9780814706404 - page_ix: "START TEXT: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\nI presented portions of this book at various workshops, colloquia, and faculty semin" ******* END TEXT: "serman, and Welsh White read large portions of the manuscript, making many very thoughtful remarks. "
9780814706404 - page_x: "START TEXT: The discussions of battered women benefited greatly from suggestions by Veronica Hobbs of Advocates " ******* END TEXT: "nd Prejudice: Helping Legal Decisionmakers Break the Prejudice Habit [83 Cal. L. Rev. 733 (1995)].\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_19: "START TEXT: Chapter One\nTHE “REASONABLE RACIST”: A SLIPPERY OXYMORON\nThe “Reasonable Racist” asserts that, even " ******* END TEXT: "sition, though ultimately specious, can muster more factual and legal support than one might think. "
9780814706404 - page_20: "START TEXT: With regard to his claim that average Americans share his fear of Black violence, the Reasonable Rac" ******* END TEXT: "this contention throughout this book.\nThe most apt description of the motivations that drive racial "
9780814706404 - page_21: "START TEXT: fears is “scrambled eggs.” That is, racial fears rest on mixed motives, with the yolks of the ration" ******* END TEXT: "al standard to which all other legal requirements are related and by which all others are measured.\n"
9780814706404 - page_22: "START TEXT: The Reasonable Racist’s case hinges, therefore, on whether he can establish that typical beliefs are" ******* END TEXT: "nsidered reasonable for two very different reasons. First, they are presumed to be accurate.10 Most "
9780814706404 - page_23: "START TEXT: of our claims to knowledge about the world rest on typical beliefs; we assume that the propositions " ******* END TEXT: "er while shouting at the man not to release the arrow. Perceiving spell-inducing gesticulations and "
9780814706404 - page_24: "START TEXT: unintelligible incantations, the storekeeper shoots and kills the old woman, who dies clutching a go" ******* END TEXT: "genuflection to scientific orthodoxy has abated somewhat following the Supreme Court’s 1993 Daubert "
9780814706404 - page_25: "START TEXT: decision, in which the Court rejected the “general acceptance” test for scientific evidence in feder" ******* END TEXT: "ion of reasonableness, which figures centrally in such areas as torts, contracts, criminal law, and "
9780814706404 - page_26: "START TEXT: criminal procedure. The legal definition of reasonableness is uniquely insidious in that it takes th" ******* END TEXT: "ss, disparages the woman’s beliefs and wrenches all recognizable meaning from the term “objective.”\n"
9780814706404 - page_27: "START TEXT: In the end, typical beliefs—in courts and in everyday life—still carry with them a presumption of ac" ******* END TEXT: "e like the Reasonable Racist since his typical beliefs are by definition not morally blameworthy.14\n"
9780814706404 - page_28: "START TEXT: Speaking to a jury of other seventeenth-century men, the storekeeper who shot the supposed witch wou" ******* END TEXT: "aises of his alma mater’s founder and benefactor, Thomas Jefferson. “You know, Jefferson maintained "
9780814706404 - page_29: "START TEXT: that Blacks were a naturally inferior race and remained a slave owner until the day he died,” I obse" ******* END TEXT: "vited to partake of The Big Kahuna, however, he declines. Travolta’s refusal to renounce relativism "
9780814706404 - page_30: "START TEXT: leads to his demise (the price of relativism is death). Jackson, thanks to his espousal of absolutis" ******* END TEXT: "avery values to take root fully in our cultural belief system.18 Democratic struggle over moral and "
9780814706404 - page_31: "START TEXT: legal definitions, on the one hand, and exposure of contradiction and hypocrisy, on the other—these " ******* END TEXT: "for example, contribute to its social morality, even when that nation, seized by popular prejudices "
9780814706404 - page_32: "START TEXT: and opinions about morally acceptable behavior, breaks those promises for a period of time, as it di" ******* END TEXT: "that apply the reasonable-man standard should merely accommodate prevailing attitudes and practices "
9780814706404 - page_33: "START TEXT: or instead actively channel them in directions that serve higher social interests is a long-standing" ******* END TEXT: " upon the courts, as trustees of these higher standards, to hold the community accountable to them.\n"
9780814706404 - page_34: "START TEXT: Avoidance of invidious racial discrimination has achieved the hard-won status of a core value in thi" ******* END TEXT: "xymorons—stand as cautionary reminders of the danger of smug complacency in the face of what “is.”\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_35: "START TEXT: Chapter Two\nTHE “INTELLIGENT BAYESIAN”: RECKONING WITH RATIONAL DISCRIMINATION\n\nThere is nothing mor" ******* END TEXT: "t “it is not racism to recognize a potential threat posed by someone with certain characteristics.”\n"
9780814706404 - page_36: "START TEXT: Cohen’s advocacy of discrimination against young Black men raises a second argument advanced to just" ******* END TEXT: "one after dark is morally justified in fearing a young Black male ahead of him on a jogging track:\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_37: "START TEXT: It is widely agreed that young Black males are significantly more likely to commit crimes against pe" ******* END TEXT: "the criminal justice system is attributable to the “War on Drugs” and stepped-up crackdowns on drug "
9780814706404 - page_38: "START TEXT: crimes.6 In fact, the majority of arrestees for violent offenses are White.7\nAssuming the woman who " ******* END TEXT: "s respectively, make the red marbles the members of each group arrested for violent crimes, and the "
9780814706404 - page_39: "START TEXT: problem with reading too much into the relative rates of robbery by race becomes evident. Blacks arr" ******* END TEXT: "and irrational sources of racial fears. For countless Americans, fears of Black violence stem from, "
9780814706404 - page_40: "START TEXT: among other things, the complex interaction of cultural stereotypes, racial antagonisms, and unremit" ******* END TEXT: "s entrenched in our memory, it takes on a life of its own. Case studies have demonstrated that once "
9780814706404 - page_41: "START TEXT: an individual internalizes a cultural stereotype, she unconsciously interprets experiences to be con" ******* END TEXT: " are primed to construe ambiguous behavior as evincing violence, not on a retail but on a wholesale "
9780814706404 - page_42: "START TEXT: level. Thus, even if race marginally increases the probability that an “ambiguous” person is an assa" ******* END TEXT: " Blacks and Hispanics are incarcerated each year for crimes under circumstances that do not lead to "
9780814706404 - page_43: "START TEXT: incarceration for Whites. Further exaggerating differences between Black and White crime rates is di" ******* END TEXT: "me to expect government to reduce … urban mayhem.”18 From this standpoint, self-help and government "
9780814706404 - page_44: "START TEXT: investment are mutually exclusive. Anyone advocating antibias programs or federal aid to cities is p" ******* END TEXT: ", “ascertaining an individual’s schooling and income may require a personal interview and reference "
9780814706404 - page_45: "START TEXT: checks. The costs of obtaining such particularized information may be prohibitive in many situations" ******* END TEXT: "statistics. Given these assumptions, what objections to the argument of the Bayesian remain? Surely "
9780814706404 - page_46: "START TEXT: admitting statistics, carrying logic and objectivity on the rising and plunging curves of their grap" ******* END TEXT: "fatal flaw in the Bayesian’s argument lies in his failure to take account of the costs of acting on "
9780814706404 - page_47: "START TEXT: his racial generalizations. Instead, he assumes that the rationality of his factual judgments is all" ******* END TEXT: "gnificant evidence to support his factual judgment that the woman was a prostitute—she was a woman, "
9780814706404 - page_48: "START TEXT: Black, unescorted, and in Times Square at 11 o’clock at night. Even if we assume that his belief was" ******* END TEXT: "convenience. In such a case I would confidently claim to know the dog is chained and dive into bed.\n"
9780814706404 - page_49: "START TEXT: In contrast, if my sister’s one-year-old infant wanted to play in an area of our backyard beyond the" ******* END TEXT: " concluded that she is a prostitute, something purely subjective occurred in his thought processes. "
9780814706404 - page_50: "START TEXT: What the Bayesian overlooks, however, is that his hastier conclusion that he is under attack leads h" ******* END TEXT: "ainst Blacks can be safely disregarded in view of the interests that wrong predictions will injure.\n"
9780814706404 - page_51: "START TEXT: To determine whether the risks of error in race-based predictions about Blacks can be safely—that is" ******* END TEXT: "wing out of drug transactions, etc.), and assume this number represents the risk that the Black man "
9780814706404 - page_52: "START TEXT: entering the bank lobby in our hypothetical scenario was about to attack the woman at the ATM. Furth" ******* END TEXT: " up to her and asked what her services were going for. Ever since, she has strictly avoided meeting "
9780814706404 - page_53: "START TEXT: people at the entrance of hotels or in hotel lobbies, even though many law school conferences take p" ******* END TEXT: "f being raped by a random Black man (nothing in the description of the situation suggested that the "
9780814706404 - page_54: "START TEXT: young man was acting in a threatening or erratic way) against the certainty of being “snubbed.” Sher" ******* END TEXT: "pit in my face than run the extremely remote risk that a random anonymous Black man might rape me.”\n"
9780814706404 - page_55: "START TEXT: Once we consider the risks of error and the grave social consequences of error generated by statisti" ******* END TEXT: "entage of accidents, because we think it is important that they enjoy access to adult activities as "
9780814706404 - page_56: "START TEXT: part of their maturation process. Similarly, we license individuals with disabilities and prosthetic" ******* END TEXT: "nce from this broader perspective, incremental race-based risks are not meaningfully different from "
9780814706404 - page_57: "START TEXT: thousands of other incremental risks we assume every day in return for a comfortable, convenient, de" ******* END TEXT: "criminatory decisions put in perspective. The racist is the person who says, “Yes, I appreciate the "
9780814706404 - page_58: "START TEXT: large risks of error and the grave social consequences of error that racial generalizations involve." ******* END TEXT: "ionality by marginally increasing the accuracy of factual judgments of risk, but concluded that the "
9780814706404 - page_59: "START TEXT: benefits of these incremental gains in rationality are so decisively outweighed by the social and mo" ******* END TEXT: "ue the interests of the White defender and the group to which he belongs.29 In other words, through "
9780814706404 - page_60: "START TEXT: racially selective sympathy and indifference, decision makers (often unconsciously) fail to feel as " ******* END TEXT: " favorably than Whites. Rationality-enhancing color-consciousness is examined in the last chapter.\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_61: "START TEXT: Chapter Three\nTHE “INVOLUNTARY NEGROPHOBE”\n\nAmong the many violent reactions I had in the weeks foll" ******* END TEXT: "Racist” (whose fear of Blacks stems from and is reinforced by the mass media and traditional racial "
9780814706404 - page_62: "START TEXT: myths) and the “Intelligent Bayesian” (whose racial fears rest on crime statistics), di Leonardo’s f" ******* END TEXT: "he battered woman defendant may concede that battered woman syndrome—a subcategory of posttraumatic "
9780814706404 - page_63: "START TEXT: stress disorder—caused her to overestimate the sleeping man’s dangerousness and to underestimate her" ******* END TEXT: "Ms. Jandrucko exhibited no apparent “pre-existing racial prejudice or predisposition to psychiatric "
9780814706404 - page_64: "START TEXT: illness.”11 In other words, she was an ordinary person before the assault. As reported in the Washin" ******* END TEXT: "eason to limit legal recognition of Negrophobia to workers’ compensation cases; once an involuntary "
9780814706404 - page_65: "START TEXT: condition is identified in any context, no just basis exists for imposing legal liability on an acto" ******* END TEXT: "fare by destroying the legitimacy of the courts. The paramount social function of the courts is the "
9780814706404 - page_66: "START TEXT: resolution of disputes. But the power of a third party to conclusively resolve disputes must rest on" ******* END TEXT: "e insanity defense to escape long mandatory prison sentences or the death penalty.22 Were people to "
9780814706404 - page_67: "START TEXT: develop the same skepticism with respect to defenses invoking Negrophobia, the result might well be " ******* END TEXT: "antial grounds for skepticism about defenses invoking Negrophobia than defenses invoking insanity.\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_68: "START TEXT: Chapter Four\nOF MICE AND MEN: EQUAL PROTECTION AND UNCONSCIOUS BIAS\nThe United States Constitution. " ******* END TEXT: "state of turbulence, roiling beneath the vicissitudes of party politics and political appointments. "
9780814706404 - page_69: "START TEXT: A lengthy analysis of current constitutional doctrine, therefore, might be dated before the ink drie" ******* END TEXT: "dy of the child transferred to her father. The primary rationale for the court’s order was that the "
9780814706404 - page_70: "START TEXT: child would suffer social stigmatization if she remained in an interracial household with her mother" ******* END TEXT: "and then he or she must prove that enforcement of the category (i.e., permitting the race-conscious "
9780814706404 - page_71: "START TEXT: defendant to assert his race-based defense) would “give effect to private bias.” Private bias does n" ******* END TEXT: "s to be consistent with the underlying stereotype, selectively assimilating facts that validate the "
9780814706404 - page_72: "START TEXT: stereotype while disregarding those that do not.11 To the extent that the Bayesian aggressively assi" ******* END TEXT: "racial factor, contends the Negrophobe, is merely coincidental. It is something her psyche randomly "
9780814706404 - page_73: "START TEXT: seized upon and involuntarily associates with the trauma of the earlier assault.\nBut the characteriz" ******* END TEXT: "te the increasingly incontrovertible insights of modern psychology into unconscious discrimination.\n"
9780814706404 - page_74: "START TEXT: We need only consider how often we act on unconsidered assumptions about the world to understand the" ******* END TEXT: "ation the “assumption” that the channel would not be obstructed has not been deeply etched into the "
9780814706404 - page_75: "START TEXT: rat’s nervous system; it behaves as if it “half-expected” some such impediment.15\n\nIn the terms of t" ******* END TEXT: "en unconscious bias and assault-induced Negrophobia. Once we recognize that racially discriminatory "
9780814706404 - page_76: "START TEXT: behavior is directly and inevitably rooted in unconscious discrimination fostered by our society’s t" ******* END TEXT: "as the products of random and nondiscriminatory mental connections, we would expect a wide range of "
9780814706404 - page_77: "START TEXT: physical characteristics to trigger hypersensitivities or pathological fears in assault victims. Hyp" ******* END TEXT: "of the last chapter, figures centrally here, too. The foregoing equal protection arguments, perhaps "
9780814706404 - page_78: "START TEXT: especially those of the Negrophobe, undoubtedly strike noninstrumentalists as irrelevant in view of " ******* END TEXT: "ur dread of Blacks is a valid excuse for taking the life of an innocent Black person.” In conveying "
9780814706404 - page_79: "START TEXT: such messages, the court reinforces derogatory cultural stereotypes and stigmatizes all Americans of" ******* END TEXT: "d help eradicate racial discrimination.\nThe dilemma posed by the Reasonable Racist, the Intelligent "
9780814706404 - page_80: "START TEXT: Bayesian, and the Involuntary Negrophobe stems directly from the law’s roots in both instrumentalist" ******* END TEXT: " the state’s imprimatur to racial bias—whether conscious or unconscious, voluntary or involuntary.\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_100: "START TEXT: presupposition should someday prove to be empirically false, there will be far more radical changes " ******* END TEXT: " it is),36 then social deprivation might qualify as one of “our cultures” “valid claims of excuse.”\n"
9780814706404 - page_101: "START TEXT: Finally, the argument that “[i]t is difficult to resolve [the problem of determinism and responsibil" ******* END TEXT: " give a more human face to criminals (“there but for the grace of god go I”) rather than demonizing "
9780814706404 - page_102: "START TEXT: them. Although we could still incarcerate individuals who harm others for the sake of deterrence or " ******* END TEXT: "with a country clamoring for bloody vengeance. A few days after the state hanged Billy Bailey, Mrs. "
9780814706404 - page_103: "START TEXT: Coleman and fellow members of Murder Victims Family were standing outside of the prison in the cold " ******* END TEXT: "ho, in the heat of passion, kills his spouse—or who runs over three unconscious individuals to save "
9780814706404 - page_104: "START TEXT: his own neck—to a sense of “elitism” or “condescension” that implies “the unhappy deviant” is not ex" ******* END TEXT: " that may benefit them while dismissing excuses that require pressures that are beyond their reach.\n"
9780814706404 - page_105: "START TEXT: Anytime a body of rules drawn to protect certain interests but not others (as all rules inevitably a" ******* END TEXT: "g laws and meting out punishment. I have confidence, born of empirical research, that once we admit "
9780814706404 - page_106: "START TEXT: our discriminatory tendencies, we can combat them. But we cannot combat what we deny or ignore.\nIt i" ******* END TEXT: "ributed (again, at least partially) to those same factors rather than simply to personal choice and "
9780814706404 - page_107: "START TEXT: hard work. This relation between popular conceptions of blame and self-congratulatory conceptions of" ******* END TEXT: "g—the other forms of preferential assistance that disproportionately benefit White males constitute "
9780814706404 - page_108: "START TEXT: the vast but unacknowledged antarctic of White affirmative action.46\nIn stark contrast, affirmative " ******* END TEXT: "peration of this predominately and disproportionately White form of affirmative action is telling:\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_109: "START TEXT: At Amherst, each [legacy] receives a “pink sheet” rating for the parents’ support of the college in " ******* END TEXT: "ems to boil down to this: If allocating benefits on the basis of the status of a person’s ancestors "
9780814706404 - page_110: "START TEXT: primarily benefits the dominant group, the principle of allocation escapes serious criticism; but if" ******* END TEXT: "example of this scapegoating tendency comes from a borrowed exercise I go through with my students.\n"
9780814706404 - page_111: "START TEXT: Consider the following thought experiment created by Judge Guido Calabresi.49 Imagine you are the mo" ******* END TEXT: "ately organized around motor vehicles. Shopping, employment opportunities, and other core community "
9780814706404 - page_112: "START TEXT: activities are located in places that most people cannot reach without using some kind of motor vehi" ******* END TEXT: "nces into our assignment of responsibility, which may ultimately mean accepting some responsibility "
9780814706404 - page_113: "START TEXT: ourselves for what happened to her and the person she killed. For example, assume that (as often hap" ******* END TEXT: "ates grossly higher than the rest of us.”51 Admitting these truths to ourselves would require us to "
9780814706404 - page_114: "START TEXT: accept some responsibility for the orgy of violence that dominates the nightly news. But like a conf" ******* END TEXT: " people, and then disown the inevitable consequences of our excesses when they come home to roost.\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_81: "START TEXT: Chapter Five\nBLAME AND PUNISHMENT: NARRATIVE, PERSPECTIVE, SCAPEGOATS, AND DEMONS\n\nNarrative has nev" ******* END TEXT: "erstanding the stakes of narrative in this way underscores the vital importance of battered women’s "
9780814706404 - page_82: "START TEXT: self-defense work and explains much of the stubborn resistance to this work.1 For as much as anythin" ******* END TEXT: " battered women have succeeded in helping their clients frame their narratives broadly enough to do "
9780814706404 - page_83: "START TEXT: justice to the fullness of their circumstances and experiences. Battered women who kill their abusiv" ******* END TEXT: "es of the defendant” could have reacted as she did. The so-called objective test of reasonableness, "
9780814706404 - page_84: "START TEXT: which courts sometimes tell fact finders to employ in evaluating the defendant’s reactions, directs " ******* END TEXT: "ame him. Before we can condemn, therefore, we must conclude that the defendant’s choices were free.\n"
9780814706404 - page_85: "START TEXT: Once we see how the dominant theory of blame and punishment hinges on free choice, we also see why s" ******* END TEXT: "uld have been Irish); instead, they ruled that she consented to the vaccination as a matter of law.\n"
9780814706404 - page_86: "START TEXT: When my students first read the court’s opinion in O’Brien, most wholeheartedly endorse the court’s " ******* END TEXT: " to be vaccinated, that is, she consented.\nFor my students, the most compelling part of the court’s "
9780814706404 - page_87: "START TEXT: story is where Ms. O’Brien “held up her arm to be vaccinated” when the surgeon, without touching her" ******* END TEXT: " the trial record we learn that Mary O’Brien was a seventeen-year-old Irish emigrant traveling with "
9780814706404 - page_88: "START TEXT: her father and younger brother to Boston in steerage, the cheapest possible accommodations on a pass" ******* END TEXT: "ressed her free will that she should be denied a jury of her peers for their opinion on the matter?\n"
9780814706404 - page_89: "START TEXT: My students find these additional narrative facts sobering and disquieting. Sobering because the add" ******* END TEXT: "understood as the product of prior causal events. For the determinist, we are all enmeshed in a web "
9780814706404 - page_90: "START TEXT: of sometimes compelling, sometimes subtle, and often unconscious influences that renders talk of any" ******* END TEXT: "edly brainwashed him or whose condition could otherwise be attributed to some “choice” on his part.\n"
9780814706404 - page_91: "START TEXT: Despite the limited scope of Delgado’s proposal, Joshua Dressler, a noted mainstream legal thinker, " ******* END TEXT: "or the Model Penal Code explains the operation of duress doctrine with the following illustration:\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_92: "START TEXT: (a) X is unwillingly driving a car along a narrow and precipitous mountain road, falling off sharply" ******* END TEXT: "e of the existence of this bad intent the circumstances may reduce the homicide to manslaughter.”15 "
9780814706404 - page_93: "START TEXT: Again, provocation doctrine directs fact finders to look behind the decision to kill to its causes,1" ******* END TEXT: "rictions on the duress defense in the following variation on their earlier hypothetical situation:\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_94: "START TEXT: (b) The same situation as above except that X is prevented from stopping by suddenly inoperative bra" ******* END TEXT: "nce and cogency of the intentionalist assumptions of ordinary criminal law discourse. Once we admit "
9780814706404 - page_95: "START TEXT: that decisions to break the law are sometimes blameless because those decisions are determined by pr" ******* END TEXT: "d generate a flood of new acquittals,28 he hoped the instruction would force jurors to confront the "
9780814706404 - page_96: "START TEXT: causes of criminal behavior and thus compel the community to own up to its responsibility for the cr" ******* END TEXT: "thor of With Justice for Some: Victims’ Rights in Criminal Trials, is a leading champion of popular "
9780814706404 - page_97: "START TEXT: demands for conviction and tougher punishment under the misleading label of “victims’ rights.” Becau" ******* END TEXT: "covers adultery in progress kills the adulterous mate. (In fact, the law presumes that the ordinary "
9780814706404 - page_98: "START TEXT: person would never be provoked to take another life under any circumstances, which is why provocatio" ******* END TEXT: "teller’s infant daughter, the teller is not more blameworthy for succumbing to the robber’s demands "
9780814706404 - page_99: "START TEXT: merely because he can “freely” choose the kind of car to steal and from whom to steal it. Nor is the" ******* END TEXT: "assumption that, absent valid claims of excuse, we are accountable for what we do. If that cultural "
9780814706404 - page_115: "START TEXT: Chapter Six\nREPEALING THE BLACK TAX: BREAKING THE DISCRIMINATION HABIT\nThe ideal of a color-blind so" ******* END TEXT: "ion of this type of the color-blind perspective, or color-blind formalism, appears in several court "
9780814706404 - page_116: "START TEXT: room scenes in the movie Philadelphia. The film—inspired by a true story1—concerns a successful gay " ******* END TEXT: "his courtroom, justice is blind to matters of race, creed, color, religion, and sexual orientation.\n"
9780814706404 - page_117: "START TEXT: PLAINT. ATTY: With all due respect your honor, we don’t live in this courtroom though, do we?\nJUDGE:" ******* END TEXT: "ess. Worse still, this court’s superficial analysis has gained legitimacy and wide currency through "
9780814706404 - page_118: "START TEXT: being endorsed by a number of legal writers.4 Despite these writers and the Jackson decision, howeve" ******* END TEXT: " belief system saturated with derogatory stereotypes about Blacks; thus we have all been influenced "
9780814706404 - page_119: "START TEXT: by these stereotypes. Does this mean that we are all racists? Leading thinkers in law, psychology, a" ******* END TEXT: " from the initial decrease in extreme negative stereotypes must be qualified by the likelihood that "
9780814706404 - page_120: "START TEXT: newer data reflect some fading of stereotypes—but also some faking.”11 From this viewpoint, prejudic" ******* END TEXT: "ce notwithstanding survey data to the contrary. This interpretation, however, rests on a failure to "
9780814706404 - page_121: "START TEXT: distinguish between two distinct sources of negative responses to Blacks (and other marginalized soc" ******* END TEXT: "ides that the stereotype of a maid is an inappropriate basis for responding to Black women, she may "
9780814706404 - page_122: "START TEXT: experience a fundamental conflict between the previously established stereotype and the more recentl" ******* END TEXT: "ent thoughts and feelings may coexist within the same individual.25 Dr. Thomas Pettigrew, a leading "
9780814706404 - page_123: "START TEXT: authority on stereotypes and prejudice, has described one example of this conflict: “Many Southerner" ******* END TEXT: "omosexual men.30 These studies also investigated whether the subjects’ personal standards (shoulds) "
9780814706404 - page_124: "START TEXT: were well internalized (i.e., viewed by the subjects as highly important and as central to their per" ******* END TEXT: "rom nonprejudiced personal beliefs can inhibit and replace responses derived from stereotypes. Low- "
9780814706404 - page_125: "START TEXT: and high-prejudiced people, as discussed below, are equally prone to stereotype-congruent responses " ******* END TEXT: "ce. For inasmuch as negative stereotypes and personal beliefs diverge, as they do in low-prejudiced "
9780814706404 - page_126: "START TEXT: people, they imply different responses to stereotyped groups. This insight enables us to investigate" ******* END TEXT: " “do not want to associate with Blacks.”37 Desperately clinging to their egalitarian, nonprejudiced "
9780814706404 - page_127: "START TEXT: values and self-image, aversive racists repress their negative feelings and beliefs about Blacks. Th" ******* END TEXT: "no ostensible justification for a failure to help.41 However, if the subjects knew that someone was "
9780814706404 - page_128: "START TEXT: available to help, they “helped Black victims much less frequently than they helped White victims (3" ******* END TEXT: " empirically demonstrable demands an intellectual leap of faith that many may be unwilling to make.\n"
9780814706404 - page_129: "START TEXT: The conceptual problem with the aversive racism model grows out of its tendency to conflate stereoty" ******* END TEXT: "ply to roughly finger it with bitter invective. The theory must also point to proven strategies for "
9780814706404 - page_130: "START TEXT: combating the unconscious discrimination tendencies that lurk in us all.\nProving Ubiquitous Unconsci" ******* END TEXT: "hatever information she receives about the other’s behavior and interpret, or encode, this behavior "
9780814706404 - page_131: "START TEXT: by assigning it to a category. Social and personal categories include information about social group" ******* END TEXT: "firm this intuitive account of the tendency of the mind to form social judgments by having incoming "
9780814706404 - page_132: "START TEXT: information about people “captured” by the mental category that is most accessible because of “primi" ******* END TEXT: "the actor is White.52 Category accessibility best explains this differential perception of violence "
9780814706404 - page_133: "START TEXT: as a function of the protagonist’s race: the presence of the Black actor primed the stereotype of Bl" ******* END TEXT: "ermine his or her responses to others, it is necessary to understand the distinction between habits "
9780814706404 - page_134: "START TEXT: and decisions, a distinction cognitive psychologists characterize in terms of automatic versus contr" ******* END TEXT: "ciations or responses that have been developed through repeated activation in memory.”63 Controlled "
9780814706404 - page_135: "START TEXT: processes, on the other hand, “are intentional and require the active attention of the individual.”6" ******* END TEXT: "at involves automatic processes. Nonprejudiced personal beliefs, on the other hand, are necessarily "
9780814706404 - page_136: "START TEXT: newer cognitive structures that result from a low-prejudiced person’s conscious decision that stereo" ******* END TEXT: "ontrolled processes.”71 That is, “nonprejudiced responses take intention, attention, and effort.”72\n"
9780814706404 - page_137: "START TEXT: A particularly illuminating implication of this model is that unless a low-prejudiced person conscio" ******* END TEXT: " high- and low-prejudiced subjects performed a task that exposed them to either a low concentration "
9780814706404 - page_138: "START TEXT: (20 percent of a hundred-word list) or a high concentration (80 percent of a hundred-word list) of B" ******* END TEXT: "ts who have well-internalized, non-prejudiced beliefs about Blacks have cognitive structures (i.e., "
9780814706404 - page_139: "START TEXT: stereotypes) that automatically produce stereotype-congruent evaluations of ambiguous behaviors when" ******* END TEXT: "hibited and replaced by responses based on controlled processes.78 Focusing on the effect of gender "
9780814706404 - page_140: "START TEXT: stereotypes on memory, for example, psychologists have found that when gender was not brought situat" ******* END TEXT: "g their prejudice-like responses and reaffirming their nonprejudiced self-conceptions. On the other "
9780814706404 - page_141: "START TEXT: hand, when the subjects believed that there were others who might help, the stereotype-personal beli" ******* END TEXT: " first-degree murder. The NAACP asked Darrow to come out of retirement to defend the Sweets. Darrow "
9780814706404 - page_142: "START TEXT: agreed. In his summation to the jury, Darrow challenged them to confront their own racial biases dir" ******* END TEXT: "u were Black. Do you think you would forget it even in your dreams? Or would you have Black dreams? "
9780814706404 - page_143: "START TEXT: Suppose you had to watch every point of contact with your neighbor and remember your color, and you " ******* END TEXT: "utomatically by the presence of a Black person were well established in the fact finders’ memories. "
9780814706404 - page_144: "START TEXT: Moreover, the percentage of Whites who accepted or endorsed the prevailing Black stereotypes was muc" ******* END TEXT: "cessant manipulation of stereotypes, it may be more entrenched. Thus, habitual stereotype-congruent "
9780814706404 - page_145: "START TEXT: responses to Blacks, even by sincerely racially liberal Whites, may distort social judgments about B" ******* END TEXT: "ts about the Black victims. The decision makers may not experience these judgments as stemming from "
9780814706404 - page_146: "START TEXT: their knowledge of the Black stereotype, but instead as rational, evenhanded evaluations of objectiv" ******* END TEXT: "lack man later explained to the police that he could tell from the “body language” of the students, "
9780814706404 - page_147: "START TEXT: from their “shiny eyes and big smiles,” that they wanted to “play with him, like a cat plays with a " ******* END TEXT: "“Ninety percent of all murders are committed by Blacks on Blacks” and that “[i]ts [sic] time to say "
9780814706404 - page_148: "START TEXT: ‘We’re not going to allow this kind of conduct to go on in our city anymore.’”95 Stereotypes of Ital" ******* END TEXT: "ypes. Thoughtful formulations of tests for identifying subtle racial symbolism have been developed, "
9780814706404 - page_149: "START TEXT: including “the cultural meaning test”100 and “the racial imagery shield law.”101 Whatever test for i" ******* END TEXT: "ons. This general proscription of group references should be subject to very limited exceptions.103 "
9780814706404 - page_150: "START TEXT: One such exception would be that the reference enhances rationality, in that it challenges fact find" ******* END TEXT: "alculated to challenge the fact finders to confront and inhibit their habitual stereotype-congruent "
9780814706404 - page_151: "START TEXT: responses to gays, not to encourage such responses. Not mentioning race or sexual orientation at all" ******* END TEXT: "ther.106 The mother and child sought damages for serious injuries the child suffered from using the "
9780814706404 - page_152: "START TEXT: pharmaceutical company’s allegedly defective drug. In his opening statement to a mostly White jury, " ******* END TEXT: "om a mostly White jury is for courts to recognize this distinction and permit rationality-enhancing "
9780814706404 - page_153: "START TEXT: racial references by a Black litigant’s attorney in settings likely to maximize the salutary effects" ******* END TEXT: "consciously confront stereotypes than if we take a color-blind, ostrich-head-in-the-sand approach.\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_154: "START TEXT: CONCLUSION\nOnce a thief is caught, a whole string of crimes if often solved. A single psychological " ******* END TEXT: "why many Blacks do poorly on standardized tests. Claude Steele, a Stanford social psychologist, has "
9780814706404 - page_155: "START TEXT: identified the phenomenon of “stereotype vulnerability” as a hidden psychological tax on Black test " ******* END TEXT: "ion against Blacks, not past discrimination alone, that justifies affirmative efforts at inclusion.\n"
9780814706404 - page_156: "START TEXT: We also discussed a popular conceptual error responsible for a long string of muddled moral and lega" ******* END TEXT: " throughout this book has been the fallacious tendency to equate the typical with the reasonable. A "
9780814706404 - page_157: "START TEXT: tangled string of crimes can be traced to this thief. Its rap sheet includes the glorification of, a" ******* END TEXT: " as a child, which studies show many violent criminals to have been) that lies behind our eagerness "
9780814706404 - page_158: "START TEXT: to hang, shoot, and lethally inject, at ever younger ages, in the name of justice.\nOne can easily gr" ******* END TEXT: "rimination are blights on the glory of American democracy. They wither hopes, dreams, and ambitions "
9780814706404 - page_159: "START TEXT: of millions of Americans. Left unchecked, they pose the greatest internal threat to this nation’s pe" ******* END TEXT: "k bad habits and answer the call of what Abraham Lincoln called the “higher angels of our nature.”\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_vi: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814706404 - page_vii: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nAcknowledgments\nIntroduction“Rational” Discrimination and the Black Tax\nChapter OneThe “Rea" ******* END TEXT: "Discrimination\nWhy Rational Discrimination Is Not Reasonable\nRace and the Subversion of Rationality\n"
9780814706404 - page_viii: "START TEXT: Chapter ThreeThe “Involuntary Negrophobe”\nThe Involuntary Negrophobe and Dueling Conceptions of Law\n" ******* END TEXT: "tous Unconscious Bias\nCombating Unconscious Discrimination in the Courtroom\nConclusion\nNotes\nIndex\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1997 by New York UniversityAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: "sen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_v: "START TEXT: To Addie Armour and in memory of Fred Armour\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "To Addie Armour and in memory of Fred Armour\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_ii: "START TEXT: Critical America\nGeneral Editors: RICHARD DELGADO and JEAN STEFANCIC\nWhite by Law: The Legal Constru" ******* END TEXT: "he Hidden Costs of Being Black in AmericaJody David Armour\nBlack Rage Confronts the LawPaul Harris\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_i: "START TEXT: Negrophobia and Reasonable Racism\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Negrophobia and Reasonable Racism\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Negrophobia and Reasonable Racism\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Negrophobia and Reasonable Racism\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_201: "START TEXT: INDEX\naffirmative action, 107–108, 155\nAmerican Civil Liberties Union, 47\nAmherst, 109\nantidetermini" ******* END TEXT: " Nathan, 107\nCohen, Richard, 8, 35–36\nColeman, Anne, 102–103\ncolor-blind perspective. See formalism\n"
9780814706404 - page_202: "START TEXT: color-consciousness, 60\nconcentration camps, U.S., 32\nconsent, 85, 87\nconservatives, 24, 29, 36, 99," ******* END TEXT: "dogma, 30\njuries, 6, 21, 26, 59, 60, 65, 72, 95, 100, 115, 117, 119, 142–144, 146–147, 149, 151–152\n"
9780814706404 - page_203: "START TEXT: jurors. See juries\nKatz, Phyllis, 121\nKelman, Mark, 105\nKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 118\nKing, Rodney, " ******* END TEXT: "9, 126–128\nracist, 16, 19–22, 27, 30, 32, 34, 36, 43, 57–58, 61, 68–69, 79, 100, 118, 119, 127, 157\n"
9780814706404 - page_204: "START TEXT: rape, 53–54, 61, 73\nRawlsian veil of ignorance, 104\nrealists, 89\nreasonable man/person. See ordinary" ******* END TEXT: "er, 36\nWinfrey, Oprah, 3\nwitches, 23, 25\nWonder, Stevie, 3\nYale Law School, 43\nYoung, Charles, 110\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\n“RATIONAL” DISCRIMINATION AND THE BLACK TAX\nIt is a rainy night in a combined residenti" ******* END TEXT: "man suddenly notices a figure moving directly toward the lobby from across the street. Focusing her "
9780814706404 - page_10: "START TEXT: frame-ups in Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and elsewhere, shocking to many, are old news to others.)7\nI" ******* END TEXT: "Akron’s essentially segregated social, economic, and political institutions in the 1950s and 1960s.\n"
9780814706404 - page_11: "START TEXT: But Dad was guilty of one affront even worse than uppityness, one many orders of magnitude more subv" ******* END TEXT: " in the law, for he had found the key to his own jailhouse door in a lawbook of the prison library. "
9780814706404 - page_12: "START TEXT: The law is not inherently racist or oppressive; it is merely a tool. It can serve as well as subvert" ******* END TEXT: "scrimination. A further implication is that Whites need not resist the influence of some profoundly "
9780814706404 - page_13: "START TEXT: derogatory stereotypes on their thinking about Blacks. After all, according to these learned men, ma" ******* END TEXT: " reflected in Derrick Bell’s “permanence of racism” thesis. And just as the state stands behind the "
9780814706404 - page_14: "START TEXT: collection of the general taxes, Blacks often have good cause to view state representatives such as " ******* END TEXT: "rsonal in the redlining of Black neighborhoods by everything from banks to pizza delivery services, "
9780814706404 - page_15: "START TEXT: and positively nothing personal in the mountain of empirical evidence of racial discrimination in th" ******* END TEXT: " related killing in Fox Chapel [a predominantly White Pittsburgh suburb]? I think you got my point.\n"
9780814706404 - page_16: "START TEXT: Of course sales people are going to watch blacks in a store more closely than whites. … Blacks commi" ******* END TEXT: "x: unconscious discrimination. Unlike the purportedly rational discrimination rooted in statistics, "
9780814706404 - page_17: "START TEXT: this variant resides in the inner recesses of the human psyche. Drawing on empirical studies, we wil" ******* END TEXT: "arge head-on into an oncoming juggernaut—take it from a reformed flapjack. Yet I maintain that this "
9780814706404 - page_18: "START TEXT: juridic juggernaut called the American justice system can be gainfully wielded in the service of jus" ******* END TEXT: "ho exhorted,“We must force the frozen circumstances to dance by playing to them their own melody.”\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_2: "START TEXT: full attention on the approaching figure, she notes that the person is a young man (at most twenty-s" ******* END TEXT: "g down a taxi, incredulously watching as fellow White hailers are immediately picked up and whisked "
9780814706404 - page_3: "START TEXT: away. Further, as talk-show diva and media magnate Oprah Winfrey discovered when she was denied admi" ******* END TEXT: "he woman had previously been violently assaulted by a Black individual, she might maintain that her "
9780814706404 - page_4: "START TEXT: overreaction to the victim’s race was reasonable in light of her earlier traumatic experience. One r" ******* END TEXT: "they “asked” for money, shooting some while they were retreating from the scene. He later confessed "
9780814706404 - page_5: "START TEXT: that he knew none of the youths had a gun. Goetz’s defense attorney, Barry Slotnick, played on the r" ******* END TEXT: "rectness.” This objection reflects a specious but increasingly popular attack on antidiscrimination "
9780814706404 - page_6: "START TEXT: programs—formalism. A variety of pinched literalism that exalts form over substance, formalism holds" ******* END TEXT: " will be a comparison of the arguments made in defense of battered women who kill and those made in "
9780814706404 - page_7: "START TEXT: defense of minorities from “rotten social backgrounds” who kill. This comparison is especially neede" ******* END TEXT: "sion making on hard empirical proof, not faith.\nA new numbers racket—discrimination by mathematics— "
9780814706404 - page_8: "START TEXT: will be investigated as well. Defenders of “rational discrimination” (economist Walter Williams, col" ******* END TEXT: "enced the majesty of the law at age eight when I was propelled from my sleep by a rude thunderclap. "
9780814706404 - page_9: "START TEXT: Still drowsy, I could feel the reverberations rumbling through our floorboards, swelling in intensit" ******* END TEXT: "ight-year-old the explanation was obvious: The grass was planted. (Scandals about persistent police "
9780814706404 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Negrophobia and Reasonable Racism\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Negrophobia and Reasonable Racism\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_xii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814706404 - page_160: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814706404 - page_161: "START TEXT: NOTES\nNotes to the Introduction\n1. Jandrucko v. Colorcraft/Fuqua Corp., No. 163-20-6245 (Fla. Dep’t " ******* END TEXT: "King Trial Backfires,” L.A. Sentinel, Apr. 1, 1993, at A4. Another officer, under cross-examination "
9780814706404 - page_162: "START TEXT: by the defense, described King’s beating as “a scene from a monster movie.” “Beating: ‘Scene from Mo" ******* END TEXT: " the harm he spares himself(proportionality); second, that there is a high probability the other is "
9780814706404 - page_163: "START TEXT: launching an attack (imminence); and finally, that there is no less drastic way to repel the attack " ******* END TEXT: "aracterization of the American Dilemma. According to Myrdal, many White Americans who are committed "
9780814706404 - page_164: "START TEXT: to the general egalitarian tenets of the “American Creed” but who simultaneously have specific preju" ******* END TEXT: "drigo’s Eighth Chronicle: Black Crime, White Fears—On the Social Construction of Threat,” 80 Va. L. "
9780814706404 - page_165: "START TEXT: Rev. 503 (1994). According to the 1993 Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)" ******* END TEXT: "es,” in Cognitive Processes in Stereotyping and Intergroup Behavior 187-90 (D. Hamilton ed., 1981).\n"
9780814706404 - page_166: "START TEXT: 13. Patricia Williams, Notes From a Small World, The New Yorker, April 29 & May 6, 1996, at 90.\n14. " ******* END TEXT: "ation Institute at Texas A&M University looked at highway deaths in the state four years before and "
9780814706404 - page_167: "START TEXT: four years after rural speed limits were raised to 65 mph in 1987. The study found the serious accid" ******* END TEXT: "e of racial bias on the fact-finding process. But Blacks often have no voice in jury deliberations, "
9780814706404 - page_168: "START TEXT: increasing the likelihood that the interests of Black victims will not be fully credited.\n32. A rest" ******* END TEXT: "imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury to the defendant. Maguigan, supra note 2, at 397.\n"
9780814706404 - page_169: "START TEXT: 4. Jandrucko v. Colorcraft/Fuqua Corp., No. 163-20-6245 (Fla. Dep’t of Lab. & Empl. Sec. Apr. 26, 19" ******* END TEXT: "t 4-5. One doctor testified that Ms. Jandrucko suffered from a posttraumatic stress disorder toward "
9780814706404 - page_170: "START TEXT: Blacks, that she had an irrational fear of Black men, and that she experienced insomnia and horrifyi" ******* END TEXT: " assessment of the facts of the dispute, not on a correct prediction of what may follow.” George P. "
9780814706404 - page_171: "START TEXT: Fletcher, “Fairness and Utility in Tort Theory,” 85 Harv. L. Rev. 537, 539 n.4 (1972).\n15. George P." ******* END TEXT: ". U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1.\n2. E.g., Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967) (invalidating a state "
9780814706404 - page_172: "START TEXT: prohibition of interracial marriage); Buchanan v. Warley, 245 U.S. 60 (1917) (striking down a Kentuc" ******* END TEXT: " found through the operation of the courts. For a fuller discussion, see Jody D. Armour, “Race Ipsa "
9780814706404 - page_173: "START TEXT: Loquitur: Of Reasonable Racists, Intelligent Bayesians, and Involuntary Negrophobes,” 46 Stan. L. Re" ******* END TEXT: " making the “preservation of inaccurate judgments about the outgroup … self-rewarding.” Id. at 337.\n"
9780814706404 - page_174: "START TEXT: 18. Once an individual unconsciously internalizes a tacitly transmitted cultural stereotype, she unc" ******* END TEXT: "f-defense case of State v. Wanrow, the trial judge—administering a pro-prosecution jury instruction "
9780814706404 - page_175: "START TEXT: containing a narrow time restriction—directed the jury to evaluate the reasonableness of the defenda" ******* END TEXT: "ective obstacles to leaving—including “separation assault” (the often lethal escalation in violence "
9780814706404 - page_176: "START TEXT: that many women suffer when trying to leave a battering spouse) and the police’s and courts’ failure" ******* END TEXT: " Kingsley, English clergyman and professor of modern history at Cambridge University, described the "
9780814706404 - page_177: "START TEXT: peasants he saw during his travels in Ireland in Darwinian terms: “I am daunted by the human chimpan" ******* END TEXT: "he homicide to voluntary manslaughter.” LaFave & Scott, Criminal Law 572-73 (1972).\n15. Id. at 572.\n"
9780814706404 - page_178: "START TEXT: 16. In discussing the provocation doctrine as it existed at common law, the Model Penal Code Comment" ******* END TEXT: " at 801 (“It goes without saying that a person’s life experience may shape his character. Yet if we "
9780814706404 - page_179: "START TEXT: excuse on the ground of prolonged social deprivation, the theory of excuses would begin to absorb th" ******* END TEXT: "ing judgment is thus that some instances of intentional homicide may be as much attributable to the "
9780814706404 - page_180: "START TEXT: extraordinary nature of the situation as to the moral depravity of the actor.” The Model Penal Code " ******* END TEXT: "ertain job markets from which they were undemocratically excluded, Blacks, Hispanics, and women are "
9780814706404 - page_181: "START TEXT: not in the same position as White men to give preferential assistance to members of their own group." ******* END TEXT: "that the Black victim’s racial identity played in the storekeeper’s decision to shoot cries out for "
9780814706404 - page_182: "START TEXT: recognition. Yet the students assigned to represent the Black victim’s interest almost always eschew" ******* END TEXT: " Stereotypes: A Little Fading, a Little Faking,” 18 J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 247, 248 (1971).\n"
9780814706404 - page_183: "START TEXT: 14. Id. at 252. The subjects attributed the negative traits of ostentatiousness, laziness, ignorance" ******* END TEXT: "that his own (in my view, gloriously kinky) hair was “not pretty.” Then, pointing to our television "
9780814706404 - page_184: "START TEXT: and the image there of a model sporting cascading waves of decidedly unkinky hair for a shampoo comm" ******* END TEXT: " The other involved feeling uncomfortable that a job interviewer is Black. The final two situations "
9780814706404 - page_185: "START TEXT: focused on stereotypic thoughts subjects might have in contact situations with Black people. One tho" ******* END TEXT: "oaggression,” 98 Yale L.J. 1559, 1565 (1989) (quoting Gaertner & Dovidio, supra note 35, at 85-86).\n"
9780814706404 - page_186: "START TEXT: 40. Gaertner & Dovidio, supra note 35, at 67 (“Given the high salience of race and racially symbolic" ******* END TEXT: "t in the passage the subjects were about to read (e.g., “obedient” or “disrespectful”). Id. at 145.\n"
9780814706404 - page_187: "START TEXT: 50. Id. at 145. Specifically, the paragraph was ambiguous with respect to several personality traits" ******* END TEXT: "lack and the victim White, 75 percent of the subjects characterized the ambiguous shove as “violent "
9780814706404 - page_188: "START TEXT: behavior,” whereas when the protagonist was White and the victim Black, only 17 percent so character" ******* END TEXT: " label. Higgins & King, supra note 46, at 73-74. This passive priming effect would have constituted "
9780814706404 - page_189: "START TEXT: what I shall refer to later in the article as an “automatic process.” Furthermore, because both proc" ******* END TEXT: "ender Stereotypes Stem from the Distribution of Women and Men into Social Roles,” 46 J. Personality "
9780814706404 - page_190: "START TEXT: & Soc. Psychol. 735, 751-52 (1984). A prominent social psychologist who spent a year as a high schoo" ******* END TEXT: "a, the area of the most distinct vision on the retina). A separate test with different subjects had "
9780814706404 - page_191: "START TEXT: determined that under these conditions subjects could not recall or recognize the primes. Id. at 8-1" ******* END TEXT: "tudes,” in NOMOS XXXII: Majorities and Minorities 308, 311 (John W. Chapman & Alan Wertheimer eds., "
9780814706404 - page_192: "START TEXT: 1990). As recently as 1978, as many as 15 percent of White adults believed that “Blacks are inferior" ******* END TEXT: "hose gender is in the minority than for a group member whose gender is in the majority.” Id. at 85.\n"
9780814706404 - page_193: "START TEXT: 80. Id. at 87-88. In Study 1, the subjects (146 college students) in half of the groups read a parag" ******* END TEXT: "ir descriptions of others) tend to reflect the prevailing sexual stereotypes. Id.\n81. Id. at 85-86.\n"
9780814706404 - page_194: "START TEXT: 82. Id. at 87-88, 104-05; cf. supra notes 32-33 and accompanying text (suggesting similar psychologi" ******* END TEXT: "869, 870 (1986) (discussing how different accessibility influences operating within the same person "
9780814706404 - page_195: "START TEXT: at the same time “may be mutually facilitative, such that both serve to make a single construct more" ******* END TEXT: "l person’s fear of being accosted by four such individuals, the defense “designed the dramaticscene "
9780814706404 - page_196: "START TEXT: so that the implicit message of menace and fear would be so strong that testimony would not be neede" ******* END TEXT: ") (in a case involving recent immigrants, prosecutor’s reference to Al Capone and “the godfather”).\n"
9780814706404 - page_197: "START TEXT: 97. Soap v. Carter, 632 F.2d 872, 878 (10th Cir. 1980) (Seymour, J., dissenting), cert. denied, 451 " ******* END TEXT: " committed by or against him or her; or\n(5) a person’s race or ethnicity sets him or her apart from "
9780814706404 - page_198: "START TEXT: members of the jury, or makes him or her allied with members of the jury or, more generally, that a " ******* END TEXT: "entives to lie. But coven group references can distort jurors’ social judgments unconsciously, thus "
9780814706404 - page_199: "START TEXT: depriving them of the opportunity to weigh and discount the reference in the way they could the test" ******* END TEXT: ". 1, 110-115 (1990) (discussing empirical findings that all-White juries are not always impartial).\n"
9780814706404 - page_200: "START TEXT: 110. See, e.g., Daniel Coleman, “Study Finds Jurors Often Hear Evidence with a Closed Mind,” N.Y. Ti" ******* END TEXT: " Thus, judges might also benefit if rationality-enhancing comments are made at opening statements.\n\n"
9780814706404 - page_iii: "START TEXT: NEGROPHOBIA AND REASONABLE RACISM\nThe Hidden Costs of Being Black in America\nJody David Armour\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "NEGROPHOBIA AND REASONABLE RACISM\nThe Hidden Costs of Being Black in America\nJody David Armour\n\n\n"
9780814706657 - page_xv: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nNo argument is ever fully finished, and this book is no exception. There is still mo" ******* END TEXT: " generous, intelligent advice and her own recent book helped me to appreciate the breadth and depth "
9780814706657 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: of reader-response theory. I would also like to thank an anonymous reader who gave careful attention" ******* END TEXT: " graduate students and instructors —Mark Bracher, Jackie Byars, Harney Corwin, Terry MacDonald, and "
9780814706657 - page_xvii: "START TEXT: Rosa Turner—met weekly under the instruction of Jim Kaufmann to better understand relationships betw" ******* END TEXT: "philosophers of language fear to tread. Donald, like many of us, cannot contain what he cannot say.\n"
9780814706657 - page_xviii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814706657 - page_229: "START TEXT: Bibliography\nAchebe, Chinua. “An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness.” Massachuset" ******* END TEXT: "41 (1984): 389–411.\nBerman, Jeffrey. Joseph Conrad: Writing as Rescue. New York: Astra Books, 1977-\n"
9780814706657 - page_230: "START TEXT: Berman, Jeffrey. Diaries to an English Professor. New York: New York University Press, in press.\n———" ******* END TEXT: "er, Jim W. “Hunting for Ethos Where They Say It Can’t Be Found.” Rhetoric Review 7 (1989): 299–315.\n"
9780814706657 - page_231: "START TEXT: Crews, Frederick. “The Power of Darkness.” Partisan Review 34 (1967): 507–25.\nCuller, Johnathan. “In" ******* END TEXT: "Edition, vol. 12.\n———. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. 1905. The Standard Edition, vol. 7.\n"
9780814706657 - page_232: "START TEXT: Freud, Sigmund. “The Uncanny.” 1919. The Standard Edition, vol. 17.\n———. “The Unconscious.” 1915. Th" ******* END TEXT: "rsity Press, 1980.\n———. “A Transactive Account of Transactive Criticism.” Poetics 7 (1978): 177–89.\n"
9780814706657 - page_233: "START TEXT: Horowitz, Mardi Jon. Image Formation and Psychotherapy. New York: Jason Aronson, 1983.\nIser, Wolfgan" ******* END TEXT: "\nKris, Ernst. Psychoanalytic Explorations in Art. New York: International Universities Press, 1962.\n"
9780814706657 - page_234: "START TEXT: Kristeva, Julia. Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia. Translated by Leon S. Roudiez. New York: Col" ******* END TEXT: "eissner, W. W. Internalization in Psychoanalysis. New York: International Universities Press, 1981.\n"
9780814706657 - page_235: "START TEXT: Menaker, Esther. “The Ego-Ideal: An Aspect of Narcissism.” In The Narcissistic Condition, edited by " ******* END TEXT: " Reputation: The Making and Claiming of “St. George” Orwell. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.\n"
9780814706657 - page_236: "START TEXT: Roland, Alan. “Imagery and the Self in Artistic Creativity and Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism.” P" ******* END TEXT: "York: Viking, 1955.\nValery, Paul. Aesthetics. Vol. 13 of The Collected Works of Paul Valery, edited "
9780814706657 - page_237: "START TEXT: by Jackson Mathews, translated by Ralph Manheim. New York: Pantheon, 1964.\nVolosinov, V. N. Marxism " ******* END TEXT: ".\n———. “Why Lacan Is Not a ‘Post-structuralist.’” Newsletter of the Freudian Field 1 (1987): 31–39.\n"
9780814706657 - page_238: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814706657 - page_1: "START TEXT: ONEPolitical Ties and Libidinal Ruptures: Narcissism as the Origin and End of Textual Production\nIde" ******* END TEXT: "t political groups are willing to harm others in their attempt to control or regulate language use.\n"
9780814706657 - page_10: "START TEXT: interest in the subjects of discourse. In the following chapters I describe rhetorical structures as" ******* END TEXT: "he importance of the act of judging while rendering its outcome undecidable.”16 Often texts seem to "
9780814706657 - page_11: "START TEXT: need critics to encourage readers to appreciate such “fluid” modes of judgment that Johnson describe" ******* END TEXT: "e, however, the human ego is too rigid and inflexible to be fully responsive to needed adjustments. "
9780814706657 - page_12: "START TEXT: Given this usual context of ego rigidity, the reading of literature can offer narcissistic support t" ******* END TEXT: "nct, but driven by a culturally and psychologically conditioned flow of desire determined initially "
9780814706657 - page_13: "START TEXT: and most forcefully by early identifications with parents and caretakers. Stated simply, what we wan" ******* END TEXT: "t of libido theory rather than in the more limited context of maladjusted behavior, we will be in a "
9780814706657 - page_14: "START TEXT: better position to understand the configurations of perception, emotion, and cognition that fund rhe" ******* END TEXT: "lost. In many cases, these are “admired” qualities” and they become self functions; for example, we "
9780814706657 - page_15: "START TEXT: may internalize a parent’s discipline or nurturing concern when we lose that parent. Human character" ******* END TEXT: " “greater being.” Narcissism presides over a state of affairs in which—because we always want to be "
