is commo" ******* END TEXT: " merely recording what they saw but, rather, interpreting it as a record of a bygone era—a vanished\n"
9780472029914 - page_204: "START TEXT: \npast, once great, now fallen into decay. We expect these illustrations to work very well in evoking" ******* END TEXT: "ital Humanities, Stockton College, http://intraweb.stockton.edu/eyos/page.cfm?siteID=69&pageID=246.\n"
9780472029914 - page_205: "START TEXT: \n2. “NEH Announces 22 New Start-Up Grants,” Office of Digital Humanities, National Endowment for the" ******* END TEXT: "on of the Neverwinter Nights multiuser game called Arden: The World of Shakespeare for experimental\n"
9780472029914 - page_206: "START TEXT: \neconomics, as he described in “A Test of the Law of Demand in a Virtual World: Exploring the Petri " ******* END TEXT: "Hay and Bagster, 1905).\n20. Maps of Scotland, National Library of Scotland, http://maps.nls.uk/.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_209: "START TEXT: \nWriting Chicana/o History with the Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project\nOscar Rosales Cas" ******* END TEXT: "y Latinos in Seattle and the Pacific Northwest, the thirst for knowledge was tempered by a sense of\n"
9780472029914 - page_210: "START TEXT: \nisolation from the ethnic Mexican/Latino cultural hubs in the Southwest and East Coast, as well as " ******* END TEXT: "ened on a web article by former UW activist Jeremy Simer, “La Raza Comes to Campus,” published from\n"
9780472029914 - page_211: "START TEXT: \nDr. Jim Gregory's independent research seminar at the University of Washington. The discovery of th" ******* END TEXT: "od from 1965 to 1980.\nWith the project taking form, local interest in the research slowly surfaced.\n"
9780472029914 - page_212: "START TEXT: \nNationwide, polemic debate around immigration seeped into mainstream parlance. In April 2005, the M" ******* END TEXT: "Chicana and Chicano experiences in the Pacific Northwest. Aside from the Chicana/o Movement Project\n"
9780472029914 - page_213: "START TEXT: \nat the University of Washington, other research projects in existence or transferred to digital for" ******* END TEXT: "e site by a teacher or professor. For many, it was their first introduction to the local history of\n"
9780472029914 - page_214: "START TEXT: \nthe Latino community in Washington State. They validated not only the struggle in producing the mat" ******* END TEXT: "Migration and Labor in the Pacific Northwest (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2005).\n"
9780472029914 - page_215: "START TEXT: \n10. Jerry Garcia, Mexicans in North Central Washington (San Francisco: Arcadia, 2007).\n11. Chicano/" ******* END TEXT: "tudents of Change: Los del ‘68, KCTS 9, Seattle, 2009, http://video.kcts9.org/video/1491354319/.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_216: "START TEXT: \nCitizen Scholars\nFacebook and the Co-creation of Knowledge\nAmanda Grace Sikarskie\nDoing historical " ******* END TEXT: "yet profound ways in which lay historians are crowdsourcing the production of historical knowledge.\n"
9780472029914 - page_217: "START TEXT: \nConnecting through “Quilts of the Day”\nI am currently a faculty member in public history at Western" ******* END TEXT: "age often provide obscure information about pattern origins and early or out-of-print publications.\n"
9780472029914 - page_218: "START TEXT: \nCitizen Scholars and Collective Knowledge\nOne out-of-print publication that we learned more about t" ******* END TEXT: "iduals who are clearly visiting the fan page for the purpose of participation in research. In fact,\n"
9780472029914 - page_219: "START TEXT: \none of our fans in Pakistan (another indicator of the very international nature of this scholarly e" ******* END TEXT: " Academic historians are beginning to recognize that this outpouring of lay scholarship on Facebook\n"
9780472029914 - page_220: "START TEXT: \nand through other social media outlets is neither to be ignored nor to be feared. The ability of ci" ******* END TEXT: "s of American Quilts (San Francisco: R K Press, 1984).\n7. Frankle, “More Crowdsourced Scholarship.”\n"
9780472029914 - page_221: "START TEXT: \n8. In learning theory, the term scaffolded inquiry refers to a social constructivist idea in which " ******* END TEXT: "kie, “Citizen Scholars,” in Writing History in the Digital Age, web-book ed., Fall 2011 version.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_222: "START TEXT: \nThe HeritageCrowd Project\nA Case Study in Crowdsourcing Public History\nShawn Graham, Guy Massie, an" ******* END TEXT: "rians to engage audiences outside the discipline, as well as for the power of historical narratives\n"
9780472029914 - page_223: "START TEXT: \nto bring about social justice.4 On a similar note, in 1932, Carl Becker, taking part in what was al" ******* END TEXT: "f the 2008 election violence, allowing for quick “reports” to be posted to a map via SMS messaging,\n"
9780472029914 - page_224: "START TEXT: \nvoice mail (using voice-to-text software), Twitter, e-mail, and web forms.13 The second platform is" ******* END TEXT: "ole in the “official” history taught at the high school level. Our project, then, has the political\n"
9780472029914 - page_225: "START TEXT: \nand social goal of validating those marginalized histories, to give a sense of legitimacy to the hi" ******* END TEXT: "aign has the ability to vastly increase the size of the “crowd” that participates in the project.24\n"
9780472029914 - page_226: "START TEXT: \nReflections\nFrom a technological point of view, our mission was simply to give people the digital t" ******* END TEXT: "ems of rewards, satisfaction, and, to some extent, social interaction.30 HeritageCrowd could foster\n"
9780472029914 - page_227: "START TEXT: \nengagement through its “comments” feature on the individual reports in the Ushahidi platform, but h" ******* END TEXT: "onal” enough and who were thus reluctant to actually contribute; in these cases, our role seemed to\n"
9780472029914 - page_228: "START TEXT: \nbe to reassure them that what they knew, what they valued, did have “official” historical value. On" ******* END TEXT: " happens on Wikipedia). This has not yet happened. Perhaps the fact that this project is university\n"
9780472029914 - page_229: "START TEXT: \nfunded and carried out by university researchers and students also gives immediate “weight” and aut" ******* END TEXT: "rom an academic podium, and toward an activist role for grassroots community empowerment. Digitally\n"
9780472029914 - page_230: "START TEXT: \ncrowdsourced history has the potential to be like a cracked mirror: it could reflect what looks int" ******* END TEXT: "-tale-of-sorrow-and-hope/.\n11. ComScore, “The 2010 Canada Digital Year in Review 2010,” March 2011,\n"
9780472029914 - page_231: "START TEXT: \nhttp://www.comscore.com/content/download/7717/133765/version/5/file/comScore+2010+Canada+Digital+Ye" ******* END TEXT: "-sources/; DownThemAll, http://www.downthemall.net/; DevonAgent, http://www.devontechnologies.com/.\n"
9780472029914 - page_232: "START TEXT: \n28. Jane McGonigal, Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World (" ******* END TEXT: "processes force a particular rhetoric of expression in the final representation of digital data.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_235: "START TEXT: \nThe Accountability Partnership\nWriting and Surviving in the Digital Age\nNatalia Mehlman Petrzela an" ******* END TEXT: "be deployed to facilitate success. In general, we found that this literature is perfectly maddening\n"
9780472029914 - page_236: "START TEXT: \nand largely banal and incomplete—and mostly dead right. As much as is written on the topic, we foun" ******* END TEXT: " science students in the United States who fail to complete their doctoral degrees.3 Apparently, we\n"
9780472029914 - page_237: "START TEXT: \nlearned as we explored this literature, legions of ABD (All but Dissertation) candidates out there " ******* END TEXT: "ersonal online partnership we cultivated offered crucial elements that books and boot camps lacked.\n"
9780472029914 - page_238: "START TEXT: \nFirst of all, the literature feels incomplete and unsatisfying, due to what scholars of American se" ******* END TEXT: "o complete a dissertation.15\nFinally, we cannot help but think that the literature suffers from the\n"
9780472029914 - page_239: "START TEXT: \nfundamental disconnect common to all forms of advice: it is often easier said than done. Before we " ******* END TEXT: ". The very title we gave to our relationship, “accountability partners,” reeks of a corporate model\n"
9780472029914 - page_240: "START TEXT: \nthat is anathema to many academics. Evoking measurable outcomes, deadlines, and time clocks, the id" ******* END TEXT: "r would be there too.\nWhile signing in and out was important to our overall sense of accountability\n"
9780472029914 - page_241: "START TEXT: \nand structure, the act of e-mailing a daily schedule enabled us to break down our large writing goa" ******* END TEXT: "re of our intention. There was no punishment or disciplining for failing to meet the goal—and often\n"
9780472029914 - page_242: "START TEXT: \ngoals were not met, as new ideas generated unforeseen writing and as new reading generated a hunt f" ******* END TEXT: "nt is essential to a writing partnership in the digital age. For one thing, the online relationship\n"
9780472029914 - page_243: "START TEXT: \ndoes not involve a physical meeting time or place or even the need to be on the same schedules. We " ******* END TEXT: "stablish weekly, rather than daily, check-ins. There is a wide array of options. The main point, as\n"
9780472029914 - page_244: "START TEXT: \nwe see it, is that technology can and should be used to facilitate the writing process in ways that" ******* END TEXT: "rk: Simon and Schuster, 1989), Don Miguel Ruiz's The Four Agreements: A Practical Guide to Personal\n"
9780472029914 - page_245: "START TEXT: \nFreedom (San Rafael, CA: Amber-Allen, 1997), and Wendy Stehling Drumm's Thin Thighs in 30 Days (New" ******* END TEXT: "Books, 2011), passim.\n18. Turkle, Alone Together, 15.\n19. Miller, Finish Your Dissertation, 157.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_246: "START TEXT: \nOnly Typing? Informal Writing, Blogging, and the Academy\nAlex Sayf Cummings and Jonathan Jarrett\nTh" ******* END TEXT: "l your iPhone a “phone,” but when it makes a call, it uses something more similar to radio than the\n"
9780472029914 - page_247: "START TEXT: \nBell technology that still drove the pulse-dial telephones of the 1970s.4 30 Rock and Hill Street B" ******* END TEXT: "ain valid now, even if the content is still online.7 On the other hand, that which is assumed to be\n"
9780472029914 - page_248: "START TEXT: \ntransient may not be: deletion at the source may not keep an ill-considered screed from Google's ca" ******* END TEXT: "s—the Mason Historiographiki, for instance, only includes input from approved contributors—but each\n"
9780472029914 - page_249: "START TEXT: \nembraced the basic principles of rapid editing and multiple authorship that defines a wiki.13\nThis " ******* END TEXT: "t interested in the author's material, a blog may be an intercession with the academy for those who\n"
9780472029914 - page_250: "START TEXT: \ncannot participate themselves. This can be used by writers as advertising for the academic endeavor" ******* END TEXT: "ntioning their blogs, which exposed them in various ways as unsuitable in the eyes of the selection\n"
9780472029914 - page_251: "START TEXT: \ncommittee.20 It must be recognized that there will continue to be readers like Tribble and his coll" ******* END TEXT: " Academy includes one or two statements of such a case. David Parry, especially, urges his readers,\n"
9780472029914 - page_252: "START TEXT: \n \nGiven the cost of producing knowledge and the fact that academic journals or academic presses cou" ******* END TEXT: "en peer review ceases to validate scholarship. For him, blogging may contain scholarship and may be\n"
9780472029914 - page_253: "START TEXT: \nabout scholarship, but so long as the academy persists in its current practice, blogging will not b" ******* END TEXT: " blog has the potential to provide a crowd for crowdsourcing, a forum for validation or advice, and\n"
9780472029914 - page_254: "START TEXT: \na kind of collegiality that is no less real for being expressed in type. In this respect, the so-ca" ******* END TEXT: "media theorist Marshall McLuhan famously predicted a future “global village” where visual and aural\n"
9780472029914 - page_255: "START TEXT: \nmedia would eclipse the importance of print, yet the written word has more than held its own in the" ******* END TEXT: "g sites, such as Academia.edu, or project outreach sites, such as that for the Chester Amphitheatre\n"
9780472029914 - page_256: "START TEXT: \nEnvirons Research Project, carried out by the University of Chester (http://www.univchester-parkdig" ******* END TEXT: "ot imply or endorse by this the breaching of copyrights, which, in any case, hardly requires blogs.\n"
9780472029914 - page_257: "START TEXT: \n19. See A. G. Rud, “Ivan Tribble Unmasked!,” M002, October 10, 2005, http://moodeuce.blogspot.com/2" ******* END TEXT: "in-the-humanities/. That post has led to a conference session and an article hopefully forthcoming.\n"
9780472029914 - page_258: "START TEXT: \n30. See the discussion, relevant to all fields of history, at Michelle Ziegler, “Medieval Tweeting," ******* END TEXT: ", 387–88.\n35. Robert Emmet Long, Truman Capote, Enfant Terrible (New York: Continuum, 2008), 82.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_259: "START TEXT: \nConclusions\nWhat We Learned from Writing History in the Digital Age\nJack Dougherty, Kristen Nawrotz" ******* END TEXT: "o decades of the web have expanded the range of creators of historical works, the types of products\n"
9780472029914 - page_260: "START TEXT: \ngenerated, and the processes of distribution and evaluation, all of which stand out because they di" ******* END TEXT: "a public that clearly cares about the meaning of the past, and Amanda Sikarskie also emphasizes the\n"
9780472029914 - page_261: "START TEXT: \nrole of “citizen scholars” in the “co-creation of content rather than consumption of content.” Simi" ******* END TEXT: "rly, the research and design team behind Pox and the City richly describe their collective thinking\n"
9780472029914 - page_262: "START TEXT: \non writing the history of medicine as a computer game, particularly on issues of historical content" ******* END TEXT: "igital media or information technology. I suggest, instead, that digitization offers a powerful new\n"
9780472029914 - page_263: "START TEXT: \nmeans to a long-articulated end and an investigative tool for the continued study of the wider circ" ******* END TEXT: "comprised of public memory, lived experience of individuals and communities, amateur and specialist\n"
9780472029914 - page_264: "START TEXT: \nwork outside of the academic world, diverse cultural imaginations and performances of the past, and" ******* END TEXT: "or blogged about new essay ideas on our edited volume, this information cascaded as several authors\n"
9780472029914 - page_265: "START TEXT: \nand commenters recirculated it on their Twitter, Facebook, and WordPress accounts. A typical solo-a" ******* END TEXT: "able to the total number of individuals who have posted comments during all stages of the web-book.\n"
9780472029914 - page_266: "START TEXT: \nPut into perspective, our user statistics are relatively small when compared to digital history web" ******* END TEXT: "ment on the site, which boosted input from general readers. The median essay generated 31 comments,\n"
9780472029914 - page_267: "START TEXT: \nthough the range varied widely from a low of 6 to a high of 66. When authors responded to their rea" ******* END TEXT: "downright defensive. A typical constructive exchange between authors and readers focused on certain\n"
9780472029914 - page_268: "START TEXT: \nportions of the writing that should be further developed. For example, in response to Adrea Lawrenc" ******* END TEXT: "re probably as [if not more] comfortable with maps than other complex (and especially multivariate)\n"
9780472029914 - page_269: "START TEXT: \nvisualization. It's the scatter plots and tree diagrams and representations of that nature that can" ******* END TEXT: "s on the volume, submitting over 11,000 words in feedback (or the equivalent of two entire essays).\n"
9780472029914 - page_270: "START TEXT: \nHow Did Open Review Transform Some Readers into Commenters? (by Charlotte Rochez)\nWhen I first lear" ******* END TEXT: "r work before the more official publication. In this sense, the volume's open-review process showed\n"
9780472029914 - page_271: "START TEXT: \nhow the digital age may foster a trend away from competition and toward collaboration in book publi" ******* END TEXT: "because it requires others to attend to one's writing with careful reading and thoughtful feedback.\n"
9780472029914 - page_272: "START TEXT: \nHistorians and other humanists crave this type of feedback because so much of our scholarly value i" ******* END TEXT: "ation process. But the letter also gave them the option, if desired, to send additional comments in\n"
9780472029914 - page_273: "START TEXT: \na confidential e-mail directly to the editor in chief at the press, who would share them with the c" ******* END TEXT: "ur volume and on the extent to which authors demonstrated capability and willingness to incorporate\n"
9780472029914 - page_274: "START TEXT: \nrich ideas from the online developmental editing stage into their final revisions. Interestingly, s" ******* END TEXT: "bor of developmental editing and to fully credit it in stages of the work in progress. This pooling\n"
9780472029914 - page_275: "START TEXT: \ntogether of established experts and rising newcomers, insiders and outsiders to the field, both leg" ******* END TEXT: "ones will fail, and why. Accepting the status quo is not a fiscally sustainable option. If we truly\n"
9780472029914 - page_276: "START TEXT: \nbelieve in creating knowledge to be shared and engaged by others, it is our responsibility to reali" ******* END TEXT: "gital-teoria-y-practica/.\n12. Read more about prior open-review experiments and about CommentPress,\n"
9780472029914 - page_277: "START TEXT: \na WordPress plug-in originally developed by Eddie Tejeda and the Institute for the Future of the Bo" ******* END TEXT: "am, comment on “Introduction,” Writing History in the Digital Age, web-book ed., Fall 2011 version.\n"
9780472029914 - page_278: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_279: "START TEXT: \nContributors\nAbout the Editors\nKristen Dombkowski Nawrotzki teaches at the University of Education " ******* END TEXT: "e University of South Florida in Tampa. In addition to his scholarship on education history, he has\n"
9780472029914 - page_280: "START TEXT: \nconsistently blogged about scholarship since 2001 and is the former editor of the open-access, onli" ******* END TEXT: "ation to research methodologies that include historical, ethnographic, and spatial history methods.\n"
9780472029914 - page_281: "START TEXT: \nLeslie Madsen-Brooks is an assistant professor of history at Boise State University.\nSarah Manekin " ******* END TEXT: "iversity of Washington and was previously a contributor for HistoryLink.org. Presently he serves as\n"
9780472029914 - page_282: "START TEXT: \ncommunications director for El Comite Pro-Reforma Migratoria y Justicia Social, a social justice or" ******* END TEXT: "llege. His training is in the history of early modern Europe, about which he has written two books.\n"
9780472029914 - page_283: "START TEXT: \nHannah Ueno holds an MFA in graphic design from Washington State University and a BFA in visual com" ******* END TEXT: "e and archaeology, and she has received an award from the National Endowment for the Humanities.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by Jack Dougherty and Kristen Nawrotzki and contributors 2013 Some rights reserved\n\nThi" ******* END TEXT: "a processing.I. Dougherty, Jack. II. Nawrotzki, Kristen.D16.12.W75   2013902'.85—dc23\n2013025449\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: \nIllustrations\nFig. 1. Detail from the poster History Is an Argument about the Past\nFig. 2. Google B" ******* END TEXT: "ot of text and commentary from the fall 2011 web-book version of Writing History in the Digital Age\n"
9780472029914 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nIntroduction\nKristen Nawrotzki and Jack Dougherty\nHas the digital revolution transformed how we wri" ******* END TEXT: "ven quality” or, less politely, as “staple jobs.” Although individual essays in conventional edited\n"
9780472029914 - page_2: "START TEXT: \nvolumes may represent good scholarship, the lack of intellectual relationship or at least of recogn" ******* END TEXT: "using a full name; no anonymous feedback was permitted. The objective was to encourage all readers—\n"
9780472029914 - page_3: "START TEXT: \ninvited experts and general audiences, senior scholars and students alike, regardless of profession" ******* END TEXT: "espond and cross-fertilization could take place before essays were fully drafted. Welcoming invited\n"
9780472029914 - page_4: "START TEXT: \nexperts and general readers to participate in our open peer review in the fall of 2011 allowed the " ******* END TEXT: "blishing. On the one hand, in the last decade, self-described digital humanists have delineated and\n"
9780472029914 - page_5: "START TEXT: \ndemonstrated the numerous and wide-ranging ways in which technology might speed up and improve the " ******* END TEXT: "eciate, and do well. Until very recently, people who wanted to publish short pieces to be read by a\n"
9780472029914 - page_6: "START TEXT: \nbroad readership on a regular basis became journalists, not historians. So although we might all be" ******* END TEXT: "take up to three years to appear in print.20 In the interim, we fear that the exposure of our messy\n"
9780472029914 - page_7: "START TEXT: \npath to supposed perfection will lead others either to scoop our ideas or else to discover that we " ******* END TEXT: "nces are not the norm, and the primary motivator for most historians is something other than money.\n"
9780472029914 - page_8: "START TEXT: \nIn fact, our current models of scholarly publishing place a growing financial burden on university " ******* END TEXT: "able” one. Of course, quality, status, and marketability are neither identical nor interchangeable.\n"
9780472029914 - page_9: "START TEXT: \nPublishing to Share Ideas\nThe most principled reason for academics to publish is to share ideas and" ******* END TEXT: "books to be distributed in print and open-access formats, under Creative Commons licensing.25 As we\n"
9780472029914 - page_10: "START TEXT: \ndrafted our proposal for this edited volume, the University of Michigan's hybrid model—a reputable " ******* END TEXT: "our acquired knowledge on our bookshelves. We can purchase printed books from local booksellers and\n"
9780472029914 - page_11: "START TEXT: \nonline vendors or borrow them from academic and public libraries (provided that these institutions " ******* END TEXT: "scholarly publishing can merge the best of digital innovation and traditional practices. It should:\n"
9780472029914 - page_12: "START TEXT: \nLook Like a Book\nWhile not all digital history products are (or should be) book-like, we recognize " ******* END TEXT: "ats are imperfect, they do represent a step forward. At present, our web-book platform allows us to\n"
9780472029914 - page_13: "START TEXT: \nimmediately distribute the latest version and maintain internal links to prior versions, with a bas" ******* END TEXT: "n, to signal that books meet their selective standards and are deemed worth reading. Several models\n"
9780472029914 - page_14: "START TEXT: \nof digital publishing reverse this equation by placing content on the Internet and relying on the w" ******* END TEXT: "n 2009, under the auspices of MediaCommons Press, Kathleen Fitzpatrick released a full draft of her\n"
9780472029914 - page_15: "START TEXT: \nbook manuscript Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy for ope" ******* END TEXT: "ing, as exemplified by the University of Michigan library-press partnership, a fiscally sustainable\n"
9780472029914 - page_16: "START TEXT: \nmodel for the future? We address these questions in our concluding reflections in this volume, draw" ******* END TEXT: "rly Communications in the History Discipline (New York: Ithaka Strategic Services for JStor, 2006).\n"
9780472029914 - page_17: "START TEXT: \n9. Sean Takats, “Adoption of ‘New’ Media by Historians,” The Quintessence of Ham, October 28, 2010," ******* END TEXT: "ring 2012 version, http://www.worldcat.org/title/writing-history-in-the-digital-age/oclc/756644249.\n"
9780472029914 - page_18: "START TEXT: \n29. Kathleen Fitzpatrick, Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Acade" ******* END TEXT: "Higher Education, July 26, 2010, http://chronicle.com/article/Leading-Humanities-Journal/123696.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_19: "START TEXT: \nPART 1\nRe-Visioning Historical Writing\nIn the first part of this volume, Sherman Dorn asks, “Is (di" ******* END TEXT: "-eighteenth century, when people began writing about the past in a linear, chronological structure.\n"
9780472029914 - page_20: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_47: "START TEXT: \nPART 2\nThe Wisdom of Crowds(ourcing)\nHow does historical writing change when technology enables eve" ******* END TEXT: "ry: A Classroom Experience.” (See also the essays by Adrea Lawrence and Amanda Seligman in part 3.)\n"
9780472029914 - page_48: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_95: "START TEXT: \nPART 3\nPractice What You Teach (and teach what you practice)\nWhen we initially proposed this book o" ******* END TEXT: " integrating her expertise in historical encyclopedia writing into her undergraduate history class.\n"
9780472029914 - page_96: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_131: "START TEXT: \nPART 4\nWriting with the Needles from Your Data Haystack\nHow are electronic databases and text-analy" ******* END TEXT: "more than traditional narratives, with a case study using such tools as Google Book's Ngram Viewer.\n"
9780472029914 - page_132: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_171: "START TEXT: \nPART 5\nSee What I Mean? Visual, Spatial, and Game-Based History\nDigital scholarship allows historia" ******* END TEXT: "ying historical simulation on the invention of the smallpox vaccine in nineteenth-century Scotland.\n"
9780472029914 - page_172: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_207: "START TEXT: \nPART 6\nPublic History on the Web: If You Build It, Will They Come?\nThe potential of public history " ******* END TEXT: "ng Canadian memories, in “The HeritageCrowd Project: A Case Study in Crowdsourcing Public History.”\n"
9780472029914 - page_208: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_233: "START TEXT: \nPART 7\nCollaborative Writing: Yours, Mine, and Ours\nNetworked computers create more opportunities f" ******* END TEXT: "sagreements regarding history blogs, in “Only Typing? Informal Writing, Blogging, and the Academy.”\n"
9780472029914 - page_234: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_i: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472029914 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \nDIGITAL HUMANITIES\nThe Digital Humanities series provides a forum for groundbreaking and benchmark " ******* END TEXT: " dedicated to publishing work in new media studies and the emerging field of digital humanities.\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nWriting History in the Digital Age\n \n \nJack Dougherty and Kristen Nawrotzki, editors\n \nThe Universi" ******* END TEXT: "ge\n \n \nJack Dougherty and Kristen Nawrotzki, editors\n \nThe University of Michigan PressAnn Arbor\n\n\n\n"
9780472029914 - page_ix: "START TEXT: \nList of Illustrations\nIntroductionKRISTEN NAWROTZKI AND JACK DOUGHERTY\nPart 1. Re-Visioning Histori" ******* END TEXT: "ractice)\nToward Teaching the Introductory History Course, DigitallyTHOMAS HARBISON AND LUKE WALTZER\n"
9780472029914 - page_x: "START TEXT: \nLearning How to Write Analog and Digital HistoryADREA LAWRENCE\nTeaching Wikipedia without Apologies" ******* END TEXT: "Project: A Case Study in Crowdsourcing Public HistorySHAWN GRAHAM, GUY MASSIE, AND NADINE FEUERHERM\n"
9780472029914 - page_xi: "START TEXT: \nPart 7. Collaborative Writing: Yours, Mine, and Ours\nThe Accountability Partnership: Writing and Su" ******* END TEXT: "e Digital AgeJACK DOUGHERTY, KRISTEN NAWROTZKI, CHARLOTTE D. ROCHEZ, AND TIMOTHY BURKE\nContributors\n"
9780472029914 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\ni\nii\niii\niv\nv\nvi\nvii\nviii\nix\nx\nxi\nxii\nxiii\nxiv\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n2" ******* END TEXT: "7\n278\n279\n280\n281\n282\n283\n\n\n\n\nCover Page\nBegin Reading\nCopyright Page\nAcknowledgments\nContents\n\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472120314 - page_i: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472120314 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \nJoseph Turow\nSERIES EDITOR\n\nBroadcasting, Voice, and Accountability: A Public Interest Approach to " ******* END TEXT: "s dedicated to publishing work in new media studies and the emerging field of digital humanities.\n\n\n"
9780472120314 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nThe Media Welfare State\nNORDIC MEDIA IN THE DIGITAL ERA\nTrine Syvertsen, Gunn Enli, Ole J. Mjøs, an" ******* END TEXT: "ine Syvertsen, Gunn Enli, Ole J. Mjøs, and Hallvard Moe\nThe University of Michigan PressANN ARBOR\n\n\n"
9780472120314 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by Trine Syvertsen, Gunn Enli, Ole J. Mjøs, and Hallvard Moe 2014 Some rights reserved\n" ******* END TEXT: "s, Ole J., 1970– III. Moe, Hallvard. IV. Title.\nP92.S34.S97      2014\n302.23’0948—dc23\n2014002777\n\n\n"
9780472120314 - page_v: "START TEXT: \n\nContents\n\n\n\nCover Page\nTitle Page\nCopyright Page\nContents\nAcknowledgments\n1 - The Nordic Model and" ******* END TEXT: "\n4: Public Service Broadcasting\n5: The Nordic Media Company\n6: Conclusion\nAppendix\nReferences\nIndex\n"
9780472120314 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\ni\nii\niii\niv\nv\nvi\nvii\nviii\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\n2" ******* END TEXT: "4\n155\n156\n\n\n\n\nCover Page\nBegin Reading\nCopyright Page\nContents\nAcknowledgments\nReferences\nIndex\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472120314 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \nAcknowledgments\nThis is a cowritten monograph, and the authors have all taken part in developing th" ******* END TEXT: "he book’s content, but we have been inspired and encouraged by your helpful comments along the way.\n"
9780472120314 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472120314 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nONE\nThe Nordic Model and the Media Welfare State\nThe Nordic region is the northernmost part of Euro" ******* END TEXT: "uine Nordic perspective. To the degree that studies are concerned with more than one Nordic country\n"
9780472120314 - page_2: "START TEXT: \nor media sector the emphasis is just as much on national differences as on similarities within the " ******* END TEXT: "evolvement and change in the digital age. Empirically, the book offers an updated scrutiny of major\n"
9780472120314 - page_3: "START TEXT: \nmedia institutions, tackling key developments within the sector, including digitalization, the grow" ******* END TEXT: "countries are present, much Nordic cooperation requires that people only speak their mother tongue.\n"
9780472120314 - page_4: "START TEXT: \nAlthough the Nordic countries have much in common with other wealthy Western societies, they have m" ******* END TEXT: "navian model of a specific welfare regime type) emerged from a series of comparative studies in the\n"
9780472120314 - page_5: "START TEXT: \n1980s (Alestalo, Hort and Kuhnle 2009, 1). Historically, these studies traced the model to the last" ******* END TEXT: "popularly referred to as “The best countries in the world to live in” (BBC 2009). Norway topped the\n"
9780472120314 - page_6: "START TEXT: \nglobal list in 2011, as it has done nine times since the index was introduced in 1990, with the oth" ******* END TEXT: "f coordination and interdependence between individual firms, as well as more extensive coordination\n"
9780472120314 - page_7: "START TEXT: \nwith the state, than in the liberal market economies. There is a coordinated labor market where tra" ******* END TEXT: " the old dreams of the working class” for many years. People of the Nordic countries were generally\n"
9780472120314 - page_8: "START TEXT: \nperceived as “peace-loving, rejecting all forms of militarism” (2008, 59), although Thielbeer matte" ******* END TEXT: "ot been homogenous across the world (Harvey 2005, 13). Also in the Nordic countries, party politics\n"
9780472120314 - page_9: "START TEXT: \ntook a turn to the right in the 1980s. The result was a changed state, viewed by some as a radical " ******* END TEXT: "of the welfare system may outnumber the contributors (Alestalo, Hort, and Kuhnle 2009, 17; Andersen\n"
9780472120314 - page_10: "START TEXT: \n2008b, 61). The third challenge is political and concerns the cohesion, legitimacy, and governabili" ******* END TEXT: "Foundations of the Welfare State: The Nordic Experience (Kildahl and Kuhnle 2005); The Scandinavian\n"
9780472120314 - page_11: "START TEXT: \nModel: Welfare States and Welfare Research (Erikson et al. 1987); Welfare Trends in the Scandinavia" ******* END TEXT: "tion networks, which later would play a critical role in turning the Nordic countries into advanced\n"
9780472120314 - page_12: "START TEXT: \ninformation societies. In the interwar period, radio was institutionalized as public service monopo" ******* END TEXT: "fluence the setup of the media system, safeguarding that diverse voices and viewpoints are present,\n"
9780472120314 - page_13: "START TEXT: \namong them voices that may be expected to be broadly in favor of universalism and welfare state sol" ******* END TEXT: "text within media studies and is frequently referred to, but it has also been widely criticized for\n"
9780472120314 - page_14: "START TEXT: \nits simplicity, lack of empirical basis, and Cold War defense of liberalism (see Hardy 2008, 11ff.;" ******* END TEXT: "i 2012a) and stressed the need for more in-depth analysis of specific countries, aiming at exposing\n"
9780472120314 - page_15: "START TEXT: \ndifferences within generally similar categories (e.g., Humphreys 2012). The comparative efforts of " ******* END TEXT: "ietal and media models is that the Nordic countries tend to be singled out as a special case—either\n"
9780472120314 - page_16: "START TEXT: \nplaced in a category of their own or treated as a subcategory within a larger type. This is the cas" ******* END TEXT: "of nowhere, but is instituted after a deliberative process in order to deal with perceived problems\n"
9780472120314 - page_17: "START TEXT: \nand challenges (Syvertsen 2004, 62). Problems and challenges associated with these forces are recur" ******* END TEXT: "ll abandoned in the 1980s and 1990s, a strong obligation toward universal services remained: In the\n"
9780472120314 - page_18: "START TEXT: \n1990s, selected commercial broadcasters were obliged to be universally available, whereas in the 20" ******* END TEXT: " of cultural policy, as the state intervened in a free-market structure to safeguard that different\n"
9780472120314 - page_19: "START TEXT: \nviews and opinions should also be published regionally and locally. Cultural policy measures are no" ******* END TEXT: "icies intended to defend domestic media from the twin pressures of marketization and globalization.\n"
9780472120314 - page_20: "START TEXT: \nThese four pillars or principles are general policy solutions that constitute the basis for the Med" ******* END TEXT: "ble in the public domain.\nA methodological note of caution concerns the availability of statistics.\n"
9780472120314 - page_21: "START TEXT: \nEach Nordic country has high quality and frequently updated media statistics. Since our purpose is " ******* END TEXT: "ationally printed newspapers in the region is generally higher than in other regions. Compared with\n"
9780472120314 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nother countries and regions, the Nordic press has had a long and strong history of editorial freedo" ******* END TEXT: "gh the chapter touches on several aspects of the Media Welfare State, the emphasis is on the fourth\n"
9780472120314 - page_23: "START TEXT: \npillar, the tendency toward consensual and cooperative solutions that involve all main stakeholders" ******* END TEXT: "y discusses the assertion that there is a crisis in traditional media patterns and institutions.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120314 - page_24: "START TEXT: \nTWO\nMedia Use\nAn enlightened public with equal access to information has been a key ideal of the No" ******* END TEXT: "on, part 2 deals with the use of traditional media, and more specifically, how the Nordic tradition\n"
9780472120314 - page_25: "START TEXT: \nof high readership of print and factual media indicates a high degree of commonality and egalitaria" ******* END TEXT: "esulting in distinct media user patterns in each Nordic country. Despite the fact that media policy\n"
9780472120314 - page_26: "START TEXT: \nbecame more market-oriented from the 1980s onward, and that a range of new commercial services have" ******* END TEXT: "centrally in the evening’s schedule (see chap. 4). Since these channels have also commanded a large\n"
9780472120314 - page_27: "START TEXT: \nproportion of the national audience in prime time, the population in each Nordic country has by and" ******* END TEXT: " Ludes 2008; Flew 2008). While convergence is often understood as a predominantly technology-driven\n"
9780472120314 - page_28: "START TEXT: \nprocess, Tryon (2009, 9) reminds us that media convergence “is also a deliberate effort to protect " ******* END TEXT: " the Internet is an important indicator of “network readiness” and the degree to which a country is\n"
9780472120314 - page_29: "START TEXT: \nregarded as an advanced information society. In the Nordic countries, 9 out of 10 people use the In" ******* END TEXT: "ructure. In recent decades, this role has changed with the overall liberalization and marketization\n"
9780472120314 - page_30: "START TEXT: \nof communication, and the state has become less of a proprietor and more of a regulator. Although t" ******* END TEXT: " information,” argues Maier-Rabler (2008, 58). In this sense, Maier-Rabler establishes a connection\n"
9780472120314 - page_31: "START TEXT: \nbetween the policy goal of universal access and the policies of editorial freedom and freedom of in" ******* END TEXT: "rticipation and feedback, but for most of its history, unidirectional transmission was the dominant\n"
9780472120314 - page_32: "START TEXT: \nmode. Since the mid-1990s and the emergence of digital media, the scope and significance of audienc" ******* END TEXT: "ration and production, such as creating websites and blogs, creating and uploading digital content,\n"
9780472120314 - page_33: "START TEXT: \nand participating in collaborative wikis such as Wikipedia. This requires “an additional layer of c" ******* END TEXT: "1). The Nordic populations are competent and wealthy spenders in the digital marketplace. A Swedish\n"
9780472120314 - page_34: "START TEXT: \nstudy concluded in 2010 that “nearly everyone” in Sweden under the age of 55 used online shops (Fin" ******* END TEXT: "c youngsters regularly access social media; for example, among 16–19-year-old Danes, 92 percent had\n"
9780472120314 - page_35: "START TEXT: \na social media profile in 2011 (Danmarks statistik 2011). Thus, Nordic populations have easily acce" ******* END TEXT: "2012, 142–46) shows how vital pieces of news first appeared on Twitter, such as the first news that\n"
9780472120314 - page_36: "START TEXT: \nsomeone was shooting at the camp, the information that many were dead and wounded, and the first id" ******* END TEXT: "ven (2008, 155). Even so, Nordic survey data from recent years indicate that blogging is a strongly\n"
9780472120314 - page_37: "START TEXT: \ngendered activity. While there are not many bloggers in the population (6 percent of Swedes in 2010" ******* END TEXT: " of “cloud” services, of which Sweden’s Spotify is one of the better-known music clouds. In all the\n"
9780472120314 - page_38: "START TEXT: \nNordic countries, record companies have partnered with Internet service providers and mobile operat" ******* END TEXT: "hereby people will only consume the media they agree with. They see a development toward “enclaves”\n"
9780472120314 - page_39: "START TEXT: \n(Sunstein 2001, 77) and “egocasting” (Rosen 2004), which in turn will increase extremism and politi" ******* END TEXT: "er countries and regions. With digitalization, as well as increased globalization and marketization\n"
9780472120314 - page_40: "START TEXT: \nof the media landscape, there has been enormous growth in outlets and services. To what degree is t" ******* END TEXT: " Nordic region, but these societies are also becoming more heterogeneous. Increased immigration and\n"
9780472120314 - page_41: "START TEXT: \nsocial pluralization lead to a further differentiation in user patterns. For instance, a Norwegian " ******* END TEXT: " media more, spend much more time on social networks, and are much less faithful toward traditional\n"
9780472120314 - page_42: "START TEXT: \ninstitutions than the older generations. For their part, older people strongly embody the historica" ******* END TEXT: "daily and three out of four use a mobile telephone. As Findahl states in a study of elderly Swedish\n"
9780472120314 - page_43: "START TEXT: \nmedia users, Internet usage among retirees is only commonplace in the Nordic countries and the Unit" ******* END TEXT: "arly days of digital media there was a considerable amount of concern that women might be excluded,\n"
9780472120314 - page_44: "START TEXT: \nbut, at least in the Nordic countries, young women have emerged as the most active group in terms o" ******* END TEXT: "ulated communication infrastructures may be seen as cultural and informational safety nets. In line\n"
9780472120314 - page_45: "START TEXT: \nwith the Nordic welfare state models these safety nets should not be seen as supplementary networks" ******* END TEXT: "e statistical analyses in the 1980s, and welfare state analysts have shown how the Nordic countries\n"
9780472120314 - page_46: "START TEXT: \ntend to create a cluster of their own along many dimensions. The same is true for indicators of med" ******* END TEXT: "ries are identified in comparative surveys as being distinct and advanced information societies.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120314 - page_47: "START TEXT: \nTHREE\nThe Press\nHistorically, the printed press played a crucial role in the establishment of the N" ******* END TEXT: "sensual, and involve consultation between all main stakeholders. Although not every political party\n"
9780472120314 - page_48: "START TEXT: \nand media company agrees on all aspects of press policy, the level of conflict between and within p" ******* END TEXT: "ss democracy represent foundational features without which there would be no distinct Nordic model.\n"
9780472120314 - page_49: "START TEXT: \nPress Freedom\nThe Nordic countries tend to cluster at the top of rankings that attempt to measure a" ******* END TEXT: " compared to, for example, the European Union and the United States, these factors have less value.\n"
9780472120314 - page_50: "START TEXT: \nTo understand differences among such cases, we need to look at press freedom historically.\nThe Nord" ******* END TEXT: "d the first Nordic newspapers, emerging from the 1630s in Denmark and approximately 100 years later\n"
9780472120314 - page_51: "START TEXT: \nin Norway, were not primarily public debate. Rather, these publications, like early paper-like publ" ******* END TEXT: " with the printed press, the principle of editorial independence was later transferred to new media\n"
9780472120314 - page_52: "START TEXT: \nsuch as radio and television. For the press, however, the freedom goes hand in hand with another me" ******* END TEXT: " the wider peer culture of journalism” (Hallin and Mancini 2004, 223). Consequently, the importance\n"
9780472120314 - page_53: "START TEXT: \nof formalized self-regulation in the day-to-day constitution of the press represents a second key f" ******* END TEXT: "ad formal ties to political parties (Salokangas 1999, 97). By the start of the 1990s, 39 percent of\n"
9780472120314 - page_54: "START TEXT: \nNorwegian newspapers belonged to the political press, but by the end of that decade, only one newsp" ******* END TEXT: "eographical diversity. In addition to countering the ongoing marketization of the newspaper sector,\n"
9780472120314 - page_55: "START TEXT: \nthe aim was to counter regional and local fragmentation and help sustain vital communities. The res" ******* END TEXT: "ntries differs from most other countries, where national newspapers are the backbone of the sector.\n"
9780472120314 - page_56: "START TEXT: \nA Diverse Structure with Universal Appeal\nThe Nordic countries stand out compared to other countrie" ******* END TEXT: "per 1,000 inhabitants, all above the United Kingdom. Denmark and Iceland have lower numbers, but as\n"
9780472120314 - page_57: "START TEXT: \nshown, they still rank well above countries such as Spain and Italy. The table further shows how th" ******* END TEXT: "dic countries have indirectly sought to eliminate differences between sociocultural groups, instead\n"
9780472120314 - page_58: "START TEXT: \nsupporting the idea of one universal public (Eide 1999). This universalism and egalitarianism, as w" ******* END TEXT: "th Stockholm’s Traffic Authority to acquire exclusive rights to distribution at subway entrances—in\n"
9780472120314 - page_59: "START TEXT: \nexchange for a full-page daily ad (Andersson 2000; Gustafsson and Rydén 2010, 323).\nAfter four mont" ******* END TEXT: " become Iceland’s biggest newspaper. In parallel with the general international trend, the years up\n"
9780472120314 - page_60: "START TEXT: \nto 2008 were the prime time for free Icelandic dailies, with the country’s third largest paper also" ******* END TEXT: "e press, including in the Nordic region. As such, with its new production and distribution routines\n"
9780472120314 - page_61: "START TEXT: \nand new content, the free print dailies represented an omen, or a head start, for the online newspa" ******* END TEXT: "apers made journalists turn to the Internet to get their stories out. As a result, both the content\n"
9780472120314 - page_62: "START TEXT: \nand the outlets rose quickly (Falkenberg 2010, 249). At that time, in the late 1990s, some local an" ******* END TEXT: "ere also used as vehicles for new add-on services, including the business site E24, a collaboration\n"
9780472120314 - page_63: "START TEXT: \nbetween two Swedish and two Norwegian newspapers (Svenska Dagbladet, Aftonbladet, Aftenposten, and " ******* END TEXT: "acterized by continuity as the already established actors have expanded beyond the online newspaper\n"
9780472120314 - page_64: "START TEXT: \nformat. This expansion has taken two forms. On the one hand, online newspaper sites are becoming mo" ******* END TEXT: "her and Møglestue 2010).\n\nA decade into the 21st century, the electronic means of news distribution\n"
9780472120314 - page_65: "START TEXT: \nhad reached a high level of sophistication in the Nordic countries. While the emergence of free dai" ******* END TEXT: "balization, marketization, authoritarianism, and fragmentation take new forms for the Nordic press.\n"
9780472120314 - page_66: "START TEXT: \nGlobal Challenges\nOn a basic level, electronic news has not fundamentally changed freedom of the pr" ******* END TEXT: "prohibiting content that promotes competing products or conflicts with the strict US decency rules.\n"
9780472120314 - page_67: "START TEXT: \nNordic publishers have already been in conflict with Apple, albeit over issues that might not direc" ******* END TEXT: "ons of the world due to continued income from subscriptions sale and a growing online advertisement\n"
9780472120314 - page_68: "START TEXT: \nmarket, as well as the public support mechanisms of the national news production. In some cases, th" ******* END TEXT: "for the Nordic press. As with the fundamental negative rights of press freedom, the self-regulation\n"
9780472120314 - page_69: "START TEXT: \nsystem is also extended to new media and platforms. Mapping the ethical terrain of online news seem" ******* END TEXT: " press; an established self-regulatory regime; state support for a private, commercial press; and a\n"
9780472120314 - page_70: "START TEXT: \nresulting diverse structure with universal appeal and high levels of consumption. The Nordic press " ******* END TEXT: "ing, but that there are strong signs of continuity regarding its role in the Media Welfare State.\n\n\n"
9780472120314 - page_71: "START TEXT: \nFOUR\nPublic Service Broadcasting\nThe public service broadcasting corporations of the Nordic countri" ******* END TEXT: "rises” as they are often termed in academic writing and debate), such as increased social pluralism\n"
9780472120314 - page_72: "START TEXT: \nfrom the 1970s, the onset of commercial competition from the 1980s, and the battery of changes asso" ******* END TEXT: "iety of institutions, regulatory arrangements, social obligations, and types of programming. Common\n"
9780472120314 - page_73: "START TEXT: \nto all descriptions is that the concept refers to a form of broadcasting that is accountable to soc" ******* END TEXT: "den and Finland only two (Flisen 2010). This situation contrasts sharply with television history in\n"
9780472120314 - page_74: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472120314 - page_75: "START TEXT: \nlarger countries and countries with a tradition of commercial broadcasting, such as in the United K" ******* END TEXT: "channels, and the universal coverage earned the corporations the description of “our most important\n"
9780472120314 - page_76: "START TEXT: \ncultural and political institution” (see, e.g., NOU 1972, 5, 25 for Norway). During “the golden age" ******* END TEXT: "ver Europe lobbied policy makers to establish digital terrestrial television networks, fearful that\n"
9780472120314 - page_77: "START TEXT: \nthey would otherwise be left without possibilities to expand (Levy 1999; Galperin 2004; McQuail and" ******* END TEXT: "ting corporations comparatively well funded and free from regular radio and television advertising.\n"
9780472120314 - page_78: "START TEXT: \n\nFigure 4.1 shows that the fees in the Nordic countries are comparatively high: Over €200 annually," ******* END TEXT: "ed a massive cross-subsidy from those living in central areas to those living in sparsely populated\n"
9780472120314 - page_79: "START TEXT: \nareas and in the periphery, as well as from those who used the service less to those who used it mo" ******* END TEXT: " service funding in a new environment, the intention has been to create more “future proof” setups.\n"
9780472120314 - page_80: "START TEXT: \nAn Adaptive Approach to Enlightenment\nFrom the early days of broadcasting, public service instituti" ******* END TEXT: " TV3, which provided news, sports, children’s television, etc. (see chap. 5). Gradually, most other\n"
9780472120314 - page_81: "START TEXT: \nproviders streamlined their output toward entertainment (reality, comedy, fiction) and directed the" ******* END TEXT: " regionally based libertarian movements, and more geared toward the general evolvement of the human\n"
9780472120314 - page_82: "START TEXT: \ncharacter (Syvertsen 1992, 95 for Norway). Skirbekk (1984, 306) argues that while the large Europea" ******* END TEXT: "inguistic, cultural, and regional diversity and at the same time maintaing a common national public\n"
9780472120314 - page_83: "START TEXT: \nsphere. The aim was to tie the nation together; cf. Benedict Anderson’s (1992) analysis of the role" ******* END TEXT: "ort, and shorter news stories. In spite of these tendencies, several studies pinpoint prominent and\n"
9780472120314 - page_84: "START TEXT: \ncontinuing differences in content and style between commercial and public service broadcasters’ tel" ******* END TEXT: " and significantly lower monetary prizes (Enli et al. 2010, 110). The adaption of such programs was\n"
9780472120314 - page_85: "START TEXT: \na forerunner of the current global format trade, where public service broadcasters also play a role" ******* END TEXT: " costs of television programming” (Hjarvard 1997, 47, authors’ translation). Since then, Nordvision\n"
9780472120314 - page_86: "START TEXT: \nhas not only survived, but also thrived. In 2010, it boasted a total of 4,000 coproductions and pro" ******* END TEXT: "y Finland among the Nordic countries had yet to reach 50 percent coverage (Nordicom 2012c). At that\n"
9780472120314 - page_87: "START TEXT: \npoint in time, all the Nordic public service broadcasters regarded the web as an important channel " ******* END TEXT: "oadcast in a traditional fashion, but made exclusively for the institutions’ websites. From diverse\n"
9780472120314 - page_88: "START TEXT: \nbut somewhat random collections of editorial content in the 1990s, the main websites of the Nordic " ******* END TEXT: " different parts of the country’s capital, greeting friends, collecting gold chains, and picking up\n"
9780472120314 - page_89: "START TEXT: \nblonde girls. The game was launched in connection with a popular DR radio satire show incorporating" ******* END TEXT: "er marketization and globalization through increasing the amount of genuinely regional web content.\n"
9780472120314 - page_90: "START TEXT: \nNiche Television Channels\nDigitalization not only imposed an expansion to new platforms, it also ge" ******* END TEXT: "er is produced in Norway, reflecting cultural and linguistic diversity, and this type of content as\n"
9780472120314 - page_91: "START TEXT: \na rule is broadcast in primetime. This means that a majority of programming, approximately 75 perce" ******* END TEXT: "ce broadcasters lost their monopoly position. The discussion of whether public service broadcasting\n"
9780472120314 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nis in a state of crisis, and what the outcome will be, is conducted on two levels: one normative an" ******* END TEXT: "ublic broadcasters stand out in an international perspective, including to date in the digital age.\n"
9780472120314 - page_93: "START TEXT: \nFrom Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Media\nThe most important issue concerning the pu" ******* END TEXT: "han any other media and communication structure public service broadcasting reflects the principles\n"
9780472120314 - page_94: "START TEXT: \nof the Media Welfare State: the organization of vital communication services as public goods, a cul" ******* END TEXT: "deal principles and pragmatic solutions, change and adapt, but survive. Public service broadcasters\n"
9780472120314 - page_95: "START TEXT: \nchanged significantly since their inception in the interwar period, but their services and output s" ******* END TEXT: "osition as central cultural institutions in a more fragmented and globalizing media environment.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120314 - page_96: "START TEXT: \nFIVE\nThe Nordic Media Company\nThe media and communication system consists to a large extent of comm" ******* END TEXT: "r that grew to prominence as the world’s largest producer of mobile phones, but that in later years\n"
9780472120314 - page_97: "START TEXT: \nhas faced major setbacks due to competition from Apple and other smartphone producers.\n \nAll three " ******* END TEXT: "nvergence, there has been a strong push toward maximizing the number of “windows,” i.e. to leverage\n"
9780472120314 - page_98: "START TEXT: \ncontent over an increased number of distribution channels (Ozanich and Wirth 2004, 77). The new con" ******* END TEXT: "o understand the political economy in a region, not least because the capabilities of companies are\n"
9780472120314 - page_99: "START TEXT: \nultimately relational; a company’s degree of success will substantially depend on its ability to co" ******* END TEXT: "tion, economic theory suggests that strong market conditions and even a monopoly may give firms the\n"
9780472120314 - page_100: "START TEXT: \ntype of protection they need to dare to make risky investments. Additionally, regulations such as r" ******* END TEXT: " the principle of editorial freedom, as well as its innovative and adaptive attitude toward change,\n"
9780472120314 - page_101: "START TEXT: \nmakes it an important player within the context of the Media Welfare State. Like the public service" ******* END TEXT: "s respect is illuminated by the fact that it has a majority share in the Swedish Aftonbladet, which\n"
9780472120314 - page_102: "START TEXT: \nis a Social-Democratic paper of which the other proprietor is the Swedish Trade Union Confederation" ******* END TEXT: "avia (Cedergren 2007). In 1999, the company invested in e-commerce and e-auction services, founding\n"
9780472120314 - page_103: "START TEXT: \nthe classified advertising site finn.no, which became a huge success. Figure 5.1 illustrates the gr" ******* END TEXT: " ambitions rose. Self-confidently, the company changed its vision from that of being “Scandinavia’s\n"
9780472120314 - page_104: "START TEXT: \nleading media company” (Schibsted 1995, 6) to “being the most attractive media company in Europe” (" ******* END TEXT: "nd (Syvertsen 2004, 173).\nSchibsted has been well aware of, and concerned about, the threats to its\n"
9780472120314 - page_105: "START TEXT: \nlegitimacy. In television, the company adapted to meet the political criticism and made a complete " ******* END TEXT: "eing a national cornerstone institution. Schibsted has chosen an adaptive strategy in its relations\n"
9780472120314 - page_106: "START TEXT: \nwith the state and has benefitted in turn from a high legitimacy in the public domain, justified by" ******* END TEXT: "operator Tele2 and the digital service provider company Millicom (Sundin 2013, 77; see table 5.2).\n\n"
9780472120314 - page_107: "START TEXT: \nA Nordic Media Mogul\nThe forestry and steel company Kinnevik can stand as an example of a relative " ******* END TEXT: "any in 1976 and shortly after that began to buy up small companies operating communication networks\n"
9780472120314 - page_108: "START TEXT: \nfor car phones. These investments served as a basis for the establishment in 1981 of Comvik, the fi" ******* END TEXT: "Group (with associates and subsidiaries) was also narrowed and its operations consolidated. Several\n"
9780472120314 - page_109: "START TEXT: \nperipheral businesses were liquidated, and there was a concentration around core business areas. Th" ******* END TEXT: "n to operate was granted, the company remained controversial (Karlsson 1998, 238ff.; Garrard 1998).\n"
9780472120314 - page_110: "START TEXT: \nIn television, Stenbeck also applied a surprise tactic to crush public monopolies. In 1987, distrib" ******* END TEXT: "tlets started out with a more diverse profile, diversity was soon reduced (Sundin 2013, 78; Ihlebæk\n"
9780472120314 - page_111: "START TEXT: \net al. 2011). The radio channels run by the company are dominated by strictly formatted music radio" ******* END TEXT: "ow the construction of the Media Welfare State constrains private companies and how policy measures\n"
9780472120314 - page_112: "START TEXT: \nhave been confronted and changed over the last decades. It also illuminates how formerly regulated " ******* END TEXT: "l in southwestern Finland. The innovative company invested in the early 1900s in cable and electric\n"
9780472120314 - page_113: "START TEXT: \npower, branching into electronics in the 1960s. The year 1963 saw the first move to telecom and mob" ******* END TEXT: "unications and mobile telephony, selling off its rubber, cable, and consumer electronics divisions.\n"
9780472120314 - page_114: "START TEXT: \nNokia’s transformation was a response to the company’s own overinvestments in consumer electronics," ******* END TEXT: "any’s decline from 5th place in 2009 to 57th place in 2013 in Interbrand’s ranking of global brands\n"
9780472120314 - page_115: "START TEXT: \n(Interbrand 2009, 2013), with figure 5.2 showing the dramatic decline in the company’s annual profi" ******* END TEXT: " system (Steinbock 2003). The initiative came from Sweden, which at the time was a leading force in\n"
9780472120314 - page_116: "START TEXT: \ntelecommunications, largely due to the technological innovations of its flagship company Ericsson (" ******* END TEXT: "he strategic mode of the company. Nokia relied on industry contract producers and partners, forming\n"
9780472120314 - page_117: "START TEXT: \nso-called collaborative systems in production and innovation (Moen and Lilja 2005, 362). With close" ******* END TEXT: "ve built on their strength in home markets and have gained economic, and in some cases cultural and\n"
9780472120314 - page_118: "START TEXT: \npolitical, capital to use as a basis for later expansion. Schibsted has benefitted from its protect" ******* END TEXT: "nternationalization, as well as the institutionalization and commercialization, of Nordic media.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120314 - page_119: "START TEXT: \nSIX\nConclusion\nThis book has introduced the Media Welfare State as a concept connecting media syste" ******* END TEXT: "1990s with deregulation and introduction of commercial public service broadcasting; and digital and\n"
9780472120314 - page_120: "START TEXT: \nconvergent media services from the mid-1990s and onward. In every phase, we have discussed adjustme" ******* END TEXT: " institutions, or content.\nBeginning with the principles or pillars, we have shown in the book that\n"
9780472120314 - page_121: "START TEXT: \nuniversalism is a continuous principle in media policy-making. In our discussion of welfare state m" ******* END TEXT: "some of the Nordic countries. Moreover, the discussions of media companies in chapter 5 illuminated\n"
9780472120314 - page_122: "START TEXT: \nhow commercial enterprises have a dual relationship with the principles of the Media Welfare State:" ******* END TEXT: "markets. For example, the Norwegian publisher Schibsted has expanded from a national and pan-Nordic\n"
9780472120314 - page_123: "START TEXT: \nnewspaper company into a large international conglomerate with a strong position in publishing and " ******* END TEXT: "s in new areas has influenced policies, media systems, and the production and distribution of media\n"
9780472120314 - page_124: "START TEXT: \ncontent. We have seen how Nordic media companies have exploited new market opportunities and expand" ******* END TEXT: "rmal or regulatory relationships with Nordic governments, further challenges traditional methods of\n"
9780472120314 - page_125: "START TEXT: \nconsensus-building and collaboration between public and private interests. The international player" ******* END TEXT: "publishers explicitly rejected the idea of state-controlled media as a part of an antiauthoritarian\n"
9780472120314 - page_126: "START TEXT: \nstruggle. From the Enlightenment onward, there was a struggle for rational debate and against the p" ******* END TEXT: "ons are unique to the region.\nMany studies point to differences between the Nordic countries’ media\n"
9780472120314 - page_127: "START TEXT: \nand communication systems, and there is also a tendency to criticize general models such as Hallin " ******* END TEXT: "those of other countries.\nFor instance, chapter 3 showed that continental European countries appear\n"
9780472120314 - page_128: "START TEXT: \non the top of press-freedom rankings together with the Nordic countries and that press freedom char" ******* END TEXT: "ast in media policy studies, there is an emphasis on upheaval and disruption. The concept of crisis\n"
9780472120314 - page_129: "START TEXT: \nis often used—both in the public debate and in scholarship—to describe how traditional institutions" ******* END TEXT: "concept of the Media Welfare State remain tentative and need further elaboration and investigation.\n"
9780472120314 - page_130: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472120314 - page_131: "START TEXT: \nAppendix. The Four Pillars of the Media Welfare State—Extended Version\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nAppendix. The Four Pillars of the Media Welfare State—Extended Version\n\n"
9780472120314 - page_132: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n\n"
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9780472120314 - page_150: "START TEXT: \nStrix. 2013. http://www.strix.se. Accessed November 20, 2013.\nStrömbäck, Jesper, Mark Ørsten, and T" ******* END TEXT: "d Raimo Salokangas. 2000. Tidningar för alla. Den finländska pressens historia. Göteborg: Nordicom.\n"
9780472120314 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nTracey, Michael. 1998. The Decline and Fall of Public Service Broadcasting. Oxford: Oxford Universi" ******* END TEXT: "munication 62:39–56.\nWeibull, Lennart, and Åsa Nilsson. 2010. “Four Decades of European Newspapers:\n"
9780472120314 - page_152: "START TEXT: \nStructure and Content.” In Media, Markets and Public Spheres. European Media at the Crossroads, edi" ******* END TEXT: "lutningsprosesser i et maktsentrum. Rapport nr. 40, Oslo: Institutt for medier og kommunikasjon.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120314 - page_153: "START TEXT: \nIndex\nadvertising, 48, 56, 60, 65, 67, 68, 74, 77, 103, 104, 110, 124\nAftonbladet (Swedish newspape" ******* END TEXT: "nd society, 1–3, 5–8, 10, 13, 15–20, 50, 51, 76, 125, 127, 128\nSee also Nordic Model; welfare state\n"
9780472120314 - page_154: "START TEXT: \nFinnish public service broadcaster (YLE), 74, 77, 82, 88, 89, 90, 94\nSee also public service broadc" ******* END TEXT: "19–23, 131\nfour social forces modified by, 2, 10, 12, 16, 17, 18, 20, 23, 70, 76, 92, 120, 123, 129\n"
9780472120314 - page_155: "START TEXT: \nSee also media use; Nordic Model; press, the; public service broadcasting; welfare state\nMetro (fre" ******* END TEXT: " 107–11, 113, 117\nSweden\nand economy, 1, 5–9\nand politics, 1, 3–6, 8–11, 14, 15–20, 50, 51, 76, 125\n"
9780472120314 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nand society, 1, 3, 5–8, 10, 13, 15–20, 50, 51, 76, 125, 127, 128\nSee also Nordic Model; welfare sta" ******* END TEXT: "3–10, 19, 24, 25, 27, 30, 45, 121, 128\nsocial forces challenging, 8–10, 13\nSee also Nordic Model\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_i: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472120482 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \nDIGITAL HUMANITIES\nThe Digital Humanities series provides a forum for groundbreaking and benchmark " ******* END TEXT: " dedicated to publishing work in new media studies and the emerging field of digital humanities.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nPastplay\n\nTeaching and Learning History with Technology\n \n \nKevin Kee, Editor\n \n \nThe University of" ******* END TEXT: "ing History with Technology\n \n \nKevin Kee, Editor\n \n \nThe University of Michigan PressAnn Arbor\n \n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \n \nCopyright © by Kevin Kee 2014Some rights reserved\n\nThis work is licensed under the Creative Commo" ******* END TEXT: "major publication of The History Education Network/Histoire et éducation en réseau (THEN/HiER).\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_v: "START TEXT: \n\nContents\n\n \n \n\n\nCover Page\nTitle Page\nCopyright Page\nContents\nAcknowledgments\nIntroduction\nTeachin" ******* END TEXT: "an Gouglas, Mihaela Ilovan, Shannon Lucky, and Silvia Russell\n7. Ludic Algorithms\nBethany Nowviskie\n"
9780472120482 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \nWITH TECHNOLOGY\n8. Making and Playing with Models: Using Rapid Prototyping to Explore the History a" ******* END TEXT: "\nCover Page\nBegin Reading\nCopyright Page\nContents\nAcknowledgments\nAfterword\nContributors\nIndex\n\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \nAcknowledgments\n \n \n“Community, relationship, play.” The April 2010 symposium from which this book " ******* END TEXT: "t to completion. At BookComp, Nicholle Lutz expertly guided me through the final editorial process.\n"
9780472120482 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \nPastplay would not have been possible without the financial support of The History Education Networ" ******* END TEXT: "vironments to analyze and express history. I look forward to what emerges next from our sandbox.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nIntroduction\nKevin Kee\n \n“I think you’ve missed your audience.” The speaker was a digital humanitie" ******* END TEXT: "n our backs on the substance or practices of our disciplines; indeed, the pillars of the humanities "
9780472120482 - page_2: "START TEXT: lend themselves to playful engagement. And expertise in sophisticated computer programming skills is" ******* END TEXT: "ng historians and history educators across the spectrum of computational expertise. One of our core "
9780472120482 - page_3: "START TEXT: messages is that “you too can do this—and perhaps better—let’s explore this together.” Therefore, th" ******* END TEXT: "s appear not to have visited a school or university in years. If they had, they would have seen the "
9780472120482 - page_4: "START TEXT: many ways in which students engage with subjects like history. Others are perhaps too highly motivat" ******* END TEXT: "ommentators. Would their countries have a future if their young people could not remember the past?\n"
9780472120482 - page_5: "START TEXT: \nThe problem was politicized, blame assigned, and sides taken in what was called the “history wars.”" ******* END TEXT: "research on the use of primary source documents. Sandwell and Lutz also outline how theoretical and "
9780472120482 - page_6: "START TEXT: methodological developments within the discipline of history have informed the research on the teach" ******* END TEXT: "not unlike their professors and teachers, who majored in history primarily because they enjoyed it.\n"
9780472120482 - page_7: "START TEXT: \nPulitzer–prize winning author and historian David McCullough observed that “To me, history ought to" ******* END TEXT: "uctive, and even responsible way for citizens of the twenty-first century to relate to the past.”12\n"
9780472120482 - page_8: "START TEXT: \nPlayfully\nThe notion of “playful historical thinking” may strike some as a new idea. But as the aut" ******* END TEXT: "r, was to define what a “game” is, highlighting six specific attributes: games were not-obligatory, "
9780472120482 - page_9: "START TEXT: separate from everyday life, without a predetermined outcome, not connected to a material interest, " ******* END TEXT: "ast decade attempting to define what play and games are, and also what they are not, in the hope of "
9780472120482 - page_10: "START TEXT: being able to identify moments of genuine “learning” (which they consider a separate concept).24 As " ******* END TEXT: "r assumptions can be demonstrated and tested. Indeed, the creation of representations alluded to by "
9780472120482 - page_11: "START TEXT: Gouglas and Nowviskie may be one of the secret ingredients of effective learning. As Willard McCarty" ******* END TEXT: "hey see things that would otherwise have remained hidden. They point out that this kind of modeling "
9780472120482 - page_12: "START TEXT: is especially useful as pedagogy: students acquire tacit knowledge through making and playing with a" ******* END TEXT: "ls. A high school teacher with extensive experience in the use of history computer games, McCall is "
9780472120482 - page_13: "START TEXT: keenly aware of the demands of elementary and secondary classrooms, and provides practical steps to " ******* END TEXT: "echnology in teaching and learning does not guarantee a constructivist or constructionist approach.\n"
9780472120482 - page_14: "START TEXT: \nHer chapter, “Playing into the Past: Reconsidering the Educational Promise of Public History Exhibi" ******* END TEXT: "f nineteenth-century Victoria, British Columbia. The authors carefully outline the different stages "
9780472120482 - page_15: "START TEXT: of the project, and how students used Google SketchUp and Google Earth to bring the results of their" ******* END TEXT: "steries project (chapter 1), Lévesque’s analysis of his Virtual Historian (chapter 2), and McCall’s "
9780472120482 - page_16: "START TEXT: description of simulation games in the classroom (chapter 11) . Instructors of undergraduate history" ******* END TEXT: "e SketchUp). Turkel and Elliott describe their creation and use of wood and plastic physical models "
9780472120482 - page_17: "START TEXT: in chapter 8, and Kirschenbaum focuses on the controversy created by a history board game in chapter" ******* END TEXT: "ll be cited as examples of gamification. Some critics point out that gamification is a new term for "
9780472120482 - page_18: "START TEXT: long-established techniques, and in many cases a rebranding of the concepts central to “serious gami" ******* END TEXT: "sdiction), of the “Benchmarks of Historical Knowledge.” Developed by Peter Seixas at the University "
9780472120482 - page_19: "START TEXT: of British Columbia, the “Benchmarks” articulate “structural historical concepts” that can “guide an" ******* END TEXT: "rmance, and Game, ed. N. Wardrip-Fruin and P. Harrigan (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004), 154–63.\n"
9780472120482 - page_20: "START TEXT: \n25. Willard McCarty, Humanities Computing (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005), see especially c" ******* END TEXT: ", http://www.pcworld.com/article/216799/the_10_biggest_hoaxes_in_wikipedias_first_10_years.html.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_21: "START TEXT: \nTeaching and Learning History\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nTeaching and Learning History\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_22: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_23: "START TEXT: \nONE\nWhat Has Mystery Got to Do with It?\nRuth Sandwell and John Sutton Lutz\nOverview\nShould history " ******* END TEXT: "inks between our DGBL history project, the Great Unsolved Mysteries in Canadian History, and recent "
9780472120482 - page_24: "START TEXT: research and writing about historical thinking and knowing. (See figures 1.1 and 1.2.) More specifi" ******* END TEXT: "ation project has become so widely used and so critically acclaimed as a way of teaching history.\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_25: "START TEXT: \nThe History Educators\nRecent years have witnessed an increasing amount of research in the field of " ******* END TEXT: "s students busy, occupied, and apparently learning, this approach is widely perceived to work as an "
9780472120482 - page_26: "START TEXT: educational strategy. As a result, compilations of primary documents along with supporting education" ******* END TEXT: "able to marshal only one question about what they were reading: is it true? With little familiarity "
9780472120482 - page_27: "START TEXT: with primary documents, without the appropriate background knowledge, and without an understanding o" ******* END TEXT: "s on the world wide web moved directly to search engines to find sites they thought would give them "
9780472120482 - page_28: "START TEXT: all necessary information to accomplish their task15 as quickly as possible, and in a way that was m" ******* END TEXT: "he interpretation of meaningful evidence about the past, and believe instead that it exists only by "
9780472120482 - page_29: "START TEXT: authoritarian fiat or only through the always-flawed accounts of individual eyewitnesses, then it be" ******* END TEXT: "ineteenth-century historical writing, historians are openly acknowledging that history is a process "
9780472120482 - page_30: "START TEXT: of critical inquiry, a painfully meticulous process of piecing together—constructing—into a narrativ" ******* END TEXT: "cter of the Canadian past and the actual diversity of perspectives bearing on its interpretation.24\n"
9780472120482 - page_31: "START TEXT: Like history educators, historians are increasingly declaring the importance of the processes of his" ******* END TEXT: "history. We felt that the lecture format and the textbook, both first developed in the 19th century "
9780472120482 - page_32: "START TEXT: as important ways of teaching history, were used by earlier generations of history teachers because " ******* END TEXT: "e Canadian diplomat hounded by the CIA, Herbert Norman. These are great mysteries, not because they "
9780472120482 - page_33: "START TEXT: are famous, but because of the amazing access they give us to the lives and issues of real people fa" ******* END TEXT: "story within elementary, secondary, and even university classrooms. (See, for example, figure 1.5.)\n"
9780472120482 - page_34: "START TEXT: \n\n\nFurther testing is needed to confirm exactly how and to what extent the sites work at conveying n" ******* END TEXT: "nland?” chronologically the first in our series. (See figure 1.6.) All of our websites were created "
9780472120482 - page_35: "START TEXT: by leading scholars in the field who, in most cases, pitched the mysteries to the directors in a nat" ******* END TEXT: "bsite. A hint: the butternut root fragment is a significant piece of the puzzle. (See figure 1.7.)\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_36: "START TEXT: The other type of mystery, based on a crime, offers students the chance to play the ever-popular rol" ******* END TEXT: "search and analyze the evidence within online multimedia archives. Bringing these threads together, "
9780472120482 - page_37: "START TEXT: the Great Unsolved Mysteries in Canadian History project shows that the fascinating stories from the" ******* END TEXT: "il 1734, suspicion fell on a Black slave called Marie Angélique. But did she really start the fire?\n"
9780472120482 - page_38: "START TEXT: \nLife and Death in the Arctic: The Mystery of the Franklin Expedition\nIn 1845 2 ships with 110 men, " ******* END TEXT: "what really happened as you look into the lives of the rich and famous in their elite neighborhood.\n"
9780472120482 - page_39: "START TEXT: \nDeath on a Painted Lake: The Tom Thomson Tragedy\nInvestigate the mysterious 1917 death of artist To" ******* END TEXT: "uin, 2009) for a recent articulation of the relationship between the revival of interest in history "
9780472120482 - page_40: "START TEXT: and the end of the Cold War. See also Ken Osborne, “Teaching History in Schools: A Canadian Debate,”" ******* END TEXT: ", “Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts,” Phi Delta Kappan 80, no. 7 (March 1999): 488–500.\n"
9780472120482 - page_41: "START TEXT: \n13. S. G. Grant and Bruce Van Sledright, Constructing a Powerful Approach to Teaching and Learning " ******* END TEXT: "ctiveHistory, ca. April 26, 2011, http://activehistory.ca/papers/ldick/, accessed October 25, 2012.\n"
9780472120482 - page_42: "START TEXT: \n25. Ruth W. Sandwell, “History as Experiment: Microhistory and Environmental History,” in Method an" ******* END TEXT: ", see David Gerwin and Jack Zevin, Teaching U.S. History as Mystery (New York: Routledge, 2011).\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_43: "START TEXT: \nTWO\n“Why can’t you just tell us?”\nLearning Canadian History with the Virtual Historian\nStéphane Lév" ******* END TEXT: "ing with hypermedia, to downloading music on their cell phones, to consulting a library database on "
9780472120482 - page_44: "START TEXT: their laptops, and to beaming instant messages while watching television or playing video games. The" ******* END TEXT: "ing history is equated to “getting the story right,” usually in the form of a simplified narrative. "
9780472120482 - page_45: "START TEXT: For the latter, however, knowing history implies a complex—and always tentative—dialogue with the pa" ******* END TEXT: "expectations. Recent findings suggest that technology alone is not a viable solution. Adam Friedman "
9780472120482 - page_46: "START TEXT: argues in his study of high school history teachers and technology that the use of online sources “d" ******* END TEXT: "gital history, as built in the VH program, can “mediate and support student historical thinking.”20\n"
9780472120482 - page_47: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\nMethodological Matters\nAs noted above, the subject focus for this study was on Canada’s particip" ******* END TEXT: "e study of World War II. It marked the first official engagement of Canadian troops on the European "
9780472120482 - page_48: "START TEXT: front. Of the six thousand soldiers involved in the Allied raid of August 1942, five thousand were f" ******* END TEXT: "d in a post-instruction test to assess students’ progression in historical learning of the subject.\n"
9780472120482 - page_49: "START TEXT: The participants for this study were made up of four classes of grade 10 students from two urban Ont" ******* END TEXT: " to the organization and writing of more sophisticated essays as evidenced by students’ mean scores "
9780472120482 - page_50: "START TEXT: (m = 15.93 vs. m = 12.26 for school #1). A t-test reveals a statistically reliable difference betwee" ******* END TEXT: " grade 10 population for school #2 compared to 10 percent for school #1) are factors that appear to "
9780472120482 - page_51: "START TEXT: have impacted significantly on their overall performance. A section of this chapter below addresses " ******* END TEXT: "k at both sides, and are supported by references or direct quotations to the sources in question.\n \n"
9780472120482 - page_52: "START TEXT: \nThere were many lessons learned from the mistakes at Dieppe. The need for fire support provided its" ******* END TEXT: " high coefficient of correlation between the two sets of scores for school #1 (Pearson r = 0.779, p "
9780472120482 - page_53: "START TEXT: p " ******* END TEXT: "p "
9780472120482 - page_54: "START TEXT: of the program on student achievement. As Katy, who successfully used the VH for her research, puts " ******* END TEXT: "Newspaper Article). By 1:00 PM, the troops had withdrawn, and trapped soldiers had surrendered. The "
9780472120482 - page_55: "START TEXT: results were devastating, as less than half returned home (Timeline for Dieppe Raid). There were man" ******* END TEXT: "irectly in the raid, or with Report 116, a secret German intelligence report of the battle produced "
9780472120482 - page_56: "START TEXT: immediately after Dieppe and offering a very bleak picture of the Canadian operation. Yet, as long a" ******* END TEXT: " turn imagery sources into evidence for particular inferences. With this approach, the authority of "
9780472120482 - page_57: "START TEXT: visuals is shifted from the photographer to the questions and inferences that interpreters formulate" ******* END TEXT: "ng them as evidence, they view them as “cool” illustrations that enhance the reality of past times.\n"
9780472120482 - page_58: "START TEXT: \nDigital “Natives” and “Foreign” History\nClearly, engaging students in digitally enhanced inquiries " ******* END TEXT: "tudies. Results are still scarce and scattered and generalizations too problematical at this point.\n"
9780472120482 - page_59: "START TEXT: Although it is difficult and tentative to provide any firm conclusion, it is possible to present cer" ******* END TEXT: "mply a matter of acquiring new knowledge; it entails examining previously held beliefs.”44 Students "
9780472120482 - page_60: "START TEXT: cannot see contextualized meaning in historical (sub)texts if they do not believe they exist in the " ******* END TEXT: "om cannot be accomplished with educational technology alone. Even if teachers and students possess, "
9780472120482 - page_61: "START TEXT: to varying degrees, technological knowledge about software and hardware, they must be attentive to h" ******* END TEXT: "ichness of the materials that created both the most positive responses (“Cool!,” “Hey have you seen "
9780472120482 - page_62: "START TEXT: this picture?!’” “I can’t believe they did that”) and the most negative (“There’s too much to read a" ******* END TEXT: ".com/writing/Prensky%20%20Digital%20Natives,%20Digital%20Immigrants%20-%20Part1.pdf.\n3. Prensky, 1.\n"
9780472120482 - page_63: "START TEXT: \n4. Stéphane Lévesque, Thinking Historically: Educating Students for the 21st Century (Toronto: Univ" ******* END TEXT: " Tool for Document-Supported Instruction,” in Knowing, Teaching and Learning History: National and "
9780472120482 - page_64: "START TEXT: International Perspectives, ed. Peter Stearns, Peter Seixas, and Sam Wineburg (New York: New York Un" ******* END TEXT: "8), 321.\n29. Wineburg, 69.\n30. Perfetti, Britt, and Georgi, 180.\n31. Wineburg, 76.\n32. Shemilt, 44.\n"
9780472120482 - page_65: "START TEXT: \n33. Alaric Dickinson, A. Gard, and Peter Lee, “Evidence in History and the Classroom,” in History T" ******* END TEXT: "on, and Kervin, 781.\n49. Saye and Brush, “Using Technology-Enhanced Learning Environments,” 218.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_66: "START TEXT: \nTHREE\nInteractive Worlds as Educational Tools for Understanding Arctic Life\nRichard Levy and Peter " ******* END TEXT: "ical project funding often stipulates that public opportunity for engagement be provided. The level "
9780472120482 - page_67: "START TEXT: of participation can be a simple website, a museum display, or a presentation to the community of th" ******* END TEXT: "ability to engage students and the public in virtual worlds that promote both play and exploration.\n"
9780472120482 - page_68: "START TEXT: \nWhy Create Virtual Objects: Why Laser Scanning?\nCreating virtual worlds begins with the conversion " ******* END TEXT: "tages of different laser scanners that capture data at different resolutions, it is now possible to "
9780472120482 - page_69: "START TEXT: have an accurate record at the scale of a city, the buildings, and the artifacts contained within it" ******* END TEXT: "tion of drawings in plan and elevation proved difficult and time consuming. Laser scanning provided "
9780472120482 - page_70: "START TEXT: the only means for capturing a 3D image of this complex organic form. Fortunately, a mounted specime" ******* END TEXT: "nd snow were then layered on top of the hide, creating the form in summer and winter (figure 3.3).9\n"
9780472120482 - page_71: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_72: "START TEXT: \nThe Value of a Virtual Laboratory\nOne criticism of computer modeling in archaeology is that models " ******* END TEXT: "ntuitive understanding of structural analysis is essential in building complex architectural forms.\n"
9780472120482 - page_73: "START TEXT: \nLight, Space, and Activity: Modeling the Light from a Whalebone Lamp\nUnderstanding how ancient cult" ******* END TEXT: " to resolve very fine detail or small objects. Light levels close to the source (qulliq lamp) would "
9780472120482 - page_74: "START TEXT: have provided sufficient light for activities such as cooking (46.45 cd), but not for sewing (92.9 c" ******* END TEXT: "hese results that makes the results of these research findings accessible to students and teachers.\n"
9780472120482 - page_75: "START TEXT: \nThe Virtual Museum Program\nWith funding from the Virtual Museum Program in 2008, the researchers ha" ******* END TEXT: "o made it difficult to offer these kinds of exploratory environments as part of the web experience.\n"
9780472120482 - page_76: "START TEXT: \nFor those creating learning environments, both technical and institutional constraints are often di" ******* END TEXT: "ng the world, while other participants would offer suggestions about where to go next, or would ask "
9780472120482 - page_77: "START TEXT: questions about the virtual world. Interestingly, young children were most adept at this kind of joi" ******* END TEXT: "n immersive environments may provide opportunities for indigenous peoples to explore their heritage "
9780472120482 - page_78: "START TEXT: in ways that are far more meaningful. Recent research into the use of digital images of ethnographic" ******* END TEXT: "All indications are that the Elders recognized their encounter as a simulation and therefore not an "
9780472120482 - page_79: "START TEXT: authentic view of their past. Nevertheless, they appreciated the experience because it moved them cl" ******* END TEXT: "vironments from standard workstations and inexpensive flat panel displays will greatly expand their "
9780472120482 - page_80: "START TEXT: use in research and education. In a museum environment, the real challenge is creating experiences t" ******* END TEXT: "ion, this sphericalshaped theater is located in the Parc de la Villette at the Cité des Sciences et "
9780472120482 - page_81: "START TEXT: de l’Inustrie in Paris (figure 3.7). First constructed to show movies in IMAX format, it also has th" ******* END TEXT: "swimming, dancing, or flying. The setting is also used to reinforce the sensation that you are in a "
9780472120482 - page_82: "START TEXT: mythical world. Here in the world of endless dusk, both night and day exist together. Huge icebergs," ******* END TEXT: " can be used to excite interest in indigenous culture. With the growing acceptance of digital media "
9780472120482 - page_83: "START TEXT: by students, teachers, and the public, it is now possible to employ virtual worlds that can both ent" ******* END TEXT: "mselves. The idea is that as they learn they are building meaning, both individually and in groups.\n"
9780472120482 - page_84: "START TEXT: It is also hoped that this project will benefit the community. For example, by giving artisans and c" ******* END TEXT: "of the CIPA WG International Workshop on Scanning for Cultural Heritage Recording (2003): 33–38.\n8. "
9780472120482 - page_85: "START TEXT: Peter Dawson, “Interpreting Variability in Thule Inuit Architecture: A Case Study from the Canadian " ******* END TEXT: ", 2007), 77–91.\n24. Champion, 273–74.\n25. Dessault Systemes, Virtual Reality Competition, 2008.\n26. "
9780472120482 - page_86: "START TEXT: Knud Rasmussen, Eskimo Folk Tales, trans. W. Worster (London: Gylglendal, 1921).\n27. Whitridge, “The" ******* END TEXT: "pects of Thule Culture Adaptations in Southern Baffin Island,” Arctic 33, no. 3 (1980): 487–504.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nFOUR\nTecumseh Lies Here\nGoals and Challenges for a Pervasive History Game in Progress\nTimothy Compe" ******* END TEXT: "nd schools. Although it is difficult to generalize about such a rapidly evolving form, most ARGs to "
9780472120482 - page_88: "START TEXT: date have combined an underlying story or narrative, a series of puzzles and challenges, and a colla" ******* END TEXT: "money, and even love to historical pursuits. They volunteer at local historical organizations, lead "
9780472120482 - page_89: "START TEXT: tours of historic houses, don uniforms for battle reenactments, repair old locomotives for the railw" ******* END TEXT: "t history in the same ways that professional historians do. We agree that the thought processes and "
9780472120482 - page_90: "START TEXT: skills of professional historians are a useful model for students and teachers to emulate—but are th" ******* END TEXT: "ately sized grant to investigate the potential of ARGs and pervasive games for history and heritage "
9780472120482 - page_91: "START TEXT: education.9 The approaching bicentennial of the War of 1812 suggested a topic for such a game. Our p" ******* END TEXT: "abbling factions of this history underground and are drawn into their struggles over the memory and "
9780472120482 - page_92: "START TEXT: meaning of the Shawnee leader and the war. We recognize that this is a sensitive topic, potentially " ******* END TEXT: "ry Invaders” is how to play Space Invaders—moving from side to side and shooting descending blocks.\n"
9780472120482 - page_93: "START TEXT: \nThat example is intentionally banal, but the “History Invaders” problem infects far more sophistica" ******* END TEXT: "ups; and finally, some kinds of collective collaboration across a distributed community of players.\n"
9780472120482 - page_94: "START TEXT: \nTecumseh Lies Here: The Game\n[The] idea was that we would tell a story that was not bound by commun" ******* END TEXT: "sign team, who follows a loose script but also improvises to respond to player choices and actions.\n"
9780472120482 - page_95: "START TEXT: \nSome of the game’s first puzzles concern the clues on Smith’s person. He tells and shows visitors t" ******* END TEXT: "nd.”18 What Stewart describes, of course, is very close to the process of real historical research.\n"
9780472120482 - page_96: "START TEXT: \nThus, playing Tecumseh Lies Here is very much like doing real historical research. Players visit li" ******* END TEXT: "tely requires synthesizing or transcending the perspectives and disputes of all the rival factions.\n"
9780472120482 - page_97: "START TEXT: \nIf these puzzles and activities sound challenging, that is because they are meant to be. ARG player" ******* END TEXT: "eople can perform, however much others may despise it, is the invention of good games.\n—Carl Jung21\n"
9780472120482 - page_98: "START TEXT: \nThe first difficulty we encountered was predictable yet profound. Designing, mounting, and running " ******* END TEXT: "at Jesper Juul calls “games of progression” toward “games of emergence,” can be seen in the work of "
9780472120482 - page_99: "START TEXT: well-known game designer Jane McGonigal.23 Her first major game, I Love Bees (2004), was a tradition" ******* END TEXT: "rancisco pay phones rang and voices on the other end ordered them to dance. But they were surprised "
9780472120482 - page_100: "START TEXT: and delighted when a man in a gorilla suit and a 1980s-style b-boy with a boom box emerged from a ne" ******* END TEXT: "enges involved questions about our game’s audience or community, its impact, and its replayability.\n"
9780472120482 - page_101: "START TEXT: \nIt is very difficult to predict how many players a pervasive game, or ARG, will attract. As with ma" ******* END TEXT: " been described as “rock concerts”: large, one-time events that are powerful and engaging for those "
9780472120482 - page_102: "START TEXT: present, but not reproducible for those who are not.31 This is understandable given the demands of r" ******* END TEXT: "and enjoyment.”34 Like many intense group activities, pervasive games described after the fact have "
9780472120482 - page_103: "START TEXT: a strong “you had to be there” quality. Maybe these experiences would not be so powerful, and the co" ******* END TEXT: "onstantly criticize each other; we hope our players will critique our use of Tecumseh’s memory too.\n"
9780472120482 - page_104: "START TEXT: \nConstance Steinkuehler writes:\n \nAs a Pew Internet and American Life Report on the digital disconne" ******* END TEXT: "realism even or especially when their scenarios diverge wildly from actual history. These codes are "
9780472120482 - page_105: "START TEXT: not the same as the codes of the classroom or the professional historian—nor should they be. But res" ******* END TEXT: "at cannot be employed in actual educational institutions, by individual teachers and professors, by "
9780472120482 - page_106: "START TEXT: small museums and heritage sites, by people on the front lines of history education, is unlikely to " ******* END TEXT: "he Ontario Augmented Reality Network. This article was originally written in 2011, before Tecumseh "
9780472120482 - page_107: "START TEXT: Lies Here was completed. In preparing this chapter for publication, we have revised only lightly, in" ******* END TEXT: " of meaning or pattern in events that are actually accidental. Neil Dansey, “Facilitating Apophenia "
9780472120482 - page_108: "START TEXT: to Augment the Experience of Pervasive Games,” paper presented at the “Breaking the Magic Circle” se" ******* END TEXT: "ive Play,” Digital Games Research Association, “Level Up” conference proceedings, November 2003.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_109: "START TEXT: \nPlayfully\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nPlayfully\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_110: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_111: "START TEXT: \nFIVE\nThe Hermeneutics of Screwing Around; or What You Do with a Million Books\nStephen Ramsay\nAccord" ******* END TEXT: "ools, new curricula, and new ways of organizing knowledge). It is, after all, at the end of history "
9780472120482 - page_112: "START TEXT: that one undertakes summation of “the best that has been thought and said in the world.”1 The aforem" ******* END TEXT: "s read them, no one ever will. And then there are French novels, Chinese, Argentinian, American.7\n \n"
9780472120482 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nDebates about canonicity have been raging in my field (literary studies) for as long as the field h" ******* END TEXT: "ding proud ownership of our ignorance and dilettantism. A few years ago, Pierre Bayard famously—and "
9780472120482 - page_114: "START TEXT: with only the barest sheen of satire—exposed our condition by writing a book entitled How to Talk Ab" ******* END TEXT: "resting bit on Frank Zappa, and it mentions that Zappa was way into this guy named Edgard Varèse. I "
9780472120482 - page_115: "START TEXT: have no idea who that is, so I start looking around for some Varèse. One look at the cover of his bi" ******* END TEXT: "“not reading”—an idea he puts forth during a consideration of the power of the digital surrogate:\n \n"
9780472120482 - page_116: "START TEXT: A book sits in a network of transactions that involve a reader, his interlocutors, and a “collective" ******* END TEXT: "one of the first electronic instruments, but possibly the most beautiful sound you have ever heard. "
9780472120482 - page_117: "START TEXT: And I do not believe this. There is a guy in Seattle who is trying to build an Ondes, and he has alr" ******* END TEXT: " browsing tool—as a tool for serendipitous engagement—it falls far behind even the most rudimentary "
9780472120482 - page_118: "START TEXT: library. It can successfully present books on gardening, but because all categorization within Googl" ******* END TEXT: "e the hypertext, the mash-up, and the web. But Barthes himself doubted whether “the pleasure of the "
9780472120482 - page_119: "START TEXT: text”—the writerly text—could ever penetrate the institutions in which readerly paths through cultur" ******* END TEXT: "urant, Our Oriental Heritage, Story of Civilization 1 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1963), vii.\n6. "
9780472120482 - page_120: "START TEXT: The site would go on to become Yahoo!—which would go on to achieve a market capitalization of more t" ******* END TEXT: "-Hill, 1974), 5.\n17. Roland Barthes, The Pleasure of the Text (New York: Farrar-Hill, 1975), 60.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_121: "START TEXT: \nSIX\nAbort, Retry, Pass, Fail\nGames as Teaching Tools\nSean Gouglas, Mihaela Ilovan, Shannon Lucky, a" ******* END TEXT: "n become adults, and at the cultural level as cultures become increasingly complex and economically "
9780472120482 - page_122: "START TEXT: developed. As seen in the differences between children kicking stones on a playground and profession" ******* END TEXT: "r little girls and young (and older) women.7 These miniature settings implied “a space specifically "
9780472120482 - page_123: "START TEXT: designated for play, often by adults who intend that children play nowhere else.”8 Often large and h" ******* END TEXT: "ults; children were encouraged to play as well. Games such as “commerce,” which involved small pots "
9780472120482 - page_124: "START TEXT: of money, introduced children to accepted norms of social interaction at first with family members, " ******* END TEXT: "l three games share the same abstractions of landscape and pieces, which permit the development and "
9780472120482 - page_125: "START TEXT: refinement of strategic thinking. These lessons included military parallels in addition to flanking " ******* END TEXT: "is father’s game. In particular, he quantified the effects of combat so that results of engagements "
9780472120482 - page_126: "START TEXT: were calculated rather than discussed.”23 Later versions even included dice to mimic the random, oft" ******* END TEXT: "n the whole, efforts to include gaming in the classroom, particularly at the university level, rely "
9780472120482 - page_127: "START TEXT: on intuitive leaps by faculty attempting to bridge the gap between dissemination and uptake, often w" ******* END TEXT: "om mechanics, such as note taking during lectures, are learned. To ensure the effective adoption of "
9780472120482 - page_128: "START TEXT: gaming technologies, educators need not only assess the perceived effectiveness of the game as a ped" ******* END TEXT: "rved in subjects utilizing interactive simulations or games versus traditional teaching methods.”40\n"
9780472120482 - page_129: "START TEXT: \nThese authors, and other critics, argue that these conclusions are tentative at best. The Vogel stu" ******* END TEXT: "arts seems, on the face of it, a more risky proposition. The paucity of good “serious games” at the "
9780472120482 - page_130: "START TEXT: university level in the humanities and social sciences speaks to this difficulty. In addition, despi" ******* END TEXT: "ve teaching tool; as Charles Bailey states, mandatory games do not necessarily “build character.”58\n"
9780472120482 - page_131: "START TEXT: \nOne popular approach to overcoming this difficulty is to create learning environments that improve " ******* END TEXT: "actions with native speakers in MMORPGs (Everquest II), English-as-a-second-language (ESL) students "
9780472120482 - page_132: "START TEXT: improved significantly more in second-language acquisition than students learning through more tradi" ******* END TEXT: "mes are highly collaborative, allowing the players to pool and share both knowledge and skills.67\n \n"
9780472120482 - page_133: "START TEXT: \nOn the other hand, the skill passed down to the player may be only suitable for improving the playi" ******* END TEXT: ".73 What remains sorely lacking is comprehensive testing of the efficacy of such games in improving "
9780472120482 - page_134: "START TEXT: learning outcomes at the university level in the liberal arts.74 In the Humanities Computing program" ******* END TEXT: "ide for Professionals and Hobbyists (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990); and Roger Smith, “The "
9780472120482 - page_135: "START TEXT: Long History of Gaming in Military Training,” Simulation & Gaming 41, no. 1 (February 2010): 6–19.\n1" ******* END TEXT: "ve statistics applied to a survey questionnaire given to 858 Flemish secondary school students.\n33. "
9780472120482 - page_136: "START TEXT: Kurt Squire and Henry Jenkins, “Harnessing the Power of Games in Education,” InSight 3, no. 1 (2003)" ******* END TEXT: "eople with Intellectual Disabilities,” Journal of Assistive Technologies 3, no. 2 (2009): 4–12.\n50. "
9780472120482 - page_137: "START TEXT: Pablo Moreno-Ger et al., “Educational Game Design for Online Education,” Computers in Human Behavior" ******* END TEXT: "t Learning and Literacy (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003); and James Paul Gee, “What Video Games "
9780472120482 - page_138: "START TEXT: have to Teach Us about Learning and Literacy,” ACM Computers in Entertainment 1, no. 1 (October 2003" ******* END TEXT: "” Science of Computer Programming 67, no. 1 (2007): 31.\n73. de Freitas, 344.\n74. Michael, 74–75.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_139: "START TEXT: \nSEVEN\nLudic Algorithms\nBethany Nowviskie\nLlull’s Great Art\n“Calculemus!”\nJonathan Swift’s Gulliver," ******* END TEXT: "even delicate theological arguments mechanically, saying “Calculemus!”—“Let us compute!” (Leibniz).\n"
9780472120482 - page_140: "START TEXT: \n\nIn fact, a better-supported candidate for Swift’s vitriol is Leibniz’s acknowledged predecessor in" ******* END TEXT: " but among a cadre of humanists with fresh ideas about the relation of mechanism to interpretation.\n"
9780472120482 - page_141: "START TEXT: \n\n\nA review and description of Llull’s tool, with attention to its structure and function and to pas" ******* END TEXT: "cis Bacon describes the Ars Magna as “a method of imposture . . . being nothing but a mass and heap "
9780472120482 - page_142: "START TEXT: of the terms of all arts, to the end that they who are ready with the terms may be thought to unders" ******* END TEXT: "own output: “naturally, only the artist using the machine is able to decide which statement is true "
9780472120482 - page_143: "START TEXT: and which is false. The machine independently produces both: the universe of truth and the universe " ******* END TEXT: "ng constraints under which his concepts are meant to function and through which they are enlivened.\n"
9780472120482 - page_144: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_145: "START TEXT: \nLlull’s embodied relations permit the generation—for further analysis—of a phrase like “goodness ha" ******* END TEXT: "etive rules, as is enabled by the embedded, rotating wheels, even more complex problems can present "
9780472120482 - page_146: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780472120482 - page_149: "START TEXT: themselves: for example, “whether goodness contains within itself difference and contrariety.”14\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "themselves: for example, “whether goodness contains within itself difference and contrariety.”14\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_147: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_148: "START TEXT: \n\n\nLlull works out the results of his generative machine in tables similar to the half matrix used t" ******* END TEXT: "erated by means of the Ars Magna. At no point does Llull imply that his machine can produce “truth” "
9780472120482 - page_150: "START TEXT: independently from its human user, no matter how scientific his alphabetic abstractions appear. Inst" ******* END TEXT: "e-based work of the Arabian mathematician al-Khwarizmi, from whose name the word “algorithm” stems.\n"
9780472120482 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nThe relationship between algorithmic operation (as both a concrete and an abstract methodology) and" ******* END TEXT: " a search tree for further exploration, or even by cutting out unpromising branches altogether. The "
9780472120482 - page_152: "START TEXT: weak point of the heuristic method becomes evident when its user needs to shift gears. I am not find" ******* END TEXT: "impossible to implement. In contrast is a commonplace algorithm for finishing one’s dissertation:\n \n"
9780472120482 - page_153: "START TEXT: \nStep 1: Write the next paragraph.\nStep 2: Repeat Step 1 until dissertation is complete.\n \nThis proc" ******* END TEXT: " unexpected; it is in fact built inextricably into the process. Algorithms are certainly applicable "
9780472120482 - page_154: "START TEXT: to problem solving, but Lovelace suggests that they only (perversely) solve problems whose answers a" ******* END TEXT: " they may become most easily and rapidly amenable to the mechanical combinations of the engine, the "
9780472120482 - page_155: "START TEXT: relations and the nature of many subjects in that science are necessarily thrown into new lights, an" ******* END TEXT: " transferred to us over the course of a rich and varied education. (One would generally rather take "
9780472120482 - page_156: "START TEXT: this stance than that; when writing on this subject, one must avoid that quagmire; etc.) But what if" ******* END TEXT: "r of disciplines bears this theory out, and it remains useful despite more contemporary critique.31\n"
9780472120482 - page_157: "START TEXT: \nPerhaps equally peculiar is the suggestion that Minsky’s framing system, which is structured hierar" ******* END TEXT: "s chosen forms. And for this reason, writers exercise their faculties by engaging in rhetorical and "
9780472120482 - page_158: "START TEXT: metrical exercises and linguistic games, such as acrostics, bouts-rimés, or complex forms like hende" ******* END TEXT: "algorithmic in (for instance) the OuLiPian project might be better understood as a ludic algorithm, "
9780472120482 - page_159: "START TEXT: which I posit as a constrained, generative design situation, opening itself up—through performance b" ******* END TEXT: "ital environments, an idea of algorithm that restricts its application to after-the-fact “aesthetic "
9780472120482 - page_160: "START TEXT: provocation.” In fact, the real “surprise” involved here is less a matter of the algorithm working t" ******* END TEXT: "interpreted data. And programmed algorithms that are flatly, “automagically” applied to a data set, "
9780472120482 - page_161: "START TEXT: not opening themselves up to examination and modification by a user, filter the object of interpreta" ******* END TEXT: "the intimate manipulations of a designer or programmer—algorithmic performance by subjective agents "
9780472120482 - page_162: "START TEXT: is revelatory. Imagine actually going through the prescribed physical process of picking up every it" ******* END TEXT: "orical context of ars combinatoria, a practice described by the installation artist Janet Zweig and "
9780472120482 - page_163: "START TEXT: others as rooted in mysticism and divination and leading up to the aleatory experimentation of the m" ******* END TEXT: "erors. In Llull’s time, Majorca was a melting pot: at least one-third of the population was Muslim, "
9780472120482 - page_164: "START TEXT: there was a strong and influential Jewish minority in the economic and political center, and the res" ******* END TEXT: "yzing their relations. Llull’s hope was that Christian arguments inspired by the Ars Magna would be "
9780472120482 - page_165: "START TEXT: satisfactory to Muslims and Jews, stemming as they did from logical combinations of their own basic " ******* END TEXT: "ly functional,” after the style of “modern mathematicians, who do not say what a thing is, but only "
9780472120482 - page_166: "START TEXT: what it does.”61 This dynamism provokes computer scientists like Ton Sales to argue that Llull inven" ******* END TEXT: "not open themselves adequately to the participation of a subjective agent during their operation.66\n"
9780472120482 - page_167: "START TEXT: \nJanet Zweig, in her overview of ancient and modern ars combinatoria, asks a fundamental question, r" ******* END TEXT: "llegedly “precritical” activity of bibliographers and textual critics before us, remains insular.68\n"
9780472120482 - page_168: "START TEXT: \nLlull tells us that he chose a graphical and mechanical art partly through inspiration (the Ars Mag" ******* END TEXT: "oduction of the Ars Brevis (Escorial, MS f-IV-12, folios 3, 4, 6, and 7) in the Selected Works.\n14. "
9780472120482 - page_169: "START TEXT: Anthony Bonner, “What Was Llull Up To?” Instituto Brasiliero de Filosofia e Ciencia Raimundo Lulio, " ******* END TEXT: "ation,” accessed July 31, 2012, http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/jjm2f/old/deform.html.\n32. Symes, 88.\n"
9780472120482 - page_170: "START TEXT: \n33. Symes, 88.\n34. Symes, 90.\n35. This idea is closely tied to the biology of autopoiesis as articu" ******* END TEXT: "esigns. The instantial thinker “comes up with great cut scenes,” the passive, movie-like animations "
9780472120482 - page_171: "START TEXT: that close chapters or levels in many digital action games, “but lousy interactions,” which are the " ******* END TEXT: "erpretive genres in the same way that writers like Susan Howe blend poetic practice and criticism.\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_172: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_173: "START TEXT: \nWith Technology\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nWith Technology\n"
9780472120482 - page_174: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_175: "START TEXT: \nEIGHT\nMaking and Playing with Models\nUsing Rapid Prototyping to Explore the History and Technology " ******* END TEXT: "hearsing core values of sharing and openness, resourcefulness, a can-do attitude, and a willingness "
9780472120482 - page_176: "START TEXT: to open the black box. If they wish, they can even buy T-shirts with slogans like “If you can’t open" ******* END TEXT: "irectly from innovation are the users of a good or service. “All others (here lumped under the term "
9780472120482 - page_177: "START TEXT: ‘manufacturers’) must sell innovation-related products or services to users, indirectly or directly," ******* END TEXT: "ommercial computer-controlled rapid prototyping and fabrication devices dropped precipitously. News "
9780472120482 - page_178: "START TEXT: articles from the early 1990s put the price of an entry-level commercial setup close to the million-" ******* END TEXT: "and a historically nuanced understanding of manufacturing and innovation in the present moment will "
9780472120482 - page_179: "START TEXT: have to take these changes into account, particularly as humanists become makers themselves.21\n\n\nWe " ******* END TEXT: "s do indeed possess skills that are communicated only with difficulty. Their practical knowledge is "
9780472120482 - page_180: "START TEXT: often unlearnable from the eviscerated accounts that appear in the pages of experimental papers (in " ******* END TEXT: "llowed in Galileo’s footsteps by attempting to determine the law of motion using an inclined plane.\n"
9780472120482 - page_181: "START TEXT: \nHistorians of science have not always believed that Galileo performed the experiment that he report" ******* END TEXT: "d weaving fabrics.33 Outside the academy, crafters and reenactors make chain mail,34 fire matchlock "
9780472120482 - page_182: "START TEXT: muskets,35 grow heirloom vegetables,36 take daguerreotypes,37 and engage with the material past in a" ******* END TEXT: "ure from the eighteenth century onward. Accounts of magical feats from India—and one in particular, "
9780472120482 - page_183: "START TEXT: which became known as the Indian Rope Trick—often took the form of suspensions. In that trick, a rop" ******* END TEXT: "Combining the gooseneck with a network of threads, Maskelyne revolutionized levitation, albeit in a "
9780472120482 - page_184: "START TEXT: form that was difficult to balance and tune and could not be easily moved from one venue to another." ******* END TEXT: "ve the technology of levitation was the American star Harry Kellar. Kellar visited London annually, "
9780472120482 - page_185: "START TEXT: often accompanied by his chief mechanic, in order to study the new illusions that his rival Maskelyn" ******* END TEXT: ".3.) Since each stage had different dimensions and resources, Kellar’s version of levitation needed "
9780472120482 - page_186: "START TEXT: to be adaptable and robust. When Kellar retired, he named Howard Thurston as his successor and passe" ******* END TEXT: "the apparatus was finicky, however, and the method went out of fashion. It is rarely seen today.56\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_187: "START TEXT: \nIn re-creating models of the more elaborate levitations, we started with commercially available toy" ******* END TEXT: "the magician and Ken the assistant? What if a giant rabbit pulled a magician from a hat? And so on.\n"
9780472120482 - page_188: "START TEXT: \n\n\nThe process of building more elaborate models also foregrounded the importance of the stage itsel" ******* END TEXT: "rcially available hobby gearmotors and servos. In place of human assistance, we use the open source "
9780472120482 - page_189: "START TEXT: microcontroller Arduino. Arduino has roughly the functionality of an early 1980s-era computer, but c" ******* END TEXT: "with the models, one takes on roles of apparatus builder, magician, assistant, and audience member.\n"
9780472120482 - page_190: "START TEXT: \n\n\nSpaces for Making and Playing\nIt is a sad fact that, in North America at least, most of the space" ******* END TEXT: "ke John Dewey, Jane Addams, and the members of the Bauhaus and the Foxfire projects have argued (in "
9780472120482 - page_191: "START TEXT: different ways, of course) that useful making and doing are an essential part of learning. This is n" ******* END TEXT: "s like Arduino to create museum exhibits that have interactive, tangible, or ambient components. In "
9780472120482 - page_192: "START TEXT: recent classes, students have created a working model of Sputnik, a simple robot that re-creates his" ******* END TEXT: "US in Hamilton, accessed July 31, 2012, http://www.thinkhaus.org/; Kwartzlab in Kitchener-Waterloo, "
9780472120482 - page_193: "START TEXT: accessed July 31, 2012, http://kwartzlab.ca/; unLab in London, accessed July 31, 2012, http://unlond" ******* END TEXT: " Wallace, Rockdale: The Growth of an American Village in the Early Industrial Revolution (New York: "
9780472120482 - page_194: "START TEXT: Knopf, 1978); Jenny Uglow, The Lunar Men: Five Friends Whose Curiosity Changed the World (New York: " ******* END TEXT: "ow Scientists and Engineers through Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987).\n31. "
9780472120482 - page_195: "START TEXT: We have recently been in touch with Glen Bull, who is leading a project entitled Fab@School: A Digit" ******* END TEXT: ", Brown, 2004). For a discussion of the cruelty apparent in many magical illusions, see During.\n44. "
9780472120482 - page_196: "START TEXT: Bruce Armstrong, ed., Encyclopedia of Suspensions and Levitations (Calgary: M. Hades International, " ******* END TEXT: "d performed at an invitation-only gathering of elite magicians and magic historians in Los Angeles.\n"
9780472120482 - page_197: "START TEXT: \n57. Jim Steinmeyer, The Glorious Deception: The Double Life of William Robinson, aka Chung Ling Soo" ******* END TEXT: "er’s Bill of Rights,” Make Magazine, accessed July 31, 2012, http://makezine.com/04/ownyourown/.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_198: "START TEXT: \nNINE\nContests for Meaning\nPlaying King Philip’s War in the Twenty-First Century\nMatthew Kirschenbau" ******* END TEXT: "hievous devices against that part of the English Israel which is seated in these goings down of the "
9780472120482 - page_199: "START TEXT: Sun, no man that is an Inhabitant of any considerable standing can be ignorant.”2 These “mischievous" ******* END TEXT: "all of the fuss, instead of a high-end computer game with sophisticated graphics and sound effects?\n"
9780472120482 - page_200: "START TEXT: \n\nThe Controversy\nThe public controversy began on March 15, 2010, when the Providence Journal publis" ******* END TEXT: "eters of the Mashpee Wampanoag tribe was quoted as saying that the game “seems to trivialize a very "
9780472120482 - page_201: "START TEXT: tragic event in our history.” Predictably perhaps, the terms of the discussion rapidly polarized: “W" ******* END TEXT: "into details of the conflict. I would submit that the term “game” in and of itself assumes that the "
9780472120482 - page_202: "START TEXT: topic is trivialized. On the contrary. There is a world of simulation gaming that allows players ins" ******* END TEXT: "s King Philip’s War without other treatments of it already in gamers’ hands was thus indeed a coup.\n"
9780472120482 - page_203: "START TEXT: \n\nFollowing the publication of the Providence Journal article, events began to unfold quickly. The k" ******* END TEXT: "ease of King Philip’s War game” also went online, and quickly garnered several hundred members. The "
9780472120482 - page_204: "START TEXT: description read: “Stopping the production of this game is our focus, but the broader goals are rais" ******* END TEXT: " of colonial soldiery and “war bands” of Native Americans. Counters are also included for prominent "
9780472120482 - page_205: "START TEXT: leaders on each side such as Metacom and Benjamin Church; other counters represent assets such as mu" ******* END TEXT: ". Until Benjamin Church enters the game, the English are forbidden from moving along the waterways.\n"
9780472120482 - page_206: "START TEXT: \nEnglish Combat. Similar to above. Note that the sequence of play dictates that the English player w" ******* END TEXT: " result indicates the number of losses inflicted on the enemy and, depending on the proportion, the "
9780472120482 - page_207: "START TEXT: attacker either advances to claim the space or is rebuffed. If the die rolls from both sides happen " ******* END TEXT: "tract strategy and decision making that comes to characterize the immersive experience of the game.\n"
9780472120482 - page_208: "START TEXT: \n\nAs a brief example to make the point, consider the role of muskets. Both the English and the Nativ" ******* END TEXT: "the Native American firearms trade was symptomatic of the extent to which the indigenous population "
9780472120482 - page_209: "START TEXT: had become imbricated in colonial economic systems, a reality reflected in the game by the mandate t" ******* END TEXT: "e think of history as static, [as] there being one history; there’s no such thing,” he concluded.13\n"
9780472120482 - page_210: "START TEXT: \nDespite this seemingly amicable outcome, the controversy had not yet run its course. On April 15 th" ******* END TEXT: "hown, even a topic as seemingly remote in Western contexts as the Eastern Front in World War II can "
9780472120482 - page_211: "START TEXT: function as a semiotically replete conduit for mythos, the heroic (read white and Westernized) Wehrm" ******* END TEXT: "mpt at inclusion of an alternative sign system, tellingly as the harbinger of “chance” and “fate.”)\n"
9780472120482 - page_212: "START TEXT: \n\nConflict simulation gamers tend to be well educated, curious, and serious about their devotion to " ******* END TEXT: " ludic systems and procedures can represent. All of that is to the good. But history, as the saying "
9780472120482 - page_213: "START TEXT: goes, is written by the victors. In this case it is also undeniably being played by the victors. And" ******* END TEXT: " KPW. For comments on drafts of this essay, I am grateful to Jennifer Guiliano and David Hughes.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_214: "START TEXT: \nTEN\nRolling Your Own\nOn Modding Commercial Games for Educational Goals\nShawn Graham\nMembers of onli" ******* END TEXT: "exceptionalism, while others have concentrated on its anachronisms, its theoretical presentation of "
9780472120482 - page_215: "START TEXT: history, and its potential for implementation in classroom settings.1 I wish to focus attention on a" ******* END TEXT: "s; it is spontaneous and builds from the bottom up. It is also, notably, teaching without teachers.\n"
9780472120482 - page_216: "START TEXT: \nThe Year of the Four Emperors\nThe death of Nero in 68 C.E. launched the Roman Empire into a period " ******* END TEXT: "scenario building, I came to rely on fan sites for help, primarily Civfanatics. Civilization IV was "
9780472120482 - page_217: "START TEXT: built using XML to describe nearly every object in the game. By adjusting the information in the XML" ******* END TEXT: "he offer to play the game for credit; all chose to write standard essays. I should note that it was "
9780472120482 - page_218: "START TEXT: not mandatory for any of the students to play this scenario, nor did I try to teach students new to " ******* END TEXT: "ent in scenario building, it was in the context of an online community rather than in my classroom.\n"
9780472120482 - page_219: "START TEXT: \nAssessing the Educational Value of Online Discussion Forums\nThe major learning management systems u" ******* END TEXT: " and reflection.10\n \nUzuner illustrates EVT in a table, which I have reproduced below (table 10.1).\n"
9780472120482 - page_220: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_221: "START TEXT: \nIn contrast, ELVT is talk “that lacks substance in regards to critical and meaningful engagement wi" ******* END TEXT: "talk, and dramatically tilt the balance of educationally less valuable to educationally valuable.)\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_222: "START TEXT: \nTABLE 10.3. Educationally valuable talk in Shafer’s World War I scenario thread\n\n\nKinds of Valuable" ******* END TEXT: "tory. Shafer introduces it on May 6. A flurry of appreciative posts and “how do I . . . ” technical "
9780472120482 - page_223: "START TEXT: queries ensues for about fifty posts, followed by a second phase of play testing and reporting of bu" ******* END TEXT: "alone the individuals who are making the greatest contribution to the learning going on in a forum.\n"
9780472120482 - page_224: "START TEXT: \n\n\nThis was a forum without an official leader, or anyone acting in the role of “teacher.” The contr" ******* END TEXT: "hed to put the scenario, which made it more of a curiosity than a scenario that got people excited.\n"
9780472120482 - page_225: "START TEXT: \n\nRolling Your Own: Lessons Learned?\nThe most important lesson learned is that we, the instructors, " ******* END TEXT: "ement it in the game mechanics. Have them debate how to do this: What rules need to be changed? How "
9780472120482 - page_226: "START TEXT: do the rules impose a particular kind of expression of history? Build, and play-test, the resulting " ******* END TEXT: "ligion in society. This mechanic has largely been expunged from the fifth iteration of the game.\n7. "
9780472120482 - page_227: "START TEXT: James Gee, “Semiotic Social Spaces and Affinity Spaces: From Age of Mythology to Today’s Schools,” i" ******* END TEXT: "rums.civfanatics.com/showthread.php?t=171164.\n19. See Kee and Graham in this volume, chapter 13.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_228: "START TEXT: \nELEVEN\nSimulation Games and the Study of the Past\nClassroom Guidelines\nJeremiah McCall\n\nWhat does a" ******* END TEXT: "to use simulation games as learning tools need to be willing to engage in play. We must take risks, "
9780472120482 - page_229: "START TEXT: wading into the chaos, navigating the mess, and implementing a sense of order and meaning that helps" ******* END TEXT: "ne or more aspects of the real world. A number of commercial and nonprofit computer games fall into "
9780472120482 - page_230: "START TEXT: this category, strategy games that place the player in historical roles, ranging from traders and su" ******* END TEXT: "tions of people in the past. They provide students with visual, interactive models and experiences, "
9780472120482 - page_231: "START TEXT: however vicarious, of how their own decisions influenced, for example, the success of a trade, the d" ******* END TEXT: "riterion for effective lessons, particularly lessons involving simulation games. First, fun is both "
9780472120482 - page_232: "START TEXT: relative and broad in scope. Suppose a student was asked if her sessions playing, observing, and int" ******* END TEXT: "d different outcomes each time they are played. Consequently, they should not be employed as static "
9780472120482 - page_233: "START TEXT: descriptors of factual details about the past. Valid simulation games need not, and indeed cannot, r" ******* END TEXT: " core defensible models, the next step is to begin considering the historical problems posed by the "
9780472120482 - page_234: "START TEXT: game in order to anticipate the types of resources and support students will need to analyze the gam" ******* END TEXT: "ertain population size—and dictating the types of actions the player’s historical persona can take.\n"
9780472120482 - page_235: "START TEXT: \nFrom Theory to Practice: A Classroom Case Study\nNow that the theoretical value of simulation games " ******* END TEXT: "n historical methodology, they seemed to be only loosely connected to the rest of the unit on Roman "
9780472120482 - page_236: "START TEXT: history. The Hannibalic Wars were referenced in the class but, due to time constraints, not studied " ******* END TEXT: " one side of a battlefield with terrain ranging from deserts to trees and mountains. In a siege the "
9780472120482 - page_237: "START TEXT: deployment takes place around a settlement. Either way, the player knows nothing about the placement" ******* END TEXT: "when that level dips too low. The idea that morale, not casualties, was the most critical factor in "