9780814706657 - page_16: "START TEXT: more than we are—some aspect of the self, at some level, desires change. Of course, the permutations" ******* END TEXT: "lps to “supplement” objects and events with narcissistic promise. This dynamic relationship between "
9780814706657 - page_17: "START TEXT: narcissism and imaginative needs cannot be overemphasized. Narcissistic energy is usually bound, alt" ******* END TEXT: "he social interaction of narcissistic investments. Literary texts bring diverse readers together in "
9780814706657 - page_18: "START TEXT: shared concerns. They designate a space where cultural values, ideological claims, and even cultural" ******* END TEXT: " offers a narcissistic compensation for a sensed failure in presence and being.31 Writing becomes a "
9780814706657 - page_19: "START TEXT: compromise formation that both expresses the ontological insecurity of being and ameliorates that in" ******* END TEXT: " themselves “recognized” in a satisfactory way, the pain of inner lack is ameliorated and a certain "
9780814706657 - page_2: "START TEXT: Because of the importance of human change, both social and psychological, we must investigate more t" ******* END TEXT: "note to “Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality,” Freud associated narcissism with autoerotic self "
9780814706657 - page_20: "START TEXT: mysterious absent commodity, “being,” is satisfactorily produced and consumed (even though it may or" ******* END TEXT: "teresting to see how highly personal literary recognitions quickly become a medium for social bonds "
9780814706657 - page_21: "START TEXT: between students. In response to texts, students often come to recognize what they care about and wi" ******* END TEXT: "ders respond to certain texts strongly because they feel they themselves are somehow “at issue” (as "
9780814706657 - page_22: "START TEXT: indeed they are) in the imaginative form and social consequence of that text; they respond to comple" ******* END TEXT: "n people, some images cannot. Some imaginary presences seem full, others seem empty. This is one of "
9780814706657 - page_23: "START TEXT: many paradoxes that surround this curious linguistic production. Many signified presences change the" ******* END TEXT: "e us to narcissistically invest in imaginary things, these imaginary things can become real things.\n"
9780814706657 - page_24: "START TEXT: The protected “narcissistic” space of literary enjoyment can insulate literary experience from real-" ******* END TEXT: " politics thrive on the marketing and manipulation of libidinal attachments and imaginary “images.”\n"
9780814706657 - page_25: "START TEXT: The narcissistic transference of being does not usually designate the portage of some homogenous sub" ******* END TEXT: "ame concrete access to experience as analysis. For this reason I have not attempted to consistently "
9780814706657 - page_26: "START TEXT: work with this distinction. There are moments when I feel secure about describing an investment in t" ******* END TEXT: "c, see Peter Brooks, “The Idea of a Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism,” Critical Inquiry 13 (1987): "
9780814706657 - page_27: "START TEXT: 334-48; and Meredith Ann Skura, The Literary Use of the Psychoanalytic Process (New Haven, Conn.: Ya" ******* END TEXT: "1984).\n29. Jeffrey Berman, Narcissism and the Novel (New York: New York University Press, 1990), 1.\n"
9780814706657 - page_28: "START TEXT: 30. Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Spivak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Pre" ******* END TEXT: "Co., 1925), is aggressively explicit in expressing emphatic repulsion with Leopold’s imperialism.\n\n\n"
9780814706657 - page_3: "START TEXT: stimulation and speculated that such tendencies could explain homosexuality.2 By 1914 Freud saw wide" ******* END TEXT: "rue; but it is not true in those cases that affect us most. As Jameson’s quote (see chap, epigraph) "
9780814706657 - page_4: "START TEXT: suggests, major transformations in value must occur first at the level of transformations in the “li" ******* END TEXT: "sexual” experiences is helpful here: “Bodily sensations, processes, and events dominate the child’s "
9780814706657 - page_5: "START TEXT: early experience. . . . The child draws on and generalizes from the major patterns of bodily experie" ******* END TEXT: "nical structures of a vehicle can become rhetorically enhanced by means of libidinal manipulations. "
9780814706657 - page_6: "START TEXT: Advertisers know they can manipulate us into feeling an attachment for the car if they can first eli" ******* END TEXT: "nsequence. Artworks repay such attention because they, in some manner, initiate complex imaginative "
9780814706657 - page_7: "START TEXT: experience and “gratify” the narcissistic libido of those who invest time in them.\nPeople who apprec" ******* END TEXT: "sistic need, but this same need dictates that these people or objects cannot be seen realistically.\n"
9780814706657 - page_8: "START TEXT: This over inflation of the object or person should be an interesting theme for rhetoricians. I sugge" ******* END TEXT: " experience of the “depths of the wilderness,” and he begins to understand and take a real interest "
9780814706657 - page_9: "START TEXT: in Kurtz when he sees him turning to this exotic, threatening, and fascinating darkness. Kurtz there" ******* END TEXT: "that shifts in libidinal investment help students (and people in general) to take a more particular "
9780814706657 - page_29: "START TEXT: TWOSelf-Structure as a Rhetorical Device: Modern Ethos and the Divisiveness of the Self\nEmancipate y" ******* END TEXT: " means for persuasion he [she] possesses.”1 Like Aristotle, Kenneth Burke insists on the importance "
9780814706657 - page_30: "START TEXT: of the speaker’s character: “You persuade a man only insofar as you can talk his language by speech," ******* END TEXT: "eters of two models: the traditional Aristotelian theory of ethos and the current poststructuralist "
9780814706657 - page_31: "START TEXT: account of intertextuality. Neither of these models of character understand self-structure. Both lac" ******* END TEXT: "toric and self-structures.\nPoststructuralists see the self very differently from Halloran: The self "
9780814706657 - page_32: "START TEXT: is not a freely chosen social role, but a linguistic accident. Selves do not emerge as they choose t" ******* END TEXT: " the self are useful for some purposes, but they are not particularly useful for a theory of ethos.\n"
9780814706657 - page_33: "START TEXT: I describe ethos as a relationship existing between the discourse structures of selves and the disco" ******* END TEXT: " different literary concepts of the self. These literary concepts, Rorty argues, reflect not simply "
9780814706657 - page_34: "START TEXT: changes in the way we imagine selves, but changes in the phenomenon itself. She names these differen" ******* END TEXT: "ble; they are not chaotic or undisciplined eddies of emotion held together by virtue of one’s name.\n"
9780814706657 - page_35: "START TEXT: In many respects Rorty’s person resembles Aristotle’s self. This self has coherence but not self-div" ******* END TEXT: "rst, the primary possession is that of land, and a person of substance is one of the landed gentry. "
9780814706657 - page_36: "START TEXT: But when a man’s industry determines whether he is landed, the story of men’s lives are told by thei" ******* END TEXT: "o choose their own “inner” being.\nWe can imagine, from Rorty’s discussion, a kind of economy in the "
9780814706657 - page_37: "START TEXT: change or evolution of the self whereby desire, rhetoric, ideology, and social structure interact to" ******* END TEXT: "ger system of a particular culture. In all cases, the social rewards provided by a culture regulate "
9780814706657 - page_38: "START TEXT: those libidinal investments that contribute to a suitable self-structure and within each social cont" ******* END TEXT: "d by historical forces. A particular self is not an infinitely changing collection of voices housed "
9780814706657 - page_39: "START TEXT: within a biological organism. It is a relatively stable organization of voices. Although we need not" ******* END TEXT: "own inner organization prompts the self to identify with certain social forms and to reject others.\n"
9780814706657 - page_40: "START TEXT: In some ways the account of the self offered by Culler and others is compatible with the account of " ******* END TEXT: "lf is important for a theory of rhetoric. If the discipline of rhetoric is to have the coherency it "
9780814706657 - page_41: "START TEXT: aspires to, the self must be imagined as having a self-structure held in place by organizing princip" ******* END TEXT: "us, intractable materials.”19Although it expresses the “subjectivity” of the writer, style composes "
9780814706657 - page_42: "START TEXT: also the “subject” of sentences, and at least momentarily (and, when effective, more than momentaril" ******* END TEXT: "at effective rhetoric is something like self-structure itself. It is not a mere collection of words "
9780814706657 - page_43: "START TEXT: and voices, not a passive structure of language; rhetoric—like self-structure—manipulates the proper" ******* END TEXT: ". Rhetoric therefore needs a theory of the self that is sufficiently complex to conceptualize these "
9780814706657 - page_44: "START TEXT: features. A theory of rhetoric needs an understanding of the self that appreciates the relative stab" ******* END TEXT: " attachments have been very strong rhetorical tools. For most of the developed world these ties and "
9780814706657 - page_45: "START TEXT: their corresponding rhetoric are much diminished. Racial, religious, and linguistic conflict continu" ******* END TEXT: "of authority and personality. It hears, remembers, and internalizes many different styles of voice. "
9780814706657 - page_46: "START TEXT: As the modern self develops, it seeks to establish identity in relation to the many voices competing" ******* END TEXT: "be the modern rhetorical context. In this option, effective rhetoric is not a clearly authoritative "
9780814706657 - page_47: "START TEXT: and all-powerful energy in discourse; instead, it is a force always in conflict with an opposition. " ******* END TEXT: "thing energized precisely by the plural, self-oppositional, and divided nature of both the self and "
9780814706657 - page_48: "START TEXT: conflictual cultural ideologies. I discuss this last assertion in more detail later. Let us now conc" ******* END TEXT: "lace in a social hierarchy of power. Charismatic authority is held by people who “have been neither "
9780814706657 - page_49: "START TEXT: office-holders nor incumbents of an occupation . . . that is men who have acquired expert knowledge " ******* END TEXT: "lly oratorical as well as written.”29\nHow do the mechanisms of charisma operate within the field of "
9780814706657 - page_50: "START TEXT: discourse? Two dimensions of psychoanalytic speculation seem to offer answers. First, numerous think" ******* END TEXT: "mething more primitive, not so much an entity as an event that seeks not to represent selves but to "
9780814706657 - page_51: "START TEXT: structure selves. When texts structure the mastery of conflict as a rhetorical strategy, this event " ******* END TEXT: "al power can be explained as a mechanism “funded” by the divided character of modern self-structure "
9780814706657 - page_52: "START TEXT: Modern forms of ethos can “divide” us from our habitual values because, as moderns, we are always, i" ******* END TEXT: "lictual inner components.34\nThe ego would seem to be the rhetorical center of the self. Its task is "
9780814706657 - page_53: "START TEXT: to organize, synthesize, reconcile, or otherwise repress divisive and conflictual self-components so" ******* END TEXT: "eal people outside the self, such argument taps the deepest powers of rhetoric. Such persuasiveness "
9780814706657 - page_54: "START TEXT: is simultaneously very public and very private. It is, like the “hypnotic” effect of highly charisma" ******* END TEXT: "nce, the presence of the living writer, experienced while reading Orwell. George Woodcock observes:\n"
9780814706657 - page_55: "START TEXT: What makes almost all of Orwell’s essays still so fresh and fascinating, long after the occasion for" ******* END TEXT: "ell not as a great artist but as a vigorous thinker, in effect, a powerful rhetorician.41 But he is "
9780814706657 - page_56: "START TEXT: not a dated rhetorician. “We have been using him, since his death,” Williams says, “as the ground fo" ******* END TEXT: "” of the elephant’s death as vastly “distant” from the actual scene of the elephant’s bleeding body—"
9780814706657 - page_57: "START TEXT: all of these elements and many others that I do not have the space to invoke press on the reader wit" ******* END TEXT: "sonal attention. But there are several plausible developments. For example, a reader may have never "
9780814706657 - page_58: "START TEXT: been fully conscious of two sides to the political issue and will, only through the essay, come to “" ******* END TEXT: "ve. Thus motives of self-interest, and not altruism, contribute to the strength of anti-imperialist "
9780814706657 - page_59: "START TEXT: feeling: “I perceived in this moment that when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that" ******* END TEXT: " example, is not always rhetorically effective. Often a reader responds to a representation of self "
9780814706657 - page_60: "START TEXT: division with confusion; either readers are confused themselves (and feel no rhetorical pressure), o" ******* END TEXT: "ic, in The Basic Works of Aristotle, ed. Richard McKeon (New York: Random House, 1941), line 1356a.\n"
9780814706657 - page_61: "START TEXT: 2. Burke, A Rhetoric of Motives, 55.\n3. Quintilian, Institutio oratoria, trans. H. E. Butler (Cambri" ******* END TEXT: "Relationship,” The Annual of Psychoanalysis 22-23 (1984—85): 173.\n30. Wyatt, Reconstructing Desire.\n"
9780814706657 - page_62: "START TEXT: 31. Winer, Jobe, and Ferrono, “Toward a Psychoanalytic Theory,” 155-77.\n32. Martin Fishbein and leek" ******* END TEXT: "oad to Wigan Pier (New York: Medallion Books, 1961), 125.\n47. Orwell, “Shooting an Elephant,” 60.\n\n\n"
9780814706657 - page_100: "START TEXT: phenomena. Projection and identification are thus similar forms of perception in so far as they repr" ******* END TEXT: "Press, 1980), 366.\n18. Holland, “A Transactive Account,” 181.\n19. Bleich, Subjective Criticism, 97.\n"
9780814706657 - page_101: "START TEXT: 20. Ibid., 98.\n21. Bleich and others seem to feel that because words can mean anything, the text doe" ******* END TEXT: "rom others attitudes and behavior so deeply influential that they slowly change our self-structure.\n"
9780814706657 - page_102: "START TEXT: But identification can also mean failing to respond to the otherness of people. It can mean a mode o" ******* END TEXT: "wentieth Century Interpretations of The Tempest (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969), 9.\n\n\n"
9780814706657 - page_63: "START TEXT: THREEProjection and the Resistance of the Signifier: A Reader-Response Theory of Textual Presence\nTh" ******* END TEXT: "trolling textual entity that directs textual response and exercises the power rhetoricians imagine.\n"
9780814706657 - page_64: "START TEXT: In this account of textual response, the multiplicity of meanings found by readers becomes a problem" ******* END TEXT: " texts can affect the subjectivity of a reader. Signifiers do this, not because of what they are in "
9780814706657 - page_65: "START TEXT: themselves—ink marks on a page—but because of subject functions that animate signification. Signific" ******* END TEXT: "nguishes a text from its reader. A text is not essentially the reflection of a reader, and a reader "
9780814706657 - page_66: "START TEXT: is not essentially the reflection of a text. A text, in and of itself, possesses an otherness that p" ******* END TEXT: " if one means . . . [what Hirsch means] ‘an entity which always remains the same from one moment to "
9780814706657 - page_67: "START TEXT: the next.’ “2 But Fish and other critics who dismiss the objective text nonetheless insist on an int" ******* END TEXT: "ifiers in the text do not disappear, but the thing signified by the signifiers becomes a product of "
9780814706657 - page_68: "START TEXT: reading strategies. Michel Foucault, for example, asserts that those “aspects of an individual which" ******* END TEXT: "ll the others of discourse. Every instance of discourse is selective, so every example of discourse "
9780814706657 - page_69: "START TEXT: always excludes some other. Certainly it is true that poststructuralist theory dominates and subjuga" ******* END TEXT: "e of Narcissus looking at himself in the river. Freud’s 1914 essay on narcissism implicitly alludes "
9780814706657 - page_70: "START TEXT: to the myth when commenting on the doting self-admiration of the narcissist.10 More recent analysts " ******* END TEXT: "ee—is covered up, and the image that is superimposed on the public image is a private one, an image "
9780814706657 - page_71: "START TEXT: idiosyncratically manufactured by the mind. Projection involves, as Freud points out, a loss of real" ******* END TEXT: " projected on it by readers.15\nNorman Holland, like Stanley Fish, is another prominent critic whose "
9780814706657 - page_72: "START TEXT: best-known work disavows any notion of textual objectivity. In a relatively recent essay on the “tra" ******* END TEXT: "for this “resymbolization” are characteristically unconscious, interpretation serves to express the "
9780814706657 - page_73: "START TEXT: unconscious motives of the reader. In effect, reading reads projection; it does not read anything di" ******* END TEXT: "nconscious, and narcissistic reading processes. The material signifier offers itself as a criterion "
9780814706657 - page_74: "START TEXT: for accountability in textual response. Readings that fail to encounter the actual signifiers of a t" ******* END TEXT: "er the particularity of vocabulary that describes these events. Clearly these readings are failures "
9780814706657 - page_75: "START TEXT: in perception and failures to respond to the objective text. The repetitive encounter with dumb sign" ******* END TEXT: "7 For Lacan, rhetorical pressure is a consequence of the self’s being tethered to the particularity "
9780814706657 - page_76: "START TEXT: of words. Lacanian theory would support the generalization that close reading of particular signifie" ******* END TEXT: " signification. Ask a lover to curse his beloved’s name; ask a patriot to curse her country’s name.\n"
9780814706657 - page_77: "START TEXT: If it is clear that the material presence of words matters enormously to the functions of the self, " ******* END TEXT: "ns; it is a true misreading of the text. It is inattentiveness due to a variety of possible causes: "
9780814706657 - page_78: "START TEXT: fatigue, haste, distraction, and psychological defensiveness. As a defense, projective denial is cha" ******* END TEXT: "ssion that, when he hears about Sonny’s desperate need to hear from him, he “feels like a bastard.” "
9780814706657 - page_79: "START TEXT: After all this, the class changes its answer. The narrator’s use of the word, “bastard,” directed at" ******* END TEXT: "themselves from their own inner feelings of guilt by seeing none in the narrator. For example, when "
9780814706657 - page_80: "START TEXT: I show students that the narrator seems to express a sense of guilt, they sometimes respond by first" ******* END TEXT: "text. Rather than ignoring the signifier in deference to its own fantasies, it uses the conflictual "
9780814706657 - page_81: "START TEXT: interaction of signifiers to grasp, visualize, or master the latent conflict. It may seek to clarify" ******* END TEXT: "structs—the libidinal positionings—generated by the signifying activities of a larger social world. "
9780814706657 - page_82: "START TEXT: At their most primitive level these meanings are intuitive and associative. They are the ground of o" ******* END TEXT: "ion, or places where the pathways of various language codes converge as they pursue other purposes.\n"
9780814706657 - page_83: "START TEXT: In addition, specific material signifiers often serve to anchor a set of libidinal relationships imp" ******* END TEXT: " different placings of a projective content will either juxtapose a projective content with another "
9780814706657 - page_84: "START TEXT: different projective content and thus exert rhetorical pressure, or will juxtapose a projective cont" ******* END TEXT: "nglish, containing 1,014,232 words, there are only 50,406 different words.40 This shows that in the "
9780814706657 - page_85: "START TEXT: average text there is a tremendous repetition of signifiers. Meaning, which depends partly on the ch" ******* END TEXT: "r libidinal response to the signifier “exploration” or perhaps “adventure” can be restructured by a "
9780814706657 - page_86: "START TEXT: narrative that “explains” exploration. In this conflict between an ideological coding for exploratio" ******* END TEXT: "ves tremendous rhetorical leverage by simply signifying a particular relationship between gentlemen "
9780814706657 - page_87: "START TEXT: and infants: “gentlemen” “eat” “infants.” Each of these three signifiers (or their equivalents) is r" ******* END TEXT: "t in doing so they “defile” those energies by entrapping them in a larger network of signification. "
9780814706657 - page_88: "START TEXT: In this context, words absorb projective forces and deflect them, thereby exerting “rhetorical” pres" ******* END TEXT: "ght say “body”) to the self.\nWhen we encounter rhetoric in texts, we encounter the libidinal forces "
9780814706657 - page_89: "START TEXT: attached to words that generate, employ, or “bind” emotion. This manipulation of emotion amounts to " ******* END TEXT: "ve, and adversarial relations between texts and readers. Fish speaks for many sociological critics:\n"
9780814706657 - page_90: "START TEXT: If selves are constituted by the ways of thinking and seeing that inhere in social organizations, an" ******* END TEXT: "ch interior conflict changes our perceptions of ideological codes and offers an impetus for change.\n"
9780814706657 - page_91: "START TEXT: For various reasons, professional readers are usually more comfortable talking about conflict within" ******* END TEXT: " of possible rhetorical organizations inherent in systems of signification can produce a frictional "
9780814706657 - page_92: "START TEXT: sliding in consciousness between disparate and unsynthesized units of rhetoric and intelligibility w" ******* END TEXT: "y the unity of a subject responds to the unity of the text; nor is reading a simple process whereby "
9780814706657 - page_93: "START TEXT: the text constitutes the reader along the lines of a simple ideological principle. Instead, reading " ******* END TEXT: " of interpretive gestures.\nAn imprecise understanding of infinity has suggested that interpretation "
9780814706657 - page_94: "START TEXT: is the effect of an unlimited set of interpretive possibilities. A clearer understanding of infinity" ******* END TEXT: "l constitution of the organism and the signifying structures of affect made available by a culture.\n"
9780814706657 - page_95: "START TEXT: The ability of projections and associations to be meaningful for other readers functions as another " ******* END TEXT: "ion of this idiosyncratic generation of meaning does not mean there is no objective text. Returning "
9780814706657 - page_96: "START TEXT: to the analogy with mathematics, we might compare a text to an algebraic formula. There are infinite" ******* END TEXT: "m complex, the critics find it difficult to account for the great effect the play has upon them. In "
9780814706657 - page_97: "START TEXT: desperation they turn to biographical, allegorical, religious, philosophical, or psychological inter" ******* END TEXT: "nt, two-dimensional patterns produced by infinitely small changes in rotations of the viewing angle "
9780814706657 - page_98: "START TEXT: have their ground in a particular three-dimensional structure. This is also true with criticism: To " ******* END TEXT: "ristic of the “whole problem” of humanistic study. I would argue that this is not so much the whole "
9780814706657 - page_99: "START TEXT: problem of humanistic study as the “whole point” of humanistic study. For this means that interpreti" ******* END TEXT: "ard Edition 14: 136\n13. In everyday speech, projection is a kind of externalization of inner mental "
9780814706657 - page_103: "START TEXT: FOURCharacter, Plot, and Imagery: Mechanisms That Shift Narcissistic Investments\nIn the beginning wa" ******* END TEXT: "nd of the self in particular.”2Fully involved readers are reluctant to break away from a book, even "
9780814706657 - page_104: "START TEXT: when other pleasures—eating, conversation with friends, outdoor play —awaits them. This curious plea" ******* END TEXT: "should suspect that transformations in narcissistic libido have somehow occurred. Reading allows or "
9780814706657 - page_105: "START TEXT: encourages libido that has been bound in a specific location to move temporarily to new locations. I" ******* END TEXT: "I need to once again call attention to the drive for mastery that readers commonly display in their "
9780814706657 - page_106: "START TEXT: response to the conflicts of literature. Fredric Jameson asserts that the most common form of critic" ******* END TEXT: " it to master conflict.\nThe following pages describe how reading releases fantasies, or libidinally "
9780814706657 - page_107: "START TEXT: [Page_107]invested imaginative structures. In participating in the multiple fantasies released by re" ******* END TEXT: ", we often replicate them. Too often our drive to make sense of experience—especially literature—in "
9780814706657 - page_108: "START TEXT: terms of idealizations (or moral summaries) prompts us to equate reading largely with idealizing int" ******* END TEXT: " Holland’s work, with its insistence on the force of “instinctual urges” in literature, offends the "
9780814706657 - page_109: "START TEXT: professional ideals of many scholars. Holland argues that the reading experience is not what we thin" ******* END TEXT: "ole for an attentive reader.\nKohut draws particular attention to idealizations as fundamental tools "
9780814706657 - page_110: "START TEXT: of human change. Insisting that idealizations and identifications are extremely important in analysi" ******* END TEXT: "omplete discussion of narcissistic libido would involve a discussion of many more categories than I "
9780814706657 - page_111: "START TEXT: have selected here. But Aristotle’s concepts provide both a rough outline of the nature of the liter" ******* END TEXT: " this double bind Sebastian feels toward Emily, there is an expression of a new sympathy for other, "
9780814706657 - page_112: "START TEXT: perhaps less perverse, old ladies. Sebastian’s phrase “distilling the odium” reveals the conflicts h" ******* END TEXT: "t our response to character expresses what we value, and reveals, also, how we intuit relationships "
9780814706657 - page_113: "START TEXT: between character and value. Our identifications reveal not only our values, but how we visualize a " ******* END TEXT: "lieved that “serious” literature seldom encourages such unreflective admiration and enjoyment. When "
9780814706657 - page_114: "START TEXT: we find college freshmen reading serious literature as if it were an ego-fantasy, we traditionally r" ******* END TEXT: "ability to abstract oneself from one’s own attitudes—an ability brought about by stepping back from "
9780814706657 - page_115: "START TEXT: one’s own governing norms of orientation.”18 Iser’s discussion of “discernment” calls attention to a" ******* END TEXT: "ly how we think about the world, but how we live it. It reminds us of our own libidinal attachments "
9780814706657 - page_116: "START TEXT: to the objects of the world. One of Norman Holland’s readers (Sandra) gives the following response t" ******* END TEXT: "s of time. Through identification we are also drawn to experience imaginatively things we might not "
9780814706657 - page_117: "START TEXT: want to experience, and we are often encouraged to make judgments about experiences that we might no" ******* END TEXT: "mportance of the mirroring situation in Shakespearean tragedy in which “the hero will be confronted "
9780814706657 - page_118: "START TEXT: with a version of his own situation.”24 In Hamlet, both Fortinbras and Laertes have different ego-id" ******* END TEXT: "anism of splitting has in part become developed as a conscious ego device. The gifted person, while "
9780814706657 - page_119: "START TEXT: knowing the conventional sense of reality, is thus also able to hold it in abeyance in order to expl" ******* END TEXT: "structure for libidinal investments. And characters are not just “something” in a text that we read "
9780814706657 - page_120: "START TEXT: about; characters are something we are. Characters always reflect organizations of affect that defin" ******* END TEXT: "he events that compose the narrative. Thus it is not simply that plots are about conflict, but that "
9780814706657 - page_121: "START TEXT: the narratives themselves spring from an experience of conflict. For White, true narratives do not b" ******* END TEXT: "naming and containing our desire.\nBrooks begins with one of the most apparent of observations about "
9780814706657 - page_122: "START TEXT: literary response: Narratives engage our interest. But Brooks shows how this mobilization of desire " ******* END TEXT: "tic need) for a listening reader is as fundamental as the reader’s need for a plot. Both needs fund "
9780814706657 - page_123: "START TEXT: the libidinal economy of the text’s promissory signification, and both needs meet at the level of pl" ******* END TEXT: "ll. But these signifiers do not do this by themselves. We animate signifiers by becoming libidnally "
9780814706657 - page_124: "START TEXT: invested in them. Signifiers, as we inhabit them, position us in relation to what and how we feel. I" ******* END TEXT: "ue, it envisions a change in value as ultimately desirable. Literary rhetoric thus uses desire (and "
9780814706657 - page_125: "START TEXT: not the force of authority) as a mechanism to shift desire. In this manner, desire can contribute to" ******* END TEXT: " desire, and we often change when we no longer desire the idealizations that define our characters.\n"
9780814706657 - page_126: "START TEXT: Like abstractions, idealizations organize and define a complex network of elements. But unlike pure " ******* END TEXT: "he threat he poses, she is prompted to imagine other fantasies that contain or control this threat.\n"
9780814706657 - page_127: "START TEXT: Holland points out that Sandra, in another personal response, imagines Emily’s relation to Homer (th" ******* END TEXT: "ulation of the ideal helps her to diminish them. The text contributes to her forming of this ideal, "
9780814706657 - page_128: "START TEXT: but it does not give it to her as a packaged “knowledge,” insisting that she must believe in it. Lis" ******* END TEXT: "her compatible signifying structure that offers additional or more powerful narcissistic support.42 "
9780814706657 - page_129: "START TEXT: This might be a metonymic shift in desire, which could contribute to idealization because in a limit" ******* END TEXT: "ect of desire, but in larger transformations of the structure of desire. The sublime is a mechanism "
9780814706657 - page_130: "START TEXT: operating on the more durable libidinal systems within the self-system and not merely on the represe" ******* END TEXT: "respond to imagery. Imagery, often triggered in specific ways by plot and character identification, "
9780814706657 - page_131: "START TEXT: speaks the language of Freud’s primary processes and Lacan’s “Imaginary.” Because imagery speaks fro" ******* END TEXT: "the process of signification.\nFreud emphasized the relation of art to fantasy. More recent theories "
9780814706657 - page_132: "START TEXT: see more complex structures in literature. Heinz Kohut differs from Freud in his understanding of ar" ******* END TEXT: "ffective fictions of reality.\nAs I develop my argument, I appropriate traditional theoretical terms "
9780814706657 - page_133: "START TEXT: like idealization and primary processes, and also make use of Lacan’s theory of the Imaginary. Lacan" ******* END TEXT: "ary unities with which the infant merges in fantasy, these images setting up the originary matrices "
9780814706657 - page_134: "START TEXT: to which all other images become attached in hallucinatory networks of meaning.”53 The earliest imag" ******* END TEXT: "olution in man by making the drive toward fusion and agreement—the impossible one . . .—fundamental "
9780814706657 - page_135: "START TEXT: to perception and action. The Imaginary consequently seeks to circumvent the Symbolic order, which p" ******* END TEXT: "earning, however, is frequently a process of establishing fictional boundaries for social purposes. "
9780814706657 - page_136: "START TEXT: As children name the space outside themselves, and name the space inside, they borrow terms from the" ******* END TEXT: " is not available for direct perception or linguistic reference. It is in Jameson’s sense an absent "
9780814706657 - page_137: "START TEXT: cause. We do not know it in any pure way; we infer its presence from our ability to manipulate the w" ******* END TEXT: "mes to Sigmund Freud suffering from severe pains in her left breast and pelvic region and a chronic "
9780814706657 - page_138: "START TEXT: respiratory condition. Lisa’s promising musical career was interrupted by her illness. She would lik" ******* END TEXT: "‘storm inside her head.’ “62Freud, however, encourages Lisa to pay attention to her imagery, and as "
9780814706657 - page_139: "START TEXT: the two of them begin to make sense of things, they piece together a narrative past that has not bee" ******* END TEXT: " more realistically and to judge them less harshly. She is no longer tormented by her hallucinatory "
9780814706657 - page_140: "START TEXT: images. And because she both “sublimates” and expresses repressed desires, she is able to remarry an" ******* END TEXT: "fiers refer only to a clearly knowable signified located in the subject’s past. Thomas’s Freud, for "
9780814706657 - page_141: "START TEXT: example, understands Lisa’s imagery of fire and storm almost entirely in terms of her past. Because " ******* END TEXT: "tained by linguistic names. They are characteristic libidinal patterns used in experiencing events.\n"
9780814706657 - page_142: "START TEXT: What does the child first desire such that later signifiers designate that desire? What do sobbing c" ******* END TEXT: " desire, but the signifieds these codings make possible are dispersed both by the rails of metonymy "
9780814706657 - page_143: "START TEXT: that transfer desire from one signifier (and signified) to another and by metaphors that structure a" ******* END TEXT: "mselves in relation to these structures. Each individual has a unique memory and imagination, and a "
9780814706657 - page_144: "START TEXT: unique relationship to imagery. There is seldom a perfect fit between an individual and the coding o" ******* END TEXT: "pression of ideas in words. . . . [T]here may be an oscillation between image formation and lexical "
9780814706657 - page_145: "START TEXT: representation and . . . image formation tends to occur during transitions in the state of conscious" ******* END TEXT: "d of the scale than the other. However, this very ambiguity may well indicate the role the literary "
9780814706657 - page_146: "START TEXT: image plays: If images are sometimes experienced as words and sometimes as images, it may be that th" ******* END TEXT: "iographical considerations of an author’s use of imagery would seem to support this. If we probe an "
9780814706657 - page_147: "START TEXT: author’s most consciously used images, we often find conflictual forces intersecting at the signifyi" ******* END TEXT: "cting of signification that is the drive to narrative. Geoffrey Harpham observes, “It is remarkable "
9780814706657 - page_148: "START TEXT: how many discussions, how many discoveries, how many narratives, begin with paradox, contradiction, " ******* END TEXT: "ion. Good orators, most people agree, “have a feel” for the effects of various language strategies. "
9780814706657 - page_149: "START TEXT: They know in advance what effect a particular image or rhetorical trope will have. The dominance of " ******* END TEXT: "tic and emotional effects.\nPatrick Brantlinger describes Conrad’s abiding interest in the adventure "
9780814706657 - page_150: "START TEXT: stories of Capt. Frederick Marry at and others.75 Conrad read enough of these boy’s adventure tales " ******* END TEXT: "sciously concerned with disciplining his early, painfully constructed and idealizing image of Kurtz "
9780814706657 - page_151: "START TEXT: in the canoe with another, more closely inspected image. This is the image of Kurtz most often “seen" ******* END TEXT: "e in this act of judgment.\nAs the image channels narcissistic forces into signification, it exposes "
9780814706657 - page_152: "START TEXT: these forces to consciousness, and thus exposes them to the compromising demands of the ego’s censor" ******* END TEXT: " as well as to her who wants something different—surely the images speak louder than the words. The "
9780814706657 - page_153: "START TEXT: father’s gender storyline may dominate the novel’s structure. But scattered representations of auton" ******* END TEXT: "e Analysis of the Self.\n10. Ibid., 41; This description of the formation of the superego, a process "
9780814706657 - page_154: "START TEXT: whereby libido is withdrawn from figures we are strongly attached to and then utilized in the format" ******* END TEXT: "tions. Not always, but sometimes, these changes require growth in ego strength and reality testing.\n"
9780814706657 - page_155: "START TEXT: 16. Kohut, The Analysis of the Self, 77.\n17. Holland, Five Readers Reading, 183.\n18. Wolfgang Iser, " ******* END TEXT: "e Analysis of the Self, 75.\n37. Holland, Five Readers Reading, 192.\n38. Ibid., 192.\n39. Ibid., 199.\n"
9780814706657 - page_156: "START TEXT: 40. Ibid., 199.\n41. Ibid., 195.\n42. This mode of shifting desire might well be more “fluid” than the" ******* END TEXT: "hearing and sight. ... As a physiological trait, it is apparently, like red-green colour blindness, "
9780814706657 - page_157: "START TEXT: a survival from an earlier comparatively undifferentiated sensorium” (83). These “primitive” propert" ******* END TEXT: "aplanche and Pontalis, The Language of Psychoanalysis, 202.\n79. Wyatt, Reconstructing Desire, 63.\n\n\n"
9780814706657 - page_158: "START TEXT: FIVEThe Narcissism of Creation and Interpretation: Agon at the Heart of Darkness\nThe passions, when " ******* END TEXT: "thus contradicts, on one level, the very claim Conrad himself asserts. The monster is a substantive "
9780814706657 - page_159: "START TEXT: product of the very sort the author seeks. Despite this paradox, however, we have little trouble und" ******* END TEXT: "essive traits: his vision, “piercing enough to penetrate all the hearts that beat in the darkness,” "
9780814706657 - page_160: "START TEXT: and his desire, voraciously insatiable and intent to consume “the air, the earth, all men.” Satan lo" ******* END TEXT: "the desires that form Conrad’s text are as divided as the critical values that respond to the text. "
9780814706657 - page_161: "START TEXT: Just as the imaginary monster of Conrad’s letter is both a visionary reward and a visionary threat, " ******* END TEXT: "tification with Kurtz. Conrad’s predicament is mirrored in Marlow. Although he wants Kurtz’s power, "
9780814706657 - page_162: "START TEXT: he fears the corrosive effects of the desire that enables Kurtz’s power. A similar predicament surfa" ******* END TEXT: "confusion and complexity is precisely what I wish to examine in my analysis of the text’s rhetoric.\n"
9780814706657 - page_163: "START TEXT: There are three distinct stages in Marlow’s identification with Kurtz, and the pivotal points in eac" ******* END TEXT: "f contexts in which the adjective “narcissistic” is used, however, one wonders what the word means. "
9780814706657 - page_164: "START TEXT: Does the adjective imply that Conrad had a narcissistic personality disorder? Or does the adjective " ******* END TEXT: "seems to grasp more and more expansively the role narcissistic energy plays in the process of human "
9780814706657 - page_165: "START TEXT: individuation. This role is succinctly described by a recent psychoanalytic theorist:\nAs our knowled" ******* END TEXT: "absolute metaphysical emptiness always stands just behind the machinery of narcissistic production.\n"
9780814706657 - page_166: "START TEXT: Narcissism and Morality\nThe Nigger of the “Narcissus,” Conrad’s first major work, idealizes the seam" ******* END TEXT: "irreconcilable desires: admiration and disdain, identification and the rejection of identification.\n"
9780814706657 - page_167: "START TEXT: Faced with this double-bind, Conrad turns to Marlow as a stable fictional identity, and a Virgilian " ******* END TEXT: "rceives them in each stage.\nThe origin of Marlow’s African adventure begins with a child’s wondrous "
9780814706657 - page_168: "START TEXT: self-loss in the innocent and unbounded desire of daydreams. “Now when I was a little chap,” Marlow " ******* END TEXT: "ptiness and oral rage. This desperate attempt to “devour all things” suggests that Kurtz (as Marlow "
9780814706657 - page_169: "START TEXT: >envisions him) is obsessed by a need to internalize and possess all things of value so that his own" ******* END TEXT: "d his inability to obtain it.\nIf the desperate attempt to devour all things were the only component "
9780814706657 - page_170: "START TEXT: of Kurtz’s restless narcissism, Marlow’s judgment of Kurtz would be clearly and unambiguously negati" ******* END TEXT: "ech seems to embody a very potent idealization—the greatest power to which any writer could aspire.\n"
9780814706657 - page_171: "START TEXT: Spoken by a “universal genius” who was “essentially a great musician” but whose talents also include" ******* END TEXT: "lso betrays an inner poverty of need. “The elaboration of the dream,” Lacan comments, “is nourished "
9780814706657 - page_172: "START TEXT: by desire.” The dream is a “narcissistic folding back of the libido and disinvestment of reality.”25" ******* END TEXT: "ry. So also, Kurtz leads the natives, earns godlike respect from them, but fails to reciprocate the "
9780814706657 - page_173: "START TEXT: admiration he is given. His feelings for them express more than contempt. They express overt and int" ******* END TEXT: "the ego. Obviously not all idealizations are used constructively, in individual development, nor is "
9780814706657 - page_174: "START TEXT: the course of cultural history a consistently progressive one. Nevertheless, it is the ability to id" ******* END TEXT: "hat Kurtz undergoes transform his excessively moral pre-Congo idealistic illusions into excessively "
9780814706657 - page_175: "START TEXT: narcissistic self-aggrandizing delusions. “He desired,” Marlow comments, “to have kings meet him at " ******* END TEXT: "darkness,” for example, may suggest his colonization of the “primitive” areas of the unconscious.34\n"
9780814706657 - page_176: "START TEXT: Clearly, the metaphor of darkness has imaginative appeal for a Romantic like Conrad. Marlow, for exa" ******* END TEXT: "h it. He must, essentially, “meet that truth with [his] own true stuff,” his “inner strength” (37).\n"
9780814706657 - page_177: "START TEXT: Another apparent defense that Marlow uses to curb his admiration of Kurtz is, quite simply, his insi" ******* END TEXT: "lex imaginative strategies.\nWhat is Conrad’s new moral ideal? It can be best explained by comparing "
9780814706657 - page_178: "START TEXT: it to his older moral ideal. Prior to Heart of Darkness Conrad endorsed in his fiction a rather simp" ******* END TEXT: "nrad has imagined him in a context that, in itself, links him to a variety of forces that encourage "
9780814706657 - page_179: "START TEXT: admiration and identification. One of these forces is Conrad’s old and rather simple ideal of explor" ******* END TEXT: "oth by the “convention that lurks in all truth,” and by the “essential sincerity” of falsehood. But "
9780814706657 - page_180: "START TEXT: this test is precisely the test imposed on the artist. And Conrad’s response to this test here is ch" ******* END TEXT: "nd idealized with tortuous misgivings. But this final act of identification also reasserts Conrad’s "
9780814706657 - page_181: "START TEXT: commitment to imaginative exploration and redeems, rather than sacrifices, the imagination’s allianc" ******* END TEXT: "ls of perception. When Kurtz enters most deeply into himself, when he “crosses the threshold of the "
9780814706657 - page_182: "START TEXT: invisible” to utter his famous cry, he does not in “crossing” the “threshold” die. Rather in “crossi" ******* END TEXT: "nner exploration of itself.\nOn the threshold of the “invisible” Kurtz seems to “live his life again "
9780814706657 - page_183: "START TEXT: in every detail of desire” and achieve (notice the idealizing insistence of these words) in a “supre" ******* END TEXT: "ats, by abominable terrors, by abominable satisfactions,” does not redeem Kurtz’s life, but it does "
9780814706657 - page_184: "START TEXT: illuminate both Marlow’s life and Conrad’s ambitions. Marlow learns to chart his own course in relat" ******* END TEXT: "ed” in an act of “renunciation,” they are begun again after they have been purged of self-interest, "
9780814706657 - page_185: "START TEXT: purged of the self-aggrandizing quality often associated with aspiration. The narration of Heart of " ******* END TEXT: "f relations between writing and identity in Conrad: Jeffrey Berman, Joseph Conrad; Jeremy Hawthorn, "
9780814706657 - page_186: "START TEXT: Conrad: Language and Fictional Self-Consciousness (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979); and" ******* END TEXT: "arcissus” concludes with a reaching towards celebration which is belied by what precedes. While the "
9780814706657 - page_187: "START TEXT: narrator desperately tries to impose a significance upon the disintegrating crew by means of his fin" ******* END TEXT: "diose self.”\n27. Menaker, “The Ego-Ideal,” 252–54.\n28. Watt, Conrad in the Nineteenth Century, 115.\n"
9780814706657 - page_188: "START TEXT: 29. Thornburn, Conrad’s Romanticism, 109.\n30. “To Edward Noble,” 28 October 1895, in Joseph Conrad: " ******* END TEXT: " form of this claim. I see myself valuing similar perceptions of the text in my own readings of it. "
9780814706657 - page_189: "START TEXT: When a text engages the “fantasy” of an identification that finally triggers the disclosure of a per" ******* END TEXT: "th a “literary” death of this sort is at the “heart” of our most profound respect for literature.\n\n\n"
9780814706657 - page_190: "START TEXT: SIXLanguage and the Substance of the Self: A Lacanian Perspective\nAnd sometimes even music / Cannot " ******* END TEXT: "ught to understand the human subject. As a poststructuralist, he sought to understand the subject’s "
9780814706657 - page_191: "START TEXT: constitution through and by discourse. But precisely because Lacan’s theoretical work derives from a" ******* END TEXT: "rse. Just as the pool of water, because it is a pool, affects what happens to the water within, the "
9780814706657 - page_192: "START TEXT: subject, because it is a subject, has certain subject-specific effects on discourse. These subject-s" ******* END TEXT: "” or “hero,” and with psychological “concepts” like those of identification, sympathy, or empathy.1\n"
9780814706657 - page_193: "START TEXT: Jameson applauds Lacan’s “displacement of orthodox Freudianism” because he sees Freud’s displacement" ******* END TEXT: " demanding task that requires facing—not ignoring—the contradictions in Lacan’s conceptualizations.\n"
9780814706657 - page_194: "START TEXT: Lacan frequently contradicts himself. Typically, these contradictions reveal Lacan in the process of" ******* END TEXT: " differs from language, Lacan insists that “one gets nowhere with language.” But of course Lacan is "
9780814706657 - page_195: "START TEXT: not really saying that one always “gets nowhere with language.” Lacan is in many respects a poststru" ******* END TEXT: "oncern themselves with these phenomena; subjects are made subjects in being driven by these forces.\n"
9780814706657 - page_196: "START TEXT: Characteristically, the Lacan of the Seminar is thinking and reformulating his pronouncements as he " ******* END TEXT: "re the same thing.” Secondly it leads to a situation in which “we are spoken more than we speak.”13\n"
9780814706657 - page_197: "START TEXT: Such a situation means, Bannet points out, that “as the conscious subject is little more than a mech" ******* END TEXT: "urse will tend to idealism, speculating about what does not exist.”16 Such an absolute dismissal of "
9780814706657 - page_198: "START TEXT: the self has a certain plausibility. It might even be supported by certain strategic quotes from Lac" ******* END TEXT: "tted by social discourse, or in terms of some autonomous ego that defines itself through discourse.\n"
9780814706657 - page_199: "START TEXT: To develop a more complex picture of the subject, we must more fully appreciate how Lacan’s subject " ******* END TEXT: " the one who suffers. As a clinician, Lacan used his analysis of the subject not as a philosophical "
9780814706657 - page_200: "START TEXT: ground for ignoring unique human beings, but as a ground for understanding the therapeutic action of" ******* END TEXT: "uted by participation in social language. The idea of resistance questions this passivity and calls "
9780814706657 - page_201: "START TEXT: attention to a subject’s unique ability to deny, dismiss, or deform social directives. Resistance im" ******* END TEXT: " completely animated by fluctuating currents of social discourse; it has a certain limited capacity "
9780814706657 - page_202: "START TEXT: for agency and resistance. Once agency and resistance are conceptualized as characteristics belongin" ******* END TEXT: "iscourse system) is very loosely “centered” around certain self-defining discourse patterns (Lacan, "
9780814706657 - page_203: "START TEXT: unlike Smith, emphasizes the subject’s enormous capacity for repetition.), it resists other discours" ******* END TEXT: "h other subjects respond.\nLacan insists that the early history of the subject (in part a history of "
9780814706657 - page_204: "START TEXT: discourse) stamps on the subject (especially in childhood) certain characteristic patterns that rema" ******* END TEXT: "self-understanding (resistance to analysis), seems almost exactly the opposite. Subjects do not act "
9780814706657 - page_205: "START TEXT: from knowledge; they resist knowledge. Subjects do not act from a self-consciousness of the cause of" ******* END TEXT: "front of the subject, the consciousness of the subject seeks to deny, misinterpret, or dismiss such "
9780814706657 - page_206: "START TEXT: knowledge. One analyst in Lacan’s Seminar describes resistance in the patient as something “he [she]" ******* END TEXT: "ture and repression. This would imply that knowledge could be received only in those cases when the "
9780814706657 - page_207: "START TEXT: recipient of the knowledge possessed a subject-structure congruent with the knowledge being transfer" ******* END TEXT: "tside field of discourse. This system (the subject) has a porous boundary that contains (in various "
9780814706657 - page_208: "START TEXT: layers of structure) the discourse that enters it. Poststructuralist accounts of the subject offer n" ******* END TEXT: "can’s subject are “contained” by a biological body, thus contradictions between differing contained "
9780814706657 - page_209: "START TEXT: discourse subsystems have especially significant effects. A machine can contain contradiction as sim" ******* END TEXT: "ave strategies for generating analytic resistance to knowledge. Ideologies work precisely by making "
9780814706657 - page_210: "START TEXT: undesirable conditions seem worthwhile, pleasant, or unavoidable. The power of an ideology thus must" ******* END TEXT: "omething no longer available for conscious consideration and has no apparent effect on the subject.\n"
9780814706657 - page_211: "START TEXT: When discourse has the most important effects on the subject, it is not simply something remembered " ******* END TEXT: "d by remembered discourse, or as an agency constructed by a synthesis of abiding emotional affects.\n"
9780814706657 - page_212: "START TEXT: Knowledge can be contained in different ways and in different “layers” within the subject. Different" ******* END TEXT: "ct of discourse components that do not mirror existing social and ideological structures. These new "
9780814706657 - page_213: "START TEXT: discourse structures, which can help define the subject, are new structures unique to the subject pr" ******* END TEXT: "ntrol the libidinal investments they release. It seems to me that some novels are like the subjects "
9780814706657 - page_214: "START TEXT: imagined by poststructuralists. They are simple collections of discourse. From the perspective of bo" ******* END TEXT: "rates in human speech. In the course of this book I have tried to analyze and give examples of this "
9780814706657 - page_215: "START TEXT: need operating in language. At the end of a book, however, one needs to generalize; of all the gener" ******* END TEXT: "d., 41.\n21. Ibid., 32.\n22. Ibid., 37.\n23. Lacan, The Seminar, 326.\n24. Lacan, Ecrits, 81.\n25. Ibid.\n"
9780814706657 - page_216: "START TEXT: 26. Jacques Lacan, The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-Analysis, ed. Jacques-Alain Miller (New Y" ******* END TEXT: "o thank Geoffrey Harpham for posing these questions for me.\n34. Lacan, The Seminar, book II, 308.\n\n\n"
9780814706657 - page_217: "START TEXT: SEVENConclusion: What Do We Do with Rhetorical Criticism?\nThis book has employed psychoanalytic theo" ******* END TEXT: "articularly effective rhetorical use of language. It is an effective device for rhetoric because it "
9780814706657 - page_218: "START TEXT: mobilizes speech to be used, not merely as a mask for a self, but as a verbal externalization of the" ******* END TEXT: "er and the listener, the text and the reader, and how their exchange takes place in an “artificial” "
9780814706657 - page_219: "START TEXT: space—a symbolic and semiotic medium—that is nonetheless the place of real investments of desire fro" ******* END TEXT: "ke analysts. Literature offers more opportunity for pleasurable projection and less clearly defined "
9780814706657 - page_220: "START TEXT: resistance to projection. There is no significant other in the text directing questions toward the r" ******* END TEXT: "ly documented by Norman Holland.12 If I distinguish my reading model from Holland’s on the basis of "
9780814706657 - page_221: "START TEXT: my understanding of the text’s resistance to reading, I should stress the importance of Holland’s in" ******* END TEXT: "in reading in terms of the split nature of the subject. We are all split subjects, and we are split "
9780814706657 - page_222: "START TEXT: by means of the verbal structures that constitute us as subjects. If we are Freudians we can say we " ******* END TEXT: "isely that this text prompts readers to respond to it. The text produces a great deal of criticism, "
9780814706657 - page_223: "START TEXT: which expresses widely diverging styles of idealization. The text thus seems emphatically able to en" ******* END TEXT: "sion of mastery that theories offer.\nI would hope good theories offer us the subtle rewards of more "
9780814706657 - page_224: "START TEXT: complex forms of narcissism. Good theories discipline us as we use them. Good theories purge us of o" ******* END TEXT: "thus all potentially useful gambits for introducing play into the habitual codes of interpretation.\n"
9780814706657 - page_225: "START TEXT: We will never know what form of authority to adopt as the master code of resistance. But this is not" ******* END TEXT: "learn forms for teaching it most appropriate for the context in question. Just as each analyst must "
9780814706657 - page_226: "START TEXT: respond to a patient’s resistance with a trial-and-error experimentation with response, each teacher" ******* END TEXT: "” person and the “good” society. Of course part of the nature of rhetoric requires that the meaning "
9780814706657 - page_227: "START TEXT: of these words and the relationships among them be fiercely contested.\nNotes\n1. Robert Con Davis has" ******* END TEXT: "s Lacan: The Adventure of Insight (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987), 61.\n15. Ibid., 60.\n\n\n"
9780814706657 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1994 by New York UniversityAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814706657 - page_v: "START TEXT: For Janis, Skye, and Sean\n" ******* END TEXT: "For Janis, Skye, and Sean\n"
9780814706657 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814706657 - page_ii: "START TEXT: Literature and Psychoanalysis General Editor: Jeffrey Berman\n1. The Beginning of Terror: A Psycholog" ******* END TEXT: "4. Narcissism and the Literary Libido: Rhetoric, Text, and Subjectivityby Marshall W. Alcorn, Jr.\n\n\n"
9780814706657 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Foreword\nAs New York University Press inaugurates a new series of books on literature and psychoanal" ******* END TEXT: "Goethe, and Dostoevsky, and was himself a master prose stylist, the recipient of the coveted Goethe "
9780814706657 - page_x: "START TEXT: Prize in 1930. When he was considered for the Nobel Prize, it was not for medicine but for literatur" ******* END TEXT: "y narcissistic, devoted to the pleasure principle, intuiting mysterious truths which they could not "
9780814706657 - page_xi: "START TEXT: rationally understand. “Kindly nature has given the artist the ability to express his most secret me" ******* END TEXT: "in the sense of a universitas literarum, between medical science and the branches of learning which "
9780814706657 - page_xii: "START TEXT: lie within the sphere of philosophy and the arts” (SE 17173). Regrettably, he did not envision in th" ******* END TEXT: "ry, with its mechanistic implications of cathectic energy, has given way to newer relational models "
9780814706657 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: such as object relations, self psychology, and interpersonal psychoanalysis, affirming the importanc" ******* END TEXT: "ity and sorrow” (143n.).\nJeffrey Berman\nProfessor of English\nState University of New York at Albany\n"
9780814706657 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: Works Cited\nFreud, Sigmund. The Letters of Sigmund Freud. Ed. Ernst Freud. Trans. Tania and James St" ******* END TEXT: "ta. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1959.\nThomas, D. M. The White Hotel. New York: Viking, 1981.\n\n\n"
9780814706657 - page_i: "START TEXT: Narcissism and the Literary Libido\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Narcissism and the Literary Libido\n\n\n\n"
9780814706657 - page_xix: "START TEXT: Narcissism and the Literary Libido\n" ******* END TEXT: "Narcissism and the Literary Libido\n"
9780814706657 - page_xx: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814706657 - page_239: "START TEXT: Index\nAbsorption, 24, 103, 122\nAbstraction, 125\nAchebe, Chinua, 28 n. 33\nAdvertising, 5, 24, 149\nAlt" ******* END TEXT: "d plot, 120–25\nand signifiers, 81, 142–43\nand textuality, 122–23\nsublimation and expression of, 140\n"
9780814706657 - page_240: "START TEXT: Development, 14–15, 132, 173\nDiscourse, 17, 39–40, 68, 190–91, 194–97, 211\nDiscourse components, 208" ******* END TEXT: "t, 12\nIntensity, 1, 7, 57, 118\nInternalization, 14–15, 39, 45, 53\nIser, Wolfgang, 95, 103, 114, 145\n"
9780814706657 - page_241: "START TEXT: Jameson, Frederic, 1, 3, 41, 106, 136, 154 n. 15, 192, 210\nJauss, Hans Robert, 115–16\nJobe, Thomas, " ******* END TEXT: "les, Elsie, 187 n. 23\nNew Testament The, 103\nObject–cathexes, 5\nObjectivity, 94\nObject petit a, 213\n"
9780814706657 - page_242: "START TEXT: Ogden, Thomas H., 14, 27 n. 25\nOmnipotence, 125, 168\nOntological insecurity, 21\nOrators, 148\nOrigina" ******* END TEXT: "3, 68, 82–87, 114, 213\nSublimating ideal, 129–30\nSublimation, 129, 139, 156 n. 43, 165\nSublime, 129\n"
9780814706657 - page_243: "START TEXT: Substance, 158, 169\nSubstitution, 14, 212\nSuffering, 3, 14, 90, 209\nSuperego, 53, 111, 116, 153 n. 1" ******* END TEXT: "Writing, 53, 95, 159\nas Conrad’s ideal, 158, 175, 178–79\nas a “want to be,” 19\nWyatt, Jean, 82, 152\n"