9780472120482 - page_238: "START TEXT: the outcome of ancient battles is an important component of understanding ancient war.\nCivCity: Rome" ******* END TEXT: "ilding game, the player has the ultimate decisions about what is constructed, what is produced, and "
9780472120482 - page_239: "START TEXT: what is sold. Certainly, emperors and governors worked to secure grain supplies, provide entertainme" ******* END TEXT: "nly flaws in a game are subtle minutiae, students will not have any reasonable opportunity to offer "
9780472120482 - page_240: "START TEXT: critiques, the core of the historian’s practice. Better still, one person’s flaw is another person’s" ******* END TEXT: "ance system, aristocratic competition, urban planning, and daily life in cities. Excerpts of modern "
9780472120482 - page_241: "START TEXT: secondary source readings provided additional detail on each of these topics. In addition, a set of " ******* END TEXT: "d reasoning that led to these steps, particularly the imperative to begin by training students well "
9780472120482 - page_242: "START TEXT: to play the game. Since the ultimate goal of history teachers is to get students to analyze, synthes" ******* END TEXT: "does or even should a teacher ask for the consensus of the class on every single topic of study and "
9780472120482 - page_243: "START TEXT: assessment? Simulation games are well worth including in the classroom. If they are incorporated pri" ******* END TEXT: "he side of creating a highly structured training environment; this will help keep more rambunctious "
9780472120482 - page_244: "START TEXT: students on task while also providing extra support for those who need reassurance. First, run the g" ******* END TEXT: "e observation notes; after a certain amount of playtime, the team members exchange tasks. This kind "
9780472120482 - page_245: "START TEXT: of setup encourages the taking of effective notes and prevents an individual from getting too engros" ******* END TEXT: "tions and so only the students researching travel, for example, ran travel experiments in the game. "
9780472120482 - page_246: "START TEXT: Encouraged by the sight of students conducting experiments with Rome: Total War, however, inspired m" ******* END TEXT: "critical writing skills, my ninth-graders were tasked to research and write a formal critical essay "
9780472120482 - page_247: "START TEXT: about some aspect of the game. This was an exercise in forming meaningful questions, understanding h" ******* END TEXT: "e underestimated. The students essentially came up with their own meaningful, high-level historical "
9780472120482 - page_248: "START TEXT: questions. Perhaps most striking, all of these questions have been the subjects of research and writ" ******* END TEXT: "nd, can ensure that the task students undertake is viable. But this kind of standardization has its "
9780472120482 - page_249: "START TEXT: costs; it removes the opportunity for students to form their own questions and pursue their own line" ******* END TEXT: " more quantifiable terms with students the core mechanics that are at work in the games themselves. "
9780472120482 - page_250: "START TEXT: Theorists on the role of games in learning and popular culture increasingly stress the importance of" ******* END TEXT: "viate in any significant way from traditional methods of instruction and the prescribed curriculum? "
9780472120482 - page_251: "START TEXT: How can history teachers effectively prepare their students for the twenty-first century by suggesti" ******* END TEXT: "33 (2002): 441–67; Harold F. O’Neil, Richard Wainess, and Eva L. Baker, “Classification of Learning "
9780472120482 - page_252: "START TEXT: Outcomes: Evidence from the Computer Games Literature,” The Curriculum Journal 16 (2005): 455–74; Ku" ******* END TEXT: "accessed July 31, 2012, www.Direct2Drive.com; Amazon.com is an excellent source for hard copies.\n9. "
9780472120482 - page_253: "START TEXT: These are not particularly controversial points in the field, but for some support of the general ou" ******* END TEXT: "n Bogost, Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2007).\n"
9780472120482 - page_254: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_255: "START TEXT: \nBy Building\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nBy Building\n"
9780472120482 - page_256: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_257: "START TEXT: \nTWELVE\nPlaying into the Past\nReconsidering the Educational Promise of Public History Exhibits\nBrend" ******* END TEXT: "an increasingly robust collection of research and scholarship on museums and digital technologies.4 "
9780472120482 - page_258: "START TEXT: Several issues have emerged. The first, initially raised by Michelle Henning5 is whether history mus" ******* END TEXT: "lume by Sean Gouglas and Bethany Nowviskie et al., the digital media and computer technologies that "
9780472120482 - page_259: "START TEXT: may support such inquiry are often mismatched. Certainly, the increasing commitment by scholars and " ******* END TEXT: "ave also argued that museums need to allow for, and invite, opportunities for our youth to critique "
9780472120482 - page_260: "START TEXT: the exhibit itself in order to advance the museum’s educational mandate.14 Can the knowledge gained " ******* END TEXT: " discussions and debates about who defines what history is, when displayed in the public realm of a "
9780472120482 - page_261: "START TEXT: museum. As well, I observed how the students utilized various social media and web-based technologie" ******* END TEXT: "s in progress, written justification of selected topic and suitable sources, and the final mash-up. "
9780472120482 - page_262: "START TEXT: The students were assessed on basic historic information obtained from the exhibit, how their select" ******* END TEXT: "wledge gained from the object “depends on the label,” while Paulo noted that people bring their own "
9780472120482 - page_263: "START TEXT: knowledge to the exhibit. The exchange among the group members moved to how they used various techno" ******* END TEXT: " to build an expression of their knowledge about the relationship between history and identity. The "
9780472120482 - page_264: "START TEXT: mash-up itself, while clearly an activity to engage the students, was effective because much of the " ******* END TEXT: "narrative about history and national identity. They learned many new technological skills. They not "
9780472120482 - page_265: "START TEXT: only gained a rudimentary skill set related to the use of iMovie, but they also acquired and present" ******* END TEXT: "ext panels, and labels. The students used other sources available online and drawn from other sites "
9780472120482 - page_266: "START TEXT: beyond the museum while wondering about the museum’s parallel online exhibit. The students considere" ******* END TEXT: "them to the playfulness technology offered and appreciated the fact that technology could encourage "
9780472120482 - page_267: "START TEXT: a more critical historical perspective, particularly by exposing them to source materials beyond the" ******* END TEXT: "um Informatics, ed. Paul F. Marty and Katherine Burton Jones (New York: Routledge, 2008), 29–34.\n7. "
9780472120482 - page_268: "START TEXT: See Nancy Proctor, “Museum as Platform, Curator as Champion, in the Age of Social Media,” Curator 53" ******* END TEXT: "tledge Companion to Historical Studies, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2006), 22.\n20. Munslow, 22.\n21. "
9780472120482 - page_269: "START TEXT: Bruce Van Sledright, The Challenge of Rethinking History Education: On Practices, Theories, and Poli" ******* END TEXT: "esented at the annual Museums and the Web conference, accessed July 31, 2012, www.archimuse.com.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_270: "START TEXT: \nTHIRTEEN\nTeaching History in an Age of Pervasive Computing\nThe Case for Games in the High School an" ******* END TEXT: "pecially their learning environments. The key finding was that for young people (today’s university "
9780472120482 - page_271: "START TEXT: students) the new media tools were used to strengthen existing social networks and to create express" ******* END TEXT: "e the academic literature has championed games as a teaching “tool,” we take a different view: that "
9780472120482 - page_272: "START TEXT: these are artifacts that should be deconstructed, in the manner of historiography. But how do we kno" ******* END TEXT: "s Castranova notes: “a game perspective focuses all thought and research on the user’s subjectivity "
9780472120482 - page_273: "START TEXT: and well-being. It insists on immediate usability. It thrives on widened access and multiple users. " ******* END TEXT: "ted to distinguish their products by covering the gameplay mechanics with a façade of content. As a "
9780472120482 - page_274: "START TEXT: result, we have first-person shooters set far in the future, such as the highly popular Halo series," ******* END TEXT: "ssarily involves a journey away from reality towards abstraction, away from history towards code.13\n"
9780472120482 - page_275: "START TEXT: \nHistory Games for Historians—A Typology of Time and Space\nIf a so-called history game primarily tea" ******* END TEXT: "y must create unambiguous categories. Alternatively, Espen Aarseth et al. have developed a typology "
9780472120482 - page_276: "START TEXT: of games (not just computer video games) that considers games according to spatial movement.19 Broad" ******* END TEXT: "oth games is dynamic; it changes according to, but sometimes regardless of, the player’s actions.\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_277: "START TEXT: \n\n\nConsider also what Aarseth and his colleagues call the “Pace” of time within both games: in Caesa" ******* END TEXT: "t the game suggests about how life was lived in the past versus current historical thinking, or the "
9780472120482 - page_278: "START TEXT: current understanding of the archaeological record. Civilization IV, on the other hand, would be bet" ******* END TEXT: " to commercial games is to tweak, adapt, modify, or otherwise alter the original game. In the early "
9780472120482 - page_279: "START TEXT: days of computer gaming, this was often accomplished by exploiting bugs in the game’s programming. S" ******* END TEXT: "iine Empire (Basil II); Egypt (Saladin); Rum Sultanate (Alp Arslan); Tatar Khaganate (Timur Lenk).”\n"
9780472120482 - page_280: "START TEXT: \nWithin days, other Civfanatics had downloaded the scenario, played it, and offered their feedback a" ******* END TEXT: "Drtad adopted Christianity after St. Gregory cured him of a didease just by touching his forehead.”\n"
9780472120482 - page_281: "START TEXT: \n“Holyone” responded by creating a new map and instituting several rule changes. Civilization models" ******* END TEXT: "same way that students write a research paper, investigating primary and secondary sources and then "
9780472120482 - page_282: "START TEXT: assembling an essay in an effort to persuade the reader of a thesis, students can develop games, eng" ******* END TEXT: "nal class saw them “launch” their games online, with family, friends, and colleagues in attendance.\n"
9780472120482 - page_283: "START TEXT: \n\nThe results of their work paled in comparison to a Civilization IV mod. The graphics were simple, " ******* END TEXT: "y, Tavern Keeper was teleologically finite—the player eventually reached a final win or lose state.\n"
9780472120482 - page_284: "START TEXT: \n\nThe omnipresent, topological, static space of the tavern limited the movement of the player, and c" ******* END TEXT: "pecific micro-history and make it relevant by incorporating a larger important historical event.”27\n"
9780472120482 - page_285: "START TEXT: \nThe students accomplished this not by creating a narrative, as they would if they were writing a re" ******* END TEXT: "e end, we have developed a marking scheme that ensured that the students received regular responses "
9780472120482 - page_286: "START TEXT: to their game development. In Kevin Kee’s third-year course, for instance, where the game counts for" ******* END TEXT: "for the manner in which he uses the computer language that he, in this course, has been trained in.\n"
9780472120482 - page_287: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_288: "START TEXT: \nThe final criteria highlight the challenge for students who are not literate with the software, and" ******* END TEXT: "e constant creep of computing into our daily lives is presently in the process of liberating gaming "
9780472120482 - page_289: "START TEXT: from the confines of computer monitors and tabletops, as augmented reality games bring together game" ******* END TEXT: "rs play (like the rink in a hockey game gets chewed up by the skaters, influencing the way the puck "
9780472120482 - page_290: "START TEXT: bounces or skips across the ice). Inserting puzzles into the mission would force a deeper engagement" ******* END TEXT: "s and Culture 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 213–35; William Uricchio, “Simulation, History, and Computer "
9780472120482 - page_291: "START TEXT: Games,” in Handbook of Computer Game Studies, ed. Joost Raessens and Jeffrey Goldstein (Cambridge, M" ******* END TEXT: "ock University, n.d.).\n28. Alas, at the time of publication, The Nethernet was no longer online.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_292: "START TEXT: \nFOURTEEN\nVictorian SimCities\nPlayful Technology on Google Earth\nPatrick Dunae and John Sutton Lutz\n" ******* END TEXT: "nferences, re-create part of the lost landscape of Victorian Victoria. The more they play, creating "
9780472120482 - page_293: "START TEXT: buildings with Google SketchUp and uploading them to Google Earth, the more we expand our SimCity—Vi" ******* END TEXT: "t more effort into projects where they will be seen by a wide audience and for which they can claim "
9780472120482 - page_294: "START TEXT: some credit for the creation. We have designed our Victorian SimCity project to capitalize on all th" ******* END TEXT: "rther research, we realized that Maynard had taken the pictures from the top of the nearly complete "
9780472120482 - page_295: "START TEXT: Roman Catholic cathedral on Blanshard Street. Since the pitch of the cathedral roof was very steep, " ******* END TEXT: "y photographs and have been favorably impressed with the high degree of accuracy (see figure 14.2).\n"
9780472120482 - page_296: "START TEXT: \n\nArchivists and map librarians have long appreciated the informational value of panoramic maps.9 Cu" ******* END TEXT: "th-century lithographs are compelling and emotionally appealing. Even a casual observer can connect "
9780472120482 - page_297: "START TEXT: readily to the images. “Whether scholar or not, we can with the aid of these views take ourselves ba" ******* END TEXT: "buildings in great detail. At this point we appreciated the value of creating building biographies.\n"
9780472120482 - page_298: "START TEXT: \n\nThe next step in this exercise was to use the sequence of panoramic photographs to create the illu" ******* END TEXT: "it on our View from the Steeple website in large numbers. But while our vantage point on top of the "
9780472120482 - page_299: "START TEXT: cathedral gave us a remarkably clear view of Victoria in 1891, our perspective was nevertheless limi" ******* END TEXT: "k for several buildings. In one of his progress reports, he explained his methodology as follows:\n \n"
9780472120482 - page_300: "START TEXT: \nI grab a portion of the [1891] fire [insurance] map, rotate it as necessary to account for the non-" ******* END TEXT: "an we anticipated. Still, thanks to his work, we had a better idea of the magnitude of the task.19\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_301: "START TEXT: \nThe project resumed in the autumn of 2008 at Vancouver Island University with a new research assist" ******* END TEXT: "“landscape” the block by re-creating some of the trees and bushes that occupied the space in 1891.\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_302: "START TEXT: \nWith this experience the next step is to have students actually conjure up the buildings they have " ******* END TEXT: "ria will expand, in the same manner as a SimCity expands and develops in the course of the game.21\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_303: "START TEXT: \nRepopulating Historical Landscapes\nAs part of a next phase we want to link the SketchUp models to a" ******* END TEXT: "chives Canada’s Living Memory website and the U.S. Library of Congress’s American Memory website.24\n"
9780472120482 - page_304: "START TEXT: \n\nAs far as photographic panoramas, Toronto is documented in a remarkable set of photographs created" ******* END TEXT: ",” they wrote, “there is a dangerous illusory aspect of which digital archaeologists, humanists and "
9780472120482 - page_305: "START TEXT: heritage professionals need to be aware.”26 Digital historians will appreciate their concerns. But t" ******* END TEXT: "rian: College Students’ Reading of Multiple Historical Documents,” Journal of Literary Research 36, "
9780472120482 - page_306: "START TEXT: no. 2 (2004): 141–71; Richard Van Eck, “Digital Game-Based Learning: It’s Not Just the Digital Nativ" ******* END TEXT: "ss, 1984), 63. See also idem, Cities on Stone: Nineteenth Century Lithographic Images of the Urban "
9780472120482 - page_307: "START TEXT: West (Fort Worth, Tex.: Among Carter Museum, 1978), and Bird’s-eye Views: Historic Lithographs of No" ******* END TEXT: "e has provided guidance in transforming historical bird’s-eye views into SketchUp models, which are "
9780472120482 - page_308: "START TEXT: accessible on Google Earth. He is developing lesson plans suitable for secondary school courses in h" ******* END TEXT: " Be Fun? Putting Mystery Back Into History,” Canadian Issues / Thèmes Canadiens (Fall 2006): 75.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_309: "START TEXT: \nFIFTEEN\nTrue Facts or False Facts—Which Are More Authentic?\nT. Mills Kelly\n \nQ: What happens when y" ******* END TEXT: "methods course was the one where my students seemed the most disengaged despite what I thought were "
9780472120482 - page_310: "START TEXT: some very interesting readings and learning exercises, and despite the very strong end-of-semester r" ******* END TEXT: "mann’s position from Carl Becker’s 1931 essay “Everyman His Own Historian,” in which Becker said:\n \n"
9780472120482 - page_311: "START TEXT: \nMr. Everyman works with something of the freedom of a creative artist; the history which he imagina" ******* END TEXT: "e we will not be creating what the students in my Lying About the Past course dubbed “false facts,” "
9780472120482 - page_312: "START TEXT: I hope we will be having as much or perhaps even more fun as we learn. Creative historians can certa" ******* END TEXT: "ly unconventional for an upper-level history course. The first article we read was “The Violence of "
9780472120482 - page_313: "START TEXT: the Lambs” by John Jeremiah Sullivan that appeared in the February 2008 issue of that stodgy academi" ******* END TEXT: "ts began building their own historical hoax, a hoax they eventually launched into the digital world "
9780472120482 - page_314: "START TEXT: with great pride and satisfaction, not to mention a fair amount of glee. After half a semester resea" ******* END TEXT: "re deciding on a student blog as the best way to perpetrate their hoax, the students also discussed "
9780472120482 - page_315: "START TEXT: creating a website, but in the end decided it would be too much trouble. As we will see, the choice " ******* END TEXT: "research to the next level by framing the experience on her blog, full with images and details from "
9780472120482 - page_316: "START TEXT: her Library of Congress research, video interviews with scholars and her visit to Owens house, her b" ******* END TEXT: "ween content knowledge and procedural knowledge and it was the latter that my course emphasized. To "
9780472120482 - page_317: "START TEXT: be sure, my students learned some things about nineteenth-century Virginia history and about maritim" ******* END TEXT: "n the amount of time we spent discussing the prevalence of what a colleague calls “zombie facts” in "
9780472120482 - page_318: "START TEXT: the historical literature. For instance, we devoted close to half a class period examining just how " ******* END TEXT: "om the U.S. Cutter Service (now the Coast Guard), images, letters and diaries, maps, and historical "
9780472120482 - page_319: "START TEXT: newspapers. And they learned how to do something that von Ranke first insisted on—the use of multipl" ******* END TEXT: "and on such bigger stories as the plagiarism controversies swirling around the work of such popular "
9780472120482 - page_320: "START TEXT: historians as Stephen F. Ambrose and Doris Kearns Goodwin.29 The message of such units is clear—plag" ******* END TEXT: "cult it is to determine which truth claims should hold sway over others. Intentional fabrication is "
9780472120482 - page_321: "START TEXT: certainly very different from asserting that our version of the past was more correct or accurate th" ******* END TEXT: "thical issue—were we doing the right or wrong thing—then the students had to consider even thornier "
9780472120482 - page_322: "START TEXT: questions such as which subjects were out of bounds for their hoax, the specifics of copyright law, " ******* END TEXT: "mester, had we not had a little time to reflect on the response of those hoaxed once they found out "
9780472120482 - page_323: "START TEXT: they were victims, I think an important lesson of the semester would have been lost.\nFinally, my stu" ******* END TEXT: " to someone at George Mason University named Theodore Kelly, with the email tkelly7@gmu.edu and the "
9780472120482 - page_324: "START TEXT: telephone number 703-993-2152, in other words, me. A more careful reader of the Whois data would ind" ******* END TEXT: "o promote their hoax was Reddit, on the serial killer “sub-Reddit.” For the first few minutes after "
9780472120482 - page_325: "START TEXT: their story appeared on Reddit, the participants in the “sub-Reddit” became very excited by the poss" ******* END TEXT: "iarism,” accessed August 1, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/12/world/europe/12germany.html.\n2. "
9780472120482 - page_326: "START TEXT: Carl Becker, “Everyman His Own Historian,” December 29, 1931, accessed August 1, 2012, http://www.hi" ******* END TEXT: "d August 1, 2012, is at http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Owens&oldid=256742352.\n14. "
9780472120482 - page_327: "START TEXT: See the official website of International Talk Like a Pirate Day, accessed July 31, 2012, http://www" ******* END TEXT: "Four Point Report, January 4, 2009, accessed July 31, 2012, http://fourpointreport.com/blog/?p=117.\n"
9780472120482 - page_328: "START TEXT: \n33. Four Point Report.\n34. See, for instance, Tech Therapy, “Wikipedia’s Co-Founder Calls for Bette" ******* END TEXT: " Be Monsters,” September 14, 2012, http://www.themorningnews.org/article/here-there-be-monsters.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_329: "START TEXT: \nAfterword\nKevin Kee\nIn the introduction to this volume, we asked: “how might we playfully use techn" ******* END TEXT: "ology in history. What had started as a meeting of academics and teachers, tasked only with writing "
9780472120482 - page_330: "START TEXT: about that which most excited them, ended with a cogent argument. Why should we play with technology" ******* END TEXT: "ovember 4, 2013, http://thatcamp.org/camps/?region=all&date=2013&s=&groups_search_submit=Search.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_331: "START TEXT: \nContributors\n \nTimothy Compeau is a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Western Ontario. He studie" ******* END TEXT: "mittee member for the Graphics, Animation, and New Media (GRAND) Networks of Centres of Excellence.\n"
9780472120482 - page_332: "START TEXT: \nDr. Shawn Graham is Assistant Professor of Digital Humanities in the Department of History at Carle" ******* END TEXT: "cation and Director of the Virtual History Lab at the University of Ottawa. His research focuses on "
9780472120482 - page_333: "START TEXT: students’ historical thinking, Canadian history, and new media and technology in education. Author o" ******* END TEXT: "op board and role-playing games, and is interested in all varieties of playful historical thinking.\n"
9780472120482 - page_334: "START TEXT: \nDr. Jeremiah McCall has taught high school history for more than a decade, mostly at Cincinnati Cou" ******* END TEXT: "ning Practices in Historical Thinking. She is co-director, with John Sutton Lutz and Peter Gossage, "
9780472120482 - page_335: "START TEXT: and Educational Director of the history education website series, Great Unsolved Mysteries in Canadi" ******* END TEXT: "y sensing and controlling the physical world. His research website is http://williamjturkel.net.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120482 - page_336: "START TEXT: \nIndex\n \naboriginals. See indigenous peoples\nalgorithms, 10, 150–53; critique of, 153–55; in games, " ******* END TEXT: "deling, 154–55, 168–76\ndigitization, 9, 161\neducation. See learning\nelectronic components, 178, 191\n"
9780472120482 - page_337: "START TEXT: ethics, in history, 319–22\nexhibits: historically, 67, 76–77; interactive, 189, 191–92, 257–67 passi" ******* END TEXT: "91\nphotography: as historical evidence, 318; in modelling, 184–84, 292, 294–305; panoramic, 298–300\n"
9780472120482 - page_338: "START TEXT: \npirate. See The Last American Pirate\nplayers. See game-based learning; participants; students\nplayf" ******* END TEXT: "tion, 56–57\nWineburg, Samuel, 26–27, 44, 59, 90\nwikipedia, hoaxes on, 15, 314, 316, 319–320, 325\n\n\n\n"
9780472120499 - page_i: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472120499 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \nJoseph TurowSERIES EDITOR\n\nBroadcasting, Voice, and Accountability: A Public Interest Approach to P" ******* END TEXT: " dedicated to publishing work in new media studies and the emerging field of digital humanities.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120499 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nMaking News at The New York Times\n \n \nNikki Usher\n \nThe University of Michigan PressAnn Arbor\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nMaking News at The New York Times\n \n \nNikki Usher\n \nThe University of Michigan PressAnn Arbor\n\n\n\n"
9780472120499 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © 2014 by Nikki UsherAll rights reserved\nThis book may not be reproduced, in whole or in " ******* END TEXT: "3 (cloth : alk. paper)ISBN 978-0-472-03596-0 (paper : alk. paper)ISBN 978-0-472-12049-9 (e-book)\n\n\n\n"
9780472120499 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nTo Herbert Gans,for his invaluable advice, wit, and wisdomand for inspiring me to begin a journeyin" ******* END TEXT: "invaluable advice, wit, and wisdomand for inspiring me to begin a journeyinto the changing newsroom\n"
9780472120499 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472120499 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \n\nContents\n\n\n\nCover Page\nTitle Page\nCopyright Page\nDedication\nContents\nAcknowledgments\nIntroduction:" ******* END TEXT: "cipation, Branding, and the New New York Times\n7. Prelude to What?\nMethods\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex\n"
9780472120499 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\ni\nii\niii\niv\nv\nvi\nvii\nviii\nix\nx\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25" ******* END TEXT: "n\nContents\nAcknowledgments\nIntroduction: The Times in the Digital Age\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex\n\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472120499 - page_ix: "START TEXT: \nAcknowledgments\nThis project would have been impossible without the unconditional support I receive" ******* END TEXT: " we could be jealously at heads with each other. I particularly want to thank C.W. Anderson for our\n"
9780472120499 - page_x: "START TEXT: \nfriendship and his collegiality, and I would be at a loss without Matt Carlson, Seth Lewis, and Mat" ******* END TEXT: " Layser, who continues to be my inspiration. I couldn't ask for anything more in a life partner.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120499 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nIntroduction\nTHE TIMES IN THE DIGITAL AGE\nThe new New York Times building that stands blocks away f" ******* END TEXT: "York Times for the digital age, though, is smack-dab in the middle of its audience. You almost have\n"
9780472120499 - page_2: "START TEXT: \nto pass the building to get between the Port Authority and the Times Square subway stop. Journalist" ******* END TEXT: "k editor,2 the domestic and global home page editors, and the Web photo editors. The Web operation,\n"
9780472120499 - page_3: "START TEXT: \nthen, is supposed to be a centerpiece of the newsroom, and symbolically, it is also close to the po" ******* END TEXT: " media flourished across the Web, The Times as an organization tried to capitalize on the momentum,\n"
9780472120499 - page_4: "START TEXT: \nwhile journalists debated whether to add another tool (or obligation) to their jobs. The question b" ******* END TEXT: "ractivity, and participation. This window into The Times, between January and June 2010, comes from\n"
9780472120499 - page_5: "START TEXT: \nthe five months and over seven hundred hours I spent inside the newsroom (principally stationed at " ******* END TEXT: " to embrace new imperatives in their work: getting fresh content out on the Web while still working\n"
9780472120499 - page_6: "START TEXT: \nfor those Page One victories, making the Web site for users to explore stories beyond text, and rea" ******* END TEXT: "r many failures throughout its history, the Gray Lady continues to retain its gravitas. There are a\n"
9780472120499 - page_7: "START TEXT: \nnumber of jokes one can make about the future of the news industry; one says that there are two rul" ******* END TEXT: " fourteen-thousand-word public “mea culpa” in the Sunday Times.8 But I am not alone in arguing that\n"
9780472120499 - page_8: "START TEXT: \nThe New York Times is a formidable institution with tremendous journalism muscle that has staying p" ******* END TEXT: "e spot on the business desk at The Times, a variety of news production processes were happening all\n"
9780472120499 - page_9: "START TEXT: \nat once. The business desk was spread over nearly half a floor, with about one hundred journalists " ******* END TEXT: "e-added” content that only Times journalists could provide, the reality was often more complicated.\n"
9780472120499 - page_10: "START TEXT: \nTo journalists, immediacy may actually be considered a core, defining value of news—not just now, b" ******* END TEXT: "died with the rise of the evening news broadcast, local TV news, and a changing suburban landscape.\n"
9780472120499 - page_11: "START TEXT: \nMorning newspapers then hoped to retain their position of authority based on the sheer number of co" ******* END TEXT: " one of the implications of the speed of online news was that journalists were constantly producing\n"
9780472120499 - page_12: "START TEXT: \nonline journalism. The result is that the process of journalism was laid bare, mistakes and all: ne" ******* END TEXT: " in Web traffic that could then prove the case for higher rates for online ads. Newsrooms were thus\n"
9780472120499 - page_13: "START TEXT: \nrewarding work that was generating bumps in Web traffic, rather than the kind of substantial report" ******* END TEXT: "ther imperative in the newsroom: an avowed focus on interactives, including multimedia, interactive\n"
9780472120499 - page_14: "START TEXT: \ngraphics, photo slideshows, and audio. For every story that required serious planning, someone, eit" ******* END TEXT: "f a dynamic graphic that responds to the pace he or she chooses. Multimedia, then, offers a variety\n"
9780472120499 - page_15: "START TEXT: \nof ways to tell stories with the user central to the experience of controlling and directing his or" ******* END TEXT: "e content or perform an observable communication behavior with online computer interaction, as Bucy\n"
9780472120499 - page_16: "START TEXT: \npoints out. This is very different from both user-to-user communication and actual content creation" ******* END TEXT: "nteractivity and its actual use and implementation.28 However, this work has noted that interactive\n"
9780472120499 - page_17: "START TEXT: \njournalism influences role perceptions, job descriptions, and work routines. Internal pressures fro" ******* END TEXT: "lays where a blog post might take hours. And some of the personality of tweeting is kind of fun.”29\n"
9780472120499 - page_18: "START TEXT: \nNot everyone shared the same impressions of Twitter, Facebook, and other forms of social media. Bil" ******* END TEXT: "of Economics professor Charlie Beckett imagines, “professionals and amateurs [are] working together\n"
9780472120499 - page_19: "START TEXT: \nto get the real story, linking to each other across brands and old boundaries to share facts, quest" ******* END TEXT: "l Jazeera English had widely touted its institution-wide social media training just before the Arab\n"
9780472120499 - page_20: "START TEXT: \nSpring as being crucial to its acclaimed coverage of the subsequent events.41 The BBC had a full te" ******* END TEXT: "at least, weren't too sold on this two-way conversation. The conversation was for them, not for us.\n"
9780472120499 - page_21: "START TEXT: \nNews Routines and Values: From the Analog to the Digital Age\nIn the digital era, new values operate" ******* END TEXT: "lly, the scholarship from this era—a time when TV reigned on three channels and the daily newspaper\n"
9780472120499 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nwas not yet seen to be in great decline—has stood the test of time because these works so accuratel" ******* END TEXT: "urnalists don't just need to fill broadcast or print deadlines; they also have to feed the constant\n"
9780472120499 - page_23: "START TEXT: \nflow of the Web, playing to an audience that reads or watches whenever it wants to because the cont" ******* END TEXT: "d regional newspapers across the country, where he spent about two and a half years doing research.\n"
9780472120499 - page_24: "START TEXT: \nHe played the role of intern to understand the pressures journalists faced—from adjusting to the de" ******* END TEXT: "ecialists in the new media environment. Similarly, new technology has created a larger conversation\n"
9780472120499 - page_25: "START TEXT: \nabout change in news practices. New technology can be seen as external influence (e.g., the Web mov" ******* END TEXT: "stand and compare change (see Methods).\nThe focus here is on documenting the emergent values that I\n"
9780472120499 - page_26: "START TEXT: \ncould see from the practices of individual journalists and their collective experiences in the news" ******* END TEXT: "ed in the newsroom. The first vignette shows the experience of a reporter on a breaking news story;\n"
9780472120499 - page_27: "START TEXT: \nthe second a day spent with a reporter who isn't on deadline but who has an entirely different rhyt" ******* END TEXT: " better understand ASAP journalism, we take a closer look at when a scoop is a scoop in the digital\n"
9780472120499 - page_28: "START TEXT: \nage: As journalists rush to churn out stories faster than anyone else, is anyone counting who gets " ******* END TEXT: "akes, yet the top editors have not bought in, and most journalists aren't thinking about economics.\n"
9780472120499 - page_29: "START TEXT: \nThe result is a wide range for experimentation—there isn't even a stable code of ethics, for better" ******* END TEXT: "ef chapter, in Chapter 2, we'll take our first steps into the lobby of the newspaper and beyond.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120499 - page_30: "START TEXT: \nChapter 1\nSetting\nNEWS ABOUT THE NEWS: THE TIMES IN 2010\nWhat was remarkably different about The Ti" ******* END TEXT: "o my job every day. I don't have time to think about it. And I don't think that's the case here.3\n \n"
9780472120499 - page_31: "START TEXT: \nThe Times still has resources unlike any other newspaper in the country, with over one thousand peo" ******* END TEXT: "s a serious problem for the state of American democracy. When newspapers lose circulation, they not\n"
9780472120499 - page_32: "START TEXT: \nonly lose subscribers, but are also forced to charge less for advertising. The decline in profits r" ******* END TEXT: "news industry, academics, and those concerned with civic affairs—from big-name billionaires to tech\n"
9780472120499 - page_33: "START TEXT: \nentrepreneurs—are deeply worried about the future of news. Academics like Paul Starr of Princeton h" ******* END TEXT: "nd economic issues—traditional news outlets are still important. Newspapers continue to provide the\n"
9780472120499 - page_34: "START TEXT: \nbedrock of original news coverage for most communities, the source for the more highly watched loca" ******* END TEXT: "three times a week or just online-only to save costs. In a move that prompted outcry from employees\n"
9780472120499 - page_35: "START TEXT: \n(two hundred of whom have since lost their jobs) and community members, Advance Publications made t" ******* END TEXT: " launched paywall editions.20\nHowever, early reports back on paywalls suggest that only the largest\n"
9780472120499 - page_36: "START TEXT: \nnews organizations are likely to see gains from them. A number of different models exist, from The " ******* END TEXT: " the site able to provide in-depth coverage of national politics. The Atlantic is touting Quartz, a\n"
9780472120499 - page_37: "START TEXT: \nWeb-native site, attracting journalists from The Times, The Wall Street Journal, and elsewhere to p" ******* END TEXT: ".26 Hackers are working outside newsrooms to create apps that allow for participatory engagement in\n"
9780472120499 - page_38: "START TEXT: \nnews creation. Other hackers are working inside newsrooms as programmers, developing interactive gr" ******* END TEXT: "hundred people when I entered the building in January, people made only a few passing references to\n"
9780472120499 - page_39: "START TEXT: \nthe layoffs and buyouts and generally went on with their work. Its size, resources, and commitment " ******* END TEXT: "oltz's “engagement” strategy for Times digital content later in the book. As of 2012, The Times has\n"
9780472120499 - page_40: "START TEXT: \nremained remarkably mum about its paywall operation, except to boast of $100 million in revenue. It" ******* END TEXT: "the tensions in the newsroom, and it situates the initiatives present at The Times during my study.\n"
9780472120499 - page_41: "START TEXT: \nA Brief Web History of The Times\nStaff memory offers some institutional perspective on The Times' o" ******* END TEXT: " 1998 to 2001, noted that the site was viewed more as a marketing opportunity than as an avenue for\n"
9780472120499 - page_42: "START TEXT: \ngrowth. The editorial side of the newsroom had virtually “no participation at all.”39\nBy the summer" ******* END TEXT: " print routines; the newsroom was now in the business of creating content for the World Wide Web.43\n"
9780472120499 - page_43: "START TEXT: \nAnother step forward for the newspaper was the creation of the continuous news desk in 1999, an eff" ******* END TEXT: "rnalists resisted the idea that they should write online. The ethos in the newsroom was to save the\n"
9780472120499 - page_44: "START TEXT: \nbest stuff for the print run of the paper. Journalists wanted to keep the Web site looking just lik" ******* END TEXT: "g as an organization with a variety of new online forms; live-blogging was still a new way to cover\n"
9780472120499 - page_45: "START TEXT: \nevents as they unfolded. Blog after blog sprouted up. But perhaps the most significant example of e" ******* END TEXT: "e that has to be on their way out. That's just not a sustainable way to think around here anymore.”\n"
9780472120499 - page_46: "START TEXT: \nAccording to most people I interviewed or shadowed, the biggest change in terms of integrating what" ******* END TEXT: "Instead, competition, survival, and internal reward were more important to encouraging integration.\n"
9780472120499 - page_47: "START TEXT: \nKeller has vacillated on the extent to which the newsroom has achieved integration. The Times allow" ******* END TEXT: " to get on the bandwagon.\nJournalists in the trenches rarely spent time thinking about the economic\n"
9780472120499 - page_48: "START TEXT: \nfuture of The Times. Even on the day the paywall was publicly announced for the first time, journal" ******* END TEXT: " reasons, but out of a felt demand to keep up or be left behind as The Times moved ahead online.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120499 - page_49: "START TEXT: \nChapter 2\nThree Days in the Lives of New York Times Journalists\nGraham Bowley, financial reporter, " ******* END TEXT: " one of the most-disliked industries in the country; the Gallup poll charting industry favorability\n"
9780472120499 - page_50: "START TEXT: \namong Americans showed a 17 percent drop for bankers over the course of the prior year.2\nThe enviro" ******* END TEXT: " Bits technology blog, hosted out of the business desk, on the day the first iPad was announced and\n"
9780472120499 - page_51: "START TEXT: \nthe newsroom experimented with a variety of ways to report. I could have chosen any of the many day" ******* END TEXT: "bout the now, and it is important to remember this competing drive that requires time to report and\n"
9780472120499 - page_52: "START TEXT: \nto shape story angles. Martin's day also highlights interactivity from a very different perspective" ******* END TEXT: "immediacy, interactivity, and participation—and just how these values were, indeed, contested ones.\n"
9780472120499 - page_53: "START TEXT: \nGraham Bowley, Financial News Reporter—January 21, 2010\nGraham Bowley is a sandy-haired, middle-age" ******* END TEXT: " theory. The fourth-quarter earnings, typically released in a period between December and February,\n"
9780472120499 - page_54: "START TEXT: \nwere of the most interest in the newsroom and, theoretically, to readers, because they reflected th" ******* END TEXT: "n edited by business Web editor Mark Getzfred. The B matter (or prewritten story) looked like this:\n"
9780472120499 - page_55: "START TEXT: \n \nGoldman Sachs said Thursday it earned $TK [to come] profit in the fourth quarter, rounding out a " ******* END TEXT: "ly in stock, with no cash component. Now, nearly everyone on Wall Street is waiting to see how much\n"
9780472120499 - page_56: "START TEXT: \nstock will be awarded to Lloyd C. Blankfein, Goldman's chairman and chief executive, who has become" ******* END TEXT: "hroughout the day. After posting the basic earnings, Bowley began reading up on the bonus pool from\n"
9780472120499 - page_57: "START TEXT: \nyears prior, trying to determine what the per-person bonus would turn out to be for this year, comp" ******* END TEXT: "his point: he was trying to feed the Web with each bit of new information, and the latest round had\n"
9780472120499 - page_58: "START TEXT: \njust been a pool of press quotes. At this point, nothing really made The Times' story particularly " ******* END TEXT: "s]? It's still up 50 percent?”\nBowley responded: “Is there pain and suffering?” he asked, referring\n"
9780472120499 - page_59: "START TEXT: \nto the way people felt inside Goldman about not getting big bonuses. Bowley also said he would try " ******* END TEXT: "and the jargon. As he and others told me, The Times reader was often imagined by Times reporters to\n"
9780472120499 - page_60: "START TEXT: \nbe an educated, interested reader who may just not know much about business. Most journalists, howe" ******* END TEXT: "a great voice,” Gillen said, noting that his reporter could sound especially suave with the accent.\n"
9780472120499 - page_61: "START TEXT: \nO'Kelley asked Bowley a few questions about the Volcker rule and the idea to separate commercial ba" ******* END TEXT: "009, the bank announced that it had set aside only $16.2 billion to reward its employees.\n \nOnly?\n \n"
9780472120499 - page_62: "START TEXT: \nIf you have never worked on Wall Street, it is hard to grasp how 11 figures could be anything less " ******* END TEXT: "wsroom was collecting this information, it had not yet made its way into daily newswork. So editors\n"
9780472120499 - page_63: "START TEXT: \ncouldn't really make an informed decision about whether people (or the same people) were reading th" ******* END TEXT: "s a deliberate ploy from the newsroom to get readers to pay even more attention to the story itself\n"
9780472120499 - page_64: "START TEXT: \n(“give a sneak peak, but not the golden egg”). What's also interesting about this unexpected moment" ******* END TEXT: "s, dig up new information, and have a planning meeting with a video editor to talk about multimedia\n"
9780472120499 - page_65: "START TEXT: \nfor upcoming stories. Each portion of the day holds important lessons for understanding the news va" ******* END TEXT: "egulation legislation meant that the OCC might regulate some part of consumer protection. According\n"
9780472120499 - page_66: "START TEXT: \nto Martin, during the lead-up to the crisis, Dugan had a reputation for being friendly to banks. Ma" ******* END TEXT: " come up for a vote. He talked to a source who said he'd know more once he heard from Senator Chris\n"
9780472120499 - page_67: "START TEXT: \nDodd, one of the sponsors of the financial regulation bill. Martin then called the Senate Banking C" ******* END TEXT: "aned new information from these calls, including tidbits about new stories, and he made connections\n"
9780472120499 - page_68: "START TEXT: \nthat would allow him to gain access to the OCC across the course of the day.\nFor instance, when he " ******* END TEXT: "n most newspapers had cut back on these kinds of expenditures for anything but the biggest stories.\n"
9780472120499 - page_69: "START TEXT: \nMartin then vetted yet another story, this time on a company that was trying to do something new wi" ******* END TEXT: "tory is missing from the list, it is more difficult for Web producers to plan for multimedia.) This\n"
9780472120499 - page_70: "START TEXT: \nwas just his own list, which he kept to himself, determining on his own when to share stories with " ******* END TEXT: ". And the video story would be different from all the print stories written about the same subject.\n"
9780472120499 - page_71: "START TEXT: \nMartin suggested two other stories, but McDonald rejected them as being too close to the video stor" ******* END TEXT: "ess section. The day had certainly lacked a steady rhythm, with Martin jumping from story to story.\n"
9780472120499 - page_72: "START TEXT: \nNotably, none of the stories Martin planned to write would be on-deadline stories, apart from a pos" ******* END TEXT: "terested in his work, and he was able to hold this meeting on his own time, of his own volition. No\n"
9780472120499 - page_73: "START TEXT: \neditor was coming to him, forcing him to do multimedia. There were no big plans made, no huge meeti" ******* END TEXT: " the “candy” blogs, as some in the tech world call them, such as Gizmodo or Engadget. Instead, Bits\n"
9780472120499 - page_74: "START TEXT: \nwas intended to provide original news content and offer analysis about tech issues. Other tech writ" ******* END TEXT: "specifically for the tech writers.\nBeyond this collection of staff in New York, the head technology\n"
9780472120499 - page_75: "START TEXT: \nreporter and six other reporters were based in San Francisco. At the time, everyone communicated vi" ******* END TEXT: "lk to them. He began pitching in to the group effort to find some Apple photos for the liveblog and\n"
9780472120499 - page_76: "START TEXT: \nnoted, “I'm one of the only bloggers that posts their own images.” He put an Apple icon into the li" ******* END TEXT: "e wireless cards in digital cameras.\nLive blogs were not new to The Times. These liveblogs were far\n"
9780472120499 - page_77: "START TEXT: \nfrom live, per se. A reporter would write a short bit of copy, it would be edited by an editor, and" ******* END TEXT: "owse The New York Times site so easily.”\nThe next big moment was when Jobs began showing off email.\n"
9780472120499 - page_78: "START TEXT: \n“Email's beautiful,” Bilton yelled. He was looking at Gizmodo, a rival blog, for pictures, rather t" ******* END TEXT: "n also commented that the Tweet tracker was getting sixteen to seventeen hundred tweets per minute.\n"
9780472120499 - page_79: "START TEXT: \nBilton tweeted again: “Wow Apple is launching iBook store to compete with Kindle.”\nThen he learned " ******* END TEXT: "tors than the Twitter conversation.\nBilton noticed again that there were people chatting on Twitter\n"
9780472120499 - page_80: "START TEXT: \nabout the word iPad and the perceived association with a women's sanitary product. Goel also starte" ******* END TEXT: "mately edited to include the following subheadings:\n \nContent is changing, but the Kindle is not.\n \n"
9780472120499 - page_81: "START TEXT: \nThe Kindle's technology isn't evolving fast enough.\n \nThe Kindle is too expensive for a single-purp" ******* END TEXT: "e trend long beforehand on Twitter.\nBilton multitasked constantly and was involved in many kinds of\n"
9780472120499 - page_82: "START TEXT: \nconversations. He was, at any one point, tweeting on his own Twitter stream, tweeting on The Times'" ******* END TEXT: " for wire photos coming in, but the process of getting photos from the event up onto a liveblog had\n"
9780472120499 - page_83: "START TEXT: \nyet to be fully ironed out, although the problem could have been fixed if the reporters had simply " ******* END TEXT: " discount the importance of conversation on social media platforms. While Bilton was only following\n"
9780472120499 - page_84: "START TEXT: \nsome of the most elite tech types, he was still getting a variety of comments from Twitter. Yet his" ******* END TEXT: "alues and news routines; it is not as if the digital age of 24/7 Internet news began and everything\n"
9780472120499 - page_85: "START TEXT: \nchanged. For example, consider how source pressure continued to impact the kind of news that Bowley" ******* END TEXT: "ive with rival newspapers, worrying about not having a story that would make The Times look like it\n"
9780472120499 - page_86: "START TEXT: \nwas missing out. They are pleased when a competitor gets something wrong. Competition also helps fr" ******* END TEXT: "cy emerges as a contested value—one that pits ASAP news against the vaunted daily print product.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120499 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nChapter 3\nThe Irony of Immediacy\nThe Daily Show, perhaps the site of the greatest media criticism o" ******* END TEXT: "happened [in] here today…[pause].”\nBerke didn't have much of a rejoinder to defend his print paper.\n"
9780472120499 - page_88: "START TEXT: \nJones was posing as the ambassador of a generation who found the print paper to be a historic relic" ******* END TEXT: "d with print journalism were thinking about news that would appear in the print paper the next day,\n"
9780472120499 - page_89: "START TEXT: \nin a form that would last “forever.” The print news cycle took twenty-four hours to complete. But i" ******* END TEXT: "and the business Web page. Unlike the print production cycle, there are (virtually) no meetings for\n"
9780472120499 - page_90: "START TEXT: \nthe Web. One person, or sometimes two, decides when, where, and what stories go on the home page an" ******* END TEXT: ", predictable routines and rhythms, and it offered a clear way to assign value to stories. As Larry\n"
9780472120499 - page_91: "START TEXT: \nIngrassia, business desk editor, told me, “The print product is the final product.”3 This final pro" ******* END TEXT: "ecause there are fewer new stories).\nSo while some reporters and editors worked actively to promote\n"
9780472120499 - page_92: "START TEXT: \ntheir stories online, the emphasis and value still lay in the Page One story. Editors fought to get" ******* END TEXT: "ices of The New York Times, a meeting was taking place. Eighteen editors had gathered at a table to\n"
9780472120499 - page_93: "START TEXT: \ndiscuss tomorrow's news. The table was formidable: oval and elegant, with curves of gleaming wood. " ******* END TEXT: "isplayed on a huge screen in every Page One meeting, editors rarely commented about what was on the\n"
9780472120499 - page_94: "START TEXT: \npage. When I asked Jim Roberts, assistant managing editor, why no one had anything to say about the" ******* END TEXT: "The New York Times, sometime in the future, date TBD,” he told a London audience.8 However, many at\n"
9780472120499 - page_95: "START TEXT: \nThe Times found it hard to envision a time without the print paper. The truth was that, despite bot" ******* END TEXT: "ve editor, but the meeting was also an opportunity for others in the room to provide feedback about\n"
9780472120499 - page_96: "START TEXT: \nthese stories, something that would help them think about how their stories would develop over the " ******* END TEXT: "this. She had a couple of questions.” Or there might be a joke, often referencing the predilections\n"
9780472120499 - page_97: "START TEXT: \nof the Page One editors. As one editor put it one day, “They are really interested in the Prius rec" ******* END TEXT: "rl was able to describe him to a sketch artist. There was a photo array. We have cell phone records\n"
9780472120499 - page_98: "START TEXT: \n[that show that the calls] were prepaid. The [police] contacted the seller of the car. He had been " ******* END TEXT: "pill was. Berke noted that a photographer would capture the damage that was clear to the naked eye.\n"
9780472120499 - page_99: "START TEXT: \nThe morning meeting helps editors refine their reporting throughout the day. By the afternoon, the " ******* END TEXT: "he Times Square bombing made the front page, with editors assuming that the metro desk would answer\n"
9780472120499 - page_100: "START TEXT: \nthe questions raised. The BP public relations story also made the front. The next question regarded" ******* END TEXT: "ive updates to the room, either. Note that the majority of the editors were focused on the story of\n"
9780472120499 - page_101: "START TEXT: \nthe forty-eight hours before the Times Square bomber's failed attempt, not the interactive timeline" ******* END TEXT: "y, they still wanted to have this breaking (but aged) news, and without it, editors grew concerned.\n"
9780472120499 - page_102: "START TEXT: \nOn February 10, 2010, the San Francisco tech team alerted the business desk to a breaking story abo" ******* END TEXT: "one from being an online tool and operating system to providing infrastructure? Gallagher answered,\n"
9780472120499 - page_103: "START TEXT: \nslightly equivocating, “This is one of their more interesting moves.” Mabry noted, “They are news-f" ******* END TEXT: "erence between working on something for print and for the Web site is that the print paper actually\n"
9780472120499 - page_104: "START TEXT: \nhas a deadline. To meet these deadlines, reporters and editors worked in what was generally a predi" ******* END TEXT: " of the business page. Finally, there was a 5:00 p.m. meeting where editors discussed the placement\n"
9780472120499 - page_105: "START TEXT: \nof each story on the front of the business page. The decisions about story placement were intended " ******* END TEXT: "by asking whether there were outside linguistic experts in the story and whether this was something\n"
9780472120499 - page_106: "START TEXT: \nthat would cost people jobs. Gallagher pointed out, “We have experts…. No one says that this is as " ******* END TEXT: "odes for story importance featured such terms as “down-page,” “top of the page,” or “display,” each\n"
9780472120499 - page_107: "START TEXT: \nof which connoted different levels of importance. Depending on the day, each code word could mean s" ******* END TEXT: "l size), would change his assessment of how to place a story. The stories originally slated for the\n"
9780472120499 - page_108: "START TEXT: \nMarch 5, 2010, paper were about the Greek debt crisis; the International Monetary Fund; solar power" ******* END TEXT: "der to newswork. But this routine of putting the paper to bed each day seemed largely to ignore the\n"
9780472120499 - page_109: "START TEXT: \nreality of a world with fast-paced information flows and the capacity for near-instant transmission" ******* END TEXT: "ng deadline in the digital age.\n“Fresh” was also one way for journalists to deal with the fact that\n"
9780472120499 - page_110: "START TEXT: \nthey had no control over when audiences might be clicking on Web content. However, they did know th" ******* END TEXT: "n the United States come to the site.\nAnd in the evening, there were two “handoff” meetings to make\n"
9780472120499 - page_111: "START TEXT: \nWeb producers from around the newsroom aware of content from across other sections and to inform th" ******* END TEXT: "ut style or sports, so he often relied upon other people to alert him when something was important.\n"
9780472120499 - page_112: "START TEXT: \nSussman had to write headlines for nearly all the stories he put up on the home page, though Pat Ly" ******* END TEXT: " home page editors). His other, perhaps most important duty was to keep the news constantly updated\n"
9780472120499 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nin order to make sure that nytimes.com had both the latest content and new content, so people would" ******* END TEXT: "One person for millions of potential readers. And there was no copy editor for these Web headlines.\n"
9780472120499 - page_114: "START TEXT: \nWhile other people in the newsroom IMed Sussman with suggestions for Web summaries and headlines, o" ******* END TEXT: "when Sussman ate to his near-continuous workday spent changing and updating content on nytimes.com.\n"
9780472120499 - page_115: "START TEXT: \nWhere Print and Online Converge in Online Production\nIronically, while the immediacy of trying to k" ******* END TEXT: "rs informed each other and Mullany of what content was available. This meeting was to help Dremeaux\n"
9780472120499 - page_116: "START TEXT: \nknow what the big stories for the day had been, and each Web producer from each desk had the chance" ******* END TEXT: "h new content to keep the home page looking “fresh” in the morning. Since the home page had already\n"
9780472120499 - page_117: "START TEXT: \nrun through many stories throughout the day, Dremeaux had to be careful to save some of the major s" ******* END TEXT: "wn routines. However, what stories to place where, in the end, was up to them, with perhaps limited\n"
9780472120499 - page_118: "START TEXT: \nsupervision from their editors. Writing the Web summaries and the headlines fell down to one or two" ******* END TEXT: "es) on each of the business pages.\nHe would constantly scan the wires, and he would begin rewriting\n"
9780472120499 - page_119: "START TEXT: \na markets story even before the US markets opened. An Asia-based writer would have left off this st" ******* END TEXT: " “wanted to see something else,” and “we have to respond to what is changing throughout the day.”35\n"
9780472120499 - page_120: "START TEXT: \nOn that March morning, he IMed Lyons, the editor who worked closely with Sussman, to alert him that" ******* END TEXT: "s had two fairly important updates. The first came around 5 p.m., when The Times’ media writer Bill\n"
9780472120499 - page_121: "START TEXT: \nCarter got a scoop that Conan O'Brien would refuse to be The Tonight Show host if Jay Leno was move" ******* END TEXT: "ed for content, underscores the importance of immediacy in online Web rhythms. Though the print and\n"
9780472120499 - page_122: "START TEXT: \nWeb business pages started to converge in the evening, in part due to the slower trickle of content" ******* END TEXT: "ignificance. Sussman would be left with the previous night's leftovers, some foreign stories coming\n"
9780472120499 - page_123: "START TEXT: \nin during the day, and filler stories from desks like business that were of such little significanc" ******* END TEXT: "en with the power to decide what was important in the world” considered the most important stories.\n"
9780472120499 - page_124: "START TEXT: \nThe great irony for this newspaper was that immediacy was a compulsion, but print remained, at leas" ******* END TEXT: " text experience the ups and downs of online news production in an era when immediacy means NOW.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120499 - page_125: "START TEXT: \nChapter 4\nImmediacy\nTO WHAT END?\nIn some ways, business health reporter Barry Meier was pretty luck" ******* END TEXT: ",” Meier told me. “I'm the wrong person to talk to if you want to hear about writing for the Web.”3\n"
9780472120499 - page_126: "START TEXT: \nOn the other hand, Steve Lohr, an old hand on the technology beat and the author of a book on the h" ******* END TEXT: " online news production. While the last chapter looks at the disconnect between print and online in\n"
9780472120499 - page_127: "START TEXT: \na more global sense—at the organizational level of The Times—this chapter provides a close look at " ******* END TEXT: "different—and unclear.\nThe purpose of this chapter is to bring together this variety of experiences\n"
9780472120499 - page_128: "START TEXT: \nof traditional journalists in the immediate online journalism environment: covering breaking storie" ******* END TEXT: "ere were missteps and errors in the crush to get the news out fast. As reporter Peter Goodman began\n"
9780472120499 - page_129: "START TEXT: \nto shape the story for the print paper, as he had been instructed, he got word from Page One that h" ******* END TEXT: "2010, Web editor Mark Getzfred and Hernandez were ready for the unemployment numbers. At 8:30 a.m.,\n"
9780472120499 - page_130: "START TEXT: \nthese numbers first came up on the Department of Labor Web site, and nearly instantly, CNBC repeate" ******* END TEXT: "ealth. Analysts generally expect the jobs market to improve this year, but only at a grudging pace.\n"
9780472120499 - page_131: "START TEXT: \nHeadline 2, 9:31 a.m.: “U.S. Job Losses in February Obscure View of Recovery”\n \nAt this point, Getz" ******* END TEXT: "ties. Around 10 a.m., Goodman took over the story, working to add more substantial analysis, though\n"
9780472120499 - page_132: "START TEXT: \nhe would also be providing more online updates—with the goal being a 1 p.m. deadline for the first " ******* END TEXT: "n as the report eased worries that the economy might teeter back toward a decline, it did little to\n"
9780472120499 - page_133: "START TEXT: \ndislodge the widespread notion that the recession has given way to a weak and uncertain expansion, " ******* END TEXT: " case, this meant a huge advantage for Times coverage, with “value-added” content from top sources.\n"
9780472120499 - page_134: "START TEXT: \nOnline journalism demands the quick story, the instant interpretation. But the print story Goodman " ******* END TEXT: "g the same thing. However, the second-day story in the digital age is different for newspapers, and\n"
9780472120499 - page_135: "START TEXT: \nperhaps also for broadcast and cable news channels planning their evening coverage, as the story ne" ******* END TEXT: "gulatory affairs out of Washington, D.C., for the business desk. Unlike other reporters I spoke to,\n"
9780472120499 - page_136: "START TEXT: \nWyatt seemed to have an explanation for the obsession with immediacy: keeping up with the competiti" ******* END TEXT: ". Yeah, it make senses that we want to do that…and we want to have added value and we should in the\n"
9780472120499 - page_137: "START TEXT: \nstory for the newspaper, but if you have to spend time writing the updates and story for the Web, i" ******* END TEXT: "re [Bloomberg], so the whole immediate reaction, immediacy reactivity, bang a story and get it out,\n"
9780472120499 - page_138: "START TEXT: \nbang six stories [and] get them out each day, that's something I am used to, but it's not something" ******* END TEXT: "tunities. The need for speed was harming the ability of journalists to dig deeper and to spend more\n"
9780472120499 - page_139: "START TEXT: \ntime looking for stories; after all, it's hard to cultivate stories if you can't get out of the new" ******* END TEXT: "s, a defeatist attitude when journalists realized that their work—even their best work—would not be\n"
9780472120499 - page_140: "START TEXT: \non the home page for very long. They understood that the Web site was focused on getting out new an" ******* END TEXT: " it online. It's because it's disappeared by morning into the headlines. That's life, I guess. It's\n"
9780472120499 - page_141: "START TEXT: \ngood for the paper, but I don't know what to tell my sources. Sometimes it's as if my story didn't " ******* END TEXT: " competing news site, while on other days, journalists paid no attention to the competition online.\n"
9780472120499 - page_142: "START TEXT: \nWatching journalists discuss what appeared online suggested that The Times hadn't quite made up its" ******* END TEXT: "e a response story. In chapter 2, we saw how, when The Journal posted a story about the iPad's name\n"
9780472120499 - page_143: "START TEXT: \nbeing potentially offensive to women, an account that the tech desk had initially dismissed suddenl" ******* END TEXT: "ese instant demands, these quick stories, with the more significant stories that would end the day.\n"
9780472120499 - page_144: "START TEXT: \nA Scoop in a Web-First World\nBuilding on the idea of competition, scoops in a Web-first world furth" ******* END TEXT: "but they were also considering their own self-worth. The better the journalist, the better the news\n"
9780472120499 - page_145: "START TEXT: \norganization, the more frequent and enduring the scoops. Inside the newsroom, scoops were rewarded." ******* END TEXT: "s whether any readers would still be around to see who had won the story by the end of the evening.\n"
9780472120499 - page_146: "START TEXT: \nA hard-fought scoop about Goldman Sachs illustrates the conflict editors faced about how to time an" ******* END TEXT: "too soon, they could give other journalists at rival news organizations a chance to write their own\n"
9780472120499 - page_147: "START TEXT: \ncredible, document-based stories. As a result, these documents were posted at midnight. The Times a" ******* END TEXT: " values story development and the belief that The Times ought to provide a distinct, authoritative,\n"
9780472120499 - page_148: "START TEXT: \nand lasting voice about a story or issue. Online, the churn of stories makes it nearly impossible t" ******* END TEXT: "online first or print first that matters—underscores the ambiguity of immediacy in the digital age.\n"
9780472120499 - page_149: "START TEXT: \nTraditional journalists find themselves at the crossroads, trying to understand what immediacy mean" ******* END TEXT: "l journalists understood their work and, in fact, reoriented the very structure of the newsroom.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120499 - page_150: "START TEXT: \nChapter 5\nInteractivity\nWHAT IS IT? WHO ARE THESE PEOPLE? AND WHY?\nWhen newly anointed Pulitzer Pri" ******* END TEXT: " beef, lauded his videographer for being able to really make the story of one survivor particularly\n"
9780472120499 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nvivid. One of Moss's stories detailed victim Stephanie Smith's descent into a health condition that" ******* END TEXT: " video, multimedia, or something else.4 Thus, interactivity combines two concepts: online, not only\n"
9780472120499 - page_152: "START TEXT: \nare there new tools for storytelling, but readers are also more directly involved in manipulating t" ******* END TEXT: "ve beyond its text concept. A brief introduction to these new types of journalists and the way they\n"
9780472120499 - page_153: "START TEXT: \ndiscussed stories underscores the emergence of interactivity as shaping online journalism in new wa" ******* END TEXT: "ied in charging for advertising.\nCreating a stickier Website did not have to compete with The Times\n"
9780472120499 - page_154: "START TEXT: \neditorial mission—in fact, it could complement it. Whenever top brass spoke about the future of int" ******* END TEXT: "heir information environment.\nNisenholtz was a top business executive, but his understanding of the\n"
9780472120499 - page_155: "START TEXT: \nbenefits of interactivity from a business and an editorial standpoint differed little from the opin" ******* END TEXT: "e business model did not translate to the rest of the newsroom. To other journalists, interactivity\n"
9780472120499 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nwas yet another felt demand of doing journalism in the digital age; it was a new editorial aspirati" ******* END TEXT: "ng the big-gun stories like Pulitzer packages, sitting in on early meetings when these stories were\n"
9780472120499 - page_157: "START TEXT: \njust in the process of being hatched. From the view of top editors, having these people present was" ******* END TEXT: "as important for the video desk to figure out stories that really merited being told through video:\n"
9780472120499 - page_158: "START TEXT: \n \nThere are some projects that are great projects but are just not visual. The best projects that l" ******* END TEXT: "ng the groups I mentioned are quite blurry, because what appears to us as an interactive experience\n"
9780472120499 - page_159: "START TEXT: \ncan come out of one of these groups at The Times or perhaps even these groups working together to c" ******* END TEXT: "autiful and visual,” and he emphasized the importance of using audio to serve as a backbone for the\n"
9780472120499 - page_160: "START TEXT: \nunderlying experience. But there was crossover between his team and Pilhofer's, as DeVigal's staff " ******* END TEXT: "hire these people signaled a strong investment in interactivity as part of the growing space of The\n"
9780472120499 - page_161: "START TEXT: \nNew York Times on the Web. These new people, who might not have been fully integrated into the dail" ******* END TEXT: "th the kind of content that was possible in a more sophisticated Web environment for interactivity.\n"
9780472120499 - page_162: "START TEXT: \nShortly after a massive 7.0 earthquake hit Haiti in 2010, Web producers gathered for a show-and-tel" ******* END TEXT: "egan to focus on whether The Times should consider purchasing a 360-degree camera like CNN had. The\n"
9780472120499 - page_163: "START TEXT: \n360-degree camera allowed viewers to “use [their] mouse to click and change the view…zoom in, zoom " ******* END TEXT: "s the chance to scroll around. Interactivity did give users control over how much they saw and when\n"
9780472120499 - page_164: "START TEXT: \nthey saw it, but The Times had control over the key message of each story. To these journalists, it" ******* END TEXT: " FedEx, which had purchased (in advance) short commercials to air before TimesCast. As one business\n"
9780472120499 - page_165: "START TEXT: \neditor noted, “This thing is going to bring in some money. Did you see how big those FedEx ads were" ******* END TEXT: " Britain expelling the head of Israeli intelligence. This mistake was caught by a Reuters reporter,\n"
9780472120499 - page_166: "START TEXT: \nand soon thereafter, the “story” was blasted across the blogosphere. Clark Hoyt, the public editor," ******* END TEXT: "a major developer of TimesCast, was pleased to see how far the newsroom had come by allowing people\n"
9780472120499 - page_167: "START TEXT: \nto shoot in meetings: “If you had tried this a few years back, this would be no way. You can tell h" ******* END TEXT: "enly, all these new people with strange new jobs had multiplied, and there was nothing he could do.\n"
9780472120499 - page_168: "START TEXT: \nTo traditional journalists, interactivity was, of course, something that could add to the value of " ******* END TEXT: " editing it, but it [workflow] is something that the paper as an institution has to figure out.22\n \n"
9780472120499 - page_169: "START TEXT: \nDarlin noted the fact that multimedia could feel like an added obligation to the work that reporter" ******* END TEXT: " hour of my reporting time with a video producer guy because that's time I'm not doing the story.\n \n"
9780472120499 - page_170: "START TEXT: \nIn echoing the theme of miscommunication, this reporter's words demonstrate just how emergent this " ******* END TEXT: "ing lives. Writing for the Web they could handle, but directing a multimedia team was not something\n"
9780472120499 - page_171: "START TEXT: \nthey saw as their job. They didn't doubt that interactivity was important—no one said this—but they" ******* END TEXT: "orts of other journalists (like Andrew Martin's separately maintained list of stories in Chapter 2,\n"
9780472120499 - page_172: "START TEXT: \nwhich he was hoping to plan for multimedia but hadn't shared with his editors). The list was so poo" ******* END TEXT: "r any one multimedia opportunity.\nConsider, for example, the meeting on January 19, 2010. The first\n"
9780472120499 - page_173: "START TEXT: \nstory discussed was a piece coming out of Detroit on how US cars were getting smaller. The conversa" ******* END TEXT: " the story happens to be a major Pulitzer effort, there is considerable confusion over what stories\n"
9780472120499 - page_174: "START TEXT: \nwill get multimedia treatment and, if one does, just how that will be incorporated into the workflo" ******* END TEXT: "had worked on only one major front-page project over the past two years that required multimedia:26\n"
9780472120499 - page_175: "START TEXT: \n \nI think what we are doing now is putting a lot more data and video and all of these amazing thing" ******* END TEXT: "rnalists was most pervasive when they were actually able to create interactive projects themselves.\n"
9780472120499 - page_176: "START TEXT: \nMultimedia production became part of what they did, instead of something someone else was doing for" ******* END TEXT: "as for the segments, and even, at times, getting extras. The multimedia story had become his story.\n"
9780472120499 - page_177: "START TEXT: \nOther journalists who were able to take ownership over creating multimedia projects also felt that " ******* END TEXT: "mentioned that, when he did a video for a story, the one comment he got was from a Times colleague.\n"
9780472120499 - page_178: "START TEXT: \nNevertheless, it is interesting to note that these journalists liked the interactive opportunities—" ******* END TEXT: "ection of the business desk as one of her responsibilities. Lieber, the personal finance columnist,\n"
9780472120499 - page_179: "START TEXT: \nhad a positive working relationship with Vega, and together, they had come up with many ways to enh" ******* END TEXT: "ng because, as a result, Lieber was not put in the position of thinking up the multimedia treatment\n"
9780472120499 - page_180: "START TEXT: \nhimself. Instead, he could leave it to the people who regularly created multimedia to think about t" ******* END TEXT: "revious blog posts and having the discussion continue there, instead of using the actual multimedia\n"
9780472120499 - page_181: "START TEXT: \nhome as the site. Notably, McKenna also talked about using the print version of the column as a way" ******* END TEXT: "the checklist. But the checklist was ultimately more successful than the story itself, if the “most\n"
9780472120499 - page_182: "START TEXT: \nemailed” list is any indication of success. The column did make the “most emailed” list, but the ch" ******* END TEXT: "ny traditional journalists were frustrated by the intrusion of multimedia; the long story was their\n"
9780472120499 - page_183: "START TEXT: \nbreak from the pressure of online, instant updates. While interactive journalists do work on daily " ******* END TEXT: " in the crush of updating the Web site. For example, a major story could be posted—a Page One story\n"
9780472120499 - page_184: "START TEXT: \nwith an extensive interactive graphic. Months might go into making this multimedia story, but a big" ******* END TEXT: "g possibilities or complementary ones. What is clear, however, is that interactivity has emerged as\n"
9780472120499 - page_185: "START TEXT: \nan orienting practice, a process that has impacted news routines and set up a new system of worth w" ******* END TEXT: "he conversation is now a reality of online newswork, albeit a confused and perhaps resisted one.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120499 - page_186: "START TEXT: \nChapter 6\nParticipation, Branding, and the New New York Times\nAndrew Ross Sorkin, editor of Dealboo" ******* END TEXT: "nd creating relationships with the audience, participation on social media platforms seemed to be a\n"
9780472120499 - page_187: "START TEXT: \nmust for the news organization. Like interactivity and immediacy, the value of participation had in" ******* END TEXT: "nces work toward the continuous improvement of content in a nearly egalitarian fashion, exemplified\n"
9780472120499 - page_188: "START TEXT: \nby Wikipedia.6 Internet intellectual and journalism scholar Jeff Jarvis and the London School of Ec" ******* END TEXT: " were simply unsure what participation meant in an online newsroom. The tension surrounding ethics,\n"
9780472120499 - page_189: "START TEXT: \nfrom creating an ethics policy that could last, to avoiding controversy caused by social media, dem" ******* END TEXT: " could post user-generated content, which could then be shared rapidly and broadly across networks.\n"
9780472120499 - page_190: "START TEXT: \nIf it was interactivity—and, to a lesser extent, immediacy—that helped make Times content sticky, t" ******* END TEXT: " our users are with us, the more value we deliver to them, the more likely they will be to pay.10\n \n"
9780472120499 - page_191: "START TEXT: \nIn other words, engagement via social and interactive content, spread by the loyal customer who wan" ******* END TEXT: "who [were] highly engaged with our products”—or more specifically, an audience ideal for marketers.\n"
9780472120499 - page_192: "START TEXT: \nWas all of this participation implemented with just money in mind? Maybe not. Sulzberger, Jr. did u" ******* END TEXT: "ped not only loyal followings but also personal brands. As part of the “most social” company, these\n"
9780472120499 - page_193: "START TEXT: \nreporters were helping deliver Times content and spread the brand to dedicated readers. Reporters w" ******* END TEXT: "form of social curation—friends suggesting stories to other friends—content would spread naturally.\n"
9780472120499 - page_194: "START TEXT: \nThe Facebook strategy brought together the kind of friend chains that represented what advertisers " ******* END TEXT: "icipation proselytizing efforts, any kinds of concerns about what these journalists might say. When\n"
9780472120499 - page_195: "START TEXT: \nI talked to Preston, I did not hear anything about objectivity or even any consideration about how " ******* END TEXT: "15 The Knight Foundation, the biggest philanthropic funder in journalism, had been pouring millions\n"
9780472120499 - page_196: "START TEXT: \nof dollars into news challenges that rewarded participation, especially projects that enabled citiz" ******* END TEXT: " I'd like to see some more Page One stories out of her.” Thus, there were some conflicting messages\n"
9780472120499 - page_197: "START TEXT: \ninside The Times: despite the sense in journalism's general professional milieu that social media w" ******* END TEXT: "ecame a new value of newswork, journalists influenced each other about its importance, even if many\n"
9780472120499 - page_198: "START TEXT: \nwere uncertain about how to make participation work for them. I saw this happening in the newsroom " ******* END TEXT: "ns: “Why would I want to do this?” Bilton explained the concept: “Say you're following me, or liked\n"
9780472120499 - page_199: "START TEXT: \nsomething I said, you'd retweet me. Then, the next time I saw something you said that I liked, I'd " ******* END TEXT: " once during the lesson. And Bilton and Wortham were branded reporters who spent much of their time\n"
9780472120499 - page_200: "START TEXT: \n(as I observed) engaging in dialogue with tech elites over Twitter, exchanges that were nonetheless" ******* END TEXT: "s news (rather than as entertainment) for The Times. He was also one of the most prolific reporters\n"
9780472120499 - page_201: "START TEXT: \nat the newspaper, in part because of his Twitter activity. I once heard a Web producer groan when t" ******* END TEXT: "rk. If I say something about a movie, I am not The Times’ movie critic. I think people know that.\n \n"
9780472120499 - page_202: "START TEXT: \nThis statement suggests the growth of reporters as a personal brand. They are reporters who cover s" ******* END TEXT: "egan alerting other editors to the story.\nStelter rushed me away as I watched him beginning to comb\n"
9780472120499 - page_203: "START TEXT: \nthrough the #wikileaks hashtag, searching for hidden gems, sources, and anything else he could get " ******* END TEXT: "orning to shoot a video [for his column] and I hadn't prepared and it was 10 pm at night. I finally\n"
9780472120499 - page_204: "START TEXT: \nhad an idea and I needed 4 extras for it. It was too late for my neighbors [to help me], so I went " ******* END TEXT: "expect that journalists at the most prestigious newspaper in the country should spend most of their\n"
9780472120499 - page_205: "START TEXT: \ntime, time that we have seen increasingly eaten up by multimedia demands and more immediate news ne" ******* END TEXT: "n was very much a contested value.\nJournalists who didn't want to engage in social media were quite\n"
9780472120499 - page_206: "START TEXT: \ndefensive about their reasons for not engaging online. They couldn't imagine adjusting their workfl" ******* END TEXT: "stions, like what it would mean to suddenly have a relationship with an audience that was more than\n"
9780472120499 - page_207: "START TEXT: \njust as a byline. These journalists were concerned about the new opportunity to broadcast a nonoffi" ******* END TEXT: " while journalists had long been invited to appear as experts on TV and radio for their commentary,\n"
9780472120499 - page_208: "START TEXT: \nsocial media presented an unmoderated venue for conversation. And contributions on social media wer" ******* END TEXT: " Unlike the “Ethical Journalism” handbook, a document often used in undergraduate journalism ethics\n"
9780472120499 - page_209: "START TEXT: \nclasses, social media guidelines were just too fuzzy to be shared with the public at that moment.\nC" ******* END TEXT: "tweet anything that illustrated opinion. As a result, in shaping these guidelines, journalists were\n"
9780472120499 - page_210: "START TEXT: \nrelying on improvisation, hoping that there would be clear links to the original sense of ethics. B" ******* END TEXT: " one more way to have his work attacked. Anything taken out of context could remove the distance he\n"
9780472120499 - page_211: "START TEXT: \ntried to have as a reporter. Notably, Wyatt wasn't thinking about how he could include the public i" ******* END TEXT: "l ethics could pose many problems.\nThese reporters' concerns about ethics were not just excuses for\n"
9780472120499 - page_212: "START TEXT: \nstaying off social media platforms. In fact, when I was in the newsroom, one business journalist's " ******* END TEXT: "roublesome Times watchdog blog, NYTPICKER. Simply put, a reporter should not, according to New York\n"
9780472120499 - page_213: "START TEXT: \nTimes social media guidelines I received, “write anything on a blog or a personal Web page that you" ******* END TEXT: " of media has been upended as ordinary people can take what they have made and distribute it across\n"
9780472120499 - page_214: "START TEXT: \nthe Web. The essence of participatory culture, to theorists like Jenkins and the others I discussed" ******* END TEXT: " of daily news reporting.\nParticipation was an emergent and, at times, contested value. Journalists\n"
9780472120499 - page_215: "START TEXT: \ndid not quite know what to say or how to speak to their new audience or how to make sense of this p" ******* END TEXT: " values ordering online journalism in the digital age, just as interactivity and immediacy were.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120499 - page_216: "START TEXT: \nChapter 7\nPrelude to What?\nWhenever I had the occasion to speak with anyone at The Times about this" ******* END TEXT: "s, rather than felt obligations of what it meant to do quality Times journalism in the digital age.\n"
9780472120499 - page_217: "START TEXT: \nI want to give a brief nod to some of the signs of change in the newsroom and Times-specific advant" ******* END TEXT: " online community through the Bucks personal finance blog. D.C. business reporter Ed Wyatt, who had\n"
9780472120499 - page_218: "START TEXT: \nbeen concerned about objectivity over social media, was now a regular presence, tweeting about busi" ******* END TEXT: "h day, peculiar wings and gills poke up on the Times’ website—video, audio, “drillable” graphics.\n \n"
9780472120499 - page_219: "START TEXT: \nThose drillable graphics were the graphics that would lead to engagement—the sticky Web site of adv" ******* END TEXT: "-hour or thirty-minute intervals, and The Times had started leaving time stamps on almost all major\n"
9780472120499 - page_220: "START TEXT: \nstories, showing when a story had been posted. Presumably, this was a clue to how long a story had " ******* END TEXT: "o the paywall, journalists felt that the lack of churn was actually inhibiting new readership. Hard\n"
9780472120499 - page_221: "START TEXT: \nnumbers were, and continue to be, difficult to come by. Immediacy remained contested, and from the " ******* END TEXT: " No clear mandate about social media left people to proceed at their own pace. And there were other\n"
9780472120499 - page_222: "START TEXT: \ninstitutional advantages that simply came with the size, legacy, and influence of The Times.\nSome p" ******* END TEXT: "look for their future was dismal.11\nThe Times had high-profile symbols that seemed to demonstrate a\n"
9780472120499 - page_223: "START TEXT: \ncommitment to a future built on experimentation and change. It was one of only four newsrooms in th" ******* END TEXT: "amentally reorienting what it meant to do work inside a newsroom. These new values of newswork—born\n"
9780472120499 - page_224: "START TEXT: \nof the online journalism era—have already had a profound influence inside The Times. As values that" ******* END TEXT: " to handle a broad array of digital presentations of sound, graphics, interactives, and multimedia.\n"
9780472120499 - page_225: "START TEXT: \nThus, signaling these values as “contested” suggests that the newsroom is a site of struggle over t" ******* END TEXT: " newsroom policies can, in fact, create news values (he argues that news becomes a value).14 On the\n"
9780472120499 - page_226: "START TEXT: \nother hand, journalists are engaged in figuring out what interactivity means to them, how they will" ******* END TEXT: " They were changing professional norms and expectations of how journalism was supposed to look, how\n"
9780472120499 - page_227: "START TEXT: \njournalists were supposed to act, and when and how news was supposed to be created. A new set of re" ******* END TEXT: "cesses and patterns influencing newswork, because the conditions have changed so dramatically. Even\n"
9780472120499 - page_228: "START TEXT: \nthe industrial process of actually making the news product has changed drastically since Gans wrote" ******* END TEXT: "uli through more tech-savvy means.\nAudiences still influence news production, perhaps even more now\n"
9780472120499 - page_229: "START TEXT: \nthan before. Audiences are, after all, the key to unlocking the economic mystery, but at The Times," ******* END TEXT: "Gans recalls, Time magazine, even in the halcyon days of the 1960s, still had layoffs due to budget\n"
9780472120499 - page_230: "START TEXT: \ncuts. Similarly, when speaking about news values, it is important to recognize the importance of th" ******* END TEXT: " the newsroom seem to suggest that journalists are engaged in an active process of negotiating what\n"
9780472120499 - page_231: "START TEXT: \ntheir job means in the information age—and their agency and buy-in matters, perhaps more now than e" ******* END TEXT: "rt by how quickly it has reached people, then we are likely at a pivotal moment with the Web, as so\n"
9780472120499 - page_232: "START TEXT: \nmany have argued. Immediacy is shaped by technology itself, as well as by our expectations of techn" ******* END TEXT: "oint out, immediacy limits the ability of journalists to do adequate sourcing if they're constantly\n"
9780472120499 - page_233: "START TEXT: \nunder the gun, racing to chase after event-driven news.23 We saw that Graham Bowley only had the ti" ******* END TEXT: "hat both guides and constrains practice. The definition of interactivity emerges from a fundamental\n"
9780472120499 - page_234: "START TEXT: \nunderstanding of how the Web has been built. Interactivity existed even in the days when the Web wa" ******* END TEXT: "vocabulary for news, one where images, videos, and graphics are given parity with the written word.\n"
9780472120499 - page_235: "START TEXT: \nAnd finally, participation as part of online journalism seems to embody the core of Web 2.0. The We" ******* END TEXT: "iled as they carried out reporting and opining through Twitter or shorter online posts, rather than\n"
9780472120499 - page_236: "START TEXT: \ntheir being expected to produce the same output. After all, as we saw, only a few journalists have " ******* END TEXT: ": Jeff Jarvis, Jay Rosen, Clay Shirky, David Carr, Emily Bell, Jenny 8. Lee, the Knight Foundation,\n"
9780472120499 - page_237: "START TEXT: \nand others who have taken a shot at redefining what news ought to mean. One can find them in the Co" ******* END TEXT: "If The Times shrinks in size, as it is likely to do if it cannot keep its profit model sustainable,\n"
9780472120499 - page_238: "START TEXT: \nmy bet is that the core of its reporting—international and political—will be saved at all costs. Af" ******* END TEXT: " networks. But as we grow into an increasingly more social Web (which some argue is Web 3.0),29 The\n"
9780472120499 - page_239: "START TEXT: \nTimes is going to have to rethink its relationship with this audience. The newspaper is going to ha" ******* END TEXT: "uenced by them, would signal a sharp turn at The Times, where so far the newsroom has been strictly\n"
9780472120499 - page_240: "START TEXT: \nshielded from commercial imperatives. In fact, it would be a complete cultural shift.\nWe are in the" ******* END TEXT: "eb environment. And the rise of the audience, perhaps not as an equal, but as a group that does now\n"
9780472120499 - page_241: "START TEXT: \nhave the capability to talk back, has certainly made journalists aware that they can no longer hide" ******* END TEXT: "h guidance; ingenuity, talent, quality, and luck will be necessary for the newspaper's survival.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120499 - page_242: "START TEXT: \nMethods\nI gained access to The Times through a confluence of lucky events. First and foremost, Mart" ******* END TEXT: "lations, and to help check for factual accuracy, I gave McKenna the right to review my dissertation\n"
9780472120499 - page_243: "START TEXT: \nmanuscript. Others were given the opportunity to review the manuscript if they were profiled extens" ******* END TEXT: "reed to be named, unless they decided to go “on background” for specific comments. When journalists\n"
9780472120499 - page_244: "START TEXT: \nsaid negative things about the newspaper, I omitted their names unless they specifically requested " ******* END TEXT: "particularly on those thinking about digital strategy, investigations, and changes in the newsroom.\n"
9780472120499 - page_245: "START TEXT: \nIn between shadowing and interviewing, I generally attended three newsroom meetings a day—the Busin" ******* END TEXT: "single-spaced field notes, replete with full conversations, which I, in turn, typed and transcribed\n"
9780472120499 - page_246: "START TEXT: \nonto Google documents. For each interview, I sat with my laptop and directly transcribed the conver" ******* END TEXT: "od to move from my data to a larger work that drew on extant theory to produce this book's text.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120499 - page_247: "START TEXT: \nNotes\nIntroduction\n1. Shaffer, “Viracon Glass.”\n2. The continuous news desk is a group of editors a" ******* END TEXT: " Waldman, Information Needs of Communities.\n21. Lasar, “Has the Internet ‘Hamsterized’ Journalism?”\n"
9780472120499 - page_248: "START TEXT: \n22. Belopotosky et al., “Fed Chairman's Life.”\n23. de Sola Pool, Technologies of Freedom, 217.\n24. " ******* END TEXT: "m”; Pickard, Stearns, and Aaron, Saving the News.\n7. Edmonds, Guskin, and Rosenstiel, “Newspapers.”\n"
9780472120499 - page_249: "START TEXT: \n8. Doctor, Newsonomics.\n9. Arango, “Fall in Newspaper Sales.”\n10. Jones, Losing the News.\n11. Ander" ******* END TEXT: "uthor's field notes, January 20, 2010.\n50. Keller, personal communication with author, May 7, 2010.\n"
9780472120499 - page_250: "START TEXT: \n51. Keller, personal communication with author, May 7, 2010\n52. Perez-Pena, “Jonathan Landman Cultu" ******* END TEXT: "nt updates as an event is happening. At The Times, a liveblog is also expected to provide analysis.\n"
9780472120499 - page_251: "START TEXT: \n18. Stone, “Three Reasons Why.”\n19. Bilton, “Three Reasons Why.”\n20. Stone, “Three Reasons Why”; Bi" ******* END TEXT: "w.iht.com or http://global.nytimes.com/?iht\n29. Hernandez, “What Makes Gillibrand Scary to Rivals?”\n"
9780472120499 - page_252: "START TEXT: \n30. Urbina, “Toll Mounts”; author's field notes, Apr. 5, 2010.\n31. Author's field notes, Apr. 5, 20" ******* END TEXT: "al communication with author, May 10, 2010.\n10. Jad Mouawad, personal communication, Mar. 24, 2010.\n"
9780472120499 - page_253: "START TEXT: \n11. Senior reporter, personal communication with author, Jan. 20, 2010.\n12. Author's field notes, F" ******* END TEXT: "elter, Twitter post, Mar. 12, 2012 (https://twitter.com/#!/brianstelter/status/179244348528005120).\n"
9780472120499 - page_254: "START TEXT: \n14. Jarvis, “Public Parts.”\n15. Rosen, “What I Think I Know.”\n16. Ingram, “Should There Be a Pulitz" ******* END TEXT: "alism.”\n4. Branch, “Snowfall.”\n5. Wolfgang Blau, personal communication with author, Oct. 23, 2013.\n"
9780472120499 - page_255: "START TEXT: \n6. Mackey, “Twitter Transformed.”\n7. Stark, Sense of Dissonance.\n8. Center for the Digital Future, " ******* END TEXT: "Attached to Technology.”\n34. Parker-Pope, “Ugly Toll of Technology.”\n35. Turkle, Alone Together, 1.\n"
9780472120499 - page_256: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472120499 - page_257: "START TEXT: \nBibliography\nAccess Digital. “New York Times Media Reporter Brian Stelter on Social Media and Journ" ******* END TEXT: "ive/2005/12/19/051219fa_fact.\nBagdikian, Ben H. The New Media Monopoly. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004.\n"
9780472120499 - page_258: "START TEXT: \nBantz, Charles R., Suzanne McCorkle, and Roberta C. Baade. “The News Factory.” Communication Resear" ******* END TEXT: "tion/.\nBilton, Nick. “The Blogosphere Reacts to the iPad. Bits. New York Times Bits (blog), January\n"
9780472120499 - page_259: "START TEXT: \n27, 2010. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/27/reaction-from-the-technology-blogosphere/.\nBilto" ******* END TEXT: " (or Any Aspect of News-Biz Revenues) Are a Settled Matter.” Buttry Diary (blog), December 5, 2012. "
9780472120499 - page_260: "START TEXT: http://stevebuttry.wordpress.com/2012/12/05/dont-believe-anyone-who-tells-you-paywalls-or-any-aspect" ******* END TEXT: "-close-ups.html.\nCohen, Noam, and Brian Stelter. “Iraq Video Brings Notice to a Web Site.” New York\n"
9780472120499 - page_261: "START TEXT: \nTimes, April 6, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/07/world/07wikileaks.html?_r=2.\nColson, Vincia" ******* END TEXT: ".\nDiamond, Edwin. Behind the Times: Inside the New “New York Times.” New York: Villard Books, 1994.\n"
9780472120499 - page_262: "START TEXT: \nDiamond, Jennifer. “3 More Industry Leaders Join the Mashable Media Summit.” Mashable (blog), Octob" ******* END TEXT: " Times, December 10, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/fashion/12THISLIFE.html?pagewanted=all\n"
9780472120499 - page_263: "START TEXT: \nFeuer, Alan. “A Snapshot of the World at 4 P.M.” New York Times, July 1, 2009. http://www.nytimes.c" ******* END TEXT: "l.\nHarlow, Summer. “Change in Social Media Editors at USA Today, New York Times,” Journalism in the\n"
9780472120499 - page_264: "START TEXT: \nAmericas blog (blog), Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas, University of Texas, Austin, De" ******* END TEXT: "yneth L. Media at War: Radio's Challenge to the Newspapers, 1924–1939. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995.\n"
9780472120499 - page_265: "START TEXT: \nJarvis, Jeff. “Networked Journalism.” Buzz Machine (blog), July 5, 2006. http://www.buzzmachine.com" ******* END TEXT: "ns and Convergence: Case Studies of Media Convergence Pioneers. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2006.\n"
9780472120499 - page_266: "START TEXT: \nLewis, Seth C. “From Journalism to Information: The Transformation of the Knight Foundation and New" ******* END TEXT: "ar.” Vanity Fair, December 2008. http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2008/12/nytimes200812.\n"
9780472120499 - page_267: "START TEXT: \nMorgenson, Gretchen, and Louise Story. “Clients Worried about Goldman's Dueling Goals.” New York Ti" ******* END TEXT: "14, 2010. http://adage.com/article/mediaworks/finding-journalism-s-social-media-sweet-spot/147632/.\n"
9780472120499 - page_268: "START TEXT: \nParker-Pope, Tara. “An Ugly Toll of Technology: Impatience and Forgetfulness.” New York Times, June" ******* END TEXT: ".” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 7, no. 4 (1990): 390–409. doi: 10.1080/15295039009360187.\n"
9780472120499 - page_269: "START TEXT: \nRichman, Dan, and Andrea James. “Seattle P-I to Publish Last Edition Tuesday.” Seattle Post-Intelli" ******* END TEXT: "New York Times, September, 18, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/ref/membercenter/lettertoreaders.html/.\n"
9780472120499 - page_270: "START TEXT: \nSchlesinger, Philip. Putting “Reality” Together: BBC News. London: Constable, 1978.\nSchudson, Micha" ******* END TEXT: "vation in Online Journalism.” Journalism Studies 10 (2009): 821–36. doi: 10.1080/14616700902975087.\n"
9780472120499 - page_271: "START TEXT: \nStephens, Mitchell. A History of News. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.\nStephens, M" ******* END TEXT: "5/jill-abramson-steps-away-from-managing-editor-role-to-focus-on-the-emtimesem-digital-operations/.\n"
9780472120499 - page_272: "START TEXT: \nUniversity of Michigan. Journalism Jobs and Internships. “News Application Developer/Journalist at " ******* END TEXT: "ys on the Real Impacts of Fake News, ed. Amarnath Amarsingam. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2011.\n"
9780472120499 - page_273: "START TEXT: \nWinder, Rob. “Maximizing Multimedia in Online News.” Media Helping Media, August 17, 2011. http://w" ******* END TEXT: "stin Govella. Information Architecture: Blue Prints for the Web. 2nd ed. Berkley: New Riders, 2009.\n"
9780472120499 - page_274: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472120499 - page_275: "START TEXT: \nIndex\n@BBCbooks, 20\n@BBCWorldservice, 20\n@BrianStelter, 201\n@MickiMaynard, 17\n@nytimes, 192, 235\n@t" ******* END TEXT: "y, Danielle, 13, 160\nBenkler, Yochai, 18, 195, 235\nBennett, W. Lance, 232–33\nBerke, Rick, 87, 98–99\n"
9780472120499 - page_276: "START TEXT: \nBernanke, Ben, 13, 160\nBernard, Tara Siegel, 217\nBest Buy, 71\nBilton, Nick, 198–200; “The Blogosphe" ******* END TEXT: "m, 45\nCNBC, 130, 145, 176, 203\nCND, 43–44\nCNN, 22, 39, 88, 114, 142, 162–63, 209\nCole, Jeffery, 221\n"
9780472120499 - page_277: "START TEXT: \nThe Columbia Journalism Review, 12, 36, 237\nColumbia University, 19, 200, 242\nConsumer Reports, 143" ******* END TEXT: ", 145, 166\nGillibrand, Kirsten, 113\nGillis, Justin, 105, 107\nGizmodo, 73, 76, 78\nGlobe and Mail, 19\n"
9780472120499 - page_278: "START TEXT: \nGmail, 66, 75\nGoel, Vindu, 74, 77, 79, 80, 81, 172, 250n14\nGoldman Sachs, 49, 51, 53–64, 85, 101, 1" ******* END TEXT: "tional Herald Tribune (IHT), 40, 53, 114, 118–19, 132–33, 140, 245\nInternational Monetary Fund, 108\n"
9780472120499 - page_279: "START TEXT: \niPad, 27, 36, 50–51, 52, 75, 76, 77–85, 142–43, 201, 210, 216, 220, 223; name, 83–84\niPhone, 76, 77" ******* END TEXT: "chael, 150–51, 157\nMossberg, Walt, 77\nMouawad, Jad, 137\nMozilla, 37, 38\nMSN, 39\nMullany, Gerry, 115\n"
9780472120499 - page_280: "START TEXT: \nmultimedia, 3, 6, 14–16, 27, 28, 45, 51, 60, 63–64, 66, 69, 71–73, 84, 100, 149, 205, 218, 219, 225" ******* END TEXT: "no time, 205–8; part of everyday workflow, 200–205; rounding up, 213–16. See also Facebook; Twitter\n"
9780472120499 - page_281: "START TEXT: \nPatterson, David, 96\npaywall, 35–36, 40, 48, 190, 216, 220\nPBS, MediaShift, 19\nPew Research Center," ******* END TEXT: "219\nsocial media editors, 19, 195\nSouth by Southwest, 193, 200\nSpruill, Fiona, 161\nStar Tribune, 36\n"
9780472120499 - page_282: "START TEXT: \nstate house reporters, 34\nStelter, Brian, 91, 192, 197, 200–203, 207, 210, 212, 228\nSlim, Carlos, 3" ******* END TEXT: " contested, 14, 17, 27, 28, 63, 86, 89, 128, 139, 144, 147, 148, 149, 152, 156, 205, 214, 217, 224,\n"
9780472120499 - page_283: "START TEXT: \n225, 232, 241; emergent, 25–26, 51, 86, 123, 128, 148, 181, 214, 217, 224, 231; immediacy, 148–49; " ******* END TEXT: "thru,” 134\nWyatt, Ed, 135–37, 210–11, 217–18\nYahoo!, 39, 238\nYouTube, 28, 187, 241\nZell, Sam, 34\n\n\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_i: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472120680 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \nDIGITAL CULTURE BOOKS, an imprint of the University of Michigan Press, is dedicated to publishing w" ******* END TEXT: "is dedicated to publishing work in new media studies and the emerging field of digital humanities.\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nTactics of the Human\nExperimental Technics in American Fiction\nLaura Shackelford\nUniversity of Mich" ******* END TEXT: "\nExperimental Technics in American Fiction\nLaura Shackelford\nUniversity of Michigan PressAnn Arbor\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by Laura Shackelford 2014Some rights reserved\n\nThis work is licensed under the Creative" ******* END TEXT: "fiction, American—History and criticism. I. Title.PS374.T434S53    2014813.009′356—dc23\n2014023464\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_v: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472120680 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \nAcknowledgments\nIntroduction: Retracing Digital Cultures through American Fiction\n1   Literary Turn" ******* END TEXT: "5\n256\n257\n258\n259\n260\n261\n262\n263\n264\n265\n\n\n\n\nCover Page\nBegin Reading\nCopyright Page\nContents\n\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \nAcknowledgments\nThis book bears the marks of its intellectual and scholarly emergence, traversing s" ******* END TEXT: "ise Economides and Cristina Iuli are a continual source of insight and inspiration for me to pursue "
9780472120680 - page_viii: "START TEXT: trajectories that realign expected scholarly and intellectual affiliations. I owe my first realizati" ******* END TEXT: "ns University Press. Revised and reprinted with permission by The Johns Hopkins University Press.\n\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nIntroduction\nRetracing Digital Cultures through American Fiction\nThis book returns to a series of A" ******* END TEXT: "s by directly reworking computational media to literary ends. Illustrating the key contributions of "
9780472120680 - page_2: "START TEXT: this trajectory of print literature to the digital literary, the book intends to complement and elab" ******* END TEXT: "e of these threads and will likely reenter the human, in due course. Researchers have just inserted "
9780472120680 - page_3: "START TEXT: artificial DNA molecules, not previously existing, into an organism. Electrical devices implanted in" ******* END TEXT: "rful reversal of that instrumental, subject-object relation. In the latter, frightening alternative,"
9780472120680 - page_4: "START TEXT: increasingly complex computational and biological practices now enlist the human as a tool in their" ******* END TEXT: " recursively process information. Janet Murray insightfully describes this as the “procedural power "
9780472120680 - page_5: "START TEXT: of computers,” their defining ability to execute a series of rules.6 Because computers function proc" ******* END TEXT: " the human. If one takes into account the formerly privileged role literature played in reproducing "
9780472120680 - page_6: "START TEXT: and reflecting on human subjectivity and society, it should come as less of a surprise that these li" ******* END TEXT: "multiple sites.\nIn the process, these literary texts creatively reconceive their literary occupation"
9780472120680 - page_7: "START TEXT: vis-à-vis digital technologies. They reconceive their own material, technical, social, and communic" ******* END TEXT: "nd information technologies. Their self-reflexive experiments with literary print technics, such as "
9780472120680 - page_8: "START TEXT: those John Johnston theorizes in Information Multiplicity: American Fiction in the Age of Media Satu" ******* END TEXT: "capitalist economies and nation-states. The diverse field of “new materialisms” designates a set of "
9780472120680 - page_9: "START TEXT: cross-disciplinary inquiries into how the new scientific practices, technologies, and knowledges def" ******* END TEXT: " movements; Ruth L. Ozeki’s My Year of Meats20 compares the daily micropractices of food production,"
9780472120680 - page_10: "START TEXT: family, reproduction, and nation that global capitalist economic networks facilitate to those of pr" ******* END TEXT: "on to technologies allows.\nThis perspective on technics as ongoing, multidimensional relations that "
9780472120680 - page_11: "START TEXT: recursively realize, reiterate, and transform subjectivities and social relations sheds oblique ligh" ******* END TEXT: "ues to evolve. It develops out of, and against, the first-order cybernetic theory that emerged from "
9780472120680 - page_12: "START TEXT: the interdisciplinary post–World War II Macy Conferences and Norbert Wiener’s influential work in ca" ******* END TEXT: "f life. In terms of the species, living beings cannot simply act for self-maintenance and continuity"
9780472120680 - page_13: "START TEXT: but must in some way become other than themselves in order to have a future.”28 While “Living insid" ******* END TEXT: "o identifies the toilet’s loss of water when flushed as the causal force leading the tank to refill "
9780472120680 - page_14: "START TEXT: with water or, in the second example, who decides whether one is moving one’s hand to catch the soft" ******* END TEXT: "nd technological systems and to propose alternate methods of approaching these relations. Extending "
9780472120680 - page_15: "START TEXT: second-order cybernetics to more thoroughly think through social systems, Luhmann identified systems" ******* END TEXT: "us patterns of privilege and exploitation, the stakes in these reunderstandings of the human remain "
9780472120680 - page_16: "START TEXT: quite high for those subjects, like women and subalterns, who have historically been assigned to pos" ******* END TEXT: "ary U.S. digital cultures.\nIn order to fully think through the material, technological, social, and "
9780472120680 - page_17: "START TEXT: cultural dimensions to technics, as these relations are taken up by these literary texts and also as" ******* END TEXT: " lend reality. They explore how these co-productive system relations coordinate distinct phenomenal "
9780472120680 - page_18: "START TEXT: domains without simply translating across, or otherwise overcoming, the differences between these do" ******* END TEXT: "y, in view. Thinking through systems relations in this way, the book actively identifies and pursues"
9780472120680 - page_19: "START TEXT: these feminist and subaltern stakes and, in turn, anatomizes the conceptual tools this broader disc" ******* END TEXT: ", intransigent and the dynamic, transformative dimensions to technics, as anatomized in these texts "
9780472120680 - page_20: "START TEXT: and recent systems thinking, the book illustrates how and why technics are key tactics of the human." ******* END TEXT: "what is improper or proper to man and, therefore, becomes closely aligned with death and opposed to "
9780472120680 - page_21: "START TEXT: “proper” human Being and life. Such theories of technicity also, in his view, remain unduly preoccup" ******* END TEXT: "ems of “late capitalism” and the modes of becoming American U.S. biopower encourages and overlooks.\n"
9780472120680 - page_22: "START TEXT: Chapter 1 returns to one of the literary system’s most influential first encounters with digital nar" ******* END TEXT: "d-order systems theory, its adaptation into social systems theory by Niklas Luhmann, and recent new "
9780472120680 - page_23: "START TEXT: materialist systems thinking from physicist and philosopher Karen Barad, I consider the significance" ******* END TEXT: "e and gendered, racialized, and sexualized spatial relations, I explore Leslie Marmon Silko’s novel "
9780472120680 - page_24: "START TEXT: Almanac of the Dead. The novel’s spatiotemporal mapping of the Americas, which reimagines networks a" ******* END TEXT: "s introduce into communication technologies, literary texts, technoscientific practices, industrial "
9780472120680 - page_25: "START TEXT: food production, and reproductive technologies, all of which quite viscerally impact micropractices " ******* END TEXT: "isms and considers the consequence of genetic sciences’ bioinformatic modes of circulation, and the "
9780472120680 - page_26: "START TEXT: flexible logics of accumulation they encourage, for contemporary U.S. biopower. Middlesex traces the" ******* END TEXT: "iterary print texts, as they experiment with digital technics in another medium, have much to teach "
9780472120680 - page_27: "START TEXT: us about “the function of literature in the technical age” without “succumbing to the uncritical lur" ******* END TEXT: "eengaging the technicity of the human in digital cultures that these literary fictions open onto.\n\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_28: "START TEXT: \n1\nLiterary Turns at the Scene of Digital Writing\nToday . . . we are experiencing the deep opacity o" ******* END TEXT: "nologies, and their shared materiality and co-realization through social and cultural systems. What "
9780472120680 - page_29: "START TEXT: philosopher Bernard Stiegler, one of the most apt theorists of these contemporary technics, describe" ******* END TEXT: "cate their understanding of subject-technology relations. These transfers between print and digital "
9780472120680 - page_30: "START TEXT: media (and more recent ones) shed important light on technics as a shifting set of subject-technolog" ******* END TEXT: "elation of the human.6 A comparative approach to technics, if fully developed, clarifies the social "
9780472120680 - page_31: "START TEXT: and cultural dimensions to media practices and enables a consideration of their potential recalibrat" ******* END TEXT: "role of discursive practices in subject formation, visible as deconstructive theory attempts to do.\n"
9780472120680 - page_32: "START TEXT: \nCharacterizing digital hypertext as an empirical realization or literalization of deconstructive th" ******* END TEXT: "itutive enframing of print media, proposing digital hypertext will return us to (or perhaps finally "
9780472120680 - page_33: "START TEXT: make good on) liberal humanism’s understanding of writing technologies as transparent expressive too" ******* END TEXT: "ologies, Kirschenbaum, nonetheless, resists identifying the forensic level as an originary ontology "
9780472120680 - page_34: "START TEXT: for digital media. Instead, he attends to the perplexing independence of the formal material level’s" ******* END TEXT: " and embedding character of technics. Its analyses of digital writing remain bound by the conceptual"
9780472120680 - page_35: "START TEXT: contours of a literary print scene of writing and its investments. If one, instead, takes into acco" ******* END TEXT: "cs as an ongoing contest between media for technological primacy in a broader media ecology, Bolter "
9780472120680 - page_36: "START TEXT: and Grusin’s concept of remediation forestalls full consideration of the social and cultural negotia" ******* END TEXT: " line of inquiry into the social and cultural exchanges occurring through these practices. It allows"
9780472120680 - page_37: "START TEXT: these frequently unnoticed dimensions of technics to be reconsidered. Not surprisingly, feminist an" ******* END TEXT: " about writing, in order to maintain its ground through self-referentiality, or writing in emulation"
9780472120680 - page_38: "START TEXT: of the screen’s potential for hypertextuality,” Sue-Ellen Case underscores what is at stake in thes" ******* END TEXT: "ng or enhancing multistable relations to distinct writing technologies, then both their conservative"
9780472120680 - page_39: "START TEXT: and expansive movements may be read and valued in significantly different terms.\nWhat Print Narrati" ******* END TEXT: " underscores the impact of a shifting digital scene of writing on the literary and on the modalities"
9780472120680 - page_40: "START TEXT: of the properly individualized, human subject of writing the literary here attempts to secure. “Cli" ******* END TEXT: "at is assumed to transcend its particular, material manifestation (or occasion) in print or online.\n"
9780472120680 - page_41: "START TEXT: \nUsing digital hypertext as an opportunity to reconsider the value and limits to narrative, “Click” " ******* END TEXT: "gnificant material differences between these textualities and downplays their transformative impact "
9780472120680 - page_42: "START TEXT: on intersubjectivities. Digital hypertext’s capacity, as a material technology, to challenge the pri" ******* END TEXT: "is in each case compromised by a defensive gesture: at some point or other, the radical alterity of "
9780472120680 - page_43: "START TEXT: technology is sacrificed to preserve thought as the ultimate tribunal of experience.40\n \nIn a simila" ******* END TEXT: " It is no accident that a black “Susie Scribbles” is accompanied by two other writing automatons: a "
9780472120680 - page_44: "START TEXT: white, blonde, blue-eyed “Susie Scribbles” and “Skippy Scribbles,” a domesticated brown bear, are he" ******* END TEXT: " for the temporal progression of the plot and for narrative meaning represents a privileged tendency"
9780472120680 - page_45: "START TEXT: within nineteenth- and twentieth-century realist literary print narrative, which has traditionally " ******* END TEXT: "erence and vice versa. According to Mark, Val was “a Gemini who preferred hors d’oeuvres to entrées "
9780472120680 - page_46: "START TEXT: both at table and  . . . in bed” and, according to Val, Mark was “a bullheaded whambamthankyouma’ame" ******* END TEXT: "s transparency subtends. In one of many asides, the narrator notes that if one chooses to attend to "
9780472120680 - page_47: "START TEXT: “apparently insignificant elements” such as “The, for example or the of” in a phrase such as “the hy" ******* END TEXT: "ates, distinguishes, categorizes, prioritizes, hypothesizes, and selectively remembers and forgets; "
9780472120680 - page_48: "START TEXT: that continuously spins trial scenarios, telling itself stories about who it is and what it’s up to," ******* END TEXT: " complexity. In flagging the selective limits to print and digital narrative, the story unwittingly "
9780472120680 - page_49: "START TEXT: reveals the nonequivalence of these media-specific and technologically distinct means and modes of s" ******* END TEXT: "erscores the transformative force of a medium and the distinct technics it realizes, describing how\n"
9780472120680 - page_50: "START TEXT: \n \nThe interactive character of digital texts manifests itself as a feedback loop that sends informa" ******* END TEXT: "ting to foreground the circularity of textual production, regardless of the medium, by approximating"
9780472120680 - page_51: "START TEXT: the “virtually endless reticulations of the World Wide Web,” the circular structure of the story, w" ******* END TEXT: "less, releases the specter of a technics that does not conform to a rigid, instrumental delineation "
9780472120680 - page_52: "START TEXT: of user and tool. This alternate understanding and engagement with technics, instead, resituates use" ******* END TEXT: "d desire” to profit from technological enhancements (as additions or prostheses) and, paradoxically,"
9780472120680 - page_53: "START TEXT: to deny the very transformational effects that one desires.78 The extensions, additions, and enhanc" ******* END TEXT: "ics of each side of the binary, but not the binary itself, even if they seem to multiply or displace"
9780472120680 - page_54: "START TEXT: it.”80 As in the story, this underlying framework reproduces the same (formerly) gendered binary an" ******* END TEXT: "and recontains the transformative, qualitative matter of media and its impact on intersubjectivities"
9780472120680 - page_55: "START TEXT: and, as Susie scribbles with a pen in hand, “inscribing its singular intentionality in acts and mar" ******* END TEXT: "and their uses—including limbs and physical capacities that technologies are often assumed to model "
9780472120680 - page_56: "START TEXT: or double—are far from self-apparent or originary. Sharing Leroi-Gourhan’s view that “the twentieth-" ******* END TEXT: "terial potentiality recontained by “Click’s” liberal humanist self-author and “Susie Scribbles.”\n\n\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_57: "START TEXT: \n2\nTracing the Human through Media Difference\nThe scene of early digital writing also catalyzed comp" ******* END TEXT: "rk Girl exploits digital hypertext to inquire into the processes through which distinctly gendered, "
9780472120680 - page_58: "START TEXT: sexed, and racialized human boundaries, and the intersubjective relations they co-authorize, are rep" ******* END TEXT: "ond the human, including those that perpetuate humanist discourses of transcendence, self-invention,"
9780472120680 - page_59: "START TEXT: or the new—from posthumanisms.10 The latter problematize humanist modes of understanding the human," ******* END TEXT: "he supplementarity of the human. They attempt to register biological, material, technical, psychic, "
9780472120680 - page_60: "START TEXT: and discursive dimensions to his co-evolution, directly countering liberal humanism’s Cartesian beli" ******* END TEXT: "social, material, and technical environments, they differ quite dramatically in how they understand "
9780472120680 - page_61: "START TEXT: materialities (biological, technological, and physical) to enter into social systems and human cogni" ******* END TEXT: "ut digital technics. Sharing their sense of urgency in thinking through these questions about human "
9780472120680 - page_62: "START TEXT: boundary-formation, this chapter recommends that working through the complex questions about system " ******* END TEXT: "t social, material, and medial environments on these relations and the lived experiences they enable"
9780472120680 - page_63: "START TEXT: or foreclose. They explore shifting technics as a means to register, reflect on, and enter into hum" ******* END TEXT: "tion, intersubjectivities, and material lifeworlds, concerns that increasingly vex theorists today.\n"
9780472120680 - page_64: "START TEXT: \nSystems Theory’s Strange Relations\nThese posthumanist engagements with technicity are, to a signifi" ******* END TEXT: "often described as the “cybernetics of cybernetics,” because it turned to consider how it is we can "
9780472120680 - page_65: "START TEXT: understand or observe the kinds of circular processes and nonlinear feedback loops that cybernetics " ******* END TEXT: " systems emerge and reproduce themselves self-referentially in meaning and connect their operations "
9780472120680 - page_66: "START TEXT: with psychic systems via communication. In his account, social systems are neither the outgrowth of " ******* END TEXT: "al, unicausal logics they impose. Conceiving the social in a linear, causal relation to its material"
9780472120680 - page_67: "START TEXT: environment, humanism has tended to render the social as a mirror or representation of that materia" ******* END TEXT: "ined as an effect that is “the cause of its own cause,” primarily circular, in other words.35 These "
9780472120680 - page_68: "START TEXT: strange loops in Luhmann’s systems theory complicate both essentialist and constructivist theories o" ******* END TEXT: "n, “the external world is as it is” in spite of social and psychic systems’ ongoing differentiation "
9780472120680 - page_69: "START TEXT: of the world in the form of meaningful distinctions.38 In this theoretical move, he usefully counter" ******* END TEXT: "ocity, to the systems in their environments. Self-referential, autopoietic closure appears to trump "
9780472120680 - page_70: "START TEXT: environmental openness in such passages. Arguing that social systems are self-constituting and there" ******* END TEXT: "rbation,” or “vibration”).\nThis conceptual blockage has led critics such as Gunther Teubner to argue"
9780472120680 - page_71: "START TEXT: that “relation, according to Luhmann, is a nonconcept.”49 In Teubner’s view, “Luhmann tries to mini" ******* END TEXT: "e of inquiry social systems theory opens onto, if “sociocultural evolution does not proceed” either "
9780472120680 - page_72: "START TEXT: “from matter to mind” or from mind to matter, but “leads, rather to combinations of corporeality and" ******* END TEXT: "corpse light; under the needle; and under the pen; or it took place not at all.”53 The five sections"
9780472120680 - page_73: "START TEXT: of the work—“story,” “graveyard,” “crazy quilt,” “journal,” and “body of text”—correspond to these " ******* END TEXT: "e kitchen of things. This is if you adhere to the traditional separation of body and soul, form and "
9780472120680 - page_75: "START TEXT: content.”58 Juxtaposed to its previous formulation, which posits the body as a neutral medium for su" ******* END TEXT: "ity with an agency that contravenes Cartesian dualisms of body/soul, form/content, medium/meaning.\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_74: "START TEXT: \nAligning physical bodies, textual bodies, and other media with Dr. Frankenstein’s creatures, Patchw" ******* END TEXT: " processes through which “phenomena,” in her Bohrian terminology, mutually enact entities that then "
9780472120680 - page_76: "START TEXT: come to be perceived as distinct subject and objects, or separate phenomenal domains, or to have sta" ******* END TEXT: "ween cognition and the nervous system, social systems and the organic systems in their environments,"
9780472120680 - page_77: "START TEXT: subjectivities and various technological apparati as enactive relations of productive difference. R" ******* END TEXT: "g are co-implicated in such relations, Patchwork Girl does not go quite so far as Barad does in its "
9780472120680 - page_78: "START TEXT: take on their degree of entanglement.67 For Barad, phenomena are contingent patterns of mattering th" ******* END TEXT: "on, or, to quote Luce Irigaray, as an “‘infrastructure’ unrecognized as such by our society and our "
9780472120680 - page_79: "START TEXT: culture” in that the “use, consumption, and circulation of their sexualized bodies underwrite the or" ******* END TEXT: "ers underscore, the interactivity in early digital hypertext fiction primarily impacts the narrative"
9780472120680 - page_80: "START TEXT: discourse or sequence of reading rather than generating completely new stories on each reading.73\nP" ******* END TEXT: " emergent textual meaning. This also helps to clarify the work’s thinking about these interrelations"
9780472120680 - page_81: "START TEXT: between reader and digital text, embodied human and computational interface. Alice Bell, in her rec" ******* END TEXT: "on shifts from a relation described as a “permeable membrane” to “dotted-line connections/divisions”"
9780472120680 - page_82: "START TEXT: to “fluidly mutating connections between writer, interface, and user,” not all of which are akin to" ******* END TEXT: " the realm of meaning.”83 Importantly, in describing the feminine as the “banished body,”84 Jackson "
9780472120680 - page_83: "START TEXT: associates material complexity and the feminine with a multiplicity that characterizations of the fe" ******* END TEXT: "xity. Understood in terms of its proximity to material flows, the category of the feminine is easily"
9780472120680 - page_84: "START TEXT: collapsed into and conflated with the female sex. Plant quotes the online cyberfeminist manifesto p" ******* END TEXT: "ns to femininity, it is her failures, her persistent illegibility and multiplicity, which align her "
9780472120680 - page_85: "START TEXT: with the feminine as this category is reconceptualized in Patchwork Girl. Due to the patchwork girl’" ******* END TEXT: "y merely amplify, rather than manage, this illegibility and the material agencies that underpin it.\n"
9780472120680 - page_86: "START TEXT: \nThe “story” section branches into two accounts of the patchwork girl’s experiences that narrate rec" ******* END TEXT: " thus, practices both racialized and gendered modes of passing before she finds another approach.97\n"
9780472120680 - page_87: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_88: "START TEXT: \n\nIn Pursuit of Strange Modalities of Relation\nSelectively capitalizing on the technological afforda" ******* END TEXT: "t opens onto an alternate understanding of the modalities of relation digital technics might enable "
9780472120680 - page_89: "START TEXT: among and between subjectivities and material bodies. In particular, the work suggests digital hyper" ******* END TEXT: "rk the failures” of this binary, heterosexual system.99 Patchwork Girl is clearly interested in how "
9780472120680 - page_90: "START TEXT: lesbian relations throw the oppositional sexual economy naturalized in relation to print narrative i" ******* END TEXT: "out pretending [she] was whole.” The patchwork girl finds a way to make these parts meaningful that "
9780472120680 - page_91: "START TEXT: does not aspire toward a union, conjoinder, or wholeness. It does not resolve or overcome difference" ******* END TEXT: "ialized binaries, and to trouble their presumably stable, hierarchical relation to sexual difference"
9780472120680 - page_92: "START TEXT: and to other material bodies. It suggests how these emergent technics might help to reconceive dist" ******* END TEXT: ",” simply acknowledging the negotiability of the human and adopting a posthumanist understanding of "
9780472120680 - page_93: "START TEXT: technicity is inadequate.110 As numerous critics have noted over the past ten years, late capitalism" ******* END TEXT: "ly meaningful, bodies and delimit their interrelations. Such comparative technics help identify and "
9780472120680 - page_94: "START TEXT: exploit shifting and multistable tactics of the human to encourage gendered, sexed, and racialized h" ******* END TEXT: "l responsibility for the different modalities of relation that emerge through distinct technics.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_95: "START TEXT: \n3\nRealizing the Vitality of “Dead” Spaces\nPolitical work . . . reshapes the very surfaces of bodies" ******* END TEXT: "r the material limits to these social spaces and, as importantly, their epistemological blind spots?"