9780814706657 - page_244: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814706657 - page_iii: "START TEXT: Narcissism and the Literary Libido\nRhetoric, Text, and Subjectivity\nMarshall W. Alcorn, Jr.\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Narcissism and the Literary Libido\nRhetoric, Text, and Subjectivity\nMarshall W. Alcorn, Jr.\n\n\n\n"
9780814706657 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nForeword by Jeffrey Berman\nAcknowledgments\n1. Political Ties and Libidinal Ruptures: Narcis" ******* END TEXT: ": A Lacanian Perspective\n7. Conclusion: What Do We Do with Rhetorical Criticism?\nBibliography\nIndex\n"
9780814706657 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nIn preparing this annotated translation I have benefited from the invaluable assista" ******* END TEXT: "lbert Museum to research obscure facts. I am grateful for his insights, persistence, and much else.\n"
9780814711774 - page_x: "START TEXT: James Bruner, student of Gertrude Stein, took a keen interest in the translation and in Natalie, rec" ******* END TEXT: "while saving me from many errors; any that remain are mine alone.\nMerci de tout coeur à vous tous.\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_269: "START TEXT: Bibliography\nAckroyd, Peter. T. S. Eliot: A Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.\nActon, Harold." ******* END TEXT: "—. “The Passion.” The Transatlantic Review 2 (1924): 490–96.\n———. Ryder. New York: Liveright, 1928.\n"
9780814711774 - page_270: "START TEXT: Barney, Natalie Clifford. Aventures de l’esprit. Paris: Émile-Paul Frères, 1929.\n———. Eparpillements" ******* END TEXT: "1961.\nBrooks, Romaine. Portraits, tableaux, dessins. Paris: n.p., 1952.\n———. 70 Dessins. N.p.: n.d.\n"
9780814711774 - page_271: "START TEXT: Carpenter, Humphrey. Geniuses Together: American Writers in Paris in the 1920s. Boston: Houghton Mif" ******* END TEXT: "nnikat Press, 1971.\nEliot, T. S. The Complete Poems and Plays, 1909–1950. New York: Harcourt, 1952.\n"
9780814711774 - page_272: "START TEXT: Ellmann, Richard. James Joyce. New York: Oxford, 1982.\n———. Oscar Wilde. New York: Alfred Knopf, 198" ******* END TEXT: " l’Ecart, 1983.\nGourmont, Remy de. La Culture des idées. Paris: Société du Mercure de France, 1900.\n"
9780814711774 - page_273: "START TEXT: ———. Idées du jour: Octobre 1914-avril 1915. Paris: Crès, 1918.\n———. Le latin mystique. Paris: Mercu" ******* END TEXT: "ls of Oscar Wilde. 1948, 1962. New York: Dover, 1973.\nJacob, Max. Ballades. Paris: Gallimard, 1970.\n"
9780814711774 - page_274: "START TEXT: ———. Fond de l’eau. Toulouse: Éditions de l’Horloge, 1927.\nJaloux, Edmond. Figures étrangères—Premiè" ******* END TEXT: "oyd, and Henry Justin Smith. Oscar Wilde Discovers America [1882]. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1936.\n"
9780814711774 - page_275: "START TEXT: Littlewood, Ian. Paris: A Literary Companion. 1987. New York: Perennial Library, 1989.\nLouÿs, Pierre" ******* END TEXT: " Hill, 1984.\nMoulin, Jeanine, ed. La Poésie Feminine. Vol. 2: Epoque moderne. Paris: Seghers, 1963.\n"
9780814711774 - page_276: "START TEXT: Niederauer, David J. Pierre Louÿs: His Life and Art. N.p.: Canadian Federation for the Humanities, 1" ******* END TEXT: "iscours d’expulsion de M. Paul Valéry à l’Académie-français.” La crapouillot, novembre 1927: 21–26.\n"
9780814711774 - page_277: "START TEXT: ———. “Mauvaises Nouvelles Littéraires/’ La crapouilht, janvier 1928: 3–6.\n———. “Nouvelles Françaises" ******* END TEXT: "aris: Nouvelle revue française, 1919.\nVan Vechten, Carl. The Letters of Gertrude Stein and Carl Van "
9780814711774 - page_278: "START TEXT: Vechten, 1913–1946. 2 vols. Ed. Edward Burns. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.\nVerlaine, P" ******* END TEXT: " & Fields, 1989.\nWiser, William. The Crazy Years: Paris in the Twenties. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1985.\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_19: "START TEXT: 1. Forewarning\n“What are you preparing?”\nI’m always startled when someone asks me this question, bec" ******* END TEXT: "s this commonplace to me?\nIndiscretion has always seemed to me to be one of the privileges of tact.\n"
9780814711774 - page_20: "START TEXT: Far from fearing or despising indiscretion, I find that only in it is the principle of our truths re" ******* END TEXT: "uted to the encyclopedists and even to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Sovietism to Tolstoy and Gorki, Hindu "
9780814711774 - page_21: "START TEXT: discontent to Tagore.2 … Soon Christ will become the spiritual representative of the anarchist leagu" ******* END TEXT: "with the unpleasant balance of fear.\nFear of what? Fear fully exists only when it cannot be given a "
9780814711774 - page_22: "START TEXT: name. Children, we are going to touch the curtain that conceals nothing.\nThe blank page is one of th" ******* END TEXT: ", I will summon them to meet me in single combat. I will break lances against them or for them, who "
9780814711774 - page_23: "START TEXT: knows? I will even lay down my arms before certain of them. In these adventures of the mind, I am al" ******* END TEXT: " who penetrates\nBeneath the surface, and carves herself\nIn the mind’s sap\nOn which your name feeds:\n"
9780814711774 - page_24: "START TEXT: The cerebral impression\nExpands just as\nThe tree and the initial grow.\nThe mind accepts with greater" ******* END TEXT: "s excellence in passing, because everything is in passing to those who give themselves to the hunt.\n"
9780814711774 - page_25: "START TEXT: And, straddling two centuries, who would have more right to ride them than I, an amazon?\n“To intrude" ******* END TEXT: " origins.*\nEven the male line of my ancestors, although Anglo-American, was not foreign to France.†\n"
9780814711774 - page_26: "START TEXT: But the homecomings, especially after several centuries, bring back something of the foreigner, whic" ******* END TEXT: "hat forty of their number continue the tradition, move with the same majestic bearing, and agree to "
9780814711774 - page_27: "START TEXT: wear that garment, that drawing-room sword, which gives them the air of a foreign ambassador, ridicu" ******* END TEXT: "ived us of ever knowing their intimate thoughts?\nThis half-line from the eighteenth year of Barrès:\n"
9780814711774 - page_28: "START TEXT: “… the masters whom I hate”\nor his revolt when a lady wished to employ his eagerness on small errand" ******* END TEXT: "e “disputed territories.”\nSo, with a little damage to intimacy, I begin my adventures of the mind.\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_31: "START TEXT: 2. First Adventure: Oscar Wilde in the United States1\nMy first adventure of the mind took place in a" ******* END TEXT: "s protection of me against the pursuits of other little people.\nBut did he ever receive my letter?\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_32: "START TEXT: 3. Pierre Louÿs circa 19001: Literary Beginnings\nThe stem of a y on the i in LouÿsGoes off with blue" ******* END TEXT: "one being from another more than his eroticism, his delicacy in wielding it, his discretion—extreme "
9780814711774 - page_33: "START TEXT: discretion. Everything else is only pornography, and the pornography of badly lived and poorly expre" ******* END TEXT: "yn, and Théophile Gautier, in Mademoiselle de Maupin, and especially Balzac, in Séraphitus-Séraphita"
9780814711774 - page_34: "START TEXT: [sic], have skirted, at the risk of perdition, these androgynes who have given a novelty to the hum" ******* END TEXT: " we say in literary slang, some letters in which your poetic feeling expresses itself in terms that "
9780814711774 - page_35: "START TEXT: are a little old-fashioned, overused by bad poets, and thus discredited, do you understand? But agai" ******* END TEXT: "g you the character who delivers you a rose through a friend toward the middle of your novel?16 You "
9780814711774 - page_36: "START TEXT: ought to write your story and hers. It is the first indispensable chapter in your complete novel. Do" ******* END TEXT: "ome single once more, let his beard grow again—a beard that is less handsome than his friend Claude "
9780814711774 - page_37: "START TEXT: Farrère’s,18 that giant with a dwarf’s voice, a voice that later had to unite in true marriage with " ******* END TEXT: "oward tests of memory, he and Pierre Louÿs corrected a sonnet in my Mallarmé (an N.R.F. edition).22\n"
9780814711774 - page_38: "START TEXT: Another evening, after listening to a flute, with its thrills and spins, coming from my cold conserv" ******* END TEXT: "lf-sacrifice, of pain or intensity. Mental sadism? No, but a reckoning of pride: to want nothing to "
9780814711774 - page_39: "START TEXT: do with any sentiment that might disintegrate. Defenses, chains have always struck me as an offense " ******* END TEXT: "ow no one who can give me the secret address of a sugar merchant, and, without sugar, is there tea?\n"
9780814711774 - page_40: "START TEXT: What shall I invent? What if I promised you some revelations on Bilitis? That’s it. I shall tell you" ******* END TEXT: " go out. That is not important. Listen to his poetry.\nYour respectful and affectionate\nPierre Louÿs\n"
9780814711774 - page_41: "START TEXT: Sunday morning\nDo you know with whom I have just spent the night? You are the only one I can tell, a" ******* END TEXT: " have had a sad opinion of my thinking brain. I had not been to bed for the preceding two nights in "
9780814711774 - page_42: "START TEXT: order to make my office fit for the reception of three poetesses, and I removed eight hundred volume" ******* END TEXT: "rned without ever being consumed.\n“What a lack of taste!” the disappointed Berenson murmured to me.\n"
9780814711774 - page_43: "START TEXT: Stung for my old friend Louÿs by my new friend Berenson, I replied: “It seems to me that for a blind" ******* END TEXT: "and handled them with an almost magnetic precision. This new blind man, this virtuoso of blindness, "
9780814711774 - page_44: "START TEXT: unable to consult the table of contents, opened the books to the passage he was discussing with us, " ******* END TEXT: "cote all these scattered flocks—our letters?\nSmoke, connecting smoke, the only hyphen between men.\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_45: "START TEXT: 4. Anatole France: Among the Amazons1\nTo Yvonne Serruys-Mille, on the death of Anatole France2\nNot k" ******* END TEXT: "vate your spectators too quickly. It is not a question of pleasing an audience only once, as in the "
9780814711774 - page_46: "START TEXT: theatre. Be sparing with your wiles, because in life, the public remains!”\nHad we not been present, " ******* END TEXT: "he remain to the other meals. During the war, we often had lunch or dinner with him at Saint-Cloud.\n"
9780814711774 - page_47: "START TEXT: At Saint-Cloud, at Couchoud’s, one thinks and thinks …7\nAnd being a true philosopher, he didn’t know" ******* END TEXT: "ok part in France’s inspiration, coming almost spontaneously as he spoke. He may not have expressed "
9780814711774 - page_48: "START TEXT: “today’s ideas,” but they were at least his ideas of yesterday, which still invigorated him. And who" ******* END TEXT: "of an incorrigible, charming, and timid politeness that all of his vengeful irony came to relieve.\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_49: "START TEXT: 5. Remy de Gourmont: The Amazon’s Friend1\nTo those who are surprised that Remy de Gourmont does not " ******* END TEXT: "r and precious relics;5 and, in that chapelle ardente,6 the only one that would not have displeased "
9780814711774 - page_50: "START TEXT: Gourmont, friends—René Quinton among them7—officiated, bringing new proofs of the law of intellectua" ******* END TEXT: "\nTemporary vicissitudes are the illustrations of history, and are never appropriate in their place.\n"
9780814711774 - page_51: "START TEXT: In extracting them from their sequence I would give them a false emphasis.\nThis silent prayer is a p" ******* END TEXT: "s itself, in falling with those of the forest.\nAnd these sentences from the widow of André Puget:15\n"
9780814711774 - page_52: "START TEXT: I have had a very moving respect for him ever since you introduced me to him. And such pity for his " ******* END TEXT: "persuaded him to venture as far as the Bois de Boulogne, I rowed for him on the artificial lake. He "
9780814711774 - page_53: "START TEXT: got so used to going out that I managed to get him aboard my riverboat, and we went as far as Norman" ******* END TEXT: "orth by his mansard, at 71, rue des Saints-Pères; and on the west by my small temple to friendship.\n"
9780814711774 - page_54: "START TEXT: For a long time, his work had drawn its material from books, and isn’t it into books that he had put" ******* END TEXT: "g I received a great sentimental letter from an upset woman. From a woman who would like to be part "
9780814711774 - page_55: "START TEXT: of my life! And that seems so odd to me! But in my life there is no room for a pin.”\nThrough his wri" ******* END TEXT: "nmarked save for the vaccinations of the gas company. When I had reached the level of the courtyard "
9780814711774 - page_56: "START TEXT: (where a peaceful rabbit nibbled around a solitary tree), I would glance a last time toward the top " ******* END TEXT: "uld be there.\nReassured by this discreet surveillance, I would go out. I never saw his door close.\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_57: "START TEXT: 6. Marcel Proust\n“What has become of you, Miss Barney? I haven’t seen you in ages. Marcel Proust has" ******* END TEXT: "ems and discovered his Proust.\nOde to Marcel Proust5\nShadow\nborn of the smoke of your fumigations,6\n"
9780814711774 - page_58: "START TEXT: face and voice\ncorroded\nby nightly wear,\nCéleste,7\nwith her gentle rigor soaks me in the black juice" ******* END TEXT: "lescent corpse, a ghost that opens its eyes and gets up about three hours every two weeks, to write "
9780814711774 - page_59: "START TEXT: and thank people. However, I wish to tell you the main part, postponing the detail to better days, t" ******* END TEXT: "iosity about the little Temple to Love,14 and beg you to accept my admiring respects.\nMarcel Proust\n"
9780814711774 - page_60: "START TEXT: Taste has become very severe. In publishing Sodome et Gomorrhe shortly, I cheerfully renounce all fu" ******* END TEXT: "er, reserving the Temple for the summer. Fancy that I suddenly imagine that I saw you once (but the "
9780814711774 - page_61: "START TEXT: chronology seems to me to make that impossible). At a gala matinée at the Français, I went into a st" ******* END TEXT: "t myself, I am not concerned about being seen, but about seeing. Therefore I have a great desire to "
9780814711774 - page_62: "START TEXT: pmeet you, even if you should find me disagreeable, so certain am I that I shall find you charming. " ******* END TEXT: "ted by wood, had with difficulty reached the 22° [approximately 70° F] demanded by my visitor. This "
9780814711774 - page_63: "START TEXT: temperature, which was customary for him, did not succeed in melting his mental habits nor I in brea" ******* END TEXT: "ld be the end of our imaginary intimacy. We struggled weakly. I invited him with friends, realizing "
9780814711774 - page_64: "START TEXT: how completely defenseless we were against each other. I tried to find other associations for him. B" ******* END TEXT: "o see you with these two ladies and, meanwhile, if one night I am not too ill, would you like me to "
9780814711774 - page_65: "START TEXT: resume the solitary, nocturnal visit? What a still-born “nativity” your pneumatique brings me.\nYour " ******* END TEXT: "stalized in his toil, I, conscious of his crystallization. He had his work to bring to a successful "
9780814711774 - page_66: "START TEXT: conclusion. Nothing that had not been preconceived could interest him. With all his slips of paper t" ******* END TEXT: "xpelled, each thing there undergoes a complete elaboration, being graduated according to the shades "
9780814711774 - page_67: "START TEXT: of personal chemistry. With that disease of the avaricious, he cannot help adding to what he appropr" ******* END TEXT: "sky to substitute the one for the other: The woman will have Gomorrah and the man will have Sodom.\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_68: "START TEXT: 7. Rainer Maria Rilke: Belated Appreciation1\nThrough his tribute to the Austrian poet Rainer Maria R" ******* END TEXT: "th the author of the Notebooks obliged me to pursue them. Even his dedications remained unanswered.\n"
9780814711774 - page_69: "START TEXT: To Natalie Clifford-Barney\nO the dilapidated or unfinished temple! … How should we adore a God who d" ******* END TEXT: " God had his face turned elsewhere.\nAnd as for Friday: I have had to forego the distribution of the "
9780814711774 - page_70: "START TEXT: small invitations written in my behalf.8 A previous engagement (which perhaps will earn me a talk wi" ******* END TEXT: "s: nevertheless, tomorrow I hope to be able to mingle with the friendly “fortunes” of your Fridays.\n"
9780814711774 - page_71: "START TEXT: This letter, like the previous one, complicated beyond its subject, had not seduced me. And I decide" ******* END TEXT: "r being unseasonably sick. Not to control one’s body has always seemed to me almost an impropriety.\n"
9780814711774 - page_72: "START TEXT: Then, when disappointments multiply, aren’t there deeper reasons of which they are only the sign?\nAn" ******* END TEXT: "ho must be constructed completely within oneself.18\n… Being fair meant deciding in favor of all …19\n"
9780814711774 - page_73: "START TEXT: They all canceled each other out, and nothing was done.20\nAnd if the time then comes for livelier fr" ******* END TEXT: "llization into madonnas, whom they succeeded, Goethe, the alchemist, decomposes them and recomposes "
9780814711774 - page_74: "START TEXT: them according to the laws that escape from life, in order to abstract himself, and to perfect himse" ******* END TEXT: " to rediscover oneself.\nShadows are the guests of my solitude.\n… And now if he appears as a ghost?\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_75: "START TEXT: 8. Fleg, Then Zangwill, Then Fleg\nThere is nothing like a small cream cheese. A quarter-century ago," ******* END TEXT: "oint of seeing God, and he no longer leaves Him. Witness his VEnfant prophète (The Child Prophet).5\n"
9780814711774 - page_76: "START TEXT: He invited me, he and Mme Fleg, who very quietly entered our intimacy (to be three, yes, when no one" ******* END TEXT: " O’Sullivan’s scornful silence weighing on this unconscious action, I came to Zangwill’s aid—“Isn’t "
9780814711774 - page_77: "START TEXT: it likely that the saying ‘Good accounts make good friends,’ originated with us?”\n“What do you mean " ******* END TEXT: "al “The Surprise Banquet” organized by Doctor Leverson, Chéreau, Bernheim, etc.,13 at which a Magus "
9780814711774 - page_78: "START TEXT: from each field of endeavor came to hail this honest writer, who was of so high a moral excellence t" ******* END TEXT: "h a good little boy in the heart of Paris as you would find in a “village run” in our countryside.\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_79: "START TEXT: 9. Gabriele D’Annunzio: At Home1\nBeautiful but hardly democratic manners seem definitely to have pas" ******* END TEXT: "ically right from the bottle, after his lunch under the olive trees. It doesn’t occur to him, as it "
9780814711774 - page_80: "START TEXT: would elsewhere, to envy me the house from which I watch him. It is for me to envy him his thirst!\nA" ******* END TEXT: "ening, while listening to the chimes of midnight falling from St. Germain des Prés, he evoked those "
9780814711774 - page_81: "START TEXT: other bells back home to which he owed so much.9 His apartment in the rue Geoffroy-l’Asnier and even" ******* END TEXT: "notes, and the blue marks of admiration.\nIt is my will (the “Comandante” commands) that you come to "
9780814711774 - page_82: "START TEXT: Le Victorial in September.12 In my garden I shall have some roses similar to some of your cadences. " ******* END TEXT: "t the artist sees with a naked eye.\nThis is an orgy that despises limits, breaks the laws of taste, "
9780814711774 - page_83: "START TEXT: and stops, more than inspires, new intoxications. “It’s an orgy of tangible ideas,” our friend Romai" ******* END TEXT: "ttle object of old ivory, works with the persistence of a monk who keeps vigil for his God. With an "
9780814711774 - page_84: "START TEXT: inexhaustible brain and a scholar’s skull that nothing truly stops, but which, like St. Anthony, let" ******* END TEXT: "his naturalness make him the master of all situations. Feeling the need of a master, the collective "
9780814711774 - page_85: "START TEXT: female soaks him up. He was obeyed because, first of all, he knew how to impose this voluptuousness " ******* END TEXT: " but so what?” or with that apologia for action contained in his motto: “In order not to sleep.”25\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_86: "START TEXT: 10. Max Jacob1\nMust one regret being less naïve than that old compatriot who received this declarati" ******* END TEXT: " I not be published at the end of the poems. I implore you! I implore you to spare me.” But amazons "
9780814711774 - page_87: "START TEXT: are not averse to betrayal, and my abstention would deprive us, you and me, of relishing together so" ******* END TEXT: " even if signed by Balzac. “Which I love,” because I love the arrow that pierces a man to the depth "
9780814711774 - page_88: "START TEXT: of his depth without reticence or hesitation, justice, accuracy and the horror of prejudice, which i" ******* END TEXT: "ing to you. It is the privilege of monks to have no mediocre joys. I shall not leave without having "
9780814711774 - page_89: "START TEXT: received you here. Tell me how long I should wait for you. Do not believe that I have gone to visit " ******* END TEXT: "at you forget to love me. Do not be a dupe. Meditate on my attributes. Let this be your only goal.”\n"
9780814711774 - page_90: "START TEXT: “Lord, I am drunk with You and with my youth.”\n“I hear you dying of love at my side.”\n“Lord, you are" ******* END TEXT: " tell you.—I wanted to tell you that I will prove to you, gospels in hand, that Christianity is the "
9780814711774 - page_91: "START TEXT: conservatory of spirit in all senses of the word: “You are the salt of the earth!”16 you, he tells y" ******* END TEXT: "it is even what distinguishes it from love, which is a cosmic need. Therefore let us believe.\nM.J.\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_92: "START TEXT: 11. Doctor Jésus-Christ Mardrus1\nDoctor Jésus-Christ Mardrus is the only man whom I address with the" ******* END TEXT: "thought ever crept in. And if the doctor once proposed, in front of his wife, that I should take on "
9780814711774 - page_93: "START TEXT: the burden of bearing a child for them, it was only to distribute the labor more equitably among us." ******* END TEXT: "\nAnother lady explained to my friend that she was afraid of him because of the evil things he said.\n"
9780814711774 - page_94: "START TEXT: “I, speak evil, madame, waste my time speaking evil? If I am angry at someone, I do it to him.”\nWhen" ******* END TEXT: "into a French that seems to equal the text of the scholars of the Oxford Bible, written in the time "
9780814711774 - page_95: "START TEXT: of King James.15 If nobility of language at times seems to reside in the works of certain authors, t" ******* END TEXT: " amusing, and occasionally stormy friendship, which put me so intimately in touch with the Orient!\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_100: "START TEXT: If his enthusiasm for Gide, “The Sly One,” eventually peters out, involuntarily benefiting Gourmont," ******* END TEXT: "rensons, in Florence, whom I knew to be his proven admirers.20 And in response I received a charmed "
9780814711774 - page_101: "START TEXT: word about the invasion Gide made, with a youthful band, into the gardens of “II Tatti.”\nIn Rouveyre" ******* END TEXT: "hich he spoke to me about his youth: “And what difference can this aesthetic claptrap make to us?”\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_96: "START TEXT: 12. The Critical State of André Rouveyre1\nThe amazon bounds into the midst of the carnage.2\nAndré Ro" ******* END TEXT: "ese verbal distortions with his draftsman’s pen and presents us with a personage lacking all charm.\n"
9780814711774 - page_97: "START TEXT: But let those who have a complaint about his cruelty of vision know that he wounds them only through" ******* END TEXT: "d either lack breadth or be premature.\nMired in error, we strive for those lights that occasionally "
9780814711774 - page_98: "START TEXT: save us from our lot in life even as our efforts determine the value of our fate. And shouldn’t we r" ******* END TEXT: "sociations than of his heredities. And if, as Milosz assures him, “every illness is a confession by "
9780814711774 - page_99: "START TEXT: the body,”9 many prejudices are warnings of an impending crisis.\nHow many writers, to cite only Carl" ******* END TEXT: "est is that which the reader brings to them.15 That there have been abuses, no one can be unaware …\n"
9780814711774 - page_102: "START TEXT: 13. Paul Valéry: The Dawn of an Academician: An Attempt at Clarification1\nInitiated, as one of Valér" ******* END TEXT: " wind around my rue des Vignes on his way there, or coming back from the hamlet of Boulainvilliers:\n"
9780814711774 - page_103: "START TEXT: What! It’s the route to the Vineyards\nThat under cover of winter\nYou take to flee my verses?\nBut tho" ******* END TEXT: "s a very lovely line.\nIf you want to make me happy, add to this solitary line several to equal it.…\n"
9780814711774 - page_104: "START TEXT: For your New Year’s gift I send you a short air I hummed last summer and which I enclose with this l" ******* END TEXT: "hought, one pointlessly paws his words.\nAnd that is just the opposite of what he should do. Boileau "
9780814711774 - page_105: "START TEXT: tried out his products on his cook.11 It was in this way that he became so remarkable!\nPatience, Mis" ******* END TEXT: " on love happened as I translated: I sacrificed an infatuation to a familiarity that left me only a "
9780814711774 - page_106: "START TEXT: cooled work upon its completion. This cohabitation had killed all the magic between me and the man c" ******* END TEXT: "rs; then a note from Middleton Murry, who, admiring his work, suggested making it into a booklet in "
9780814711774 - page_107: "START TEXT: England, for which he would write an introduction. This project was lost from view during the summer" ******* END TEXT: "ling fool who is sadder than … I don’t know what.\nI kiss your hands, a little like Salomon.18\nP. V.\n"
9780814711774 - page_108: "START TEXT: Thursday\nDear Miss Barney,\nLast Tuesday, I saw our master Pierre [Louÿs]; and after diverse reproofs" ******* END TEXT: "cy pavilion, fallen asleep at the edge of ancient glories, to honor the greatest poet of the day? …\n"
9780814711774 - page_109: "START TEXT: I lingered near the mistress of the house. Will I be able to point out those who came in while I obs" ******* END TEXT: " each god his legendary crown. In a temple, what should be preferred? Anne is the acknowledgment of "
9780814711774 - page_110: "START TEXT: carnal splendor, the key, trembling in the hands that deliver it, of the very treasure of feminine b" ******* END TEXT: "that would oppose their backward march.31\nThus it is unexpected luck when a poet of “obscure genre” "
9780814711774 - page_111: "START TEXT: happens to force himself, not on their intelligence, but on their snobbery.\nI use the word luck, but" ******* END TEXT: " Edgar Poe, but I find in this article that he sent me elements that may help me in my intellectual "
9780814711774 - page_112: "START TEXT: analysis of your greatest man. I will use them, and I will acknowledge the source of this new inform" ******* END TEXT: "hrottle your turtledoves with a sweet smile and innocent hands: there will always be too many left!\n"
9780814711774 - page_113: "START TEXT: A thousand regards from that absurd\nE. Teste\nVence, Alpes-Maritimes, La Collinette.39\nDear friend Ba" ******* END TEXT: "te? You are my everything, you are my sufficiency, Love!”\nValéry had just uncoiled “The Serpent.”43\n"
9780814711774 - page_114: "START TEXT: He uses his brain, he abuses it; worries enter it, and since his worries find him, as on Job, they m" ******* END TEXT: "in a special format, and which supplied an annual income to the “pure poet.” Unable, in a Republic, "
9780814711774 - page_115: "START TEXT: to solicit a pension as he could have done under a king, M Valéry did not hesitate to put his genius" ******* END TEXT: "nal elite, an understanding across diverse languages. Sympathy, wireless telegraphy, receptivity to "
9780814711774 - page_116: "START TEXT: similarities and differences in the great family of minds situated beyond borders. Civilization erec" ******* END TEXT: " And do we want the creative side, which is expressive of ourselves, to exist and be our spokesman?\n"
9780814711774 - page_117: "START TEXT: If we do, let’s use the best minds, let’s assist them to come forward for us. Let’s not leave them t" ******* END TEXT: "urselves annually to subscribe thirty shares at 500 francs, thereby raising 15,000 francs a year to "
9780814711774 - page_118: "START TEXT: be handed over to the selected author. (If necessary, five people may divide one share.)\nShareholder" ******* END TEXT: "nd we dreamed of communicating it to the universe.\nMy Temple to Friendship was to be its sanctuary.\n"
9780814711774 - page_119: "START TEXT: Ezra Pound wanted to nominate Eliot to the candidacy of the cross-Channel enterprise, so we drew up " ******* END TEXT: "g to resume its efforts, but it did not believe it was possible to merge with us, its friends being "
9780814711774 - page_120: "START TEXT: rather artists and academics without large resources, who would not be able to participate to the ex" ******* END TEXT: "sured me. The Gallimard plan, “to assist Valéry to the sum of 15,000 francs a year, had come true.”\n"
9780814711774 - page_121: "START TEXT: I suppose that—in releasing me—they have kept their word for ever and ever. That what is necessary s" ******* END TEXT: "en he exploits his snobbism rather than his vices, isn’t he exploiting the public for its own good?\n"
9780814711774 - page_122: "START TEXT: And when a hermetic poet makes for once a world tour,* let’s reserve our grey mien for those who usu" ******* END TEXT: " the bear’s paving-stone and his hug…61\nDid they have to impose lecturing on this sedentary man who "
9780814711774 - page_123: "START TEXT: cannot communicate with crowds? Did they have to dress him each evening and push him into a world th" ******* END TEXT: "ch a hurricane? Obviously not. He lets the current carry him. The reed bends but does not break.65\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_124: "START TEXT: 14. Legends and Anecdotes, Translators and Detractors\nThe great men who are fashionable—and whom ano" ******* END TEXT: "the risk of practicing it very badly.\nIs there a happy medium between the hedonist and the puritan?\n"
9780814711774 - page_125: "START TEXT: It is one of the errors of our quarter-century that everyone believes himself called to live and exe" ******* END TEXT: "es. We understand the art of another country in our own fashion. And this fashion of interpretation "
9780814711774 - page_126: "START TEXT: is even valuable. There is nothing left to add to something that is already too well understood.\nI h" ******* END TEXT: " how much it finds itself abandoned.\nDoesn’t Stendhal advise that one should never tell a beautiful "
9780814711774 - page_127: "START TEXT: woman that she is beautiful, because she must be tired of hearing it said to her?11 But, as this rea" ******* END TEXT: "hing varies more, from one epoch to another or from one country to another, than sentiment and wit.\n"
9780814711774 - page_128: "START TEXT: Everyone cried over Clarissa Harlowe,15 which is ridiculous today; and who still finds the caricatur" ******* END TEXT: " based on a saint, an empress, a poet, a musician, a philosopher—even a politician—while showing us "
9780814711774 - page_129: "START TEXT: how they resemble the author and the run of beings in general, they leave us too ignorant about how " ******* END TEXT: "lite of equals, and let’s restore to my little Temple to Friendship one of its most sacred missions."
9780814711774 - page_130: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_133: "START TEXT: 15. An Academy of Women1: Foreword\nIf, in the second part of this book, An Academy of Women, I sketc" ******* END TEXT: "rtue only that wholly academic custom which requires that a person be introduced before introducing "
9780814711774 - page_134: "START TEXT: in his turn. I therefore offer at the outset these two accounts concerning me.\nI do not know, I will" ******* END TEXT: "ce—Stendhal had experienced that,4 nor the La Rochefoucauldian blacking of character5 (the black in "
9780814711774 - page_135: "START TEXT: painting is a trick)—it is the reptilian spirit, to be sure, but it is especially the air of distinc" ******* END TEXT: "om the human trunk, you who searches for no shoulder to cry on, who remains judge and contemplatrix "
9780814711774 - page_136: "START TEXT: of the good tempest when you do not judge it sufficiently uprooting, you who are so harshly amused a" ******* END TEXT: " disappointed one, who hides to devour the man she defames? How much wit—some of it ours—you return "
9780814711774 - page_137: "START TEXT: to us there! O feminine dandy, how clear is your insight, how harsh it is!\nHow good at pleasing us, " ******* END TEXT: "were at once full of genius and shot through with obscurities, like everything that comes from her.\n"
9780814711774 - page_138: "START TEXT: What I want to try to express, if wretched words, these traitors, allow me to approach it, is the at" ******* END TEXT: "nly in this girl who is subtler than amber, or words with a depth on which to meditate to infinity.\n"
9780814711774 - page_139: "START TEXT: Natalie Barney has given us an idea of her paradoxes in Eparpillements (Scatterings), a small book t" ******* END TEXT: "ce and for all to silence your maddening recriminations, repeated in a faint voice for days on end.\n"
9780814711774 - page_140: "START TEXT: I haven’t finished! Accustomed to steamers and trains, a custom born of an infancy immediately dragg" ******* END TEXT: "ountry in royally making us a present of her invaluable presence among us?\nLUCIE DELARUE-MARDRUS14\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_141: "START TEXT: 16. Lucie Delarue-Mardrus, President1\nWhen her turn came, Lucie Delarue-Mardrus chose two young men " ******* END TEXT: "rks like a “figurehead.”4\nI desired the fate of figureheads\nWhich leave port early and return late.\n"
9780814711774 - page_142: "START TEXT: I am jealous of the return and the departure\nAnd of the wet corals tied about their throats.\nI will " ******* END TEXT: "e),8 Lucie Delarue-Mardrus owes it to us, because, as certain beings become blurred before a single "
9780814711774 - page_143: "START TEXT: spectator, she knows how to remain unique and the quintessence of herself in front of her audience, " ******* END TEXT: " is an unpublished sketch which I myself shall offer on Anna Wickham, after Lucie Delarue-Mardrus.\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_144: "START TEXT: 17. English Bohemian Life and Anna Wickham1\nHer lungs filled with country air, Anna Wickham came to " ******* END TEXT: "osed on their natural good humor; the Swinburnes, the Condors, and the contemporaries of their sort "
9780814711774 - page_145: "START TEXT: drank out of vital necessity;4 the French, the better to socialize; the English, the better to toler" ******* END TEXT: ": feminism cannot be a question of sex, since the French man is more female than the English women!\n"
9780814711774 - page_146: "START TEXT: English women are by necessity militant; they gain their women’s rights by sacrificing all the effec" ******* END TEXT: "od,\nRustling through dead leaves\nCrunching on fallen boughs,\nI will walk first, you must follow me.\n"
9780814711774 - page_147: "START TEXT: We will go like beasts on a trail.\nI am a lion, you my lioness.\nI will take my own pace,\nYou must st" ******* END TEXT: "t act of mine means more to life\nThan all your economics.\nYou shall not waste your time with books!\n"
9780814711774 - page_148: "START TEXT: I will have other sons of you, and perhaps a girl.\nI will tell you that your daughter is beautiful!\n" ******* END TEXT: "wedded year.\nWives are the dreaming mothers come again\nWho of blest fertile love bear souls of men!\n"
9780814711774 - page_149: "START TEXT: Sometimes, with kindly silence, sometimes with stinging speech\nPut a man’s high attainment well with" ******* END TEXT: "g!”\nWhen this hot blood is cooled by kindly Time\nControlled and schooled, I’ll come again to Rhyme.\n"
9780814711774 - page_150: "START TEXT: Sure of my methods, morals and my gloves,\nI’ll write chaste sonnets of imagined Loves.\nI was delight" ******* END TEXT: "e this maenad through her meanderings and comprehend this madness which is the Wisdom of darkness?\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_151: "START TEXT: 18. Colette1\nFor many of us foreigners who wanted to see her up close (because women of letters scar" ******* END TEXT: "ished a creature has found the key to the open fields and should use it for apartments is so rare a "
9780814711774 - page_152: "START TEXT: gift that she increases its value to that of herself. Hers is the discipline of a master, and her pr" ******* END TEXT: "urney for Myself) this remedy against heat: “On each hand place the cold belly of a small frog.”12\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_153: "START TEXT: 19. Rachilde1\nRachilde, so discreet looking when you first meet her, beneath her small cap decorated" ******* END TEXT: " dares to say what she feels. She drinks only water and cannot bear to love anyone. I hail in her a "
9780814711774 - page_154: "START TEXT: strength that does not delude itself and which, taking all goals for targets, misses none of them.\nH" ******* END TEXT: "ue cough, slight warning of the animal nature ironically dwelling behind the very mundane frolics.\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_155: "START TEXT: 20. Aurel: Festival in Return1\nAurel—implacable Roman matron—presents her classic profile at public " ******* END TEXT: "ou that way. As a matter of fact, Aurel, “Natalie is not tender.”4 Tenderness, that parasite of the "
9780814711774 - page_156: "START TEXT: heart, invades it entirely; and if not uprooted, perverts its standard. Kindness, too, when it elude" ******* END TEXT: "ers well. Why, since their reign, has she seemed cut off, has she no longer found the right person?\n"
9780814711774 - page_157: "START TEXT: Aurel once tried to convince me that, if it is to man that I speak, if it is to him that I wish to s" ******* END TEXT: "rue or false paradises?”8 And will we ever know which were our true and which our false paradises?\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_158: "START TEXT: 21. Mina Loy1\nLet us celebrate the so diversely excellent works of Elisabeth de Gramont and of the E" ******* END TEXT: "f the civilized wastes\nreverse their signals on our track\nLepers of the moon\nall magically diseases\n"
9780814711774 - page_159: "START TEXT: we come among you\ninnocent\nof our luminous sores\nunknowing\nhow perturbing lights\nour spirit\non the p" ******* END TEXT: "f Chaos\nto that imperious jewelry of the Universe\n—The Beautiful—\nWhile to your eyesA delicate crop\n"
9780814711774 - page_160: "START TEXT: of criminal mystic immortelles\nstands to the censor’s scythe.\nMina Loy\nFollowing these verses taken " ******* END TEXT: "d fixed in its destiny, from which, thanks to some perception of a fourth dimension, she escapes.7\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_161: "START TEXT: 22. Elisabeth de Gramont1\nAfter excursions with this lunar guide, we were delighted to find ourselve" ******* END TEXT: "rder to exude a servile politeness which deceives no one, not even Montesquiou. Because Montesquiou "
9780814711774 - page_162: "START TEXT: may have believed he was playing a role that Proust had written.6\nThe work entitled Samuel Bernard e" ******* END TEXT: "his good piece of educational advice goes well with her slightly reserved, half Anglo-Saxon nature.\n"
9780814711774 - page_163: "START TEXT: She is perhaps the only woman who, in writing, never writes about herself. One cannot imagine her wr" ******* END TEXT: "metal, necessary fixed point, whence the wheel of glances starts out.\nThere is more sky than earth.\n"
9780814711774 - page_164: "START TEXT: The humble soil, crushed on three sides by tempests, clutches to herself her bare heaths.\nWhen the o" ******* END TEXT: "ness.\nThe aromatic air creates a release.\nWith the kick of his heel, the swimmer can spurn Europe.\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_165: "START TEXT: 23. Djuna Barnes1\nTo open the meeting dedicated to American women, all of whom, incidentally, swallo" ******* END TEXT: "ward age of the English lasts a lifetime!\nDjuna Barnes, upright, unblemished, unpolished, grew pale "
9780814711774 - page_166: "START TEXT: in her corner beneath this insult to her honor. If anyone could have made her founder before she arr" ******* END TEXT: "not see the child without turning:\n“You have been here always, Richter?”\n“Yes,” the child answered.\n"
9780814711774 - page_167: "START TEXT: “In this park, in this house, with Herr Bartmann, the tutors, the dogs?”\n“Yes.”\n“Do you speak German" ******* END TEXT: "he memory because a child was buried in them. Music incites the world to repetition. The crossroads "
9780814711774 - page_168: "START TEXT: are where lovers vow, and taverns are for thieves; contemplation leads to prejudice and beds are fie" ******* END TEXT: "kness and humor that pass through Cervantes and go directly back to Rabelais. A curious combination "
9780814711774 - page_169: "START TEXT: in a woman about thirty years old. She has a physical type that is also very much her own: a nose as" ******* END TEXT: ", I believe, a family portrait—where never has the family been so put to the test.12 Few women have "
9780814711774 - page_170: "START TEXT: written with such detachment. And Djuna Barnes claims that she has nonetheless a mid-Victorian heart" ******* END TEXT: " between camaraderie and love, this type of friendship being a species of love without pleasure.13\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_171: "START TEXT: 24. Gertrude Stein1\n—Mina Loy, also a friend of Djuna Barnes, introduced the woman who, they say, pe" ******* END TEXT: "an of herself, explained her admiration for this innovator in a French that I can only leave as is:\n"
9780814711774 - page_172: "START TEXT: Twenty years ago someone remarked to me: “That the day was quite dead when a genius could arise to b" ******* END TEXT: " on which to let her words float.\nI can show you the consistency of her art by observing that never "
9780814711774 - page_173: "START TEXT: will you hear anyone say “I have read such and such a book by Gertrude Stein.” One says, “I have rea" ******* END TEXT: "le class young woman can ever hope to make to the indifference and distinction of the really noble.\n"
9780814711774 - page_174: "START TEXT: When singularity goes further and so gets to be always stronger, there comes to be in it too much re" ******* END TEXT: ", and yet he described another with contempt, why he is a dirty hog sir, he never does any washing.\n"
9780814711774 - page_175: "START TEXT: The French tell me it’s the Italians who never do any washing, the French and the Italians both find" ******* END TEXT: "t isn’t.\nNot nearly so much wind.\nIn conclusion I ask for water.\nAre you not content with the rain.\n"
9780814711774 - page_176: "START TEXT: I am very content with it.\nPlenty. Why do the dogs like water.\nIt is very irregular.\nYou mean to say" ******* END TEXT: "hes.”13\n… “God forgive me,” he thought, after opening his eyes wide, “I don’t see anything at all.”\n"
9780814711774 - page_177: "START TEXT: But like a wise man, he did not show his astonishment.\nIn all situations that must remain a State se" ******* END TEXT: " where so many poems are destroyed with a burst of sacred windows, and trampled upon, describes, to "
9780814711774 - page_178: "START TEXT: make it progress and come to light—a very crude light—the twenty-four-hour adventure of his hero Blu" ******* END TEXT: "n to the Tower of Babel? This is more than a revolution, it is an organic change, a disintegration, "
9780814711774 - page_179: "START TEXT: a distortion, then a reformation of words among themselves to reach a synthesis of language, the res" ******* END TEXT: " answer to our status as composite, this modern mixture, this broth of culture to which we belong.\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_180: "START TEXT: 25. Romaine Brooks: The Case of a Great Painter of the Human Face1\nRomaine Brooks, for want of toler" ******* END TEXT: "mits to pass before her, the better to renounce them.\nNot just anyone is painted by Romaine Brooks!\n"
9780814711774 - page_181: "START TEXT: She paints as she lives, with the inspiration that has managed to restrain her and which she has exp" ******* END TEXT: "ng a routed sensitivity indicates to what degree she might have wished to enjoy them. And isn’t her "
9780814711774 - page_182: "START TEXT: solitude a reproach to their absence rather than a too-voluntary escape into herself? It is because " ******* END TEXT: "l give those of us who are waiting another book of views without text: these sketches correspond to "
9780814711774 - page_183: "START TEXT: the expulsion of our interior demons, to imaginary catastrophes, to baseless fears in which one seem" ******* END TEXT: "the first and the most demanding of her readers:\n“Naught blinds us less than admiration, friend.”8\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_184: "START TEXT: 26. Renée Vivien1\nSalomon Reinach presided over this retrospective no doubt to prevent some rival fr" ******* END TEXT: "of kissing women’s hands. And isn’t it with a lover’s jealousy that he attempts to amass relics and "
9780814711774 - page_185: "START TEXT: defend them with so much ferocity, until the moment when he is sure that he will no longer suffer fr" ******* END TEXT: " risk of serving her poorly by letting all this time intervene. … It is possible that some invading "
9780814711774 - page_186: "START TEXT: oriental or other race will value her less than the enthusiasts whom he discourages. Certainly Renée" ******* END TEXT: "en, they have likewise spoiled the simple joys of the moment. And it is thus that we come to think, "
9780814711774 - page_187: "START TEXT: without anyone even dreaming of pointing out the morbidity of the thought, with this poetess who exc" ******* END TEXT: " who had converted her childhood friend gave her “the consolation that the priest comes to give.”12\n"
9780814711774 - page_188: "START TEXT: … But one must not say of Renée Vivien that she “converted”; all her life had instead been an evolut" ******* END TEXT: "d, even through “Science, that sterile woman,” to overtake Einstein at the exit from his equations, "
9780814711774 - page_189: "START TEXT: with poems like his “Épître à Storge” (Letter to Storge), which had a presentiment of the system of " ******* END TEXT: "o mother, I must once more become a child.\nFor, what can you understand about this world of change.\n"
9780814711774 - page_190: "START TEXT: O beautiful, solemn, and pure pillar of the hearth!\nMother! the veiled sources of change are in a pl" ******* END TEXT: "he place is named, by those who resemble you, place\nOf joining,\nOf eternal femininity and of life.\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_191: "START TEXT: 27. Retrospective of Marie Lenéru1\nBy Magdeleine Marx Paz2\nSeveral days ago I received a letter from" ******* END TEXT: "ng house where she lived, seated beside her mother whom she never left, lively, welcoming, playful, "
9780814711774 - page_192: "START TEXT: curious and eager about everything. … And moving at my fingertips I even feel the alphabet I learned" ******* END TEXT: "oubtable One), Mahdi (The Mahdi), Le Bonheur des autres (The Happiness of Others), La Triomphatrice "
9780814711774 - page_193: "START TEXT: (The Victress), La Paix (Peace), about her extraordinary Journal, which at once recalls those of Ami" ******* END TEXT: ", dutiful to “Clarté,”15 to ideas so broad that they embrace bolshevism and its organized disorder; "
9780814711774 - page_194: "START TEXT: and Marie Lenéru, that other self-made woman, but in whom traditions left discipline, and her infirm" ******* END TEXT: " able to judge that she has a role to play beside this timorous mate, whose unvarying argument will "
9780814711774 - page_195: "START TEXT: be hopelessly this: “War is a periodic accident. It happens every fifty years.”18\n… She knows that t" ******* END TEXT: "e another, did not win even the victory of a Lysistrata.25 Sailing on the wing of a mediating idea, "
9780814711774 - page_196: "START TEXT: I found only food for my skepticism. And yet, how many women have ruled their country and made femin" ******* END TEXT: "children she produces. Virgin, mistress, and mother, from her may they receive life a second time.\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_197: "START TEXT: 28. P.P.C.1: Leave-Taking\nSo ends this account of these few representative women and these adventure" ******* END TEXT: "everywhere, there are people who are drawn to, or accustomed to, or interested in getting together. "
9780814711774 - page_198: "START TEXT: And among them I am, as someone has rightly said, the most unobtrusive of my guests.\nAnd if it must " ******* END TEXT: "e borne it away like a tabernacle toward the unknown, with the horizons as my smiling accomplices.\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\nForeword by Karla Jay\nA Note on the Translation\nIntroduction by Karla Jay\n1" ******* END TEXT: "elated Appreciation\n8. Fleg, Then Zangwill, Then Fleg\n9. Gabriele D’Annunzio: At Home\n10. Max Jacob\n"
9780814711774 - page_viii: "START TEXT: 11. Doctor Jésus-Christ Mardrus\n12. The Critical State of André Rouveyre\n13. Paul Valéry: The Dawn o" ******* END TEXT: "ospective of Marie Lenéru by Magdeleine Marx Paz\n28. P.P.C.: Leave-Taking\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_vi: "START TEXT: Grateful acknowledgment for permission to reprint material is made to the following: “Nihumin” by Os" ******* END TEXT: "bility.\nManufactured in the United States of America\nc 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\np 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_xvii: "START TEXT: To Philippe Berthelotwho remained faithful to literature" ******* END TEXT: "To Philippe Berthelotwho remained faithful to literature"
9780814711774 - page_xviii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_ii: "START TEXT: Editorial Board\nJudith ButlerHumanities CenterThe Johns Hopkins University\nBlanche Wiesen CookHistor" ******* END TEXT: "an and Gay StudiesSarah Lawrence College\nBonnie ZimmermanWomen’s StudiesSan Diego State University\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_iii: "START TEXT: The Cutting Edge: Lesbian Life and Literature General Editor: Karla Jay\nLadies Almanack by Djuna Bar" ******* END TEXT: "Lesbian: Writing\nBY ELIZABETH MEESE\nThe Search for a Woman-Centered Spirituality\nBY ANNETTE VAN DYKE"
9780814711774 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Foreword\nKarla Jay\nProfessor of English and Women’s Studies, Pace University\nDespite the efforts of " ******* END TEXT: "sts locked up their ideas far from sympathetic eyes. Yet, some dedicated scholars and readers still "
9780814711774 - page_xii: "START TEXT: knew who they were, made pilgrimages to the cities and villages where they had lived and to the grav" ******* END TEXT: "-granting programs currently exist, that number is also apt to multiply quickly in the next decade.\n"
9780814711774 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: In comparison, women’s studies is a well-established and burgeoning discipline with hundreds of mino" ******* END TEXT: "in this series does share, however, is a common realization that gay women are the “Other” and that "
9780814711774 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: one’s perception of culture and literature is filtered by sexual behaviors and preferences. Those pe" ******* END TEXT: "t readers can judge for themselves the writer who won the devotion of so many men and women alike.\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_i: "START TEXT: Adventures of the Mind\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Adventures of the Mind\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_279: "START TEXT: Index\nAcadémie-française: 26–27; 201 n.19\nexclusion of women, 8–9, 14, 242 n.1\nmembers, 16 n.4, 205 " ******* END TEXT: "\nAstarté (Louÿs), 40, 206 n.29\nAurel, 11, 15, 89, 137, 155–57, 224 n.7, 242 n.12, 249 n.1, 266 n.23\n"
9780814711774 - page_280: "START TEXT: description of Natalie Barney by, 134 n.37\nAurore (Valéry), 103, 109, 232 n.9, 233 n.20\nBàccara, Lui" ******* END TEXT: "ves with Me, The,” 15\nBarres, Maurice, 5, 27–28, 80, 100, 194, 202 n.20, 220 n.2, 248 n.1, 265 n.13\n"
9780814711774 - page_281: "START TEXT: Bashkirtseff, Marie, 193, 265 n.13\nBassiano, Princesse di, 238 n.59\nand selling stock in artists, 11" ******* END TEXT: ": Claudine in Paris, 152, 247–48 n.8\nJourney for Myself, 152, 248 n.12\nMorning Glory, 152, 248 n.11\n"
9780814711774 - page_282: "START TEXT: Vagabond, The, 151, 247 nn.2, 3\nColette, Jules-Joseph, 151, 247 n.7\n“Commercial Genius of Paul Valér" ******* END TEXT: "4, 238 n.59\nFarrère, Claude, 37, 205 n.18\nFaust (Goethe), 156, 249 n.7\nFels, Florent, 109, 234 n.27\n"
9780814711774 - page_283: "START TEXT: “Finis” (Barnes), 169\n“Finistère” (Gramont), 163–64\nFinnegans Wake (Joyce), 178–79, 258 n.17\nFitzger" ******* END TEXT: "215 nn.29, 32\nHall, Radclyfle, 15, 260 n.1\nWell of Loneliness, The, 4\nHemingway, Ernest, 6, 256 n.1\n"
9780814711774 - page_284: "START TEXT: Heredia, José-Maria de, 5, 16 n.4, 204 n.11, 236 n.41\nHeredia, Louise de, 34, 38, 204 n.11\nHérédo, L" ******* END TEXT: "\nplays by, 192–93, 264 n.1, 265 n.13\nSaint-Just, 193, 194, 265 n.13\n“Witness, The” 194–95, 266 n.16\n"
9780814711774 - page_285: "START TEXT: “Letter to Storage” (Milosz), 189, 263–64 n.15\nLetters to a Woman I Have Known (Barney), 32, 34–35, " ******* END TEXT: "19, 263–64 n.15\nWorks: “Canticle of Knowledge,” 98–99, 189, 263–64 n.15\nGreat Art, 189, 263–64 n.15\n"
9780814711774 - page_286: "START TEXT: “Letter to Storge,” 189, 263–64 n.15\n“Nihumim,” 189–90, 264 n.16\nMiomandre, Francis de, 103, 128, 23" ******* END TEXT: "rre-Quint, Léon, 125, 239 n.2\nPoe, Edgar Allan, 65, 111, 143, 215 n.31, 235 nn.32, 33, 35, 236 n.36\n"
9780814711774 - page_287: "START TEXT: Works: Arthur Gordon Pym, 65\nEureka, 111, 235 n.35\nTo Helen,” 111, 235 n.33\nPoems and Poems: Other A" ******* END TEXT: "28, 210 n.3, 228 nn.1, 3, 228–29 nn.5, 7\nWorks: “Bad Literary News,” 99\nMemoirs of My Bustness, 100\n"
9780814711774 - page_288: "START TEXT: Recluse and the Sly One:\nGourmont and Gide, The, 16 n.8, 99–100, 229–30 n.15\nRubinstein, Ida, 228 n." ******* END TEXT: "n.7, 209 n.1, 211 n.18, 222 n.14, 230 n.1, 234 n.29, 237 n.54, 241 n.14, 248 n.1, 250 n.8, 259 n.20\n"
9780814711774 - page_289: "START TEXT: Tagore, Rabindranath, 21, 199 n.2, 206 n.35\nTarn, Pauline Mary. See Vivien, Renée\nTemple to Friendsh" ******* END TEXT: "1, 260 n.1, 262 n.1, 263 nn.4, 6\nand religion, 186–88, 263 n.9\nand Salomon Reinach, 184–86, 262 n.2\n"
9780814711774 - page_290: "START TEXT: and Violet Shilleto, 186, 187, 206 n.32, 262 n.1, 263 nn.7, 9, 12\nWorks: Etudes and Preludes, 34, 20" ******* END TEXT: ", 5\nYourcenar, Margaret, 242 n.1\nZangwill, Israel, 7, 76–77, 219 n.6, 219–20 n.9\nZola, Emile, 4, 5\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\nKarla Jay\nFor Berthe Cleyrergue, her favorite book in English at last.\n“A scholar’s hea" ******* END TEXT: "ades” (138). She was also a woman of enormous passion and a lover of the many varieties of feminine "
9780814711774 - page_10: "START TEXT: that she didn’t understand Rilke’s work while he was still alive. She doesn’t have the highest opini" ******* END TEXT: "as men’s lives remain secret, abstract, or sacrosanct unless they flagrantly affront public morals. "
9780814711774 - page_11: "START TEXT: Thus, Barney intentionally reverses gendered protocol, making the men the victims of a stream of com" ******* END TEXT: "lling Barney “courageous, scornful, mysterious, subtle, grand, sophistical, sardonic, aristocratic” "
9780814711774 - page_12: "START TEXT: (139). It is not clear whether all of these were meant as compliments.\nBy allowing herself to be por" ******* END TEXT: "ry salon would be impossible to form in the United States, where “conversation has been replaced by "
9780814711774 - page_13: "START TEXT: superlatives—as tea by alcohol—consequently ‘salons’ are apt to become saloons” (“My country” 69).\nD" ******* END TEXT: "osed by major governmental granting agencies in the United States and in England make Barney’s idea "
9780814711774 - page_14: "START TEXT: all the more appealing. In the current climate, would not organized private underwriting of the arts" ******* END TEXT: "s also Renée Vivien who inspired most of Barney’s work, including The One Who Is Legion, “The Woman "
9780814711774 - page_15: "START TEXT: Who Lives with Me,” and numerous poems that relate various aspects of Barney’s tumultuous love affai" ******* END TEXT: "e Mind takes us for a brief visit within the rarified air of Barney’s salon for a few hours so that "
9780814711774 - page_16: "START TEXT: we may mingle with some of the writers and artists we love and find new friends to take home with us" ******* END TEXT: " original appearance of Aventures de l’esprit, so that her kind remarks seem particularly generous.\n"
9780814711774 - page_17: "START TEXT: Works Cited\nBarney, Natalie Clifford. “Memoirs of a European-American.” MS. Bibliothèque Littéraire " ******* END TEXT: "versity of California Press, 1987.\nLivia, Anna. “Someone Knocking on Someone Else’s Door.” MS, 1991."
9780814711774 - page_18: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_2: "START TEXT: beauty. Her relationships ranged from a half century with Romaine Brooks to less enduring liaisons w" ******* END TEXT: "was by then in her early nineties, and most of the glittering habitués of her salon were long dead.\n"
9780814711774 - page_3: "START TEXT: Had we been invited to Natalie Clifford Barney’s salon in its heyday, we would have been struck imme" ******* END TEXT: "d then at Les Ruches in Fontainebleau, she felt more at home in France, where people tended to care "
9780814711774 - page_4: "START TEXT: less than Americans about the values of others, particularly the morals of foreigners. While still a" ******* END TEXT: "t Dreyfus’s major crime was being of Jewish origin. His sentence, which his critics thought was too "
9780814711774 - page_5: "START TEXT: light (they would have preferred the death penalty), and his subsequent exile turned out to be only " ******* END TEXT: "gs Past (the Dreyfusard salon of Madame Verdurin and the opposing group at the Guermantes). In 1906 "
9780814711774 - page_6: "START TEXT: Dreyfus was vindicated, but by the time Barney opened her salon in 1909 in the rue Jacob, the wounds" ******* END TEXT: "beau monde that filled Barney’s rooms.\nThus, in Barney’s salon, one might finally find Paul Valéry, "
9780814711774 - page_7: "START TEXT: Charles Maurras, Anatole France, André Gide, and Salomon Reinach in the same room once again, united" ******* END TEXT: "but this account was written much later, probably in the 1940s, and may be a revisionist recreation "
9780814711774 - page_8: "START TEXT: of what she actually thought at the time. Since it might also be the case that the Dreyfus verdicts " ******* END TEXT: "fetime, no woman (except Marie Curie) was deemed to be the equal of any man in the same discipline. "
9780814711774 - page_9: "START TEXT: Nor had any woman been elected to the prestigious French Academy, the elysian field of immortal male" ******* END TEXT: "esbians as “unrealistic” and implies that gay men know nothing of lesbians (67). She frankly admits "
9780814711774 - page_xv: "START TEXT: A Note on the Translation\nAdventures of the Mind represents the first complete translation into Engl" ******* END TEXT: "ing these lacunae; such help will be gratefully acknowledged in any subsequent edition of this work."