9780472120680 - page_96: "START TEXT: As I’ll suggest below, comparative media practices in print literature as well as in digital media " ******* END TEXT: "-contained technical objects opening onto distinct spaces beyond the screen; instead they are coming"
9780472120680 - page_97: "START TEXT: to be “everyware.”4 They coordinate and co-articulate countless spatial dimensions of our everyday " ******* END TEXT: "tices and social spaces digital technologies enable. This leads them to overlook their continuities "
9780472120680 - page_98: "START TEXT: with previous social spaces and practices of space-making. Several common assumptions about how tech" ******* END TEXT: "no-economic networks’ self-description as a universal, unstoppable, self-sustaining, natural force, "
9780472120680 - page_99: "START TEXT: the novel acknowledges the mutually transformative dimensions to ongoing encounters between late cap" ******* END TEXT: "ursued in the field of critical geography. This chapter elaborates on influential work on postmodern"
9780472120680 - page_100: "START TEXT: space and critical geography by Castells, Doreen Massey, and Nigel Thrift to illustrate what their " ******* END TEXT: "l matter of places and bodies, and the social relations they help to sediment and habituate.14 When "
9780472120680 - page_101: "START TEXT: social spaces are understood in their capacity to orchestrate spatial orientations, lived bodily exp" ******* END TEXT: "ad grapples with the spatiotemporal logics of these emergent network processes and the socio-spatial"
9780472120680 - page_102: "START TEXT: formations they were just beginning to realize. Insisting on the material embeddedness, historicity" ******* END TEXT: " spatial formations to ulterior, subaltern ends that are informed by the “almanac of the dead,” the "
9780472120680 - page_103: "START TEXT: generative indigenous text that materially and symbolically sustains these social networks. The nove" ******* END TEXT: "d, through the former’s spatializations, to a supposedly “dead” space outside modern time. Refusing "
9780472120680 - page_104: "START TEXT: the absolute differentiation between living and dead, temporal and spatial, meaning and matter, anim" ******* END TEXT: "ce, subsequent to Lefebvre’s, frequently attribute shifts in spatiotemporal practices and experience"
9780472120680 - page_105: "START TEXT: accompanying the introduction of communication and transportation technologies (such as the telegra" ******* END TEXT: "ergent postindustrial economies and the social practices they realize, such as that Manuel Castells "
9780472120680 - page_106: "START TEXT: offers in his early theorization of an informational “space of flows” wholly overriding existing pla" ******* END TEXT: "of material practices, May and Thrift’s new materialism, like Massey’s, credits multiple, human and "
9780472120680 - page_107: "START TEXT: nonhuman contributors to the space-times we continually realize, inhabit, and often take for granted" ******* END TEXT: " of the map gesture beyond this central node to the far reaches of the Americas with arrows heading "
9780472120680 - page_108: "START TEXT: south toward the Caribbean, Central and South America, north to Alaska, and east to the coast of New" ******* END TEXT: "s event just begins to unfold in the final section of the novel, titled “One World, Many Tribes.”32\n"
9780472120680 - page_109: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_110: "START TEXT: \nEnvisioning social relations as materially realized, yet dynamic, embodied networks unfolding in an" ******* END TEXT: "lux, and relationality.”34\nDeploying place-names as section and book titles, taking these places as "
9780472120680 - page_111: "START TEXT: its subject, rather than taking them for granted as its setting, the novel flags its interest in the" ******* END TEXT: "es of “spatial” or “environmental storytelling,” the novel indicates how these characters’ movements"
9780472120680 - page_112: "START TEXT: work to call into question the homogeneity, integrity, and coherence of national space by realizing" ******* END TEXT: " “from human perception, becoming a part of the landscape which the body ‘naturally’ adjusts to.”39\n"
9780472120680 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nThe Novelty of Networks\nAlmanac of the Dead’s literary print critique of U.S. colonialism and imper" ******* END TEXT: "instance. As theorists have worked to understand the vast social and cultural consequences of these "
9780472120680 - page_114: "START TEXT: shifts, their initial emphasis on the differences between these spatial logics and the latter’s nove" ******* END TEXT: "thin the structure of this instrumental network. By deterritorializing places and reterritorializing"
9780472120680 - page_115: "START TEXT: them according to its own functional logic, the “space of flows” ensures its flexibility and adapta" ******* END TEXT: "d logics and late capitalism’s space of flows (though he does advocate creatively recombining them) "
9780472120680 - page_116: "START TEXT: and risks reducing the world to this single, economic time line. Another consequence of his emphasis" ******* END TEXT: " of flows” in extending and elaborating on existing patterns of domination and forms of dependency, "
9780472120680 - page_117: "START TEXT: the differences between these spatial logics and the novelty of the networks that sustain the “space" ******* END TEXT: "ks, enabled through digital information networks such as the Internet, and satellite television and "
9780472120680 - page_118: "START TEXT: weather broadcasting, and other digital communications technologies. It locates them alongside exist" ******* END TEXT: "hin a long-standing history of U.S. imperialism. Late capitalist flows may striate the geopolitical "
9780472120680 - page_119: "START TEXT: space of the nation-state, the novel suggests, but such processes of segmentation perpetuate, rather" ******* END TEXT: "Eurocentric, rational management of the world-system. From this vantage, modernity’s spatiotemporal "
9780472120680 - page_120: "START TEXT: networks come to be seen as materially situated and culturally motivated spatial practices that, thr" ******* END TEXT: " space of Euclidean geometry and the mechanical, linear causality of Newtonian physics.64 According "
9780472120680 - page_121: "START TEXT: to the novel, the five-hundred-year system capitalizes on just such objectifying, Cartesian abstract" ******* END TEXT: "” stress capitalist standardization’s selective suppression of the contingencies of space and time.\n"
9780472120680 - page_122: "START TEXT: \nCalabazas and several other characters indicate how this spatiotemporal logic, and the epistemologi" ******* END TEXT: "actices and, thereby, to revitalize material spaces otherwise consigned to stasis and sameness and, "
9780472120680 - page_123: "START TEXT: thus, significantly, restrictively immobilized. Sections titled “Eskimo Television” and “Tundra Spir" ******* END TEXT: "s the old woman was able to assemble powerful forces flowing from the spirits of the ancestors.72\n \n"
9780472120680 - page_124: "START TEXT: \nUsing “natural electricity. Fields of forces,” her “plane-crashing spell” redirects these weather s" ******* END TEXT: "ed too, which means that material spaces have “unexpected consequences,” and “effects on subsequent "
9780472120680 - page_125: "START TEXT: events that alter the future course of the very histories which have produced” them, as Massey descr" ******* END TEXT: "Such political work, which often entails using materially realized social space as “a disorientation"
9780472120680 - page_126: "START TEXT: device,” “turn[s] the tables on the world that keeps things in place,” “making things lose their pl" ******* END TEXT: "ddressing the novel’s view of all such political acts or the U.S. state’s shifting legal designation"
9780472120680 - page_127: "START TEXT: of terrorism is beyond the scope of this chapter, it is important to note that the novel, in severa" ******* END TEXT: "-spatial practices both culturally and geographically, these tactical reorientations make hegemonic "
9780472120680 - page_128: "START TEXT: late capitalist spatial practices tangible and can help demarcate their unacknowledged material, his" ******* END TEXT: "ices unsettle the very spatial imaginaries and affiliated epistemologies that, otherwise, resolidify"
9780472120680 - page_129: "START TEXT: distinctions between subaltern and elite, or dead and vital. The aim of “writing in reverse” is, th" ******* END TEXT: "nered into poverty.”96\nThe novel’s subalterns share key similarities with contemporary transnational"
9780472120680 - page_130: "START TEXT: networks of resistance, the “unexpected currents of opposition” emerging “from the transformed cond" ******* END TEXT: "although tactical methods also have a much longer history. The term “tactical media” was defined by "
9780472120680 - page_131: "START TEXT: the Next Five Minutes (N5M) group to include “‘all forms of old and new, both lucid and sophisticate" ******* END TEXT: "cognition, realizing that asserting a single, stable, positive cultural, racial, or ethnic identity "
9780472120680 - page_132: "START TEXT: feeds into the convention’s late capitalist networks, which are only too eager to commodify historic" ******* END TEXT: "ended character of their political methods. The novel ends, for instance, before the results of the "
9780472120680 - page_133: "START TEXT: subaltern coalition’s reorientation of the electrical grid unfold, reinforcing the ephemeral, uncert" ******* END TEXT: "an to promote international Marxism. She soon realizes that Bartolomeo, a Cuban Marxist leader, and "
9780472120680 - page_134: "START TEXT: his party have no interest in indigenous peoples’ history or in returning their land. For this reaso" ******* END TEXT: "ween modern place and postmodern space that limits the social’s relation to material places and its "
9780472120680 - page_135: "START TEXT: cultural meaning to these two, equally unsatisfactory options of (local) place and (global) space.\nU" ******* END TEXT: "nd to do, in fact, can clearly feed directly into an intensified instrumentalization of these lived "
9780472120680 - page_136: "START TEXT: spaces. The risks involved in facilitating the latter, late capitalist de- and rematerializing tende" ******* END TEXT: "d,” as a figurative space, to the socio-spatial, subaltern networks this dynamic text helps solidify"
9780472120680 - page_137: "START TEXT: and realize, the novel reminds us that the literary system is itself already involved in space-maki" ******* END TEXT: "idiosyncratic personal notes, Lecha reinterprets the almanac from her own spatiotemporal perspective"
9780472120680 - page_138: "START TEXT: and, thereby, transforms the almanac or, more precisely, resituates it in the present just as she r" ******* END TEXT: "rough its addition of a wide range of subaltern and elite characters’ notebooks, journals, diaries, "
9780472120680 - page_139: "START TEXT: and histories, which have, apparently, made their way through the almanac’s narrative and transforme" ******* END TEXT: " subaltern coalition emerges through an ongoing encounter between distinct and overlapping cultural "
9780472120680 - page_140: "START TEXT: networks—such as the “tribal internationalists,” the “Army of the Poor and Homeless,” and “ecowarrio" ******* END TEXT: "s’s old aunt Mahawala notes before she passes on.123 These subaltern tactics to reorient hegemonic, "
9780472120680 - page_141: "START TEXT: late capitalist socio-spatial formations according to multiple, alternate, even discrepant spatiotem" ******* END TEXT: "ependent on the interaction of participant, place, time, and social context.” In this way, locative "
9780472120680 - page_142: "START TEXT: media narratives are similarly well poised to tactically explore orientations toward lived space at " ******* END TEXT: " politics and agency as they enter into and are transformed through these long-standing networks.\n\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_143: "START TEXT: \n4\nCounting on Affect: Engaging Micropractices of the U.S. Nation\nThis chapter continues to consider" ******* END TEXT: " bodily, geographic, and imaginary boundaries between insides and outsides that inform the nation’s "
9780472120680 - page_144: "START TEXT: preferred modes of interrelation. In fact, far from guarding or protecting the sanctity of what are " ******* END TEXT: " rhetorics and practices, which continue to rely on the inclusion and exclusion of nonhuman animals "
9780472120680 - page_145: "START TEXT: and to deploy those differences in gendering and racializing human subjects by aligning them (in dis" ******* END TEXT: "e understood as ongoing, recursive processes of differentiation, it is possible to see how political"
9780472120680 - page_146: "START TEXT: systems such as the nation-state perform such distinctions both to instantiate a degree of closure " ******* END TEXT: "abling its reproduction.\nThe narrative’s key protagonist is Jane Takagi-Little, a Japanese American "
9780472120680 - page_147: "START TEXT: filmmaker hired to help a U.S. beef company with their television series, My American Wife! The tele" ******* END TEXT: " U.S. nation uses to differentiate between “authentic” and “inauthentic” Americans. Jane intends to "
9780472120680 - page_148: "START TEXT: rescript their positioning of women as the “meat,” that is, as the literally and symbolically passiv" ******* END TEXT: "distinct interrelations between the “subjects,” “objects,” and “worlds” these practices recursively "
9780472120680 - page_149: "START TEXT: circumscribe. Importantly, these processes are largely unrecognized and underappreciated, unfolding " ******* END TEXT: "terial micropractices as paratextual apparati that are central to U.S. nationalism’s differentiation"
9780472120680 - page_150: "START TEXT: and categorization of populations, forms, and modes of life and their acceptable and unacceptable i" ******* END TEXT: "an are materially realized and co-articulated with nationalism’s hegemonic epistemologies and modes "
9780472120680 - page_151: "START TEXT: of categorizing life, material micropractices are primary to understanding the impact of digital tec" ******* END TEXT: "atexts, in addition to its central narrative, complicates readers’ views on Jane’s initial feminist "
9780472120680 - page_152: "START TEXT: and multicultural project of reorienting global capitalist networks through her strategically femini" ******* END TEXT: "d immediate political ends, any such attempt to count on affect to circumscribe and recapture life.\n"
9780472120680 - page_153: "START TEXT: \nRegistering the visceral impact of technics on individual, social, and national bodies and their mo" ******* END TEXT: "” preparing her favorite meat recipe each week, is sponsored by the American beef industry’s export "
9780472120680 - page_154: "START TEXT: and trade syndicate, BEEF-EX.22 It is designed to “bring the ‘heartland of America into the homes of" ******* END TEXT: "national discourses.29 The novel references this positioning, noting that Jane is “neither here nor "
9780472120680 - page_155: "START TEXT: there” and underscoring her perceived tendency to vacillate, according to her mother. Jane herself r" ******* END TEXT: "ialist categories of life.\nThe epigraphs opening the novel immediately cue readers in to its concern"
9780472120680 - page_156: "START TEXT: with micropractices of narrative, bodily, family, and community life and their ability to embed and" ******* END TEXT: " interactions with the material world and its cycles. My Year of Meats organizes its own “chapters” "
9780472120680 - page_157: "START TEXT: according to her “months of the year,” indicating its own effort to seek out alternate, embedded par" ******* END TEXT: "ces this comment in her reading of the novel in relation to other animal stories that cross species "
9780472120680 - page_158: "START TEXT: lines, insightfully stressing “the inadequacy of metaphor to represent the relations between the peo" ******* END TEXT: "bstitutions encouraged and enabled by the reduction of one “form of life” to another. In calculating"
9780472120680 - page_159: "START TEXT: life in this way, such paratexts facilitate and open onto distinct modes of circulation and relatin" ******* END TEXT: "assist, and speciesist logics. U.S. nationalism attempts to incorporate and, thus, symbolically and "
9780472120680 - page_160: "START TEXT: materially “swallow” a range of embodied Others through such technically assisted classifications an" ******* END TEXT: " as embodied in wholesome beef and wives, that she is explicitly charged with exporting to Japanese "
9780472120680 - page_161: "START TEXT: audiences. She does this through affectively charged imagery and language, revealing their grisly, d" ******* END TEXT: "y, and nation into circulation. Their tactics, Jane’s especially, raise ethical questions about all "
9780472120680 - page_162: "START TEXT: such practices of archivization, and how they relate to and rely on the “meat” or micropractices thr" ******* END TEXT: "eat” or lived meaning and experience that each of the technics, in its own way, conveys or obscures "
9780472120680 - page_163: "START TEXT: due to its chosen modes of categorization and circulation. The novel singles out and privileges para" ******* END TEXT: "tiracial America, the America she works hard to document, celebrate, and circulate in the television"
9780472120680 - page_164: "START TEXT: show, against the wishes of her supervisors. One episode features Lara and Dyann, a biracial lesbia" ******* END TEXT: "apitalist networks, and the irreducible forms of life they are enmeshed with comes to a climax when "
9780472120680 - page_165: "START TEXT: she is contacted by one of her most avid audience members, Akiko. Akiko has watched My American Wife" ******* END TEXT: "the dynamic, embodied, differential, power-laden interrelations between women without attempting to "
9780472120680 - page_166: "START TEXT: symbolically capitalize on or instrumentalize their representations to “loving” nationalist ends.\nMo" ******* END TEXT: "ody that had taken over the functions of her own” should give pause. In becoming American, Akiko is "
9780472120680 - page_167: "START TEXT: largely remade in Jane’s Western liberal humanist feminist image and hegemonic U.S. nationalism’s im" ******* END TEXT: "erse counterpoint to the women’s multicultural love of difference. Wholly paradoxically, their love "
9780472120680 - page_168: "START TEXT: of difference collapses those very differences as it operates according to an “idea of the world whe" ******* END TEXT: "to reproduce Akiko and her female Japanese audience members in her own American image as an aborted "
9780472120680 - page_169: "START TEXT: and incomplete project. In this reading, Jane’s thwarted material effort to reproduce a multicultura" ******* END TEXT: " untold, out of history.”61\nOne of the things that slips through Jane’s public exposé about beef is "
9780472120680 - page_170: "START TEXT: precisely her realization that, to use Akiko’s words, “Life is bloody.”62 The novel’s persistent att" ******* END TEXT: " narrativize it,” as Brian Massumi describes the interference and unassimilability of affect.68 The "
9780472120680 - page_171: "START TEXT: passages remain largely irreconcilable with Jane’s narrative or the novel’s admittedly fabricated ha" ******* END TEXT: "so find ways to comparatively engage against U.S. nationalism’s charged categorizations of life.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_172: "START TEXT: \n5\nNovel Diagnosis of Bioinformatic Circulation\nTo resist a likely future in the present is to gambl" ******* END TEXT: "individuals to what it promotes as a more comprehensive model of man as a living being or species.”3"
9780472120680 - page_173: "START TEXT: Such recent novelistic accounts reveal “an elaborate circulatory system connecting bodies, goods, a" ******* END TEXT: "crucially concerned with the emergent possibilities of the life sciences and related disciplines,”7 "
9780472120680 - page_174: "START TEXT: which serve as a material infrastructure and political economic imaginary for its operations.\nJeffre" ******* END TEXT: "amic, shifting process of becoming American. It is a process of becoming American in that the novel "
9780472120680 - page_175: "START TEXT: retraces the changing character of American national belonging and state power over time. It is also" ******* END TEXT: " is far from incidental. The novel explores how bioinformatic sciences help to catalyze and justify "
9780472120680 - page_176: "START TEXT: neoliberal modes of transnational economic and geopolitical circulation and affiliated modes of beco" ******* END TEXT: "trudes into and rescripts an otherwise familiar American immigrant tale of assimilation and eventual"
9780472120680 - page_177: "START TEXT: prosperity. It is, notably, an unacknowledged material microprocess and underlying genetic history " ******* END TEXT: "fferential positioning.\nWhile the novel is invested in Cal’s intersex experience and the history of "
9780472120680 - page_178: "START TEXT: the intersex and transgender movements, more generally, it simultaneously marks the material and sym" ******* END TEXT: "e outside time from a masculine and masculinist modernity and the resulting, privileged mobilities.\n"
9780472120680 - page_179: "START TEXT: \nRecounting the twentieth- and early twenty-first-century history of the Stephanides family, Middles" ******* END TEXT: "into cultural understandings and practices of becoming American, affiliated subjectivities, and the "
9780472120680 - page_180: "START TEXT: co-incidental, “interior” space realized through the novel. It pays particular attention to the impa" ******* END TEXT: "f diagnosis, drawing on Nietzsche, “It cannot be commentary, exteriority, but must risk assuming an "
9780472120680 - page_181: "START TEXT: inventive position that brings into existence, and makes perceptible, the passions and actions assoc" ******* END TEXT: "y register these shifting distinctions and the kinds of circulations they encourage or forestall.22\n"
9780472120680 - page_182: "START TEXT: \nSmuggling Operations\nIn the opening section of the novel, Cal retraces his grandparents’ journey fr" ******* END TEXT: "ocesses always involve; processes that modern American nationalism polices and frequently disavows.\n"
9780472120680 - page_183: "START TEXT: \nThe genetic mutation Lefty and Desdemona unknowingly “smuggle,” en route to their new lives in Amer" ******* END TEXT: "variously underground, resolutely nonconscious, unperceived practices, Middlesex conceives smuggling"
9780472120680 - page_184: "START TEXT: operations as a way to reconsider the interrelations between cultural discourses and material and b" ******* END TEXT: "how twentieth-century American nationalisms and the identifications and affiliations they open onto "
9780472120680 - page_185: "START TEXT: can never be consolidated or secured, in spite of their determined efforts to evoke a homogenous, te" ******* END TEXT: "tatic territories, an understanding that also authorizes modern geopolitics and engenders a static, "
9780472120680 - page_186: "START TEXT: unchanging account of American national identity. The novel attempts, on this evolutionary basis, to" ******* END TEXT: "e engagements with genetics and evolutionary theory, which are prone to reduplicate social Darwinist"
9780472120680 - page_187: "START TEXT: understandings of an all-determining, teleological process of genetic transmission, of DNA, for ins" ******* END TEXT: "rical forces introduce “virtualities and potentialities” into material and biological processes and "
9780472120680 - page_188: "START TEXT: productively transform them, in turn.37 Elaborating on Grosz’s theory in the novel’s terms, one migh" ******* END TEXT: "social groups.”39 Individual and social forces, in other words, are no longer understood to operate "
9780472120680 - page_189: "START TEXT: from the top down as a unidirectional coding of an impassive natural world. Nor are biological and m" ******* END TEXT: "t’s too late I want to get it down for good: this roller-coaster ride of a single gene through time "
9780472120680 - page_190: "START TEXT: . Sing now, O Muse, of the recessive mutation on my fifth chromosome! Sing how it bloomed two and a " ******* END TEXT: " how Cal’s Homeric excesses are “genetic, too,” the novel suggests evolutionary forces function all "
9780472120680 - page_191: "START TEXT: the way up through expressive cultural forms, though in equally unpredictable, sporadic, indirect, n" ******* END TEXT: "ossing the ocean, it faked a romance, circled a ship’s deck, and made love in a lifeboat. . . . And "
9780472120680 - page_192: "START TEXT: then the gene moved on again, into new bodies. . . . It joined the Boy Scouts and painted its toenai" ******* END TEXT: "ntemporary bioinformatics and biomedicine are increasingly adept at manipulating, not disregarding, "
9780472120680 - page_193: "START TEXT: as Eugene Thacker convincingly illustrates in his book surveying recent bioinformatics and biotechno" ******* END TEXT: "o question a binary sex/gender system that assumes agreement between chromosomes, gonads, genitals, "
9780472120680 - page_194: "START TEXT: and secondary sex characteristics, as well as between gender and sexuality. It, thus, requires us to" ******* END TEXT: "nder (after having spent the first fourteen years of his life as a young girl), and to date women.\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_195: "START TEXT: \nRefusing the modern nationalist imperative to overcome difference, " ******* END TEXT: "\nRefusing the modern nationalist imperative to overcome difference, "
9780472120680 - page_196: "START TEXT: which would require Cal to conform to the patriarchal norm of the binary sex/gender system by becomi" ******* END TEXT: " and gender (as variously defined), there is, according to early twenty-first-century transnational "
9780472120680 - page_197: "START TEXT: late capitalist networks, no necessary or single relation between territorial place and national ide" ******* END TEXT: "tics,” in which “the freedom to decide the qualities of a future human life through biotechnological"
9780472120680 - page_198: "START TEXT: processes is often located within this ‘option of circulation,’” and, thus, endowed with fully libe" ******* END TEXT: "h and early twenty-first centuries, often reflect a neoliberal imaginary in which becoming American "
9780472120680 - page_199: "START TEXT: is based primarily on subjects’ identification with America through commodity culture and a consumer" ******* END TEXT: " of emergent neoliberal geopolitics and biopower. At one level, Cal appears to be a quint-essential,"
9780472120680 - page_200: "START TEXT: privileged, Western, masculine, global subject, joining the Foreign Service because he has “never w" ******* END TEXT: "entous purchase of the first family home, already contravenes the typical progressive, developmental"
9780472120680 - page_201: "START TEXT: account of American economic and class mobility. Cal’s family moves to the suburbs after the family" ******* END TEXT: "American, like those the architecture of Middlesex encapsulates, are, instead, both “futuristic and "
9780472120680 - page_202: "START TEXT: outdated at the same time,” both innovative and repetitive, at once, like all processes of evolution" ******* END TEXT: "presence in the house symbolically points attention toward the futility of attempts, either past or "
9780472120680 - page_203: "START TEXT: present, to close any national, domestic, familial, or individual space off from its material and cu" ******* END TEXT: "d closets or the teleological linearity of stairs, yet the full consequences of these efforts remain"
9780472120680 - page_204: "START TEXT: unclear. Cal and the domestic space each, in their own way, embrace complex, ongoing, material hete" ******* END TEXT: "ormatic circulatory systems. In this way, the novel retrospectively marks the genre’s own becomings,"
9780472120680 - page_205: "START TEXT: its ongoing material and cultural transformation through such circulations and system relations, re" ******* END TEXT: "nd egg, and other transmissive, circulatory modes of “threading” across divergent spaces. Cal’s (as "
9780472120680 - page_206: "START TEXT: well as his gene’s) narrative circles recursively between past and present, as do the reiterative lo" ******* END TEXT: "s and practices a novelistic mode of diagnosis to reckon with bioinformatic circulations. It engages"
9780472120680 - page_207: "START TEXT: the genre in a mode of retrospectively, comparatively retracing the biopolitical systems relations " ******* END TEXT: "storical change and more critically entering into present struggles over the nature of becoming.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_208: "START TEXT: \nCoda\nUnfolding Technics\nWe live with and through the negotiability of the human on a daily basis, c" ******* END TEXT: "ife that insistently confound the usual ways of approaching and, however momentarily, resolving such"
9780472120680 - page_209: "START TEXT: questions, not just the scope and scale at which we grasp and retrace such processes. As the book i" ******* END TEXT: "cs, as My Year of Meats makes clear.2 For these reasons, I have avoided using the term posthumanist "
9780472120680 - page_210: "START TEXT: as a primary distinction in the book in favor of comparing a range of posthumanisms as they reconcei" ******* END TEXT: " capitalist networks reveals how tactical media practices and, similarly place-based, spatiotemporal"
9780472120680 - page_211: "START TEXT: narratives can serve as reorientation devices that change experiences and understandings of social " ******* END TEXT: "h remain central to processes of subjectivity, social formation, U.S. nationalism, and transnational"
9780472120680 - page_212: "START TEXT: critical geographies. Such a comparative, cross-media view attends to the social practices and cult" ******* END TEXT: "y, material, and historical processes that always precede and exceed existing interrelations (i.e., "
9780472120680 - page_213: "START TEXT: they remain both sedimenting and open to recalibration). Contrary to previous understandings of subj" ******* END TEXT: "systems, or networking processes are the same, for instance, and increase awareness of their unique "
9780472120680 - page_214: "START TEXT: material and epistemological limits, enabling otherwise unperceived alternatives, other ways to “rea" ******* END TEXT: " games, and software studies, “Coming to understand fictional worlds as systems—and exploring their "
9780472120680 - page_215: "START TEXT: potential through play—is also a powerful means of coming to understand our evolving society, in whi" ******* END TEXT: "digital or print media to divergent symbolic, expressive ends, can be understood as a poetic method "
9780472120680 - page_216: "START TEXT: or micropractice designed to comparatively register and cast into differential relief precisely the " ******* END TEXT: "ency, and politics today.\nTheir literary explorations of the points of interchange between textual, "
9780472120680 - page_217: "START TEXT: biological, discursive, technological, social, nonhuman, and physical systems processes diagnose new" ******* END TEXT: "ac of the Dead), or of rhetorics of web-based hypertext (“Click”) as the catalyst for their nuanced "
9780472120680 - page_218: "START TEXT: reconceptualization of processes of materialization in light of such knowledges and practices. As im" ******* END TEXT: "y engagements with digital cultures, which clearly begin to “understand fictional worlds as systems”"
9780472120680 - page_219: "START TEXT: (though not necessarily using computational media), I want to underscore an important trajectory li" ******* END TEXT: "ith digital cultures in illustrating the value of reapproaching literary texts in relation to these "
9780472120680 - page_220: "START TEXT: systems processes, social and cultural formations, and shifting material and technological infrastru" ******* END TEXT: "tactics of the human we cannot live without and, thus, one way or another, we learn to live with.\n\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_221: "START TEXT: \nNotes\nIntroduction\n1. These texts were published between 1991 and 2002, at the moment in which the " ******* END TEXT: "dia Poetics: Contexts, Technotexts, and Theories (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006); N. Katherine Hayles, "
9780472120680 - page_222: "START TEXT: Electronic Literature: New Horizons for the Literary (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press" ******* END TEXT: "of Late Capitalism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997), xxi.\n10. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, "
9780472120680 - page_223: "START TEXT: Frankenstein: The 1818 Text, Contexts, Nineteenth-Century Responses, Modern Criticism, 2nd ed., ed. " ******* END TEXT: "e operation,” which she uses to describe a mode of diagnosis that serves to document “probabilities”"
9780472120680 - page_224: "START TEXT: in order to provide openings for unstated, unseen “possibilities.” The relevance of this concept to" ******* END TEXT: "13. Notably, Ihde’s concept of multi-stability overlaps in significant ways with Gilbert Simondon’s "
9780472120680 - page_225: "START TEXT: characterizations of the “metastability” of technicity, which is equally concerned to think through " ******* END TEXT: "(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011).\n47. Hayles, Electronic Literature.\n48. Campbell,"
9780472120680 - page_226: "START TEXT: Improper Life, 119.\n49. Friedrich W. Bloch, “Digital Poetics or On the Evolution of Experimental Me" ******* END TEXT: "htfully analyze. N. Katherine Hayles, Writing Machines (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002), 26.\n10. Jacques"
9780472120680 - page_227: "START TEXT: Derrida, Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression, trans. Eric Prenowitz (Chicago: University of Chicag" ******* END TEXT: ". Notably, not all forms of remediation fall into this category of a comparative technics.\n25. Ihde,"
9780472120680 - page_228: "START TEXT: Ironic Technics, 13–14.\n26. This Old House, Time, Inc., WXXI, Rochester, accessed March 15, 2011.\n2" ******* END TEXT: "., 109.\n47. Ibid., 122.\n48. Barth, “Click,” 94.\n49. Ibid., 96.\n50. Ibid., 92, 91, 92, 95.\n51. Ibid.,"
9780472120680 - page_229: "START TEXT: 96.\n52. Judith Roof, Come as You Are: Sexuality and Narrative (New York: Columbia University Press," ******* END TEXT: "6.\n82. Sobchack, Carnal Thoughts, 109.\n83. Ibid., 132.\n84. Ibid., 130.\n85. Ibid., 133.\n86. See André"
9780472120680 - page_230: "START TEXT: Leroi-Gourhan, Gesture and Speech, trans. Anna Bostock Berger (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993).\n87. Byr" ******* END TEXT: ", 2001) for an engaging exploration of how these theories change cognitive science.\n13. Karen Barad,"
9780472120680 - page_231: "START TEXT: “Posthumanist Performativity: Toward an Understanding of How Matter Comes to Matter,” in Alaimo and" ******* END TEXT: " Colebrook, Deleuze.\n23. Catherine Waldby, “The Instruments of Life: Frankenstein and Cyberculture,”"
9780472120680 - page_232: "START TEXT: in Prefiguring Cyberculture: An Intellectual History, ed. D. Tofts, A. Jonson, and A. Cavallaro (Ca" ******* END TEXT: "ematic reprivileging of meaning and bracketing of matter, though it clarifies his aims.\n44. Luhmann,"
9780472120680 - page_233: "START TEXT: Social Systems, 83.\n45. Ibid., 63.\n46. Ibid., 166.\n47. Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, “Form without Matter " ******* END TEXT: "ies).\n59. Barad, Meeting the Universe, 148.\n60. Ibid., 337.\n61. Ibid., 206.\n62. Ibid., 25.\n63. Ibid."
9780472120680 - page_234: "START TEXT: (body of text / bodies too).\n64. Ibid. (journal / scars / cut).\n65. Ibid.\n66. Ibid. (body of text /" ******* END TEXT: " revealed to be a woman who disguises her sex in order to pursue a seagoing career. Ibid.\n89. Ibid. "
9780472120680 - page_235: "START TEXT: (story / seagoing / femininity).\n90. Ibid.\n91. Ibid. (story / re-thinking / what shape).\n92. Ibid.\n9" ******* END TEXT: "f Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1990), 124.\n"
9780472120680 - page_236: "START TEXT: \nChapter 3\n1. Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, vol. 1, The Rise " ******* END TEXT: " and to address how the literary and other media practices tactically engage such spatial practices "
9780472120680 - page_237: "START TEXT: to distinct ends. See Ahmed, Queer Phenomenology and “Orientations Matter,” in Coole and Frost, New " ******* END TEXT: " the Native Americas through Their Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).\n34. Tom"
9780472120680 - page_238: "START TEXT: Foster, “Cyber-Aztecs and Cholo-Punks: Guillermo Gómez-Peña’s Five Worlds Theory,” PMLA 117.1 (2002" ******* END TEXT: "tion, ed. Fredric Jameson and Masao Miyoshi (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998), 5.\n61. Ibid.,"
9780472120680 - page_239: "START TEXT: 4.\n62. Silko, Almanac of the Dead, 155.\n63. Ibid., 257.\n64. Coole and Frost, New Materialisms, 7.\n6" ******* END TEXT: "ayatri Chakravorty Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?, “in Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture "
9780472120680 - page_240: "START TEXT: , ed. Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1988).\n92. Beverley, Subal" ******* END TEXT: "young slave fugitives journeying north with the almanac survive by eating pages of the almanac that "
9780472120680 - page_241: "START TEXT: are made out of pressed horses’ stomachs. They draw sustenance from the material form of the almanac" ******* END TEXT: "ne 2009): 191–220, 237.\n6. For a detailed account of the history of DES in the United States and an "
9780472120680 - page_242: "START TEXT: analysis of My Year of Meats through this specific biotechnological lens, see Julie Sze’s article “B" ******* END TEXT: "eki, My Year of Meats, 8.\n33. Ruth Ozeki, “A Conversation with Ruth Ozeki,” in My Year of Meats, 6.\n"
9780472120680 - page_243: "START TEXT: \n34. Susan McHugh, “The Fictions and Futures of Farm Animals: Semi-Living to ‘Animalacra’ Pig Tales," ******* END TEXT: " Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), 26.\n69. Ibid., 35.\n"
9780472120680 - page_244: "START TEXT: \nChapter 5\n1. Stengers, Cosmopolitics I, 10.\n2. Nancy Armstrong, “Futures in and of the Novel,” Nove" ******* END TEXT: "rans. Richard McDougall, introduction by Michel Foucault (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980).\n15. James"
9780472120680 - page_245: "START TEXT: Schiff, “A Conversation with Jeffrey Eugenides,” Missouri Review 29.3 (2006): 108-9, accessed Octob" ******* END TEXT: "ussian-Jewish immigrant family’s narrative of assimilation.\n30. Eugenides, Middlesex, 73.\n31. Grosz,"
9780472120680 - page_246: "START TEXT: Time Travels, 27.\n32. Ibid., 41, 37.\n33. Ibid., 2.\n34. Ibid., 8.\n35. Ibid., 17.\n36. Ibid., 47.\n37. " ******* END TEXT: "ody Narratives of Transsexuality (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 21–22.\n61. Halberstam,"
9780472120680 - page_247: "START TEXT: Queer Time and Place, 18.\n62. Ibid.\n63. Campbell, Improper Life, 124.\n64. Ibid.\n65. Thomas Lemke, “" ******* END TEXT: "77. Stengers, Cosmopolitics I, 12.\n78. Punday, Writing at the Limit, 229.\n79. Ibid., 210.\n80. Franco"
9780472120680 - page_248: "START TEXT: Moretti, “On Literary Evolution,” in Signs Taken for Wonders: Essays in the Sociology of Literary F" ******* END TEXT: "k Review (ebr). 2012.06.28, http://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/fictionspresent/canonized.\n\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_249: "START TEXT: \nBibliography\nAarseth, Espen J. Cybertext: Perspectives on Ergodic Literature. Baltimore: Johns Hopk" ******* END TEXT: "C: Duke University Press, 2007.\nBarad, Karen. “Posthumanist Performativity: Toward an Understanding "
9780472120680 - page_250: "START TEXT: of How Matter Comes to Matter.” In Material Feminisms, ed. Stacy Alaimo and Susan Hekman. Bloomingto" ******* END TEXT: "Technology, Economic Restructuring, and the Urban-Regional Process. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1989.\n"
9780472120680 - page_251: "START TEXT: \nCastells, Manuel. The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture. Vol. 1: The Rise of the Netwo" ******* END TEXT: " 1997.\nDolphijn, Rick, and Iris van der Tuin. New Materialism: Interviews & Cartographies. Ann Arbor"
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9780472120680 - page_254: "START TEXT: \nJohnson, Steven. Interface Culture: How New Technology Transforms the Way We Create and Communicate" ******* END TEXT: "niversity Press, 1996. 96–128.\nLowe, Lisa. “The International within the National: American Studies "
9780472120680 - page_255: "START TEXT: and Asian American Critique.” In The Futures of American Studies, ed. Donald Pease and Robyn Wiegman" ******* END TEXT: "Random House, 2004.\nMoretti, Franco. “On Literary Evolution.” In Signs Taken for Wonders: Essays in "
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9780472120680 - page_257: "START TEXT: \nRueb, Teri. “Shifting Subjects in Locative Media.” In Small Tech: The Culture of Digital Tools, ed." ******* END TEXT: "nnesota Press, 2002.\nTeubner, Gunther. “Economics of Gift—Positivity of Justice: The Mutual Paranoia"
9780472120680 - page_258: "START TEXT: of Jacques Derrida and Niklas Luhmann.” Theory, Culture, and Society 18.1 (2001): 29–47.\nThacker, E" ******* END TEXT: "ern Theory and the Pragmatics of the “Outside.” Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.\n\n\n"
9780472120680 - page_259: "START TEXT: \nIndex\nAgamben, Georgio, 136, 244n12\nAhmed, Sara, 17, 18, 23, 100, 101, 125, 128, 148, 236n13; The C" ******* END TEXT: "0–21, 52, 197\nCartesian dualisms, 17, 60, 75, 103, 110, 120–21, 123, 136, 142, 216, 232n43, 241n120\n"
9780472120680 - page_260: "START TEXT: \nCase, Cheryl, 246n57\nCase, Sue-Ellen, 33, 38\nCastells, Manuel, 23, 96–98, 100, 105–6, 115, 116–17, " ******* END TEXT: ", 225n36, 231n18\nfirst-order cybernetic theory, 11–14, 66\nFloodNet, 130\nFord English School, 245n29 "
9780472120680 - page_261: "START TEXT: \nFord Motor Company, 184\nFoster, Tom, 110\nFoucault, Michel, 31; biopower, 174, 198, 236n9, 247n69; H" ******* END TEXT: "ystems and locative narrative, 141–42; systems theoretical approaches, 19, 142\nLowe, Lisa, 151, 154 "
9780472120680 - page_262: "START TEXT: \nLuhmann, Niklas, 14–15, 17, 18, 19, 22–23, 61, 65–71, 75, 77, 231n21, 232n30, 232n33, 232n43; “The " ******* END TEXT: "enetic processes, 112, 216, 226n3\n“ontologies of change,” 179, 186–89\n“operational closure,” 61, 66 "
9780472120680 - page_263: "START TEXT: \nOrientation and space-making, 18, 100, 125, 236n13; disorientation, 125–29, 131, 141; material micr" ******* END TEXT: ", 43–44, 54–55\nsocial space, 1, 23, 95–107, 113, 125–28, 131–35, 140, 210–11, 236n7, 236n11, 237n17\n"
9780472120680 - page_264: "START TEXT: \nsocial systems theory, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 61, 62, 73, 75, 222n7, 231n18, 232n30; autopoiesis, 13, " ******* END TEXT: "4\nvon Foerster, Heinz, Observing Systems, 14, 65\n \nWaldby, Catherine, “The Instruments of Life,” 63 "
9780472120680 - page_265: "START TEXT: \nWardrip-Fruin, Noah, 214, 222n2\nWhobrey, William, 228n38\nWiener, Norbert, 12\nWolfe, Cary, Critical " ******* END TEXT: "9\n \nZangwill, Israel, The Melting Pot, 245n29\nZapatista Army of National Liberation, 130, 240n102\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_i: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472120789 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \nJoseph Turow\nSERIES EDITOR\n\nBroadcasting, Voice, and Accountability: A Public Interest Approach to " ******* END TEXT: "s dedicated to publishing work in new media studies and the emerging field of digital humanities.\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nInternationalizing “International Communication”\nCHIN-CHUAN LEE, EDITOR\nUNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRES" ******* END TEXT: "lizing “International Communication”\nCHIN-CHUAN LEE, EDITOR\nUNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESSANN ARBOR\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by Chin-Chuan Lee 2015Some rights reserved\n\nThis work is licensed under the Creative Co" ******* END TEXT: "ommunication, International. I. Li, Jinquan,1946–editor.P96.I5I55       2014302.2—dc23\n2014024947\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_v: "START TEXT: \n\nContents\n\n\n\nCover Page\nTitle Page\nCopyright Page\nContents\n1. International Communication Research:" ******* END TEXT: "n\n7. The Enduring Strength of Hollywood: The “Imperial Adventure” Genre and AvatarJaap van Ginneken\n"
9780472120789 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n8. Resurrecting the Imperial Dimension in International CommunicationColin Sparks\n9. De-Westernizat" ******* END TEXT: "327\n328\n329\n330\n331\n332\n\n\n\n\nCover Page\nBegin Reading\nCopyright Page\nContents\nContributors\nIndex\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER ONE\nInternational Communication Research\nCritical Reflections and a New Point of Departure\n" ******* END TEXT: "relatively marginal existence in the pantheon of media and communication studies. The more generous\n"
9780472120789 - page_2: "START TEXT: \ntreatment was given in what was legitimately claimed to be the most comprehensive anthology, Handbo" ******* END TEXT: "generations of editors have embraced a far narrower horizon of global landscape than their mentors.\n"
9780472120789 - page_3: "START TEXT: \nAt long last, however, the critique of Cold War perspectives that accompanied political ferment of " ******* END TEXT: "national research could be a fertile land to “open up new and exciting subjects for investigation.”\n"
9780472120789 - page_4: "START TEXT: \nRather than taking advantage of the widened window of opportunity to produce “local knowledge” (Gee" ******* END TEXT: "onceptual frameworks, and imitating the same research techniques down to minute details. What could\n"
9780472120789 - page_5: "START TEXT: \nbe faulted, they must have wondered, given that their vaunted display of sophisticated skills was, " ******* END TEXT: "h, Swedish, Belgian, Israeli, Indian, and Chinese—who have either received advanced training in the\n"
9780472120789 - page_6: "START TEXT: \nWest or affiliated with major Western universities during various periods of their careers. Such “i" ******* END TEXT: "vestigating how the media instrumentally altered voter intention or consumer behavior. Overall they\n"
9780472120789 - page_7: "START TEXT: \nwere collectively frustrated to discover, time and again, that the media did not live up to the the" ******* END TEXT: " the key baseline work in the area of international development communication. Lerner insisted that\n"
9780472120789 - page_8: "START TEXT: \nWestern countries were simply holding up a mirror for what the developing world aspired to become o" ******* END TEXT: " Palma (1978) summarizes and compares three main perspectives from this movement: (a) the theory of\n"
9780472120789 - page_9: "START TEXT: \n“development of underdevelopment” (A. G. Frank); (b) “growth without development” (O. Sunkel); and " ******* END TEXT: "mperialism to have drawn, albeit rather cursorily, on Frank’s theory of underdevelopment as well as\n"
9780472120789 - page_10: "START TEXT: \non Immanuel Wallerstein’s world-system theory. Otherwise, the theoretical alliance and intellectual" ******* END TEXT: "y of neoliberalism in the post–Cold War milieu. Peter Dahlgren succinctly notes in his chapter that\n"
9780472120789 - page_11: "START TEXT: \nthe theoretical traditions of globalization (from social sciences) and post-colonialism (from the h" ******* END TEXT: "ialism, but the concept still deserves intellectual currency as long as global domination persists.\n"
9780472120789 - page_12: "START TEXT: \nThe chapter by Colin Sparks is a clarion call to resurrect the relevance of cultural imperialism as" ******* END TEXT: " entire historical chapter.\nWith several notable exceptions, the next generation of modernists—many\n"
9780472120789 - page_13: "START TEXT: \nof whom had been educated in the West—took an equally if not more radical approach toward their tra" ******* END TEXT: " with the West. Most vital of all, we must seek feasible ways to cross cultural borders and achieve\n"
9780472120789 - page_14: "START TEXT: \ntruly multicultural interaction. We need to develop agendas for expanded South-North and South-Sout" ******* END TEXT: "rochial; rather, it is dialectically interactive with the “global.” The recognition that few places\n"
9780472120789 - page_15: "START TEXT: \nare culturally homogeneous anymore and that everyone must contend with the emerging motifs of multi" ******* END TEXT: ", when Western scholars seek to debunk the ideology of news professionalism as upholding the status\n"
9780472120789 - page_16: "START TEXT: \nquo, this ideology may empower individual journalists in China and other authoritarian countries to" ******* END TEXT: "citizenship has a responsibility to engage with global others. While acknowledging a universalistic\n"
9780472120789 - page_17: "START TEXT: \ncore in globalized democratic politics, we should be sensitive to different modes of democratic pra" ******* END TEXT: "ighteenth centuries, by the Jesuits (who saw China as the “European vision of Cathay” and Confucius\n"
9780472120789 - page_18: "START TEXT: \nas the “patron saint” of the Enlightenment) versus the Catholic Church (which fanned the “Chinese r" ******* END TEXT: "alism and Western dominance; Innis and other globalists are rarely in the bibliography for students\n"
9780472120789 - page_19: "START TEXT: \nof journalism and mass communication in the United States. Curtin proposes the concept of “media ca" ******* END TEXT: "ountries tend to colonize international communication through direct or indirect uses of the media.\n"
9780472120789 - page_20: "START TEXT: \nTo me, Sparks’s argument speaks in important ways to the core issues of how we can assure this anal" ******* END TEXT: "(1996) have emphasized the open, hybridized, and mutually interactive characters of modern culture.\n"
9780472120789 - page_21: "START TEXT: \nImperialism with or without Final Guarantees?\nSparks argues that “[s]hifts in economic power are us" ******* END TEXT: ") thinks of the “materialism” of Marxist theory in terms of “determination (of the cultural) by the\n"
9780472120789 - page_22: "START TEXT: \neconomic in the first instance.” He criticizes political economists’ steadfast position with respec" ******* END TEXT: "oration) but with their most important operations and markets in the United States. These companies\n"
9780472120789 - page_23: "START TEXT: \ncompete and cooperate in an intertwined way: they set up cross ownership, produce revenue sharing a" ******* END TEXT: "tation of U.S. scholarship that has distorted the study of international communication for decades,\n"
9780472120789 - page_24: "START TEXT: \nand the willing collaboration between the tutor and the tutored that has supported such academic he" ******* END TEXT: " reflection will any new beginnings have a chance. My utmost admiration, nevertheless, goes to Said\n"
9780472120789 - page_25: "START TEXT: \n(1993), who framed his criticism of the culture of imperialism—along with Third World resistance ag" ******* END TEXT: "rk: Monthly Review.\nFukuyama, F. (1992). The end of history and the last man. New York: Free Press.\n"
9780472120789 - page_26: "START TEXT: \nGeertz, C. (1963). Agricultural involution: The process of ecological change in Indonesia. Berkeley" ******* END TEXT: "ran, M. Gurevitch & J. Wollacott, eds., Mass communication and society (pp. 12–43). London: Arnold.\n"
9780472120789 - page_27: "START TEXT: \nNerone, J. C., ed. (1995). Last rights: Revisiting four theories of the press. Urbana: University o" ******* END TEXT: "l, J., & Machin, D. (1999). The Anglo-American media connection. New York: Oxford University Press.\n"
9780472120789 - page_28: "START TEXT: \nWang, G., ed. (2011). De-Westernizing communication research: Altering questions and changing frame" ******* END TEXT: " a debt to Professor Judy Polumbaum for helping me to make this chapter more lucid and readable.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_29: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER TWO\nWindow Shopping\nOn Internationalizing “International Communication”\nElihu Katz\nWhen Pro" ******* END TEXT: "ve learned on this narcissistic safari, as I try to find meaning in the series of relevant projects\n"
9780472120789 - page_30: "START TEXT: \non which I shall report, and especially on their sequence. You’ll have to decide which of us won th" ******* END TEXT: "he mainstream search for the persuasive powers of the media with sister sciences interested in such\n"
9780472120789 - page_31: "START TEXT: \nthings as the spread of fashion, social movements, technological change, and epidemics. Outstanding" ******* END TEXT: "u this story, however, even though it involved an intercultural clash between me and what seemed to\n"
9780472120789 - page_32: "START TEXT: \nme the suddenly alien culture of the CBS capitalists who had been commissioned to help in the proce" ******* END TEXT: "on” of the U.S. nighttime soap opera Dallas. Dallas captivated audiences almost everywhere—although\n"
9780472120789 - page_33: "START TEXT: \nthere were a few exceptions, like Japan. Our study organized focus groups (of three couples each) i" ******* END TEXT: "tion of routine—a broadcasting holiday, so to speak—that invites our participation and affirmation.\n"
9780472120789 - page_34: "START TEXT: \nLet me include mention of my paper on the coverage of the first Gulf War (Katz, 1992). It applies a" ******* END TEXT: "es and, of course, language served as building blocks for the consolidation of nations, as we learn\n"
9780472120789 - page_35: "START TEXT: \nfrom scholars such as Gabriel Tarde (1898) and Benedict Anderson (1983), and their followers (such " ******* END TEXT: "suade very well, either domestically or, a fortiori, internationally (Schudson, 1984). If diffusion\n"
9780472120789 - page_36: "START TEXT: \nresearch shows greater success, it is because it is more about things than about ideas and because " ******* END TEXT: "of polities and public spheres.\nThe concept of empathy has suddenly reappeared—sixty years later—in\n"
9780472120789 - page_37: "START TEXT: \nconnection with the new genre of communications research that deals with “distant suffering,” to qu" ******* END TEXT: "e local offices of the political parties or trade unions? It is time to renew more problem-oriented\n"
9780472120789 - page_38: "START TEXT: \ncomparative studies that go beyond the structural emphases of the Columbia group, and beyond even t" ******* END TEXT: "eat American values test: Influencing behavior and belief through television. New York: Free Press.\n"
9780472120789 - page_39: "START TEXT: \nBlondheim, M. (1994). News over the wires. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\nBoltanski, L. (" ******* END TEXT: "saster, terror and war have upstaged media events. International Journal of Communication 1:157–66.\n"
9780472120789 - page_40: "START TEXT: \nKatz, E., & Wedell, E. G. (1977). Broadcasting in the Third World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Universit" ******* END TEXT: "erchandising commodities and citizenship on television. Public Opinion Quarterly 15 (4): 679–91.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_41: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER THREE\nBeyond Lazarsfeld\nInternational Communication Research and Its Production of Knowledg" ******* END TEXT: "s grown significantly over the past decades, the production and accumulation of knowledge have been\n"
9780472120789 - page_42: "START TEXT: \nless impressive. In fact, the field has been regurgitating old ideas and stale perspectives without" ******* END TEXT: " a professional group that carries certain epistemological interests in the world of cross-national\n"
9780472120789 - page_43: "START TEXT: \ncommunication and occupies a specific position in knowledge production regarding what that world is" ******* END TEXT: "king frame” (1974).\nTo some extent, the prognosis article is such a text. In discussing comparative\n"
9780472120789 - page_44: "START TEXT: \nresearch opportunities, Lazarsfeld had anticipated what Katz and his colleague reported in The Expo" ******* END TEXT: " reflected in the life cycle of existing concepts or theories central to the field of international\n"
9780472120789 - page_45: "START TEXT: \ncommunication inquiry. Thanks to the penetration of the Internet into every corner of the world, it" ******* END TEXT: "o a unitary construct and its power to affect the views of others (Street, 1997). Groupthink occurs\n"
9780472120789 - page_46: "START TEXT: \nnot only because of individual attributes of members but also because of circumstances of their del" ******* END TEXT: "rena. From Africa to Latin America, there has been no shortage of theoretical and empirical studies\n"
9780472120789 - page_47: "START TEXT: \nthat seek to uncover the structural factors underlying such an imperialistic configuration and its " ******* END TEXT: " active” (1969, p. 3, emphasis added). The linkage between the U.S. economic and finance system and\n"
9780472120789 - page_48: "START TEXT: \nits media system at the international level sets the stage for the notion of cultural imperialism t" ******* END TEXT: " commercial and media products, mainly from the United States” (Tunstall, 1977, p. 57), he accepted\n"
9780472120789 - page_49: "START TEXT: \nthat “the Anglo-American media are connected with imperialism, British imperialism” (p. 63). With a" ******* END TEXT: " structural transformation, as Chang (2010, p. 12) argued, the field of international communication\n"
9780472120789 - page_50: "START TEXT: \nresearch requires new perspectives that go “beyond extant theories that were developed some 40 year" ******* END TEXT: "ecause much of the historical evidence and key issues Tunstall used to buttress the thesis of media\n"
9780472120789 - page_51: "START TEXT: \nnationalism took place before the 1970s. From the 1977 The Media Are American to the 2008 The Media" ******* END TEXT: "flow of various media content.\nHow does the Internet affect the global media landscape and the form\n"
9780472120789 - page_52: "START TEXT: \nof international communication? First, with the global network made possible by the Internet, count" ******* END TEXT: "frame analysis is relevant. A theory provides a frame that is keyed to see the reality in some way.\n"
9780472120789 - page_53: "START TEXT: \nKeying of Concepts in International Communication Research\nIn his seminal book Frame Analysis, Goff" ******* END TEXT: "lization? In fact, these terms (media imperialism, cultural imperialism, communication imperialism,\n"
9780472120789 - page_54: "START TEXT: \nand informatic imperialism)5 consist of two kinds of concept: primary and secondary. The primary co" ******* END TEXT: "study treats each listing in the database as an equal unit of analysis regardless of its length. As\n"
9780472120789 - page_55: "START TEXT: \nopposed to the search in the item title, a full text search has the advantage of retrieving all ent" ******* END TEXT: "ish their usage in research.\nThe concept of imperialism clearly has a long history in international\n"
9780472120789 - page_56: "START TEXT: \ncommunication research, but did not appear frequently in the literature until the 1970s. Over the l" ******* END TEXT: "ween the concepts that underscore different theories in the field, especially in the era of network\n"
9780472120789 - page_57: "START TEXT: \nsociety. As documented (Chang et al., 2009; Himelboim, Chang, & McCreery, 2010), although the globa" ******* END TEXT: "omes from outside, not necessarily from inside, the dominant paradigm itself, which, if successful,\n"
9780472120789 - page_58: "START TEXT: \nmay eventually lead to the collapse of the existing paradigm. When enough members of the “in-group”" ******* END TEXT: "en from view. Chances are therefore low for the rival theories to be considered collectively or for\n"
9780472120789 - page_59: "START TEXT: \none theory to be evaluated against the other. Table 4 shows the results of paired concepts in the l" ******* END TEXT: "risis in international communication (e.g., Sparks, 2000). Although I do not share such an alarmist\n"
9780472120789 - page_60: "START TEXT: \nview, I have increasingly come to believe that most international communication studies have produc" ******* END TEXT: "tween theory and the facts is therefore changeable. As Galtung (1990) argued, “a good theory should\n"
9780472120789 - page_61: "START TEXT: \nnever leave us with the idea that the world is made once and for all” and “will always have some em" ******* END TEXT: "revitch, & J. Woollacott, eds., Mass communication and society (pp. 116–35). London: Edward Arnold.\n"
9780472120789 - page_62: "START TEXT: \nCarnoy, M., & Castells, M. (2001). Globalization, the knowledge society, and the Network State: Pou" ******* END TEXT: "ialism: Essays on the political economy of cultural domination. Peterborough, ONT: Broadview Press.\n"
9780472120789 - page_63: "START TEXT: \nHimelboim, I., Chang, T.-K., & McCreery, S. (2010). International network of foreign news coverage:" ******* END TEXT: "son, R. L. (1992). Defining international communication as a field. Journalism Quarterly 63:543–53.\n"
9780472120789 - page_64: "START TEXT: \nStreet, M. D. (1997). Groupthink: An examination of theoretical issues, implications and future res" ******* END TEXT: "mpacts of cultural imperialism as received knowledge in both academic and journalistic communities.\n"
9780472120789 - page_65: "START TEXT: \n5. Using the exact phrase in the full text search, 65 items in the JSTOR database include “cultural" ******* END TEXT: " publish international communication studies have been excluded, making the analysis incomplete.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_66: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER FOUR\nBeyond Modernization and the Four Theories of the Press\nJan Servaes\nLerner’s model is," ******* END TEXT: "ogical and ontological assumptions on which our scientific field is based. We need to look for ways\n"
9780472120789 - page_67: "START TEXT: \nto complement the still dominant Western positivistic perspectives with interpretive social constru" ******* END TEXT: "ansform individuals and societies from traditional to modern. Conceived as having fairly direct and\n"
9780472120789 - page_68: "START TEXT: \npowerful effects on Third World audiences, the media were seen as magic multipliers, able to accele" ******* END TEXT: "racy and the levels of education and spread democracy in their countries. Despite years of research\n"
9780472120789 - page_69: "START TEXT: \nthat tells us that information is necessary but insufficient to bring about this change, ICTs have " ******* END TEXT: "a Westernized elite structure and of urbanization. Latham (2000) explains how social science theory\n"
9780472120789 - page_70: "START TEXT: \nhelped shape American foreign policy during the Kennedy administration and resulted in the Alliance" ******* END TEXT: "ddle-class populations, their life did change profoundly. This was the real face of modernization.”\n"
9780472120789 - page_71: "START TEXT: \nCommunication for Development\nFrom the 1950s onwards, communication models became increasingly cent" ******* END TEXT: " functioned as mobility multipliers. The relative popularity of these models within the development\n"
9780472120789 - page_72: "START TEXT: \nliterature and practices of the time can be traced to three attributes associated with this way of " ******* END TEXT: " that are generalized in a questionable manner. When testing Lerner’s thesis, for instance, several\n"
9780472120789 - page_73: "START TEXT: \nscholars, including Schramm and Ruggels (1967), have found little evidence of any single pattern of" ******* END TEXT: " basis of a subjective definition provided by the actors themselves. In other words, human behavior\n"
9780472120789 - page_74: "START TEXT: \nis not conditioned by one’s place in a social context (system or subsystem, social group or class)," ******* END TEXT: "ing communication processes leads to the supposition of a stable social system where social harmony\n"
9780472120789 - page_75: "START TEXT: \nand integration prevails and where class struggle or social conflicts and contradictions are non-ex" ******* END TEXT: " (see, for instance, the recent overview of European journalism education, edited by Terzis, 2009).\n"
9780472120789 - page_76: "START TEXT: \nHallin and Mancini (2004) distinguish between three models: the North Atlantic or Liberal Model (wh" ******* END TEXT: "e role of media as an instrument of political struggle, the limited development of mass circulation\n"
9780472120789 - page_77: "START TEXT: \npress, and the relative weakness of common professional norms” (Hallin & Mancini, 2004, p. 306).\nHa" ******* END TEXT: "ceived” (Josephi, 2013, p. 441).\nThe increasing multiplicity and convergence of ICTs, the Internet,\n"
9780472120789 - page_78: "START TEXT: \nand social networks, the deregulation of media markets, and the cultural globalization/localization" ******* END TEXT: "ehaviors or tangible results (outcomes) produced by their use in the context of the work performed.\n"
9780472120789 - page_79: "START TEXT: \nFor Instance: Thailand\nIf we return to the earlier argument made by Hallin & Mancini that most coun" ******* END TEXT: " group claims to promote a more sufficient economy and civic and just society (Wasi, 2003, p. 136).\n"
9780472120789 - page_80: "START TEXT: \nSeveral characteristics make the Thai media system different from most other media systems in Asia " ******* END TEXT: " theoretical framework that reflects the integration of Eastern ontology with Western epistemology.\n"
9780472120789 - page_81: "START TEXT: \nHattam (2004) advocates for a socially engaged Buddhism that involves a creative and dialectical at" ******* END TEXT: "s, more innovative and critical reflection, more problem solving, social negotiation of information\n"
9780472120789 - page_82: "START TEXT: \nand knowledge, and collaboration are the challenges for journalism educators of the future. This wi" ******* END TEXT: "f strangers. London: Allen Lane.\nAsante, M. K. (2007). An Afrocentric manifesto. Cambridge: Polity.\n"
9780472120789 - page_83: "START TEXT: \nBeltran, L. R. (1993). Communication for development in Latin America: A forty-year appraisal. In D" ******* END TEXT: "rch 2 (4): 1–8.\nDissanayake, W. (2011). The production of Asian theories of communication: Contexts\n"
9780472120789 - page_84: "START TEXT: \nand challenges. In G. Wang, ed., De-Westernizing communication research: Altering questions and cha" ******* END TEXT: "Hsiung, J., ed. (1985). Human rights in East Asia: A cultural perspective. New York: Paragon House.\n"
9780472120789 - page_85: "START TEXT: \nHussain, M. Y., ed. (2006). Media and Muslim society. Kuala Lumpur: International Islamic Universit" ******* END TEXT: "Thammasat University, Retorted the alliances and some academics: Stop deceiving the people. 8 July.\n"
9780472120789 - page_86: "START TEXT: \n(in Thai) http://www.konpanfa.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=107&Itemid=28.\nLouw, E." ******* END TEXT: "w 15:1–20.\nPhongpaichit, P., & Baker, C. (1998). Thailand’s boom and bust. Bangkok: Silkworm Books.\n"
9780472120789 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nPhongpaichit, P., & Priryarangsan, S. (1994). Corruption and democracy in Thailand. Bangkok: Facult" ******* END TEXT: " Communication for Development, World Bank’s FAO Communication Initiative, Washington, DC, October.\n"
9780472120789 - page_88: "START TEXT: \nServaes, J., ed. (2008). Communication for development and social change. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.\nSe" ******* END TEXT: "y communication and sufficiency economy in Thailand. Journal of Global Communication 1 (2): 101–17.\n"
9780472120789 - page_89: "START TEXT: \nSwaminathan, M., ed. (1994). Uncommon opportunities: An agenda for peace and equitable development." ******* END TEXT: "nication and Culture.\nWronka, J. (2008). Human rights and social justice. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_90: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER FIVE\nProfessional Models in Journalism\nBetween Homogenization and Diversity\nPaolo Mancini\nT" ******* END TEXT: "homogenization characterizes most of the professional models in western European countries, but, if\n"
9780472120789 - page_91: "START TEXT: \nwe look beyond that part of the world, I have to admit that, no, that same tendency is not so clear" ******* END TEXT: "us that its chances of becoming effective were at odds with South American politics. Its visibility\n"
9780472120789 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nin public discourse contrasted with the realities of press systems. Its prospects ran against condi" ******* END TEXT: "tion of the mass media market.\nToday, the Internet, and technological innovation in general, pushes\n"
9780472120789 - page_93: "START TEXT: \neven further the process of fragmentation: blogs and social networks favor the birth and the develo" ******* END TEXT: "ortant government positions are not afraid to tell the appointee prime minister: “If you don’t give\n"
9780472120789 - page_94: "START TEXT: \nme a ministry, I [will] start a newspaper.” We defined “instrumentalization as the control of the m" ******* END TEXT: "wer newspaper circulation.\nBut there is no doubt that even the polarized-pluralist model may assume\n"
9780472120789 - page_95: "START TEXT: \nvery particular forms beyond the Western world. In most cases, it mixes with a dramatic influence o" ******* END TEXT: "flict mostly centered around the Left-Right spectrum, and media tended to have stable relationships\n"
9780472120789 - page_96: "START TEXT: \nwith these groups, or stable ideological identities rooted in their conflicts, or both. The print m" ******* END TEXT: "g one political figure (or one political program) and pursuing business goals at the same time. The\n"
9780472120789 - page_97: "START TEXT: \nnews media can also shift from one goal to another in a very brief period of time without losing th" ******* END TEXT: "ulture of their own group.\nIn other situations, party organizations are weak and volatile: they are\n"
9780472120789 - page_98: "START TEXT: \nestablished for particular goals and under particular contingencies but when these contingencies di" ******* END TEXT: "pers and other media outlets representing the voice of different minority organizations. Very often\n"
9780472120789 - page_99: "START TEXT: \nthis is an occasion through which parties in government try to shape and to influence news media to" ******* END TEXT: "s, the state has a patrimonial character and is used as a vehicle for rent-seeking. In other words,\n"
9780472120789 - page_100: "START TEXT: \nthe state or certain elements thereof has been captured by private, elite interests. In great swath" ******* END TEXT: "t harmony whose roots are to be found in Confucian philosophy (Gunaratne, 1999). The possibility of\n"
9780472120789 - page_101: "START TEXT: \ncriticism by the media is therefore limited to pursuing harmony in the press-government relationshi" ******* END TEXT: "iny handful of countries” refers to our Western experience. Therefore, for instance, we assume that\n"
9780472120789 - page_102: "START TEXT: \nthe idea of the mass party that was (and partially still is) so influential in Western history is s" ******* END TEXT: "oduct of specific historical, economic, social, and cultural conditions that have very local roots.\n"
9780472120789 - page_103: "START TEXT: \nJournalism Culture as a “Shortcut” to Avoid Our Western Bias\nIndeed, as a conclusion to this paper," ******* END TEXT: "g social context; at least it is conceived as the one that constitutes the basis for the evaluation\n"
9780472120789 - page_104: "START TEXT: \nof all the others. An interpretive category, rooted in Western world experience, has become the cat" ******* END TEXT: "ad News. He used the expression “the cultural air we breathe” in the light of the specific topic of\n"
9780472120789 - page_105: "START TEXT: \nthat book and to indicate how news, and its interpretation, has to be placed within a framework of " ******* END TEXT: "f the liberal model of journalism is something very hard to deny: it depends on the strong tendency\n"
9780472120789 - page_106: "START TEXT: \ntoward commercialization but also on the influence that Western thought (and our own scholarship an" ******* END TEXT: " public sphere. In P. Dahlgren & C. Sparks, eds., Communication and citizenship. London: Routledge.\n"
9780472120789 - page_107: "START TEXT: \nCurran, J., & Park, M. J. (2000). Beyond globalization theory. In J. Curran & M. J. Park, eds., De-" ******* END TEXT: "tral Eastern Europe project, Department of Politics and International Relations, Oxford University.\n"
9780472120789 - page_108: "START TEXT: \nPanebianco, A. (1998). Political parties: organization and power. Cambridge: Cambridge University P" ******* END TEXT: "alism. In J. Curran & M. Gurevitch, eds., Mass media and society. 4th ed. London: Hodder Arnold.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_109: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER SIX\nConditions of Capital: Global Media in Local Contexts\nMichael Curtin\nAllow me to begin " ******* END TEXT: " of human history to the modern era, describing the communicative features of empires, theocracies,\n"
9780472120789 - page_110: "START TEXT: \nand feudal regimes, but when it came to the modern era, his analysis focused on national media syst" ******* END TEXT: "of systemic patterns of power, global studies scholars are especially alert to local contingencies,\n"
9780472120789 - page_111: "START TEXT: \ndifferences, and disjunctures (Appadurai, 1996). They see the world less as a mosaic of interlockin" ******* END TEXT: "quest. Especially important in this regard were seafaring cities—such as Bombay, Lagos, Beirut, and\n"
9780472120789 - page_112: "START TEXT: \nHong Kong—that functioned as centers of trade, finance, manufacturing, and culture.\nPort cities oft" ******* END TEXT: "dishes, audiences would turn to the Internet. Such developments helped to heighten tensions between\n"
9780472120789 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nglobal hegemons, national governments, and port cities from which many transnational media products" ******* END TEXT: "playing a structuring role in screen industries around the world since the early twentieth century:\n"
9780472120789 - page_114: "START TEXT: \n(1) the logic of accumulation, (2) trajectories of creative migration, and (3) contours of socio-cu" ******* END TEXT: "stitutional settings, and therefore the media business involves placing substantial wagers on forms\n"
9780472120789 - page_115: "START TEXT: \nof labor that are difficult to manage. As Asu Aksoy and Kevin Robins (1992, p. 12) observe, “Whethe" ******* END TEXT: "oncentrations of media capital, the centrifugal patterns of distribution are much more complicated,\n"
9780472120789 - page_116: "START TEXT: \nespecially when products rub up against counterparts in distant cultural domains that are often ser" ******* END TEXT: "o carve out market niches that are beyond the reach of powerful but culturally distant competitors.\n"
9780472120789 - page_117: "START TEXT: \nOverall, media capital is a concept that at once acknowledges the spatial logics of capital, creati" ******* END TEXT: " media capitals within their respective spheres of circulation. Although qualitatively different in\n"
9780472120789 - page_118: "START TEXT: \nmany respects, cities that become media capitals exhibit a shared set of characteristics with respe" ******* END TEXT: " successful media capitals are usually port cities with long histories of transcultural engagement.\n"
9780472120789 - page_119: "START TEXT: \nIt’s furthermore noteworthy that national political capitals rarely emerge as media capitals, large" ******* END TEXT: "ffic. The stock exchange, established in 1875, and commodity markets make Mumbai the most important\n"
9780472120789 - page_120: "START TEXT: \nfinancial center in South Asia. The local economy—initially renowned for banking, shipping, and tex" ******* END TEXT: "tion, filmmakers gravitated to Hindustani, a mixture of Hindi and Urdu that was used by the trading\n"
9780472120789 - page_121: "START TEXT: \nclasses in north and central India. As the lingua franca of the bazaars, Hindustani was furthermore" ******* END TEXT: "had a long history of cultural and economic exchange with outsiders. It was a stable and prosperous\n"
9780472120789 - page_122: "START TEXT: \nlocale that became renowned as a trendsetter among the middle class and aspiring middle class of So" ******* END TEXT: "as, during its prime, a fundamentally transnational medium. Expansive and mobile, it emerged in the\n"
9780472120789 - page_123: "START TEXT: \n1920s in Shanghai and Hong Kong, and soon expanded into export markets in Southeast Asia. During th" ******* END TEXT: "ing for those that aspired to join the industry. Hong Kong became a magnet for talent from near and\n"
9780472120789 - page_124: "START TEXT: \nfar, and became an incubator for creative experimentation (Curtin, 2007). It was home to Tsui Hark," ******* END TEXT: "t much of the 1990s and into the new century. In fact, it suffered less from censorship than it did\n"
9780472120789 - page_125: "START TEXT: \nfrom a fear of censorship that fueled self-destructive cycle of overproduction. The Beijing leaders" ******* END TEXT: "al standards and much of this has to do with the skills and insights that Hong Kong talent bring to\n"
9780472120789 - page_126: "START TEXT: \nthese coproductions. Indeed, the leading box office performers during the first decade of the 2000s" ******* END TEXT: "limitations. Shanghai and Guangzhou media have exploded in size and Hunan provincial television has\n"
9780472120789 - page_127: "START TEXT: \nproven itself to be a shrewd innovator, but most TV companies are run by provincial or municipal un" ******* END TEXT: " party and media ownership remains squarely in the hands of the state (Zhu, 2003; Diao, 2008). This\n"
9780472120789 - page_128: "START TEXT: \nsystem of control is fairly obvious to viewers on the mainland who commonly seek alternatives via t" ******* END TEXT: "es by a common law tradition that sets limits on state power. Even the national public broadcaster,\n"
9780472120789 - page_129: "START TEXT: \nthe BBC, has a long tradition of creative independence and insulation from the political imperative" ******* END TEXT: "cinema and the art of entertainment. 2nd ed. http://www.davidbordwell.net/books/planethongkong.php.\n"
9780472120789 - page_130: "START TEXT: \nCastells, M. (1996). The rise of the network society. Malden, MA: Blackwell.\nChan, P. (2009). A dis" ******* END TEXT: "inois Press.\nGanti, T. (2004). Bollywood: A guidebook to popular Hindi cinema. New York: Routledge.\n"
9780472120789 - page_131: "START TEXT: \nGiddens, A. (1990). The consequences of modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.\nGuback," ******* END TEXT: "hiller, H. I. ([1969] 1992). Mass communication and American empire. 2nd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview.\n"
9780472120789 - page_132: "START TEXT: \nSchuker, L. A. E. (2010). In depth: Plot change: Global forces transform Hollywood films. Wall Stre" ******* END TEXT: "order flows.\n2. Although it does not address media industries specifically, an extensive literature\n"
9780472120789 - page_133: "START TEXT: \ndiscusses the impact of human capital on the clustering of business firms in particular locations (" ******* END TEXT: " its ownership stake in Star TV, which generated a flurry of press coverage (e.g., Young, 2010).\n\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_134: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER SEVEN\nThe Enduring Strength of Hollywood\nThe “Imperial Adventure” Genre and Avatar\nJaap van" ******* END TEXT: " markets in the world.\nRecent years have finally seen the emergence of some significant non-Western\n"
9780472120789 - page_135: "START TEXT: \nmedia and media groups. Yet the media materials circulating between continents do still mostly orig" ******* END TEXT: " and Taiwan once (for the same brilliant wuxia movie, Crouching Tiger). But India was not mentioned\n"
9780472120789 - page_136: "START TEXT: \nat all (Slumdog Millionaire was not listed as an Indian production, though partly in Hindi).3 Nor w" ******* END TEXT: "two or more films. Apparently, such recognizable formulas can be marketed globally with ease—across\n"
9780472120789 - page_137: "START TEXT: \nthe Atlantic and Pacific Oceans—supported by fast food chains and soft drink companies with conside" ******* END TEXT: "wer films often refer back to famous scenes and characters in earlier “classical” films in the same\n"
9780472120789 - page_138: "START TEXT: \ncategory, either explicitly or implicitly. Part of the joy of looking at such films is being able t" ******* END TEXT: "c girls from the Americas and Asia (Pocahontas and Mulan). After that introduction, I switched to a\n"
9780472120789 - page_139: "START TEXT: \nlargely chronological grid. In religious movies, Old Testament movies have a clear tendency to incl" ******* END TEXT: "e will usually tend to overlook.\nTime and again, it can be demonstrated that even technical choices\n"
9780472120789 - page_140: "START TEXT: \nconcerning light, color, and camera movements, for instance, are used in a highly ideological manne" ******* END TEXT: "g started in April 2007, and the film was finally released in time for the Christmas season in late\n"
9780472120789 - page_141: "START TEXT: \n2009. The term avatar originally referred to a Hindu god incarnating in a human body, but it had me" ******* END TEXT: "mbus movies (at least three of which were almost simultaneously released upon the 500th anniversary\n"
9780472120789 - page_142: "START TEXT: \nof the landing). They show an aerial shot of immaculate vegetation, suggesting uninhabited “virgin " ******* END TEXT: "vies are prehistoric monsters, surviving in those very same deep unexplored interiors, derived from\n"
9780472120789 - page_143: "START TEXT: \nthe dinosaurs in The Lost World by Conan Doyle, spilling over into the original King Kong story co-" ******* END TEXT: "male heroes themselves may sometimes be slightly above average. Asians are mostly seen and depicted\n"
9780472120789 - page_144: "START TEXT: \nas slightly smaller on average, and therefore sneaky. Africans are often seen and depicted as sligh" ******* END TEXT: "y had to learn it from us.”\nThe privileged way to experience this connectedness is through Zen-like\n"
9780472120789 - page_145: "START TEXT: \nmeditation, Avatar’s heroine suggests (p. 64): “When you hear nothing, you will Hear everything. Wh" ******* END TEXT: "n the course of the film he turns into the archetypical prophet/liberator hero overly familiar from\n"
9780472120789 - page_146: "START TEXT: \nwestern and colonial folklore. He is a kind of Moses from Exodus in the Old Testament, or Jesus fro" ******* END TEXT: " references to “development aid” as a lubricant for unequal exchange. The carrots supplementing the\n"
9780472120789 - page_147: "START TEXT: \nstick: roads, clinics, schools, and the inevitable learning of . . . English.\nSuch action and war m" ******* END TEXT: "nesque (“Kapow, Kaboom”).\nMost interesting of all are the two liminal characters ultimately leading\n"
9780472120789 - page_148: "START TEXT: \nthese opposing forces. On the one hand, there is the unsympathetic gung-ho colonel of the mining co" ******* END TEXT: " in Avatar: “lithe as a cat, with . . . nubile breasts . . . devastatingly beautiful.” Fortunately,\n"
9780472120789 - page_149: "START TEXT: \nat age 18 she has just ceased to be under age. Jake’s white superior reproaches him: “You got a lit" ******* END TEXT: "nimals, in using local weapons and strategies. This is the central theme of Tarzan, but also of all\n"
9780472120789 - page_150: "START TEXT: \nother imperial heroes such as Alan Quatermain, Lawrence of Arabia, Tintin, Indiana Jones, Rambo—and" ******* END TEXT: "than the runner-up Titanic, also made by James Cameron, a dozen years earlier. The director quickly\n"
9780472120789 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nopened talks with Twentieth Century Fox over two possible sequels.\nOther directors quickly followed" ******* END TEXT: "he Vatican and whatnot.16\nLike most people of his social category, Cameron had always felt sympathy\n"
9780472120789 - page_152: "START TEXT: \nfor environmentalism and indigenous people. But after Avatar he now felt obliged to take an even cl" ******* END TEXT: "e of movies does therefore always remain polysemic: audiences with different experiences in varying\n"
9780472120789 - page_153: "START TEXT: \ncontexts can extract their own messages from them. That remains a central finding of international/" ******* END TEXT: "Routledge.\nSlotkin, R. (1998). Gunfighter nation: The myth of the frontier in 20th century America.\n"
9780472120789 - page_154: "START TEXT: \nNorman: University of Oklahoma Press.\nStringer, J. (2003). Movie blockbusters. London: Routledge.\nV" ******* END TEXT: "le underneath for anything that moves, comes straight out of older Vietnam footage, of course: both\n"
9780472120789 - page_155: "START TEXT: \nnewsreel and Hollywood fiction.\n13. Steven D. Greydanus on the Christian website http://www.decentf" ******* END TEXT: ".\n18. International Herald Tribune, 19–20 December 2009.\n19. Euronews channel, 12 February 2010.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER EIGHT\nResurrecting the Imperial Dimension in International Communication\nColin Sparks\nThe c" ******* END TEXT: "tance of the state in international communication. The dominant current of thinking, globalization,\n"
9780472120789 - page_157: "START TEXT: \nhas tended to discount the role of the state in favor of the relations between the global and the l" ******* END TEXT: "rialism today best describes the sum of the processes by which a society is brought into the modern\n"
9780472120789 - page_158: "START TEXT: \nworld system and how its dominating stratum is attracted, pressured, forced and sometimes bribed in" ******* END TEXT: "ltural imperialism.2\n3. Schiller’s account makes two distinct claims: first, the media and cultural\n"
9780472120789 - page_159: "START TEXT: \napparatuses of the United States, aided by the government, dominate the international trade in medi" ******* END TEXT: "rported to change the balance of world communication and to foster national communication policies.\n"
9780472120789 - page_160: "START TEXT: \nCriticisms and Alternatives\nThe various critiques of cultural imperialism are extremely well known," ******* END TEXT: "consumers: people watching a U.S. series may absorb U.S. values or they may interpret the same text\n"
9780472120789 - page_161: "START TEXT: \nin a radically different way. The conditions for the success of an imported program or series depen" ******* END TEXT: "onomically. On the contrary, they are much more the field of the free play of economic competition.\n"
9780472120789 - page_162: "START TEXT: \nComplexity and freedom become the central organizing categories of studies of international communi" ******* END TEXT: "nomically very powerful and culturally increasingly influential, but politically much weaker. We do\n"
9780472120789 - page_163: "START TEXT: \nnot yet live in a post-Westphalian age, and all but the failed states have, to varying degrees, uni" ******* END TEXT: "ontemporary discussions, most influentially in the work of Panitch and Gindin. They argue that only\n"
9780472120789 - page_164: "START TEXT: \nthe U.S. state is today genuinely imperialist, in that it dominates over the rest of the world stat" ******* END TEXT: "tition from capitalists originating in other states, and they increasingly tended to enlist “their”\n"
9780472120789 - page_165: "START TEXT: \nstates in these competitive struggles. As Nikolai Bukharin put it: “When competition has finally re" ******* END TEXT: "ts to natural gas deposits in Papua–New Guinea (Dombey, 2011). More generally, the influential U.S.\n"
9780472120789 - page_166: "START TEXT: \nmagazine Foreign Affairs devoted a large section of its March/April 2011 issue to a series of essay" ******* END TEXT: "rely to what Harry Magdoff called “imperialism without colonies” (Magdoff, 1972). The subordination\n"
9780472120789 - page_167: "START TEXT: \nof less developed countries often involves brutal exploitation and military violence, but this is n" ******* END TEXT: "wever, the position of the United States, for nearly a century to incumbent power both in economics\n"
9780472120789 - page_168: "START TEXT: \nand culture, is being eroded and its dominance is being challenged (Tunstall, 2008, pp. 360–412).\nT" ******* END TEXT: " to be borne in mind:\n1. Neither the concept of imperialism nor the concept of cultural imperialism\n"
9780472120789 - page_169: "START TEXT: \nsupposes any consciously aggressive policy on the part of any state or any conspiratorial alliance " ******* END TEXT: " of areas, Ireland most obviously, was indeed closely associated with imperialist policies, but its\n"
9780472120789 - page_170: "START TEXT: \ncontemporary global reach is a product of the fact that for the last two centuries the world’s domi" ******* END TEXT: "is possible to advance a viable and coherent concept of cultural imperialism that is not subject to\n"
9780472120789 - page_171: "START TEXT: \nthe kinds of criticisms that were applied to Schiller’s version. It once again becomes a viable pro" ******* END TEXT: "ways in which these more general economic and political changes will lead to debates and conflicts:\n"
9780472120789 - page_172: "START TEXT: \n1. Direct rivalry between states in terms of their propaganda efforts. One of the major development" ******* END TEXT: ", in general as much as in the creative industries, has come from the most powerful players. As the\n"
9780472120789 - page_173: "START TEXT: \nlocus of economic power shifts, so the offensive and defensive postures will be exchanged. Yesterda" ******* END TEXT: "he sites and content of popular culture change: there is a considerable distance between an evening\n"
9780472120789 - page_174: "START TEXT: \nspent in a western bar or pub and an evening of Chinese KTV (karaoke television).\nSome of these iss" ******* END TEXT: " Will China’s rise lead to war: Why realism does not mean pessimism. Foreign Affairs 90 (2): 80–91.\n"
9780472120789 - page_175: "START TEXT: \nHamelink, C. (1997). World communications: business as usual? In M. Baillie & D. Winseck, eds., Dem" ******* END TEXT: "Kelley.\nSchiller, H. (1976). Communication and cultural domination. White Plains, NY: M. E. Sharpe.\n"
9780472120789 - page_176: "START TEXT: \nSchumpeter, J. (1951). Imperialism and social classes. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.\nSinclair, J. (1999)" ******* END TEXT: " news and media as a potential challenge to the dominance of the core (Boyd-Barrett, 1977, p. 134).\n"
9780472120789 - page_177: "START TEXT: \n5. This state-centered approach differs radically from that of Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, who" ******* END TEXT: "t PPPs, the second that in the ranking of Nominal GDP (“World Economic Outlook Database,” 2010).\n\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_178: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER NINE\nDe-Westernization and Cosmopolitan Media Studies\nSilvio Waisbord\nJames Curran and Myun" ******* END TEXT: "rk’s goal is primarily to encourage curiosity about other regions among Anglo-American researchers.\n"
9780472120789 - page_179: "START TEXT: \nSince its inception, the field of media studies has had a distinctive Western, and particularly Ang" ******* END TEXT: "ized by sensitivity to comparative and global questions and approaches and engagement in globalized\n"
9780472120789 - page_180: "START TEXT: \ndebates. It not should lead to the balkanization of the field in “area studies” that cover various " ******* END TEXT: " both may develop in parallel without entering into a productive dialogue or challenging each other\n"
9780472120789 - page_181: "START TEXT: \nto rethink premises and analytical foci. Neither the availability of non-Western cases in the West " ******* END TEXT: "eld. Boxing up scholarship in clear-cut geographical categories is supported neither on theoretical\n"
9780472120789 - page_182: "START TEXT: \nnor methodological distinctions. Typically, studies ask questions to understand the causes, charact" ******* END TEXT: "list visions that ascribe immanent similarities to geographical regions. Such regions are political\n"
9780472120789 - page_183: "START TEXT: \nand academic constructions that ignore profound differences and similarities inside and across regi" ******* END TEXT: "earch agendas. Local and regional developments, inevitably, generate empirical questions. To name a\n"
9780472120789 - page_184: "START TEXT: \nfew, the relation between media and regime transition, the role of media in the rise of right-wing " ******* END TEXT: "n of “case expertise” in geographical differences is a deterrent to cross-regional, global debates.\n"
9780472120789 - page_185: "START TEXT: \nFinally, “de-Westernizing” media studies in the direction of area studies is particularly wronghead" ******* END TEXT: "larship is not reduced to being hospitable to “international” research. Instead, it is a globalized\n"
9780472120789 - page_186: "START TEXT: \nperspective that critically considers world differences to probe theoretical arguments and define e" ******* END TEXT: " informed by international research and globalized dialogue. This approach is not simply consistent\n"
9780472120789 - page_187: "START TEXT: \nwith a globalized academic world and the current challenges of globalization. It is also necessary " ******* END TEXT: "owerful influence on media economics and access to information, journalists’ strategies to navigate\n"
9780472120789 - page_188: "START TEXT: \ngovernment restrictions are different from the West (Lee & Chan, 2008). Worldwide, the role of reli" ******* END TEXT: "-Westernize media studies in the spirit of cosmopolitan scholarship. In recent decades, interest in\n"
9780472120789 - page_189: "START TEXT: \ncomparative research in media and politics has grown considerably since Blumler and Gurevitch’s (19" ******* END TEXT: " the consequence of political communication systems on voter turnout (Baek, 2009), and the dynamics\n"
9780472120789 - page_190: "START TEXT: \nof agenda setting and policy making (Baumgartner, Green-Pedersen, & Jones, 2006; Walgrave & Van Ael" ******* END TEXT: "0) to publish English-language journal articles and books has also stimulated comparative research.\n"
9780472120789 - page_191: "START TEXT: \nYet it would be mistaken to attribute this pattern only to the presence of pan-European academic ne" ******* END TEXT: "gies to voice demands and advance political goals? Do different media promote or suppress political\n"
9780472120789 - page_192: "START TEXT: \nparticipation? Do “post-broadcast” media (Prior, 2007) reinforce inequalities in access to politica" ******* END TEXT: " globalized media politics.\nAnother set of “global questions” refer to planetary developments, that\n"
9780472120789 - page_193: "START TEXT: \nis, trends and phenomena that are not limited to one country or region. Recent examples include the" ******* END TEXT: ", ease up connectivity. Such processes, however, does not necessarily motivate the major analytical\n"
9780472120789 - page_194: "START TEXT: \nand research shifts envisioned by Beck. Such processes bring new impetus and add novel questions to" ******* END TEXT: "tical horizons and produce better theory. Geographical scope neither determines the quality nor the\n"
9780472120789 - page_195: "START TEXT: \ntheoretical relevance of the contributions. “Case expertise” remains critical to probe and flesh ou" ******* END TEXT: "r & Conflict 1 (1): 99–107.\nAppadurai, A. (2001). Globalization. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.\n"
9780472120789 - page_196: "START TEXT: \nAppiah, A. (2007). Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a world of strangers. New York: W. W. Norton.\nArchett" ******* END TEXT: " coverage, public opinion, and mobilization in a referendum. Communication Research 29 (6): 615–41.\n"
9780472120789 - page_197: "START TEXT: \nDimitrova, D. V., & Stromback, J. (2005). Mission accomplished? Framing of the Iraq War in the elit" ******* END TEXT: "l order: From the modern state to cosmopolitan governance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.\n"
9780472120789 - page_198: "START TEXT: \nHoltz-Bacha, C., Mancini, P., Negrine, R., & Papathanassopoulos, S. (2007). The professionalization" ******* END TEXT: "31 (3): 449–66.\nPeng, Z. (2008). Framing the anti-war protests in the global village: A comparative\n"
9780472120789 - page_199: "START TEXT: \nstudy of newspaper coverage in three countries. International Communication Gazette 70 (5): 361–77." ******* END TEXT: "e media studies and how? In D. K. Thussu, ed., Internationalizing media studies. London: Routledge.\n"
9780472120789 - page_200: "START TEXT: \nVliegenthart, R., Schuck, A. R. T., Boomgaarden, H. G., & De Vreese, C. H. (2008). News coverage an" ******* END TEXT: "ations and government agencies channeled to the development of areas studies after World War II.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_201: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER TEN\nLocal Experiences, Cosmopolitan Theories\nOn Cultural Relevance in International Communi" ******* END TEXT: "n annual conference at a Hilton or Sheraton hotel in an overseas metropolis once every four years.1\n"
9780472120789 - page_202: "START TEXT: \nCiting his survey of curriculum and introductory texts in major U.S. universities, Downing (2009, p" ******* END TEXT: " modernization theory, advances a bewilderingly reductive, fundamentalist, and exaggerated scenario\n"
9780472120789 - page_203: "START TEXT: \nof conflicts between Western, Confucian, and Islamic civilizations. His focal concern was not so mu" ******* END TEXT: "y and healthy only if it is done as a critical choice and without losing one’s firm cultural grips.\n"
9780472120789 - page_204: "START TEXT: \nPitfalls of the (Once) Dominant Paradigm\nI was attracted to the emerging field of international com" ******* END TEXT: "imagine beyond the narrow confines of their immediate roles and contexts. Mass media were conceived\n"
9780472120789 - page_205: "START TEXT: \nof as the “magic multiplier” of empathy and a crucial catalyst for social change. As more and more " ******* END TEXT: " on the book cover). Each country narrative was a mix of historical facts, anecdotes, and secondary\n"
9780472120789 - page_206: "START TEXT: \ndata geared toward constructing “a theory of modernization that articulates the common compulsion t" ******* END TEXT: "s death (Rogers, 2003).\nThe structure of propositional inventory was retained in all five editions,\n"
9780472120789 - page_207: "START TEXT: \nbut only the second edition (Rogers & Shoemaker, 1971) offered a “scoreboard” to track the “popular" ******* END TEXT: "d the diffusion research.\nMethodologically, the diffusionists have skirted around, if not bypassed,\n"
9780472120789 - page_208: "START TEXT: \nthree major issues in comparative research (Smelser, 1976, p. 166): (a) Are the social units compar" ******* END TEXT: "ormity with the dominant U.S. ideology. What seems seriously absent from the established frameworks\n"
9780472120789 - page_209: "START TEXT: \nis the much-needed sensitivity to the Weberian-phenomenological interpretations of cross-cultural m" ******* END TEXT: "gical terms, what we do in our scholarly investigation is attempt to transform first-order meanings\n"
9780472120789 - page_210: "START TEXT: \n“within” the lifeworld of social actors to second-order meanings “outside” it. Doing so requires es" ******* END TEXT: "we are to understand others; on this basis, a meaningful cultural dialogue may occur, and it always\n"
9780472120789 - page_211: "START TEXT: \noccurs within a context. Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886), the dean of the nineteenth-century German h" ******* END TEXT: "cusing exclusively on the dimension of external exploitation, they try to account painstakingly for\n"
9780472120789 - page_212: "START TEXT: \nthe intricate interplay between the strong state, the internal class structure, and their interacti" ******* END TEXT: " status (e.g., race, nation, culture). The “knowledge about”—that is, more abstract formulations of\n"
9780472120789 - page_213: "START TEXT: \nknowledge acquired through systematic investigation—requires certain academic detachment and traine" ******* END TEXT: "mes in 1835 and 1840, reissued in 1945) as a baseline. Closer to media studies is Lippmann’s (1922)\n"
9780472120789 - page_214: "START TEXT: \ncogent analysis of public opinion in the United States, which can be disputed but not bypassed. I a" ******* END TEXT: " The concept of “involution” was further extended to mean the introversive tendency toward internal\n"
9780472120789 - page_215: "START TEXT: \nelaboration of details and the dazzling display of technical virtuosity at the expense of conceptua" ******* END TEXT: "o the continuing debate on “cultural imperialism.” They take exception to some political economists\n"
9780472120789 - page_216: "START TEXT: \nwho tend to equate capitalist ownership and control of media institutions with the presumed ideolog" ******* END TEXT: "ped that we may contribute to comparative work on media-state-capital transition within and between\n"
9780472120789 - page_217: "START TEXT: \nformer European Communist states and the right-wing dictatorships of Latin America and Asia.\nFor me" ******* END TEXT: "t, and eventually established a new paradigm that exerted profound influences on the creative minds\n"
9780472120789 - page_218: "START TEXT: \nof his and the next generations. Although he hardly made any reference to Kant and others in his ma" ******* END TEXT: "siaen or Toru Takemitsu.”\nIt is fitting to quote a deliciously moving poem, “Married Love,” written\n"
9780472120789 - page_219: "START TEXT: \nsome seven centuries ago by Guan Daosheng (1262–1319) in dedication to her husband:10\n \nYou and I\nH" ******* END TEXT: "omenological methodology.\nTo close this chapter, I would like to turn specifically to Chinese media\n"
9780472120789 - page_220: "START TEXT: \nstudies. We abhor the Western-cum-universal hegemony, but we are not interested in creating any ess" ******* END TEXT: "6). Conceptual issues in the study of innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly 21 (4): 700–714.\n"
9780472120789 - page_221: "START TEXT: \nEvans, P. B. (1979). Dependent development: The alliance of multinational, state, and local capital" ******* END TEXT: "T., & Katz, E. (1993). The export of meaning: Cross-cultural readings of Dallas. Cambridge: Polity.\n"
9780472120789 - page_222: "START TEXT: \nLippmann, W (1922). Public opinion. New York: Harcourt Brace.\nLuckmann, T. (1978). Philosophy, soci" ******* END TEXT: "don: Routledge.\nTilly, C. (1975). Western state-making and theories of political transformation. In\n"
9780472120789 - page_223: "START TEXT: \nC. Tilly, ed., The formation of national states in Western Europe (pp. 3–83). Princeton, NJ: Prince" ******* END TEXT: "he results of a USAID-sponsored project to study the impact of communication on peasants in Brazil,\n"
9780472120789 - page_224: "START TEXT: \nNigeria, India, and Colombia, but the findings were based on translated versions of the same questi" ******* END TEXT: "ued, the goal should be to integrate various cultural manifestations into a higher-order theory.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_225: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER ELEVEN\nTheorizing Media Production as a Quasi-Autonomous Field\nA Reassessment of China News" ******* END TEXT: " science model, is the development of “testable theories” in pursuit of generalizable explanations.\n"
9780472120789 - page_226: "START TEXT: \nTheir definition explicitly rejected research conducted in the cause of media criticism or activism" ******* END TEXT: "tudy. The meager attention also highlights an inhibiting lack of curiosity about the world. By now,\n"
9780472120789 - page_227: "START TEXT: \neven among scholars of disparate persuasions, it is widely recognized that diversity and commonalit" ******* END TEXT: " mainstream canon, and continues in what arguably has become a more pluralistic, if less combative,\n"
9780472120789 - page_228: "START TEXT: \nacademic climate today. The communication literature likewise is full of caveats arising from the “" ******* END TEXT: " he studies as strategic and purposive. Their formulations rest on sophisticated interpretations of\n"
9780472120789 - page_229: "START TEXT: \nagency that consider conscious action as well as the unconscious, intent as well as unintended cons" ******* END TEXT: " research questions and study design (e.g., Kunelius & Ruusunoksa, 2008) and is no less useful as a\n"
9780472120789 - page_230: "START TEXT: \nguide for re-analysis of completed studies. The recognition of degrees of autonomy within fields, w" ******* END TEXT: "itability in an increasingly commercial system as beneficial to these diverse categories of actors.\n"
9780472120789 - page_231: "START TEXT: \nHu (2003) discerns an intertwining of political and economic forces in the restructuring of media, " ******* END TEXT: "te: that controversial events can provide openings for assertive journalistic practice. Tong (2009)\n"
9780472120789 - page_232: "START TEXT: \nalso argues that journalists’ strategic editing of reports on politically sensitive topics helps fu" ******* END TEXT: " specialization, and other reforms promoted by the state since China’s admission to the World Trade\n"
9780472120789 - page_233: "START TEXT: \nOrganization have not attenuated state control, and in some respects have strengthened it.\nHassid (" ******* END TEXT: "echanism for self-adjustment and self-improvement within the established power structure” (p. 110).\n"
9780472120789 - page_234: "START TEXT: \nIn contrast, Tong and Sparks (2009) see institutionalized practices of journalistic investigation a" ******* END TEXT: "cal media market by overseas TV.\nMass communication research typically distinguishes reception from\n"
9780472120789 - page_235: "START TEXT: \nproduction for purposes of both theorizing and empirical study. Conceptualizing media production as" ******* END TEXT: "igure in the news production mix.\nHe and Zhu (2002), employing “ecology” and “virtual community” as\n"
9780472120789 - page_236: "START TEXT: \norganizing concepts in an early study of online editions of Chinese newspapers, provide a start wit" ******* END TEXT: "essful hinge on “targeted” entertainment provision, with technology coordinated with content needs.\n"
9780472120789 - page_237: "START TEXT: \nThe authors highlight that local partners almost invariably have signed an official “pledge” that i" ******* END TEXT: "ina is ever more entwined with transnational movements of goods, people, ideas, information, money,\n"
9780472120789 - page_238: "START TEXT: \nand all the other elements propelling globalization means that China can never be considered in iso" ******* END TEXT: "be pejorative; rather, it supplied an easily grasped metaphor for a messy conjuncture of phenomena.\n"
9780472120789 - page_239: "START TEXT: \nThe authors concluded that, while their garbage can process was not particularly successful in reso" ******* END TEXT: "ounts of scientific discovery, refers to how circumstances combine and interact in ways that agents\n"
9780472120789 - page_240: "START TEXT: \nwho don’t control this confluence may nonetheless avail themselves of opportunities thus created. I" ******* END TEXT: "ry Park, CA: Sage.\nBerger, C. R., & Chaffee, S. H. (1987b). What communication scientists do. In C.\n"
9780472120789 - page_241: "START TEXT: \nR. Berger & S. H. Chaffee, eds., Handbook of communication science (pp. 99–122). Newbury Park, CA: " ******* END TEXT: " practice of Chinese media from an institutionalism perspective. Journalism Studies 12 (1): 106–18.\n"
9780472120789 - page_242: "START TEXT: \nKnight, N. (2006). Reflecting on the paradox of globalisation: China’s search for cultural identity" ******* END TEXT: "ces in China: Testing the uses and dependency model. Mass Communication and Society 4 (2): 199–217.\n"
9780472120789 - page_243: "START TEXT: \nSun, W. (2006). A small Chinese town television station’s struggle for survival: How a new institut" ******* END TEXT: "e embedded narrative: Navigating through multiple contexts. Qualitative Inquiry 14 (6): 1047–69.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_244: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER TWELVE\nTranslation, Communication, and East-West Understanding\nZhang Longxi\nAs human beings" ******* END TEXT: "is true not only of a person in our time, but has been true almost since time immemorial. Those who\n"
9780472120789 - page_245: "START TEXT: \ncan translate different languages and thereby help others get out of their linguistic and cultural " ******* END TEXT: " and commented on by Marco Polo, or not mentioned at all in his book. Some have thus questioned the\n"
9780472120789 - page_246: "START TEXT: \nveracity of his account (Wood, 1995; Yang, 1999). For Europe, then, as Larner argues, Marco Polo’s " ******* END TEXT: "such as porcelain, silk, wallpaper, furniture, and the art of gardening already created a craze for\n"
9780472120789 - page_247: "START TEXT: \nthings Chinese in Europe during the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries, an infatuation with w" ******* END TEXT: "cultures and histories can understand each other and be brought together to form a common humanity,\n"
9780472120789 - page_248: "START TEXT: \nhad a major influence in eighteenth-century European thinking. For the Enlightenment philosophers, " ******* END TEXT: "e missionaries encountered in China to a fundamental difference—“not only of different intellectual\n"
9780472120789 - page_249: "START TEXT: \ntraditions but also of different mental categories and modes of thought.” In his idea of the distin" ******* END TEXT: "“mutually reinforcing images and perceptions” of an exotic China “seems to have been a particularly\n"
9780472120789 - page_250: "START TEXT: \nFrench genius.” That kind of exoticism, however, is certainly not limited to the French. Developing" ******* END TEXT: " of context to articulate the idea of cultural incommensurability between the East and the West. To\n"
9780472120789 - page_251: "START TEXT: \nquote Gernet (1985, p. 239) again, in the Chinese language it is “so difficult to express how the a" ******* END TEXT: "sts on the impossibility of thinking across groups.” In its most militant form, “incommensurability\n"
9780472120789 - page_252: "START TEXT: \nlegitimates a blinkered, absolutist, nonpluralist relativism” (Waters, 2001, p. 145). Such social c" ******* END TEXT: "uestions of communication. “On the inter-lingual level, translation will pose concentrated, visibly\n"
9780472120789 - page_253: "START TEXT: \nintractable problems; but these same problems abound, at a more covert or conventionally neglected " ******* END TEXT: "ints near at hand from his body and farther away from external things, he created hexagrams to make\n"
9780472120789 - page_254: "START TEXT: \nthe virtue of gods comprehensible and the nature of all things known in signs” (“Zhouyi zhengyi” [T" ******* END TEXT: "on the translatability of languages because human communication is rooted in the very nature of all\n"
9780472120789 - page_255: "START TEXT: \nlanguages and their shared intentionality. To affirm translatability is thus to affirm that things," ******* END TEXT: "ERENCES\nAppiah, A. (2006). Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a world of strangers. New York: W. W. Norton.\n"
9780472120789 - page_256: "START TEXT: \nBenjamin, W. (1973). The task of the translator (trans., H. Zohn). In H. Arendt, ed., Illuminations" ******* END TEXT: " University Press.\nZhouyi zhengyi [The correct meaning of the Book of Changes]. (1980). In Y. Ruan,\n"
9780472120789 - page_257: "START TEXT: \ned., Shisan jing zhushu [Thirteen classics with annotations] (vol. 1). Beijing: Zhonghua.\nNOTE\n1. I" ******* END TEXT: "ogocentrism; Zhang (1998, chapter 1) for a discussion on Foucault’s idea of China as heterotopia.\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_258: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER THIRTEEN\nPublic Spheres, Fields, Networks\nWestern Concepts for a De-Westernizing World?\nRod" ******* END TEXT: "rs and new institutions of research too. Without accepting such critiques in their entirety, we can\n"
9780472120789 - page_259: "START TEXT: \ncertainly agree that new theories and new research communities are more than welcome. But the reali" ******* END TEXT: "tion [‘non-political’ or civil service]” (Peters, 2008, p. 23). The outer periphery consists of the\n"
9780472120789 - page_260: "START TEXT: \ninformal associations of the lifeworld’s various “private” social spheres (p. 20). Mass media, alon" ******* END TEXT: "il society groups and mainstream media organizations in order to “influence national policy-making”\n"
9780472120789 - page_261: "START TEXT: \n(Serra, 2000, p. 169). It complicates Habermas’s center-periphery model: in effect, the periphery c" ******* END TEXT: "ocracy—which may not be appropriate for all societies. In his recent work (1996; see also his essay\n"
9780472120789 - page_262: "START TEXT: \nin Calhoun, 1992), Habermas acknowledges the need to make room for a wider variety of communication" ******* END TEXT: "Max Weber, Karl Marx and Émile Durkheim, insisting that the “real is relational” at both the social\n"
9780472120789 - page_263: "START TEXT: \nand discursive levels: the fundamental opposition is between economic and various forms of cultural" ******* END TEXT: "cher seeks to represent in a model aspiring to universal validity. (pp. 2–3, italics in original)\n \n"
9780472120789 - page_264: "START TEXT: \nWhat is potentially universal then is a basic structural, relational model of social relations.1 Th" ******* END TEXT: "n the case of global media must take into account the global South’s long-simmering dissatisfaction\n"
9780472120789 - page_265: "START TEXT: \nwith the ethnocentrism of the dominant Western news agencies counter-balanced by admiration of U.S." ******* END TEXT: "ions are front and center in field theory, at least in Bourdieu’s version of it. Attitudes, tastes,\n"
9780472120789 - page_266: "START TEXT: \nphysical bearing—what Bourdieu terms “habitus”—are all indelibly shaped by one’s position in this c" ******* END TEXT: "rrogate naturalized categories is not so far from Blumler, McLeod, and Rosengren’s (1992, pp. 3–18)\n"
9780472120789 - page_267: "START TEXT: \ndefense of comparative research that “cosmopolitanizes, opening our eyes to communication patterns " ******* END TEXT: "k theory most often associated with Bruno Latour (2005a; but see also Callon, 1986, and Law, 2007).\n"
9780472120789 - page_268: "START TEXT: \nAlthough Castells is now widely associated with network analysis, in his 19 February 2010 introduct" ******* END TEXT: "to the operation of power across the globe. This is so because of the convergence of previous forms\n"
9780472120789 - page_269: "START TEXT: \nof media (radio, television, print) into the single medium of the Internet. As Castells (2007) writ" ******* END TEXT: "tivism. On the one hand, the Internet makes it easier for activists to directly challenge corporate\n"
9780472120789 - page_270: "START TEXT: \npower via “culture jamming . . . a strategy that turns corporate power against itself by co-opting," ******* END TEXT: "ished every day by the new social practices of communication. (pp. 257–58) (see also Castells 2012)\n"
9780472120789 - page_271: "START TEXT: \nLatour’s Actor-Network Theory\nIn contrast to Castells, who places contemporary economic and technol" ******* END TEXT: "e different elements by which they build and explain their world, whether it be social or natural.”\n"
9780472120789 - page_272: "START TEXT: \nNo human, animal, or thing is privileged above another, thus ANT’s famous, or infamous, equation of" ******* END TEXT: "and so forth), with some being more “networky” than others, that is, approaching “a star-like shape\n"
9780472120789 - page_273: "START TEXT: \nwith a center surrounded by many radiating lines with all sorts of tiny conduits leading to and fro" ******* END TEXT: "ncluding that of the researcher, provides assurance that both Western and non-Western perspectives,\n"
9780472120789 - page_274: "START TEXT: \nin all their diversity, will be presented and respected. And this extends to politics as well. If t" ******* END TEXT: "rated political and economic power. A strict interpretation of Habermas’s project in “deliberative”\n"
9780472120789 - page_275: "START TEXT: \nterms (civil, reasoned, inclusive debate) imposes a normative standard that is inappropriate or irr" ******* END TEXT: " of pluralist theory (see Steven Lukes’s [2005] “first face” of power). Even so, when Latour speaks\n"
9780472120789 - page_276: "START TEXT: \nof re-assembling the social, he seems to be echoing Elihu Katz’s important concern with community (" ******* END TEXT: "eyond abstract philosophical quandaries to help facilitate systematic research. Habermas, Bourdieu,\n"