9780814711774 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_199: "START TEXT: Notes\nDedication\n(DED): NCB dedicated Adventures de l’esprit to Philippe Berthelot (1866–1934), dipl" ******* END TEXT: " Gabriele d’Annunzio (1863–1938), Italian author and nationalist.\n4. The quotation is unidentified.\n"
9780814711774 - page_200: "START TEXT: 5. NCB’s projected volume appeared as Nouvelles Pensées de l’amazone (New Thoughts of the Amazon) (P" ******* END TEXT: "ollot d’Herbois. The President of the Convention at the time of Barney’s visit was Citizen Bernard.\n"
9780814711774 - page_201: "START TEXT: 15. That is, in the month from 18 August to 21 September 1794. On 5 October 1793, the National Conve" ******* END TEXT: "aves embroidered on the coat and down the trousers, the bicorne (a two-pointed hat), and the sword.\n"
9780814711774 - page_202: "START TEXT: 20. Maurice Barrès (1862–1923), French novelist, essayist, politician.\n2. First Adventure: Oscar Wil" ******* END TEXT: "rship and proved frequently attractive to illustrators. Louÿs was also the author of Le Femme et le "
9780814711774 - page_203: "START TEXT: pantin (The Woman and the Puppet) (1898), Les Aventures du roi Pausole (The Adventures of King Pauso" ******* END TEXT: "et and novelist. He also had an undistinguished army career, largely because he was temperamentally "
9780814711774 - page_204: "START TEXT: unsuited for a life of action. He wrote some of his most famous poems while in the army, which he le" ******* END TEXT: "a Grecian Urn” (line 20). Louÿs inscribed these lines in Renées copy of Songs of Bilitis, while his "
9780814711774 - page_205: "START TEXT: inscription in NCB’s copy addressed her as a “young woman of the future society.”\n14. Jules Cambon (" ******* END TEXT: "on in English in Adventures.\n25. Louÿs admitted to smoking some sixty cigarettes daily for the last "
9780814711774 - page_206: "START TEXT: thirty-five years of his life. He suffered from respiratory problems and later from emphysema, which" ******* END TEXT: "nceslas de Milosz.\n36. For sixty years, from 1909, NCB lived at 20, rue Jacob (6th arrondissement). "
9780814711774 - page_207: "START TEXT: For a time during World War I, Big Bertha, a large-calibre German gun which the French named after F" ******* END TEXT: "ected to the Académie-française in 1896, and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1921.\n"
9780814711774 - page_208: "START TEXT: 2. Yvonne Serruys-Mille (d. 1953), sculptress-wife of the French writer Pierre Mille (1864–1941). An" ******* END TEXT: "es for newspapers, he became a successful painter of “cruel” portraits of the rich and fashionable. "
9780814711774 - page_209: "START TEXT: He said France sat “like an angel,” but the subject was less impressed with the finished portrait, i" ******* END TEXT: "ed out more under her guidance. He published a series of essays dedicated to and influenced by her: "
9780814711774 - page_210: "START TEXT: Lettres à Vamazone (Letters to the Amazon) every two weeks from January 1912 until October 1913 in t" ******* END TEXT: " resting place for kings or honored persons when lying in state, so named from the many candles lit "
9780814711774 - page_211: "START TEXT: around the catafalque; the name is now applied to a mortuary chapel.\n7. René Quinton (1867–1925), Fr" ******* END TEXT: " a Benedictine abbey founded in the seventh century by St. Wandrille. Burned down in the thirteenth "
9780814711774 - page_212: "START TEXT: century, then rebuilt, it was practically destroyed by the Huguenots; restored, it suffered greatly " ******* END TEXT: "ss at the Comédie-Française; from 1903, she was a sociétaire (full member of the company) until her "
9780814711774 - page_213: "START TEXT: retirement in 1933, as the theatre’s doyenne (oldest living leading lady). Thereafter, she starred i" ******* END TEXT: "Anger of Samson”) (1839, line 78). NCB also quotes the verse at the conclusion of this “adventure.”\n"
9780814711774 - page_214: "START TEXT: 13. The third section of A la recherche, Le Côté de Guermantes (The Guermantes Way), Part I, was pub" ******* END TEXT: "is during World War I from a range of seventy-five miles; German bombing planes were called Gothas.\n"
9780814711774 - page_215: "START TEXT: 23. Proust visited NCB at 20, rue Jacob toward November 1921. He died on 18 November 1922.\n24. That " ******* END TEXT: "d Douglas’s poem “Two Loves” (dated September 1892; published in The Chameleon, I, [December 1894]: "
9780814711774 - page_216: "START TEXT: 26–28), quoted during the trial of his lover Oscar Wilde in 1895. At that time Wilde defined “the lo" ******* END TEXT: "n the text of Adventures are mine.\n5. In 1922, W. Reinhard, a Swiss patron, provided Rilke with the "
9780814711774 - page_217: "START TEXT: Château de Muzot (Valais, Switzerland) as a congenial environment in which to work. In three weeks i" ******* END TEXT: "–75. Elisabeth (Bettina) von Arnim (1789–1859), wife of the poet Ludwig Achim von Arnim, met Goethe "
9780814711774 - page_218: "START TEXT: when she was twenty-two (scarcely a child); she based her first book, Correspondence of Goethe with " ******* END TEXT: "heimer, called Edmond Fleg (1874–1963), was born in Geneva. During his long career, he wrote plays, "
9780814711774 - page_219: "START TEXT: poems, novels, and essays, all influenced by the literary and religious traditions of Israel, and ce" ******* END TEXT: " 1905, Zangwill broke with the Zionists and allied himself with the Jewish Territorial Organization "
9780814711774 - page_220: "START TEXT: (JTO), whose primary object was the acquisition of an autonomous Jewish homeland anywhere in the wor" ******* END TEXT: " was forced by the wind to land his seaplane on a sandbank. Thrown against the machine-gun in front "
9780814711774 - page_221: "START TEXT: of him, he lost his sight completely for several hours. The sight in the right eye was lost; that in" ******* END TEXT: "he book was probably NCB’s Pensées dune amazone (1920), containing her conclusions on Sapphic love.\n"
9780814711774 - page_222: "START TEXT: 12. D’Annunzio moved to Gardone Riviera after World War I, and spent his last seventeen years constr" ******* END TEXT: "orchlight aboard the Puglia.\n19. NCB may refer to the Venetian pianist, organist, and singer, Luisa "
9780814711774 - page_223: "START TEXT: Bàccara, d’Annunzio’s imperious, possessive mistress from 1919 until his death.\n20. In the “Officina" ******* END TEXT: "sts in Paris. In 1909, as he was entering his shabby lodging at 7, rue Ravignan, he had a vision of "
9780814711774 - page_224: "START TEXT: Christ. After a second vision while walking down the aisle of a cinema, he was converted from his un" ******* END TEXT: "), French critic and essayist, deputy-editor of the Nouvelle Revue française (1925–1940); he helped "
9780814711774 - page_225: "START TEXT: correct proof on Proust’s Sodome et Gomorrhe, I (Cities of the Plain, I).\nJacob’s collection of vers" ******* END TEXT: "who sent me. You will seek me and will not find me; and where I am you cannot come” (John 7:33–34).\n"
9780814711774 - page_226: "START TEXT: 11. Doctor Jésus-Christ Mardrus\n1. Joseph-Charles-Victor Mardrus (1868–1949), doctor and learned Ori" ******* END TEXT: "rary reminiscences, biographer of Renée Vivien (who blamed NCB for Renée’s death), and a regular at "
9780814711774 - page_227: "START TEXT: NCB’s salon for almost its entire existence. Germain organized the dinner party described to observe" ******* END TEXT: " Book of the Dead) (1929), Egyptian funerary literature, consisting of charms, spells, and formulas "
9780814711774 - page_228: "START TEXT: for use by the deceased in the afterworld. Essential ideas of Egyptian religion are known through th" ******* END TEXT: "esuit college in Tarazona. In El Héroe (The Hero) (1630) he used maxims to describe the ideal man’s "
9780814711774 - page_229: "START TEXT: qualities, and he delineated the typical courtier in El Discreto (The Art of Discretion) (1645). Sch" ******* END TEXT: "uillot (January 1928): 3, col. 2.\n15. André Rouveyre, Le reclus et le retors: Gourmont et Gide (The "
9780814711774 - page_230: "START TEXT: Recluse and the Sly One: Gourmont and Gide) (1927). According to Wickes, Amazon: 163, NCB, through t" ******* END TEXT: "fice, then at the Agence Havas, the French press association. After 1922, he depended on literature "
9780814711774 - page_231: "START TEXT: alone for his livelihood. In November 1925, he was elected to the Académie-française, to the chair t" ******* END TEXT: "uveaux II (8 June 1918): 85. La Jeune Parque, written between 1912 and 1917, was published in 1917. "
9780814711774 - page_232: "START TEXT: Ostensibly the monologue of a “Young Fate,” this work represents Valéry’s first completely new poem " ******* END TEXT: " literary criticism and composition and called “législateur du Parnasse” (“lawgiver of Parnassus”).\n"
9780814711774 - page_233: "START TEXT: 12. NCB made the first English translation of La Soirée avec Monsieur Teste (The Evening with Monsie" ******* END TEXT: ", in 1880, she became the third wife of Henry Cyril Paget, fourth Marquess of Anglesey (1835–1898). "
9780814711774 - page_234: "START TEXT: Lady Anglesey (or “Aunt Minnie”) had known NCB since the latter’s affair with Renée Vivien, and she " ******* END TEXT: "Valéry’s poems contain several on mythological themes, including “Orphée” and “Naissance de Vénus.”\n"
9780814711774 - page_235: "START TEXT: 31. In Dantes Divine Comedy (Inferno, XX), the fortunetellers, who spent their lives looking into th" ******* END TEXT: "es Baudelaire, Eureka, par Edgar Poe (1921); reprinted in La Revue Européenne 3 (1 May 1923): 6–18.\n"
9780814711774 - page_236: "START TEXT: 36. Vincent O’Sullivan (1872–1940), American-born essayist who compiled selections from Poe in The R" ******* END TEXT: "d at the Agence Havas, the French press association, from the summer of 1900, that is, from shortly "
9780814711774 - page_237: "START TEXT: after his marriage until February 1922. He served as private secretary to its director, Edouard Lebe" ******* END TEXT: "gustine.\n54. Léon-Paul Fargue (1876–1947), French poet; in the 1890s, a Symbolist; later, a Cubist.\n"
9780814711774 - page_238: "START TEXT: 55. Gaston Gallimard (1881–1975), publisher of, among others, La Nouvelle Revue française.\n56. That " ******* END TEXT: "ontaine’s fable “L’Ours et l’Amateur des jardins” (“The Bear and the Lover of Gardens”) (Book VIII, "
9780814711774 - page_239: "START TEXT: fable x) become fast friends. When the bear sees a fly on the gardener’s nose, he hits it with a pav" ******* END TEXT: "las were also guests. Gide quickly left, for they were now the subject of gossip and Wilde was only "
9780814711774 - page_240: "START TEXT: months away from conviction for homosexual practices. Then, ashamed of his behavior toward a friend," ******* END TEXT: "ealized—ambition to write definitive works on Mme de Maintenon (1635–1719), mistress and morganatic "
9780814711774 - page_241: "START TEXT: second wife of Louis XIV, and on Edith Wharton (1862–1937), the American novelist.\n9. Edmond Jaloux " ******* END TEXT: " Resident Minister in Paris from 1919 to 1928. NCB, a close friend, had a bust of him in her salon.\n"
9780814711774 - page_242: "START TEXT: 15. An Academy of Women: Foreword\n1. NCB’s “Académie des Femmes,” where women writers mingled and ga" ******* END TEXT: "us (1880–1945), French poetess and prosewriter, the subject of the following chapter in Adventures.\n"
9780814711774 - page_243: "START TEXT: 16. Lucie Delarue-Mardrus, President\n1. Lucie Delarue-Mardrus (1880–1945), French poet and prose wri" ******* END TEXT: "o English as The Crowd. A Study of the Popular Mind (1896) and as The Psychology of Peoples (1898).\n"
9780814711774 - page_244: "START TEXT: 9. Six Poems: “Ulalume,” “The Raven,” “The Sleeper,” “To Helen,” “The City in the Sea,” “Lenore” (19" ******* END TEXT: "eriods of alcoholism alternated with periods of repentance and religion. Charles Algernon Swinburne "
9780814711774 - page_245: "START TEXT: (1837–1909), English poet, one-time sadomasochist, and semialcoholic. Although NCB spells the name C" ******* END TEXT: "ianity,There is a virgin wife in faiths to be,For the constructive form-inducing principle for life,"
9780814711774 - page_246: "START TEXT: Is she unknown, unnamed God’s wife,Who out of crystal-bearing water drew the higher ape:—She might g" ******* END TEXT: "e Goudeket (1889–1977), a dealer of pearls, in 1935. She was the first woman to be President of the "
9780814711774 - page_247: "START TEXT: literary society, Académie Goncourt, and the first Frenchwoman to be given a state funeral.\nNCB met " ******* END TEXT: " the Légion d’honneur in 1928.\n8. In the 1902 dramatization of Claudine à Paris (Claudine in Paris) "
9780814711774 - page_248: "START TEXT: (1901), appears the character of Maugis, a music critic invented by Willy as a self-parody and discl" ******* END TEXT: "paintings—a deep, vague blue.\n3. Joris-Karl Huysmans (1848–1907), French novelist of Dutch descent, "
9780814711774 - page_249: "START TEXT: who, for thirty years (until 1898), also worked in the Direction de la Sûreté Générale. His novel A " ******* END TEXT: " féminin” recalls the closing line of Goethe’s Faust (Part II): “The Eternal Feminine draws us on.”\n"
9780814711774 - page_250: "START TEXT: 8. La Phalange (1906–1914), a literary review that continued the traditions of Symbolism, even as it" ******* END TEXT: "her death, in Aspen, Colorado.\n2. “Apology of Genius” was originally printed in Dial LXXIII (1922): "
9780814711774 - page_251: "START TEXT: 73–74, then in Lunar Baedecker. McAlmon (1896–1956) was probably responsible for the misspelling of " ******* END TEXT: "nd for a number of years they were lovers; their friendship lasted nearly half a century, until the "
9780814711774 - page_252: "START TEXT: duchesses death. During World War I, NCB went often to Lilys home, with its bomb shelter; the Duc an" ******* END TEXT: ", compassionate treatment of the theme of inversion. Montesquiou was also a model for Des Esseintes "
9780814711774 - page_253: "START TEXT: in J.-K. Huysmans’s decadent novel A Rebours (Against Nature) (1884).\n7. NCB errs slightly in the ti" ******* END TEXT: "s privately printed roman à clef, Ladies Almanack (1928) is based on NCB’s lesbian circle, with the "
9780814711774 - page_254: "START TEXT: hostess thinly disguised as “Evangeline Musset.” In Nightwood (1936), her masterpiece, a novel marke" ******* END TEXT: " her bed” (lines 5–6).\n7. Barnes’s short story “The Passion” actually appeared in the Transatlantic "
9780814711774 - page_255: "START TEXT: Review 2 (1924): 490–96. It is assumed that the Princess Frederica Rholinghausen is the one passion " ******* END TEXT: " works hung on her walls along with those by such other exponents of modern art as Cezanne, Renoir, "
9780814711774 - page_256: "START TEXT: and Bonnard), and influencing writers like Hemingway, Fitzgerald, and Sherwood Anderson. Her own inn" ******* END TEXT: "m San Francisco, California.\n5. Loy paid tribute to her fellow poet in “Gertrude Stein,” a two-part "
9780814711774 - page_257: "START TEXT: article in the Transatlantic Review 2 (1924): 305–09, 427–30, that opens with this epigraph:\nCurieof" ******* END TEXT: "’Eau”), which had originally appeared in the first issue of the literary review larus the celestial "
9780814711774 - page_258: "START TEXT: visitor (February 1927), edited by the American poet (John Joseph) Sherry Mangan (1904–1961); the co" ******* END TEXT: " schools in Trieste and Zurich.\n18. Joyce’s novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man was first "
9780814711774 - page_259: "START TEXT: published serially in The Egoist (1914–15); thereafter, it was turned down by every London publisher" ******* END TEXT: "896–1966), was dedicated to expressing the imagination as revealed in dreams, free of the conscious "
9780814711774 - page_260: "START TEXT: control of reason and convention; it can be traced back to French poets such as Rimbaud, Baudelaire," ******* END TEXT: "roubridge (lover of Radclyffe Hall), as well as self-portraits. In the Whistler manner, she painted "
9780814711774 - page_261: "START TEXT: her figures against a subdued light, flattening them out; the blacks, whites, and greys dominating h" ******* END TEXT: "mited-edition volume of her drawings, and Portraits, tableaux, dessins (1952), with an introduction "
9780814711774 - page_262: "START TEXT: by Elisabeth de Gramont, Duchesse de Clermont-Tonnerre, and “Appreciations, Critiques” by Apollinair" ******* END TEXT: "ns jointes (At the Hour of Joined Hands) (Paris: Alphonse Lemerre, 1906): 143 and 53, respectively.\n"
9780814711774 - page_263: "START TEXT: 4. In his biography, Renée Vivien (1917), Germain blamed NCB for Renées death.\n5. Jean Racine (1639–" ******* END TEXT: "he “Epître” contained the mathematician’s conclusions on space, matter, time as a fourth dimension, "
9780814711774 - page_264: "START TEXT: and the Universe. Ars Magna appeared in 1924 and was dedicated to the writer Baroness Antoine (Renée" ******* END TEXT: "s Journal, the first half from the entry dated “Lorient, 1 June” 1901, the second part from that of "
9780814711774 - page_265: "START TEXT: “Wednesday, 13 February” 1901. Dates are translated from the Journal de Marie Lenéru, avec une Préfa" ******* END TEXT: "rk, with a preface by Maurice Barres, was published in 1922.\n14. Lenéru, Journal, “5 October” 1900.\n"
9780814711774 - page_266: "START TEXT: 15. “Clarté,” an intellectual group founded in May 1919, sought to instigate “l’internationale de la" ******* END TEXT: "ope (1932), on politics and economics at the time of World War I; and Le Corsair chez l’impératrice "
9780814711774 - page_267: "START TEXT: (The Corsair at the Court of the Empress) (1936), on John Paul Jones and the Empress Catherine the G" ******* END TEXT: "sulate. NCB’s Doric temple, in the garden at 20, rue Jacob, dates from the First Empire (1804–1814)."
9780814711774 - page_268: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_29: "START TEXT: Part One" ******* END TEXT: "Part One"
9780814711774 - page_30: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_131: "START TEXT: Part Two" ******* END TEXT: "Part Two"
9780814711774 - page_132: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814711774 - page_v: "START TEXT: natalie clifford barneyADVENTURES OF THE MIND\nTranslated with annotations by John Spalding Gatton\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "natalie clifford barneyADVENTURES OF THE MIND\nTranslated with annotations by John Spalding Gatton\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_15: "START TEXT: ONEBug Inspectors and Beauty Queens: The Problems of Translating Feminism into Russian\nBeth Holmgren" ******* END TEXT: "ace of a few months” of “some of the West’s most reactionary gender roles and sexual stereotypes.”3 "
9780814712481 - page_16: "START TEXT: As he selectively interviews self-avowed Russian feminists like Lipovskaia and Anastasiia Posadskaia" ******* END TEXT: "eagues in other fields, and much to my surprised delight, this exposure revitalized and transformed "
9780814712481 - page_17: "START TEXT: my own research and teaching. Yet I quickly discovered that the integration of gender studies into S" ******* END TEXT: "s of desire. Predictably enough, when feminist scholarship furthered this protest, it focused first "
9780814712481 - page_18: "START TEXT: on its own “first” conditions and articulators — on the models, experiences, and works of privileged" ******* END TEXT: "men can be read as similarly myopic, if somewhat less condescending. Certainly conditions were ripe "
9780814712481 - page_19: "START TEXT: for miscommunication. By the late twentieth century, decades of cold war politics and Stalinist repr" ******* END TEXT: "ear beyond an alienating political rhetoric, then we all must commit to more historically informed, "
9780814712481 - page_20: "START TEXT: contextually sensitive ways of seeing, hearing, and speaking. We may even need to devise a language " ******* END TEXT: "eed them an equal status and professional access unprecedented (and still unmatched) in the Western "
9780814712481 - page_21: "START TEXT: world, but, imposed as they were on an uninvolved populace, these laws neither produced nor were the" ******* END TEXT: " conditioned Soviet women’s very different approach to another Western target — the objectification "
9780814712481 - page_22: "START TEXT: and commodification of women. Over the years the state promoted political icons of Soviet womanhood " ******* END TEXT: " with its attendant material priorities, has wielded a reductive impact as well. Material shortages "
9780814712481 - page_23: "START TEXT: may have lent a “subversive” aspect to women’s commodification, but the combination of shortages, co" ******* END TEXT: "e.20 While this homogeneity may be challenged in present-day Russia, a patriarchal and conservative "
9780814712481 - page_24: "START TEXT: hierarchy of “causes” is likely to endure, at least over the next decade, as the most powerful force" ******* END TEXT: "uarantees of equality for women in the workplace” in its draft constitution; women’s representation "
9780814712481 - page_25: "START TEXT: in the new Russian parliament has dropped precipitously from a once mandated 33 percent to 10 percen" ******* END TEXT: "snost has led to “freer” representations of sex and sexuality, but, as Helena Goscilo deftly argues "
9780814712481 - page_26: "START TEXT: in her essay “New Members and Organs: The Politics of Porn,” the new erotica is mainly heterosexual " ******* END TEXT: " different cultures that remain untranslated and largely unavailable to a Russian audience; we must "
9780814712481 - page_27: "START TEXT: help subsidize those in-country publications, like Lipovskaia’s Zhenskoe chtenie, that have already " ******* END TEXT: " ready ear, and a briefcase stuffed with concrete possibilities, and, whenever possible, hard cash.\n"
9780814712481 - page_28: "START TEXT: NOTES\nA first version of this essay was presented at a March 1993 conference entitled “Rethinking th" ******* END TEXT: "ress, 1985), 23.\n10. Richard Stites, The Women’s Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism, "
9780814712481 - page_29: "START TEXT: and Bolshevism, 1860–1930 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 191. For a perceptive analy" ******* END TEXT: " Riordan, Sex and Russian Society, esp. 103: “When talking of homosexuality, Russians almost always "
9780814712481 - page_30: "START TEXT: mean male homosexuality; the press has only recently started to mention lesbianism. All the same, li" ******* END TEXT: "ic” models Western groups are currently exporting to Russia; we need to ascertain if these exported "
9780814712481 - page_31: "START TEXT: models bother or dare to specify policies about women’s inclusion, promotion, and rights in governme" ******* END TEXT: "ociation for Women in Slavic Studies. Contact: Mary Zirin, 1178 Sonoma Drive, Altadena, CA 91001.\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_32: "START TEXT: TWOEngendering the Russian Body Politic\nHarriet Murav\nOne political myth that has persisted through " ******* END TEXT: " This revolutionary restructuring of everyday life was never realized. Furthermore, notwithstanding "
9780814712481 - page_33: "START TEXT: Kollantai’s Marxist definition of motherhood not as reproduction but as production, Soviet ideology " ******* END TEXT: " prose of several new Russian women authors, tracing how and to what extent their configurations of "
9780814712481 - page_34: "START TEXT: woman represent “oppositionalist” writing. What strategies are deployed in this writing to defamilia" ******* END TEXT: "l ideology. For Western middle-class women, the domestic sphere became a prison, but for Soviet and "
9780814712481 - page_35: "START TEXT: Eastern bloc women and men, the family could be a refuge. In How We Survived Communism and Even Laug" ******* END TEXT: "sis on the concept of exchange as constitutive of identity: “that which takes place on the boundary "
9780814712481 - page_36: "START TEXT: between one’s own and some one else’s consciousness, on the threshold.”13 In Sheveleva’s scheme, wom" ******* END TEXT: "… perhaps it is only this that is eternally passed on, like the holy spirit, from person to person, "
9780814712481 - page_37: "START TEXT: from fathers to children and from children to grandchildren, restraining and guarding them, directin" ******* END TEXT: "both “beetle” and “shyster,” who has a “dark gypsy face.” The gypsy, who has no native home, is the "
9780814712481 - page_38: "START TEXT: antinomy of Matera. “Matera,” with its associations of both “mother” and “mainland,” as Gillespie po" ******* END TEXT: " true role is not “civic,” but “familial,” and that given Russian woman’s “character,” that role is "
9780814712481 - page_39: "START TEXT: “sacrificial.” For Rasputin, Dostoevsky’s self-sacrificing saintly prostitute Sonia Marmeladova is a" ******* END TEXT: "whose repeated intercession, it was believed, saved Russia from “enemies and misfortunes.” Rasputin "
9780814712481 - page_40: "START TEXT: writes: “Russia from time immemorial believed in itself as the Home of the Mother of God.”27 Accordi" ******* END TEXT: "rtrayed in, among other literary works, Vasilii Belov’s Raising Children According to Doctor Spock.\n"
9780814712481 - page_41: "START TEXT: Belov’s story chronicles the collapse of the Zorin family. The setting is an unnamed urban area. Zor" ******* END TEXT: "other Russia can be found in the 1993 roundtable on “The State of the Russian Nation,” which I have "
9780814712481 - page_42: "START TEXT: already touched upon. Here Rasputin’s tone shifts to a lament over the collapse of the Russian empir" ******* END TEXT: " compared to that of a woman abandoned by her lovers. Jeremiah continues: “and you, O desolate one, "
9780814712481 - page_43: "START TEXT: what do you mean that you dress in scarlet, that you deck yourself with ornaments of gold…. Your lov" ******* END TEXT: "ly be the other side of the conservative coin: a different content perhaps, but the same totalizing "
9780814712481 - page_44: "START TEXT: structure. We would be on more certain ground with writing that, while not necessarily “feminist,” i" ******* END TEXT: "e murder of her mother-in-law, and that she is stranded in this small town on the Volga because she "
9780814712481 - page_45: "START TEXT: does not have enough money to return to her village and family. The narrator decides that Liuba, “th" ******* END TEXT: "ying a part, the part she knew was expected of her: the criminal victim with the heart of gold. The "
9780814712481 - page_46: "START TEXT: narrator’s second “hypostasis of Russia” steps out of her prescribed role, at the same time masking " ******* END TEXT: "putin, who sees sexual pathology in modern women. Ivanova “diagnoses” sexual pathology in Rasputin.\n"
9780814712481 - page_47: "START TEXT: IV. FROM MOTHER RUSSIA TO “LIVING IN RUSSIA”39\nGorenshtein and Ivanova attack the myth of Mother Rus" ******* END TEXT: "ary, the mother of God, or to an allegorical Goddess of Destruction. It should be observed that the "
9780814712481 - page_48: "START TEXT: divinization of women’s ability to bear children is not unique to conservative or to male writers. A" ******* END TEXT: " with the state and the oppressive conditions that it imposes on ordinary life. The hospital is the "
9780814712481 - page_49: "START TEXT: site where this conflict unfolds. In both stories to be discussed the hospital and the prison are ex" ******* END TEXT: "explained medical reasons. The orderly, a young woman studying to be a doctor, soaks some cotton in "
9780814712481 - page_50: "START TEXT: water and places it on the woman’s lips. She is embarrassed by the profuse gratitude she receives. W" ******* END TEXT: " to be looked at.51 Men are the “controllers of the gaze” and women, the objects on display. I call "
9780814712481 - page_51: "START TEXT: upon Mulvey’s work not only because it helps us understand what Palei is about in this story, but al" ******* END TEXT: "ile zone.” She pictures her father’s life in a labor camp many years earlier, and how the primitive "
9780814712481 - page_52: "START TEXT: scientific laboratory he might have been able to establish would have provided him with the same sen" ******* END TEXT: "einvention of the idea of individuality may help to unravel trends that have held sway for so long.\n"
9780814712481 - page_53: "START TEXT: NOTES\nI am grateful to Bruce Rosenstock and Anna Kaladiouk for their helpful comments on this chapte" ******* END TEXT: "aterinskoe,” 168.\n13. Mikhail Bakhtin, “Appendix II,” in Bakthin, Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics, "
9780814712481 - page_54: "START TEXT: ed. and trans. Caryl Emerson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 287.\n14. For a symp" ******* END TEXT: "ly in the text.\n36. A literary precedent for some aspects of the narrator’s relationship with Liuba "
9780814712481 - page_55: "START TEXT: may be found in Dostoevsky, whom the narrator mentions more than once in the story. In The Idiot the" ******* END TEXT: "his collection.\n49. See, for example, Costlow et al., “Introduction” to Sexuality and the Body, 32.\n"
9780814712481 - page_56: "START TEXT: 50. Marina Palei, “Kabiriia s obvodnogo kanala,” Novyi mir (March 1991), no. 3: 48–81.\n51. See Laura" ******* END TEXT: "eaking Bodies,” 156–57.\n53. Irina Polianskaia, “Chistaia zona,” in Vasilenko, Novye Amazonki, 32.\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_57: "START TEXT: THREEWomen in Yugoslavia\nVida Penezic\nINTRODUCTION\nAs a woman from the “former Yugoslavia” who now l" ******* END TEXT: "ely speak about the world today. The fall of the Eastern bloc can, among other things, be seen as a "
9780814712481 - page_58: "START TEXT: potential joining of what used to be two ostensibly different worlds (the first and the second) into" ******* END TEXT: "ategories are immersed, and out of which they are sometimes molded; (2) as an aspect of everybody’s "
9780814712481 - page_59: "START TEXT: culture, and, potentially, as a culture all its own: a culture of people with complex, transcultural" ******* END TEXT: "vement. The first nonaligned nations’ summit conference was held in Belgrade, in 1961.2 Yugoslavian "
9780814712481 - page_60: "START TEXT: borders were open to visitors from both blocs, and Yugoslavian citizens easily traveled to both Wars" ******* END TEXT: " I disliked in Yugoslavia, such as the absence of satisfactorily clean public bathrooms, or lack of "
9780814712481 - page_61: "START TEXT: tolerance in public discourse, were in Ohio met with instant belief. Nobody ever said (yet): “Oh, re" ******* END TEXT: "ghtened, democratic, open to new ideas and committed to the equality of all people, and the Eastern "
9780814712481 - page_62: "START TEXT: bloc as lacking in all these areas. It also saw the Western bloc as affluent, colorful, and full of " ******* END TEXT: "his light was pronounced reactionary or shortsighted. It was often said that Eastern Europeans were "
9780814712481 - page_63: "START TEXT: not used to democracy since they had no democratic tradition, and that they had to learn how to use " ******* END TEXT: "of the world were questioned.\nBecause the above is its implied context, the question about women in "
9780814712481 - page_64: "START TEXT: Yugoslavia, rather than being a simple question about another place (about which the asker knows ver" ******* END TEXT: " little, while in the latter they felt they had learned a lot. One could argue, of course, that the "
9780814712481 - page_65: "START TEXT: situation was exactly the reverse. They had learned nothing in the latter case, and a lot in the for" ******* END TEXT: "onsistently painting the other bloc as an evil, dark other. This process led in America to an image "
9780814712481 - page_66: "START TEXT: of the other bloc as both alien to “us” and homogeneous within itself. At the same time, “our” bloc " ******* END TEXT: "discourse as an oppressed and wronged culture. And it is, perhaps, precisely because we still think "
9780814712481 - page_67: "START TEXT: of it as slightly different (in that vaguely negative sense) that we feel we need to acknowledge it," ******* END TEXT: "n noted and analyzed by members of other cultural groups who have gone through similar experiences.\n"
9780814712481 - page_68: "START TEXT: 1. At the simplest level, it is a common dilemma: on the one hand, I wanted my difference acknowledg" ******* END TEXT: "country. In other words, until recently semiotically unstable, Yugoslavia now finds itself fixed as "
9780814712481 - page_69: "START TEXT: Eastern Bloc. One could take this to clearly indicate at least one definition of the nature of the “" ******* END TEXT: "s not exist any more, Yugoslavian identity might appear fictional rather than real. In other words, "
9780814712481 - page_70: "START TEXT: both in the past and in the present, Yugoslavian identity appears to have been clearly something whi" ******* END TEXT: " such like, constantly seeped through, ensuring the continued presence of the other bloc on each of "
9780814712481 - page_71: "START TEXT: their soils (for example, rock music and popular movies went East, ballet and Russian literary class" ******* END TEXT: "rld” and the “world behind the iron curtain” — need to be rethought. Only then will all the diverse "
9780814712481 - page_72: "START TEXT: voices (such as those of different national cultures, various ethnic groups, women, different classe" ******* END TEXT: "ions to national or ethnic groups that we come from (as well as, for that matter, to any one of the "
9780814712481 - page_73: "START TEXT: mentioned groups). In other words, our affiliations are more complex, more numerous, and less stable" ******* END TEXT: "oducing chaos or incoherence.\nThis results in a complex, multilayered world in which old notions of "
9780814712481 - page_74: "START TEXT: cultural identity, cultural origin, and cultural authenticity do not apply; in which an agreement on" ******* END TEXT: " (perhaps all) cultural spaces are transcultural in this sense: they incorporate “foreign” elements "
9780814712481 - page_75: "START TEXT: (frequently) without perceiving them as foreign. Most of us have been forced to (more or less succes" ******* END TEXT: "cold-war normal science. Not only was the discursive space in which this contribution was made more "
9780814712481 - page_76: "START TEXT: complex than any one of its constitutive parts (Eastern Bloc, Western Bloc, Second World), but the i" ******* END TEXT: "eated by these media”; (c) “technoscapes”: technology that “now moves at high speeds across various "
9780814712481 - page_77: "START TEXT: kinds of previously impervious boundaries”; (d) “finanscapes”: the movement of global capital; and (" ******* END TEXT: "communist Postmodernism: An Interview with Mikhail Epstein,” Common Knowledge (Winter 1993): 110.\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_100: "START TEXT: 11. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (Lo" ******* END TEXT: "let-proof cage and shook some hands after the speeches. The journalist assessed the crowd as “about "
9780814712481 - page_101: "START TEXT: 20,000” people (Gazeta Wyborcza, July 6, 1992, pp. 1–2). The most important issue mentioned by both " ******* END TEXT: "c level in which the Polish Mother appears as a secular-national equivalent of the Heavenly Mother.\n"
9780814712481 - page_102: "START TEXT: 31. Adam Mickiewicz, Poems by Adam Mickiewicz, ed. George Rapall Noyes (New York: The Polish Institu" ******* END TEXT: "-mail daily, Donosy, October 19, 1992 (translation mine).\n42. Gombrowicz, A Kind of Testament, 105.\n"
9780814712481 - page_103: "START TEXT: BIBLIOGRAPHY\nAnderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Natio" ******* END TEXT: "d writing for the fifth grade of grammar school.] Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, 1990.\n"
9780814712481 - page_104: "START TEXT: Snitow, Ann. “Feminism and Motherhood: An American Reading.” Feminist Review 40 (1992): 32–51.\nSroda" ******* END TEXT: ", forthcoming in 1994.\nWeintraub, Wiktor. The Poetry of Adam Mickiewicz. The Hague: Mouton, 1954.\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_78: "START TEXT: FOURTraditions of Patriotism, Questions of Gender: The Case of Poland\nEwa Hauser\nIt is impossible wi" ******* END TEXT: "the Polish intellectual and artistic heritage,” demonstrate “respect for the Christian value system "
9780814712481 - page_79: "START TEXT: taken as the basis for universal principles of ethics,” “serve to strengthen the family,” and “help " ******* END TEXT: "ure or imagined community.12 But Anderson alludes to gender while defining nationalism as closer to "
9780814712481 - page_80: "START TEXT: “kinship and religion” than to the ideologies of the modern world. He then implicitly equates nation" ******* END TEXT: "l communist holiday of May Day). By asserting a symbolic unity between state and Church, the Church "
9780814712481 - page_81: "START TEXT: takes over all the dominant symbolism. It further enforces an equation between Polish men and Cathol" ******* END TEXT: " Germany and a European summit meeting. The ceremony emphatically equated the two presidencies. The "
9780814712481 - page_82: "START TEXT: Catholic Church, which dominated the television coverage, profited from the occasion to narrate the " ******* END TEXT: " a special low voice related — and often read from prepared statements about — the events. “Today’s "
9780814712481 - page_83: "START TEXT: celebration has a special religious and national meaning. These two elements are so intertwined in P" ******* END TEXT: " be with Christ and life (against abortion) or against Christ and life (pro-choice). “These are two "
9780814712481 - page_84: "START TEXT: paths that Europe is taking,” and he explicitly cites the Pope who has admonished Poles to take the " ******* END TEXT: "defines women’s place in society by contrasting, in a way that seems natural, womanhood and agency.\n"
9780814712481 - page_85: "START TEXT: “To a Polish Mother”24\nO Polish mother, if the radiant eyes   of genius kindle in thy darling’s face" ******* END TEXT: "terate, Polish mother. The movie begins with her husband’s death under the wheels of a streetcar as "
9780814712481 - page_86: "START TEXT: she clutches her pregnant belly. She raises three sons (three “kings”) despite great economic and po" ******* END TEXT: "ferent gender-defining poem, a part of the Polish school curriculum for the fifth grade even today.\n"
9780814712481 - page_87: "START TEXT: “The Death of a Colonel”In the depth of an ancient forest, a contingent of soldiersstopped by the hu" ******* END TEXT: "is warrior’s tale, the woman who took on male attributes becomes a military hero herself and amazes "
9780814712481 - page_88: "START TEXT: the “simple folk” with the postmortem revelation of her sex. Significantly, in this poem, there is n" ******* END TEXT: "ter family cannot be developed here. Only the fact that the undisputed heroine’s possibly “foreign” "
9780814712481 - page_89: "START TEXT: origin is not mentioned in “real life” testifies to the inclusiveness of the romantic canon of Polis" ******* END TEXT: " descended from the earth, that is, the public life, to the abyss, that is, to the domestic life of "
9780814712481 - page_90: "START TEXT: nations. … But on the third day the soul shall return to the body and the nation shall rise and free" ******* END TEXT: "ng an Argentine exile from the European continent. Rebelling against the “bad poetry” by Mickiewicz "
9780814712481 - page_91: "START TEXT: that styled Poland — for Poles and for the West — as the eternal victim, he felt “somewhat responsib" ******* END TEXT: "he young object of desire repeatedly ask the question, “Why should there be a ‘fatherland,’ why not "
9780814712481 - page_92: "START TEXT: a ‘son-land?’” And as for the “martyred Poland”: surely no Polish writer ever dared to bid farewell " ******* END TEXT: "for acceptance within traditional Polish society. In today’s Poland, the interstices of nationalism "
9780814712481 - page_93: "START TEXT: and the subjugation of women have been explored and staged, rather, through satirical political thea" ******* END TEXT: "n and never did so in any substantial way. At that time, the preferred targets, of course, were the "
9780814712481 - page_94: "START TEXT: Russians, the absurdities of Soviet rule, and the “geo-political situation”38 of Poland. One of the " ******* END TEXT: "justice of having fought for liberation and now having to pay most of the costs of the change while "
9780814712481 - page_95: "START TEXT: conmen and former functionaries get rich. In one of her programs, a revolutionary song from the Stal" ******* END TEXT: "finish Walesa unless he takes special, traditionally masculine, measures to curtail this rebellion.\n"
9780814712481 - page_96: "START TEXT: To take a bride not from your own sphereis an act of courage or a foolhardiness …She will remind you" ******* END TEXT: " without benefit of the holy sacrament, the union might have been a happy one. The obvious allusion "
9780814712481 - page_97: "START TEXT: to Walesa’s ascendance to the Presidency, which cost him his following among the intelligentsia and " ******* END TEXT: "al Polish woman out of her familial self, the Polish Mother, into which the same poet had cast her.\n"
9780814712481 - page_98: "START TEXT: The age of television is just coming to Poland. The official boredom of the Communist vision of the " ******* END TEXT: "ection which toppled the last post-Solidarity openly pro-Catholic government of Hanna Suchocka, the "
9780814712481 - page_99: "START TEXT: post-Communist parties, including the atheistic Social Democrats and post-Communist Peasant Party (w" ******* END TEXT: "), 257–73.\n10. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), 1.\n"
9780814712481 - page_105: "START TEXT: FIVESex, Subjectivity, and Socialism: Feminist Discourses in East Germany\nKatrin Sieg\nIn the midst o" ******* END TEXT: "e in the domain of cultural production, through the discourses of feminist theater and performance.\n"
9780814712481 - page_106: "START TEXT: Feminists now confront the questions of how far material equality between men and women had actually" ******* END TEXT: "1970s and early 80s. The third section examines the female/feminist identities which emerged in the "
9780814712481 - page_107: "START TEXT: protocols published between 1990 and 1991 and which revised the “private” mode of representation and" ******* END TEXT: "cialism,” was caught in a defensive posture, constantly forced to prove its loyalty to a state that "
9780814712481 - page_108: "START TEXT: suspected its authors of collaboration with the West German women’s movement.\nWomen writers and lite" ******* END TEXT: "was meant to sustain. With depressing accuracy, the play traces the development of its protagonist, "
9780814712481 - page_109: "START TEXT: Conny Rosen, who throws off the shackles of her marriage with much enthusiasm, only to settle for re" ******* END TEXT: "or an autonomous identity is always embedded in the context of the “great family,” so as to preempt "
9780814712481 - page_110: "START TEXT: possible separatist or antisocialist interpretations. Thus, the critique of the patriarchy remains w" ******* END TEXT: "in their texts’ commitment to heterosexuality, even though its social institution, marriage, became "
9780814712481 - page_111: "START TEXT: the target of criticism. In literary representations, heterosex became the arena of gender contestat" ******* END TEXT: "wice removed through the role-reversal within the dream. The breaking away from oppressive roles is "
9780814712481 - page_112: "START TEXT: here dramatized in the interaction of two women; Evald’s cry for Ada at the end remains unanswered. " ******* END TEXT: "lic and private acts and experiences of gender, but most importantly, it questioned the egalitarian "
9780814712481 - page_113: "START TEXT: paradigm as a valid political goal for the future of socialism. Couched in the terms and language of" ******* END TEXT: "s a reorientation from the politics of equality to one of difference, sensuality, and wholeness, as "
9780814712481 - page_114: "START TEXT: Wolf suggests in her Introduction. By offering “love” as a remedy, this first paragraph posits a rad" ******* END TEXT: "r, back to the times of the empire” (70). Rosi views the current ideology as a thin veneer that has "
9780814712481 - page_115: "START TEXT: replaced previous belief systems in name only, not in actual behavior. She contends that socialist s" ******* END TEXT: "exual activity, and feels contempt for them because of the hypocrisy they solicit. The perpetuation "
9780814712481 - page_116: "START TEXT: of oppressive morals is not ascribed to state repression, but rather to the individual, quotidian re" ******* END TEXT: "y with capitalist women.\nWander turned personal narratives into poetic literature while maintaining "
9780814712481 - page_117: "START TEXT: the fiction of authenticity. That technique was able to sidestep censorship, since any overtly polit" ******* END TEXT: "he discussion of questions and conflicts concerning gender — a space which the theater denied them. "
9780814712481 - page_118: "START TEXT: Twelve years later, GDR women authors responded to Wander with the book Good Night, Beautiful, conti" ******* END TEXT: "n. The fragmentation and proliferation of identities that occurred around reunification is signaled "
9780814712481 - page_119: "START TEXT: by the newly specialized identities of their speakers. In the years 1990 and 1991, there appeared a " ******* END TEXT: "the term “protocol” took on the ominous overtones of trial records. Especially in the later volume, "
9780814712481 - page_120: "START TEXT: Capital, one can observe the consolidation of the scenario described above and the gradual congealin" ******* END TEXT: "man journalist Petra Lux remarks wryly, and begs to differ. Nanette Funk points out that terms like "
9780814712481 - page_121: "START TEXT: “women’s equality” were “associated with contempt and disrespect for women, rather than commitment t" ******* END TEXT: "critique of patriarchal structures frequently moves across various sites of resistance. In the case "
9780814712481 - page_122: "START TEXT: of Petra L., that includes opposition to xenophobia, whereas the SED’s lip service to “international" ******* END TEXT: "Berlin. She points to the contradiction between the state’s liberal sociopolitical measures and the "
9780814712481 - page_123: "START TEXT: lack of eroticism: “The joy of sex, sex as pleasure, was a taboo topic. It wasn’t that the pill and " ******* END TEXT: "tation of egalitarianism captures the social implications of instrumentalized sexuality: “If a girl "
9780814712481 - page_124: "START TEXT: doesn’t take the pill and has a child at age 16, well, she has a child. There is no finger-pointing," ******* END TEXT: "is missing from Capital, assembled only a few months later. Despite the fear of an uncertain future "
9780814712481 - page_125: "START TEXT: which pervades most protocols, the optimistic title of You Canh Make a State Without Us is programma" ******* END TEXT: "democratic socialism would not have been possible without a challenge to patriarchal structures, as "
9780814712481 - page_126: "START TEXT: the UFV (and Lux/Fischer) had asserted. However, just as it is important to resist the tendency to h" ******* END TEXT: "omplicity, of arranging oneself with a bureaucracy pursuing a politics of inhibition, intimidation, "
9780814712481 - page_127: "START TEXT: and prevention. These concerns are similar to the ones dominating the culture-at-large. Whereas the " ******* END TEXT: "ial ideology. While relying on an adversarial relationship toward the state as the common, unspoken "
9780814712481 - page_128: "START TEXT: referent in the performers’ interaction with the audience — a constellation that is now thrown into " ******* END TEXT: " and organizations, but in focusing on the margins of the dominant melodrama of cold war heroes and "
9780814712481 - page_129: "START TEXT: villains, and salvaging what has already fallen victim to the rationalization of postwar German hist" ******* END TEXT: "mtraud Morgners Hexische Weltfahrt, ed. Kristine von Soden (Berlin: Elefanten Press, 1991), 92–100.\n"
9780814712481 - page_130: "START TEXT: 4. The official, party-affiliated women’s organization was the Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschland" ******* END TEXT: "uthors. West German leftist and feminist Erika Runge is commonly credited with publishing the first "
9780814712481 - page_131: "START TEXT: collection of personal narratives, and using the term “protocol” to highlight the documentary charac" ******* END TEXT: "er & Witsch, 1990).\n29. Renate Ullrich, Mein Kapital bin ich selber: Gespräche mit Theaterfrauen in "
9780814712481 - page_132: "START TEXT: Berlin-O 1990/91 (Berlin: Zentrum für Theaterdokumentation und -information, 1991). Further referenc" ******* END TEXT: "um Dialog unter Frauen im rationali-sierten Einigungsprozeß,” in Wider das schlichte Vergessen, 18.\n"
9780814712481 - page_133: "START TEXT: 42. Irene Dölling, “Frauenforschung mit Fragezeichen?: Perspektiven feministischer Wissenschaft,” in" ******* END TEXT: "4.\n43. Frigga Haug, Beyond Female Masochism: Memory-Work and Politics (London: Verso, 1992), 259.\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_134: "START TEXT: SIXDeciphering the Body of Memory: Writing by Former East German Women Writers\nKaren Remmler\nThe aft" ******* END TEXT: "ork of GDR women writers in the 1970s and early 1980s appeared to have disappeared as the semblance "
9780814712481 - page_135: "START TEXT: of a viable socialist state crumbled under the growing dissatisfaction and demise of its economy in " ******* END TEXT: "nto the East. Maron’s novel The Defector was published in West Germany in 1986. The construction of "
9780814712481 - page_136: "START TEXT: the body as a site of remembering in both texts exposes the conditions of women living under the con" ******* END TEXT: "red equal rights by a state apparatus that was patronizing and rigidly structured along patriarchal "
9780814712481 - page_137: "START TEXT: lines. As Dölling and other feminist scholars from the East and West have shown, in the GDR, feminin" ******* END TEXT: " solely on statistics for describing the conditions of women’s lives only obscures the experiential "
9780814712481 - page_138: "START TEXT: and psychological dimensions whereby the body itself is a site from which to see the actual gains or" ******* END TEXT: "ven the reduction of women’s rights in eastern Germany after unification, and the added instability "
9780814712481 - page_139: "START TEXT: of personal relationships as previous forms of community networks fell by the wayside in the midst o" ******* END TEXT: "n The Defector, strongly counters Wolf’s insistence on creating a space within socialism for female "
9780814712481 - page_140: "START TEXT: subjectivity. Whereas Wolf’s texts express the desire for an alternative consciousness within social" ******* END TEXT: "he material conditions that shape and are shaped by the presence of real bodies. In addition, given "
9780814712481 - page_141: "START TEXT: the multiple meanings of memory and remembrance across disciplines, I would like to clarify my parti" ******* END TEXT: "a nonontological, material ground for action at specific moments in time. Such ground is, moreover, "
9780814712481 - page_142: "START TEXT: subject to diachronic shifts as well as synchronic instability. A critical consideration of the body" ******* END TEXT: "tisfaction with the contradictions inherent in the “double burden” borne by women in the GDR state.\n"
9780814712481 - page_143: "START TEXT: Major differences in the economic systems of the former FRG and GDR left their mark on the semiotic " ******* END TEXT: "uring a time of a cultural political thaw, while Maron’s novel cannot be separated from her role as "
9780814712481 - page_144: "START TEXT: a conservative critic of the GDR regime in the 1980s. It is perhaps surprising, then, to note the re" ******* END TEXT: " and then dies in February, she leaves behind a legacy not only of pain, but also of contemplation:\n"
9780814712481 - page_145: "START TEXT: She realizes that the blood transfusions are becoming more frequent and are lasting longer than the " ******* END TEXT: "history and subjective remembrance in the GDR. She also constructs a textual form of “Eingedenken.”\n"
9780814712481 - page_146: "START TEXT: In The Quest for Christa T., for example, and continuing up to the semi-autobiographical works Storf" ******* END TEXT: "e images of subjective remembering in their writing. Such authors reject the subsuming of divergent "
9780814712481 - page_147: "START TEXT: memory images into stifling, homogeneous views of history. Benjamin allegorizes the angel of history" ******* END TEXT: "nizing the contradictions of the GDR society, Wolf’s texts, like Benjamin’s metaphorical angel of a "
9780814712481 - page_148: "START TEXT: resistant history, represent the consequences of progress based on illusion in their expression of t" ******* END TEXT: " remembering are not diametrically opposed to one another. Instead they represent different ways of "
9780814712481 - page_149: "START TEXT: remembering that intersect with one another. Accordingly, subjective remembering refers to the memor" ******* END TEXT: " history. The storm is already blowing from paradise, and is thus a force moving all history. (116)\n"
9780814712481 - page_150: "START TEXT: An approach to history that incorporates an empathic identification with victims of the past is by n" ******* END TEXT: "ry in which Christa T.’s body is not dismantled from her mind, and in which female subjectivity can "
9780814712481 - page_151: "START TEXT: perform according to desires otherwise repressed during her lifetime in the earlier years of the GDR" ******* END TEXT: "sistance to it. In her novel The Defector, Maron exposes the painful clash between a state-condoned "
9780814712481 - page_152: "START TEXT: and ordered assembling of the past and the re-membering of it through an imaginative “Eingedenken” t" ******* END TEXT: "icted space in which she wanted to collect experiences like books in a library, memories accessible "
9780814712481 - page_153: "START TEXT: to her all the time. … She could also recall times past in this room and fuse desired time to a last" ******* END TEXT: "rama: Orpheus, Eurydice and Hermes at the train station. In the mountain of suitcases in which they "
9780814712481 - page_154: "START TEXT: stand, the craggy corridor arches, the crypt in which they descend, when the hermetic conductor, in " ******* END TEXT: "e next patient. Remembering her actions upon returning to Ida’s apartment after her death, Rosalind "
9780814712481 - page_155: "START TEXT: recalls how she attempted to dismande her aunt’s lingering presence by disrupting Ida’s sense of ord" ******* END TEXT: "salind her routine walk to work along such borders depicts her internalization of the normalcy. She "
9780814712481 - page_156: "START TEXT: only resees, and, thus, re-experiences the painful physical division in her imaginary walk as “I.”\nI" ******* END TEXT: " question by the countermemory produced by the narrator’s fantasy and imagined exodus from everyday "
9780814712481 - page_157: "START TEXT: forgetting. Such forgetting is forged by her complicity in perpetuating the appearance of continuity" ******* END TEXT: "tellations in which they are found.\nAs texts by Wolf and Maron attest, GDR women struggled with the "
9780814712481 - page_158: "START TEXT: regulation of their bodies, though they lived in a society that guaranteed them equal rights. Ironic" ******* END TEXT: "an Yearbook 7 (1991): 121 — 36; Erica Fischer and Petra Lux, Ohne uns ist kein Staat zu machen. DDR-"
9780814712481 - page_159: "START TEXT: Frauen nach der Wende (Cologne: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1990); Ute Gerhard, “German Women and the Soci" ******* END TEXT: "raus & Giroux, 1979).\n6. See Annette Simon, “Was kann Frauen verriickt machen?” in So nah beinander "
9780814712481 - page_160: "START TEXT: und doch so fern. Frauenleben in Ost und West, ed. Agnes Joester and Insa Schöningh (Pfaffenweiler: " ******* END TEXT: " Christa Wolfs Kindheitsmuster und Walter Benjamins Spätwerk,” Monatshefte 84, no. 1 (1992): 74–90.\n"
9780814712481 - page_161: "START TEXT: 18. Benjamin’s conceptualization of “Eingedenken” in his implicit and explicit readings of Proust, B" ******* END TEXT: "er stepfather was a Minister of the Interior under Ulbricht. Both she and Wolf enjoyed a privileged "
9780814712481 - page_162: "START TEXT: status in the GDR, although their attitude toward unification could not have been farther apart. Whe" ******* END TEXT: ", Charles Maier, and Andrei S. Markovits. German Politics and Society 24 and 25 (Winter 1991–1992).\n"
9780814712481 - page_163: "START TEXT: Joester, Agnes, and Insa Schoningh, eds. So nah beieinander und doch so fern: Frauenleben in Ostund " ******* END TEXT: "en-Frauenforschung aus der DDR. Ed. Ute Gerhart et al. Feministische Studien 8, no. 1 (May 1990).\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_164: "START TEXT: SEVENNew Members and Organs: The Politics of Porn\nHelena Goscilo\nPornographers are the secret police" ******* END TEXT: "ital. Amidst the all-pervasive renewed Petrine drive to “catch up” with the West, such an influx of "
9780814712481 - page_165: "START TEXT: ostensibly liberating, uncensored materials might appear as an exercise in freedom according to the " ******* END TEXT: "orkin and Catharine MacKinnon)5 and concerted political action have decisively shifted the focus of "
9780814712481 - page_166: "START TEXT: discussion in recent years by radically gendering the debate on pornography. That debate shows litde" ******* END TEXT: "ed unavailingly to arrive at an uncontested definition. Anthony Burgess’s concept of a pornographic "
9780814712481 - page_167: "START TEXT: work as a substitute sexual partner enabling the attainment of sexual catharsis without an “act of e" ******* END TEXT: " be countered by the argument that dissemination of material abusive to women constitutes a form of "
9780814712481 - page_168: "START TEXT: defamation and warrants injunction against “group libel.”23 Whether such a restraint is feasible rem" ******* END TEXT: "lantation of perversions.”26\nAlthough psychologists, anthropologists, and sociologists increasingly "
9780814712481 - page_169: "START TEXT: recognize that sexuality is subject to shifting social constructions (its configuration and dynamics" ******* END TEXT: "struments of male pleasure, ready and eager to perform any kind of sexual service, led feminists to "
9780814712481 - page_170: "START TEXT: reassess the genre in terms of political power. Accordingly, feminists define porn as a practice and" ******* END TEXT: " the important proviso that the material of “literary” Greek pornography concentrated on aspects of "
9780814712481 - page_171: "START TEXT: the prostitute’s life other than her professional exertions. Otto Brendel defines these early treatm" ******* END TEXT: " the work’s agenda — to propagate traditional Russian/Soviet (i.e., anti-capitalist) myths: (1) the "
9780814712481 - page_172: "START TEXT: moral superiority of Russians’ vaunted generosity, spirituality, and emotional intensity to Western " ******* END TEXT: "nography from Latvia (Riga) and “borrows” from Western sources for its own (re)products, as well as "
9780814712481 - page_173: "START TEXT: modeling its “original” creations on foreign paradigms.37 Probably the most subversive aspect of the" ******* END TEXT: "hen, the Venus de Milo is likely to rub elbows, metaphorically speaking, with a Playboy centerfold, "
9780814712481 - page_174: "START TEXT: their sole common denominator being their gendered nudity. For the purposes of the genre, however, b" ******* END TEXT: " the viewer, “soliciting” him.\nIn accordance with porn’s privileging of size, pinups favor generous "
9780814712481 - page_175: "START TEXT: breasts (with nipples darkened and perky — like Lenin, always “on watch” [“na postu”]) — and lush pu" ******* END TEXT: "sic insightful distinction.43 Pornography’s display of woman in the “uniform” of nudity objectifies "
9780814712481 - page_176: "START TEXT: her so that man may perceive himself as the complementary opposite, the invading conqueror of this c" ******* END TEXT: " around one male, for, as Cole remarks, “the dynamic between pin-up and consumers is that of a gang "
9780814712481 - page_177: "START TEXT: bang” (36). Shots of couples contrast the woman’s nudity or her exposure of one or more “key areas” " ******* END TEXT: "oppable force, on the one hand, Napoleon nonetheless exudes an aura of Olympian calm, on the other, "
9780814712481 - page_178: "START TEXT: because he is immobilized (and desexed) through the cool, “tamed” medium of marble or stone that imm" ******* END TEXT: "ed to a directly apprehended visual image. Viktor Erofeyev, in an interview on eroticism, declared: "
9780814712481 - page_179: "START TEXT: “The power of bare flesh is such that once you’ve seen it you can forget about what a person is sayi" ******* END TEXT: "orts to be the inspiration of O. Konner (American or Irish O’Connor?), which not only has a Western "
9780814712481 - page_180: "START TEXT: ring (a significant selling point), but evokes the French “con” (not for its current primary meaning" ******* END TEXT: " partners or some less orthodox route to climax. How the rule of escalation operates is nicely (and "
9780814712481 - page_181: "START TEXT: nastily) illustrated by Jeanette Rich-Paterson’s “Summer Vacation,” a classic text of sexual initiat" ******* END TEXT: "cceptability. That is why one reads Stephen Ziplow’s Film Makers Guide to Pornography (1977) with a "
9780814712481 - page_182: "START TEXT: certain nostalgia for the “gentler, kinder” brand of porn whose definitive features his checklist in" ******* END TEXT: "gina a “secret burrow-hole” (zavetnaia iama-norka), her clitoris a “a rather strange little animal” "
9780814712481 - page_183: "START TEXT: (dovol’no strannyi zverek); when she performs fellatio, he analogizes her licking motions with a cat" ******* END TEXT: "ore substantial collections (e.g., “SEX Anekdoty”), invariably featuring a nude and/or suggestively "
9780814712481 - page_184: "START TEXT: posed woman on the cover. If Siniavskii’s notion that the genre lives by suppression has any legitim" ******* END TEXT: " But anyone seeking “porn pleasure” from these pseudo-literary eunuchs is doomed to disappointment.\n"
9780814712481 - page_185: "START TEXT: THE POLITICS OF PORN: AIRBRUSHING A MYTH\nIf Western pornography is the political product of the capi" ******* END TEXT: "ount and the voyeuristic strain of porn derives from their common transparent deceit: A prearranged "
9780814712481 - page_186: "START TEXT: scene, with every detail calculated in advance, is presented as the viewer’s chance intrusion upon a" ******* END TEXT: " fullness of Stalin’s mustache, which connotes a military (controlled) rather than sexual virility. "
9780814712481 - page_187: "START TEXT: And finally, because both pinup and Stalin, as visual incarnations of an ideal, must transcend their" ******* END TEXT: " by its consumer populace and the patterns of a culture and economy that still await stabilization.\n"
9780814712481 - page_188: "START TEXT: NOTES\nI thank (1) my procurers of the Russian porn examined in this essay: Vladimir Padunov, Valeria" ******* END TEXT: "nography annually accrues about seven billion dollars, which would place it fortieth in the list of "
9780814712481 - page_189: "START TEXT: Fortune 500 largest companies in terms of profit (PaSV, 10–11). She has come under fire from partisa" ******* END TEXT: "ort of the Attorney General’s Commission on Pornography (1986), see Clive Bloom, “Grinding with the "
9780814712481 - page_190: "START TEXT: Bachelors: Pornography in a Machine Age,” in Perspectives on Pornography, ed. Clive Day and Clive Bl" ******* END TEXT: "ubliminal Seduction: Ad Media’s Manipulation of a Not So Innocent America (New York: Signet, 1973).\n"
9780814712481 - page_191: "START TEXT: 26. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1 (New York: Vintage, 1990), 36–49.\n27. See, for" ******* END TEXT: "t of Erotic Art in the Greco-Roman World,” Studies in Erotic Art (New York: Basic Books, 1970), 64.\n"
9780814712481 - page_192: "START TEXT: 36. The Russian original, simply called Interdevochka, is available in English translation, Intergir" ******* END TEXT: "wever, are apt to have small breasts and shaved mounds. According to Florence Rush, the woman-child "