9780472120789 - page_277: "START TEXT: \nCastells, and Latour certainly do not exhaust the possibilities for internationalizing media studie" ******* END TEXT: " & Wacquant, L. (1992). An invitation to reflexive sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\n"
9780472120789 - page_278: "START TEXT: \nBourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. (1999). On the cunning of imperialist reason. Theory, Culture & Societ" ******* END TEXT: "cred: A study of the Norwegian journalistic field. PhD diss., University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.\n"
9780472120789 - page_279: "START TEXT: \nKjær, P., & Slaatta, T., eds. (2007). Mediating business: The expansion of business journalism. Cop" ******* END TEXT: "321–24.\nvan Loon, J. (2000). Organizational spaces and networks. Space and Culture 2 (4–5): 109–12.\n"
9780472120789 - page_280: "START TEXT: \nVolkmer, I. (2003). The global network society and the global public sphere. Development 46 (1): 9–" ******* END TEXT: "s.’ Actor networks are more dynamic than network structures, but less elusive than assemblages.”\n\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_281: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER FOURTEEN\nCosmopolitanism and International Communication\nUnderstanding Civil Society Actors" ******* END TEXT: " the lens of cosmopolitanism.\nI build upon a number of central premises. First of all and on a very\n"
9780472120789 - page_282: "START TEXT: \ngeneral level, though he may overstate the case at times, I share the basic sensibility that Zygmun" ******* END TEXT: "rmative visions of the actors. This literature derives from various currents in moral and political\n"
9780472120789 - page_283: "START TEXT: \nphilosophy and from social scientific efforts at various levels of abstraction. While the social sc" ******* END TEXT: "uss, international communication has found itself in the force field between several meta-theoretic\n"
9780472120789 - page_284: "START TEXT: \nhorizons, or paradigms, over the past decades. From development and modernization, to cultural impe" ******* END TEXT: "s and communicative modes on the Internet and its ancillary technologies, such as mobile telephony.\n"
9780472120789 - page_285: "START TEXT: \nThe sheer scale of this activity is altering the center of gravity of international communication, " ******* END TEXT: " run counter to the ideals of democracy. However, there will no doubt always be a definitional gray\n"
9780472120789 - page_286: "START TEXT: \nzone here about who are legitimate actors in global civil society, precisely because the concept of" ******* END TEXT: " to influence both lawmakers at different levels and corporate actors who are perceived to be doing\n"
9780472120789 - page_287: "START TEXT: \nsocietal harm in transnational contexts. Another unifying aspect is that almost all of these actors" ******* END TEXT: "velopments beyond geography. . . . At a time of unprecedented mobility of people, ideas, and goods,\n"
9780472120789 - page_288: "START TEXT: \nas well as the porosity of political, economic, and cultural borders, world citizenship offers resp" ******* END TEXT: "thics, as the application, or codification of morality into concrete norms of behaviour—constitute,\n"
9780472120789 - page_289: "START TEXT: \nat bottom, the foundation of most human action, even if only implicitly. It thereby remains an impo" ******* END TEXT: " certain degree of political naïveté in some of the literature, and in their view there is often an\n"
9780472120789 - page_290: "START TEXT: \nimplicit utopian drive to construct a new world of tolerant and responsible citizens, with little a" ******* END TEXT: "ation of Human Rights is obviously a very cosmopolitan document, which he builds into his argument.\n"
9780472120789 - page_291: "START TEXT: \nThus, we can sense an unresolved ambivalence between cosmopolitanism as an expression of multiple e" ******* END TEXT: " humanities)—have had relatively little encounter with each other. They seemingly exist in parallel\n"
9780472120789 - page_292: "START TEXT: \nuniverses, when in fact they should be very much entwined—even if this lack of interaction is begin" ******* END TEXT: "dernity and its forms of globalization. It provides a useful starting point for some reflections on\n"
9780472120789 - page_293: "START TEXT: \ninternational communication and cosmopolitanism, with a focus on their relationship to democracy. M" ******* END TEXT: "comprise the tumultuous whole.\nNormatively, however, despite differences in communicative and other\n"
9780472120789 - page_294: "START TEXT: \nforms of power, the mediapolis demands mutual responsibility between producers and audiences/users," ******* END TEXT: "ind of action (which, in the context of the political, will often take some form of communication).\n"
9780472120789 - page_295: "START TEXT: \nSuch a proactive social ethics, which demands engagement with and responsibility for global others," ******* END TEXT: "is the alter-globalization movement, with the WSF. These actors are motivated in strongly normative\n"
9780472120789 - page_296: "START TEXT: \nterms; they have a variety of goals, all aimed at transforming the current direction of global deve" ******* END TEXT: "o how the media may (or may not) help generate civic cultures (see Dahlgren, 2009 for an overview).\n"
9780472120789 - page_297: "START TEXT: \nIn such research efforts directed towards the actor and their media practices, the comparative dime" ******* END TEXT: "from the meaning such action has for them. From my vantage point, these appeals direct us precisely\n"
9780472120789 - page_298: "START TEXT: \ntoward the importance of the normative and cultural frameworks of civic international communication" ******* END TEXT: " but also ourselves. The study of mediated civic cosmopolitanism offers an opportunity to do both.1\n"
9780472120789 - page_299: "START TEXT: \nReferences\nAcosta, R. (2009). NGO and social movement networking in the World Social Forum: An anth" ******* END TEXT: "ache, D. (2008). Defiant publics: The unprecedented reach of the global citizen. Cambridge: Polity.\n"
9780472120789 - page_300: "START TEXT: \nEberly, D. E. (2008). The rise of global civil society: Building communities and nations from the b" ******* END TEXT: "Silverstone, R. (2006). Media and morality: On the rise of the mediapolis. Cambridge: Polity Press.\n"
9780472120789 - page_301: "START TEXT: \nSmith, J., Della Porta, D., & Mosca, L. (2007). Global democracy and the World Social Forums. Bould" ******* END TEXT: "initiated and that I joined provided the starting point for many of the thoughts expressed here.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_302: "START TEXT: \nCHAPTER FIFTEEN\nPostcolonial Visual Culture\nArguments from India\nArvind Rajagopal\nAnalysts of visua" ******* END TEXT: "sual communication that would arise across the world, or the effects such communication would have.\n"
9780472120789 - page_303: "START TEXT: \nRecent work by scholars acknowledges that postcolonial media culture presents discontinuous tempora" ******* END TEXT: "growing Maoist campaign in defense of tribal land rights that is gaining public sympathy.2 Hence to\n"
9780472120789 - page_304: "START TEXT: \nsimply associate increasing media density with growing support for any specific postcolonial ideolo" ******* END TEXT: "erconnected, and that their separation occurs through technological means. Technologically mediated\n"
9780472120789 - page_305: "START TEXT: \nforms of sense perception recombine and acquire a prosthetic character with the growth of the appar" ******* END TEXT: " for sensory histories that were discrepant with his teleological argument, except to relegate them\n"
9780472120789 - page_306: "START TEXT: \nas “old media.” New media, in this view, provide the form of all media; they defined the sense rati" ******* END TEXT: "in the racial difference of colonial rulers and subsequently in postcolonial technocrats, points to\n"
9780472120789 - page_307: "START TEXT: \nthe creation of new and more complex communicational environments. If the practice of vision in Sou" ******* END TEXT: "epic and mythological imagery successively with print, cinema, and television provides a convenient\n"
9780472120789 - page_308: "START TEXT: \nexample of the way in which older image repertoires and symbol systems have been the vehicle for ne" ******* END TEXT: "produces data whose validity does not depend on the person who sees. This is because the mechanisms\n"
9780472120789 - page_309: "START TEXT: \nof sight can be technologically reproduced in the absence of a physical observer. Seeing in moderni" ******* END TEXT: "pt to erect one form of seeing as dominant cannot be tacit, rendered invisible, or relegated to the\n"
9780472120789 - page_310: "START TEXT: \ncorridors of power. The persistence of such contestations over both the content and the form of com" ******* END TEXT: "r by coercion as well as by consent, was one in which neither segment of the public was transparent\n"
9780472120789 - page_311: "START TEXT: \nto the other. Each believed that its claims trumped those of the other’s, but the contest was not o" ******* END TEXT: "ope for anyone to intervene was limited at best.15 This was because, according to Debord, extensive\n"
9780472120789 - page_312: "START TEXT: \nsocio-technical apparatuses of communication already encoded the place of individual observers with" ******* END TEXT: "ate it from the contingencies of history and politics, which in fact provide no guaranteed outcome.\n"
9780472120789 - page_313: "START TEXT: \nIt is helpful here to disarticulate issues of perception and its effects from the political economi" ******* END TEXT: "t the external world, nor in themselves depict goods and services being sold. Rather, they appeared\n"
9780472120789 - page_314: "START TEXT: \nas religious fetishes with an auratic power that helped sell products. Such aura added value to the" ******* END TEXT: "006). Fear of small numbers: An essay on the geography of anger. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.\n"
9780472120789 - page_315: "START TEXT: \nBenson, R. (2009). Shaping the public sphere: Habermas and beyond. American Sociologist 40 (3): 175" ******* END TEXT: " and beyond the Renaissance: Seeing as others saw (pp. 1–21). New York: Cambridge University Press.\n"
9780472120789 - page_316: "START TEXT: \nPinney, C. (2004). Photos of the gods: The printed image and political struggle in India. London: R" ******* END TEXT: "ue Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), Planning Commission, Government of India, April 2010.\n"
9780472120789 - page_317: "START TEXT: \n5. The internal variety within and among South Asian ways of seeing is not as yet something about w" ******* END TEXT: "Accessed 6 October 2010.\n21. See my essay, “The Commodity Image in the (Post) Colony,” published in\n"
9780472120789 - page_318: "START TEXT: \n2010 in tasveerghar.net, in Brosius, Ramaswamy, and Saeed (forthcoming). The appearance of religiou" ******* END TEXT: "f the Bombay Chamber of Commerce for the year 1915, pp. 67–68. Also Masselos (2006), pp. 148–49.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_319: "START TEXT: \nContributors\nEditor\nChin-Chuan Lee is Chair Professor of Communication at the City University of Ho" ******* END TEXT: " Patterns and Bureaucratic Control in Cultural China (2000); Chinese Media, Global Contexts (2003).\n"
9780472120789 - page_320: "START TEXT: \nContributors\nRodney Benson is Associate Professor in the Department of Media, Culture, and Communic" ******* END TEXT: "t the Department of Communication and Media, Lund University, Sweden. His work focuses on media and\n"
9780472120789 - page_321: "START TEXT: \ndemocracy, from the horizons of late modern social and cultural theory. More specifically, he often" ******* END TEXT: " 2001), and has three other volumes to his credit. Politics after Television won the Ananda Kentish\n"
9780472120789 - page_322: "START TEXT: \nCoomaraswamy Prize from the Association of Asian Studies in 2003. He has won awards from the MacArt" ******* END TEXT: "), Collective Behavior and Public Opinion (2003), and Mass Movements (2007), Mood Contagion (2013),\n"
9780472120789 - page_323: "START TEXT: \nand Political Hubris in Western Leaders (2014). He is currently an independent speaker and writer b" ******* END TEXT: " (V&R Unipress, 2012); and From Comparison to World Literature (forthcoming from SUNY Press, 2015).\n"
9780472120789 - page_324: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472120789 - page_325: "START TEXT: \nIndex\nActor-network theory, 267, 271–74, 275\nCf. network-society theory (Castells), 271–72\nSee also" ******* END TEXT: "8\nCapitalism, 111, 114, 152, 306, 313\nAnd imperialism, 19, 21, 22–23, 216\nLate capitalism, 311, 313\n"
9780472120789 - page_326: "START TEXT: \nCardoso, F. H., 9, 211, 214\nCarey, James, 209, 214\nCase study, 79, 113, 138, 182, 185, 192, 194, 21" ******* END TEXT: "ialism; Schiller, Herbert I.\nCultural nationalism, 25, 212\nCultural studies, 10, 117, 160, 228, 291\n"
9780472120789 - page_327: "START TEXT: \nCultural values, 14, 18, 102, 244, 250\nCurran, James, 45, 101, 178, 179, 202\nDallas, 32, 33, 44, 13" ******* END TEXT: "237, 238, 284, 288, 291, 295\nAlter-globalization, 281, 283, 285–88, 295, 297\nAnti-globalization, 11\n"
9780472120789 - page_328: "START TEXT: \nAnd cosmopolitan media studies, 192–95\nInternet, 52, 192, 292, 295\nMedia globalization, 22, 110, 19" ******* END TEXT: " 260, 261\nInternational Telecommunications Union (ITU), 35\nInternationalize (or internationalizing)\n"
9780472120789 - page_329: "START TEXT: \ninternational communication, 1, 18, 24, 81, 110, 202, 212, 274, 275, 277\nJustification, 1–6, 201–4," ******* END TEXT: "7, 192, 234\nMedia imperialism, 29, 44, 50, 110, 117, 158\nSee also Cultural imperialism; Imperialism\n"
9780472120789 - page_330: "START TEXT: \nMedia market, 18, 22, 23, 58, 74, 78, 92, 105, 112, 121–28, 150, 157, 160, 168, 169, 171, 234, 303," ******* END TEXT: "03\nDominant paradigm, 46, 204–8\nParadigm shift, 6–12\nParadigm testing, 57–59, 217, 251–52, 281, 284\n"
9780472120789 - page_331: "START TEXT: \nPark, Robert, 6\nParochialism, 2, 18, 24, 178, 202, 220, 244, 253\nParty-market corporatism, 216\nPart" ******* END TEXT: "270, 283, 286, 296\nSocial networks, 78, 93, 116, 231, 267, 270\nSociological imagination, 3, 24, 210\n"
9780472120789 - page_332: "START TEXT: \nSociology of knowledge, 7, 42, 43, 60\nSoft power, 11, 113, 128, 129, 157\nSony, 22, 136\nSouth Africa" ******* END TEXT: "s, Raymond, 10, 21, 209, 215, 217\n“Window Shopping,” 30, 36, 38\nXinhua News Agency, 44, 172, 233\n\n\n\n"
9780472120796 - page_i: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472120796 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \nJoseph TurowSERIES EDITOR\n\nBroadcasting, Voice, and Accountability: A Public Interest Approach to P" ******* END TEXT: "s dedicated to publishing work in new media studies and the emerging field of digital humanities.\n\n\n"
9780472120796 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nImagining the Global\nTRANSNATIONAL MEDIA AND POPULAR CULTURE BEYOND EAST AND WEST\nFabienne Darling-" ******* END TEXT: " POPULAR CULTURE BEYOND EAST AND WEST\nFabienne Darling-Wolf\nUniversity of Michigan PressANN ARBOR\n\n\n"
9780472120796 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by Fabienne Darling-Wolf 2015Some rights reserved\n\nThis work is licensed under the Crea" ******* END TEXT: "e, the image illustrates the hybrid and polysemic nature of global culture.     John Darling-Wolf\n\n\n"
9780472120796 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nAcknowledgments\nMany people supported me in various ways in the process of researching and writing " ******* END TEXT: " Trans-national Context.” Chapter 4 builds on reflections I started to develop in “Getting over Our\n"
9780472120796 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n‘Illusion d’optique’: From Globalization to Mondialisation (through French rap)” (Communication The" ******* END TEXT: "for designing the book’s magnificent cover image. I dedicate this work to them with all my love.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120796 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \n\nContents\n\n\n\nCover Page\nTitle Page\nCopyright Page\nAcknowledgments\nContents\nIntroduction: A Transloc" ******* END TEXT: "mporary Glocamalgamation\nConclusion: Getting over Our “Illusion d’optique”\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex\n"
9780472120796 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\ni\nii\niii\niv\nv\nvi\nvii\nviii\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\n2" ******* END TEXT: "eading\nCopyright Page\nAcknowledgments\nContents\nIntroduction\nConclusion\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472120796 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nIntroduction: A Translocal Approach to Imagining the Global\nWinnie the Pooh, Snow White, Batman, Pi" ******* END TEXT: "agined rather than directly experienced (Appadurai, 1990, 1996, 2001). It is a space built upon the\n"
9780472120796 - page_2: "START TEXT: \nspread of increasingly culturally mixed, or hybridized, mediated texts embedded in increasingly com" ******* END TEXT: "tudies tradition, who have proposed to trace the trajectories of modern cultural practice through a\n"
9780472120796 - page_3: "START TEXT: \ntheoretical and methodological model “based on the articulation of a number of distinct processes w" ******* END TEXT: "he book, each one adding to our understanding of the relationships between them—and, ultimately, to\n"
9780472120796 - page_4: "START TEXT: \nour theoretical understanding of broader processes of transnational influence and identity formatio" ******* END TEXT: "ansnational contexts to produce shifting global allegiances that in turn revive the idea of America\n"
9780472120796 - page_5: "START TEXT: \nas a mythical national space of unbridled freedom and democracy” (2009, p. 201). What this means fo" ******* END TEXT: "ts withdrawal from UNESCO following the New World Information and Communication Order debate in the\n"
9780472120796 - page_6: "START TEXT: \nmid-1980s illustrates (it rejoined in 2003; McPhail, 2010)—France has long asserted that the unique" ******* END TEXT: "d a total break from the past and promoted the notion of a new Japan entirely reformed, and focused\n"
9780472120796 - page_7: "START TEXT: \non economic prosperity. Because of its spectacular rise as one of the most influential global econo" ******* END TEXT: "ly, it obscures the presence of other modes of organization, knowledge production, and distribution\n"
9780472120796 - page_8: "START TEXT: \nas valid Western alternatives. It contributes, for instance, to the neoliberal-era positioning of U" ******* END TEXT: "untries and within capitalism faded into the background” (2003/2009, p. 50). The resulting tendency\n"
9780472120796 - page_9: "START TEXT: \nin much academic work to “pit a rotating chain of marginalized communities against an unstated whit" ******* END TEXT: ". This is particularly true when considering cultural dynamics that are considerably more difficult\n"
9780472120796 - page_10: "START TEXT: \nto trace than flows of capital. Under such conditions, terms such as “Western,” “non-Western,” “pos" ******* END TEXT: "olitanism, and progress (see, for example, Dov, 1996; Hegde, 2001; Niezen, 2004). They point to the\n"
9780472120796 - page_11: "START TEXT: \nfact that the United States and Europe have often historically justified their imperialist aggressi" ******* END TEXT: "ian beauty queen for setting innovative global standards for ideal femininity. (2005, pp. 424–25)\n \n"
9780472120796 - page_12: "START TEXT: \nGender constructions may thus be negotiated simultaneously as acts of resistance against foreign in" ******* END TEXT: "is ours with greater intensity against the backdrop of what we imagine about others” (2001, p. 62).\n"
9780472120796 - page_13: "START TEXT: \nBy blurring “the lines between the ‘realistic’ and fictional landscape” the “mediascapes” formed by" ******* END TEXT: "heories in the face of rapid technological change as if new technologies did not share a historical\n"
9780472120796 - page_14: "START TEXT: \nlink with earlier media forms and automatically rendered previous insights obsolete (see, for examp" ******* END TEXT: "n of how hybridity matters.\nIn addition to their importance as global cultural producers and to the\n"
9780472120796 - page_15: "START TEXT: \nmultidimensional nature of their historical relationships, the three sites that constitute the focu" ******* END TEXT: "ration as a result of political strife or intense economic hardship, or of postcolonial experience.\n"
9780472120796 - page_16: "START TEXT: \nFor most people, transnationality or hybridity is not a choice, but “results from having to satisfy" ******* END TEXT: "transnational cultural exchange, however, we will soon see that these roles frequently overlap and/\n"
9780472120796 - page_17: "START TEXT: \nor merge. Finally, the term “transnational” will be used throughout the book to refer to relations " ******* END TEXT: "he chapter shows that the three sites all engaged in a very similar process of employing translocal\n"
9780472120796 - page_18: "START TEXT: \ncomparisons to downplay the implications of crises “at home,” particularly as they related to racia" ******* END TEXT: "n African/Latino/a American genre and the focus on limiting definitions of authenticity in academic\n"
9780472120796 - page_19: "START TEXT: \ndiscourse lead to problematic characterizations of hip-hop’s global dynamics. It also considers how" ******* END TEXT: "h counterparts. It concludes that this, again, points to the need to decentralize the U.S. cultural\n"
9780472120796 - page_20: "START TEXT: \nexperience in our analyses of global processes and deconstruct “the West” as well as “the Rest.”\nTh" ******* END TEXT: " develop a more multidimensional understanding of contemporary processes of cultural globalization.\n"
9780472120796 - page_21: "START TEXT: \nThe next chapter begins this translocal journey by empirically illustrating one of the theoretical " ******* END TEXT: "y distributed reality television format, Star Academy, to the French national television market.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120796 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nONE\nUn-American Idols: How the Global/National/Local Intersect\nReality TV has come to permeate the " ******* END TEXT: " localization generated specific constructions of French national identity in the show’s narrative.\n"
9780472120796 - page_23: "START TEXT: \nMoving beyond localization, it demonstrates how these constructions were developed in a symbiotic r" ******* END TEXT: "pp. 167–68). The fact that formats may be exported to a wide array of national environments further\n"
9780472120796 - page_24: "START TEXT: \ncomplicates this picture by creating translocal relationships that may become more culturally signi" ******* END TEXT: "on” (Kraidy and Murphy, 2008, p. 339) but are constitutive parts of the same process of negotiation\n"
9780472120796 - page_25: "START TEXT: \nof socio-cultural and national identities under conditions of globalization. The rest of this chapt" ******* END TEXT: "nce’s most celebrated popular singers, can be considered one of Star Academy’s earliest precursors.\n"
9780472120796 - page_26: "START TEXT: \nThe fact that France has a long history of highly popular variety shows, often broadcast in prime t" ******* END TEXT: "uréat—the national exam French students have to take when exiting high school. The way classes were\n"
9780472120796 - page_27: "START TEXT: \norganized around a set schedule that all students were to abide by, the grading system on a 20-poin" ******* END TEXT: "’ regional diversity was made obvious in their online biographies, through allusions on the show to\n"
9780472120796 - page_28: "START TEXT: \ntheir hometowns or regions, and through regionally accented speech, audiences were reminded of the " ******* END TEXT: "bvious visual clues provided by the candidates’ physical selves. If, in the United States, The Real\n"
9780472120796 - page_29: "START TEXT: \nWorld “constructs a reality that frees the audience of any implications in racism by blaming rural " ******* END TEXT: "on, hard work, and trans-generational respect, served, however, to safely reconcile white audiences\n"
9780472120796 - page_30: "START TEXT: \nwith the increased diversity of French society. It also served to reassure members of ethnic and/or" ******* END TEXT: "ntire discourse of the show. These transnational links were made particularly evident on the Friday\n"
9780472120796 - page_31: "START TEXT: \nnight “primes,” ostensibly marketed as transcending national borders. As one French television maga" ******* END TEXT: "entury cosmopolitanism at its best. In fact, they were simultaneously producing “French” culture—as\n"
9780472120796 - page_32: "START TEXT: \nnoted, Star Ac’ candidates frequently go on to have successful singing careers9—and positioning it " ******* END TEXT: "e French social-cultural landscape, served to suggest (to both local/national and global audiences)\n"
9780472120796 - page_33: "START TEXT: \nthat France was living up to its promise of racial integration. The nature of the candidates’ racia" ******* END TEXT: "d with the challenge of operating in a much smaller national market than their French counterparts.\n"
9780472120796 - page_34: "START TEXT: \nThis partial construction of the global francophone community is particularly interesting in light " ******* END TEXT: "ts representations.\nScholars also argue, however, that reality TV’s questioning and commodification\n"
9780472120796 - page_35: "START TEXT: \nof the real contribute to a decline in symbolic efficiency—in our ability to relate to things we ca" ******* END TEXT: "se particular dynamics in relationship to each other and to a broader imagined global community.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120796 - page_36: "START TEXT: \nTWO\nHolier-than-Thou: Representing the “Other” and Vindicating Ourselves in International News\nAll " ******* END TEXT: "ntribute to a process through which “nation-states define themselves with and against other nations\n"
9780472120796 - page_37: "START TEXT: \nin a diacritical process of identity formation” (Stam and Shohat, 2009, p. 475).\nMost of the covera" ******* END TEXT: "the Japanese disaster further engaged in a process of “othering” Japan by consistently interpreting\n"
9780472120796 - page_38: "START TEXT: \nJapanese reactions to the event as illustrative of distinctive cultural/racial traits. A final sect" ******* END TEXT: "tened commercialism, resulting in an overly positive assessment of “Western-style” commercial news.\n"
9780472120796 - page_39: "START TEXT: \nFurthermore, even the most assertive efforts to critically consider the power dynamics of global ne" ******* END TEXT: "e to accept Hall’s definition of ideology as “those images, concepts and premises which provide the\n"
9780472120796 - page_40: "START TEXT: \nframeworks through which we represent, interpret, understand, and ‘make sense’ of some aspect of so" ******* END TEXT: " figures who had to deal with the situation) as a category 3 hurricane, or one of the most powerful\n"
9780472120796 - page_41: "START TEXT: \nearthquakes ever recorded—followed by a tsunami and a major nuclear accident. A number of common th" ******* END TEXT: "noted that when a National Guard helicopter did arrive three days later, the soldiers’ first action\n"
9780472120796 - page_42: "START TEXT: \nwas to threaten to shoot doctors whom they had mistaken for looters. The report closed with three p" ******* END TEXT: ", 2011). Tales of sorrow were also more frequently mitigated by upbeat accounts with such headlines\n"
9780472120796 - page_43: "START TEXT: \nas “Giving kids something to smile about” (Yako, April 9, 2011) or “Hospital emerges as center of h" ******* END TEXT: "ly critiqued the Japanese media coverage of the disaster, particularly as it related to the nuclear\n"
9780472120796 - page_44: "START TEXT: \naccident at the Fukushima power plant (see, for example, Bouthier, March 21, 2011; Onishi, June 25," ******* END TEXT: "n of the French republican ideal” (Sciolino, November 10, 2005, emphasis mine). Noting that “France\n"
9780472120796 - page_45: "START TEXT: \nhas been grappling for years with growing unrest among its second- and third-generation immigrants”" ******* END TEXT: "ier, March 30, 2011)—their efforts to “localize” the story resulted in a highly positive assessment\n"
9780472120796 - page_46: "START TEXT: \nof their nation’s willingness to pitch in in times of international crises. As the New York Times w" ******* END TEXT: "s, September 4, 2005)—but also served to position the giving nations as benevolent global citizens.\n"
9780472120796 - page_47: "START TEXT: \nHolier than Thou: Racial Tensions at Home and Abroad\nThe presence of the kind of coverage described" ******* END TEXT: " advancement of two Americans to the U.S. open semi-finals to ponder the meaning of being American:\n"
9780472120796 - page_48: "START TEXT: \n“Horrifying images since the storm have underscored the reality that there are multiple tiers of Am" ******* END TEXT: "n or wages, but because of personal and cultural deficiencies. As Brooks explained in an editorial,\n"
9780472120796 - page_49: "START TEXT: \n \nIn those cultural zones, many people dropped out of high school, so it seemed normal to drop out " ******* END TEXT: ". After all, as one headline put it, “The misery is spread equally” (Dao, August 31, 2005, p. 12A).\n"
9780472120796 - page_50: "START TEXT: \nThus, while the French and Japanese coverage of the hurricane presented its disproportionately heav" ******* END TEXT: "that France’s racial problem was even greater than that of the United States. As one article titled\n"
9780472120796 - page_51: "START TEXT: \n“French lesson: Taunts about race can boomerang” defensively suggested: “The French news media were" ******* END TEXT: "idely discussed in both newspapers as a contributing factor to the violence, could, according to Le\n"
9780472120796 - page_52: "START TEXT: \nMonde, be remedied with better training: “police officers [are] too young, without professional exp" ******* END TEXT: "focused less ostensibly on issues of race. The international coverage of the event quickly morphed,\n"
9780472120796 - page_53: "START TEXT: \nhowever, into a discussion of various aspects of Japanese cultural/national identity that eventuall" ******* END TEXT: "at least when compared to the vitriolic assessments of the failures of the U.S. and French national\n"
9780472120796 - page_54: "START TEXT: \nsystems described above, their sweeping generalizations about the nature of “the Japanese” deserve " ******* END TEXT: "‘the Japanese’ or ‘Japanese concepts of self’ no longer seem . . . to be fixed essences, but rather\n"
9780472120796 - page_55: "START TEXT: \nstrategic assertions which inevitably suppress differences, tensions, and contradictions within” (1" ******* END TEXT: " went on to link racial discrimination and racially motivated violence to Japanese cultural traits:\n"
9780472120796 - page_56: "START TEXT: \n \nJapan’s tight-knit social fabric can lead to discrimination against those who don’t fit in. Bully" ******* END TEXT: "omparisons in press coverage of international events served to reconcile “local” audiences with the\n"
9780472120796 - page_57: "START TEXT: \npolitics of race and to strategically position each nation in a broader imagined global order.\nInde" ******* END TEXT: "otentially temporary, as opposed to that of a “third world” characterized as chronically defective.\n"
9780472120796 - page_58: "START TEXT: \nIt is the comparison with other “technologically advanced” nations, however, that ultimately made t" ******* END TEXT: "iscourse on Japanese national identity/psyche/spirit served, in turn, to subtly normalize whiteness\n"
9780472120796 - page_59: "START TEXT: \nin the global imaginary by emphasizing the fundamental “difference” of the Japanese (racial) “Other" ******* END TEXT: " race interlocks with these dimensions in globalized cultural forms and their local negotiation.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120796 - page_60: "START TEXT: \nTHREE\nTalking about non-no: (Re)fashioning Race and Gender in Global Magazines\nFashion, movies, mus" ******* END TEXT: "contentious and permeated with power struggles, particularly as they intersect with the dynamics of\n"
9780472120796 - page_61: "START TEXT: \nrace both locally and globally. This chapter turns to Japan as a site of reception to investigate h" ******* END TEXT: "been as fully explored.\nThis is in part due to the fact that, as Australian media scholar Jinna Tay\n"
9780472120796 - page_62: "START TEXT: \ncontends, “Fashion magazines are one of the most successfully ‘glocalized’ or adapted media in the " ******* END TEXT: " the window of the local liquor distributor, seemed oddly out of place. Now that I have developed a\n"
9780472120796 - page_63: "START TEXT: \ngreater familiarity with the many Japanese celebrities used in advertising and spent years studying" ******* END TEXT: "ork, Milan, and Seoul—these different geographic environments were all visually integrated into one\n"
9780472120796 - page_64: "START TEXT: \ndeterritorialized urban context lacking cultural specificity. Whether in Paris or Seoul, models wer" ******* END TEXT: "nd gaijin (the term used to refer to foreigners, literally meaning “outsider”) into the same global\n"
9780472120796 - page_65: "START TEXT: \nenvironment of capitalist consumption. This strategic integration of racially hybrid “Japanese” mod" ******* END TEXT: "odels never seem to appear, for instance, in fashion spreads—resulting in a discourse that, despite\n"
9780472120796 - page_66: "START TEXT: \na good amount of talk about love, sex, and boyfriends, privileges female-to-female relationships.\nT" ******* END TEXT: "y subtly “whitened” through makeup and lighting in a process commonly used in Japanese publications\n"
9780472120796 - page_67: "START TEXT: \n(Darling-Wolf, 2000a). While female readers are encouraged to embrace their Japaneseness in the mag" ******* END TEXT: "ntities” (2011, p. 21).\nIn her analysis of former Miss World and Bollywood superstar Rai Aishwarya,\n"
9780472120796 - page_68: "START TEXT: \nParameswaran suggests that Rai’s hybrid form of Whitened/Westernized beauty merged with ethnic/trad" ******* END TEXT: "n their favorite publications they nevertheless display a very practical attitude toward them. They\n"
9780472120796 - page_69: "START TEXT: \nmight purchase a specific issue because it features a style they want to imitate or a particularly " ******* END TEXT: "therwise feel removed from the urban culture of beauty and fashion promoted throughout the Japanese\n"
9780472120796 - page_70: "START TEXT: \nmedia: “The young in the countryside often imitate the fashions in the magazines,” noted Oda-san wh" ******* END TEXT: "gazines that they had 10 years earlier. When I commented in 2009 on the small Louis Vuitton bag Mie\n"
9780472120796 - page_71: "START TEXT: \ncarried around (which I knew she could not afford on her salary as an “office lady”), she responded" ******* END TEXT: "sterners.” Toyoda-san remembered the time when “a teacher told us students that it was OK to have a\n"
9780472120796 - page_72: "START TEXT: \nhairstyle like Audrey Hepburn,” adding that “the hairstyles and makeup styles were very popular.”\nY" ******* END TEXT: " a different world, but they look good. We don’t feel familiar with them” (Mako, 24) illustrate the\n"
9780472120796 - page_73: "START TEXT: \nmixture of admiration, longing, and alienation this imagery generated. Partly as a result of such f" ******* END TEXT: "red to Japanese models, they have nice breasts, nice hips, longer legs” (Abe-san, 44); “Compared to\n"
9780472120796 - page_74: "START TEXT: \nthe Japanese, they have better style and better appearance, they have smaller faces, they’re taller" ******* END TEXT: " a 2009 interview, “I feel admiration,” to which Madoka immediately added, “it’s an unknown world.”\n"
9780472120796 - page_75: "START TEXT: \nGender and Race and Female Beauty in a Global Order\nThe ambiguities in readers’ reactions to the (o" ******* END TEXT: "able illustration of the multidimensional ways in which dynamics of race, gender, class, geography,\n"
9780472120796 - page_76: "START TEXT: \nand national identity formation interlock with the awareness of the global that characterizes globa" ******* END TEXT: ", and gender not only in hip-hop itself but also in the heated scholarly debates surrounding it.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120796 - page_77: "START TEXT: \nFOUR\nDisjuncture and Difference from the Banlieue to the Ganba: Embracing Hip-hop as a Global Genre" ******* END TEXT: "he chapter then illustrates how the complexity of hip-hop’s engagement in the local/national/global\n"
9780472120796 - page_78: "START TEXT: \nnexus is not always fully addressed in academic discourse about the genre. It starts with a discuss" ******* END TEXT: "g a feeling of community among amateurs who catch the references. As French cultural critics George\n"
9780472120796 - page_79: "START TEXT: \nLapassade and Philippe Rousselot explain, for instance, in reference to the French group NTM: “Whil" ******* END TEXT: "te global reach with the growth of the Internet starting in the mid-1990s. As one Japanese producer\n"
9780472120796 - page_80: "START TEXT: \nput it in a personal conversation about the influence of social networking sites on the Japanese hi" ******* END TEXT: ", 1998; Molinero, 2009).\nFrench rap artists frequently point to the legacy (and at times sample the\n"
9780472120796 - page_81: "START TEXT: \nworks) of such cultural icons as George Brassens, Jean Ferrat, Maxime le Forestier, and Serge Gains" ******* END TEXT: "ld, responded to then minister of interior Nicolas Sarkozy’s characterization of banlieue youths as\n"
9780472120796 - page_82: "START TEXT: \n“scum” (racaille) with a song titled “Méssage à la racaille” [message to the scum] (Montaigne, 2006" ******* END TEXT: "t hip-hop), and, more generally, by the politics of academic production. The limitations of current\n"
9780472120796 - page_83: "START TEXT: \nacademic work on hip-hop when considering the genre as a global phenomenon are further explored in " ******* END TEXT: "e every Sunday in Yoyogi park around the same time. When writer David Samuels describes rap’s early\n"
9780472120796 - page_84: "START TEXT: \nspread “from New York to Philadelphia, Chicago, Boston, and other cities with substantial black pop" ******* END TEXT: "lack” (Condry, 2006, p. 47).\nConceptions of “the global” as a U.S.-dominated totalizing whole to be\n"
9780472120796 - page_85: "START TEXT: \nopposed to local environments are not particularly useful heuristic devices when considering hip-ho" ******* END TEXT: "ural traits, or to a unique social membership . . . it’s a constantly evolving form” (1998, p. 10).\n"
9780472120796 - page_86: "START TEXT: \nMoving away from characterizations of the United States as hip-hop’s most globally significant cult" ******* END TEXT: "gle with the United States. Because it is in the French language, French rap benefits from France’s\n"
9780472120796 - page_87: "START TEXT: \nprotectionist cultural policies that require radio stations to include 40 percent (35 percent in th" ******* END TEXT: "tions where transnational hip-hop intersects with critiques of the global commodification of “black\n"
9780472120796 - page_88: "START TEXT: \nculture” (Bynoe, 2002, p. 83). Scholars have pointed to the essentializing nature of the suggestion" ******* END TEXT: "ion” (2002, pp. 175–76).\nInteresting parallels exist, for instance, between the politics of race in\n"
9780472120796 - page_89: "START TEXT: \nJapanese and French hip-hop. Some Japanese rappers engage in a critical deconstruction of what it m" ******* END TEXT: "k don’t know anything, haven’t read anything and refer too much to Americans” (Little MC, quoted in\n"
9780472120796 - page_90: "START TEXT: \nBoucher, 1998, p. 185, emphasis mine). They are also skeptical toward African American conceptualiz" ******* END TEXT: "l development to that of earlier musical forms, they argue that black entrepreneurs have managed to\n"
9780472120796 - page_91: "START TEXT: \nretain greater control over its process of commercialization to successfully “make a dent in the wh" ******* END TEXT: " Marti “takes his defense” by suggesting that “[this] is not fully justified: Solaar has remained a\n"
9780472120796 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nrapper” (2005, p. 46, emphasis mine). This powerfully contrasts with Solaar’s (1998) own assertion " ******* END TEXT: ", 2008, pp. 139, 141).\nAssociating authenticity with violence and street credibility also positions\n"
9780472120796 - page_93: "START TEXT: \nrappers as cultural representatives of a limited conceptualization of ethnic/racial/banlieue/ghetto" ******* END TEXT: "eception in France. Her observation that rap’s public is mostly male and that female consumers tend\n"
9780472120796 - page_94: "START TEXT: \nto prefer more commercial rap leads her to problematically conclude that women are uncritical media" ******* END TEXT: "make, not one dictated by male rappers. As Dyson reminds us, “Just because ‘the white man’s foot is\n"
9780472120796 - page_95: "START TEXT: \non your neck’ doesn’t mean that your foot can’t in turn be on a black female’s neck” (2007, p. 106)" ******* END TEXT: "is sexual attention: “Bah, sighed the hundred-year-old woman / that someone might still desire me /\n"
9780472120796 - page_96: "START TEXT: \nthat would be extraordinary / and to be honest, beyond my wildest dreams [Bah, soupirait la centena" ******* END TEXT: "an as a symptom of subaltern (non-white/lower class) masculinity having to assert itself at women’s\n"
9780472120796 - page_97: "START TEXT: \nexpense. While the examples provided here draw from the French context, scholars in other cultural " ******* END TEXT: "globally influential genre.\nBut just because hip-hop has come to mean different things to different\n"
9780472120796 - page_98: "START TEXT: \npeople in different places does not mean that it has lost all meaning, or its productive potential." ******* END TEXT: "00) (formerly of the group Ministère AMER), raps in his second solo album: “Our first steps were in\n"
9780472120796 - page_99: "START TEXT: \nAfrica five million years ago / if you put A+B together you will see we are all immigrants” [Nos pr" ******* END TEXT: " Comparing Japanese animation’s powerful and complex impact on the French popular cultural scene to\n"
9780472120796 - page_100: "START TEXT: \nits trajectory into the U.S. context, it illustrates how analyses too narrowly focused on the U.S. " ******* END TEXT: "er and as the taken-for-granted representative of “the West” in the reception of global culture.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120796 - page_101: "START TEXT: \nFIVE\nWhat West Is It? Anime and Manga according to Candy and Goldorak\nLord Ko, le dinosaure, deux b" ******* END TEXT: "ntending to point to Japan’s growing influence and to a concomitant relative decline in U.S. power,\n"
9780472120796 - page_102: "START TEXT: \nthe academic and popular discourse about Japanese animation’s “global” popularity has paradoxically" ******* END TEXT: "atus of popular culture to a higher level than in other academic contexts, resulting in a situation\n"
9780472120796 - page_103: "START TEXT: \nin which Japanese academia has yet to fully enter the conversation (Choo, 2008). The historical sig" ******* END TEXT: "ens in Japan. Unfortunately, this results in the development of a genealogy of Japanese animation’s\n"
9780472120796 - page_104: "START TEXT: \nentry into “Western” cultural territory based on a rather limited and not particularly “representat" ******* END TEXT: "(Napier, 2007).\nJapan’s relationship to France has, in contrast, been relatively less antagonistic.\n"
9780472120796 - page_105: "START TEXT: \nIf dread of the “yellow peril” certainly spread to France during World War II—and resurged to some " ******* END TEXT: "native” competition on the French market. France’s comparatively weak position as a global cultural\n"
9780472120796 - page_106: "START TEXT: \nproducer has meant that it has long been flooded with all sorts of foreign imports. The fact that q" ******* END TEXT: "versal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, with the sole exceptions of the United States and Israel”\n"
9780472120796 - page_107: "START TEXT: \n(2007, p. 374, emphasis mine), he suggests that “for Europeans, and others, the ubiquity of America" ******* END TEXT: "ut this first wave of Japanese animation, and some of the other series that quickly followed, their\n"
9780472120796 - page_108: "START TEXT: \ntypical first reaction was to burst into a rendition of their theme songs—I can myself still recall" ******* END TEXT: " remembered them as the most influential programs they had watched in their youth: “our generation,\n"
9780472120796 - page_109: "START TEXT: \nit’s Candy and Goldorak” explained a 40-year-old woman. “If I must cite one [show] that made me, ah" ******* END TEXT: "rent corners of Japanese anime’s vast repertoire. Yet others, such as San Ku Kai (broadcast in 1979\n"
9780472120796 - page_110: "START TEXT: \nin both France and Japan) and X-Or (broadcast in Japan in 1982 and in France in 1983), while not an" ******* END TEXT: ", 2013) in January 2013.\nLike their French counterparts, the Japanese media consumers I interviewed\n"
9780472120796 - page_111: "START TEXT: \nfondly recalled watching Candy Candy, Captain Tsubasa (Olive et Tom), Captain Harlock (Albator), He" ******* END TEXT: " far as Japanese culture is concerned—Candy is a young American girl, Goldorak is a war machine and\n"
9780472120796 - page_112: "START TEXT: \nhis pilot is, technically, an alien, Albator wanders somewhere through space in his pirate ship—the" ******* END TEXT: " appeared in titles, credits, or in the opening scenes of these early shows. As a 42-year-old woman\n"
9780472120796 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nexplained, “In the ending credits you had [Japanese] characters. Even in the titles, there was writ" ******* END TEXT: "r of the club so, at the end, when they ran the credits, at the end they put on the birthdays . . .\n"
9780472120796 - page_114: "START TEXT: \nDAVID (SPEAKING AT THE SAME TIME): The birthdays!\nANNE: And so, my birthday went on . . .\nCHRISTINE" ******* END TEXT: "on the educational NHK public channel) were most frequently mentioned in interviews. Both are still\n"
9780472120796 - page_115: "START TEXT: \nquite popular today, due in part to the fact that parents like to introduce their children to these" ******* END TEXT: " excellent historical manga series The Times of Botchan there—provides an anecdotal illustration of\n"
9780472120796 - page_116: "START TEXT: \nthe genre’s importance. So does the fact that the original artwork for the cover of Tintin en Améri" ******* END TEXT: "se texts are generally recognized, however, manga are not necessarily perceived in France—as is the\n"
9780472120796 - page_117: "START TEXT: \ntendency among U.S. fans (Napier, 2005, 2007)—as an entirely separate category. Manga are now exhib" ******* END TEXT: "péry’s much celebrated Le Petit Prince, read by most French children as they enter third grade (and\n"
9780472120796 - page_118: "START TEXT: \nhighly popular in Japan) when, incidentally, reading its graphic novel version (found in the public" ******* END TEXT: "artistic tradition of Walt Disney, that it creates a freshly intriguing aroma that lures foreigners\n"
9780472120796 - page_119: "START TEXT: \ninto its mist [sic]” (2001, p. 166, emphasis mine). Napier contends that “anime, at least until ver" ******* END TEXT: "r characterization as specifically Japanese, in what she deems a form of “‘economic Japaneseness,’”\n"
9780472120796 - page_120: "START TEXT: \npowerfully serves the business interests of Japanese producers (2008, p. 299). In a similar vein, C" ******* END TEXT: "nt cultural environments not only because they promote some sort of universal human values, as some\n"
9780472120796 - page_121: "START TEXT: \nscholars argue (see, for example, Yoshioka, 2008), but also because they resonate on different leve" ******* END TEXT: "hich I am part), Tom Sawyer is first and foremost the main (American) character of a Japanese anime\n"
9780472120796 - page_122: "START TEXT: \ntext rather than the hero of a Mark Twain novel. And the aforementioned Totally Spies!—popular both" ******* END TEXT: "ese) Calimero; the (Finnish) Moomins; and, of course, a cast of Japanese characters too numerous to\n"
9780472120796 - page_123: "START TEXT: \nname. While the fast pace of evolution and increasingly diverse nature of globalized cultural forms" ******* END TEXT: "ent relationship to both “global” and American texts than their Japanese and French counterparts.\n\n\n"
9780472120796 - page_124: "START TEXT: \nSIX\nImagining the Global: Transnational Media and Global Audiences\nSo much of the way that people j" ******* END TEXT: "ance, Japan, and the United States, this chapter turns to audiences to provide a broader reflection\n"
9780472120796 - page_125: "START TEXT: \non how this imagination of the global takes shape in individuals’ daily lives and in different cont" ******* END TEXT: "copies of my favorite Japanese shows, none of which were subtitled in anything other than Chinese),\n"
9780472120796 - page_126: "START TEXT: \nsustained direct interaction between individuals from different parts of the world remains relative" ******* END TEXT: "a 6-year-old to watch with a young Japanese mother, my conversations with Japanese and French media\n"
9780472120796 - page_127: "START TEXT: \nconsumers and observations in both of these cultural contexts clearly pointed to the remaining glob" ******* END TEXT: "ed the Disney characters like Ariel, Sleeping Beauty, and Snow White” (52-year-old Japanese woman).\n"
9780472120796 - page_128: "START TEXT: \nEngagement in their youth with such texts as Gone with the Wind, Roman Holiday, Casablanca, Planet " ******* END TEXT: "o-familiar Hollywood tale of the white (North American) man saving the non-white feminized natives.\n"
9780472120796 - page_129: "START TEXT: \nIncidentally, this perceived technical expertise and higher production capacity of the U.S. film an" ******* END TEXT: "popular music—“lately, I’ve been listening to music from the old days, like the Carpenters”—a group\n"
9780472120796 - page_130: "START TEXT: \nof five Japanese women in their 30s and early 40s concluded in a 2009 interview that “America is th" ******* END TEXT: " There’re 50 movies in which I have seen this scene and you tell yourself, ‘wow, I’m at the Lincoln\n"
9780472120796 - page_131: "START TEXT: \nMemorial.’ It’s like the White House, it’s super fun! We took 50 pictures in front of the White Hou" ******* END TEXT: "them as children: “Whether it was French or American, I didn’t care” (40-year-old French woman); “I\n"
9780472120796 - page_132: "START TEXT: \nthink that the first time I watched Sleeping Beauty, I didn’t ask myself who was making the anime”3" ******* END TEXT: " Geisha as well as Miyazaki’s animation; that of Europe, by Disney classics and Japanese animation.\n"
9780472120796 - page_133: "START TEXT: \nAs suggested in chapter 5, globalized “non-native” cultural forms can even contribute to the imagin" ******* END TEXT: "rent interview, “it’s not because [a cartoon] takes place in Japan that it’s necessarily Japanese.”\n"
9780472120796 - page_134: "START TEXT: \nGlobal Culture and the U.S. Audience\nMedia consumers in different parts of the world engage with gl" ******* END TEXT: "bbing of foreign-language texts is not as routinely practiced on the U.S. market as it is in France\n"
9780472120796 - page_135: "START TEXT: \nor Japan where the practice is simply a natural part of watching television or going to the movie t" ******* END TEXT: "took place in Brussels in October 2011, but U.S. consumers had to wait until December 21 to see it.\n"
9780472120796 - page_136: "START TEXT: \nAs a result, the media consumers I interviewed in the United States recalled engaging with relative" ******* END TEXT: "ot. I remember literally lying on top of my father as he was couch potatoing, watching M*A*S*H, not\n"
9780472120796 - page_137: "START TEXT: \nunderstanding any of the context” (31-year-old woman). As a 41-year-old man put it, watching Happy " ******* END TEXT: "in the context of a fan or subculture activity. As a 28-year-old man interviewed in 2011 explained:\n"
9780472120796 - page_138: "START TEXT: \n \nAnime I would like to think that I was one the early adopters for somebody at my age. As a kid I " ******* END TEXT: "ve explained when discussing her lack of exposure to non-English-language texts when growing up: “I\n"
9780472120796 - page_139: "START TEXT: \nwas pretty white mainstream, my parents were not arty, they weren’t intellectuals.” Rather than bei" ******* END TEXT: " U.S. media consumers traveling to other cultural environments will necessarily encounter a certain\n"
9780472120796 - page_140: "START TEXT: \nlevel of familiarity with “their” culture. On the other hand, the lesser degree of ostensible penet" ******* END TEXT: "pread of various cultural forms, it did not revolutionize these individuals’ engagement with global\n"
9780472120796 - page_141: "START TEXT: \nculture. If anything, the Internet is allowing (middle-class) U.S. audiences to jump on a bandwagon" ******* END TEXT: "nt with the inescapable hybridity of contemporary global culture described throughout this book.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120796 - page_142: "START TEXT: \nSEVEN\nLessons from a Translocal Approach—or, Reflections on Contemporary Glocamalgamation\nWe live i" ******* END TEXT: "d dimension particularly salient as the global, national, and local are continuously (re)negotiated\n"
9780472120796 - page_143: "START TEXT: \nin relationship to each other. This chapter further reflects on the often contentious nature of thi" ******* END TEXT: " with global media are often owned by large corporations operating transnationally but incorporated\n"
9780472120796 - page_144: "START TEXT: \nin the most powerful nations. It reminds us that market forces are generally behind “any fast and h" ******* END TEXT: "lobal not merely as “the accidental site of the fusion or confusion of circulating global elements”\n"
9780472120796 - page_145: "START TEXT: \nbut as “the site of the mutual transformation of circulating forms” (Appadurai, 2013, p. 68)—a tran" ******* END TEXT: " consumption of (mass-) mediated texts, genres, or formats, our job is also particularly important.\n"
9780472120796 - page_146: "START TEXT: \nRace and Gender in the Global Imagination\nAs the concept of glocamalgamation suggests, the fact tha" ******* END TEXT: "-dominated globalized representations of upper-class fashion and feminine beauty originally heavily\n"
9780472120796 - page_147: "START TEXT: \ninfluenced by the United States and Europe. As illustrated in chapter 3, these different identity f" ******* END TEXT: "mperialist aggression against other Asian nations. The East/West divide further intersects with the\n"
9780472120796 - page_148: "START TEXT: \nconstruction of culture, race, and gender when it is employed, for example, to construct Japanese f" ******* END TEXT: "omic processes that characterize the formation of global modernities and their local manifestations\n"
9780472120796 - page_149: "START TEXT: \n(Matouk, 2005). More than a simple reaction against another “Anglicisme” (even though certainly par" ******* END TEXT: "globalization. Recognizing the political nature of this positioning and the presence of alternative\n"
9780472120796 - page_150: "START TEXT: \nperspectives and modes of cultural production decentralizes the role of the United States as the so" ******* END TEXT: "ay remain significant well beyond the generations that first experienced them. In this context, the\n"
9780472120796 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nhistorical legacy of U.S. global cultural power, the fact that it has provided much of the “origina" ******* END TEXT: "ity of globalized cultural forms may not be its ability to mitigate U.S. global cultural influence,\n"
9780472120796 - page_152: "START TEXT: \neven though that is certainly important, but its power to bring U.S. media consumers’ imagination o" ******* END TEXT: "ys to experience the world in our academic texts. It will require a more translocal perspective.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120796 - page_153: "START TEXT: \nConclusion: Getting over Our “Illusion d’optique”\nLast, and most daunting, is the prospect that we " ******* END TEXT: "large-scale, imagined life possibilities over specific life trajectories” (Appadurai, 1996, p. 55).\n"
9780472120796 - page_154: "START TEXT: \nA translocal approach is always necessarily partial. This book’s focus on three powerful cultural p" ******* END TEXT: "ctive potential and the possible blind spots of our own identities. It requires us, in other words,\n"
9780472120796 - page_155: "START TEXT: \nto tease out the politics of our own hybridity. Because “powerful interests are invested in boundar" ******* END TEXT: "al—listings of the films to be shown at the community center, local flea-market summer schedule—and\n"
9780472120796 - page_156: "START TEXT: \npragmatic. They distanced themselves from the YouTube obsessed, Facebook fixated Twittering crowd o" ******* END TEXT: "rld we might be. A translocal perspective expands and complicates our imagination of the global.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120796 - page_157: "START TEXT: \nNotes\nIntroduction\n1. It is important to note, however, that while France’s policies are frequently" ******* END TEXT: "ften portrayed as faceless monolithic entities by globalization scholars, are produced and consumed\n"
9780472120796 - page_158: "START TEXT: \nby individuals who, at least to some extent, express and negotiate their identity in the process.\nC" ******* END TEXT: " won an MTV Europe music award. In 2007, her effigy was included in the Grévin wax museum in Paris.\n"
9780472120796 - page_159: "START TEXT: \n10. Such as the award of the 2008 Nobel Prize in literature to French writer Jean-Marie Gustave Le " ******* END TEXT: "e streets of the village to comment on how white, beautiful, and tall I was. A woman once commented\n"
9780472120796 - page_160: "START TEXT: \nto me at the public bath that “all gaijin have such good bodies”—a statement clearly not empiricall" ******* END TEXT: "longer 19th-century tradition of calling draftees to desert in songs), the “original” letter titled\n"