9780814712481 - page_193: "START TEXT: is fast becoming the sexual ideal in the States. See Florence Rush, The Best Kept Secret: Sexual Abu" ******* END TEXT: "assumes female form.\n54. These aspects of pornography particularly disturb anti-porn feminists, who "
9780814712481 - page_194: "START TEXT: have been reprimanded by “liberals” for generalizing about all porn on their basis. Yet the (largely" ******* END TEXT: "Hingley, Joseph Stalin (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), pages of illustrations between 106 and 107.\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_197: "START TEXT: EIGHTSex in the Media and the Birth of the Sex Media in Russia\nMasha Gessen\nDuring the first Communi" ******* END TEXT: "o consolidate authority by forcing — not merely allowing but demanding — a discussion of previously "
9780814712481 - page_198: "START TEXT: suppressed information. While Western media outlets readily accepted the official Soviet translation" ******* END TEXT: "lenge. For while the unseemly underside of Soviet economics, for example, had never been exposed, a "
9780814712481 - page_199: "START TEXT: language and a culture for discussing economics had been established in the days of the old propagan" ******* END TEXT: "ng as a schoolteacher in Moscow in the mid-1950s. Dukarevich directed a student stage production of "
9780814712481 - page_200: "START TEXT: nineteenth-century poet Aleksandr Pushkin’s epic poem “Poltava,” which includes the following verse," ******* END TEXT: "ives that incrementally decreased the power of the state censorship bureau and ultimately abolished "
9780814712481 - page_201: "START TEXT: it began as early as 1987, but the process of testing the limits of controls enforced by minor burea" ******* END TEXT: "m. But all anyone seemed to notice was 80 seconds of positively un-erotic premarital humping in the "
9780814712481 - page_202: "START TEXT: middle of the two-hour film. Almost every review of and article about Little Vera began with a refer" ******* END TEXT: "t media makers to broach the subject, but they caused the loudest in a series of explosions. Before "
9780814712481 - page_203: "START TEXT: Pichul and Khmelik could show it, dozens of media makers tried to justify it, explain it, and even e" ******* END TEXT: "ith the desires of its readers and not the beliefs of its editors may sound like a tired old excuse "
9780814712481 - page_204: "START TEXT: to Americans, but to Soviet media makers and consumers it was an unfamiliar concept: In the past, th" ******* END TEXT: " in the U.S. and the countries of Western Europe is a direct consequence of the much-advertised, in "
9780814712481 - page_205: "START TEXT: its time, much-celebrated “sexual revolution.” It was this revolution that practically legalized cha" ******* END TEXT: "frightening disease. Emaciated, with protruding shoulder blades, with red splotches on his face, he "
9780814712481 - page_206: "START TEXT: looks more like an infantile adolescent than a 36-year-old man. He willingly showed himself to the m" ******* END TEXT: "t these illnesses are the result of moral decay. To those readers who realized that condoms — which "
9780814712481 - page_207: "START TEXT: were rapidly becoming black-market currency and were accessible to the privileged — could greatly re" ******* END TEXT: "m society? And, probably, the most important thing: Can we protect our children from this disaster?\n"
9780814712481 - page_208: "START TEXT: If only because Borodinkov used the phrase “relations between the sexes” to refer to homosexuality, " ******* END TEXT: "o taught him musical instruments instead of sports, precipitating, Maslov said, “what psychologists "
9780814712481 - page_209: "START TEXT: call a sex-role disturbance.” Maslov’s sexist analysis wound its way, again, to children’s education" ******* END TEXT: " best-known academic since Andrei Sakharov, Igor Kon became the undisputed authority on all matters "
9780814712481 - page_210: "START TEXT: related to sexuality. “You can’t even imagine the level of my popularity,” said 64-year-old Kon in 1" ******* END TEXT: "and two institutional Academy members. Still, says Kon, “they were afraid to publish it even though "
9780814712481 - page_211: "START TEXT: there was nothing risky about it — the only really risqué thing in the book was homosexuality — and " ******* END TEXT: "ally approved for publication with a press run of 550,000 —but with a caveat: of the first printing "
9780814712481 - page_212: "START TEXT: of 200,000, no copies would be shipped to bookstores. “In order to avoid corrupting the population, " ******* END TEXT: "rital sexual happiness by first evaluating their impact on society. This approach was combined with "
9780814712481 - page_213: "START TEXT: unchallenged assumptions about the proper role and status of women in society and the function of ma" ******* END TEXT: "e and sports, to teach them to maintain personal hygiene, to cultivate will power and self-control.\n"
9780814712481 - page_214: "START TEXT: From Your Health, Ladies, edited by V. I. Kulakov:\nIf a girl shows a heightened interest in sexual r" ******* END TEXT: "es engulfed by the smoke cloud of sex, do not correspond to the physiological facts of development.\n"
9780814712481 - page_215: "START TEXT: … Girls who want to achieve the highest level of personal happiness must be taught that they hold on" ******* END TEXT: "bisexuality — the presence of attraction to the same and the opposite sex simultaneously. (Spouses)\n"
9780814712481 - page_216: "START TEXT: What are the dangers of premarital sex? Premarital sex may lead to venereal disease, inflammatory in" ******* END TEXT: "y imported idea that the redeeming value of premarital sex lies in its contribution to “preventing” "
9780814712481 - page_217: "START TEXT: homosexuality appeared in the vast majority of mainstream publications that tackled the topic of pre" ******* END TEXT: " Progress, the publishing house that specializes in translations and foreign-language publications.\n"
9780814712481 - page_218: "START TEXT: Sure, Soviet publishing houses had begun taking risks by putting out sex-related books. But in Sex &" ******* END TEXT: "cholars Sigfried Schnabl and Kurt Shtarke’s “Science oh Homosexuality,” and Gunter Amendt and Shere "
9780814712481 - page_219: "START TEXT: Hite’s “Sexologists and American Women on Masturbation” (a hybrid article bred by the editors). The " ******* END TEXT: "on [for casual sexual partners] is that she not give me a venereal disease.” (Technical worker, 21)\n"
9780814712481 - page_220: "START TEXT: “It often happens, especially if I’ve been drinking, that I will coerce a woman into having sex with" ******* END TEXT: "t contained less AIDS information than Tema, which ran safer-sex guidelines in every issue, and its "
9780814712481 - page_221: "START TEXT: provocative covers featured topics like fetishes and prostitution, SPIDInfo carried the morally upst" ******* END TEXT: "range and inserted my member in it. Believe me, no vagina comes close to the resulting sensation. I "
9780814712481 - page_222: "START TEXT: added warm water and soap and masturbated like when I was 14. Please do not publish my initials and " ******* END TEXT: "of Moscow and St. Petersburg.\nIn 1991, the year following the passage of the Press Law, the Russian "
9780814712481 - page_223: "START TEXT: press ministry registered 1,700 new media oudets. Such statistics are not available for the previous" ******* END TEXT: "le by the standards of Soviet publishing gigantism — nearly overwhelmed its volunteer staff of ten: "
9780814712481 - page_224: "START TEXT: Letters to Tema’s post office box came in at the rate of 250 a week during the first year of its exi" ******* END TEXT: "regulations by putting out magazines or newspapers labeled Issue 0 and claiming to have a press run "
9780814712481 - page_225: "START TEXT: of 999 (a press run of fewer than 1,000, in the absence of ongoing publishing activity, made it poss" ******* END TEXT: "r had shelved the interview after he sobered up, but as the mood in the country became increasingly "
9780814712481 - page_226: "START TEXT: conservative in anticipation of a difficult winter, he apparently decided that an interview in which" ******* END TEXT: "x sheets ceased publication.\nThe majority of the publications that survived this period were either "
9780814712481 - page_227: "START TEXT: well financed, like the life-style tabloids, or well connected, like SPIDInfo, which had government " ******* END TEXT: "in our homes; we cannot acquire waterbeds, special panties for sex and the like. Soviet people have "
9780814712481 - page_228: "START TEXT: never even seen many of the sex tools Comfort writes about, which are readily available and widely u" ******* END TEXT: "nges and display their wares, the essentials of life: loaves of bread, sausage, and the sex rags.\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_229: "START TEXT: NINEThe Underground Closet: Political and Sexual Dissidence in East European Culture\nKevin Moss\nIn E" ******* END TEXT: " — publicly and unalterably assigned from birth.6 This situation foregrounds the issue of knowledge/"
9780814712481 - page_230: "START TEXT: ignorance for these categories (sexual orientation, political dissidence) in ways that it does not f" ******* END TEXT: "authorities paid close attention to every word, which led to censorship; but on the other hand this "
9780814712481 - page_231: "START TEXT: attention may have made literature and art more interesting for the people, who were themselves alwa" ******* END TEXT: "fascinating about Master and Margarita is how it deals with two different kinds of language taboos: "
9780814712481 - page_232: "START TEXT: the religious/superstitious taboo against mentioning the Devil and the political taboo against menti" ******* END TEXT: "57)\n\nEvidence was added (754)\n\nNikanor Ivanovich Bosoi and the unfortunate MC were discovered (751)\n"
9780814712481 - page_233: "START TEXT: Indefinite personal:14\n\n(They) had dropped by Sadovaya St. and visited apartment 50 (577)\n\n(They) ar" ******* END TEXT: "om the very first scene, when Berlioz’s “it’s time to throw everything to the Devil and set off for "
9780814712481 - page_234: "START TEXT: Kislovodsk” (424) leads to the immediate appearance of what we learn is the Devil himself, the reade" ******* END TEXT: "registers in which all native speakers — male and female — were required to become fluent: everyone "
9780814712481 - page_235: "START TEXT: had to become adept at functioning in both public and private modes.16 What was at stake was knowled" ******* END TEXT: "blem of translating sexually explicit passages — especially those referring to homosexuality — from "
9780814712481 - page_236: "START TEXT: classical Greek and Latin into Russian, M. L. Gasparov curiously resorts to a similar tactic himself" ******* END TEXT: "he blackmailability of Western maleness through homophobia.23 On the one hand this blackmailability "
9780814712481 - page_237: "START TEXT: is literal: the overwhelming majority of actual blackmail cases in the last century have involved ho" ******* END TEXT: " here, everybody” (6) and won’t even admit the possibility of Vanĕk’s not liking beer: “Everybody’s "
9780814712481 - page_238: "START TEXT: a beer drinker” (14). At the same time he pressures Vanĕk to traffic in women. He keeps insisting he" ******* END TEXT: "nce of the message. Before beginning the important talk, Stanĕk switches on a tape recorder to play "
9780814712481 - page_239: "START TEXT: music. This is a characteristic attempt to jam the bugging devices, a trick familiar to anyone who s" ******* END TEXT: "t the example of Aesopian erotic language Loseff cites is a homoerotic poem by the gay poet Kuzmin.\n"
9780814712481 - page_240: "START TEXT: What happens when these two kinds of censorship, political and sexual, intersect? What devices are u" ******* END TEXT: " out. First, the death of the gay characters. In The Celluloid Closet Vito Russo has documented the "
9780814712481 - page_241: "START TEXT: frequency of death — usually violent death, murder, or suicide — of gay and lesbian characters in Am" ******* END TEXT: "me is Slava and he is not her husband, so he is designated as her “lover.” On Saturday the narrator "
9780814712481 - page_242: "START TEXT: again meets this “lover Slava” in line for beer. Now he is described as “fashionable and unshaven on" ******* END TEXT: " to any person outside the story: Misha’s father speaks to him as father to son, “after all for the "
9780814712481 - page_243: "START TEXT: father there is no Antinous, one boy out of a hundred thousand, but just his sixteen year old son” (" ******* END TEXT: "ht into psychiatric hospitals.”38\nWhen Roman Viktiuk directed Slingshot in San Diego, he turned the "
9780814712481 - page_244: "START TEXT: internalized homophobia around at the end of the play. When Ilia calls Anton an angel, the latter co" ******* END TEXT: "hey can’t look each other in the eye. The absence of communication points to the homosexual secret.\n"
9780814712481 - page_245: "START TEXT: While there is no discussion in the film of the closet per se, there are parallels in the world of p" ******* END TEXT: "ticular is played out in an interview between Éva and a detective after Lívia’s husband shoots her:\n"
9780814712481 - page_246: "START TEXT: DETECTIVE: hmm … what do you feel when you look at me? I can’t understand … how … how do you do it?\n" ******* END TEXT: "tive ladies, “Edik, be careful: there are homosexuals in the room.”42 Surely the man who wrote in a "
9780814712481 - page_247: "START TEXT: quasi-autobiographical novel about being raped on the streets of New York was terrified!\nRasputin, t" ******* END TEXT: "r inequalities specific to Western industrialized capitalism; much feminist theory is also grounded "
9780814712481 - page_248: "START TEXT: in Marxism, a foundation which has always been problematic for some East European writers. Some of t" ******* END TEXT: "ness in Sappho’s Lyrics,” in The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (New York: Roudedge, 1993), 577–94.\n"
9780814712481 - page_249: "START TEXT: 8. Czesław Miłosz, The Captive Mind, trans. Jane Zielonko (New York: Vintage, 1981), 54–55.\n9. Nancy" ******* END TEXT: " 1992), 4.\n21. E. M. Forster, Maurice (New York: Norton, 1971), 51.\n22. Sedgwick, Epistemology, 95.\n"
9780814712481 - page_250: "START TEXT: 23. Sedgwick, Between Men, 89.\n24. Václav Havel, Audience and Unveiling, trans. Jan Novak; Protest, " ******* END TEXT: "Fiction, ed. Mark Mitchell and David Leavitt (New York: Penguin, 1994).\n38. Popov, “Chertova,” 158.\n"
9780814712481 - page_251: "START TEXT: 39. For this information I am grateful to Susan Larsen, who helped Viktiuk in his production.\n40. Er" ******* END TEXT: "Survived Communism and Even Laughed (New York: Harper, 1993).\n50. Sedgwick, Epistemology, 68, 63.\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_252: "START TEXT: TENIvan Soloviev’s Reflections on Eros\nMikhail Epstein\nThe majority of readers will be unfamiliar wi" ******* END TEXT: ", or The Panorama of Desire,” from which the following fragments are taken. Their main theme is the "
9780814712481 - page_253: "START TEXT: diversity of erotic experiences, which, in Soloviev’s view, offers a “sensual epistemology,” a means" ******* END TEXT: "ed of letters, a temple is composed of touches. Where one touches another, there is Thy body, Lord.\n"
9780814712481 - page_254: "START TEXT: The Lord reveals Himself in a touch. The beginning of theology is in the flesh. “Then saith he to Th" ******* END TEXT: "eing. In the present state of the world, all things are defined and mediated by their surfaces, but "
9780814712481 - page_255: "START TEXT: through touch they are interiorized, reappropriated by the core. The whole of existence, cast out by" ******* END TEXT: " emancipated humanity. The time of the Bolshevik Revolution and the civil war coincides with an era "
9780814712481 - page_256: "START TEXT: in which Freudianism rapidly expanded throughout Western culture, an era characterized by literary r" ******* END TEXT: "ofore unattained upper level of mind and ideas. Before the Revolution, under the feudal system, the "
9780814712481 - page_257: "START TEXT: aristocracy had ruled, — “blue blood,” or “white bone,” as they say in Russia; but blood and bone ar" ******* END TEXT: "er. Think the once unthinkable!\nFor both Marx and Freud, the attempt to understand the material and "
9780814712481 - page_258: "START TEXT: the unconscious became the means to their rational control. If, for Marx, the disastrous crises of a" ******* END TEXT: "e quintessence of material life, extracted for the benefit of thinking and the pleasure of writing.\n"
9780814712481 - page_259: "START TEXT: HELENOLOGY\n(An attempt at the construction of a new science)8\n1. Helenology, unlike most other scien" ******* END TEXT: "t one is amazed with Helen. Thus, Helenology becomes the avant-garde of all scientific development.\n"
9780814712481 - page_260: "START TEXT: 6. Each science begins with certain intuitions and ends by synthesizing them into a system of concep" ******* END TEXT: "e diverse phenomena unite in the most unexpected and wondrous way, inspiring further investigation.\n"
9780814712481 - page_261: "START TEXT: In Helen, a new reality unknown to previous sciences is revealed, where one American writer is close" ******* END TEXT: " possibility of new metaphysical, psychological, mythological, and other approaches to this problem "
9780814712481 - page_262: "START TEXT: in accordance with the integral character of Helenology. For further research, the following themes " ******* END TEXT: "a simple human, might chance to see Helen and wonder at her, but is likely devoid of this capacity.\n"
9780814712481 - page_263: "START TEXT: All helenesque phenomena, like Helen herself, comprise the subject matter of Helenology, which studi" ******* END TEXT: "knowledge, as the process of confluence between subject and object, is still unattainable for them; "
9780814712481 - page_264: "START TEXT: and the same wonder that so excites their minds proves to be the unsurpassable obstacle to knowledge" ******* END TEXT: "ntiguity and Helenology, offer “serious parodies” of the cherished conceptions of Vladimir Soloviev "
9780814712481 - page_265: "START TEXT: and locate them in the intellectual context of the end of the twentieth century.\n2. (Editor) The Rus" ******* END TEXT: "here a judgment of Ivan Soloviev about the great Russian philosopher Vladimir Soloviev: “He created "
9780814712481 - page_266: "START TEXT: his Sophiology, a doctrine about eternal femininity and God’s wisdom, only because all his life he w" ******* END TEXT: "l sense, it is rather a border between sign and non-sign, the transition from speech to silence.”\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_267: "START TEXT: ELEVENRussian Women Writing Alcoholism: The Sixties to the Present\nTeresa Polowy\nI simply do not com" ******* END TEXT: "ure because it provides a focal point for burgeoning concerns about such issues as gender roles and "
9780814712481 - page_268: "START TEXT: relations, and the increase in social and domestic violence. Less than a decade ago, G. Skvortsova i" ******* END TEXT: "s “Matriona’s Home” (“Matrionin dvor,” 1963), Rasputin’s “Vasily i Vasilisa” (1968), and Shukshin’s "
9780814712481 - page_269: "START TEXT: “The Bastard” (“Suraz,” 1970) and “‘Oh, a Wife Saw Her Husband Off to Paris …”’ (” ‘Zhena muzha v Pa" ******* END TEXT: "terioration which mirrors that of the drinker. An important element in female-authored prose is its "
9780814712481 - page_270: "START TEXT: acknowledgment of alcohol abuse and alcoholism among Russian women, a phenomenon which is virtually " ******* END TEXT: "e within the literary texts themselves; in order to attempt to answer the first questions, we shall "
9780814712481 - page_271: "START TEXT: briefly consider both the social function of alcohol in Russia and the general cultural landscape fo" ******* END TEXT: " against alcoholism which affected productivity and involved such legal violations as drunkdriving, "
9780814712481 - page_272: "START TEXT: disturbing the peace — the so-called “anti-social” activities. However, they were consistently sympa" ******* END TEXT: "ture, alcoholism may be interpreted as a factor which distinguishes the daily life of Russian women "
9780814712481 - page_273: "START TEXT: from that of men, that is, women’s condition from the general condition. Commenting in general terms" ******* END TEXT: "is of that romantic notion.24\nIn treating the theme of alcoholism, the approach in village prose is "
9780814712481 - page_274: "START TEXT: quite distinct from that found in women’s urban texts. Here the main concern is with male characters" ******* END TEXT: "ually free from the crucial psychological bonds of self-sacrifice, blame, and guilt which dictate a "
9780814712481 - page_275: "START TEXT: Russian woman’s tolerance of physical and psychological abuse from a drunken husband. At least in th" ******* END TEXT: "e level of “byt.”29 One formula exalts and romanticizes the existential male striving for “release” "
9780814712481 - page_276: "START TEXT: and “freedom,” while the other, with a nationalistic zeal, abhors that striving for defiling Mother " ******* END TEXT: "t as aggressive, overpowering, domineering, treacherous, philistine, selfish, cruel, greedy. Sexual "
9780814712481 - page_277: "START TEXT: wantonness is often linked with woman’s lack of moral scruples and stifling banality. Such stereotyp" ******* END TEXT: "rs a smile” could, in Soviet Russia, be directly related to its accommodation to the male-dominated "
9780814712481 - page_278: "START TEXT: literary establishment: “Works on women publishable in the Soviet Union may show women’s difficult l" ******* END TEXT: "ed as an individual group or species” (Tokareva, 155). Tamara is also very concerned about both the "
9780814712481 - page_279: "START TEXT: environmental and biological effects of the father’s drinking on their son. She regards her own posi" ******* END TEXT: "its effect on themselves and their families. Nonetheless, they hesitate to take decisive action and "
9780814712481 - page_280: "START TEXT: are most often portrayed as engaged in some sort of coping behavior. For example, at the beginning o" ******* END TEXT: "self that luxury. Let everybody think that everything between them is as it was at the beginning.43\n"
9780814712481 - page_281: "START TEXT: In these thoughts are undeniable elements of self-sacrifice and an unhealthy suppression of the spea" ******* END TEXT: " was satisfied with everything that had happened, and that was the main thing. She wasn’t suffering "
9780814712481 - page_282: "START TEXT: because of anybody. She wasn’t heartbroken over anyone. But just the same, Nastia felt sorry, sorry " ******* END TEXT: "”46 Debates in the popular media, agencies such as family consultation services, and discouragement "
9780814712481 - page_283: "START TEXT: of divorce through the legal system all conveyed this message which alluded to a deep concern about " ******* END TEXT: "ried women, usually divorcees. Additionally, women writers who portray drinking women do not engage "
9780814712481 - page_284: "START TEXT: in moral statement, and do not pass judgment on their protagonists; their implied criticism lies els" ******* END TEXT: "s an image “whose authority proceeds from the maternal body and subverts the power and authority of "
9780814712481 - page_285: "START TEXT: the male-generated abstract icon of the maternal.”49 In this way, Our Crowd provides fitting comment" ******* END TEXT: " violent and unhappy recent and distant past which mingle with other elements in the hallucination. "
9780814712481 - page_286: "START TEXT: As we piece together the deterioration of her life we learn that her daughter has become a prostitut" ******* END TEXT: "speak to the great need for the empowerment of women in Russia at levels above those of the family.\n"
9780814712481 - page_287: "START TEXT: The prose of a younger generation of women writers has begun to evidence broader thematic and stylis" ******* END TEXT: "lcohol Abuse,” 56–57.\n2. Galina Skvortsova, “Sem’ia i lichnoe shchast’e (Muzhchina i zhenshchina na "
9780814712481 - page_288: "START TEXT: poroge XXI veka)” (“The Family and Personal Happiness: Men and Women on the Threshold of the 21st Ce" ******* END TEXT: "e: Cambridge University Press, 1992): 160–75; and Helena Goscilo, “Skirted Issues: The Discreteness "
9780814712481 - page_289: "START TEXT: and Indiscretions of Russian Women’s Prose,” Russian Studies in Literature 28, no. 2 (1992): 3–17.\n1" ******* END TEXT: "ssays on Contemporary Russian Women’s Culture, ed. Helena Goscilo (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), 43.\n"
9780814712481 - page_290: "START TEXT: 20. As Segal states: “Russian women have been expected to take care of their drunken husbands and so" ******* END TEXT: " culturally overmarked and consequently stigmatized.” “Monsters Monomaniacal, Marital, and Medical: "
9780814712481 - page_291: "START TEXT: Tatiana Tolstaya’s Regenerative Use of Gender Stereotypes,” in Sexuality and the Body in Russian Cul" ******* END TEXT: "ed with his, step in to protect him from the consequences of his irresponsible and often antisocial "
9780814712481 - page_292: "START TEXT: behavior. Enabling wives act out of a sense of love and loyalty, out of shame (to preserve self-resp" ******* END TEXT: "orbachev, trans. Helena Goscilo, ed. Helena Goscilo and Byron Lindsey (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1990), 24.\n"
9780814712481 - page_293: "START TEXT: 49. Barbara Heldt, “Motherhood in a Cold Climate: The Poetry and Career of Maria Shkapskaya,” in Cos" ******* END TEXT: ": A Quarter-Century of Russian Women’s Fiction.” The Harriman Institute Forum 1 (Sept. 1992): 1–17.\n"
9780814712481 - page_294: "START TEXT: ---, ed. “Skirted Issues: The Discreteness and Indiscretions of Russian Women’s Prose.” Russian Stud" ******* END TEXT: "ng Acts: Contemporary Stories by Russian Women. Ed. Helena Goscilo. Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1989. 173–90.\n"
9780814712481 - page_295: "START TEXT: Vaneeva, Larisa. “Parade of the Planets.” In Soviet Women Writing: Fifteen Short Stories. Ed. Jacque" ******* END TEXT: " on Contemporary Russian Women !r Culture. Ed. Helena Goscilo. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1993. 33–58.\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_296: "START TEXT: TWELVEGendering Cinema in Postcommunist Hungary\nCatherine Portages\nWhere is that fragile line betwee" ******* END TEXT: "ceptance — indeed, its passionate embrace — of postmodern capitalism, the gendered aspects of these "
9780814712481 - page_297: "START TEXT: transformations have remained largely untheorized in scholarly milieux, and are still virtually tabo" ******* END TEXT: "ified by the proliferation of Hollywood movies whose drawing power constitutes a far greater market "
9780814712481 - page_298: "START TEXT: share than that of any domestic product. This audiovisual assault is by no means limited to the form" ******* END TEXT: "ted the socialist agenda, visual artists may be, in some sense, now better positioned to articulate "
9780814712481 - page_299: "START TEXT: gender-specific concerns. And, as in other small, former Eastern bloc nations undergoing similar pro" ******* END TEXT: "aking their directorial debuts.\nIn a nation known for its masculinist tendencies as well as for its "
9780814712481 - page_300: "START TEXT: intellectual elegance, other renowned documentary and feature directors such as Lyvia Gyarmathy, Jud" ******* END TEXT: "negative chord in both a primarily male critical establishment and the general public, as evidenced "
9780814712481 - page_301: "START TEXT: by the unalloyed disdain for the film manifested by the opening-night audience.14\nMeszaros’s frequen" ******* END TEXT: "of its victims. Ildiko Szabo has crafted a precise and moving trajectory to these larger questions: "
9780814712481 - page_302: "START TEXT: scenes of Zsolt carefully bathing and singing to his grandmother, helping her put on her wig and mak" ******* END TEXT: "wish Museum/Film Society of Lincoln Center film symposium, “Artists, Activists and Ordinary People: "
9780814712481 - page_303: "START TEXT: Jews in 20th Century Europe.” Like other films from Hungary’s distinguished cinematic tradition of h" ******* END TEXT: "ms of this period, it is about emigration, repatriation, identity, cultural belonging, a search for "
9780814712481 - page_304: "START TEXT: appropriate questions about East European life stories, fantasies, and dreams. Similarly, Judit Koth" ******* END TEXT: "over, Julia begins a new life. In the tradition of Meszaros’s films of the 1960s and 70s, Gyarmathy "
9780814712481 - page_305: "START TEXT: poses the question and the price of freedom in postcommunist Hungary. Her female character is remini" ******* END TEXT: "y career from a distance and I lost the opportunity to learn his “tools of the trade.” For me, this "
9780814712481 - page_306: "START TEXT: portrait film about my father is not merely a piece of theatre history — a record of his importance " ******* END TEXT: "eed prospered, under conditions of internal constraint and, for that matter, deprivation; some have "
9780814712481 - page_307: "START TEXT: since expressed a sense of loss now that the struggle is over. Yet as the incongruities of the postc" ******* END TEXT: "ajda’s Itt a Szabadsag (This Is Freedom) bore unmistakable traces of Western mimesis in a profusion "
9780814712481 - page_308: "START TEXT: of seductive long-legged blondes husding hard currency from Western customers, hip youth cavorting i" ******* END TEXT: "ychic denigration of Stalinism; of the human trauma that has also given rise to ethical, political, "
9780814712481 - page_309: "START TEXT: and artistic resistance. But they speak equally persuasively of strong national and historical tradi" ******* END TEXT: "ic Spaces,” mss. shared with me during Nancy’s appointment at Rice University’s Center for Cultural "
9780814712481 - page_310: "START TEXT: Studies (1992); Arjun Appadurai, “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy,” Public" ******* END TEXT: "m that demands entrepreneurial skills from a generation of directors unaccustomed to privatization.\n"
9780814712481 - page_311: "START TEXT: 13. See my article “Lovers and Workers: Screening the Body in Post-Communist Hungarian Cinema,” in N" ******* END TEXT: " Hungarian film to focus on the wartime deportation of the Jews (followed in 1984 by Gyula Gazdag’s "
9780814712481 - page_312: "START TEXT: Package Tour, 1988), was only shown to foreign critics after the filmmakers themselves arranged a sp" ******* END TEXT: "professional life. … I am grateful to the BBC for training as an assistant director, learned on the "
9780814712481 - page_313: "START TEXT: job, the British way. Hungary is, in contrast, very difficult for a woman, and it’s every man for hi" ******* END TEXT: " productions at the Hungarian box office, making the rounds of festivals and international openings."
9780814712481 - page_314: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_v: "START TEXT: Contents\nIntroduction\nEllen E. Berry\nPART ONEGendering the Postcommunist Landscape\n1.   Bug Inspecto" ******* END TEXT: "German Women Writers\nKaren Remmler\n7.   New Members and Organs: The Politics of Porn\nHelena Goscilo\n"
9780814712481 - page_vi: "START TEXT: PART TWOReforming Culture\n8.   Sex in the Media and the Birth of the Sex Media in Russia\nMasha Gesse" ******* END TEXT: " in Postcommunist Hungary\nCatherine Portuges\nContributors\nGuidelines for Prospective Contributors\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_315: "START TEXT: Contributors\nELLEN E. BERRY directs the Woman’s Studies Program at Bowling Green State University. S" ******* END TEXT: "tor of a collection of essays devoted to contemporary Russian women’s culture, Fruits of Her Plume.\n"
9780814712481 - page_316: "START TEXT: EWA HAUSER, an associate of the Susan B. Anthony Center for Women’s Studies, teaches the anthropolog" ******* END TEXT: " Professor of German, teaches in the German Department and Women’s Studies Program at Mount Holyoke "
9780814712481 - page_317: "START TEXT: College. She is coeditor with Sander Gilman of a forthcoming anthology on the reemergence of Jewish " ******* END TEXT: "l as articles in the areas of German theatre, women’s performance practices, and feminist criticism."
9780814712481 - page_318: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1995 by New York UniversityAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: "d durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10   9   8   7   6   5   4   3   2   1\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_319: "START TEXT: Guidelines for Prospective Contributors\nGenders welcomes essays on art, literature, media, photograp" ******* END TEXT: "lf-addressed, stamped envelope.\nTo submit an essay for consideration, send three legible copies to:\n"
9780814712481 - page_320: "START TEXT: Thomas FosterGendersDepartment of English Ballantine Hall 442Indiana UniversityBloomington, IN 46405" ******* END TEXT: "mas FosterGendersDepartment of English Ballantine Hall 442Indiana UniversityBloomington, IN 46405\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_i: "START TEXT: POSTCOMMUNISM AND THE BODY POLITIC\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "POSTCOMMUNISM AND THE BODY POLITIC\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\nEllen E. Berry\nAs a contemporary global phenomenon, postmodernism has been characterize" ******* END TEXT: "omic, and cultural crisis of de- and re-structuration that holds multiple perils and opens multiple "
9780814712481 - page_10: "START TEXT: [Gorbachev] had said needed reform had indeed been reformed, becoming the liveliest, most diverse … " ******* END TEXT: "n Blackness,” in Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics (Boston: South End Press, 1990), 27.\n"
9780814712481 - page_11: "START TEXT: 10. Anne McClintock, “No Longer in a Future Heaven: Women and Nationalism in South Africa,” Transiti" ******* END TEXT: "gton: Indiana University Press, 1993), 28.\n14. Kon, in Kon and Riordan, Sex and Russian Society, 28."
9780814712481 - page_12: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_2: "START TEXT: possibilities. This special issue of Genders aims to map aspects of these dramatic and ongoing proce" ******* END TEXT: "ong scholars of state socialist cultures both in this country and in the second world, a deemphasis "
9780814712481 - page_3: "START TEXT: that replicates the insistent erasure of the body, sexuality, and gender relations as topics of publ" ******* END TEXT: "nowledge the effects of national differences on gender and sexual identity often have the effect of "
9780814712481 - page_4: "START TEXT: reifying the very differences in question. As Chow puts it in discussing Chinese women, “The attempt" ******* END TEXT: "al definition, Moss demonstrates that in East European culture in the Soviet period, the major axis "
9780814712481 - page_5: "START TEXT: of definition structuring thought is not sexual but political. That is, the thematics of knowledge a" ******* END TEXT: " summarizing the current Czech context, “It may be one of the paradoxes of history that reaction to "
9780814712481 - page_6: "START TEXT: the communist experience brings forth in ideology, political thinking, and economic practice extreme" ******* END TEXT: "alist history are enacted. Efforts to contest and refigure such reductive symbolizations frequently "
9780814712481 - page_7: "START TEXT: focus on incorporating those voices and experiences that have been distorted, actively silenced, or " ******* END TEXT: "-history helped to expose “those contradictions whose accumulation and intensification precipitated "
9780814712481 - page_8: "START TEXT: the ideological collapse” of the GDR. Moreover, as a mutable genre based on collective memory, one t" ******* END TEXT: "ersity of erotic experiences, on a comingling of all faiths, all disciplines, on rapprochement with "
9780814712481 - page_9: "START TEXT: another through intimate physical exchange. Epstein’s desire to re-eroticize the body, to extricate " ******* END TEXT: " which to discuss it. The sex media may also represent glasnost’s biggest success story: “The media "
9780814712481 - page_13: "START TEXT: PART ONEGendering the Postcommunist Landscape" ******* END TEXT: "PART ONEGendering the Postcommunist Landscape"
9780814712481 - page_14: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_195: "START TEXT: PART TWOReforming Culture " ******* END TEXT: "PART TWOReforming Culture "
9780814712481 - page_196: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_ii: "START TEXT: GENDERS\nEDITORIAL BOARD\nAnn Kibbey, EDITOR IN CHIEF\nKayann Short, ASSOCIATE EDITOR\nAmittai AviramEll" ******* END TEXT: "owalterCarol SiegelAlan SinfieldCynthia WeberJeffrey WeeksJonathan WeinbergKath WestonCarol Zemel\n\n\n"
9780814712481 - page_iii: "START TEXT: POSTCOMMUNISM AND THE BODY POLITIC\nEdited by Ellen E. Berry\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "POSTCOMMUNISM AND THE BODY POLITIC\nEdited by Ellen E. Berry\n\n\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_323: "START TEXT: Appendix: Proposed Convention Against Sexual ExploitationDraft of January 1994\nThe States Parties to" ******* END TEXT: "e Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Articles 6 and 9 of the International Covenant on Civil "
9780814712771 - page_324: "START TEXT: and Political Rights, both of which affirm the right of all persons to life, liberty and the securit" ******* END TEXT: "cluding legislation, to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of traffic in women,"
9780814712771 - page_325: "START TEXT: Having regard also to the Convention on the Rights of the Child which obligates States Parties to pr" ******* END TEXT: "he conditions of sexual terrorism,Concerned that human sexual exploitation, including prostitution, "
9780814712771 - page_326: "START TEXT: has increasingly become an integral part of national practices which have deprived women of their hu" ******* END TEXT: " Subjection to sexual abuse and torture, overt or covert, including sadistic, mutilating practices.\n"
9780814712771 - page_327: "START TEXT: d) Temporary marriage or marriage of convenience for the purpose of sexual exploitation.\ne) Sex pred" ******* END TEXT: "us women, women subjected to racial discrimination, rural women and women in the migrating process, "
9780814712771 - page_328: "START TEXT: ethnically and socially marginalized women, women workers particularly in free trade zones, women in" ******* END TEXT: " or law that legitimates prostitution of any person, female or male, adult or child; that legalizes "
9780814712771 - page_329: "START TEXT: or regulates prostitution in any way including as a profession, occupation, or as entertainment; and" ******* END TEXT: "ving from which they have been deprived.\nc) To adopt legislative and other measures to prohibit sex "
9780814712771 - page_330: "START TEXT: tourism and to penalize those who organize tourism for the purpose of sexual exploitation, penalizin" ******* END TEXT: "propriate measures to provide adequate protection to such victims of sexual exploitation including:\n"
9780814712771 - page_331: "START TEXT: a) Refuge, refugee status and protection, and repatriation of those who desire to be repatriated, wh" ******* END TEXT: "ficials, and related personnel shall be held criminally and civilly liable for sexual exploitation.\n"
9780814712771 - page_332: "START TEXT: Article 11\nStates Parties shall adopt special provisions to prevent the sexual exploitation of women" ******* END TEXT: "Prevention, treatment of, and testing for STDs and HIV.\nb) Substance-abuse rehabilitation programs.\n"
9780814712771 - page_333: "START TEXT: c) Training of medical staff to recognize sexual exploitation, including rape and prostitution, to g" ******* END TEXT: " well as to the principal legal systems.\nb) The members of the Committee shall be elected by secret "
9780814712771 - page_334: "START TEXT: ballot from a list of persons nominated by States Parties. Each State Party may nominate one person " ******* END TEXT: "er having been informed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the proposed appointment.\n"
9780814712771 - page_335: "START TEXT: g) States Parties shall be responsible for the expenses of the members of the Committee while they a" ******* END TEXT: "r after the entry into force of the Convention for the State Party concerned. Thereafter the States "
9780814712771 - page_336: "START TEXT: Parties shall submit supplementary reports every four years on any new measures taken and such other" ******* END TEXT: "accordance with paragraph b of this article, the Committee shall seek the co-operation of the State "
9780814712771 - page_337: "START TEXT: Party and any NGOS concerned. In agreement with that State Party, such an inquiry may include a visi" ******* END TEXT: "ons of this Convention, it may, by written communication, bring the matter to the attention of that "
9780814712771 - page_338: "START TEXT: State Party. Within three months after the receipt of the communication, the receiving State shall a" ******* END TEXT: "ll, within twelve months after the date of receipt of notice under subparagraph 2, submit a report:\n"
9780814712771 - page_339: "START TEXT: (i) If a solution within the terms of subparagraph i is reached, the Committee shall confine its rep" ******* END TEXT: "consider inadmissible any communication under this article which is anonymous or which it considers "
9780814712771 - page_340: "START TEXT: to be an abuse of the right of submission of such communications or to be incompatible with the prov" ******* END TEXT: "thdrawn at any time by notification to the Secretary-General. Such a withdrawal shall not prejudice "
9780814712771 - page_341: "START TEXT: the consideration of any matter which is the subject of a communication already transmitted under th" ******* END TEXT: "cted by the deposit of an instrument of accession with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.\n"
9780814712771 - page_342: "START TEXT: Article 25\na) This Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date of the depo" ******* END TEXT: "l shall convene the conference under the auspices of the United Nations. Any amendment adopted by a "
9780814712771 - page_343: "START TEXT: majority of the States Parties present and voting at the conference shall be submitted by the Secret" ******* END TEXT: " any time withdraw this reservation by notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.\n"
9780814712771 - page_344: "START TEXT: Article 29\na) A State Party may denounce this Convention by written notification to the Secretary-Ge" ******* END TEXT: "y-General of the United Nations shall transmit certified copies of this Convention to all States.\n\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_20: "START TEXT: 1Prostitution of Sexuality\n“What is a woman? Ans: Support system for a pussy.” That sign, nailed to " ******* END TEXT: "ieving that their American “boyfriends” who left when the United States withdrew its bases from the "
9780814712771 - page_21: "START TEXT: Philippines are still coming back for them, some gagging into towels after each blow job, and others" ******* END TEXT: "other. That is sexual essentialism.\nBy contrast, men may need sex, they may pursue it, they get it, "
9780814712771 - page_22: "START TEXT: have it, and frequently misuse it, and sometimes they may even be used for it. But men are not the o" ******* END TEXT: "girlfriend one afternoon. She was waiting for a bus when a man approached her and told her he’d pay "
9780814712771 - page_23: "START TEXT: her $50 for a date. Being female and on the street was all that was required for her to be taken as " ******* END TEXT: "s not consider oppression, the condition of class domination which is so pervasive that it actually "
9780814712771 - page_24: "START TEXT: invokes consent, collusion or some form of cooperation from the oppressed. Prostitution is structure" ******* END TEXT: "n racism, apartheid, and colonialism.\nSexual oppression, through its biological determinisms, halts "
9780814712771 - page_25: "START TEXT: women’s forward movement and thereby attempts to annihilate the possibilities of their progress, cha" ******* END TEXT: " self and the means by which the world and our interpretations of it are brought into the body. The "
9780814712771 - page_26: "START TEXT: self “has no other root than a visceral one.”7 Yet it has humanity because it is social.\nSimultaneou" ******* END TEXT: "hose it subordinates. Biological and cultural determinisms theorize the essentialisms, such as that "
9780814712771 - page_27: "START TEXT: woman is sexed body, that produce subordination by constructing domination as intellectual truth.\nFr" ******* END TEXT: "to the body physically reiterates the foundation of human rights, which recognizes each human being "
9780814712771 - page_28: "START TEXT: as a distinct person whose personhood has the inalienable claim to human dignity and rights. Violati" ******* END TEXT: " sex is experienced as an enhancement of human development or how sexual interaction destroys human "
9780814712771 - page_29: "START TEXT: experience. This study joins feminism with human rights to explore how meaning is produced in the ex" ******* END TEXT: "diment. Prostitution is sexual exploitation sustained over time. Commodification is one of the most "
9780814712771 - page_30: "START TEXT: severe forms of objectification; in prostitution it separates sex from the human being through marke" ******* END TEXT: " order to save themselves.\nAt a simplistic level, proprostitution groups argue that if prostitution "
9780814712771 - page_31: "START TEXT: were accepted as normal work for women, prostitute women would no longer be marginalized. But the re" ******* END TEXT: "’ve taught myself to switch off, to shove my feelings away. I don’t give a damn, as long as there’s "
9780814712771 - page_32: "START TEXT: money. It doesn’t have anything to do with feelings.”14 In many accounts from different countries wo" ******* END TEXT: "lf is segmented, which it cannot be, it is separated and its parts are used as separated fragments. "
9780814712771 - page_33: "START TEXT: Segmentation of the self is distortion and produces dehumaniza-tion. Sex is an integral dimension of" ******* END TEXT: "rough her body 9,540 times to different men in anonymous contacts. This is a conservative estimate.\n"
9780814712771 - page_34: "START TEXT: 3. Dissociation. From her research and study of Swedish prostitution Hanna Olsson has described the " ******* END TEXT: "herself that she exchanges. Race is that which is bought with sex. And so it goes through different "
9780814712771 - page_35: "START TEXT: cultures; whatever the cultural context, prostitution in the sex exchange itself invokes and plays o" ******* END TEXT: "f the physical and sexual behaviors in an anonymous commodity exchange. It is the sex of all sexual "
9780814712771 - page_36: "START TEXT: exploitations, institutionalized, systematized, and increasingly validated.\nWhat Then Is Rape?\nBeati" ******* END TEXT: "t some contrql over the situation.” In comparison to those who did not tell, these women (12%) were "
9780814712771 - page_37: "START TEXT: subjected to more violent abuse. The rapists indicated in their behavior and words that they were di" ******* END TEXT: "cles. As one woman reported to Evelina Giobbe in her oral history project on women in prostitution,\n"
9780814712771 - page_38: "START TEXT: Prostitution is like rape. It’s like when I was 15 years old and I was raped. I used to experience l" ******* END TEXT: "analysis, prostitution is not about women at all. The fact is that whether women claim prostitution "
9780814712771 - page_39: "START TEXT: as a right or condemn it as an exploitation of them is irrelevant to the promotion and continuation " ******* END TEXT: "n prostitute woman and a leader in the movement for prostitute rights in Germany, worries about the "
9780814712771 - page_40: "START TEXT: younger generation of women in prostitution. In an interview with Alice Schwarzer, editor of Emma ma" ******* END TEXT: "have become the prostitutes without limits, selves that are synonymous with prostitution. Therefore "
9780814712771 - page_41: "START TEXT: the severity of the effect of prostitution on them personally also has no limits. In other words, th" ******* END TEXT: "x workers” has caused a shift in the nature of prostitution “from vaginal intercourse to blow jobs, "
9780814712771 - page_42: "START TEXT: indoor to outdoor,” which has “deflated the going rates for sexual exchanges.”28 The fall in prices," ******* END TEXT: " cars. “Men still very much control the informal economy in these neighborhoods and the street drug "
9780814712771 - page_43: "START TEXT: scene in which social and occupational relations are increasingly embedded.”32\nMaher and Curtis’s fi" ******* END TEXT: " every child subjected to it, learned to dissociate. They now do a prostitution from which they are "
9780814712771 - page_44: "START TEXT: disembodied, taking drugs through which they further dissociate from themselves. The desperation of " ******* END TEXT: "t in 2 neighborhoods in New York City, at least 4 women in prostitution were killed during the time "
9780814712771 - page_45: "START TEXT: they were doing research: “One woman was hurled into a parking meter from a van being chased by the " ******* END TEXT: "ust like the other sluts. It doesn’t matter, your body will still be warm. He tied my wrists to the "
9780814712771 - page_46: "START TEXT: steering wheel, and screwed me in the ass. . . . Eventually he untied me, put a stereo wire around m" ******* END TEXT: "ly 1978 a Los Angeles strangler brutally raped and murdered several women; most of his victims were "
9780814712771 - page_47: "START TEXT: prostitutes. During the same period many street walkers in northern England were victims of a “rippe" ******* END TEXT: "very, the agents of that power are men who may function individually or in concert with each other,\n"
9780814712771 - page_48: "START TEXT: considering the numbers of men who are pimps, procurers, members of syndicate and free-lance slavery" ******* END TEXT: "n posed by the Marquis de Sade in the eighteenth century, “But where is one to find free slaves?”\n\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_49: "START TEXT: 2Sexual Power\nLisa Mamac, born in a rural farming village in the Philippines, tried to escape the in" ******* END TEXT: " a receptionist in a 5-star hotel in the Netherlands. He arranged for her to have the job. As women "
9780814712771 - page_50: "START TEXT: are marginalized from the developing economies of their industrializing countries, emigration often " ******* END TEXT: "women, (2) military prostitution, (3) sex industrialization, and (4) normalization of prostitution.\n"
9780814712771 - page_51: "START TEXT: Historical Stages in the Deployment of Sexual Exploitation\nPatriarchal power is singular in its redu" ******* END TEXT: ", prostitution prevails for men. In the private patriarchal sector, women and girls are supplied to "
9780814712771 - page_52: "START TEXT: brothels primarily through brutal trafficking and forced prostitution.\n2. Military prostitution in w" ******* END TEXT: "tution in the displacement of women from rural to urban areas and the absence of work opportunities "
9780814712771 - page_53: "START TEXT: close down the world of possibilities for women. As sex industrialization develops, for some women i" ******* END TEXT: "ation reverts them back to sex.\nThat was the experience of Anita Hill, a prominent African-American "
9780814712771 - page_54: "START TEXT: lawyer, when she reported her experience of Clarence Thomas’s sexual harassment of her to the congre" ******* END TEXT: "strialization and normalized prostitution, sexuality is socially constructed, shaped in the society "
9780814712771 - page_55: "START TEXT: by social norms and values to fit to the particular conditions of patriarchy. Society (not biology, " ******* END TEXT: "demonstrate the effort to reconfine women within the family, under reproductive and sexual control.\n"
9780814712771 - page_56: "START TEXT: A sexual imperative looms over coupling. It signifies for the late twentieth century what marriage h" ******* END TEXT: "ornography was lifted, its subject matter escalated from pictures of nude women to more provocative "
9780814712771 - page_57: "START TEXT: poses. By 1967 more sexual explicitness was expected by consumers,10 which finally led to hard-core," ******* END TEXT: "y the 1990s the progression and escalation of pornography has become the masculinist culture of sex "
9780814712771 - page_58: "START TEXT: in which prostitution is the normative model for sexual behavior. It does not stop there. This Weste" ******* END TEXT: "zed it is no longer the exchange of money and the anonymity in the fact that she has known this guy "
9780814712771 - page_59: "START TEXT: maybe 10 minutes that differentiates how women in prostitution experience the night from how many wo" ******* END TEXT: "a porno book wanted to try the groupie number with four people. They tried to persuade my boyfriend "
9780814712771 - page_60: "START TEXT: to persuade me. They were running around naked, and I felt really uncomfortable.\nMs. I: It was S & M" ******* END TEXT: "al women expressed preference for intercourse because it involves mutual participation; it was more "
9780814712771 - page_61: "START TEXT: central to their sexual satisfaction. But, as Andrea Dworkin points out:\nwomen have wanted intercour" ******* END TEXT: "that promote sexual abstinence among teenagers. Their approach teaches girls how to resist pressure "
9780814712771 - page_62: "START TEXT: for sex and “hooking up.” It is similar to drug prevention programs that teach young people how to r" ******* END TEXT: "d to orgasm by a boy; 45.6% had performed fellatio on boys while 36.8% had experienced cunnilingus.\n"
9780814712771 - page_63: "START TEXT: Research is beginning to make the connections that feminists established a long time ago. “A substan" ******* END TEXT: " who range in age from 14 to 17.23Donnellan uses this survey for consciousness raising about sexual "
9780814712771 - page_64: "START TEXT: exploitation. In 1992, of 70 students surveyed, 17% reported that they had been subjected to interco" ******* END TEXT: " issue. Both approaches separate the sexual power of male domination from the system of patriarchal "
9780814712771 - page_65: "START TEXT: oppression by which men as a class subordinate women and thus reduce them to a sex class. Consent—ei" ******* END TEXT: "e gains from their labor, and child labor is considered to be work that not only denies freedom but "
9780814712771 - page_66: "START TEXT: is developmentally premature. If, for example, consent was the criterion for determining whether or " ******* END TEXT: " prostitution becomes the model for patriarchal sexual relations of power, the unasked, unexplored, "
9780814712771 - page_67: "START TEXT: and seemingly hopelessly mired question surfaces: What do we as women want sex to be? How shall we s" ******* END TEXT: "otional disengagement and sexual requirements are not merely a matter of masculinist socialization. "
9780814712771 - page_68: "START TEXT: Rather, male underdeveloped emotional life and objectified sexual life are produced in power arrange" ******* END TEXT: "human dignity and personal respect, their experiences are not because of but external to structured "
9780814712771 - page_69: "START TEXT: patriarchal power. And those experiences do not obviate the fact of women’s class oppression produce" ******* END TEXT: "umerism. In this way, the sex of prostitution is reduced from being a class condition of women to a "
9780814712771 - page_70: "START TEXT: personal choice of the individual. Under the decadence that elevates individual choice above the com" ******* END TEXT: "others, assuming that doing so will neutralize its social stigma. Hence a proprostitution movement. "
9780814712771 - page_71: "START TEXT: Hence the validation of pornographic sex in marriage and intimate coupling. Hence the promotion of l" ******* END TEXT: "obby, fronting for the international sex industry, has been credited with neutralizing the negative "
9780814712771 - page_72: "START TEXT: status of prostitution by promoting legal and social acceptance of it. If, then, accepting one’s pro" ******* END TEXT: "upport for prostitution from nonprostitute women has to do with reinforcing the distinction between "
9780814712771 - page_73: "START TEXT: prostitute and nonprostitute women, especially as it becomes indistinguishable in the sexual acts th" ******* END TEXT: "ns of power can be recognized as “a multiplicity of force relations immanent in the sphere in which "
9780814712771 - page_74: "START TEXT: they operate and which constitute their own organization.”31Consequently, he found that the domain o" ******* END TEXT: " inequality, his theory achieves what he sought to avoid. His definition of power merely reinforces "
9780814712771 - page_75: "START TEXT: masculinist theories of power that obscure that privatization and personalization of patriarchal pow" ******* END TEXT: "antly constructed. In destructuring power, he made the relations of power disappear because he made "
9780814712771 - page_76: "START TEXT: their agents invisible. In trying to connect sex and power, Foucault dismantled the dyad, the nexus " ******* END TEXT: "in the subordination of the “other.”\nLaborers go to work voluntarily and take a wage for their work "
9780814712771 - page_77: "START TEXT: that does not represent the full value of their labor; the difference between the value of their lab" ******* END TEXT: "l relations. This has created a particularity to women’s oppression, making it unique in that it is "
9780814712771 - page_78: "START TEXT: constructed in gendered interpersonal relations that invoke sex. It is highly public, visible, and s" ******* END TEXT: "t does not merely advance men. Sexual exploitation also forces women backward, regresses women into "
9780814712771 - page_79: "START TEXT: the harms it conveys, thereby thwarting women’s ability to achieve, to move forward, to grow and to " ******* END TEXT: "has no relationship to individual behavior.\nSince the emergence of the U.S. women’s movement in the "
9780814712771 - page_80: "START TEXT: late 1960s, the political left has consistently tried to delegitimize feminism on the same terms tha" ******* END TEXT: "s. The movement was rapidly reduced to apolitical reform that blindly supported prevailing national "
9780814712771 - page_81: "START TEXT: ideologies, ideologies which aside from the narrowed concept of women’s rights then, were exploiting" ******* END TEXT: "n the power of feminism to change women’s lives, and obviously, women could not change if they were "
9780814712771 - page_82: "START TEXT: socially determined in their roles or pliant putty in the hands of patriarchs.37\nWe are faced with a" ******* END TEXT: " protecting men from supposed male bashing now perpetuate the self-imposed limitations initiated in "
9780814712771 - page_83: "START TEXT: the reactionary administration of Reagan and perpetuated by Bush. It is a curious and dangerous alle" ******* END TEXT: "he use of sex to exploit, to individual will; it shifts oppression from a class condition of sexual "
9780814712771 - page_84: "START TEXT: exploitation to individual experiences of it. That is how women in prostitution are excluded from be" ******* END TEXT: " in all sexual exploitation is the disruption of and violation of a woman’s identity, that sense of "
9780814712771 - page_85: "START TEXT: “who I am” and “who I can be.” Prostitution and incest abuse are twin acts—they are the terrorist mo" ******* END TEXT: ", and/or as liberated is knowledge that is realistically accessible to women only through political "
9780814712771 - page_86: "START TEXT: consciousness. Due to fear of the potential of consciousness to produce change, this dynamic, powerf" ******* END TEXT: " to know another reality as possibility.\nConsciousness is the basis of activism, of project, of new "
9780814712771 - page_87: "START TEXT: knowledge and political confrontation generated by the feminist movement against sexual exploitation" ******* END TEXT: "ntedness of the present situation or with a prefabricated political analysis. Consciousness, on the "
9780814712771 - page_88: "START TEXT: other hand, exposes everyday realities as power relations, making it possible to see and identify th" ******* END TEXT: "prostitution. At that moment, I felt refreshed, having been caught in what I now perceive to be the "
9780814712771 - page_89: "START TEXT: trap of the American mind, which must contend with a U.S. concept of rights limited and distorted by" ******* END TEXT: "dimensional concept of consent; it must expand to the full human condition—the female condition. It "
9780814712771 - page_90: "START TEXT: must be inclusive of the full range of exploitations visited upon women as a class. In that context " ******* END TEXT: "ower will only take place when women are determined, as we have been, to win our full liberation.\n\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_100: "START TEXT: In campaigns against the Contagious Diseases Acts, we can locate the emergence of the notion that pr" ******* END TEXT: " century before feminism could build on Butler’s equality campaigns and focus on fundamental change "
9780814712771 - page_101: "START TEXT: in the sexual values and power that give men unlimited, unrestrained sexual access, including the pu" ******* END TEXT: " refused to introduce or support legislation to repeal the acts. As the movement grew, it attracted "
9780814712771 - page_102: "START TEXT: different interest groups. Historian Edward Bristow points out, “There was something of interest in " ******* END TEXT: "plained that he had to pawn a watch to get some money and would join her in Brussels. She never saw "
9780814712771 - page_103: "START TEXT: him again. Arriving in Brussels, she was taken to a closed brothel, the man with her was paid, and s" ******* END TEXT: "s ordinary, everyday sexual exploitation of women, which was not confronted by abolitionists unless "
9780814712771 - page_104: "START TEXT: it was “forced”—was endowed by researchers with the sense of a profession. More than that, Bristow’s" ******* END TEXT: "righteous heroics in which the fate of the victim is secondary to the escapade they are performing. "
9780814712771 - page_105: "START TEXT: Distinguishing “free” from “forced” prostitution promoted such male heroics, which, marked by patern" ******* END TEXT: "sh journalist W. T. Stead. Although Stead was by reputation a somewhat sensationalistic journalist, "
9780814712771 - page_106: "START TEXT: he was a first-rate writer and editor of the Pall Mall Gazette. His work and newspaper were known fo" ******* END TEXT: "nd became actively involved in rescue work. Her knowledge of the world of brothels and prostitution "
9780814712771 - page_107: "START TEXT: made her almost fearless; she was able to go into many dangerous places and induce young women and g" ******* END TEXT: "Gazette was banned by major news agents but sold out immediately on the streets. Hundreds of London "
9780814712771 - page_108: "START TEXT: newsboys were arrested for selling the papers, but the charges were dismissed. “It was on this day t" ******* END TEXT: "rial; compliments the prosecution; confesses himself to have been to blame; hopes that nothing will "
9780814712771 - page_109: "START TEXT: be done to reverse the sentence. . . . Perhaps Mr. Stead may think that he himself was courteously t" ******* END TEXT: " of the double standard of sexual morality that produced the exploitation of women in prostitution.\n"
9780814712771 - page_110: "START TEXT: Some men who worked with us at the beginning, shocked with the cruelty and illegality of the acts, f" ******* END TEXT: "k, Josephine’s commitment, rescue work, and campaigns were welcomed as concrete support from women.\n"
9780814712771 - page_111: "START TEXT: Because it was in part motivated by religious beliefs, Josephine’s work, viewed from a historical pe" ******* END TEXT: "sion Butler had brought to the earlier campaigns. Rather than combating prostitution per se, Butler "
9780814712771 - page_112: "START TEXT: fought organized prostitution, which she saw as incompatible with female emancipation and individual" ******* END TEXT: "ding”—the Victorian euphemism for the emission of sperm—was seen as weakening, debilitating.46 With "
9780814712771 - page_113: "START TEXT: extraordinary fervor, purity crusaders lectured that sexual containment was the ideal state.\nIn fact" ******* END TEXT: " flouted religious principles—drunkenness, free love, and so on. And all of these issues, which had "
9780814712771 - page_114: "START TEXT: powerful implications for the conditions of women’s lives (wife abuse, etc.), were distorted to serv" ******* END TEXT: "was formally used at the 1902 Paris conference, where representatives of several governments met to "
9780814712771 - page_115: "START TEXT: draft an international instrument for the suppression of the whiteslave traffic (Le Traite des Blanc" ******* END TEXT: "y prostitution was made invisible.\nThis series of laws formalized and legalized the ideological and "
9780814712771 - page_116: "START TEXT: practical separation, engendered by the purity crusade, between international traffic in women and l" ******* END TEXT: "s built on the racism that labeled traffic “white slavery” and on the paternalism that assumed that "
9780814712771 - page_117: "START TEXT: violation of females occurred only if they were children. The debate that had raged in Europe and Am" ******* END TEXT: "she asserted, “There has undoubtedly been exaggeration about the white slave traffic in some of the "
9780814712771 - page_118: "START TEXT: newspaper accounts and in the moving picture films which have also exploited vice. Yet the facts in " ******* END TEXT: " the prevalence of white slavery with the denial of votes for women. Regulation had spread to India "
9780814712771 - page_119: "START TEXT: through British colonization. Pankhurst expounded on the government’s responsibility for white slave" ******* END TEXT: "ation for the man, while no law is too monstrous to be set in motion against the helpless victim.62\n"
9780814712771 - page_120: "START TEXT: And Christabel’s militancy was as pronounced on this issue as it was on suffrage:\nIntelligent women " ******* END TEXT: "ostitution, and Butler would not interfere with women who had not been forced by pimps. Behind this "
9780814712771 - page_121: "START TEXT: liberalism, it was assumed that women in prostitution who were not controlled by pimps were differen" ******* END TEXT: "ing up Butler’s most basic challenge: Do men have the right at all to buy women’s bodies for sex?\n\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_91: "START TEXT: 3Josephine Butler: The First Wave of Protest\nIn 1798, two private physicians were given the task of " ******* END TEXT: "practice of regulation of brothels quickly spread from the military to the general public. From its "
9780814712771 - page_92: "START TEXT: institution in France and Germany, regulated prostitution began to spread across Europe. Officially," ******* END TEXT: "obscures the harm of the act itself.\nBefore launching her campaigns against legalized prostitution, "
9780814712771 - page_93: "START TEXT: Josephine Butler had personally been engaged in helping young girls and women get out of prostitutio" ******* END TEXT: "daughter, identifying them both as public prostitutes and ordering them to report for the requisite "
9780814712771 - page_94: "START TEXT: medical examination. Mrs. Percy’s daughter gave the following account to George Butler, Josephine’s " ******* END TEXT: "ation, summarizing its position, was published in the Daily News on December 31. It was accompanied "
9780814712771 - page_95: "START TEXT: by the names of 130 of the 2,000 women who had signed it; among the names were those of Josephine Bu" ******* END TEXT: " in those who oppress us, and learn to abhor the despotism of a public opinion formed by men, which "
9780814712771 - page_96: "START TEXT: has so long, and with such calamitous results, aimed at holding in bondage even the inmost thoughts " ******* END TEXT: "New York City, identifies the city as the “carnal showcase of the Western world” after 1820.10 With "
9780814712771 - page_97: "START TEXT: industrialization came the commercialization of women as sexed bodies for hire. Business stood to pr" ******* END TEXT: "s the assertion,’ remarked Police Captain Thomas Byrnes in 1886, ‘it is nevertheless true, that the "
9780814712771 - page_98: "START TEXT: traffic in female virtue is as much a regular business, systematically carried on for gain, in the C" ******* END TEXT: " community.”19 Further, community women assisted prostitute women in escaping public identification "
9780814712771 - page_99: "START TEXT: by helping them get out of the area and into rescue homes in London.20\nAt the time, Butler was not o" ******* END TEXT: " of prostitution did not prevent it from becoming a major industry in Europe and the United States.\n"
9780814712771 - page_122: "START TEXT: 4Industrialization of Sex\nSince 1970, the most dramatic changes in prostitution have been its indust" ******* END TEXT: "ution follows from (1) massive deployment of women for military prostitution during wars or foreign "
9780814712771 - page_123: "START TEXT: occupation, (2) development of tourist industries that bring in foreign exchange for economic develo" ******* END TEXT: "hole, prostitution is a more likely means for women to get the material gains of industrialization. "
9780814712771 - page_124: "START TEXT: Women turn to prostitution for material gain in the context of normalized sex industries.\nHowever, t" ******* END TEXT: "rt of Justice took up the case of genocide in Bosnia with massive rapes being one specific concern.\n"
9780814712771 - page_125: "START TEXT: While rape of women has been known as a military strategy to humiliate the (male) enemy, rape and th" ******* END TEXT: "ger picture, every part of which evokes terror.”2 This includes prostitution, an often-unrecognized "
9780814712771 - page_126: "START TEXT: aspect of the multilayered torture and repression of women. “There is the practice observed in El Sa" ******* END TEXT: "e trafficked from these countries as brides and as prostitutes in order to relieve the economy. Men "
9780814712771 - page_127: "START TEXT: travel from Europe, the United States, Australia, Japan, and Taiwan for sex tourism, a major source " ******* END TEXT: "ver the Japanese army was located, in China, in Southeast Asia, on the South Sea Islands, in Japan, "
9780814712771 - page_128: "START TEXT: etc. When the Japanese army had to retreat with the worsening of the war situation, some military co" ******* END TEXT: "n the territories they occupied because they were concerned that wartime rape, an accepted military "
9780814712771 - page_129: "START TEXT: practice, might engender local resistance to the Japanese. The Korean women demanded that the Japane" ******* END TEXT: "on forces, first Japanese and then U.S., later turned into military prostitution for U.S. forces in "
9780814712771 - page_130: "START TEXT: Korea and then developed into sex tourism for Japanese businessmen.\nVietnam and War, In the Vietnam " ******* END TEXT: "e war strategy. But raped women, victims of military strategy, were only one source of prostitution "
9780814712771 - page_131: "START TEXT: as the United States increasingly poured military men into Vietnam, accelerating the prostitution ma" ******* END TEXT: "ailhook Convention revealed, when race differences do not define a particular setting, or when U.S. "
9780814712771 - page_132: "START TEXT: women return home from duty, they resume their status as sexed bodies.\nA word about national liberat" ******* END TEXT: "of Pleiku had established official military brothels within the perimeter of their base camp. . . .\n"
9780814712771 - page_133: "START TEXT: Refugees who had lost their homes and families during the war and veterans of the earlier Saigon bar" ******* END TEXT: "nds of virtually every bar and whorehouse in the capital to round up the women and sponsor them out "
9780814712771 - page_134: "START TEXT: of the country. One man claimed he made four trips in and out of Saigon, each time leaving with anot" ******* END TEXT: " arrived, an older woman (accompanied by a couple of handsome young men) would ask if anyone aboard "
9780814712771 - page_135: "START TEXT: needed a job as housekeeper or nanny. Because these were jobs the girls had been told to look for, a" ******* END TEXT: "omen in prostitution. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam considered prostitutes to be victims of the "
9780814712771 - page_136: "START TEXT: political, social, and economic order of the former U.S.-backed “puppet” regime in South Vietnam and" ******* END TEXT: "However, many returned to prostitution in poverty-stricken postwar Vietnam; rehabilitation programs "
9780814712771 - page_137: "START TEXT: and socialist prohibitions did not completely eliminate prostitution. Under the socialist state, por" ******* END TEXT: "onditions that promote prostitution.\nUnder socialist leadership before and during the war, feminist "
9780814712771 - page_138: "START TEXT: movements were considered traitorous. There is a strong women’s organization, The Women’s Union, tha" ******* END TEXT: "veloped particularly in Thailand and the Philippines. By the late 1970s these two different markets "
9780814712771 - page_139: "START TEXT: of sex tourism merged, particularly as Japanese men joined Americans, Europeans, and Australians in " ******* END TEXT: "uralization Service was investigating several marriage brokers who paid GIs $10,000 to marry Korean "
9780814712771 - page_140: "START TEXT: women in order to traffic them to the U.S. Syndicates have relied on U.S. soldiers, some of whom are" ******* END TEXT: "anese men, who take their pick of the women whom they will have for the entire night. At the dinner "
9780814712771 - page_141: "START TEXT: the Kisaeng washes the face and hands of the Japanese who chose her. Dinner is followed by tradition" ******* END TEXT: "ion tourists who visit Thailand annually for sex tours. Sex tourism is the major source of economic "
9780814712771 - page_142: "START TEXT: foreign exchange for the Thai tourist industry. Police estimated 400,000 prostitutes in Thailand in " ******* END TEXT: " fathered by GIs and left behind; they were being sold through adoption agencies. Weber asked to be "
9780814712771 - page_143: "START TEXT: taken to a typical massage parlor in Bangkok, which did not look much different from the way massage" ******* END TEXT: "etween 1973 and 1979 virtually all the street-level shops and offices on Patpong Road were replaced "
9780814712771 - page_144: "START TEXT: with bars or restaurants.”42 As competition for sex business increased, go-go bars turned to live se" ******* END TEXT: "o service military prostitution. In 1992, with the Gulf War, the U.S. Seventh Fleet docked in Subic "
9780814712771 - page_145: "START TEXT: and Pattaya, a tourist center in Thailand. The economy of Pattaya had been depressed during the Gulf" ******* END TEXT: "of the prostitutes indicated they had been “forced.”51 Following the pattern of European countries, "
9780814712771 - page_146: "START TEXT: Thailand’s crackdown on forced prostitution is part of an overall normalization of prostitution that" ******* END TEXT: "hels (10% of which are owned by retired U.S. military).52 Cynthia Enloe has documented that “of the "
9780814712771 - page_147: "START TEXT: approximately 30,000 children born each year to Filipino mothers and American fathers, some 10,000 a" ******* END TEXT: "aws.) In the 1970s the Philippines liberalized its entry requirements for foreigners to promote the "
9780814712771 - page_148: "START TEXT: tourist industry that brings in foreign exchange. Between 1976 and 1986, travel agencies increased f" ******* END TEXT: "owns, the mayor of Manila issued an order to close down all prostitution and sex tourism outlets in "
9780814712771 - page_149: "START TEXT: Manila in order to rid the “tourist belt” of prostitution, drug trafficking, and other illegal activ" ******* END TEXT: "omers, and possibly receiving a better cut from the pimp than the girls in bars or casas receive.63\n"
9780814712771 - page_150: "START TEXT: Alcohol and drugs help numb the effects of prostitution. In the Philippines study of prostitutes it " ******* END TEXT: " States as their wives. Many women explained that in coming to Olongapo or Angeles from their rural "
9780814712771 - page_151: "START TEXT: villages, they learned that their only way out of poverty would be to marry a GI and eventually retu" ******* END TEXT: "ern men with Third World women.\nSiriporn Skrobanek has pointed out that in countries like Thailand, "
9780814712771 - page_152: "START TEXT: mail-order-bride trafficking in women is sustained in part by prostitute women’s efforts to marry fo" ******* END TEXT: "isappeared soon after the marriage.70\nThe Thai sex-marriage tours are advertised in men’s magazines "
9780814712771 - page_153: "START TEXT: in Europe. In 1979 Norway’s foreign minister, Knyt Frydenlund, put diplomatic pressure on the Thai g" ******* END TEXT: "e details of Philippine, Thai, and, most recently, Eastern European and Russian women. In the bride "
9780814712771 - page_154: "START TEXT: traffic to Australia there have been 20,000 marriages between Filipino women and Australian men. In " ******* END TEXT: "her fiance, but they must marry within 90 days of her arrival. If no marriage takes place, she must "
9780814712771 - page_155: "START TEXT: depart the United States at the end of the 90 days. In effect, this allows men to try out their new " ******* END TEXT: "ur and a half years when they turned to a new burgeoning market—Russian and Eastern European women. "
9780814712771 - page_156: "START TEXT: Scanna claims that 5,000 American men are looking for Russian brides through its agency, which adver" ******* END TEXT: "and for Asian brides and prostitutes is dwindling because the collapse of communism has created not "
9780814712771 - page_157: "START TEXT: only new marketable commodities in women’s bodies but also a shift in market demand—men want to try " ******* END TEXT: "take may improve their lives. Yet the possibility that it may work out for a few women is seriously "
9780814712771 - page_158: "START TEXT: offset by the numbers who are trafficked into sexually and physically abusing situations, and into p" ******* END TEXT: "from being exploited in utter disregard of human dignity in their pursuit of economic upliftment.81\n"
9780814712771 - page_159: "START TEXT: Western Deployment of Sex Industries\nIn advanced industrialized states, sex industries are developed" ******* END TEXT: "y as offensive to women. But a 1989 poll in Hungary showed 75% in favor of legalizing prostitution.\n"
9780814712771 - page_160: "START TEXT: As the Berlin wall came down, traffickers poured in from West Germany, where the sex industries oper" ******* END TEXT: " and underpaid jobs, and therefore to poverty and destitution. The industrializing labor force does "
9780814712771 - page_161: "START TEXT: nothing more than build on the pre-industrial seclusion of women—their confinement to the private sp" ******* END TEXT: "s will earn $40 to $80 per month.90\nThe extent to which prostitution has become a means of economic "
9780814712771 - page_162: "START TEXT: development was revealed in a 1982 study of women in prostitution in Bangkok, where it was found tha" ******* END TEXT: "ging war, businessmen who sustain sex tourism with or after military prostitution has proliferated, "
9780814712771 - page_163: "START TEXT: male tourists pursuing sex tourism, and then, as the sex industrialization of women accelerates and " ******* END TEXT: "demands and to encourage foreign exchange through tourism) inevitably leads to the consideration of "
9780814712771 - page_164: "START TEXT: prostitution as a form of work in which women are discriminated against because they are marginalize" ******* END TEXT: "tory condition, their human rights to dignity must first be assured. Prostitution pre-empts that.\n\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_165: "START TEXT: 5Traffic in Women\nTrafficking in women is the oldest, most traditional form of procuring for prostit" ******* END TEXT: "of human-rights and women’s-rights advocates in exposing trafficking and developing action programs "
9780814712771 - page_166: "START TEXT: against it, has brought significant numbers of trafficking cases to light. Although widespread traff" ******* END TEXT: "Asian subcontinent that are the least developed. It had a 1989 per capita GNP of $180 in comparison "
9780814712771 - page_167: "START TEXT: to India—$340—or Pakistan—$370—which are both low relative to the GNPs of most developed countries: " ******* END TEXT: "India. Short-term marriage is an easily employed strategy in polygamous countries. Professor Shamin "
9780814712771 - page_168: "START TEXT: from the University of Bangladesh reports a typical incident: a young, divorced woman, Jahanara, mar" ******* END TEXT: "ir legally married wives to other countries. They may come again and remarry. As there is religious "
9780814712771 - page_169: "START TEXT: sanction for having more than one wife and remarriage, villagers overlook the matter that these men " ******* END TEXT: "ed under the Zina and Hudood ordinances. The traffickers were not arrested. Awan describes the jail "
9780814712771 - page_170: "START TEXT: conditions that women taken from brothels are subjected to: “It’s nothing new to say that rapes are " ******* END TEXT: "udood Ordinance of 1979, which establishes that the evidence of a woman in court is not permissible "
9780814712771 - page_171: "START TEXT: in cases that involve maximum sentences such as theft, adultery, rape, or murder.\nThe Zina Ordinance" ******* END TEXT: "ndia’s per capita GNP of $340, over 84% of the population of 15 million live in rural areas and 75% "
9780814712771 - page_172: "START TEXT: of the women are illiterate. In the lowest category of the United Nations Human Development Index (1" ******* END TEXT: " figures from Dr. I. S. Gilada, director of the Indian Health Organization, reported the following:\n"
9780814712771 - page_173: "START TEXT: Bombay—100,000 prostitutes in a population of 10 million\nCalcutta—100,000 prostitutes in a populatio" ******* END TEXT: "l there that there were higher-paying jobs in carpet factories in Raxaul, across the Indian border:\n"
9780814712771 - page_174: "START TEXT: After three days travelling by bus and train, the girls arrived in “Rax-aul,” a large city where the" ******* END TEXT: "the case of Sanu), they are taken there by traffickers. When they find they are not in a factory or "
9780814712771 - page_175: "START TEXT: legitimate entertainment establishment, they are overcome with fear. Brute force and enslavement pre" ******* END TEXT: "s’ development in relation to world resources and human needs. Human development is defined as both "
9780814712771 - page_176: "START TEXT: the formation of human capabilities (through proper health, education, etc.) and the use of human ca" ******* END TEXT: "opment and marginalizing millions of women from the mainstream development process in prostitution.\n"
9780814712771 - page_177: "START TEXT: TABLE 5.1\n\nProstitution in the countries rated lowest in human developtnent " ******* END TEXT: "TABLE 5.1\n\nProstitution in the countries rated lowest in human developtnent "
9780814712771 - page_178: "START TEXT: have the highest incidence of traditional trafficking in women. Women are trafficked from Bangladesh" ******* END TEXT: "in feudalistic marriage. Marital feudalism persists in the absence of or after the disappearance of "
9780814712771 - page_179: "START TEXT: state feudalism, as is the case in many developing economies where industrialization has produced a " ******* END TEXT: "d to entertain the princes and kings. During the early period, one girl in every family was kept in "
9780814712771 - page_180: "START TEXT: reserve to entertain princes by dancing. The other females could get married.” As in Korea, where “K" ******* END TEXT: "temple prostitution indicated that, as in rural prostitution in Bangladesh, the women are servicing "
9780814712771 - page_181: "START TEXT: fewer customers than in urban areas, an average of 10 per month.33\nGlobally, religion provides an id" ******* END TEXT: "eaves, according to tradition). She then serves food to all the other women in their begging bowls.\n"
9780814712771 - page_182: "START TEXT: Decked up in new clothes, she is taken in a procession to the temple. After the priest conducts the " ******* END TEXT: "n be improved, “Women can neutralize the consequences of their offenses through merit making”41 and "
9780814712771 - page_183: "START TEXT: thereby with improvement of karma they can be reborn into a higher social status.\nIn so far as they " ******* END TEXT: "ccept them if they return through the police. Realising this problem, only five years ago a women’s "
9780814712771 - page_184: "START TEXT: welfare centre was established as a transit house under the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare fo" ******* END TEXT: " based not only on the way women are procured for prostitution but also on the social conditions of "
9780814712771 - page_185: "START TEXT: feudalism or industrialization that characterize the lives of women when they are procured and prost" ******* END TEXT: "in to achieve some new economic gains from recent industrial and economic growth, prostitution is a "
9780814712771 - page_186: "START TEXT: leisure-time, recreational product. Men’s expenditures on prostitution often represent money they ha" ******* END TEXT: "funds. They were met by many agents offering to take them to Bangkok for work. Even some of the men "
9780814712771 - page_187: "START TEXT: deported along with the women tried to sell them to the agents in order to get enough money to make " ******* END TEXT: "vendors.”50 All of the women were poor, and none had been in prostitution before. In another set of "
9780814712771 - page_188: "START TEXT: interviews of 10 Burmese girls and women in prostitution in Ranong, in June 1992, it was found that " ******* END TEXT: "mander Bancha Jarujareet told the newspaper that officers last June rescued 25 Burmese women from a "
9780814712771 - page_189: "START TEXT: brothel in the southern city of Ranong. He said all tested positive for the virus that causes AIDS. " ******* END TEXT: "anized nationwide networks of traffickers have developed. A traffic in women from Vietnam, with its "
9780814712771 - page_190: "START TEXT: higher female population because of war, has begun to China’s marriage market. In an effort to contr" ******* END TEXT: "rom Bangladesh are working in the Gulf states, as are 1.5 million Indians. In 1987 Saudi Arabia had "
9780814712771 - page_191: "START TEXT: 36% of the Filipino market in domestic laborers, or 9,090. But the largest number of Filipina domest" ******* END TEXT: "rio brought her to Lebanon on a guaranteed $350 salary. In actuality she received only $20 a month.\n"
9780814712771 - page_192: "START TEXT: Kuwait is the destination of a large proportion of domestic workers from Asia who emigrate for labor" ******* END TEXT: "tion trafficking to drug trafficking and extortion. Having the menacing reputation of the Mafia and "
9780814712771 - page_193: "START TEXT: La Cosa Nostra in the United States, the Yakuza, like these gangs, has become more involved in corpo" ******* END TEXT: "Barbes-Rochecauart Metro station. We were jostled and pushed as we made our way through the crowded "
9780814712771 - page_194: "START TEXT: shopping section. Once we were on the quiet side streets no other women were to be seen. As we walke" ******* END TEXT: " 85% of the prostitutes in the bois were illegal immigrants. In Paris as a whole there are 6,000 to "
9780814712771 - page_195: "START TEXT: 7,000 prostitutes, one half of whom are immigrants.70 In recent years immigrant prostitution in Fran" ******* END TEXT: "kely to be put to work for less than Koreans, who had at one time been at the bottom of the market.\n"
9780814712771 - page_196: "START TEXT: The Prostitution Sector: From Trafficking to Sex Industrialization\nTrafficking in women relies on th" ******* END TEXT: "ing to meet their material needs.\nWith the industrialization of sex, eventually neither traditional "
9780814712771 - page_197: "START TEXT: customs nor overt coercion is necessary to prostitute large populations of women. The massive indust" ******* END TEXT: "ctor.\nProstitution may well be among the highest costs women pay for their country’s development.\n\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_198: "START TEXT: 6Pimping: The Oldest Profession\nAcross nation-states pimping, “living off the earnings of a prostitu" ******* END TEXT: "st perspective, it is necessary to determine whether or not women in prostitution are in situations "
9780814712771 - page_199: "START TEXT: they can leave. As I found, pimping is a condition of female sexual slavery.\nFemale sexual slavery i" ******* END TEXT: "on, in marriage, and in families.\nHowever, prostitution that is not pimp controlled is not slavery. "
9780814712771 - page_200: "START TEXT: It is another form of sexual exploitation. Sexual exploitation and female sexual slavery are each di" ******* END TEXT: "an for maybe four months. I could get away to regroup my mind to deal with another year.” But these "
9780814712771 - page_201: "START TEXT: escapes were temporary as long as she was emotionally dependent on him.\nA prostitute woman may be ab" ******* END TEXT: " door. His physical and verbal abuse terrorized her. He left without her but returned 3 days later.\n"
9780814712771 - page_202: "START TEXT: He told me to bring my baby. So I got the baby and stuff. And we got to the freeway going towards Oa" ******* END TEXT: "rdless of whether they operate on the street, from a house, or in higher levels of organized gangs, "
9780814712771 - page_203: "START TEXT: all pimps have a clear rundown on the pimping rules. They see themselves as players running a game. " ******* END TEXT: "ives, perpetuating their drab, plain existence, their drab morality on a potentially beautiful girl "
9780814712771 - page_204: "START TEXT: child. . . . Mothers, teachers, school nurses, aunts, grandmothers, etc. in collusion to put a beaut" ******* END TEXT: "n there again.” “I was kind of shocked that I dared to do it,” she added, but Thomas reassured her.\n"
9780814712771 - page_205: "START TEXT: Thomas’s romantic spell over Lena and his seductive coaxing were broken the first time Lena encounte" ******* END TEXT: "ten represent themselves as about to come into some big money. Ultimately the appeal is to glamour:\n"
9780814712771 - page_206: "START TEXT: PIMP: I’m going to be sure that you have your clothes, everything else you’re suppose to have.\nMARY:" ******* END TEXT: "o prostitution too. When she concedes to it, he has her hooked. When she turns one trick, he starts "
9780814712771 - page_207: "START TEXT: pimping her. He gives her nightly quotas, takes the money she earns, and begins to treat her as the " ******* END TEXT: "r in his hotel room that night, and the next day they’d return to Long Island to work things out.12\n"
9780814712771 - page_208: "START TEXT: When she entered the hotel with Stewart, the young girl had no idea what was ahead of her.\nTo demons" ******* END TEXT: "iano revealed her story as Linda Lovelace in Ordeal14 Linda’s story was prototypical of that of all "
9780814712771 - page_209: "START TEXT: victims of pimps’ love strategies. She was seduced by a man whom she did not know was a pimp. She be" ******* END TEXT: "ther. They may begin by befriending a forlorn runaway and then calculate a romantic connection. The "
9780814712771 - page_210: "START TEXT: strategy of befriending and love is designed to fit the vulnerabilities of its potential victim. A p" ******* END TEXT: "ion anyway.) Steve, a pimp, discussed with the Milners why a new prostitute’s mind must be changed:\n"
9780814712771 - page_211: "START TEXT: She must cut all family ties, because, you see, she can’t be with her family and ho [whore] too. You" ******* END TEXT: "son if she isn’t working hard enough.\nNor do pimps automatically respond when their prostitutes get "
9780814712771 - page_212: "START TEXT: arrested. Depending on his mood and circumstances, a pimp may choose to leave his woman in jail, ign" ******* END TEXT: "trols his woman’s body and soul, then she is set up to bring other women to him. One pimp told Mary "
9780814712771 - page_213: "START TEXT: Christenson, “You get them for like, you know, sisters, you know, understand what I’m saying. Just g" ******* END TEXT: " She witnessed and later testified to the beating that Mary received in the hotel’s lower chambers. "
9780814712771 - page_214: "START TEXT: According to Mary and the witness, Mary was beaten to unconsciousness. The officers claimed that in " ******* END TEXT: " and, later, of battery from her boyfriend, Mary had come to accept beatings as inevitable, but she "
9780814712771 - page_215: "START TEXT: just couldn’t understand why it had been so bad this time. She was ridiculed by her friends on the s" ******* END TEXT: "help. Later, the rest of the story came out when the motel manager testified before the grand jury:\n"
9780814712771 - page_216: "START TEXT: DISTRICT ATTORNEY: She ran around your motel screaming for someone to call the police, right?\nMANAGE" ******* END TEXT: " her slashed arm and lifted the back of her shirt to display her back, which had been criss-crossed "
9780814712771 - page_217: "START TEXT: with razor slashes by a trick a few nights earlier. She didn’t consider reporting it the police. She" ******* END TEXT: "ntly different from women’s experience of abuse in marriage. As long as women remain in the abusive "
9780814712771 - page_218: "START TEXT: relationship, they tend to deny that their husbands abuse them. However, the difference, which at ti" ******* END TEXT: "hey crystallize misogyny in acts of male hatred of femaleness as rendered into a commodity for whom "
9780814712771 - page_219: "START TEXT: the marketer and the purchaser have contempt. Procuring today involves “convincing” a woman to be a " ******* END TEXT: "is a woman’s choice to remain in a marriage with a man who abuses her a defense of that marriage.\n\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_220: "START TEXT: 7The State: Patriarchal Laws and Prostitution\nLaws on prostitution vary significantly from one count" ******* END TEXT: " identified commodities for the customers and the market exchange, and they are scapegoats who take "
9780814712771 - page_221: "START TEXT: the blame for prostitution to satisfy the criminal justice system and the public’s hypocritical mora" ******* END TEXT: "ction to be granted to them. Where prostitution is legally accepted and regulated, the exploitation "
9780814712771 - page_222: "START TEXT: of prostitutes by pimps and customers is forgotten. Where prostitution is tolerated, as in France, p" ******* END TEXT: "rnography while it is secretly available.\nToday, China and Vietnam are among the few prohibitionist "
9780814712771 - page_223: "START TEXT: countries under socialism. Until the 1949 Maoist revolution, China was a major center in Asia for in" ******* END TEXT: "from which prostitution is built. In the U.S.S.R., now Russia, there was a massive proliferation of "
9780814712771 - page_224: "START TEXT: prostitution as soon as the socialist state was dissolved and Russia opened fully to a market econom" ******* END TEXT: " (632 males) were arrested and only 293 persons were arrested for promoting prostitution (pimping).\n"
9780814712771 - page_225: "START TEXT: TABLE 7.1Offense—Pimping\n\nAnalyzing 1991 arrest patterns for pimping in all of New York State reveal" ******* END TEXT: "or pimping that involved promotion of prostitution in New York City (97 in the entire state), and 6 "
9780814712771 - page_226: "START TEXT: convictions (18 in the entire state). Four pimps were convicted of pimping in New York City in 1977." ******* END TEXT: "ers engaged in “sex between consenting adults” according to sexual liberals—have been social, legal "
9780814712771 - page_227: "START TEXT: throwaways, turned over to sex commodification with no other recourse. Children in prostitution are " ******* END TEXT: "n of “coercion” includes “promise of marriage” and “exploitation of victimization by sexual abuse.”\n"
9780814712771 - page_228: "START TEXT: 2. Regulation\nUnder regulation, prostitution is legalized and enforced through systems of state-regu" ******* END TEXT: "00 in Munich.6 It is estimated that 80% to 95% of the German prostitutes have pimps,7 and organized "
9780814712771 - page_229: "START TEXT: crime proliferates, especially in trafficking women from Asian countries. In the late 1970s, accordi" ******* END TEXT: "ivil rights. However, once prostitution has been regulated, socially it becomes normalized—accepted "
9780814712771 - page_230: "START TEXT: as a legitimate trade or work for women—and once prostitution has become socially legitimized throug" ******* END TEXT: "the German eros centers in the mid-1960s that Austrian pimps started to move into the German scene, "
9780814712771 - page_231: "START TEXT: according to Wolfgang Hollreigal, a Viennese reporter who spent considerable time studying prostitut" ******* END TEXT: "titution throughout the state except in Reno and Las Vegas. One prostitute described Joe Conforte’s "
9780814712771 - page_232: "START TEXT: Mustang Ranch in Nevada as “just like a prison.” The security is tight there; the iron gates and gua" ******* END TEXT: "cription filled. According to the ex-employee we interviewed, almost any kind of drug is dispensed.\n"
9780814712771 - page_233: "START TEXT: It has been the practice of pimps in Oakland, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, when they are arrested" ******* END TEXT: " international human rights, self-determination has meant the rights of peoples; and they recognize "
9780814712771 - page_234: "START TEXT: that Third World immigrants going to developed countries such as the Netherlands are fleeing poverty" ******* END TEXT: "move in and out of the country. Trafficking from the Philippines, Latin America, and Eastern Europe "
9780814712771 - page_235: "START TEXT: has expanded in the Netherlands as it did a few decades earlier when Germany legalized prostitution." ******* END TEXT: " state regulation of prostitution led by Josephine Butler in the nineteenth century fought for “the "
9780814712771 - page_236: "START TEXT: abolition of the regulation of prostitution, not as its name might lead one to believe, of prostitut" ******* END TEXT: "itionist position that government laws not be formulated in such a way as to sanction prostitution.\n"
9780814712771 - page_237: "START TEXT: France is one of the countries that signed the 1949 U.N. convention. When in 1991 a minister of the " ******* END TEXT: "s money from her, or lives with her.\nAlthough there are no laws forbidding the act of prostitution, "
9780814712771 - page_238: "START TEXT: each country espousing toleration carries other laws on its books that are used to control and/or ha" ******* END TEXT: "on between “free” and “forced” prostitution, which assumes that prostitution itself is not damaging "
9780814712771 - page_239: "START TEXT: to women and therefore is not a form of sexual exploitation.\nBy the mid 1980s I had reformulated my " ******* END TEXT: "dwide, is officially an abolitionist state. If there is one clear proof of the failure of abolition "
9780814712771 - page_240: "START TEXT: or toleration, it is the case of India, which signed the 1949 Convention and on that basis adopted t" ******* END TEXT: "le prostitution is illegal, prostitution is promoted under another category, that of “entertainer,” "
9780814712771 - page_241: "START TEXT: which is legalized and regulated for the sex industries that bring in significant foreign exchange t" ******* END TEXT: "eceiving country). Consequently, new laws based on the abolitionist approach and designed to punish "
9780814712771 - page_242: "START TEXT: trafficking were being introduced into the Parliament in 1992. However, the bill introduced into Par" ******* END TEXT: "Certainly if there is no other choice for women, no other protection, no means out of prostitution, "
9780814712771 - page_243: "START TEXT: condoms, like clean needles for drug abusers, is a stop-gap measure—one that may save a few lives bu" ******* END TEXT: "ulation of Uganda being HIV infected and 1 million estimated HIV infections in the United States.30\n"
9780814712771 - page_244: "START TEXT: The preponderance of HIV/AIDS transmission occurs through heterosexual contact in the context of mul" ******* END TEXT: "3 million Thais will be infected with AIDS by the year 2000.38 A government minister estimates that "
9780814712771 - page_245: "START TEXT: by the year 2000, 2 million to 4 million Thais will be infected with the HIV virus. “According to a " ******* END TEXT: ".43 Other research shows that if used properly condoms are an effective barrier. But whether or not "
9780814712771 - page_246: "START TEXT: they leak, they are still not an effective barrier, either in protecting women from pregnancy or in " ******* END TEXT: " prices if they do not have to use condoms place prostitute women’s lives, and all the other sexual "
9780814712771 - page_247: "START TEXT: partners, of the customer at constant risk. But this appears to be a risk that the World Health Orga" ******* END TEXT: "out of prostitution. Prostitution itself, that is, the prostitution of sexuality, is not considered "
9780814712771 - page_248: "START TEXT: harmful because the women in prostitution are considered to be an expendable population to be thrown" ******* END TEXT: "t if it offered alternatives, the women would leave prostitution. It was designed to address all of "
9780814712771 - page_249: "START TEXT: the needs of women—economic aid, assistance in finding housing, help in finding jobs, medical assist" ******* END TEXT: " disengaged from their legal role in promoting prostitution and the sexual exploitation of women.\n\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_250: "START TEXT: 8Patricia Hearst: Prototype of Female Sexual Slavery\n1994 Postscripted Prelude\nThere is a captivatio" ******* END TEXT: "ther than being released from patriarchal power, she had been kidnapped into another version of it.\n"
9780814712771 - page_251: "START TEXT: I have included in this work a revised chapter from Female Sexual Slavery on Patricia Hearst because" ******* END TEXT: "timization than we had known before.\nYet as her tragedy unraveled, Patricia’s plight was not always "
9780814712771 - page_252: "START TEXT: clear to me. While I could criticize the failure of public opinion as misogynist, I was left with co" ******* END TEXT: " forge my “method”: in interpretation one can only derive the meaning of a situation for another by "
9780814712771 - page_253: "START TEXT: interpreting that meaning from the point of view of the person going through the experience. Patrici" ******* END TEXT: "d she give to her situation from her point of view?” I could begin to interpret her meaning because "
9780814712771 - page_254: "START TEXT: the question required that I take on her point of view, that is, put myself in her situation and the" ******* END TEXT: "e interview I was there to conduct, I quickly realized that she was still fighting for her freedom.\n"
9780814712771 - page_255: "START TEXT: Patricia Hearst was kidnapped, beaten, tortured, raped, and then imprisoned for the crimes that resu" ******* END TEXT: "conjecture, she was a rich kid out for fun, rebelling against the social restrictions of upperclass "
9780814712771 - page_256: "START TEXT: life. At the time, no one knew much about people in the SLA except that they had taken responsibilit" ******* END TEXT: ", condemned, pitied, or ridiculed for being a spoiled brat or loving daughter, a kidnap victim or a "
9780814712771 - page_257: "START TEXT: revolutionary, a brainwashed neurotic or a common criminal, a rich kid out for adventure or a helple" ******* END TEXT: " the crowded court calendar. The government was taken with a fever to bring this victim to justice, "
9780814712771 - page_258: "START TEXT: to make a lesson of her long before her remaining captors would face trial for her kidnapping.\nPatri" ******* END TEXT: " family, “Mom, Dad, I’m okay,” and asking her father to cooperate with her captors. A tape recorder "
9780814712771 - page_259: "START TEXT: had been brought to her in the closet, and she was given instructions on how to make the first messa" ******* END TEXT: "o meet her captors’ impossible expectations while her sense of futility and helplessness increased, "
9780814712771 - page_260: "START TEXT: engendering in her guilt for the wealth and practices of the Hearst empire.\nThe pivotal point concer" ******* END TEXT: "er report of it was the only thing that all parties—defense, prosecution, judge, and jury—accepted. "
9780814712771 - page_261: "START TEXT: Why? Steven Weed had many times publicly described the kidnapping of his then-fiancee, Patricia. Mal" ******* END TEXT: "ded, he not only catered to the stereotyped public image of her but also tried to remove her agency "
9780814712771 - page_262: "START TEXT: from the very action she chose on her own behalf, the only key to her survival. He legitimized his p" ******* END TEXT: "nd of statement represents a refusal of empathy, a distanced, noninteractive, not-human assessment. "
9780814712771 - page_263: "START TEXT: If any one of the jurors had put themselves in Patricia’s place and tried to understand what she fac" ******* END TEXT: "d her name “Tania,” she only said that everybody else did it and they expected her to do it, so she "
9780814712771 - page_264: "START TEXT: did. Surviving couldn’t be as simple as that, the other jurors decided. They needed to see violent f" ******* END TEXT: "at the county jail. I never got any sleep with all the yelling and carrying on in cells around me.”\n"
9780814712771 - page_265: "START TEXT: Two years after her trial, when Patricia had returned to prison after having been out on bail for 18" ******* END TEXT: "thing to stay alive. Some people just give up and don’t make it. Staying alive means that you don’t "
9780814712771 - page_266: "START TEXT: give up. You want to stay alive so much that you do anything you have to—it’s a selfish state in the" ******* END TEXT: "r interpretations no longer work. The act has distanced her from her life as she knew it before the "
9780814712771 - page_267: "START TEXT: kidnapping. One of the psychiatrists, Dr. West, found that for Patricia,\nHer usual coping techniques" ******* END TEXT: "s and behave in a fashion that she understood was to be accepted. For her, it was be accepted or be "
9780814712771 - page_268: "START TEXT: killed. Now after they finally went through the sort of little ceremony where she was taken out of t" ******* END TEXT: "uation, the degree of force used against her, the extent to which she is not immobilized by terror, "
9780814712771 - page_269: "START TEXT: the training in attitude and physical self-defense she has had. But when there is no possibility of " ******* END TEXT: "nt over time. When time is halted, progression ceases and the world is narrowed, making interaction "
9780814712771 - page_270: "START TEXT: almost meaningless. This is the situation of the very young child who has not learned interaction bu" ******* END TEXT: "s with fuller responses, giving substantive, insightful meaning to her initial one-word answer. She "
9780814712771 - page_271: "START TEXT: was, I think, two years after her trial, still filling out that time frame that during the SLA days " ******* END TEXT: "hired told her she could not leave the house at all, a restriction that was imposed by her lawyers.\n"
9780814712771 - page_272: "START TEXT: They were really overreacting to the possibility of someone else doing something to me.\nBailey told " ******* END TEXT: "ust, between seeking release and vindication and not wanting her life to be absorbed in negativism.\n"
9780814712771 - page_273: "START TEXT: Feminism and the Left\nFrom the SLA’s inception, theories were developed that it was a government-spo" ******* END TEXT: " of some abstract identification with another class, but because as a woman she was defying—for all "
9780814712771 - page_274: "START TEXT: the world to see—the gender expectations of her sex-class. She had been a loving daughter, but after" ******* END TEXT: "ng to her death or at least being able to walk away from her captors and into the hands of the FBI, "
9780814712771 - page_275: "START TEXT: even after she witnessed the massacre in Los Angeles on television. In other words, both the right a" ******* END TEXT: " Hearst’s sentence on February 1, 1979. After she was released, she married her former bodyguard.\n\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_276: "START TEXT: 9Human Rights and Global Feminist Action\nStrategies to confront sexual exploitation should be as glo" ******* END TEXT: "ctives of women and, in some places, in a singular feminist whose solitary voice breaks the barrier "
9780814712771 - page_277: "START TEXT: of sound overpowering the voices of despair of those who refuse to speak of sexual exploitation as v" ******* END TEXT: "nism gives international presence to issues that otherwise would be buried by political repression.\n"
9780814712771 - page_278: "START TEXT: The Silence of Forgetting\nThe problem remains for feminism to speak about sex and its socio-politica" ******* END TEXT: "y reinforce the sexual relations of power.\nConsider the enormous, yet-unknown female population who "
9780814712771 - page_279: "START TEXT: have been victims of incest abuse, who were sexualized by adult males—their “protectors”—before they" ******* END TEXT: "hey are the tip of an iceberg), are beginning to remember. Even fewer are daring to speak publicly. "
9780814712771 - page_280: "START TEXT: They are struggling through the hell of what has been unspeakable, unknowable violation—of knowing t" ******* END TEXT: " coerced into prostitution and who are deeply harmed by it. And it silences those victims of sexual "
9780814712771 - page_281: "START TEXT: exploitation who have lost their memory of experiences so traumatizing that they cannot be remembere" ******* END TEXT: "erapy programs focused on personal healing may lead some women to political consciousness of sexual "
9780814712771 - page_282: "START TEXT: relations of power, I suggest that critical consciousness of sexual subjugation, as in “consciousnes" ******* END TEXT: " evening to meet the women there, talk with them, and invite them to coffee and their project. They "
9780814712771 - page_283: "START TEXT: see from 350 to 500 prostitutes a year in a city with 15,000 to 25,000 Johns or customers. Elisabet " ******* END TEXT: "ices, to refuse some things and to decide which other things they are willing to do in the bar. But "
9780814712771 - page_284: "START TEXT: their choices are confined within the objective limits of what their poverty will permit. The Buklod" ******* END TEXT: "them. They begin to say no, although sometimes, because of their dire economic situations, they can "
9780814712771 - page_285: "START TEXT: only afford to say no to some things. “The papa-san told me to scrub the floor and I said, ‘Why shou" ******* END TEXT: "peration is precisely what the sex industry counts on and the proprostitution movements legitimize. "
9780814712771 - page_286: "START TEXT: Consequently, the main emphasis of this program is on personal empowerment in victimizing situations" ******* END TEXT: "e without a letter, without a way to locate the “boyfriend,” is a reality that cuts deeply and that "
9780814712771 - page_287: "START TEXT: women try not to know. The tension of economic dependence on the bar system prevents them from attai" ******* END TEXT: " masters and systems that support slavery. “Never once did you deserve that abuse” is the first and "
9780814712771 - page_288: "START TEXT: most consistent message of the Council for Prostitution Alternatives (CPA) in Portland, Oregon. The " ******* END TEXT: "sically, or sexually.\nParticipate in an alcohol/drug treatment program if I have Ale/Drug problems.\n"
9780814712771 - page_289: "START TEXT: Help make a plan to take care of my needs and work on my personal goals.\nKeeping appointments in my " ******* END TEXT: "handari set up a program to train former prostitute women in bamboo crafts in Kathmandu, Nepal. The "
9780814712771 - page_290: "START TEXT: Women’s Rehabilitation Centre that she organized taught women skills that enabled them to earn their" ******* END TEXT: " men involved in it, though small, reflects the few who are willing to consciously forego the power "
9780814712771 - page_291: "START TEXT: men gain, individually and collectively, from the sexual exploitation of women.\nTherapy: The Individ" ******* END TEXT: "ess raising to individual therapy and social services dissociated from the condition of oppression.\n"
9780814712771 - page_292: "START TEXT: Furthermore, the multiplication of “syndromes” and various 12-step programs, however effective they " ******* END TEXT: "ly as a product of incest abuse.8\nThe first stage, safety, involves gaining control over one’s body "
9780814712771 - page_293: "START TEXT: and one’s environment and moving toward self-care. It means recovering a safe place. In the second s" ******* END TEXT: "to rebuild her life, society either condemns her for her prostitution or normalizes it as work. How "
9780814712771 - page_294: "START TEXT: then in either context can she confront the trauma of sexual exploitation as trauma? To be engaged i" ******* END TEXT: "rvivors discover that they can transform the meaning of their personal tragedy by making it a basis "
9780814712771 - page_295: "START TEXT: for social action,” as Herman points out. “Social action offers the survivor a source of power that " ******* END TEXT: "timizing their sexual objectification in economic exchange. The optimism of feminist action is more "
9780814712771 - page_296: "START TEXT: than difficult to sustain in the face of global normalization of prostitution and pornography—the in" ******* END TEXT: "In many Third World countries, that hopelessness and despair is enforced by the economic dependence "
9780814712771 - page_297: "START TEXT: of Third World countries on the West. Western hegemony promotes the prostitution in the exploitation" ******* END TEXT: "refore can be) eliminated. Global feminist action against sex industries is the first step in which "
9780814712771 - page_298: "START TEXT: women begin to dissolve the patriarchal dichotomy of women and prostitute, self and other. Further, " ******* END TEXT: "e women consent. Punishing customers makes all prostitution illegal but does not reduce prostitutes "
9780814712771 - page_299: "START TEXT: to criminals. This approach is neither prohibitionist nor abolitionist. It is a feminist human-right" ******* END TEXT: "lic of Vietnam issued Decision 5 on the Prevention and Restriction of Prostitution in Vietnam.* The "
9780814712771 - page_300: "START TEXT: decision begins, “Prostitution under whatever form it might be, should be decidedly eradicated.” The" ******* END TEXT: " provide the kind of programming, or “re-education,” that was made available to women at the end of "
9780814712771 - page_301: "START TEXT: the war. Women who remain in prostitution, despite the ban on it and the resources and support offer" ******* END TEXT: "ous act. Human-rights instruments are premised on a Utopian vision, the “advent of a world in which "
9780814712771 - page_302: "START TEXT: human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want,” and on collec" ******* END TEXT: "declares when it affirms “the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and "
9780814712771 - page_303: "START TEXT: women, and of nations large and small.” Human rights adhere to all human beings and cannot be privil" ******* END TEXT: " would be harmful and destructive to individual women, but it could not hold down women as a class.\n"
9780814712771 - page_304: "START TEXT: A New Feminist Human Rights\nMy work has focused on joining the fundamental principles of human right" ******* END TEXT: "Convention,” formulated at the Penn State meeting, sexual exploitation is recognized as a violation "
9780814712771 - page_305: "START TEXT: of human dignity, and therefore it is “a fundamental human right to be free from sexual exploitation" ******* END TEXT: "redress the wrongs done to their victims through penal, civil, labor, and administrative sanctions. "
9780814712771 - page_306: "START TEXT: In defining sexual exploitation, states must consider that it is an aggravating circumstance and not" ******* END TEXT: "pment in some regions. The Convention calls upon States Parties to reject policies and practices of "
9780814712771 - page_307: "START TEXT: economic development that channel women into conditions of sexual exploitation, eroding women’s trad" ******* END TEXT: " they escape. The “vagabonds” of feudalism, they are controlled neither by husband nor by brothels, "
9780814712771 - page_308: "START TEXT: and often their human rights as homeless and stateless persons are not recognized by the country int" ******* END TEXT: "eceive and review individual complaints from victims of sexual exploitation, which it will bring to "
9780814712771 - page_309: "START TEXT: the attention of the concerned State Party. The State Party will be required to respond within 6 mon" ******* END TEXT: "first evident in the absence of moral outrage against violation of women. One of the effects of the "
9780814712771 - page_310: "START TEXT: long-term sexual colonization of women’s bodies, of the advocacy of this colonization by sexual libe" ******* END TEXT: "different location from “human rights.”\nThe losses women suffered in CEDAW, adopted in the midst of "
9780814712771 - page_311: "START TEXT: a global women’s movement which raised sexual violence and exploitation to issues of primary importa" ******* END TEXT: "formulated, presented to the U.N. Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations, forwarded to the U.N. "
9780814712771 - page_312: "START TEXT: Centre for Human Rights in Geneva to be considered for the World Conference on Human Rights schedule" ******* END TEXT: "ages of planning, the Centre for Human Rights did not even plan to have a nongovernmental component "
9780814712771 - page_313: "START TEXT: to its world conference in 1993. When it finally conceded to open the world conference to nongovernm" ******* END TEXT: "ional campaigns toward delegitim-izing violence against women is as far as the U.N. Division on the "
9780814712771 - page_314: "START TEXT: Advancement of Women wants to go. A 1993 background paper of the U.N. Division for the Advancement o" ******* END TEXT: " would not ultimately meet the demands of the oppressed group for justice. In a long struggle, that "
9780814712771 - page_315: "START TEXT: is how power has been redefined, as it is being done now in South Africa, for example. Neither the U" ******* END TEXT: "l human rights to control and manipulate other countries began in the United States under President "
9780814712771 - page_316: "START TEXT: Carter but became an intensified strategy of Ronald Reagan. While he was manipulating human rights g" ******* END TEXT: "at traced slavery back to the beginning of recorded history. At times abolitionism was considered a "
9780814712771 - page_317: "START TEXT: vanguard movement, and at other times it was considered a retrograde movement consisting of a collec" ******* END TEXT: "ystem. From distancing to disengagement, women lose the boundaries that identify them to themselves "
9780814712771 - page_318: "START TEXT: as separate, distinct, and autonomous. Instead, to survive they must segment themselves, must set up" ******* END TEXT: " openness to sexual exploitation, which then becomes treated as sex and as sexy. Sex in this way is "
9780814712771 - page_319: "START TEXT: dehumanized and its use violates human rights. By contrast, the feminist challenge is to demand the " ******* END TEXT: "realize. To provide for any woman or girl the possible reality that there is another world, another "
9780814712771 - page_320: "START TEXT: kind of life than the sexual exploitation in prostitution, in incest, in rape, in marriage, and then" ******* END TEXT: "eling, group awareness, and, indeed, love already is the manifestation of that other new reality.\n\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_v: "START TEXT: Contents\nPreface\nIntroduction\n1. Prostitution of Sexuality\n2. Sexual Power\n3. Josephine Butler: The " ******* END TEXT: "ction\nAppendix: Proposed Convention Against Sexual Exploitation, Draft of January 1994\nNotes\nIndex\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1995 by Kathleen BarryAll rights reserved\nL" ******* END TEXT: " strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2\n\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_i: "START TEXT: The Prostitution of Sexuality\n" ******* END TEXT: "The Prostitution of Sexuality\n"
9780814712771 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_369: "START TEXT: Index\nAble-Peterson, Trudee, 227\nAbolition laws, movement against state regulation of prostitution, " ******* END TEXT: "-order bride marketing, 152, 153, 154\nsex tourism, 127, 139, 148\nAustrian pimps in Germany, 230–131\n"
9780814712771 - page_370: "START TEXT: Awad, Mohamed, 132\nAwam, Zia, 167, 169–70\nBaldwin, Margaret, 47, 227\nBangladesh, marginalization of " ******* END TEXT: "s, 66, 69, 89\nand liberal legal theory, 23–24\nand oppression, 64–65\nin prostitution or rape, 37, 39\n"
9780814712771 - page_371: "START TEXT: and sexual victimization, 83–84\nConstruction of sexuality, 54–58\nContagious Diseases Act (1864-1869)" ******* END TEXT: "190–92\nDomination, encoded in human beings, 25, 26\npatriarchal, 22, 23, 24, 68\nDonnellan, Ed, 63–64\n"
9780814712771 - page_372: "START TEXT: Double standard, condoms and promotion of prostitution, 248\nnineteenth-century England, 96, 102, 109" ******* END TEXT: "rialization of sex, 159\nmail-order bride marketing, 152, 153\nproprostitution, 234, 235\nprostitution "
9780814712771 - page_373: "START TEXT: and limits, 39–41\nregulation of prostitution, 228–31\ntrafficking, 142, 195\nGido, Rosemary, 227\nGilad" ******* END TEXT: "ity, 85\nsilence of forgetting, 279\nIncome support, Convention Against Sexual Exploitation, 308, 333\n"
9780814712771 - page_374: "START TEXT: India, AIDS, 183, 244\nmarginalization of women from labor force, 196\nand prostitution laws, 239–40\np" ******* END TEXT: "ls, sexual, 4, 8, 82\nLiberation, and anti-feminism, 79\nand pornography, 56, 59\nand sex labor, 66–67\n"
9780814712771 - page_375: "START TEXT: Limbaugh, Rush, 81\nLimit setting, by prostitute women, 39–44\nLoving to Survive (Graham), 18\nMacKinno" ******* END TEXT: "–90\nNetherlands, regulation of prostitution, 233–34, 335\ntrafficking of women, 49–50, 142, 156, 230\n"
9780814712771 - page_376: "START TEXT: New York City, immigrant prostitution, 195\nnineteenth-century prostitution, 96, 97–98\nNew York Confe" ******* END TEXT: "291, 292, 294, 319\nsocial action, 295\nPolitical consciousness, consciousness raising, 282, 291, 292\n"
9780814712771 - page_377: "START TEXT: feminism, 79–90, 281\nand oppression, 84–85, 86, 87, 89\nPolitical correctness, and feminist conscious" ******* END TEXT: "f, 78\nin prostitution, 34\nslavery, 66\nsocial interaction, 26\ntrafficking from Nepal into India, 173\n"
9780814712771 - page_378: "START TEXT: Radical reform and human rights, 295–301\nRainbow Project of Taiwan, 139\nR & R leave, 125, 126, 132\nT" ******* END TEXT: "59\nSexual exploitation, 1–2, 18. See also Female sexual slavery; Prostitution; Trafficking in women\n"
9780814712771 - page_379: "START TEXT: approaches to study of, 13–14\nand choice, 7\nConvention Against Sexual Exploitation, 5, 304–9, 311\nde" ******* END TEXT: "64\nTeer, Cookie, 6\nTemple prostitution, 180–82\natemporality, 25, 58\nTemporality and slavery, 268–72\n"
9780814712771 - page_380: "START TEXT: Terror bonding, 18\nThailand, AIDS, 145, 244–45, 246\nBuddhist view of female sexuality, 182–83\nEMPOWE" ******* END TEXT: "ban League, 62\nUrban migration. See Rural-to-urban migration\nUruguay, trafficking into Germany, 230\n"
9780814712771 - page_381: "START TEXT: U.S. Agency for International Development, 247\nU.S. Centers for Disease Control, 245\nU.S. Immigratio" ******* END TEXT: "uza, organized crime in Japan, 165, 185, 192–93\nZaire, HIV virus, 246\nZina Ordinance, 169, 170–71\n\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\nSexual exploitation objectifies women by reducing them to sex; sex that incites violenc" ******* END TEXT: "end 2 or 3 years researching, studying female slavery—that was out of the question. I instinctively "
9780814712771 - page_10: "START TEXT: of women. To do that prostitution must be centered in this struggle.\nI have chosen to focus my milit" ******* END TEXT: "terly false, a patriarchal lie. And that means that we must talk about sex. The sexuality of today. "
9780814712771 - page_11: "START TEXT: Not only in pornography. Not only when it is explicitly “against our will.”\nIn this work, I am shift" ******* END TEXT: " personal to the political. It recognizes that sexual exploitation is a condition that includes all "
9780814712771 - page_12: "START TEXT: women in prostitution. As prostitution has become industrialized and a global economy has come to sh" ******* END TEXT: "he point that human-rights workers give the government a bad name by exposing cases of trafficking.\n"
9780814712771 - page_13: "START TEXT: A combination of qualitative methods is the best approach to exposing practices that are otherwise i" ******* END TEXT: "ation in the process of bringing together the forces that shape sexual exploitation of women today.\n"
9780814712771 - page_14: "START TEXT: My research in this book has developed over two decades. During that time, through my work with wome" ******* END TEXT: "d is the source of social facts.4 For the feminist researcher studying women’s experiences that are "
9780814712771 - page_15: "START TEXT: violations of human rights, one step further is required in order effectively to interpret interacti" ******* END TEXT: "d Brenda Seery for assistance with entering revisions into the manuscript and for their willingness "
9780814712771 - page_16: "START TEXT: to do that over and over again long after I would declare that I had finished but I had not. I deepl" ******* END TEXT: "cal study of Josephine Butler, who, for decades, has been a model for me. However, today I probably "
9780814712771 - page_17: "START TEXT: understand better why. Her passionate commitment to fighting state-regulated prostitution was deeply" ******* END TEXT: "nd, Dorchen Leidholdt, and Elizabeth DeFeis in the Coalition and human-rights advocates, especially "
9780814712771 - page_18: "START TEXT: Wassyla Tamzali at UNESCO and others at the United Nations, has enriched this work as much as this n" ******* END TEXT: "s that were not yet known when I was stuck in my isolation writing Female Sexual Slavery—strategies "
9780814712771 - page_19: "START TEXT: that reveal a world of feminist action, global commitments to confront patriarchy. For me these stra" ******* END TEXT: "nt, a struggle, a love of as much as a thirst for our liberation. To them this book is dedicated.\n\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_2: "START TEXT: withdrew from the suggestion; I couldn’t face that. But as the idea settled over the next few weeks," ******* END TEXT: "t out the proprostitution lobby—organizations and individuals who actively promote prostitution—who "
9780814712771 - page_3: "START TEXT: made me and my lectures the focus of their attack and disruption and hate campaigns for several year" ******* END TEXT: "ained that even after organizing an international meeting, I was still alone and I was withdrawing. "
9780814712771 - page_4: "START TEXT: But they had other plans. They were excited about how the international network I had been developin" ******* END TEXT: "dience of 1,500 feminists not to let this work on prostitution and traffic in women be reduced to a "
9780814712771 - page_5: "START TEXT: one-woman movement. I asked them to take up the issue, and I added emphatically, “do not call me.” A" ******* END TEXT: "itation, especially in prostitution as a violation of women’s human rights. The work and support of "
9780814712771 - page_6: "START TEXT: Twiss Butler and Marie Jose Regab, of the National Organization for Women has provided encouragement" ******* END TEXT: "ngle-issue movements emphasizing legalistic reform, was the beginning of the end. By the time women "
9780814712771 - page_7: "START TEXT: achieved their goal of suffrage, the women’s movement had died. It would take at least another 70 ye" ******* END TEXT: "nt has become so deconstructed that issues like teenage pregnancy and prochoice, which means girls’ "
9780814712771 - page_8: "START TEXT: right to abortion, are dissociated from the very conditions that have produced a crisis in teenage p" ******* END TEXT: "riarchal domination of women as a class. The history of feminism is a warning to us against turning "