9780472120796 - page_161: "START TEXT: \n“Le Deserteur”—in which Vian declared his refusal to fight in the Algerian war—was later interprete" ******* END TEXT: "eijin and their spouses are allowed to work as migrant workers in Japan (Roth, 2003; Sellek, 1997).\n"
9780472120796 - page_162: "START TEXT: \n21. While, from a Western point of view, Korean and Japanese might appear to share an “Asian” racia" ******* END TEXT: "the genre in the United States does not match that found in France or Japan. Comic book characters,\n"
9780472120796 - page_163: "START TEXT: \nhowever, such as Spiderman, Batman, and Flash Gordon were certainly familiar to U.S. (and, incident" ******* END TEXT: "tes their identity.\n9. The U.S. media consumers I interviewed frequently linked their overall media\n"
9780472120796 - page_164: "START TEXT: \nconsumption to their racial or ethnic identity: “the Cosby Show was huge thing for me as a teenager" ******* END TEXT: "g the movement as an oppositional position, it (literally) recognizes it as a valid alternative.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120796 - page_165: "START TEXT: \nBibliography\nAbelson, Reed, and Alan Feuer. “10,000 Patients and Staff Members Await Evacuation fro" ******* END TEXT: "96.\nBelson, Ken. “As Routines Falter, So Does National Confidence.” New York Times, March 16, 2011.\n"
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9780472120796 - page_183: "START TEXT: \nYegenoglu, Meyda. Colonial Fantasies: Towards a Feminist Reading of Orientalism. Cambridge, MA: Cam" ******* END TEXT: " Long Criticized Potential Weakness in Design of Stricken Reactor.” New York Times, March 16, 2011.\n"
9780472120796 - page_184: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472120796 - page_185: "START TEXT: \nIndex\nABBA, 26\nAbduhamid, Abdul Aziz, 34\nAfrocentrism, 88–89\nAkira, 107, 110\nAlbator, 109, 110, 111" ******* END TEXT: ", 106\nBush, George W., 43, 44, 47, 122\nBynoe, Yvonne, 84, 86\nCabrel, Francis, 81\nCalimero, 122, 134\n"
9780472120796 - page_186: "START TEXT: \nCandy Candy, 106, 107–9, 110–14, 118, 121, 131–33, 137, 162n3\ncapitalism, 8, 22, 149\nCapitaine Flam" ******* END TEXT: ", 110\nFlores, Juan, 83\nFoot 2 Rue, 132\nFord, Harrison, 62\nForman, Murray, and Mark Anthony Neal, 83\n"
9780472120796 - page_187: "START TEXT: \nFrance: cultural policies, 5–6, 87, 106, 117, 157n1, 161n14; foreign cultural influences, 106; inte" ******* END TEXT: "7–18, 128–29, 132, 137, 150–52, 163n1\nHomer, 114\nHong Kong action movies, 140\nHouse, M.D., 106, 127\n"
9780472120796 - page_188: "START TEXT: \nHugo, Victor, 82\nHurricane Katrina. See under news reporting\nhybridity, 2, 3, 7, 12, 20, 35, 98–99," ******* END TEXT: "io, Jean-Marie Gustave, 159n10\nLee, Spike, 85\nLe Forestier, Maxime, 81, 160–61n8\nLeloup, Roger, 121\n"
9780472120796 - page_189: "START TEXT: \nLionel D., 160–61n8\nLittle Ewoks, The, 115\nLittle House on the Prairie, 106, 127, 137\nLittle MC, 89" ******* END TEXT: "r, 87\nNTM, 79, 160n7\nObama, Barack, 122\nOne Piece series, 135\nOnishi, Norimitsu, and Ken Belson, 45\n"
9780472120796 - page_190: "START TEXT: \nOrange Page, 70\nOrientalism, 12, 16, 54, 105\nOrlando, Valérie, 92, 98\nOssman, Susan, 67\nOsumare, Ha" ******* END TEXT: "e, 106, 115, 116, 126, 136, 151, 163n8\nSniper, 81, 99\nSnoopy, 115\nsocial media, 13, 79–80, 144, 156\n"
9780472120796 - page_191: "START TEXT: \nSolaar, MC, 79, 85, 86, 87, 89, 91–92, 130, 161n13, 161nn15–16\nSolomon, Thomas, 80\nSpeed Racer, 104" ******* END TEXT: " Cultural Diversity, 106\nvariety shows, 25–26\nVian, Boris, 160n8\nVogue, 60, 61\nVoltaire, 82, 161n10\n"
9780472120796 - page_192: "START TEXT: \nWakfu, 132, 145\nWarnier, Jean-Pierre, 20\nWayne, John, 71, 127, 130\nWest, the (Westernism, Westernne" ******* END TEXT: "George, 149\nYugi-oh, 110\nZinzins de l’Espace, Les, 132\nZipper, 70\nZorro, 106\nZulu Nation, 78, 79\n\n\n\n"
9780472120932 - page_i: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472120932 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \nDIGITAL HUMANITIES\nThe Digital Humanities series provides a forum for ground-breaking and benchmark" ******* END TEXT: " dedicated to publishing work in new media studies and the emerging field of digital humanities.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120932 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nInterdisciplining Digital Humanities\nBoundary Work in an Emerging Field\nJulie Thompson Klein\nUniver" ******* END TEXT: "es\nBoundary Work in an Emerging Field\nJulie Thompson Klein\nUniversity of Michigan PressAnn Arbor\n\n\n\n"
9780472120932 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © by the University of Michigan 2015Some rights reserved\n\nThis work is licensed under the" ******* END TEXT: "ks on collages, multi-media journals, and one-act plays about the locker room at the local YMCA.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120932 - page_v: "START TEXT: \n \nWe are by now well into a phase of civilization when the terrain to be mapped, explored, and anne" ******* END TEXT: "ties Computing and What is Not?” 2002, http://computerphilologie.uni-muenchen.de/jg02/unsworth.html\n"
9780472120932 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472120932 - page_vii: "START TEXT: \nForeword\nCathy N. Davidson\nJulie Thompson Klein has written a capaciously definitional book. By tha" ******* END TEXT: "e interested in the digital humanities, beginning student or founding figure. Its appreciations are\n"
9780472120932 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \nwide and original. That means Klein makes the best case for the importance of the field and shows u" ******* END TEXT: " in the most exciting work—including work that requires a “meta analysis” of the fields themselves.\n"
9780472120932 - page_ix: "START TEXT: \nFor example, in addressing the formidable contribution of the journal Vectors, including its summer" ******* END TEXT: "manities but it does not duplicate its actual, full, interactive, iterative, collaborative outcome.\n"
9780472120932 - page_x: "START TEXT: \nThus, in order to judge a digital humanist, if one judges solely by the production of a scholarly m" ******* END TEXT: "ly a comprehensive analysis of a field. She has given us a glimpse of higher education’s future.\n\n\n\n"
9780472120932 - page_xi: "START TEXT: \nAcknowledgments\nEvery story has a beginning. This one started when Cathy Davidson called to ask if " ******* END TEXT: "a librarian Adrienne Aluzzo.\nI have also gained enormously from participation in Digital Humanities\n"
9780472120932 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \ninitiatives at the University of Michigan. Daniel Herwitz, former director of the Institute for the" ******* END TEXT: "on in the sometimes perplexing, perpetually dynamic, and ever-evolving field of Digital Humanities.\n"
9780472120932 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: \nInterdisciplining Digital Humanities is also freely available to read online (DOI: http://dx.doi.or" ******* END TEXT: "mmunity peer review. You can register to use Hypothes.is at http://hypothes.is/.\nDetroit, July 2014\n"
9780472120932 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472120932 - page_xv: "START TEXT: \n\nContents\n\n\n\nCover Page\nTitle Page\nCopyright Page\nForeword\nAcknowledgments\nContents\nIntroduction. E" ******* END TEXT: "borating and Rewarding\nResourcing\nPrint References for Chapters 1–6\nIndex\n\n\n\nIntroduction. Emerging\n"
9780472120932 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\ni\nii\niii\niv\nv\nvi\nvii\nviii\nix\nx\nxi\nxii\nxiii\nxiv\nxv\nxvi\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n" ******* END TEXT: "ht Page\nForeword\nAcknowledgments\nContents\nIntroduction\nPrint References for Chapters 1–6\nIndex\n\n\n\n\n\n"
9780472120932 - page_1: "START TEXT: \nIntroduction\nEmerging\nRecent coverage of the digital humanities (DH) in popular publications such a" ******* END TEXT: "rdisciplinary fields of culture and communication, and the professions of education and library and\n"
9780472120932 - page_2: "START TEXT: \ninformation science. To begin with . . . The following examples are most often associated with the " ******* END TEXT: "ect Bamboo began in early 2008 with funding from the Mellon Foundation for a planning and community\n"
9780472120932 - page_3: "START TEXT: \ndesign program aimed at defining scholarly practices and technological challenges. At the fourth wo" ******* END TEXT: "pelled by computing and information technology has begun to transform humanities, but he is equally\n"
9780472120932 - page_4: "START TEXT: \nmindful of the impediments. Despite the proliferation of DH centers, Diane Zorich also cites challe" ******* END TEXT: "Classification of Instructional Programs, though “Digital Arts” was added to the category of Visual\n"
9780472120932 - page_5: "START TEXT: \nand Performing Arts. The field’s status is also uneven. At some universities it enjoys a high profi" ******* END TEXT: "e way. They are as diverse as a scholar in literary studies designing a digital collection centered\n"
9780472120932 - page_6: "START TEXT: \non a single author, an anthropologist or a historian creating a computer visualization of an ancien" ******* END TEXT: "es how knowledge is codified in conditions of group membership and sanctioned practices. Rhetorical\n"
9780472120932 - page_7: "START TEXT: \nanalysis dissects the claims by which people construct a field, patterns of consensus and differenc" ******* END TEXT: " chapters also include short synopses of representative developments, arguments, and practices. The\n"
9780472120932 - page_8: "START TEXT: \nfocus, though, remains on interdisciplinary theory and practice. Some will wonder why another book " ******* END TEXT: "the cross-hatching of new developments, and the mobility of concepts. The chapter closes by drawing\n"
9780472120932 - page_9: "START TEXT: \ninsights from other interdisciplinary fields about their identity and transversal intersections.\nCh" ******* END TEXT: "aintained in cultural space (355). Chapter 3 initiates a three-part exploration of how the category\n"
9780472120932 - page_10: "START TEXT: \nof Digital Humanities is located within the cultural space of the academy, through institutionalizi" ******* END TEXT: "urses and programs is increasing. Pedagogy is also a topic of growing interest. Yet, the pattern of\n"
9780472120932 - page_11: "START TEXT: \ndevelopment and implementation is uneven, and claims of interdisciplinarity need to be weighed agai" ******* END TEXT: "effects in the “circuit of work” and evolving “network aggregate university” of Digital Humanities.\n"
9780472120932 - page_12: "START TEXT: \nResourcing\nKeywords: contours, scatter, scale, strategies, aggregators, taxonomy versus folksonomy," ******* END TEXT: "Appearance\nLithuania Hackathon, Hack4LT: http://pro.europeana.eu/web/guest/pro-blog/-/blogs/1713396\n"
9780472120932 - page_13: "START TEXT: \nBoston bombings: http://www.northeastern.edu/news/2013/05/our-marathon-project/\nProject Bamboo: htt" ******* END TEXT: "glish, Third Edition. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010. Entry “Definition.” (searchable online resource).\n\n\n\n"
9780472120932 - page_14: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472120932 - page_15: "START TEXT: \nfirst chapter begins with a baseline vocabulary of the three most common terms—multidisciplinarity," ******* END TEXT: "er a more holistic understanding of a question, topic, theme, or problem by individuals or teams.\n \n"
9780472120932 - page_16: "START TEXT: \nAs these thumbnail definitions suggest, interdisciplinarity is more complex, for several reasons. T" ******* END TEXT: "rofessions of library science, education, and engineering. Hybrids are interstitial specializations\n"
9780472120932 - page_17: "START TEXT: \nor “interdisciplines” (Miller, 11–15, 19; Smelser, 61). Social psychology and molecular biology are" ******* END TEXT: ", traces the name to conversations with editorial and marketing staff about a title for Blackwell’s\n"
9780472120932 - page_18: "START TEXT: \nCompanion to Digital Humanities, recalling he suggested the name in order to move away from the con" ******* END TEXT: "and George Levine deem nothing less than a transformation of humanities concerned with not only the\n"
9780472120932 - page_19: "START TEXT: \ncanon and curriculum but also the organization of knowledge and all hierarchies that govern intelle" ******* END TEXT: "ociation, and an open thread on Digital Humanities as a refuge from race, class, gender, sexuality,\n"
9780472120932 - page_20: "START TEXT: \nand disability on the website of Postcolonial Digital Humanities. It is further evident in studies " ******* END TEXT: " post/structuralism, feminist theory, sustainability, and in the United States a new methodological\n"
9780472120932 - page_21: "START TEXT: \nand conceptual paradigm for health and wellness. The connotation of a new paradigm appears in Digit" ******* END TEXT: "ies while prioritizing teamwork, process, project- and performance-based learning, and a conception\n"
9780472120932 - page_22: "START TEXT: \nof arts practice coterminous with research and pedagogy. Artereality moves beyond a conventional in" ******* END TEXT: "d administrative space and the creation of scholarship and related resources (“Collaboration,” 11).\n"
9780472120932 - page_23: "START TEXT: \nCross-hatching Interdisciplinary Humanities\nNo opening framework would be complete without also con" ******* END TEXT: "overlays, juxtapositions, and new formulations. Moreover, Catherine Gallagher reported, by the late\n"
9780472120932 - page_24: "START TEXT: \n20th century, faculty cultures began leaning toward synthetic projects such as Marxism, structurali" ******* END TEXT: "gly evident in chapter 2, when tracking Digital Humanities practices in the disciplines of English,\n"
9780472120932 - page_25: "START TEXT: \nhistory, and archaeology. More generally, Katherine Hayles observes, highly charged concepts appear" ******* END TEXT: "r the latter half of the 20th century, disciplines in general have become more porous and multi- or\n"
9780472120932 - page_26: "START TEXT: \ninterdisciplinary in character (Bender and Schorske, 12). In a posting to the 2009 “Day of Digital " ******* END TEXT: " history “as a whole,” with the aim of unifying the plural and harmonizing differences (Wise, “Some\n"
9780472120932 - page_27: "START TEXT: \nElementary Axioms,” 517; Brantlinger, 27). The actual practice of teaching and scholarship, though," ******* END TEXT: "proaches heightened boundary consciousness. Collective identity in American studies, George Lipsitz\n"
9780472120932 - page_28: "START TEXT: \nsuggested, now derives from local incarnations across dispersed sites. The uneven variety of activi" ******* END TEXT: "es. Both have accumulated mechanisms of disciplining in the form of faculty positions, book series,\n"
9780472120932 - page_29: "START TEXT: \nannual meetings, and core values. Both also originated in a sense of dissatisfaction with existing " ******* END TEXT: "ture, narrative and figuration, representation, and a methodological base for strategies of reading\n"
9780472120932 - page_30: "START TEXT: \ntexts in varied cultural contexts. Her political home base is feminism. It provides an approach to " ******* END TEXT: "ers working in the margins: in black/women’s/native/queer/and Latino[a] studies. Prescott advocates\n"
9780472120932 - page_31: "START TEXT: \ncloser contact with cultural and media studies. When examining patterns in British DH centers, he f" ******* END TEXT: "f action (“Resisting Disciplines”). All of these identities are present in the discourse of Digital\n"
9780472120932 - page_32: "START TEXT: \nHumanities. As a “boundary discipline,” it is situated between professional schools and liberal art" ******* END TEXT: " of Digital Humanities.\nThis level of complexity goes beyond plurality to transversality. Plurality\n"
9780472120932 - page_33: "START TEXT: \nis an additive concept, signified in descriptions of a “heterogeneous” and “polymorphous” field. “T" ******* END TEXT: "scope and located vertically within individual domains. Transecting between a long and a short view\n"
9780472120932 - page_34: "START TEXT: \nalso moves past the dichotomy in Digital Humanities of “distant reading,” based on a statistical pi" ******* END TEXT: "ives individuals freedom to explore their interests while having a core of like-minded scholars. It\n"
9780472120932 - page_35: "START TEXT: \nalso aids in networking and learning what new technologies are being appropriated. But, expansion i" ******* END TEXT: "nities.org/dhq/vol/6/1/000112/000112.html\nDean Rehberger’s website: http://rehberger.us/archives/84\n"
9780472120932 - page_36: "START TEXT: \nAndrew Prescott’s blog: http://digitalriffs.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/making-digital-human-anxieties.h" ******* END TEXT: ",” July 26, 2011: http://melissaterras.blogspot.com/2011/07/peering-inside-big-tent-digital.html\n\n\n\n"
9780472120932 - page_37: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472120932 - page_38: "START TEXT: \nEngel found in doing keyword searching for this book, appear often in titles of publications, educa" ******* END TEXT: "f writing the history of an interdisciplinary area. Any attempt raises questions of scope, overlap,\n"
9780472120932 - page_39: "START TEXT: \nimpact on other disciplines, and the difference between straightforward chronology and digressions " ******* END TEXT: "he heritage and cultural sector, along with changes in public policy that increased availability of\n"
9780472120932 - page_40: "START TEXT: \nfunding (“Digitization,” 51). The rhetoric of “revolution,” the Companion’s editors caution, was mo" ******* END TEXT: " characterized by moving “from the few to the many.” Websites and tools facilitated massive amounts\n"
9780472120932 - page_41: "START TEXT: \nof archiving, data collection, manipulation, and searching. For the most part, though, tools were c" ******* END TEXT: "ars after the Companion was published, the inaugural issue of Digital Humanities Quarterly (DHQ):\n \n"
9780472120932 - page_42: "START TEXT: \nStatement 2\n \nDigital humanities is by its nature a hybrid domain, crossing disciplinary boundaries" ******* END TEXT: "ed domains that were emerging at that point. The journal’s commitment to breadth has been borne out\n"
9780472120932 - page_43: "START TEXT: \nin the multidisciplinary scope of articles. Topics have spanned game studies and comic books, digit" ******* END TEXT: "int. In her report on DH for 2008, Lisa Spiro calls it a mark of credibility, and, in an article on\n"
9780472120932 - page_44: "START TEXT: \n“The Rise of Digital NEH,” Andy Guess remarks what began as a “grassroots movement” was now anchore" ******* END TEXT: "h as patterns of creativity, authorship, and culture. And, access to data on a large scale enhances\n"
9780472120932 - page_45: "START TEXT: \nprospects for interdisciplinary research and teaching by facilitating more comprehensive views. Des" ******* END TEXT: "of the Speculative Computing Laboratory (SpecLab). By privileging principles of objectivity, formal\n"
9780472120932 - page_46: "START TEXT: \nlogic, and instrumental applications in Mathesis, Drucker’s formulation of “digital humanities” pri" ******* END TEXT: "a March 2009 White Paper by Todd Presner and Chris Johanson on “The Promise of Digital Humanities.”\n"
9780472120932 - page_47: "START TEXT: \n \nStatement 5\n \nDigital Humanities is not a unified field but an array of convergent practices that" ******* END TEXT: "napp and Presner do not suggest that Digital Humanities replaces or rejects traditional humanities.\n"
9780472120932 - page_48: "START TEXT: \nIt is not a new general culture akin to Renaissance humanism either, or a new universal literacy. T" ******* END TEXT: "atto’s conception of “epistemic commitments.” Differing commitments influence the identification of\n"
9780472120932 - page_49: "START TEXT: \nstudy objects, methodological procedures, representative practices, and interpretative frameworks.\n" ******* END TEXT: "mental or professional aspects. All disciplines, however, do not have the same kind of relationship\n"
9780472120932 - page_50: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472120932 - page_51: "START TEXT: \nto the field. McCarty designates history as the primary discipline (especially history of science a" ******* END TEXT: "d use of information technology does not extend typically beyond standard tools and accessible data\n"
9780472120932 - page_52: "START TEXT: \nin online environments. The difference in the first two modes illustrates how definition varies dep" ******* END TEXT: " engineers at the Lockheed Martin aeronautics corporation in the 1940s. Library-based DH skunkworks\n"
9780472120932 - page_53: "START TEXT: \nfunction as semi-independent “prototyping and makerspace labs” where librarians take on new roles a" ******* END TEXT: "rics in open forms (cited in Balsamo, 87–88). Kimberly Christen’s Mukurtu: Wampurrarni-kari website\n"
9780472120932 - page_54: "START TEXT: \non aboriginal artifacts, histories, and images provides aboriginal users with an interface that off" ******* END TEXT: "ed a subset of telecom research, digital studies, or other areas when it takes on their identities.\n"
9780472120932 - page_55: "START TEXT: \nMoreover, growing interest in research and instruction in multimedia art, design, and culture has a" ******* END TEXT: "bases. Like literary scholars, linguists have also created electronic text editions enhanced by the\n"
9780472120932 - page_56: "START TEXT: \nability to annotate interpretations and hyperlink resources. And, involved as they are in data-inte" ******* END TEXT: "nd composition. Teachers of writing and rhetoric, Jay David Bolter recalls, were among the earliest\n"
9780472120932 - page_57: "START TEXT: \nto welcome new technologies into the classroom, initially word processors and then chat rooms, MOOs" ******* END TEXT: "media as an electronic realization of poststructuralist theory. George Landow argued that hypertext\n"
9780472120932 - page_58: "START TEXT: \nhad a lot in common with contemporary literary and semiological theories, although it was aligned i" ******* END TEXT: "social science history opened up new social, economic, and political histories that drew on massive\n"
9780472120932 - page_59: "START TEXT: \namounts of data, enabling historians to tell the story “from the bottom up” rather than elite persp" ******* END TEXT: "and refining as new evidence and technologies arise. Where, then, do interpretation and salience go\n"
9780472120932 - page_60: "START TEXT: \nin online projects that are continually in motion? And, what impact do technologies have on underst" ******* END TEXT: "rding remains incomplete.\nIn a blog posting on “Defining Digital Archaeology,” Katy Meyers situates\n"
9780472120932 - page_61: "START TEXT: \n“digital archaeology” historically within the recent rise of “Digital Disciplines.” Yet, she report" ******* END TEXT: "ofessional and public spheres.\nLooking back on the trajectory of change in these disciplines, three\n"
9780472120932 - page_62: "START TEXT: \ntrend lines stand out: visualization, spatialization, and a computational turn in scholarship. Visu" ******* END TEXT: "ng the Republic of Letters is a Stanford-based project that plotted geographic data for senders and\n"
9780472120932 - page_63: "START TEXT: \nreceivers of correspondence, making it possible to see patterns of intellectual exchange in the ear" ******* END TEXT: "occurring in the computational turn. In the process, Burdick et al. also note, the canon of objects\n"
9780472120932 - page_64: "START TEXT: \nand cultural material broadens and new models of knowledge beyond print emerge (41, 125). The capac" ******* END TEXT: "nding in her blog to the charge of not being inclusive, Melissa Terras addressed the way guidelines\n"
9780472120932 - page_65: "START TEXT: \nin the Text Encoding Initiative assigned sexuality in a document by encoding 1 for male and a secon" ******* END TEXT: "; For 2012: http://dayofdh2012.artsrn.ualberta.ca/dh/; For 2013: http://dayofdh2013.matrix.msu.edu/\n"
9780472120932 - page_66: "START TEXT: \nWikipedia entry on DH: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_humanities\nRaymond Siemens’s talk on “D" ******* END TEXT: "Spatial History Project: http://www.stanford.edu/group/spatialhistory/cgi-bin/site/page.php?id=1\n\n\n\n"
9780472120932 - page_67: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472120932 - page_68: "START TEXT: \nand structures but a set of marks constructed and maintained in cultural space. They enable collect" ******* END TEXT: "nal structures by which disciplines establish and extend territorial claims. Yet, he countered, the\n"
9780472120932 - page_69: "START TEXT: \nmultitude of studies and projects do not transgress boundaries through a revolution tout court. The" ******* END TEXT: "r of pigeonholes. Yet, they found, “any university possesses a unique and dynamic multiple cultural\n"
9780472120932 - page_70: "START TEXT: \nconfiguration which renders depiction difficult and simple depictions erroneous.” Viewed from an an" ******* END TEXT: "ate inter/national infrastructure for communication and publication\n• a scholarly body of knowledge\n"
9780472120932 - page_71: "START TEXT: \n• full-time faculty lines in a local program, center, or department\n• secure location and report li" ******* END TEXT: "ulture, research environment, teaching traditions, and distribution of economic and social capital.\n"
9780472120932 - page_72: "START TEXT: \nDigital Humanities is no exception to this general pattern. Interests may be stalled for lack of re" ******* END TEXT: "ed Sites\n• autonomous universities and colleges\n• research centers and institutes\n• degree programs\n"
9780472120932 - page_73: "START TEXT: \n• certificate programs, minors and concentrations, independent studies, internships\nVisible Interfa" ******* END TEXT: " forms becomes further evident when looking at the institutional affiliations of digital humanists.\n"
9780472120932 - page_74: "START TEXT: \nAffiliating\n“The typical digital humanist,” Rafael C. Alvarado observes, “is a literary scholar, hi" ******* END TEXT: "ts in such diverse areas as modeling historical data in computer systems and statistical methods in\n"
9780472120932 - page_75: "START TEXT: \nlanguage processing and analysis, Internet research ethics and intellectual integrity, electronic l" ******* END TEXT: "ter sciences included a coupling with modern culture and new media. And, scholars in communications\n"
9780472120932 - page_76: "START TEXT: \ncited journalism, mass media, comparative media studies, and a combination of technology, communica" ******* END TEXT: " and universities at Stanford, Brown, York, Yale, Rutgers, and Ohio State University all advertised\n"
9780472120932 - page_77: "START TEXT: \nfor specialists. The DH Librarian at Rutgers, for instance, was expected to support faculty and stu" ******* END TEXT: "d tenure-track positions, but they were outnumbered by administrative and management posts (e-mail,\n"
9780472120932 - page_78: "START TEXT: \nJuly 13, 2010). Some were in institutions with established reputations in the field. The University" ******* END TEXT: " research associate in East Asian Digital Humanities in the Department of History at King’s College\n"
9780472120932 - page_79: "START TEXT: \nLondon was expected to conduct research in and publish on a specific project, China and the Histori" ******* END TEXT: "e likely to rise from the bottom up, in contrast to a top-down pattern in Europe and Asia. In North\n"
9780472120932 - page_80: "START TEXT: \nAmerica, centers have also tended to focus exclusively on humanities and sometimes interpretive soc" ******* END TEXT: " audiences, and promoting public and civic engagement. They also address interdisciplinary-specific\n"
9780472120932 - page_81: "START TEXT: \ngoals, including providing an environment where members of different disciplines can interact and c" ******* END TEXT: "roductions to tools and practices. The University of Victoria’s Digital Humanities Summer Institute\n"
9780472120932 - page_82: "START TEXT: \ncovers tools and methods, project planning and management, digitization, digital pedagogy, and data" ******* END TEXT: "rm, too, the vital link between centers and libraries. IATH and MITH are both located in libraries,\n"
9780472120932 - page_83: "START TEXT: \nand the Alabama Digital Humanities Center at the University of Alabama is a program of the universi" ******* END TEXT: "perable digital repositories.\nThe Simpson Center for the Humanities at the University of Washington\n"
9780472120932 - page_84: "START TEXT: \n(UW) exemplifies the strategy of leveraging in an endowment campaign boosted by a $625,000 NEH Chal" ******* END TEXT: "inent facilities and services were also encouraged to undertake support within their operations and\n"
9780472120932 - page_85: "START TEXT: \nbudgets. The university libraries reallocated space to make room for the center, and deans of arts " ******* END TEXT: "versity of Toronto. At Oxford, the unit was based in Computing Services. Organizational changes and\n"
9780472120932 - page_86: "START TEXT: \nbudget cuts resulted in reduction of research-oriented activities to instrumentalities of technical" ******* END TEXT: "avidson asks. Projects can prevail in ways that “taunt” and “temper” the institutions housing them,\n"
9780472120932 - page_87: "START TEXT: \ninspiring passion that continues after a project fades and leading to other activities.\nAt the broa" ******* END TEXT: "supdates/2013/04/04/the-open-philology-project-and-humboldt-chair-of-digital-humanities-at-leipzig/\n"
9780472120932 - page_88: "START TEXT: \nBarbara Rockenbach’s “Introduction,” Journal of Library Administration 53, no. 1 (2013): 1–9: link " ******* END TEXT: "manities.umass.edu/\nDigital Scholarship Lab at the University of Richmond: http://dsl.richmond.edu/\n"
9780472120932 - page_89: "START TEXT: \nHyperstudio/Digital Humanities at MIT: http://hyperstudio.mit.edu/\nmetaLAB at Harvard University: h" ******* END TEXT: "/cathy-davidson/chci-centernet-future-digital-humanities, http://digitalhumanities.org/centernet\n\n\n\n"
9780472120932 - page_90: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472120932 - page_91: "START TEXT: \nacademic domains have been annual meetings, publications, educational credentials, qualifications f" ******* END TEXT: "eb 1.0 to Web 2.0 provides a way of thinking about this concept. Emphasis shifted with Web 2.0 from\n"
9780472120932 - page_92: "START TEXT: \nthe computer as platform to the network as platform (“University 2.0,” 227). Networking has played " ******* END TEXT: " Computers and the History of Art (CHArt). This group was initially composed of academics, but they\n"
9780472120932 - page_93: "START TEXT: \nwere soon joined by individuals in museums and art galleries as well as managers of visual and text" ******* END TEXT: "tant in small fields. Classics, Crane adds, does not warrant a “classical informatics” on the level\n"
9780472120932 - page_94: "START TEXT: \nof bioinformatics. Yet, small fields need to meet their infrastructure needs. Describing the EVIA D" ******* END TEXT: "onal partners is also crucial for successful partnerships among DH centers and iSchools, along with\n"
9780472120932 - page_95: "START TEXT: \nbuilding and maintaining new digital archives and bolstering technology infrastructure.\nThe need fo" ******* END TEXT: " With support from the Mellon Foundation, the community expanded to an international partnership of\n"
9780472120932 - page_96: "START TEXT: \nten universities that pledged in-kind institutional resources. One of the challenges they faced was" ******* END TEXT: "ools, technologies, and methodologies needed for Digital Humanities, however, remains inadequate. A\n"
9780472120932 - page_97: "START TEXT: \n2011 science policy briefing from European Science Foundation, Research Infrastructures in the Huma" ******* END TEXT: "entional peer-review system.\nThe earliest genres of publication in Digital Humanities were familiar\n"
9780472120932 - page_98: "START TEXT: \nscholarly forms of text editions, indexes, concordances, catalogs, and dictionaries (Hockey, “Histo" ******* END TEXT: "for experiments with multimodal scholarship by pushing beyond the limited disciplinary relationship\n"
9780472120932 - page_99: "START TEXT: \nof “text with picture.” Thematic focus makes it possible to “zoom out to several large questions th" ******* END TEXT: "tial to create a new kind of environment for research as “a linked ecology of scholarly expression,\n"
9780472120932 - page_100: "START TEXT: \ndata, and tools of analysis.” Korey Jackson, Anvil’s program coordinator and analyst, says it is to" ******* END TEXT: "he Tibetan and Himalayan Digital Library (THDL) is a hybrid digital library and thematic collection\n"
9780472120932 - page_101: "START TEXT: \nthat takes advantage of internal collocation to create varied structures and perspectives. The Envi" ******* END TEXT: "ting. Web 2.0 elements, authors of the European Science Foundation’s report on Changing Publication\n"
9780472120932 - page_102: "START TEXT: \nCultures in the Humanities also note, make multidisciplinary viewpoints more possible. A sociologis" ******* END TEXT: " aural media (“Introduction”). Implications follow for one of the mainstays of publication—editing.\n"
9780472120932 - page_103: "START TEXT: \nIn a fourfold periodization, Johanna Drucker tracked shifts over time. Web 1.0 was characterized by" ******* END TEXT: "holarly communication. In proposing a set of shared set of values for Digital Humanities, Josh Honn\n"
9780472120932 - page_104: "START TEXT: \nand Geoff Morse combined being Open & Accessible, citing public forms ranging from pre- and post-pu" ******* END TEXT: "ation” in cultural heritage institutions also crosses the boundary of academe and the public. UCL’s\n"
9780472120932 - page_105: "START TEXT: \nQRator Project facilitates co-creation of museum content using mobile devices, social-media softwar" ******* END TEXT: "). http://www.ucalgary.ca/hic/issues/vol3/6\nDigital Humanities Observatory, Ireland: http://dho.ie/\n"
9780472120932 - page_106: "START TEXT: \nFaulkner and Digital Humanities: hastac.org/opportunities/cfp-faulkner-and-digital-humanities\nAmeri" ******* END TEXT: "ication Cultures in the Humanities: downloadable at http://www.esf.org/publications/humanities.html\n"
9780472120932 - page_107: "START TEXT: \nTodd Presner, “Digital Humanities 2.0: A Report on Knowledge”: http://cnx.org/content/m34246/1.1/\nH" ******* END TEXT: "the-printing-press-of-the-digital-environment-a-conversation-with-stanfords-highwire-press/39520\n\n\n\n"
9780472120932 - page_108: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472120932 - page_109: "START TEXT: \nAnd, in a survey of article titles in Digital Humanities Quarterly and abstracts of NEH Digital Hum" ******* END TEXT: "Computing programs, Melissa Terras reported, have been offered at the master’s level. The new MA in\n"
9780472120932 - page_110: "START TEXT: \nDigital Humanities at Carleton College, for instance, is an outgrowth of experience in the Hypertex" ******* END TEXT: " classics, linguistics, and languages, though other reports document increased attention to digital\n"
9780472120932 - page_111: "START TEXT: \ntechnologies in related classrooms. Spiro’s SEASR ngram captures the keyword landscape of syllabi.\n" ******* END TEXT: "al-professional mandate. Housed within UCL’s Department of Information Studies, the MA/MSc prepares\n"
9780472120932 - page_112: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472120932 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nstudents for work as project managers, information specialists, or researchers in the cultural and " ******* END TEXT: "dia, along with hands-on work with tools. In contrast, Alexander Huang’s English seminar on Digital\n"
9780472120932 - page_114: "START TEXT: \nHumanities featured themes such as race, gender, access, disability, and diversity, as well as visu" ******* END TEXT: "ion with local expertise in textual studies. The targeted areas are archiving, digitizing, editing,\n"
9780472120932 - page_115: "START TEXT: \nand analyzing, as well as interface and web design, and presentation skills. The course, though, al" ******* END TEXT: "ds in designated technical areas, humanities students are only expected to “have an open mind and a\n"
9780472120932 - page_116: "START TEXT: \npassion to learn about new techniques.” The MA in Humanities Computing at the University of Alberta" ******* END TEXT: "ourse studies, film studies, French and Francophone studies, music and culture, public history, and\n"
9780472120932 - page_117: "START TEXT: \nCanadian studies). Regardless of background, they undertake a piece of original research, while eng" ******* END TEXT: "m underscore Mahony and Pierazzo’s caveat: “Skills training is not research training” (224). A more\n"
9780472120932 - page_118: "START TEXT: \ncomprehensive orchestration of the relationship of technology, content, and critical thinking is ne" ******* END TEXT: "hroughout the program as a prompt for critical thinking about “combining” divergent perspectives of\n"
9780472120932 - page_119: "START TEXT: \ncomputing and humanities. Reflection on both the capacities and limits of tools also bridges formal" ******* END TEXT: "y British literature, her students explore gaming as a way of discussing the technological upheaval\n"
9780472120932 - page_120: "START TEXT: \nof the printing press in the early 1900s. They use tools not only to assess the 19th century but al" ******* END TEXT: " of engagement in the discipline of history provides an overview of the changes that are occurring.\n"
9780472120932 - page_121: "START TEXT: \nStage 1.0 consisted of communication and course-management tools, such as e-mail, online syllabi, W" ******* END TEXT: "d seamless communication.\n(8) Lifelong learning acknowledges the speed of change in a digital world\n"
9780472120932 - page_122: "START TEXT: \nthat requires individuals to keep learning anew, face novel conditions, and adapt at a record pace." ******* END TEXT: "rse at Princeton University led by two professors from music composition and computer science. They\n"
9780472120932 - page_123: "START TEXT: \nworked with students to co-develop networked portable musical laptops so musicians could co-compose" ******* END TEXT: "(10 percent). Mark L. Sample also integrates public writing into his classes in lieu of traditional\n"
9780472120932 - page_124: "START TEXT: \nessays (404–5). Trevor Owens treats blogging as a genre of public writing with greater visibility t" ******* END TEXT: "een identified produce a set of outcomes in DH teaching and learning as interdisciplinary practice:\n"
9780472120932 - page_125: "START TEXT: \n \n• technical competence: to use pertinent tools and programming languages, to write code as needed" ******* END TEXT: "fe as a scene of constant shifts among networked contexts and performing creative synthesis in data\n"
9780472120932 - page_126: "START TEXT: \nmining, remixing, and modding. Moreover, they were learning outside of school, and as “just-in-time" ******* END TEXT: "Jill Vickers cautions, new tools for navigating and collaborating reinforce the need for guidelines\n"
9780472120932 - page_127: "START TEXT: \nto determine what constitutes reliable knowledge in interdisciplinary work. Ease of access does not" ******* END TEXT: "; Design Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Madison; Virginia Commonwealth University’s PhD program\n"
9780472120932 - page_128: "START TEXT: \nin media, art, and text; the Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities at the University " ******* END TEXT: "“digital liberal arts.”\nThe absence of a tradition of Digital Humanities requires other strategies.\n"
9780472120932 - page_129: "START TEXT: \nWhen Lazslo Hunyadi and his colleagues tried to establish DH at the University of Debrecen in Hunga" ******* END TEXT: "on at St. Norbert College, he submitted a course proposal for “Introduction to Digital Humanities.”\n"
9780472120932 - page_130: "START TEXT: \nHowever, the curriculum committee rejected it, deeming the proposed course “a methodological mishma" ******* END TEXT: "cross-cultural dynamics, the political economy of global culture, and new media styles and genres),\n"
9780472120932 - page_131: "START TEXT: \nacross historical periods, and three other comparative frames fundamental to this book. Comparison " ******* END TEXT: "are underutilized in DH curricula. Reframing interdisciplinary research as a way of acting, McCarty\n"
9780472120932 - page_132: "START TEXT: \nargues, is more helpful than the abstract noun “interdisciplinarity.” It shifts attention to findin" ******* END TEXT: "ofessionals adequately for current jobs, including skills of project management, collaboration, and\n"
9780472120932 - page_133: "START TEXT: \nfunctioning in related work cultures. Local programs have unique features, but they share a common " ******* END TEXT: "London’s Department of Digital Humanities: http://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/ddh/study/index.aspx\n"
9780472120932 - page_134: "START TEXT: \nSwarthmore College and Asheshi University’s collaboration: http://www.swarthmorephoenix.com/2012/02" ******* END TEXT: "https://news.virginia.edu/content/uva-digital-humanities-training-program-establishes-new-network\n\n\n"
9780472120932 - page_135: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780472120932 - page_136: "START TEXT: \nThis book has explored a wide range of topics, signaled by keyword clusters at the head of each cha" ******* END TEXT: "m comparative understanding of insights in the wider literature on interdisciplinary collaboration.\n"
9780472120932 - page_137: "START TEXT: \nJanet Nelson identified three kinds of collaboration in Digital Humanities:\n \n• “intradisciplinary”" ******* END TEXT: " ownership of collaborative work to continue even when individuals change institutions or projects.\n"
9780472120932 - page_138: "START TEXT: \nEven advance measures, though, do not guarantee success (“Being the Other”).\nBecause of the many ch" ******* END TEXT: "roaches, academic rank, gender, race, and cultural background (Klein, Interdisciplinarity, 127–28).\n"
9780472120932 - page_139: "START TEXT: \nInterdisciplinary Work Practices\nProjects comprise a primary focus for thinking about interdiscipli" ******* END TEXT: "eterogeneity is associated with two kinds of Fractionated Trading Zones. The first, Boundary Object\n"
9780472120932 - page_140: "START TEXT: \nTrading Zones, is mediated by material culture, usually without linguistic exchange. The classic ex" ******* END TEXT: "ening awareness of associative thought processes. And, the narrow meaning of “text” was replaced by\n"
9780472120932 - page_141: "START TEXT: \na broader notion of “work” in a field of shifting elements that constitute it. Iteration, manipulat" ******* END TEXT: "time as individuals and groups gain communicative and collaborative capacity. Micro-social networks\n"
9780472120932 - page_142: "START TEXT: \nalso realign, with growing “deliberative competency” and cognitive gains such as the ability to pro" ******* END TEXT: "erstanding that one has something important to contribute to the collaborative process. Individuals\n"
9780472120932 - page_143: "START TEXT: \nmust be accountable by being reliable and thorough while eschewing shortcuts and intellectual lazin" ******* END TEXT: "e project level. Julia Flanders cites the example of encoding standards: “they presume the need and\n"
9780472120932 - page_144: "START TEXT: \nthe desire to co-ordinate shared work, to generalize individual insights to a community, and to sup" ******* END TEXT: " Core references for interdisciplinarity include a report of the Council of Environmental Deans and\n"
9780472120932 - page_145: "START TEXT: \nDirectors (CEDD) on Interdisciplinary Hiring and Career Development, a special issue of Research Ev" ******* END TEXT: "integrative frameworks\n• new expertise and the ability to work in more than one discipline or field\n"
9780472120932 - page_146: "START TEXT: \n• increased collaborative capacity in projects and programs\n• changing career trajectories in new a" ******* END TEXT: "08. The first parallel is “Educate Your Audience.” Scholars with digital projects often need to not\n"
9780472120932 - page_147: "START TEXT: \nonly explain their work but also justify the field. Peter Lange, provost of Duke University, offers" ******* END TEXT: " be defined broadly (128–29).\nMark Sample and Kathleen Harris provide helpful models for presenting\n"
9780472120932 - page_148: "START TEXT: \na candidacy in the fall 2012 special issue on evaluation in the online Journal of Digital Humanitie" ******* END TEXT: "ve nature of DH work often complicates definition of individual responsibilities and contributions.\n"
9780472120932 - page_149: "START TEXT: \nPreparing a tenure and promotion case becomes an act of boundary work. In addition to Rockwell’s su" ******* END TEXT: "y” inclusion. The risk in evaluating any interdisciplinary candidate is that parts will be reviewed\n"
9780472120932 - page_150: "START TEXT: \npiecemeal rather than evaluated by someone with interdisciplinary expertise or integration of the p" ******* END TEXT: "ity of digital components and implications for multiple audiences. In addition to having committees\n"
9780472120932 - page_151: "START TEXT: \nreview work in the medium in which it was produced, CDRH recommends delineating responsibilities of" ******* END TEXT: "use (99). Joshua Sternfeld imagines a future when digital history has become so integrated into the\n"
9780472120932 - page_152: "START TEXT: \ntraditional curriculum the qualifier “digital” disappears (278). And, Terras predicts the “ecologic" ******* END TEXT: "h university structures. In contrast to the DH community that formed around institutions, labs, and\n"
9780472120932 - page_153: "START TEXT: \nthe economy of grants and funding, her model is “lower-case and personified,” fostering micro-revol" ******* END TEXT: ", and the questions being addressed cannot be confined or reduced to one genre, medium, discipline,\n"
9780472120932 - page_154: "START TEXT: \nor institution. Moreover, a global, transhistorical, and transmedia approach to knowledge and meani" ******* END TEXT: " flagship communities that represent Digital Humanities at large. But, it is occurring just as much\n"
9780472120932 - page_155: "START TEXT: \nin the boundary work of claiming “the digital” and “new media” in local institutions, disciplinary " ******* END TEXT: "thetracks/recommendations/\nOffice of Digital Humanities, National Endowment for Humanities, Summary\n"
9780472120932 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nFindings of NEH Digital Humanities Start-Up Grants (2007–2010). http://www.neh.gov/files/summary.re" ******* END TEXT: "nline (2014). http://www.nanocrit.com/issues/5/introduction-digital-humanities-public-humanities\n\n\n\n"
9780472120932 - page_157: "START TEXT: \nResourcing\nAndy Engel\nTo ask for a map is to say, “Tell me a story.”\n—Peter Turchi, Maps of the Ima" ******* END TEXT: " and fine-grained details.\nHigh degrees of scatter in interdisciplinary fields complicate the speed\n"
9780472120932 - page_158: "START TEXT: \nof research. For instance, running a search for digital humanities in Google generates 1.3 million " ******* END TEXT: " differences in how aggregators are organized, managed, and maintained. At one end of the spectrum,\n"
9780472120932 - page_159: "START TEXT: \nsites such as the Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations (ADHO) take hierarchical approaches " ******* END TEXT: " everything. Site specificity is continually being reinforced, expanded, or challenged by virtue of\n"
9780472120932 - page_160: "START TEXT: \nthe types of sources that are included and excluded. With the exception of the largest sites such a" ******* END TEXT: "vities, Conferences, News, and Publications. Unique feature: hosts DH Answers Q&A discussion board.\n"
9780472120932 - page_161: "START TEXT: \nBamboo DiRT (Digital Research Tools) (http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/). A site for finding a wide ra" ******* END TEXT: "ntertainment. Unique feature: resource headings change depending on available stories when updated.\n"
9780472120932 - page_162: "START TEXT: \nDigital Humanities Now (http://digitalhumanitiesnow.org/). A collection of informally published DH " ******* END TEXT: "omprehensive study of DH Centers published in 2008. Includes: survey results for thirty-two centers\n"
9780472120932 - page_163: "START TEXT: \nand a detailed explanation of selection criteria highlighting distinctions between centers and othe" ******* END TEXT: "or the various limits site owners set for their resource catalogs because of their unique purposes.\n"
9780472120932 - page_164: "START TEXT: \nKeeping up to Date (Library Guides)\nLibrary Guides have many qualities approximating aggregator sit" ******* END TEXT: "ical Resources, and DH Conferences/Workshops as well as Definitions and Introductions to the Field.\n"
9780472120932 - page_165: "START TEXT: \nDigital Humanities LibGuide (Catholic University of America) (http://guides.lib.cua.edu/digitalhuma" ******* END TEXT: "rn Michigan University) (http://libguides.wmich.edu/digitalhumanities). A guide that emphasizes the\n"
9780472120932 - page_166: "START TEXT: \nemergence of the field and provides tools for users. Includes: Defining the Digital Humanities, How" ******* END TEXT: "eedom Issues, New Media Working for Social Change, Gaming Technology, and News and Popular Culture.\n"
9780472120932 - page_167: "START TEXT: \n2cultures.net: humanities + computing (Craig Bellamy) (http://www.2cultures.net). A site that syndi" ******* END TEXT: "s, with emphasis on European contexts. Includes: Events, EuroMACHS Network, Podcasts, and Projects.\n"
9780472120932 - page_168: "START TEXT: \nHyperstudio (Digital Humanities at MIT) (http://hyperstudio.mit.edu/blog). A blog maintained by the" ******* END TEXT: "s, Networked Infrastructure for Nineteenth-Century Electronic Scholarship (NINES) is also exemplary\n"
9780472120932 - page_169: "START TEXT: \nin serving the needs of its users by providing a peer-reviewing body and online space for groups an" ******* END TEXT: "aily basis. Many of these tools fall into a category called “distant reading,” which Franco Moretti\n"
9780472120932 - page_170: "START TEXT: \ndescribes as “a condition of knowledge: it allows you to focus on units that are much smaller or mu" ******* END TEXT: "nd information should be considered one-stops. The sites annotated in this chapter, though, provide\n"
9780472120932 - page_171: "START TEXT: \nsound starting points for navigating the scatter and developing customized pathways for keeping up " ******* END TEXT: "s of the Imagination: The Writer as Cartographer (San Antonio, TX: Trinity University Press, 2004).\n"
9780472120932 - page_172: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780472120932 - page_173: "START TEXT: \nPrint References for Chapters 1–6\nNOTE: Print and online sources are equally important in this book" ******* END TEXT: "samo, Anne. Designing Culture: The Technological Imagination at Work. Durham: Duke UP, 2011. Print.\n"
9780472120932 - page_174: "START TEXT: \nBalsamo, Anne, and Carl Mitcham. “Interdisciplinarity in Ethics and the Ethics of Interdisciplinari" ******* END TEXT: "Unpublished ms.\nBoix-Mansilla, Veronica, Michele Lamont, and K. Sato. “Successful Interdisciplinary\n"
9780472120932 - page_175: "START TEXT: \nCollaborations: Toward a Socio-Emotional-Cognitive Platform for Interdisciplinary Collaborations.” " ******* END TEXT: ". OECD/CERI, Swedish National Board of Universities and Colleges, Linköping U. 1985. 189–96. Print.\n"
9780472120932 - page_176: "START TEXT: \nClement, Tanya. “Multiliteracies in the Undergraduate Digital Humanities Curriculum.” Digital Human" ******* END TEXT: ": The University in the Eyes of its Pupils.” Diacritics, Fall (1983): response section 3–20. Print.\n"
9780472120932 - page_177: "START TEXT: \nDhareshwar, Vivek. “The Predicament of Theory.” Theory Between the Disciplines: Authority, Vision, " ******* END TEXT: ". 15–22. Print.\nFisher, D. Fundamental Development of the Social Sciences: Rockefeller Philanthropy\n"
9780472120932 - page_178: "START TEXT: \nand the United States Social Science Research Council. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1993. Print.\nFit" ******* END TEXT: "rs, 2012. 151–76. Print.\nGold, Matthew K., and Jim Groom. “Looking for Whitman: A Grand, Aggravated\n"
9780472120932 - page_179: "START TEXT: \nExperiment.” Debates in the Digital Humanities. Ed. Matthew Gold. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 20" ******* END TEXT: "ibman, Raymond Siemens, and John Unsworth. Malden, MA and Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2004. 3–19. Print.\n"
9780472120932 - page_180: "START TEXT: \nHockey, Susan. “Workshop on Teaching Computers and the Humanities Courses.” Literary and Linguistic" ******* END TEXT: "rch: A Literature Review.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35.2S (2008): S116–S123. Print.\n"
9780472120932 - page_181: "START TEXT: \nKlein, Julie Thompson. Humanities, Culture and Interdisciplinarity: The Changing American Academy. " ******* END TEXT: "es in the Digital Humanities. Ed. Matthew Gold. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2012. 161–86. Print.\n"
9780472120932 - page_182: "START TEXT: \nLyotard, Jean-Francois. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Trans. G. Bennington and B" ******* END TEXT: "ulture Studies: The Discipline and the Curriculum.” American Quarterly, 25.4 (1973): 363–89. Print.\n"
9780472120932 - page_183: "START TEXT: \nMenand, Louis. The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University. New York" ******* END TEXT: "3. Print.\nOstriker, J. P., P. W. Holland, C. Kuh, and J. A. Voytuk, eds. A Guide to the Methodology\n"
9780472120932 - page_184: "START TEXT: \nof the National Research Council Assessment of Doctorate Programs. Washington, D.C.: National Acade" ******* END TEXT: "1–88. Print.\nRockwell, Geoffrey. “Crowdsourcing the Humanities: Social Research and Collaboration.”\n"
9780472120932 - page_185: "START TEXT: \nCollaborative Research in the Digital Humanities. Ed. Marilyn Deegan and Willard McCarty. Farnham, " ******* END TEXT: "in Digital Humanities Environments.” Literary and Linguistic Computing, 24.2 (2009): 225–33. Print.\n"
9780472120932 - page_186: "START TEXT: \nSiemens, Raymond G. “Underpinnings of the Social Edition.” Online Humanities Scholarship: The Shape" ******* END TEXT: "56–68. Print.\nToombs, W., and W. Tierney. Meeting the Mandate: Reviewing the College and Department\n"
9780472120932 - page_187: "START TEXT: \nCurriculum. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 6. Washington, D.C.: School of Educational and Hu" ******* END TEXT: "216. Print.\nWarwick, Claire, Melissa Terras, and Julianne Nyhan. “Introduction.” Digital Humanities\n"
9780472120932 - page_188: "START TEXT: \nin Practice. Ed. Claire Warwick, Melissa Terras, and Julianne Nyhan. London: Facet in Association w" ******* END TEXT: "d Information Resources, 2008. Print and Web. http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub143/pub143.pdf\n\n\n\n"
9780472120932 - page_189: "START TEXT: \nIndex\n#alt-academic movement, 78\n#alt-act, 78\n#transformDH, 19\nACH. See Association for Computers a" ******* END TEXT: " for Computers and the Humanities (ACH), 95, 96, 160\nAssociation for Interdisciplinary Studies, 147\n"
9780472120932 - page_190: "START TEXT: \nAssociation for Literary and Linguistic Computing (ALLC), 74, 95, 96\nAssociation of College and Res" ******* END TEXT: "nd Research, 128\nCenter for Digital Research in the Humanities (CDRH), 75, 84, 145, 151; “Promotion\n"
9780472120932 - page_191: "START TEXT: \n& Tenure Criteria for Assessing Digital Research in the Humanities,” 150\nCenter for Digital Scholar" ******* END TEXT: " (Lithuania), 2\ncultural analytics, 63\nCulture, Creativity, and Design Project, 79\nculturnomics, 63\n"
9780472120932 - page_192: "START TEXT: \nCunningham, Richard, 52, 129\ncurriculum, 109–20; balance of humanities content and technological sk" ******* END TEXT: "te\nDrucker, Johanna, 45, 46, 62, 63, 103, 140, 141, 144; speculative computing, 46\nDuguid, Paul, 70\n"
9780472120932 - page_193: "START TEXT: \nDuke University, 147\nDynamic Backend Generator, 99\nEarhart, Amy, 54, 64\nEarly Novels Database, 128\n" ******* END TEXT: "48, 62, 102; “The Knowledge Graph,” 170; Maps, 41, 48, 102; “Toward an Open Digital Humanities,” 19\n"
9780472120932 - page_194: "START TEXT: \nGorman, Michael E., 139\nGottlieb, James, 118\nGreat Lakes Research Alliance for the Study of Aborigi" ******* END TEXT: "Interdisciplinarity; Theoretical Interdisciplinarity\ninterdisciplinary, 1–6, 8, 9, 11, 47, 51, 110;\n"
9780472120932 - page_195: "START TEXT: \ncommunity, 93; Culture, Creativity, and Design Project, 79; earliest documented use of word, 16; fi" ******* END TEXT: "anities, 82; “Introduction to Digital Humanities Research,” 114; MA in Digital Humanities, 116, 123\n"
9780472120932 - page_196: "START TEXT: \nLyotard, Jean-François, La Condition Postmoderne, 19\nMacalester College, 115\nMacArthur Foundation, " ******* END TEXT: ", 41, 51, 126\nNational Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), 3, 21, 83, 130; Big Data Challenge, 137;\n"
9780472120932 - page_197: "START TEXT: \nChallenge Grant, 84; Office of Digital Humanities (ODH), 31, 43, 44; Start-Up Grants, 44, 54, 108, " ******* END TEXT: "Primer encuentro de Humanistas Digitales, 3\nPrinceton University, 92, 122\nProfession, 145, 146, 149\n"
9780472120932 - page_198: "START TEXT: \nprofessionalization, 90–107; communities of practice, 91–97; “Tweet, Loc.Cit,” 97–105. See also pla" ******* END TEXT: "3\nSosnoski, James, 27\nSpatial History Project, 63\nSpatial Humanities, 62\nSpecLab, 45, 140, 141, 144\n"
9780472120932 - page_199: "START TEXT: \nSpeculative Computing Laboratory. See SpecLab\nSpensley, D. C., 21, 154\nSpiro, Lisa, 43–44, 110, 112" ******* END TEXT: "labama, 113; Alabama Digital Humanities Center, 83\nUniversity of Alberta, Humanities Computing, 116\n"
9780472120932 - page_200: "START TEXT: \nUniversity of Antwerp, Humanities Computing, 110\nUniversity of California, Berkeley, Museum of Vert" ******* END TEXT: "versity of Western Sydney, 77\nUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison: Design Lab, 127; Digital Studies, 77\n"
9780472120932 - page_201: "START TEXT: \nUniversity Press Consortium, 105\nUNIX, 64\nUnsworth, John, 2, 3, 17–18, 91, 113, 118, 136\nU.S. Depar" ******* END TEXT: "uTube, 41, 51, 101, 102\nZorich, Diane, 4, 80, 81, 85\nZotero, Digital Humanities Education, 109, 110\n"
9780472120932 - page_202: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"