9780814712771 - page_9: "START TEXT: from one single issue to the next. When we open up a “new” issue, last year’s issue goes to therapy " ******* END TEXT: "power must be addressed as a global issue, inclusive of all of its occurrences in the subordination "
9780814712771 - page_345: "START TEXT: Notes\nNotes to Introduction\n1. United Nations, Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Coloni" ******* END TEXT: "cialized, with some sex practices that are purchased in one region being unavailable in others. The "
9780814712771 - page_346: "START TEXT: sex towns that serviced Subic Naval Base in the Philippines were sometimes differentiated by what wa" ******* END TEXT: "n, Nancy Sipe, and Barbara Wilson (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), 65.\n"
9780814712771 - page_347: "START TEXT: 15. Ibid., 63.\n16. For a discussion of the prostitution contract, see Carole Patemen, The Sexual Con" ******* END TEXT: "On the Issues (Summer 1992): 31.\n37. Phyllis Chesler, “A Woman’s Right to Self-Defense: The Case of "
9780814712771 - page_348: "START TEXT: Aileen Carol Wuornos,” St. John’s Law Review 66, no. 4 (Fall-Winter 1993): 946.\n38. Ibid., 947.\n39. " ******* END TEXT: "Fix (New York: Schocken, 1982), 65.\n10. Richard Ben-Veniste, “Pornography and Sex Crime: The Danish "
9780814712771 - page_349: "START TEXT: Experience,” United States Commission on Obscenity and Pornography Technical Report, vol. 7, 245–47." ******* END TEXT: "arol Vance, Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984).\n"
9780814712771 - page_350: "START TEXT: 28. Erich Goode, Deviant Behavior: An Interactionist Approach (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1978), 72. B" ******* END TEXT: "Glen Petrie, A Singular Iniquity: The Campaign of Josephine Butler (New York: Viking, 1971), 16–17.\n"
9780814712771 - page_351: "START TEXT: 7. Josephine E. Butler, Some Thoughts on the Present Aspect of the Crusade against the State Regulat" ******* END TEXT: "fic (London: Friends Association for Abolishing State Regulation of Vice, 1908), 9.\n30. Petrie, 22.\n"
9780814712771 - page_352: "START TEXT: 31. Ibid., 235–41.\n32. Ann Stafford, The Age of Consent (London: Hodder and Stough-ton, 1964), 134–3" ******* END TEXT: " 104.\n56. Carol Green Wilson, Chinatown Quest (San Francisco: California Historical Society, 1974).\n"
9780814712771 - page_353: "START TEXT: 57. Bristow, 179.\n58. Christabel Pankhurst, “The Government and White Slavery,” pamphlet reprinted f" ******* END TEXT: "Panick Press, 1988), 39.\n15. Mohamed Awad, Report on Slavery (New York: United Nations, 1966), 198.\n"
9780814712771 - page_354: "START TEXT: 16. Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975) 93–95.\n17. Roland-Pierr" ******* END TEXT: "pril 6–15,1983.\n33. Ibid., 66.\n34. Kim Hae Won, “The Realities of Kisaeng Tourism in Cheju Island,” "
9780814712771 - page_355: "START TEXT: in Exploitation of Women and Children: Its Causes and Effects (New Delhi, India: Vishwa Yuvak Kendra" ******* END TEXT: "Perspective,” paper prepared for International Meeting of Experts: “Protecting Women’s Human Rights "
9780814712771 - page_356: "START TEXT: from Sexual Exploitation, Violence, and Prostitution,” State College, Pennsylvania, April 8–10, 1991" ******* END TEXT: "he Blossoming Business of Imported Love: Here Come the Brides,” Mother Jones (Feb.–March 1986): 37.\n"
9780814712771 - page_357: "START TEXT: 80. Liberator, November 1991, 5.\n81. Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Section I, Republic Act. No. 695" ******* END TEXT: "rban Prostitution in Bangladesh: Its Causes and Suggestions for Remedies,” in Exploitation of Women "
9780814712771 - page_358: "START TEXT: and Children: Its Causes and Effects, Asian Regional Conference (New Delhi, India: Vishwa Yuvak Kend" ******* END TEXT: "es,” Diva (Sept.-Dec. 1992): 48.\n23. Ankerson, 11.\n24. Female Sexual Slavery, 93.\n25. Ankerson, 11.\n"
9780814712771 - page_359: "START TEXT: 26. Human Development Report (New York: United Nations, 1992), 34.\n27. Ibid., 1.\n28. The factors, wh" ******* END TEXT: "n Regional Conference (New Delhi, India: Vishwa Yuvak Kendra, 1988), 84.\n37. Gilada and Thakur, 73.\n"
9780814712771 - page_360: "START TEXT: 38. Ramesh, 120.\n39. Ibid., 122.\n40. Thanh-Dam Truong, Sex, Money, and Morality: Prostitution and To" ******* END TEXT: "ilippine Organizing Team, “Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Transnational Issues and Trends "
9780814712771 - page_361: "START TEXT: in Trafficking of Filipino Women,” Philippines country paper prepared for the Coalition against the " ******* END TEXT: "t Sex Industry, November 14, 1977.\n3. Testimony before the Grand Jury of the City and County of San "
9780814712771 - page_362: "START TEXT: Francisco, State of California, Investigation of________, April 19, 1976.\n4. Council for Prostitutio" ******* END TEXT: " Backstreets: Prostitution, Money and Love, trans. Katherine Hanson, Nancy Sipe, and Barbara Wilson "
9780814712771 - page_363: "START TEXT: (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), 135.\n26. Ibid.\nNotes to Chapter 7\n1. T" ******* END TEXT: " 5.\n18. Interview with staff of Equipe d’Action, Paris, March 1978.\n19. France-Soir, November 1974.\n"
9780814712771 - page_364: "START TEXT: 20. Dallayrac, Le Nouveau Visage de la Prostitution (Paris: Laffant, 1976), 92–93.\n21. Kathleen Barr" ******* END TEXT: "Thailand Moves to Stanch the Virus: Catch If Catch Can,” Far Eastern Review, February 13, 1992, 29.\n"
9780814712771 - page_365: "START TEXT: 41. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report (Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, October, 1993" ******* END TEXT: "Subic Bay . . . and the Women’s Response,” pamphlet (Olongapo, Philippines: Evan and Sochce, 1989.)\n"
9780814712771 - page_366: "START TEXT: 4. Council for Prostitution Alternatives, Participation Agreement and Grievance Procedure, Portland," ******* END TEXT: "ylvania, April 1991), Report published by UNESCO and the Coalition against Trafficking in Women, 7.\n"
9780814712771 - page_367: "START TEXT: 24. Ibid.\n25. “Perspectives on Violence Against Women,” background paper prepared by the Division fo" ******* END TEXT: "ion and Sustainable Development, United Nations MAV/1993/BP.1, 29 September, 1993, 8.\n26. Ibid., 9.\n"
9780814712771 - page_368: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_321: "START TEXT: The 1994 draft of the Convention Against Sexual Exploitation is presented here to convey the minimum" ******* END TEXT: "than minimal needs, this text provides a baseline for evaluating future actions on this Convention.\n"
9780814712771 - page_322: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_vii: "START TEXT: PREFACE TO EBOOK EDITION\nFollowing the publication of Female Sexual Slavery in 1979, I wrote The Pro" ******* END TEXT: "s part of the Swedish Violence Against Women Act. Within ten years of its enactment, due to arrests "
9780814712771 - page_viii: "START TEXT: of customers, prostitution has been halved in Sweden. In November 2008, Norway criminalized sex purc" ******* END TEXT: " in abolishing prostitution around the world.\nKathleen BarrySanta Rosa, CaliforniaSeptember, 2012\n\n\n"
9780814712771 - page_iii: "START TEXT: The Prostitution of Sexuality\nKathleen Barry\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "The Prostitution of Sexuality\nKathleen Barry\n\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nI want first to acknowledge my greatest debt for the writing of this book, the one I" ******* END TEXT: " Dean Toru Yoshimura, gave me a helpful academic home. Our neighbors and colleagues at the graduate "
9780814712917 - page_x: "START TEXT: school, James and Kimie Rhodes, helped us with daily life and gave us relief from being always forei" ******* END TEXT: "o and Susumu offered us their friendship: help and concern as well as companionship. I miss them.\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_243: "START TEXT: AppendixReading and Writing in Japanese\nFor children especially, learning to read Japanese is very d" ******* END TEXT: "ish, Australian, American, and British speakers has to be one that is not very accurate for any one "
9780814712917 - page_244: "START TEXT: group—because it’s a sloppy fit for each group, they all can use it, but imperfectly. Much useful in" ******* END TEXT: " structure and syntax as English and Chinese or as English and Japanese. The writing system that is "
9780814712917 - page_245: "START TEXT: adequate for Chinese just won’t work for Japanese. The major problem is that Japanese has inflection" ******* END TEXT: "arn first when learning to read; this is what their mothers, older siblings, and grandparents teach "
9780814712917 - page_246: "START TEXT: them, and most children have mastered them before they reach first grade. Sam and Ellen learned thes" ******* END TEXT: "ormed by pictures of meaning elements of the word, so that the standard symbol for man or male is , "
9780814712917 - page_247: "START TEXT: a drawing of fields divided by irrigation dikes , over a drawing of a knife . Men work in fields and" ******* END TEXT: "e symbol for the common meaning in heart, heartfelt, and heartbeat, and also in words like cardiac, "
9780814712917 - page_248: "START TEXT: cardiopulmonary, and tachycardia. Though the same symbol, signifying the same meaning, would be used" ******* END TEXT: "ications, textbooks, and newspapers. Over the years the list has been refined and changed somewhat.\n"
9780814712917 - page_249: "START TEXT: At this time there is a government list of approved Kanji for General Use. It contains 881 Essential" ******* END TEXT: " writing from left to right in horizontal rows that start at the top of the page in books that open "
9780814712917 - page_250: "START TEXT: Western style has become common. From the first day of first grade, students deal with material writ" ******* END TEXT: " language illustrated above, and then counting the number of writing strokes needed to complete the "
9780814712917 - page_251: "START TEXT: kanji. There are 214 of these elements, and it’s not always easy to decide which one is the right on" ******* END TEXT: "hat it might have some merit.\nA third reason is related to the feeling many Japanese have that they "
9780814712917 - page_252: "START TEXT: would like to preserve their uniqueness in the world as a distinctive people. They feel that because" ******* END TEXT: "e input to a word processing program, a Japanese user uses a keyboard with symbols for the Japanese "
9780814712917 - page_253: "START TEXT: syllabary or, less commonly, English letters. The word processing program then translates the syllab" ******* END TEXT: "ct what effects these two trends will have on Japanese reading and writing practices in the future.\n"
9780814712917 - page_254: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_1: "START TEXT: 1Getting Started\nEvery morning, six days a week, the streets of Japanese towns and cities are full o" ******* END TEXT: " I would be affiliated with the Graduate School for Policy Sciences at Saitama University in Urawa. "
9780814712917 - page_10: "START TEXT: student work. The windows have curtains used to regulate the sunlight, and each classroom has a gas " ******* END TEXT: " who are rich in cooperativeness, full of fresh and lively vitality. “Strong Children” are children "
9780814712917 - page_11: "START TEXT: who, being healthy in mind and body, are able to make the judgments needed to carry out the responsi" ******* END TEXT: "and Ellen’s shy grins as they tried them on showed that they too felt this was an important moment.\n"
9780814712917 - page_12: "START TEXT: The school gave these packs to our children, a gesture we appreciated on both a symbolic and a pract" ******* END TEXT: "y are light in weight and all of them are supposed to come home every night, the idea being that if "
9780814712917 - page_13: "START TEXT: there’s no assigned homework, students should still review and study. It turned out that Ellen’s tea" ******* END TEXT: " back clean on Monday. Again, it turned out that Ellen’s teacher was more strict and made sure this "
9780814712917 - page_14: "START TEXT: happened every week, while Sam often left his shoes at school for weeks on end.\nThere is an outfit f" ******* END TEXT: "ussions were the monthly fees for lunches, PTA dues, and special purchases of supplies made by each "
9780814712917 - page_15: "START TEXT: teacher, finally, there was the walking group. Each child is assigned to a group of children living " ******* END TEXT: "thers that has been borrowed from Western languages, replacing the native okaasan in some families.\n"
9780814712917 - page_16: "START TEXT: The job of the kyoiku mama is a complicated one, revered, accepted, gently ridiculed, and sometimes " ******* END TEXT: " clear that this is a wholly accurate picture. First, nearly half of the elementary school students "
9780814712917 - page_17: "START TEXT: in Japan in the 1990s have mothers who are employed full time or part time. These women, by all repo" ******* END TEXT: "ter at the role than I), I was already well on my way to finding out through personal experience.\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_2: "START TEXT: My plan was to do research on language patterns in schools and other educational settings, and Dave " ******* END TEXT: "s, Mr. Li a businessman, who had been in Japan for about four years. They were members of the Urawa "
9780814712917 - page_3: "START TEXT: Episcopalian Church and sent their five-year-old son to the church’s kindergarten. Through their int" ******* END TEXT: "take children only on a full-time basis, six full days a week. I wasn’t prepared to leave Ellen for "
9780814712917 - page_4: "START TEXT: that long. We then went to city hall to inquire about municipal facilities, and it was that office t" ******* END TEXT: " light industries, and some heavy industry, along with housing for families of all economic levels.\n"
9780814712917 - page_5: "START TEXT: On their daily walk to school the children passed homes, shops, small apartment buildings, a kiwi or" ******* END TEXT: " them have young children who attend the local kindergarten and elementary school. That makes these "
9780814712917 - page_6: "START TEXT: schools among the most cosmopolitan in Japan; at least our children would not be the first non-Japan" ******* END TEXT: "o arrange a meeting with the city board of education officers responsible for enrolling children on "
9780814712917 - page_7: "START TEXT: the same day we picked up the Alien Registration cards. We were surprised that such a high-level mee" ******* END TEXT: "st placement for him. We agreed, and we had discussed this possibility with him beforehand. We knew "
9780814712917 - page_8: "START TEXT: that much of the material covered would be different from the curriculum at home and that any repeti" ******* END TEXT: "ugh narrow lanes on the school and the problem of where to put so many bikes during the school day!\n"
9780814712917 - page_9: "START TEXT: The front of the school lot is the playground and athletic field, mostly open space but with some si" ******* END TEXT: "n in each room. The walls are decorated with posters, the school motto, the classroom schedule, and "
9780814712917 - page_18: "START TEXT: 2Why Study Japanese Education?\nI have several purposes as I write this book. It is an attempt to put" ******* END TEXT: "concerned about the education of my children and others in America, I share the ambivalent feelings "
9780814712917 - page_19: "START TEXT: of many about education here and now. I think public education has been a positive integrative force" ******* END TEXT: "en elementary school children in Japan, high proportions of Japanese children assert that they like "
9780814712917 - page_20: "START TEXT: school. They are happier with this part of their lives than Japanese adults are about most aspects o" ******* END TEXT: "ions do not even overlap: the lowest-scoring Japanese do better than the highest-scoring Americans.\n"
9780814712917 - page_21: "START TEXT: TABLE 1\n\nTABLE 2\n\nOne of the best and most recent studies of achievement in Japan and the United Sta" ******* END TEXT: "ver, there is no overlap in the average levels of achievement in the two cities; the lowest-scoring "
9780814712917 - page_22: "START TEXT: classes in Japan score above the highest-scoring classes in the United States (Stevenson et al. 1986" ******* END TEXT: "xamples from outside can often, with care, become the medium for effecting changes desired within a "
9780814712917 - page_23: "START TEXT: culture. And Americans do seem to desire changes in their present education system.\nAs a parent and " ******* END TEXT: " some things about how to behave effectively in work situations that we don’t learn until we finish "
9780814712917 - page_24: "START TEXT: school and find ourselves in that situation, and there are some things about being a grandparent tha" ******* END TEXT: " the qualities that all people have in common. Individuals are not inherently very different, so it "
9780814712917 - page_25: "START TEXT: follows that by having common experiences, they will all learn the same things and develop the same " ******* END TEXT: "e same experiences and that each child will have a fair chance to succeed in education. Perhaps the "
9780814712917 - page_26: "START TEXT: most fundamental expression of this approach is a taxation and funding system for public elementary " ******* END TEXT: "at situation, Japan’s government expected the education system to be a crucial agent in the change.\n"
9780814712917 - page_27: "START TEXT: Decisions about the academic content of education, about the target populations for education, and a" ******* END TEXT: "form, relatively undifferentiated population. To some analysts the notions of unity and harmony are "
9780814712917 - page_28: "START TEXT: simply malicious propaganda, foisted on Japan and the rest of the world by a governing elite intent " ******* END TEXT: "erent from saying there is no common ground of thought, practice, and experience in being Japanese.\n"
9780814712917 - page_29: "START TEXT: Ethnographic truth lies in two dimensions, great underlying generalizations and nitpicking, conseque" ******* END TEXT: "ere younger in Japan; participation in other Japanese groups; and friendships with Japanese people.\n"
9780814712917 - page_30: "START TEXT: Working as an anthropologist in Japan is not like being dropped onto a newly discovered small island" ******* END TEXT: "rtitude, and openness were essential to learning much of what I have learned and tried to convey.\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_31: "START TEXT: 3Day-to-Day Routines\nDAILY SCHEDULE\nNow that Sam and Ellen were fully equipped for school, belonged " ******* END TEXT: "atures in these schedules. First, although school begins at 8:30 and children are required to be at "
9780814712917 - page_32: "START TEXT: school by that time, most of them arrive earlier because the walking group timetable assures it. The" ******* END TEXT: "ooms during this time, and so the confusion of gathering up school materials and going from room to "
9780814712917 - page_33: "START TEXT: room is eliminated. (There are very few special teachers in elementary schools, and they come to the" ******* END TEXT: ", a recess period, and daily cleaning. Lunches are prepared in the kitchen by professionals but are "
9780814712917 - page_34: "START TEXT: eaten in the classrooms. (Like rooms in Japanese houses, classrooms are used for many purposes.) Stu" ******* END TEXT: " they each have a stake in. Cleaning is not play, but it’s different from instructional class time.\n"
9780814712917 - page_35: "START TEXT: Finally, dismissal from school may not mean the end of playtime. Everyone lives within walking dista" ******* END TEXT: " textbooks are chosen from a small number of series approved by the Ministry of Education; teachers "
9780814712917 - page_36: "START TEXT: supplement these with commercially available materials geared to the textbooks and with materials th" ******* END TEXT: "and may sometimes tell one or two children to sit up straighter or stop talking. They then announce "
9780814712917 - page_37: "START TEXT: to the teacher that all is ready and call on the class to stand and bow. Everyone says, “Sensed oneg" ******* END TEXT: "hildren are “at work” about half time compared with these American adults. Adults, of course, don’t "
9780814712917 - page_38: "START TEXT: have homework at night and during vacations, as Japanese and American children do. If we compare sch" ******* END TEXT: " are special sales on these desks. They cost about Y50,000 ($355) for the desk, plus Y15,000 ($100) "
9780814712917 - page_39: "START TEXT: for the chair. The desks all have a place to hang the backpack, a light, a timer for practice tests," ******* END TEXT: "cally segregated than those in many other countries, there is usually a wide range of socioeconomic "
9780814712917 - page_40: "START TEXT: backgrounds represented in each classroom also. In less densely settled areas of Japan, classes may " ******* END TEXT: "ers, too, remove many belongings each day, in their case to a permanent desk in the teachers’ room.\n"
9780814712917 - page_41: "START TEXT: Because there are times during the day when children stay in the classroom but teachers leave to go " ******* END TEXT: " a circle around the edges of the room, is used for large group discussions. When small work groups "
9780814712917 - page_42: "START TEXT: (han groups; see chapter 4) are engaged in activities together, the desks are placed in clusters, wi" ******* END TEXT: "demic subjects. Some schools have grouped the children in a grade by ability, and had each homeroom "
9780814712917 - page_43: "START TEXT: teacher teach one or two subjects to several different groups at different times; some also have pro" ******* END TEXT: " get ready, nor scold anyone for slowness. The teacher’s job is teaching, not classroom management.\n"
9780814712917 - page_44: "START TEXT: Much of the class time in Japanese schools looks familiar, consisting of a period of teacher explana" ******* END TEXT: "that still is less self-denigrating than “I don’t know” or some other alternatives one can imagine.\n"
9780814712917 - page_45: "START TEXT: One of the most startling sights for me the first time I saw it was what happens when a student give" ******* END TEXT: "ely a matter of their correctness. When leading class discussions, teachers are careful to list and "
9780814712917 - page_46: "START TEXT: acknowledge all the positions and arguments contributed during the discussion. Offering an idea that" ******* END TEXT: "tion by one’s fellow students is focused on more than evaluation by the teacher, by teacher design.\n"
9780814712917 - page_47: "START TEXT: Of course, Japanese teachers do not just let incorrect responses stand, nor do they fail to exercise" ******* END TEXT: "es. Students did this, and some student responses, usually at the end of a class session, were left "
9780814712917 - page_48: "START TEXT: without any overt evaluation. A set of attitudes about evaluation of schoolwork is being conveyed by" ******* END TEXT: "ometimes a teacher looked in the room.” There were no riots, and they did their work, she said. Sam "
9780814712917 - page_49: "START TEXT: said his teacher had been gone that day, too, and they did the same thing. I later asked other paren" ******* END TEXT: "ly it is impossible to fail to become a fourth-grade student after a year as a third-grade student.\n"
9780814712917 - page_50: "START TEXT: There are two other arenas, very different from the institutional elementary schools, in which child" ******* END TEXT: "mployers. Japanese participants in the process, however, act as though getting over the high school "
9780814712917 - page_51: "START TEXT: entrance barrier definitely determines their ability to get over the next college or employment entr" ******* END TEXT: "y are viewed as antithetical to the social values and relationships that schools are entrusted with "
9780814712917 - page_52: "START TEXT: teaching. Schools and teachers feel, and say, that juku are inappropriate for children, unhealthy an" ******* END TEXT: " teach; they do not evaluate, and they do not hold their students’ fates in their hands directly.\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_53: "START TEXT: 4Together at School, Together in Life\nHAN GROUPS\nTo most foreign observers a striking aspect of clas" ******* END TEXT: "in homogeneous groups, so it is important to learn to cooperate and draw the best from each member.\n"
9780814712917 - page_54: "START TEXT: Japanese teachers use a number of different methods to decide on the composition of han. One fourth-" ******* END TEXT: " to the whole class, it is the han group that is credited with the ideas expressed by the reporter.\n"
9780814712917 - page_55: "START TEXT: Americans invariably ask about freeloading in such a situation. What keeps members of such groups fr" ******* END TEXT: "than the equally natural one that leads to freeloading and the suspicion that others will freeload.\n"
9780814712917 - page_56: "START TEXT: How do Japanese children learn in school that the best course of action to adopt is the one of coope" ******* END TEXT: "s possible. Japanese educational philosophy explicitly recognizes this as a ploy for socialization.\n"
9780814712917 - page_57: "START TEXT: Peak tells how she was taught to take this approach at a school she was observing. One of the four-y" ******* END TEXT: "tion of the right behavior. As children get older, they are capable of longer periods of controlled "
9780814712917 - page_58: "START TEXT: group behavior, so by the time they reach elementary school, the time devoted to controlled activiti" ******* END TEXT: "tinely, not as a reward or a punishment, given a turn to be the leader. Children seem to like this, "
9780814712917 - page_59: "START TEXT: because it increases their individual interaction with the teacher by a small amount, because they g" ******* END TEXT: " is regarded as something still incompletely learned that needs to be reinforced by enjoyable group "
9780814712917 - page_60: "START TEXT: activities, in order that children internalize fully the group-oriented understanding of the nature " ******* END TEXT: "he bottles. “This one is a vinegar bottle. I love vinegar, just like my Dad.” The teacher announced "
9780814712917 - page_61: "START TEXT: that they would try to decide which bottles held the most. But first, he displayed two glasses of wa" ******* END TEXT: " container did proceed with only one spill, and at the end the teacher asked each han to choose one "
9780814712917 - page_62: "START TEXT: member to report. As each group displayed its bottles, the teacher encouraged class members to call " ******* END TEXT: "There is a distinct step in intellectual complexity from evaluating two objects to evaluating five, "
9780814712917 - page_63: "START TEXT: and none of the containers they brought from home resembled the teacher’s glasses. They had to talk " ******* END TEXT: " to in a twenty-minute discussion with thirty-five or forty participants. Many students may be more "
9780814712917 - page_64: "START TEXT: willing to participate in the smaller format than in full-group contexts. Fellow students, who have " ******* END TEXT: "rns fostered in han groups in the classroom are among those carried over into adult situations. The "
9780814712917 - page_65: "START TEXT: fundamental idea that solutions to problems arise from the cooperation of groups and not just from i" ******* END TEXT: "orkers do find compensation for their hard lot in the social relationships of the small work groups "
9780814712917 - page_66: "START TEXT: and in the generally nonantagonistic relationships with foremen and management, who in turn are not " ******* END TEXT: "erience Japanese education without encountering persistent references to groups and group behavior. "
9780814712917 - page_67: "START TEXT: When a concept is so pervasive in a people’s understanding of their own experience and practice, it " ******* END TEXT: " group. At the same time, of course, Western philosophy has recognized that groups are an essential "
9780814712917 - page_68: "START TEXT: part of human life and that human fulfillment depends on belonging to groups.\nIn contrast, starting " ******* END TEXT: "lationships, expressed by the dominance of the head in all decision making and the deference of all "
9780814712917 - page_69: "START TEXT: members to the head in matters of behavior and thought. In general, elders rank above juniors in the" ******* END TEXT: "ne’s leisure hours; group participation is so encompassing that individual hobbies or interests are "
9780814712917 - page_70: "START TEXT: pursued only with difficulty. The Japanese family, the ie, is the model for other forms of social or" ******* END TEXT: "ed States, her eleven year old son had acquired the habit of calling his twelve year old brother by "
9780814712917 - page_71: "START TEXT: name, instead of “older brother,” and that this usage bothered his grandparents and neighbors when t" ******* END TEXT: "uld play a major role in determining the hierarchy of these groups. Instead, we find that the overt "
9780814712917 - page_72: "START TEXT: hierarchical structure of such groups is primarily based on the criterion of seniority. The advantag" ******* END TEXT: "minant. Perhaps this form of organization could be characterized as amorphous and leaderless. These "
9780814712917 - page_73: "START TEXT: groups operate as collections of peers without hierarchies. Like the vertically structured groups, t" ******* END TEXT: "t on, and the bowl continued around the table in this way. But none of the other tables showed even "
9780814712917 - page_74: "START TEXT: this amount of overt structure. At no table was there an apparent leader, either appointed by the te" ******* END TEXT: "vals, cleaning temple grounds and paths, and delivering New Year’s mail. A mild hierarchy of senior "
9780814712917 - page_75: "START TEXT: boys over junior ones is found, but junior boys don’t “follow orders,” and senior boys don’t give th" ******* END TEXT: "h no discussion as to how it would all get done. Everyone kept doing something until everything was "
9780814712917 - page_76: "START TEXT: done. It didn’t seem as though anyone was excluded or that anyone ended up doing a disproportionate " ******* END TEXT: "suasion, and social skills are able to make others feel good about contributing effort to community "
9780814712917 - page_77: "START TEXT: activities, and who are able to organize these activities without giving orders or being high-handed" ******* END TEXT: "me degree, that it definitely involves giving up independence and freedom, and that this is a cost. "
9780814712917 - page_78: "START TEXT: “The nail that sticks up gets pounded down” may be the proverb most frequently quoted by Japanese th" ******* END TEXT: "natural,” or difficult for human beings, something must be done to make participation in groups and "
9780814712917 - page_79: "START TEXT: subordination to groups palatable. The notion of amae is invoked to characterize the emotional ties " ******* END TEXT: "dren face the inevitable constraints on their individuality that being a member of a group entails. "
9780814712917 - page_80: "START TEXT: It is at preschool and school that one confronts both the joy and the pain of a group of peers, a no" ******* END TEXT: "chers to this child, as a matter of policy as well as inclination, is to ignore his misbehavior, to "
9780814712917 - page_81: "START TEXT: do little or nothing to repress it, and to impress on other children that his behavior to them is th" ******* END TEXT: "restraint mechanisms don’t work without a lot of effort on the part of group members and “leaders.”\n"
9780814712917 - page_82: "START TEXT: The rotating leadership roles provided in schools are thought to guide children to the conclusion th" ******* END TEXT: "r outside employment contexts. Many occupations for men are also not carried out in groups that are "
9780814712917 - page_83: "START TEXT: demanding or enveloping. Some people deliberately seek out such livelihoods, and some fall into them" ******* END TEXT: "periphery of the group. They dominate the group rather than being treated as a marginal part of it.\n"
9780814712917 - page_84: "START TEXT: It is because being part of and managing unordered, nonvertical groups is so difficult that Japanese" ******* END TEXT: "ions on our own actions that our families and social situations impose on us, and we long sometimes "
9780814712917 - page_85: "START TEXT: to be able to be more independent. We sometimes experience belonging to groups in our own culture as" ******* END TEXT: "ut, however, that they knew they were going to be in Japan only for one year and that their friends "
9780814712917 - page_86: "START TEXT: and teachers knew this too. The pressures to conform were much less than those applied to Japanese w" ******* END TEXT: "em, not the knowledge that they would only have to tolerate living in Japan for a limited period.\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_100: "START TEXT: group balancing and pyramid formations. Some people say that girls like these events but boys don’t;" ******* END TEXT: " a loudspeaker encourages the last-place runner, calling him by team color—“Red team, keep trying!”\n"
9780814712917 - page_101: "START TEXT: The last race of the day was the only one involving selected participants. This was run as a relay r" ******* END TEXT: "for this one day, not ongoing groups. Each team has designated cheerleaders, both boys and girls, a "
9780814712917 - page_102: "START TEXT: set of cheers, and a team song. The cheerleaders were pretty active all day long during the competit" ******* END TEXT: "neral impression is that everyone is participating actively and correctly, but on closer inspection "
9780814712917 - page_103: "START TEXT: it can be seen that it’s a little ragged (compared to the dances we saw five- and six-year-olds in C" ******* END TEXT: "set up—the score board, the goal posts, the entrance and exit gates from the field, the awnings and "
9780814712917 - page_104: "START TEXT: tables for the judges, the equipment for the different events. They stayed behind to put everything " ******* END TEXT: "re challenging or even painful, such as being on the bottom of a pyramid in gymnastics, as Sam was.\n"
9780814712917 - page_105: "START TEXT: THE TRIP TO AKAGI\nSeptember’s big event was Sports Day, and October’s was clearly going to be the fi" ******* END TEXT: "n characters or decorated with elaborate appliqués. They can be bought but are also a favorite home "
9780814712917 - page_106: "START TEXT: sewing project for mothers, and sometimes a project of the mothers’ group in preschools or elementar" ******* END TEXT: "ities and weather, that they could determine by themselves whether or not they were sick, that they "
9780814712917 - page_107: "START TEXT: could handle their own bedding, and (especially for girls) that they could do their own hair. A week" ******* END TEXT: "ve a relationship of loving dependence based on an intense individual hierarchic bond between them. "
9780814712917 - page_108: "START TEXT: Japanese do not think that infants are born knowing how to be loving dependents; teaching them this " ******* END TEXT: " child to want the other social relationships that are the defining features of a truly human life.\n"
9780814712917 - page_109: "START TEXT: Among the things that mothers (and other caretakers to a lesser extent) do for children to increase " ******* END TEXT: "school, the school kitchen prepares the food, and children are encouraged/forced to eat everything.\n"
9780814712917 - page_110: "START TEXT: The mothers’ emotional concern with the box lunch for the first day, revealed in the number of quest" ******* END TEXT: "end of the trip, too. The ¥9,000 each child paid for this trip included charges for transportation, "
9780814712917 - page_111: "START TEXT: food, and lodging, as might be expected, but also ¥1,000 for souvenirs. There was a shop at the natu" ******* END TEXT: "y (no cans or bottles)—name on everything. Additions from the other lists: a notebook, newspaper, a "
9780814712917 - page_112: "START TEXT: water bottle, a warning about warm enough clothes, a hat, earmuffs, ski gloves, a flashlight, hand t" ******* END TEXT: "ities. The second day’s schedule is given below, translated from the one in Sam’s guidebook.\nDAY 2\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_113: "START TEXT: \nThis schedule doesn’t begin to reveal just how much was preplanned. The booklet that each child had" ******* END TEXT: " finally remembered the trip to Akagi and prepared for each of them a schedule of everything I knew "
9780814712917 - page_114: "START TEXT: about flights, stopovers, hotel names, and so on. They kept them in their packs, consulted them ofte" ******* END TEXT: "rced the lights out, for instance. It was fun. Everyone got a picture of the group as a souvenir.\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_87: "START TEXT: 5A Working Vacation and Special Events\nSUMMER VACATION?\nWe had arrived in Japan near the end of June" ******* END TEXT: "ion and suggestions about food, bedtimes, clothing, and so on as irritating and intrusive, probably "
9780814712917 - page_88: "START TEXT: partly because it was hard for me to read it in Japanese. But I was told by a Japanese friend when I" ******* END TEXT: "often not followed; and the admonition to wear a hat when playing outdoors was universally ignored.\n"
9780814712917 - page_89: "START TEXT: The most important device to keep children on the straight and narrow is the homework. I culled out " ******* END TEXT: "as nourishing and observing a morning-glory plant, that year and probably every year. Friends would "
9780814712917 - page_90: "START TEXT: say, “Ah yes, Ellen is in first grade. Does she have a morning glory?” There was a sheet giving the " ******* END TEXT: "emotions and feelings that are stimulated by various aspects of the weather. Then there are various "
9780814712917 - page_91: "START TEXT: contests children can enter, which involve designing a postcard, writing a letter or a postcard, cal" ******* END TEXT: "hing is forgotten (and why not a format that someone else has figured out?), neatly, on nice paper, "
9780814712917 - page_92: "START TEXT: showing the value you place on this effort and showing consideration for the audience. Even children" ******* END TEXT: "So a friend’s fifth-grade boy, who lives near a public swimming pool, would leave home about ten in "
9780814712917 - page_93: "START TEXT: the morning to do whatever he wanted until five o’clock. He might spend time at the pool, go to a fr" ******* END TEXT: "m the school term in the city.\nThe fifth- and sixth-grade boys in this family had the same sorts of "
9780814712917 - page_94: "START TEXT: homework assignments ours did (and they did them all), but their family found the time to go to Naga" ******* END TEXT: "inventiveness and independence, getting along together and tolerance for individuals, were learned.\n"
9780814712917 - page_95: "START TEXT: In 1967–68 Thomas Johnson (1975) studied the peer group activities of the boys in fourth through nin" ******* END TEXT: "ing views of summer vacation and life for children. On the one hand, education is seen as crucially "
9780814712917 - page_96: "START TEXT: important for the success of individuals and the nation. There is so much to learn and so little tim" ******* END TEXT: "a new city and a new country, as well as to have some experiences that were pleasant in themselves.\n"
9780814712917 - page_97: "START TEXT: SPORTS DAY\nNo sooner had summer vacation ended than the schedule for September was sent home, with t" ******* END TEXT: "o announced each speaker and called the school to stand to attention, bow, stand at ease, and begin "
9780814712917 - page_98: "START TEXT: the first real event of the day, calisthenics by the whole student body. Following this, the student" ******* END TEXT: "ngs for each team\n18. Tug of war, PTA\n19. Tug of war, third grade\n20. Capture the pole, sixth grade\n"
9780814712917 - page_99: "START TEXT: 21. Ball in basket, first grade\n22. Fireworks dance, fourth grade\n23. Big ball relay race, second gr" ******* END TEXT: " to music, and the fifth and sixth graders together did a long and impressive gymnastics routine of "
9780814712917 - page_115: "START TEXT: 6The Three R’s, Japanese Style\nIn Japan as in most countries, reading, writing, and arithmetic form " ******* END TEXT: "ithmetic there are two text volumes for each year, but they still add up to a very modest number of "
9780814712917 - page_116: "START TEXT: pages, compared to American textbooks. It seemed that teachers would have to do a lot of extra work " ******* END TEXT: "g as a mechanical process is very difficult because of the Japanese writing system, and learning to "
9780814712917 - page_117: "START TEXT: read as an intellectual process extending beyond the mechanics is as difficult as in any other langu" ******* END TEXT: "the accurate pronunciation of written words a goal, but reading in a fluent and expressive style is "
9780814712917 - page_118: "START TEXT: emphasized also. Children are not considered to have learned to read a story until they can do a pol" ******* END TEXT: "nd a standard penmanship, one that did not encompass vagaries of personality or personal style, was "
9780814712917 - page_119: "START TEXT: important. Even now, I think, Japanese would regard idiosyncratic handwriting as a sign of rampant, " ******* END TEXT: "writing and the calligraphy classes in school. They seemed especially proud of the writing they did "
9780814712917 - page_120: "START TEXT: at kakizome. Kakizome is a ceremony held just after New Year’s in which writing is done “for the fir" ******* END TEXT: "to Chinese ideographs in many cases. I studied Chinese before learning Japanese, and there are many "
9780814712917 - page_121: "START TEXT: situations in which I can figure out what some written Japanese means without being able to read mos" ******* END TEXT: "hould be considered fantasy. Other activities I observed in reading classes included discussions of "
9780814712917 - page_122: "START TEXT: the characters, the situations, the students’ reactions, and the literary structure of the story. So" ******* END TEXT: "he also wrote on the board and ended up with an elaborate, elegant outline in four colors of chalk.\n"
9780814712917 - page_123: "START TEXT: Fifth and sixth graders, too, have workbooks and drill books for writing practice. For them the emph" ******* END TEXT: "ty-nine units in eighteen genres, including autobiography, a photo essay, and a play, for instance.\n"
9780814712917 - page_124: "START TEXT: American texts emphasize the diversity of peoples in the United States and the diversity of their co" ******* END TEXT: "ure, but the intimacy of humans and natural events. There seems to be a preference for observations "
9780814712917 - page_125: "START TEXT: of small things, insects and small plants, for instance, rather than of larger or more sweeping aspe" ******* END TEXT: "ations of stories set in historical times consistently show people with stronger Japanese coloring. "
9780814712917 - page_126: "START TEXT: Japanese to whom I have mentioned this observation do not seem to find the phenomenon interesting, s" ******* END TEXT: "lementary school level the texts are not controversial and seem to inspire little or no discussion.\n"
9780814712917 - page_127: "START TEXT: ARITHMETIC\nHere, surely, the textbooks must be really different from American ones—everyone knows th" ******* END TEXT: " twenty-four pages of practice problems for this unit, totaling more than three hundred problems. A "
9780814712917 - page_128: "START TEXT: prize of a colored sticker is provided for each page that is perfectly solved; no time limit is give" ******* END TEXT: "er, so that she could explain. She did so, leading the class through the reasoning that makes these "
9780814712917 - page_129: "START TEXT: equations a correct statement of the problem, although they were not the only correct solution and n" ******* END TEXT: "States, including differences in ways of teaching mathematics, where the divergence in test results "
9780814712917 - page_130: "START TEXT: between the two countries is the most striking. Among the consistent differences they report are gre" ******* END TEXT: "cile, quiet Japanese students plodding through reams of repetitive problems, becoming computational "
9780814712917 - page_131: "START TEXT: wizards with no notion of the meaning of the problems they were dealing with, turned out to be a fic" ******* END TEXT: "social world, but about the social worlds of people in other times and places. The history children "
9780814712917 - page_132: "START TEXT: learn about their own country and others is a story that places social facts in a framework for inte" ******* END TEXT: "ing. It emphasizes the contrasts between summer and winter. The fourth unit is about a neighborhood "
9780814712917 - page_133: "START TEXT: park, picturing the many activities that take place there, the facilities that are there to be share" ******* END TEXT: "ade explicit in this unit is that school is the work of children. Just as their mothers cook, shop, "
9780814712917 - page_134: "START TEXT: and clean, and their fathers go to work and fix things around the house, children go to school and s" ******* END TEXT: "ural areas are pointed out, and the fact that the food in the local store comes from many different "
9780814712917 - page_135: "START TEXT: places. It looks as though conscious effort has gone into choosing pictures that break possible ster" ******* END TEXT: "changes in the last forty years as Japanese agriculture has become more mechanized are highlighted. "
9780814712917 - page_136: "START TEXT: Family sketches of the activities and income of both a full-time farming household and a part-time f" ******* END TEXT: "rts and graphs, some quite complicated, rather than in prose. A lot of interpretation is necessary, "
9780814712917 - page_137: "START TEXT: and is discussed in class, to make these charts and graphs meaningful. A great deal of information i" ******* END TEXT: ", and its purpose, to make children feel like united American citizens, is recognized and accepted. "
9780814712917 - page_138: "START TEXT: Patriotic songs, such as “The Star-Spangled Banner,” “America the Beautiful,” and “My Country, ’Tis " ******* END TEXT: "litically “neutral” on the issue of nationalism and less indoctrinating than the U.S. curriculum.\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_139: "START TEXT: 7The Rest of the Day\nLESSONS AT LUNCH\nIt’s not a hard and fast rule, but Japanese elementary school " ******* END TEXT: "enjoy it. Japanese cuisine taken as a whole, the range and combinations of ingredients, tastes, and "
9780814712917 - page_140: "START TEXT: textures and the patterns of combining them in a meal, is unique, sharing very little in character w" ******* END TEXT: "shes for the day and tells whether it is a bread-, rice-, or noodle-centered meal; also provided is "
9780814712917 - page_141: "START TEXT: a breakdown of the ingredients used into four categories—bodybuilding foods, heat- and energy-giving" ******* END TEXT: "oods. Fruit is considered a sweet and therefore both fattening and debilitating, since sweet things "
9780814712917 - page_142: "START TEXT: cause lethargy and listlessness, not, as in the United States, a sugar high. Pregnant women avoid fr" ******* END TEXT: "hat one eat foods that are disliked. Health may be improved by this, but moral character definitely "
9780814712917 - page_143: "START TEXT: is—selfishness rooted out, sincerity and cooperation exhibited and attained.\nBy the time they are ad" ******* END TEXT: "king turns at responsibility and not causing trouble for others, enjoying the sociability of eating "
9780814712917 - page_144: "START TEXT: together, finding a sense of community in shared activities and shared food—all these are things to " ******* END TEXT: " the legitimate function of public schools, a function that has been vigorously contested since the "
9780814712917 - page_145: "START TEXT: end of the Second World War. Okubo Higashi served chopstick meals about 40 percent of the time.\nPHYS" ******* END TEXT: " teaches physical education, wearing a track suit for these classes and participating vigorously in "
9780814712917 - page_146: "START TEXT: demonstrations. Some are known to be better at this that others; Sam’s teacher was considered a very" ******* END TEXT: "ildren are very familiar with. Then there are some pictures of things to do on the stationary bars, "
9780814712917 - page_147: "START TEXT: such as skinning the cat, several mounts, and turns or somersaults, which are not necessarily famili" ******* END TEXT: "ectly against classmates so much as contributing to the class’s record compared with other classes.\n"
9780814712917 - page_148: "START TEXT: Each year’s textbook includes a wide range of activities: lots of gymnastics, swimming, field events" ******* END TEXT: "y performances later. Again, everyone seemed to have them pretty well under control, but occasional "
9780814712917 - page_149: "START TEXT: mistakes passed without comment and were self-corrected. All of these activities moved along quickly" ******* END TEXT: "utine was stretching exercises. (The boy who came in late because he didn’t have his card was taken "
9780814712917 - page_150: "START TEXT: through these separately before he joined the group.) All the children seemed pleased to be doing th" ******* END TEXT: "one attended every swimming class, it was hard to tell about the achievement of every child, but at "
9780814712917 - page_151: "START TEXT: the last class I watched, every first grader managed to swim twenty-five meters, and this was record" ******* END TEXT: "ted to physical skills in the textbooks, short sections on growth and development are included each "
9780814712917 - page_152: "START TEXT: year, and each child’s height and weight are recorded several times a year. For the fifth graders th" ******* END TEXT: "text that deal with safety concerns, especially those involved in streets and roads for pedestrians "
9780814712917 - page_153: "START TEXT: and bicyclists. In fact, Saitama prefecture supplements these sections with additional small textboo" ******* END TEXT: "es in Japan only get you to the general neighborhood, so people draw maps to help one another quite "
9780814712917 - page_154: "START TEXT: frequently. I was always impressed with their neatness, accuracy, and pleasant appearance. I myself " ******* END TEXT: "her than drawings. Ellen has always been considered the one in our family who is “good at art,” the "
9780814712917 - page_155: "START TEXT: kind of child who always carries around a notebook and pencils or crayons to fall back on during bor" ******* END TEXT: "ing out a project. Like the first-grade text, the fifth-grade one is illustrated mostly with things "
9780814712917 - page_156: "START TEXT: made by fifth graders, but some illustrations of artworks by both Japanese and Western artists are a" ******* END TEXT: "Ellen’s class did have a chicken, alive and wandering throughout the classroom for Culture Day. The "
9780814712917 - page_157: "START TEXT: children talked about how it looked, imitated its movements, fed it, watched its activities, and dre" ******* END TEXT: "trument with a long plastic tube to blow into. One can rest it on a table, so that it can be played "
9780814712917 - page_158: "START TEXT: like a small piano—powered by wind—or it can be carried vertically, so that it is played like an acc" ******* END TEXT: " home. They all knew how to sing it and had talked about the solfège pattern of the melody. Today’s "
9780814712917 - page_159: "START TEXT: lesson involved using their pianikas to play a part of each line in unison. The teacher played the f" ******* END TEXT: "r, Sam’s group chose to play several musical selections, and Sam participated as everyone else did.\n"
9780814712917 - page_160: "START TEXT: In the apartment building where we lived, there was a piano available in the recreation room, and fo" ******* END TEXT: " ability to do this with “having perfect pitch,” something one simply had or didn’t have, like blue "
9780814712917 - page_161: "START TEXT: eyes. When I finally asked the teacher about this part of the lesson, she said it is standard practi" ******* END TEXT: "a and fact of “morals in the schools” is fundamentally different in Japan and in Western countries.\n"
9780814712917 - page_162: "START TEXT: I observed one morals class, and I have carefully studied the textbooks for first and fifth grades a" ******* END TEXT: " appear in a prestigious show but turns it down to keep his promise to the child. Perhaps the story "
9780814712917 - page_163: "START TEXT: about a little girl who tries to bring her housebound grandmother an apron full of sunshine and whos" ******* END TEXT: "d the storyteller, with his heart pounding, stares back. The story ends with no further resolution.\n"
9780814712917 - page_164: "START TEXT: Many of the stories seem to stop without an obvious conclusion. Another example is an incident in wh" ******* END TEXT: "and how the festival had to be suspended for many years because the river was so polluted. Both are "
9780814712917 - page_165: "START TEXT: glad that the river is now clean and the festival has been reinstated. The study questions for this " ******* END TEXT: "g story conclusion, and I had to ask a number of Japanese students to interpret the meaning for me.\n"
9780814712917 - page_166: "START TEXT: Their first reaction usually was, “What’s the problem?” I answered that I didn’t understand what “ma" ******* END TEXT: "udents as to how the children might keep alive the memory of their classmate, they suggested things "
9780814712917 - page_167: "START TEXT: like taking his photograph along on school trips or picnics. They also said, “Of course, we can’t re" ******* END TEXT: "iterature. And third, there is the theme of the interrelatedness of responsibility and pleasure and "
9780814712917 - page_168: "START TEXT: their parts in a complete human life. Elements of all these themes and ideas can certainly be found " ******* END TEXT: "d for in some cases, is treated as a personal offering, not something demanded by one’s position or "
9780814712917 - page_169: "START TEXT: role. Rulers as well as subjects in the tales from history are presented as constrained by moral sta" ******* END TEXT: " enjoined behavior is tightly associated with all these other positive things and becomes a part of "
9780814712917 - page_170: "START TEXT: them; most people feel there is something missing if Christmas, however secular, does not include ch" ******* END TEXT: "nal examinations. In Japan education supported the preparation of young men from the ruling classes "
9780814712917 - page_171: "START TEXT: to take over their fathers’ roles as rulers. Because everyone is capable of learning whatever is nee" ******* END TEXT: "stronger as amae, the cultivation of loving dependence among family members, has become the primary "
9780814712917 - page_172: "START TEXT: force for holding families together, as economic integration and interdependence has lessened. Amae " ******* END TEXT: "re to be treated with many of the same behavior patterns that were used with reference to the gods.\n"
9780814712917 - page_173: "START TEXT: After the defeat of Japan in the Second World War, many Japanese teachers came to feel very strongly" ******* END TEXT: "ducation has been reinstated as a school subject, and opposition has decreased but not disappeared.\n"
9780814712917 - page_174: "START TEXT: It should not be thought, however, that the curriculum of moral education is predetermined in the Ja" ******* END TEXT: "of the school, the opportunities for group life experiences in school trips and expeditions and for "
9780814712917 - page_175: "START TEXT: cooperative activities on Sports Day and at other events, and delegating to groups of students the r" ******* END TEXT: "low. Morals class, once a week, is mostly talking. School life, every day, is the related “doing.”\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_176: "START TEXT: 8Nagging, Preaching and Discussions\nPostmodern, deconstructionist anthropology is centrally concerne" ******* END TEXT: " day at a preschool there was an interaction of several five-year-old boys with the class goldfish. "
9780814712917 - page_177: "START TEXT: Their activity consisted of making small clay pellets and dropping them into the tank, calling out “" ******* END TEXT: " though hints like this are meant to be taken as directives in schools and homes, and children know "
9780814712917 - page_178: "START TEXT: how to interpret them. By not following the teacher’s hints, the boys confirmed her interpretation t" ******* END TEXT: "e up with the idea that “the people who are working could get together and call the others in a big "
9780814712917 - page_179: "START TEXT: voice.” This suggestion was promptly accepted by the teacher, who then moved on to another topic.\nIt" ******* END TEXT: "rt anyone, so she pointed it out to him. Then she acted on the assumption he would not want to hurt "
9780814712917 - page_180: "START TEXT: anyone and that the realization of how he would feel, brought to his attention by being touched by t" ******* END TEXT: "ltural consensus about the best way to treat cases like his is illustrated in the lack of criticism "
9780814712917 - page_181: "START TEXT: from other teachers about the handling of the case and their tolerance of her tolerance of his behav" ******* END TEXT: "n them—he wanted to participate. The other children were expected to tolerate his clumsy efforts at "
9780814712917 - page_182: "START TEXT: interaction until he got to be more proficient. I didn’t see it, but I’d be willing to bet that the " ******* END TEXT: "em inappropriately, and they are shamed and resentful when men “feel them up” on crowded trains and "
9780814712917 - page_183: "START TEXT: subways. They can’t think of very effective ways to avoid these encounters, or to pass the blame to " ******* END TEXT: "erican culture comes from the frequent occasions when one young child hurts another and caretakers, "
9780814712917 - page_184: "START TEXT: in talking about the event, stress that the offending child “didn’t mean it.” Coming to see that the" ******* END TEXT: " handling of this situation, a tolerance that amounted to giving a child power over her own actions "
9780814712917 - page_185: "START TEXT: and assigning legitimacy to her feelings to a remarkable extent. They also demonstrated persistence," ******* END TEXT: "of not losing sight of the teacher during a field trip or of listening more quietly when classmates "
9780814712917 - page_186: "START TEXT: are talking. Some are goals for individuals: to learn the multiplication tables, to eat some of ever" ******* END TEXT: "of goals to be pursued as a subtle form of coercion, leading children to accept teacher goals, too.\n"
9780814712917 - page_187: "START TEXT: At the most linguistic, grammatical level, the form of talk in discussions is nonauthoritarian and n" ******* END TEXT: "k the overhead bins and the area around you for any items you may have forgotten.” But I dislike it "
9780814712917 - page_188: "START TEXT: even more when the announcement at every train station in Japan seems to be saying “Let’s check care" ******* END TEXT: "pelling mistake Ellen repeated several times. It is not difficult to see some mental coercion here.\n"
9780814712917 - page_189: "START TEXT: In the cases where writing a hansei is used as a disciplinary tactic, teachers sometimes reject what" ******* END TEXT: " reality is very strong, perhaps strong enough to overcome dissimulation on the part of students.\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_190: "START TEXT: 9Enlisting Mothers’ Efforts\nI can read Japanese but usually with difficulty, so I noticed the volume" ******* END TEXT: "h, class trips, when extra fees were due, meetings for mothers to attend, and in general any events "
9780814712917 - page_191: "START TEXT: that might involve a change of daily plans. Announcements about when the students’ eyesight would be" ******* END TEXT: " the money they received as gifts. I felt that none of these things were any business of the school "
9780814712917 - page_192: "START TEXT: and that the teachers were being insulting by telling me my duties as a mother. I am assured by my J" ******* END TEXT: "olved, and more necessary than I am in America; it just didn’t sink in emotionally and practically.\n"
9780814712917 - page_193: "START TEXT: The most constant form of communication was the renrakucho for first graders. Older children did not" ******* END TEXT: "o, and it is okay for anyone in the family to use it if the occasion arises—to sign for a delivery, "
9780814712917 - page_194: "START TEXT: for instance. You can buy a hanko for your name if it’s a fairly common one in most stationary store" ******* END TEXT: "n trouble with the teacher, even though I had decided the job was too onerous for a seven-year-old!\n"
9780814712917 - page_195: "START TEXT: Within a few hours I got over my irritation with Ellen (and offered an apology). I was disappointed " ******* END TEXT: "me mothers find ways to evade some of the tasks schools ask them to carry out, and I am sure all of "
9780814712917 - page_196: "START TEXT: them do the kind of selecting of important admonitions from the mass of school communications that I" ******* END TEXT: "and lunch clothes; and materials called for in summer vacation homework. They put school activities "
9780814712917 - page_197: "START TEXT: ahead of other activities the family might engage in. They provide study time and space; they either" ******* END TEXT: "things are and should be; their behavior validates the notion that schools can impose standards for "
9780814712917 - page_198: "START TEXT: behavior and performance on children and adults. Thus, schools have their requirements legitimated, " ******* END TEXT: "act necessary for the success of children, however, it is difficult for mothers to avoid this trap.\n"
9780814712917 - page_199: "START TEXT: It is also difficult, Japanese say, for a healthy emotional relationship between mothers and childre" ******* END TEXT: "several ways, as my friend commented, “difficult to be the mother of an elementary school child.”\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_200: "START TEXT: 10Education in Japanese Society\nWe have seen how Japanese elementary schools are meant to be, and se" ******* END TEXT: "few years after beginning the national system of education in 1872 had reached close to 100 percent "
9780814712917 - page_201: "START TEXT: enrollment levels. (Handicapped children were exempted—or excluded —from this education.) In the ear" ******* END TEXT: "iversities been established and maintained, but a system of schooling, largely private, for three-, "
9780814712917 - page_202: "START TEXT: four-, and five-year-olds has also developed, as has a set of supplementary schooling institutions. " ******* END TEXT: "ant of life conditions for individuals. Then we need to look at the education system as a whole and "
9780814712917 - page_203: "START TEXT: understand how individual students and their families are confronted with choices and with strategie" ******* END TEXT: "ily enterprise, whether it be farm or business, that provides a living for one family will in Japan "
9780814712917 - page_204: "START TEXT: usually not provide a living for all the children of the family when they become adults. This was es" ******* END TEXT: "parents are not a major factor in choosing a preschool, being subordinate to convenience. Access to "
9780814712917 - page_205: "START TEXT: public day care centers is controlled by “need,” and children there are more likely to have mothers " ******* END TEXT: "d the strategies to get into the chosen school are issues that confront every family with children.\n"
9780814712917 - page_206: "START TEXT: High schools in Japan can be categorized in several ways. One is by the curriculum offered, which ca" ******* END TEXT: " long-standing policy of hiring only students who have graduated from one of a small number of high "
9780814712917 - page_207: "START TEXT: schools in the area. They also, in effect, use the entrance examinations for high school as a filter" ******* END TEXT: "ublic high schools is set by the prefectural board of education, based on the Ministry of Education "
9780814712917 - page_208: "START TEXT: national curriculum. (So although local schools are theoretically free to use another curriculum, th" ******* END TEXT: "and tips for study during their junior high school years. Junior high school teachers in particular "
9780814712917 - page_209: "START TEXT: are expected to use these practice examinations and observation of students to help families make de" ******* END TEXT: "to make the cutoff for one’s first choice probably means one has given up the chance for the second "
9780814712917 - page_210: "START TEXT: and third choices for that year, too, unless those are in the other sector, public or private. The f" ******* END TEXT: "emotional support a family can provide, those who succeed are seen as having come through an ordeal "
9780814712917 - page_211: "START TEXT: that requires the qualities most admired in individuals, those of hard work, dedication, zeal, unben" ******* END TEXT: " alive in Japanese culture, in spite of strong evidence that some children face more obstacles than "
9780814712917 - page_212: "START TEXT: others and that those are seldom the children of families at the top of the socioeconomic order. I t" ******* END TEXT: "bt that in Japan those who succeed best in this system are those with substantial family resources, "
9780814712917 - page_213: "START TEXT: both cultural and financial. Taken as a whole, from kindergarten through university, the educational" ******* END TEXT: "ilies and descendants of Korean laborers brought to Japan during the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s. These "
9780814712917 - page_214: "START TEXT: laborers, whose conditions of employment were close to slavery, and their descendants have been deni" ******* END TEXT: "oal is to legitimate the differences between individuals in these categories and other Japanese, or "
9780814712917 - page_215: "START TEXT: whether the goal is to integrate them more fully into Japanese society (Kobayashi and Ebuchi 1993).\n" ******* END TEXT: " of the children can fully master the material presented, in junior high school 50 percent can, and "
9780814712917 - page_216: "START TEXT: in high school only 30 percent of the students can really follow the ministry’s syllabus. Some criti" ******* END TEXT: "cientists would scoff at this pop culture denigration of Japan by Japanese, but it has some popular "
9780814712917 - page_217: "START TEXT: appeal. The school system is pointed to as an institution that either stifles or does nothing to pro" ******* END TEXT: "n Japan and in all societies socialization does mean that individual urges are molded into socially "
9780814712917 - page_218: "START TEXT: sanctioned patterns. How much of this is necessary, and how much is unhealthful for a society? Is it" ******* END TEXT: "rats. In Japan the discussions of the failures of high schools and universities in the education of "
9780814712917 - page_219: "START TEXT: these brilliant young people focused on the selfishness engendered in them by the competition for ac" ******* END TEXT: "er attack. In some cities telephone hot lines offer aid to ijime victims and books for children and "
9780814712917 - page_220: "START TEXT: for parents now offer advice on how to deal with ijime; perhaps gradually the shame of bullying is s" ******* END TEXT: "the same as the issues that arise to trouble educational systems in other cultures and societies.\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_221: "START TEXT: 11Themes and Suggestions\nThe end of an ethnography such as this one calls for a summary of themes an" ******* END TEXT: "anese teachers assume will operate in children are keys to making sense of the ethnographic detail.\n"
9780814712917 - page_222: "START TEXT: In terms of the daily, yearly experience of being a child at school, I think the Japanese schools pr" ******* END TEXT: "mployees who all stay until the last bookkeeping error is found, even those who are not bookkeepers "
9780814712917 - page_223: "START TEXT: (Rohlen 1974), the worker who feels free to make suggestions about improvements, and the foreman and" ******* END TEXT: "eir duty to teach all children by blaming conditions in families and in society for their failures.\n"
9780814712917 - page_224: "START TEXT: Of course, the conditions outside school are better for nearly all Japanese students than they are f" ******* END TEXT: "ucation will qualify all children for a reasonable life, and this pledge is fulfilled in adulthood.\n"
9780814712917 - page_225: "START TEXT: The first of the institutional supports that lead to these results is the uniform national curriculu" ******* END TEXT: " elite-oriented school system that psychologically punishes and excludes large numbers of students.\n"
9780814712917 - page_226: "START TEXT: In Japan the national uniform curriculum is combined with an evaluation system that removes individu" ******* END TEXT: " children or adults. The joy children take in their expanding mastery of physical skills, language, "
9780814712917 - page_227: "START TEXT: social skills, and knowledge of the world is evident to any observer, including adults who delight i" ******* END TEXT: "eem to instill a motivational structure for children that is not based on future extrinsic rewards.\n"
9780814712917 - page_228: "START TEXT: There is compelling evidence from psychological studies that giving children extrinsic rewards like " ******* END TEXT: "ives, needing only to learn to understand the rewards and constraints of social human life, and act "
9780814712917 - page_229: "START TEXT: toward them consistently in terms of that view. I don’t think we’re ever going to be able to see a b" ******* END TEXT: " way to enhance individual independence, to become powerful and able to do what one wants. Japanese "
9780814712917 - page_230: "START TEXT: teachers are attuned to this aspect of learning and use it to motivate children. They do not expect " ******* END TEXT: "hildren display about nonacademic matters. The capacity of children to learn sports statistics, the "
9780814712917 - page_231: "START TEXT: complicated interactions of many computer games, the trivia of information about television stars, a" ******* END TEXT: "Japan. Some schools have smaller classes because of lower population densities; they are considered "
9780814712917 - page_232: "START TEXT: disadvantaged. There is a large body of research on learning levels and class sizes in the United St" ******* END TEXT: ", those groups are likely to be very different from each other overall, and they are likely to fall "
9780814712917 - page_233: "START TEXT: into the disadvantages of unequal competition rather than providing the forum for cooperative-compet" ******* END TEXT: "shows, and with the right social practices the poorer students need not suffer the loss of face and "
9780814712917 - page_234: "START TEXT: self-esteem they demonstrably do suffer in American schools when they are separated out and put in t" ******* END TEXT: "ost of these fun activities turn out to involve a lot of physical activity, an advantage in itself. "
9780814712917 - page_235: "START TEXT: Most children do not take easily to long periods of sitting still, and large doses of activity seem " ******* END TEXT: "uired to use the time for study, be present at school on specified days, give swimming lessons, and "
9780814712917 - page_236: "START TEXT: accompany classes that go on summer field trips. There is thus no sense that teaching is just someth" ******* END TEXT: " social scientist and educator will agree that schools do teach moral lessons, whether the teachers "
9780814712917 - page_237: "START TEXT: or the system intend that they do so or not. Some of the most eloquent writing in critical education" ******* END TEXT: "idden, covert, illegitimate curriculum. Let schools design their activities to teach values openly.\n"
9780814712917 - page_238: "START TEXT: Finally, in connection with the civic and moral teaching roles of schools, let me offer a few argume" ******* END TEXT: " that it must be different each year, useful experience is lost, not shared and not made tradition.\n"
9780814712917 - page_239: "START TEXT: Shared experience, across grades, across schools, across generations, was chosen in Japan to impart " ******* END TEXT: "r a sense of community that education does not seem to be very effective in conveying these days.\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_240: "START TEXT: 12Sayonara\nWe timed our departure from Japan for just after the end of the school year in March. Sam" ******* END TEXT: " I were hoping we would again feel confident about our ability to handle the cultural and practical "
9780814712917 - page_241: "START TEXT: complexities of daily life. In Japan we had a perpetual impression that we were getting by on good l" ******* END TEXT: "sorts of friends together.\nWould we do it again? Would we recommend the same course to others? Yes.\n"
9780814712917 - page_242: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\n1. Getting Started\n2. Why Study Japanese Education?\n3. Day-to-Day Routines\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n11. Themes and Suggestions\n12. Sayonara\nAppendix: Reading and Writing in Japanese\nReferences\nIndex\n"
9780814712917 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\n©1997 by New York UniversityAll rights reserved\nLibrary" ******* END TEXT: "sen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_v: "START TEXT: for Samuel Rhian BobrowEllen Elizabeth Bobrow\nintrepid colleagues\n" ******* END TEXT: "for Samuel Rhian BobrowEllen Elizabeth Bobrow\nintrepid colleagues\n"
9780814712917 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_i: "START TEXT: Japanese Lessons\n" ******* END TEXT: "Japanese Lessons\n"
9780814712917 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_259: "START TEXT: Index\nAchievement levels: burakumin, 213–15\nfemales, 213\nJapan, 20–22\nKoreans, 213–15\nsocioeconomic " ******* END TEXT: "Dore, Ronald: amorphous village groups, 76–77\nrole of juniors, 72\nExamination system, 50–51, 205–11\n"
9780814712917 - page_260: "START TEXT: Fighting between children, 56, 181–82\nFormal activities, 57\nGerbert, Elaine: analysis of reading tex" ******* END TEXT: "mentary schools, 226–28, 231\nBrown and Levinson on, 229–31\nfun, 234–35\nintrinsic vs. extrinsic, 238\n"
9780814712917 - page_261: "START TEXT: Motto, 10–11\nMusic, 157–61\npiano lessons, 160–61\nNational curriculum: effects of, 225–26\nfairness, 2" ******* END TEXT: ". See Juku; Preschool; Yobiko\nSwimming lessons, 149–51\nSyllabary, 245–46\nTaking turns on swings, 74\n"
9780814712917 - page_262: "START TEXT: Teachers: evaluations of students, 44–48\nsubjects taught, 42\nsubstitutes, 49\nteachers’ room, 40\nwork" ******* END TEXT: "4\nTruancy, 220\ngirl’s story, 184–85\nUrawa: school neighborhood, 4–5\nWalking group, 15\nYobiko, 202\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_255: "START TEXT: References\nAmano Ikuo. 1988. “Higher Education and Student Enrollment Selection in Japan.” Internati" ******* END TEXT: " Estelle, and Gail Benjamin. 1988. Public Policy and Private Education in Japan. London: Macmillan.\n"
9780814712917 - page_256: "START TEXT: Japan Institute of Labour. 1989. Japanese Working Life Profile. Tokyo: Japan Institute of Labour.\nJa" ******* END TEXT: "i Azuma, and Kenji Hakuta. 1986. Child Development and Education in Japan. New York: W. H. Freeman.\n"
9780814712917 - page_257: "START TEXT: Stevenson, Harold W., and James W. Stigler. 1992. Learning Gap. New York: Summit Books.\nStigler, J. " ******* END TEXT: "Sharpe.\n________. 1992. Japanese Management Mystique: The Reality behind the Myth. Chicago: Probus.\n"
9780814712917 - page_258: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814712917 - page_iii: "START TEXT: Japanese Lessons\nA Year in a Japanese School through the Eyes of an American Anthropologist and Her " ******* END TEXT: "Japanese School through the Eyes of an American Anthropologist and Her Children\nGAIL R. BENJAMIN\n\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_260: "START TEXT: ABOUT THE AUTHOR\nMICHAEL BÉRUBÉ is a professor of English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Ch" ******* END TEXT: " He lives in Champaign, Illinois, with Janet Lyon and their two sons, Nicholas, 11, and James, 6.\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_10: "START TEXT: retired). But on one occasion in the spring of 1994, when the department was charged with rewriting " ******* END TEXT: " new departmental self-description, it now reads like this: “The Department of English is organized "
9780814713013 - page_11: "START TEXT: to provide instruction in literatures in English, literary theory and criticism, the English languag" ******* END TEXT: "wrong with treating literary texts in this way: they undoubtedly are, among other things, important "
9780814713013 - page_12: "START TEXT: pieces of evidence about the culture(s) from and to which they speak, and any reasonable historicist" ******* END TEXT: "on for literature will seem like to the critical culture with which I want to claim alliance. . . . "
9780814713013 - page_13: "START TEXT: Beginning this book with the language of the affective, the sublime, the aesthetic, I hoped to rescu" ******* END TEXT: "terature in order to read literary works in terms of their relations to larger cultural formations?\n"
9780814713013 - page_14: "START TEXT: Any assessment of the profession—any assessment of the functions of criticism at the present time—wi" ******* END TEXT: "fully constituted? If so, once constituted, is it worth much attention? Is not, after all, the real "
9780814713013 - page_15: "START TEXT: subject of literary study ideology, the real purpose political transformation?” (1). The first two o" ******* END TEXT: "erature primarily as a means to broad cultural conclusions” (5). This is so vaguely worded as to be "
9780814713013 - page_16: "START TEXT: self-defeating: it encompasses not only Sedgwick but Kermode, Frye, Trilling, Auerbach, Leavis, Elio" ******* END TEXT: " Police, why we should bother reading literature if we find it complicit with things we don’t like:\n"
9780814713013 - page_17: "START TEXT: Miller’s answer, as I understand it, is that [the Victorian novel] enables readers to see how this b" ******* END TEXT: " to forswear our “practical and political” responses to this kind of profound obscenity, as did the "
9780814713013 - page_18: "START TEXT: 1948 Bollingen Committee, on the grounds that Pound’s work, as poetry, should be considered “exempt”" ******* END TEXT: "t Shakespeare is no longer taught in literature classes. What, finally, is the relation between the "
9780814713013 - page_19: "START TEXT: subject matter of literary-slash-cultural studies and the public legitimation of the discipline know" ******* END TEXT: "itutions, this fact has everything to do with the class constituency of those institutions. (45–46)\n"
9780814713013 - page_20: "START TEXT: Let me flesh out Guillory’s analysis with a brief anecdote, mediated by way of Richard Ohmann’s obse" ******* END TEXT: "tal precisely by means of individual institutions operating dynamically within larger institutions.\n"
9780814713013 - page_21: "START TEXT: On one hand, the implications of this point are trivial, and everyone in English knows about them—ju" ******* END TEXT: "fly to the newer multicultural curricula in English.3 Perhaps instead we might point to two general "
9780814713013 - page_22: "START TEXT: economic factors that may have swelled enrollments in English in the past ten years—first, the wides" ******* END TEXT: "ltivation and class status, degrees in English may still be convertible into gainful employment—not "
9780814713013 - page_23: "START TEXT: because they mark their recipients as literate, well-rounded young men and women who can allude to S" ******* END TEXT: "ore fundamentally, it is a question of whether the distribution of cultural capital serves a purely "
9780814713013 - page_24: "START TEXT: discriminating function, to naturalize and legitimate socioeconomic inequality, or whether the conte" ******* END TEXT: "e level, the profession somehow knows, structurally, that its prestige is not what it once was (for "
9780814713013 - page_25: "START TEXT: whatever reasons), and is trying to recoup some of its lost authority by redefining its object—not a" ******* END TEXT: "partments, and the foreign languages (where it is often seen as very much a survival mechanism that "
9780814713013 - page_26: "START TEXT: might compensate for the drop in enrollments for advanced language study) is ample evidence, to this" ******* END TEXT: "ed of their faculty who love literature until they are composed of small handfuls of close readers, "
9780814713013 - page_27: "START TEXT: whereupon they will have roughly the size and influence of departments of classics—which they will r" ******* END TEXT: "entual doom-byirrelevance; cultural studies and prosperity with the nascent professional-managerial "
9780814713013 - page_28: "START TEXT: class; literary studies and prosperity with everyone who wants to study the aesthetic uses of langua" ******* END TEXT: " for a fear and a desire, and I want to update his proposal and toss it onto the table just in time "
9780814713013 - page_29: "START TEXT: for the millennium. In Dasenbrock’s terms, the literature curriculum is currently organized around a" ******* END TEXT: "al canon focused on the totality of writing in English has no difficulty at all in representing the "
9780814713013 - page_3: "START TEXT: 1CULTURAL STUDIES AND CULTURAL CAPITAL\nThe desire called Cultural Studies is perhaps best approached" ******* END TEXT: "ural studies has come to name not only a desire but also, and to the same extent, a pervasive fear.\n"
9780814713013 - page_30: "START TEXT: panorama of world writing in English. . . . Only a centrifugal conception of literature in English t" ******* END TEXT: "ways been characterized by a tendency to modernize the syllabus at the expense of older works. (15)\n"
9780814713013 - page_31: "START TEXT: And if the history of the literary curriculum is in part a history of the relation between literary " ******* END TEXT: "fit than it now appears.5\nYet the relation between “world literature in English” and “transnational "
9780814713013 - page_32: "START TEXT: cultural studies” is not straightforward, and I do not mean to introduce Emecheta et al. to the Engl" ******* END TEXT: "f access to advanced literacy) but also, crucially, because it is politically reversible: it can be "
9780814713013 - page_33: "START TEXT: used to justify English as a discipline that fosters critical thinking at the same time it can be us" ******* END TEXT: "public or private grant funds, and since the humanities, unlike the football team, sell no T-shirts "
9780814713013 - page_34: "START TEXT: or logo-ridden outerwear, departments like English or French will have to depend almost entirely on " ******* END TEXT: "ate prospect of making literary study more cultural, and cultural studies more literary, regardless "
9780814713013 - page_35: "START TEXT: of how many warm bodies are processed by Composition next semester.\nTo entertain this conclusion is " ******* END TEXT: "e, the well-publicized National Association of Scholars’ study of “core courses,” released in 1996, "
9780814713013 - page_36: "START TEXT: claimed that American universities had precipitously “declined” since 1964 in that fewer colleges re" ******* END TEXT: "ation; for “nationalist” literatures and their relation to postcolonialism, see Ahmad, In Theory.\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_4: "START TEXT: The fear is a fear of dissolution, dissolution of the boundaries, the identity, the quidditas of lit" ******* END TEXT: "ass media and communications) will, conversely, be the extent to which cultural studies foregrounds "
9780814713013 - page_5: "START TEXT: the rhetorical operations of literature. It is entirely possible, in other words, to have your liter" ******* END TEXT: "ork English departments themselves might do in the world. I believe there are any number of ways to "
9780814713013 - page_6: "START TEXT: introduce students to the demands and delights of close textual study, and it is of little concern t" ******* END TEXT: " that the graduate students who become our faculty members are not prepared to teach close reading. "
9780814713013 - page_7: "START TEXT: They have not learned the skills as undergraduates and, unfortunately, no one in graduate school has" ******* END TEXT: "nglish studies the intellectual, literature, the aesthetic, intellectual history are all held under "
9780814713013 - page_8: "START TEXT: suspicion on grounds of complicity with the enemy, which includes various instruments of white male " ******* END TEXT: "we’ve hired. They must be doing something right, surely—and because our junior faculty are reviewed "
9780814713013 - page_9: "START TEXT: by their senior peers every year, I happen to know that they’re quite capable of designing courses a" ******* END TEXT: "y the research developments in theory and criticism (a queer theorist hired for an Augustan scholar "
9780814713013 - page_37: "START TEXT: 2THE BLESSED OF THE EARTH\nIn the fall of 1995, not long after graduate students at the University of" ******* END TEXT: "es sense to consider them “employed,” to consider their work “employment,” and to admit, therefore, "
9780814713013 - page_38: "START TEXT: that they are in some sense “employees.” And if administrators and faculty at Yale or elsewhere want" ******* END TEXT: "tion to graduate students were simply paternal rather than collegial; that would be undesirable but "
9780814713013 - page_39: "START TEXT: understandable. “But Michael,” said one union leader, “half the faculty who spoke to us about the im" ******* END TEXT: "ng a university faculty can be.2\nThis is not to say that GESO has been always and everywhere beyond "
9780814713013 - page_40: "START TEXT: criticism, or that it is impossible for a well-informed person to lodge reasonable objections to the" ******* END TEXT: "empt to meet and negotiate with Yale had been rebuffed. As Cynthia Young reports, by November 1995,\n"
9780814713013 - page_41: "START TEXT: the grade strike was the only effective action—short of a teaching strike—left to GESO. Demonstratio" ******* END TEXT: "le-talk on this issue has been simply astounding. At various times, Yale faculty and administrators "
9780814713013 - page_42: "START TEXT: have claimed that they are opposed only to GESO and not to the idea of graduate student unionization" ******* END TEXT: "ts distribution, but for now I want simply to focus on one crucial paragraph—the paragraph in which "
9780814713013 - page_43: "START TEXT: Patterson addresses what she calls “the nature of the ‘union’” (nowhere in Patterson’s letter does s" ******* END TEXT: " an appropriate relationship between students and faculty in a non-profit organization.” So what is "
9780814713013 - page_44: "START TEXT: one to conclud from this? If only GESO hadn’t affiliated with a nonacademic union . . . if only GESO" ******* END TEXT: "ims of graduate students and adjunct faculty; for no sooner does Homans mention the exploitation of "
9780814713013 - page_45: "START TEXT: adjuncts than she moves on to threaten Yale students with the exploitation of adjuncts. “The student" ******* END TEXT: "ightened us out on that one.”\nDespite the passages I’ve cited above, Homans’s letter is not unaware "
9780814713013 - page_46: "START TEXT: that unethical labor practices might in fact be unethical. Though Homans is not shy about suggesting" ******* END TEXT: "d be “asked” to teach in place of graduate students, or, still more outrageously, to do the grading "
9780814713013 - page_47: "START TEXT: for the lecture courses of senior faculty (some reports indicate that this latter request was in fac" ******* END TEXT: " policy of refusing to recognize GESO, with perhaps half a dozen voices against it” (7; emphasis in "
9780814713013 - page_48: "START TEXT: original)—and Michael Denning, one of those half dozen voices, does not dispute the numbers. David B" ******* END TEXT: "culty members who are interested in maintaining their privileges and hierarchies—and few faculties, "
9780814713013 - page_49: "START TEXT: clearly, are so interested in this as are Yale’s faculty—would have foreseen the potentially explosi" ******* END TEXT: "e” professors actually to teach undergraduates. But even at Yale, the habit of fobbing off the ever "
9780814713013 - page_50: "START TEXT: more expensive education of undergraduates on teaching assistants is a scandal waiting to be explode" ******* END TEXT: "son, who told Lingua Franca not only that “no faculty member has ever visited my class or expressed "
9780814713013 - page_51: "START TEXT: an interest in what I was doing” but also that “there is no formal teacher training in my department" ******* END TEXT: "ent at the end of their term as “apprentices.” When Yale students reply to this premise by pointing "
9780814713013 - page_52: "START TEXT: out their school’s abysmal placement record in the humanities, what are they saying? They’re saying " ******* END TEXT: " the academic economy in terms that make clear why Yale is not exempt from the academic economy: “I "
9780814713013 - page_53: "START TEXT: believe the delegates [who voted to censure Yale] confused legitimate problems in academic labor rel" ******* END TEXT: "e idea, for instance, that destroying GESO at Yale might just have deleterious effects for graduate "
9780814713013 - page_54: "START TEXT: student unions elsewhere (even at schools where such things might conceivably be necessary) seems ne" ******* END TEXT: "l health.” The Yale labor pool is (of course) overwhelmingly nonwhite and drawn from New Haven, the "
9780814713013 - page_55: "START TEXT: seventh poorest city in the United States; Yale is by far the city’s biggest employer, accounting fo" ******* END TEXT: "ure” (1). The chief purpose of the mailing was to circulate to the MLA membership the views of Yale "
9780814713013 - page_56: "START TEXT: faculty opposed to GESO, the grade strike, and the resolution. No views sympathetic to GESO were inc" ******* END TEXT: "e Yale resolution was ethically dubious and factually mistaken. Ironically, Homans’s claim that the "
9780814713013 - page_57: "START TEXT: MLA had violated its commitment to “diversity of opinion” had been circulated to over thirty thousan" ******* END TEXT: "tention to academic labor relations may prove to be much less harmful to the profession than actual "
9780814713013 - page_58: "START TEXT: MLA attention to academic labor relations. In the winter of 1995, as the Yale standoff heated up and" ******* END TEXT: "nitiative. Gilman briefly suggests that his proposal is a kinder, gentler form of exploitation—“new "
9780814713013 - page_59: "START TEXT: Ph.D.s will become better teachers,” he suggests, as if they haven’t already done enough teaching as" ******* END TEXT: " All right. At Illinois, that would mean that the Sander Gilman Flexible Postdoctoral Fellows would "
9780814713013 - page_60: "START TEXT: earn just over $21,000 a year for teaching four courses per semester. And, Gilman adds, Illinois wou" ******* END TEXT: "to $40,000? Wouldn’t they do well to cut their salary and benefit costs by eliminating tenure-track "
9780814713013 - page_61: "START TEXT: faculty entirely and hiring, instead, new Gilman Fellows with limited benefit packages? For such col" ******* END TEXT: "adership of the MLA, an ostensibly “professional” organization that should, if it is going to serve "
9780814713013 - page_62: "START TEXT: any useful professional function, be defending professional standards for the treatment of its most " ******* END TEXT: "All told, adjunct faculty and graduate teaching assistants now make up the bulk of the workforce in "
9780814713013 - page_63: "START TEXT: U.S. higher education. The time has come for that heretofore silent majority to take matters into it" ******* END TEXT: "ing our grade records and then referred our cases to the Dean when we refused to submit them. (191)\n"
9780814713013 - page_64: "START TEXT: \n6. No claim is more hotly contested by antiunion faculty than this one. Yale president Richard Levi" ******* END TEXT: "sciences spent 864 hours in the classroom each week, whereas full-time faculty spent 756.5 hours.\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_65: "START TEXT: 3PROFESSIONAL OBLIGATIONS AND ACADEMIC STANDARDS\nOver the past five years I seem to have earned for " ******* END TEXT: " American academe is in need of defense and reform, and if you’re going to talk about reform and be "
9780814713013 - page_66: "START TEXT: taken seriously, you’d do well to make sure you have someplace to stand before you take your stand. " ******* END TEXT: "pain, anger, disappointment, bitterness, and confusion this crisis has caused us—and by “us” I mean "
9780814713013 - page_67: "START TEXT: the students and recent Ph.D.s most affected by it, as well as those faculty who have made it their " ******* END TEXT: "higher education who concern themselves with the quality of student writing; Will and MacDonald are "
9780814713013 - page_68: "START TEXT: not about to blame engineering and commerce schools for their inattention to undergraduate prose. No" ******* END TEXT: "y to higher education, if the present flood continues to pour out of the graduate schools. (41–42)\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_69: "START TEXT: What’s striking about this article, I think, is that it was published in June 1933. That fact alone " ******* END TEXT: "aking difficult recommendations for shrinking—and, in some cases, closing—graduate programs, on the "
9780814713013 - page_70: "START TEXT: grounds that “neither departments nor their own institutions can be counted on to do so” (B3). In th" ******* END TEXT: " stock of job seekers who had received their Ph.D.s in that year (see Huber). No mention was madeof "
9780814713013 - page_71: "START TEXT: job candidates who had earned their Ph.D.s in earlier years—and in the light of the past few years, " ******* END TEXT: "hough this is a more “symbolic” gesture, the MLA could in the future refuse to run announcements of "
9780814713013 - page_72: "START TEXT: job openings from “censured” schools. The counterargument I have heard from MLA staff is that such s" ******* END TEXT: "—which means that the convention is largely kept afloat by job applicants. And the MLA does well to "
9780814713013 - page_73: "START TEXT: structure its registration fees accordingly, charging graduate students less than half the fee paid " ******* END TEXT: "he Chronicle that we were trying to weed out the field of job seekers and job holders so as to pave "
9780814713013 - page_74: "START TEXT: the way for more “superstar” faculty. More recently, Joseph Aimone, the vice president of the MLA’s " ******* END TEXT: "from both. Some of us serve on an array of departmental committees, dissertation committees, campus "
9780814713013 - page_75: "START TEXT: committees, editorial boards, and internal review panels; others of us teach their classes and go ho" ******* END TEXT: "y senior faculty and the profession envisioned by junior faculty and Ph.D. candidates are often two "
9780814713013 - page_76: "START TEXT: radically different things—and as I’ll explain in more detail in the next chapter, each generation i" ******* END TEXT: "ination of tenure as schools implement more “austerity” policies in hiring and legislators in Texas "
9780814713013 - page_77: "START TEXT: and elsewhere demand post-tenure review and punitive or bureaucratic forms of “accountability.” And " ******* END TEXT: "ts of genuine deadwood but also to devise a system, a code of ethics, whereby all faculty know what "
9780814713013 - page_78: "START TEXT: their responsibilities are. (Stephen Watt, for instance, informs me that the English department at I" ******* END TEXT: "that few are likely to regard as a reward for incompetence. It also acknowledges the real financial "
9780814713013 - page_79: "START TEXT: risk some underpaid faculty members face at retirement time, while asserting that universities have " ******* END TEXT: "in a 1996 issue of the minnesota review, painted us as corporate stooges in progressives’ clothing:\n"
9780814713013 - page_80: "START TEXT: Most troubling are their suggestions to limit graduate admissions and to close marginal programs. If" ******* END TEXT: "some crucial switching of the dice—in this case, a shaky and mistaken analogy between undergraduate "
9780814713013 - page_81: "START TEXT: and graduate education. Nelson and I have actually argued for expanded access to the B.A. and M.A. d" ******* END TEXT: "l devote seven to ten years of their lives, during which they will teach introductory undergraduate "
9780814713013 - page_82: "START TEXT: courses at about $2,500 per course (without benefits), so that, after a decade, they can have about " ******* END TEXT: "tment in having their intellectual talents validated by people they respect, it is often impossible "
9780814713013 - page_83: "START TEXT: to hear a discouraging word about one’s prospects in the profession without taking it as a judgment " ******* END TEXT: "cially, politically, and psychologically, to be human; and we therefore think this kind of study is "
9780814713013 - page_84: "START TEXT: valuable even if the vast majority of our fellow Americans do not agree—and even if we don’t believe" ******* END TEXT: "ing and Ethnic American Literature) in the fall (Sept. to Dec.) and one course in the January term.\n"
9780814713013 - page_85: "START TEXT: Lincoln Land Community College. Full-time tenure-track position to teach five classes. Should have e" ******* END TEXT: "ts. Well-trained, unembittered, comparatively unexploited M.A.s might perform a crucial function in "
9780814713013 - page_86: "START TEXT: serving as liaisons between graduate programs and public and private secondary education.\nFinally, t" ******* END TEXT: " devised an intermediary program by which we would determine what it is that we expect our graduate "
9780814713013 - page_87: "START TEXT: students to know before they develop their own courses, and in this respect, I will hazard, we are n" ******* END TEXT: "p a few million dollars into English departments merely because it might make for tolerable working "
9780814713013 - page_88: "START TEXT: conditions among the teachers who do the bulk of writing instruction for incoming undergraduates. Ma" ******* END TEXT: "a nonbillable entity such as a cat, we would have been in the clear; but because we had a child, we "
9780814713013 - page_89: "START TEXT: were therefore liable for as much of our hospital costs as could be assigned to a human being.\nIt to" ******* END TEXT: " old guard—it is our professional obligation to do whatever we can to change that for the better.\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_100: "START TEXT: conference is funded and their book published, and it is capitalism’s laws that govern its marketing" ******* END TEXT: " a new theoretical wrinkle in writing studies, and a new critique of the suturing of the subject in "
9780814713013 - page_101: "START TEXT: the political imaginary of the post-(techno)logical sublime. Rather, as O’Hara’s, Langbauer’s, and M" ******* END TEXT: "the History of the English Language, and maybe a Shakespeare course every other year. They suspect, "
9780814713013 - page_102: "START TEXT: correctly, that a truly singular dissertation on slasher films and Australian penal codes will win t" ******* END TEXT: "xpected to contribute substantially to the “field” well before you’ve been credentialed to join it. "
9780814713013 - page_103: "START TEXT: For new Ph.D.s the message is slightly different: if you’re unemployed, misemployed (working the nig" ******* END TEXT: "ers; on the contrary, I want to suggest that any profession that encourages its own publishing glut "
9780814713013 - page_104: "START TEXT: paradoxically devalues publishing precisely by overvaluing it. And since I’ve published a fair numbe" ******* END TEXT: "here seen my old friend Northrop?\nMy point is that there’s an increasingly tenuous relation between "
9780814713013 - page_105: "START TEXT: our discipline’s expectations for publishing and the jobs our discipline characteristically offers i" ******* END TEXT: ", pedagogy, and composition classes than as a competitor with “literary studies” for already scarce "
9780814713013 - page_106: "START TEXT: disciplinary resources. Conversely, it may be possible to envision an American cultural studies as a" ******* END TEXT: "a sign that English should (or does) not exist. In Up the University, Robert and Jon Solomon write,\n"
9780814713013 - page_107: "START TEXT: “English” is not a natural subject, but a dangerous amalgam of functional service courses (teaching " ******* END TEXT: " it is that English values its disciplinary heterogeneity, and how it is that the value we place on "
9780814713013 - page_108: "START TEXT: heterogeneity does not so preclude us from making determinations of scholarly value that we are forc" ******* END TEXT: "ation or quietism, one would be better off not wasting time with the humanities in the first place.\n"
9780814713013 - page_109: "START TEXT: Besides, if these formalist rationales aren’t enough to justify the discipline, you can always come " ******* END TEXT: "ks or the arrogance of Blooms deter us from making the case for the value of literary study and the "
9780814713013 - page_110: "START TEXT: forms of literary scholarship that have so broadened—and troubled—the field. It is time we took up t" ******* END TEXT: "wn that I never wrote any such thing. I merely said the book was really big, and that no serious or "
9780814713013 - page_111: "START TEXT: curious reader should ignore it. Looking back on the review some years later, I find neither proposi" ******* END TEXT: "ofession, and the public rhetorics of justification for literary studies, see English in America.\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_90: "START TEXT: 4PEER PRESSUREPOLITICAL TENSIONS IN THE BEAR MARKET\nNineteen ninety-four was a momentous year for ma" ******* END TEXT: "ult in the groves of academe, but in the general culture, it seems, arguing for the autonomy of the "
9780814713013 - page_91: "START TEXT: aesthetic and against the School of Resentment can net you a best-seller and an advance of over half" ******* END TEXT: "ing of long learning, the underlying symbolic language is less complicated, the range of expression "
9780814713013 - page_92: "START TEXT: is less profound, and the worship of beauty is muddied by the lower aims of community fellowship” (1" ******* END TEXT: "eader.” Since this academic consensus is widely (mis) understood to entail the doctrine of cultural "
9780814713013 - page_93: "START TEXT: relativism, under which one book is as meritorious as any other, it would seem that the return of th" ******* END TEXT: " things get worse: since Craigie’s work is so post-everything (his next book “is a double biography "
9780814713013 - page_94: "START TEXT: of Madonna and ‘a post-gendered novelist still to be named’” [178]), the tenure meeting turns entire" ******* END TEXT: "ressional hearings or the trial. He didn’t read Witness or In the Court of Public Opinion—nothing!”\n"
9780814713013 - page_95: "START TEXT: A brief silence falls. Then—quietly, significantly—are heard the following grave words from the fron" ******* END TEXT: " clearer if we contrast his book with a brief essay by George Levine that shares some of Bromwich’s "
9780814713013 - page_96: "START TEXT: misgivings about the profession: “at the moment, the profession doesn’t know or even want to know wh" ******* END TEXT: " odd sense of disenfranchisement (it is not every day that someone is appointed to head the Whitney "
9780814713013 - page_97: "START TEXT: Humanities Center at the age of forty and responds with a screed about how such professional rewards" ******* END TEXT: ". J. T. Mitchell pointed out nearly a decade ago, is to say that the discipline’s official forms of "
9780814713013 - page_98: "START TEXT: pluralism are always bumping up against institutional limits on their operation. Asking “who is qual" ******* END TEXT: " professional protocols of evaluation are in crisis, curiously enough, are the variously bitter and "
9780814713013 - page_99: "START TEXT: cynical accounts of the profession I’ve seen from people who have nothing much in common with Bromwi" ******* END TEXT: "erences, university curricula” (1). Yet they ignore that it is within capitalism too that their own "
9780814713013 - page_112: "START TEXT: 5STRAIGHT OUTTA NORMALNONPROFIT FICTION PUBLISHING ON THE MARGINS\nI argued in chapter 1 that contemp" ******* END TEXT: "iteratures in English” tomorrow I would be among those faculty who would need to begin reading more "
9780814713013 - page_113: "START TEXT: widely in contemporary literature in order to stay current with the discipline.\nWhat’s more, I know " ******* END TEXT: "he concept of the “avant-garde” itself a modernist hangover from which we would do well to recover?\n"
9780814713013 - page_114: "START TEXT: In March 1997, these questions were answered dramatically when the cultural status of Fiction Collec" ******* END TEXT: "ave been almost entirely taken up with visual pornography since the 1960s, just as most pornography "
9780814713013 - page_115: "START TEXT: tends to be visual as well (so much so that it is almost unheard of to come across an “adult books” " ******* END TEXT: "d Federman’s Take It or leave It, Ron Sukenick’s Long Talking Bad Conditions Blues, Baumbach’s Chez "
9780814713013 - page_116: "START TEXT: Charlotte and Emily, Spielberg’s Crash-Landing, Clarence Major’s Reflex and Bone Structure, Fanny Ho" ******* END TEXT: "e winner of its national fiction competition, as well as the annual Charles H. and N. Mildred Nilon "
9780814713013 - page_117: "START TEXT: Excellence in Minority Fiction Award. The current collective writers no longer constitute an identif" ******* END TEXT: "mong trad and nontrad writers is but one index of this), that’s not only because their intellectual "
9780814713013 - page_118: "START TEXT: enterprises are often at odds; it’s also because they’re all fighting for the same small subculture " ******* END TEXT: "likely to show up on Internet or post-punk fanzines as in small cafes, disseminated as circuitously "
9780814713013 - page_119: "START TEXT: and as unpredictably through the culture as is postmodernism itself.\nIn 1980, Peter Quartermain’s Ch" ******* END TEXT: "son called (in another context) “surrealism without the unconscious,” Gerald Vizenor’s second novel "
9780814713013 - page_120: "START TEXT: and only FC2 title, Griever: An American Monkey King in China (1987), gives us surrealism amid myria" ******* END TEXT: "e small and cheap—back-pocket size, $6 or $7, just right for the coffeeshop habitue on the go, tuft "
9780814713013 - page_121: "START TEXT: of chin hair optional.) Under the neo-modernist heading I put writers like Rosaire Appel, Kenneth Be" ******* END TEXT: "eces “scattered like gems through a forest,” “precious as antique coins, raining down upon the city "
9780814713013 - page_122: "START TEXT: like hailstones” (109), or his empathetic reading of the terrified face of a homeless woman covered " ******* END TEXT: "some politically pointed signifying on the signs of the times: his father’s “Third World” bookstore "
9780814713013 - page_123: "START TEXT: fails when he’s outhustled “by those other book-runners next door to him, young white hippies and ga" ******* END TEXT: "cal” (273). Gogol meets Lacan, and the two tiptoe through the tulips, speaking together. Eurudice’s "
9780814713013 - page_124: "START TEXT: F/32 embodies the best and worst of FC2: annoyingly outrageous, hyperliterate, funny, theoretically " ******* END TEXT: "e crafty but deliberately dreary sentences of Yuriy Tarnawsky, whose Three Blondes and Death (1993) "
9780814713013 - page_125: "START TEXT: declares that it is written according to an intricate mathematical formula devised by its author. Th" ******* END TEXT: " characters; men and women have crises and converse intensely in hot, claustrophobic rooms; someone "
9780814713013 - page_126: "START TEXT: misses the last train; someone climbs a hill, parched with thirst; someone else dreams of climbing a" ******* END TEXT: " initial resistance), reen-acting in the process one of the scenes from the “camera eye” section of "
9780814713013 - page_127: "START TEXT: the book as well, it’s clear that the author has the last word, as the novel contains his lover’s cr" ******* END TEXT: " the wives and children, if that is where Hester Prynne was taught the one letter Alphabet. (81–82)\n"
9780814713013 - page_128: "START TEXT: And the reason she’s meditating on gender, the sacristy, and power/knowledge is that sure enough, he" ******* END TEXT: "s last days in a landscape half Paul Auster’s City of Glass and half Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451.\n"
9780814713013 - page_129: "START TEXT: Rounding off my account of the neo-mods is Jacques Servin, whose eccentric collection of cosmicomics" ******* END TEXT: "uish, each begging for relief” (27). “I Tell You This” does indeed tell you this, narrating its own "
9780814713013 - page_130: "START TEXT: composition until “this final paragraph, this vertiginous whorl that finally stops at a very curious" ******* END TEXT: "riving aimlessly cross-country after a big book-signing tour (in “Revelation Countdown”), sketching "
9780814713013 - page_131: "START TEXT: the psyche of an abducted young woman who commandeers and steals her abductor’s pickup truck (in “Gu" ******* END TEXT: "to deconstruct private and public, banal and uncommon, almost without signing her intention at all.\n"
9780814713013 - page_132: "START TEXT: Richard Grossman’s novel The Alphabet Man is nothing less than a psychotic and singularly moving tou" ******* END TEXT: "d Mister Bones from John Berryman’s Dream Songs into a heteroglossia as dazzling as it is maniacal:\n"
9780814713013 - page_133: "START TEXT: I know that you got it all tied up, but Jeez Al (don say dat word) I said Jeez Al (I say don say it " ******* END TEXT: "ed by FC2; on the whole, this work is generally more shocking, more difficult, or more iconoclastic "
9780814713013 - page_134: "START TEXT: than your average offering from Knopf, Morrow, or the Congressional Budget Office, but it’s impossib" ******* END TEXT: "ut the press, to my mind: whatever else it does, Fiction Collective 2 performs the critical task of "
9780814713013 - page_135: "START TEXT: sustaining this nation’s weirder literary heritages against the logic of Time Warner and the Sears F" ******* END TEXT: "C2 and its sister press, the Dalkey Archive, but its other current projects include researching and "
9780814713013 - page_136: "START TEXT: publishing a study of the history of small American literary presses. And then when Ron Sukenick fol" ******* END TEXT: "ese Hat (1994) have won well-deserved rave reviews and the usual small-but-devoted following—though "
9780814713013 - page_137: "START TEXT: not devoted enough to keep her original publisher, North Point Press, in business. That too, as I’ve" ******* END TEXT: "to high modernism as FC2 writers like Kenneth Bernard, Kathryn Thompson, or Jacques Servin. Whether "
9780814713013 - page_138: "START TEXT: working in the tracks of Kafka, Woolf, Joyce, Beckett, or Breton, these people do what modernist fan" ******* END TEXT: "uch for themselves; fewer still have done so much in so little time. And yet the prospects for DAP, "
9780814713013 - page_139: "START TEXT: FC2, UCL, and ABR at ISU are thoroughly mixed; the dominant mood of the place runs from pride and jo" ******* END TEXT: " only found one article devoted to the Fiction Collective qua Fiction Collective (see Quartermain).\n"
9780814713013 - page_140: "START TEXT: \n2. Maximum RocknRoll publishes monthly. Its circulation figures are hard to come by, since its dist" ******* END TEXT: "t and avant-garde publishing, see Harris.\n6. Telephone interview with John O’Brien, 11 June 1995.\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_143: "START TEXT: 6ENGLISH FOR EMPLOYMENT\nI hope thus far to have made a few convincing proposals about the relation o" ******* END TEXT: "ry to the functioning of any critical institution in civil society, including universities. In this "
9780814713013 - page_144: "START TEXT: chapter I want to explore this connection, but I do not want to do so in a mechanical way: I will no" ******* END TEXT: " hedge on this question. English departments, for example, characteristically tell students that if "
9780814713013 - page_145: "START TEXT: they major in English they will learn to become independent thinkers who will fearlessly question th" ******* END TEXT: "etry, make nothing happen. “What Bérubé never seems to realize,” writes Fish, “is that although, as "
9780814713013 - page_146: "START TEXT: he puts it, ‘the “textual” or the “discursive” is . . . a crucial site of social contestation’ (264)" ******* END TEXT: "vertisement for my own courses, but now that I think of it, perhaps I should; certainly the passage "
9780814713013 - page_147: "START TEXT: is too long to fit on a T-shirt or a bumper sticker, and even quoting Fish’s citation of it has take" ******* END TEXT: "learn to “get more out of” your reading of Jane Austen, you will also learn to get more out of your "
9780814713013 - page_148: "START TEXT: reading of other texts, discourses, and rhetorics, be they magazine articles, conversations, Supreme" ******* END TEXT: " Fish finds himself in (a dilemma I will explore shortly)—unable to account for, and thus compelled "
9780814713013 - page_149: "START TEXT: to deny or minimize, the influence of interpretive theory on extraliterary phenomena. Rather, my cla" ******* END TEXT: "pplying his manual talents to three-card monte, you’ll have a fair idea of what I’m grappling with.\n"
9780814713013 - page_150: "START TEXT: In his critique of Public Access, Fish’s position on cultural studies rested largely on the proposit" ******* END TEXT: "ing to Fish, “the subtitle telegraphs Knight’s intention: he is going to search Milton’s poetry for "
9780814713013 - page_151: "START TEXT: passages and images that will provide comfort and inspiration to a nation beleaguered by evil forces" ******* END TEXT: " of critical legal studies, which is influenced by deconstruction and which does seek to change the "
9780814713013 - page_152: "START TEXT: way law is taught and practiced (as Fish himself well knows). But it’s quite another thing to suppos" ******* END TEXT: "an instance in which intellectuals had a direct impact on the political life of the nation. (96–97)\n"
9780814713013 - page_153: "START TEXT: For a moment, it looks as if Fish has made a serious misstep: having started from the premise that l" ******* END TEXT: "he argument is about the political influence of intellectuals, and the reductio is the hypothetical "
9780814713013 - page_154: "START TEXT: appointment of Michael McKeon or D. A. Miller as secretary of education. Where Fish had claimed earl" ******* END TEXT: "ase, however, is “unrelated to”: how do we know when literary critics are gaining influence in ways "
9780814713013 - page_155: "START TEXT: unrelated to (or insufficiently related to) the practices of literary criticism? I would have though" ******* END TEXT: "y day; it is just that rather than floating above the practices that are its object and providing a "
9780814713013 - page_156: "START TEXT: vantage-point from which those practices can be assessed and reformed, reflection is either (a) an a" ******* END TEXT: "on can enhance one’s ability to think of the world through twosome twiminds, to inhabit or at least "
9780814713013 - page_157: "START TEXT: entertain the possibility of inhabiting more than one practice at a time—and perhaps, if this traini" ******* END TEXT: "ibility of progressive political change, it would probably be best for us to believe (and therefore "
9780814713013 - page_158: "START TEXT: “true” in a pragmatist sense) that human practices can be altered by critical reflection. In this ca" ******* END TEXT: " English, you will learn how to see through corporate capitalism while qualifying for a job at IBM.\n"
9780814713013 - page_159: "START TEXT: There is one final point on which I find Professional Correctness to be an engaging but self-contrad" ******* END TEXT: "ke virtue, is its own reward. I do it because I like the way I feel when I’m doing it. I like being "
9780814713013 - page_160: "START TEXT: brought up short by an effect I have experienced but do not yet understand analytically. I like tryi" ******* END TEXT: "ter, that there is a nontrivial connection between the relative autonomy of “the aesthetic” and the "
9780814713013 - page_161: "START TEXT: relative autonomy necessary to the functioning of any critical institution in civil society, includi" ******* END TEXT: "here the immediate pressures of ethical and political decisions are deferred, so it allows sympathy "
9780814713013 - page_162: "START TEXT: for, and potential understanding of people, events, things otherwise threatening” (17).\nThe aestheti" ******* END TEXT: " capable of contributing to the making of better managers and better anticapitalist critics of IBM.\n"
9780814713013 - page_163: "START TEXT: It is possible to read the reversibility of the aesthetic in a more cynical, suspicious fashion. Ton" ******* END TEXT: "ty (and “better songs to sing”). And yet to read “the aesthetic” as if it has always been coercive, "
9780814713013 - page_164: "START TEXT: or always in the business of making better people, is to misconstrue its reversibility, its elastici" ******* END TEXT: "ss education will ensure competency in the present environment, an engagement with the liberal arts "
9780814713013 - page_165: "START TEXT: will prepare students for the obscure destinies of a jobless world. (137)\nUnfortunately, Urgo is not" ******* END TEXT: "or citizenship and training for work, without selling ourselves out in one way or another? (165–66)\n"
9780814713013 - page_166: "START TEXT: Apple’s answer starts off winningly—“it’s an easy question,” he bluffs (166)—but goes on to address " ******* END TEXT: " have worked—journalism, law, advertising, and publishing. One of the reasons I take such exception "
9780814713013 - page_167: "START TEXT: to Fish’s argument is simply that I believe that literary study can prepare a student for a career a" ******* END TEXT: "m health of the humanities in the United States. And it is true, as I have stressed throughout this "
9780814713013 - page_168: "START TEXT: book, that colleges are part of the credentializing apparatus for the professional-managerial class;" ******* END TEXT: "s will have none of it—atleast not for those especially vulnerable people with disabilities (severe "
9780814713013 - page_169: "START TEXT: mental retardation, Alzheimer’s, and the like) who may not understand all the obligations of citizen" ******* END TEXT: "atists) elide the question of how to account for doubt, see Jules David Law, “Uncertain Grounds.”\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_170: "START TEXT: 7PROFESSIONAL ADVOCATESWHEN IS “ADVOCACY” PART OF ONE’S VOCATION?\nI recently received two student re" ******* END TEXT: " of course, it is much more common to hear the term “politically correct” hurled at precisely those "
9780814713013 - page_171: "START TEXT: profesors who do bring up the subject of gay or lesbian sexuality in the literature classroom. Then " ******* END TEXT: "nterest” is a precondition for knowledge, and that the surest way to trap yourself inside a narrow, "
9780814713013 - page_172: "START TEXT: parochial, “subjective” view of the world is to believe that you have transcended all merely subject" ******* END TEXT: "ve or Phil Gramm in ‘96, on the grounds that Gramm’s candidacy and SDI—or, if you like, Clinton and "
9780814713013 - page_173: "START TEXT: his national service program—were materially relevant to the future of introductory courses in cosmo" ******* END TEXT: "ay I practice it, rarely bumps up against controversies in public policy or political disputes over "
9780814713013 - page_174: "START TEXT: he reauthorization of acts of Congress. Literature is after all one of the fine arts, and not an exp" ******* END TEXT: "conduct so cruel as to deserve the vindictive attack which Janie unleashes while he is dying. (108)\n"
9780814713013 - page_175: "START TEXT: Not a single one of my students, male or female, has ever agreed with this assessment; most of them " ******* END TEXT: "southerner like Flannery O’Connor.\nThis is a principle that, under ordinary circumstances, would go "
9780814713013 - page_176: "START TEXT: without saying: of course a responsible teacher is expected to be an “advocate” of various writers a" ******* END TEXT: "riety brands of feminist theory as forms of “advocacy,” and that Muller may in fact be among them):\n"
9780814713013 - page_177: "START TEXT: As those who follow these matters know, the two philanthropies most active in supporting the humanit" ******* END TEXT: "used to discuss its details ahead of the official release, for fear of appearing ‘political’” (B2).\n"
9780814713013 - page_178: "START TEXT: Meyer’s point, and mine, is that some forms of advocacy are not merely permitted but positively mand" ******* END TEXT: "t could be drawn from the available data. As Sidney Hook suggested twenty-five years ago, then, the "
9780814713013 - page_179: "START TEXT: question of advocacy is always and everywhere a question of professional legitimation:\nThe qualified" ******* END TEXT: " merely calling for academics to have still more conversations about what it means to be academics. "
9780814713013 - page_180: "START TEXT: Rather, I am calling for academics to come up with specific and substantive defenses of academic fre" ******* END TEXT: "quired of all undergraduates as well as a formidable “coverage” requirement of all English majors.) "
9780814713013 - page_181: "START TEXT: But the actual appeal of the NAF to wealthy conservative alumni is more forthright: you should not b" ******* END TEXT: " contrast, advocate “inclusion” in some cases and not others, on the basis of their review of fifty "
9780814713013 - page_182: "START TEXT: independent studies of special classrooms, which found that “special classes were . . . significantl" ******* END TEXT: " of social organization—over another.\n2. For my discussion of Johnson, see Public Access, 253–62.\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_183: "START TEXT: 8FREE SPEECH AND DISCIPLINETHE BOUNDARIES OF THE MULTIVERSITY\nMichael Bérubé and Janet Lyon\nBoth of " ******* END TEXT: "rograms as women’s studies and African American studies, at the same time that it has made possible "
9780814713013 - page_184: "START TEXT: the English department careers of transdisciplinarians like Edward Said, Tania Modleski, N. Katherin" ******* END TEXT: " and purview, and heterogeneous with respect to the variety of practices it can accommodate” (153).\n"
9780814713013 - page_185: "START TEXT: The way Fish redefines interpretive communities as “engines of change” has profound implications for" ******* END TEXT: "markedly during the Vietnam War; others of us went on as before as if nothing were happening. (149)\n"
9780814713013 - page_186: "START TEXT: So far this is uncontroversial—and, in fact, a good part of what we say in this essay will consist o" ******* END TEXT: " the time, and it all depends on which interpretive community you’re talking about as well as which "
9780814713013 - page_187: "START TEXT: community you’re talking from—assuming that you can tell what’s inside and what’s outside in the fir" ******* END TEXT: " “multiversity” directed the public as well as the university constituency to adapt to a newly para "
9780814713013 - page_188: "START TEXT: mount aim of contemporary education, namely, to provide students and disciplinary units with the int" ******* END TEXT: "urs within and is organically connected to the practice of a mass radical political movement. . . . "
9780814713013 - page_189: "START TEXT: Every attempt should be made to connect campus issues with off-campus questions” (Davidson 282).\nThi" ******* END TEXT: " solvency is under question. And from the perspective of this university-generated social critique, "
9780814713013 - page_190: "START TEXT: department faculty members are particularly culpable for the state of knowledge:\nThe Faculty is at t" ******* END TEXT: "distinction between the university of Cardinal Newman and the multiversity of Clark Kerr. When “the "
9780814713013 - page_191: "START TEXT: desired goal becomes the optimal contribution of higher education to the best performativity of the " ******* END TEXT: " telling ways with Clark Kerr’s conception of disciplines: far from construing academic departments "
9780814713013 - page_192: "START TEXT: as privatized domains of knowledge production, Kerr saw them as equal parties in an ensemble that ha" ******* END TEXT: "ady flow of “the new theoretical allegiances across disciplines.” These allegiances, writes Connor,\n"
9780814713013 - page_193: "START TEXT: are accompanied by a breakdown of the links between academic institutions and their national context" ******* END TEXT: " “The University, Modernity, and the Diffusion of Technocratic Discourse,” sounds as if it had been "
9780814713013 - page_194: "START TEXT: transcribed from Berkeley and Nanterre word for word, referencing Clark Kerr in order to say that no" ******* END TEXT: "lysis over every academic discipline, from those most fully integrated into the military-industrial "
9780814713013 - page_195: "START TEXT: research apparatus to those like women’s studies and English where “performative” criteria are harde" ******* END TEXT: "es from the natural sciences to the extent they involve hermeneutic accounts of knowledge. That is, "
9780814713013 - page_196: "START TEXT: historicist or contextualist or feminist or sociological accounts of science are not themselves scie" ******* END TEXT: " curricular attention, institutionalizes it, puts money (however meagerly) behind it, and partially "
9780814713013 - page_197: "START TEXT: diverts curricular control away from individual departments and disciplinary protocols.4\nWhere the U" ******* END TEXT: "s, this narrative leaves you with no consistent way of accounting for the presence of analyses like "
9780814713013 - page_198: "START TEXT: Boggs’s in social science, just as it fails to account for the profusion of critics in English depar" ******* END TEXT: " of literary study no longer professes. But Easthope is surely mistaken in attributing disciplinary "
9780814713013 - page_199: "START TEXT: change solely to the rise of theory. If Easthope is right that there has been a paradigm shift in li" ******* END TEXT: "dies before anyone heard of it in the United States; but this may be just one more trompe l’oeil of "
9780814713013 - page_200: "START TEXT: “change,” thanks to which it looks to those inside the discipline as if the outside of the disciplin" ******* END TEXT: "onal resistance to—the very system of technocratic performativity that sought to manage new student "
9780814713013 - page_201: "START TEXT: populations as national human resources in the first place. We therefore see the postmodern universi" ******* END TEXT: "ntellectuals to fall into line behind traditional defences of the humanities as a form of education "
9780814713013 - page_202: "START TEXT: which exceeds the mundane calculus that the notions of skills, trainings and competencies imply,” ac" ******* END TEXT: "ue of the disciplines. This critique is predominantly anti-essentialist and attacks the commonsense "
9780814713013 - page_203: "START TEXT: view of disciplinary discourse as at least potentially objective in its representation of the real” " ******* END TEXT: "gs’s dystopian reading of the university, like Lyotard’s, has its roots in Berkeley and Nanterre.\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_204: "START TEXT: 9EXTREME PREJUDICETHE COARSENING OF AMERICAN CONSERVATISM\nStrolling through the Detroit Internationa" ******* END TEXT: "ell speak, one gets a sense that something is right about America, after all” (205). So why would I "
9780814713013 - page_205: "START TEXT: want to read the new seven-hundred-page D’Souza, the magnum opus, the D’Souza Ulysses? Do I really h" ******* END TEXT: "re constantly trying to find ways to make money.” Despite the prevalence of anti-Semitism, Jews are "
9780814713013 - page_206: "START TEXT: rarely accused of stupidity. Blacks are never accused of being tight with a dollar, or of conspiring" ******* END TEXT: "s. For I believe that this book, together with The Bell Curve, is an instance of a wholly new genre "
9780814713013 - page_207: "START TEXT: of encyclopedic pseudoscience, and it is fundamental to the workings of this genre that the books in" ******* END TEXT: "y, pretty well” (147).\n• “Most African American scholars simply refuse to acknowledge the pathology "
9780814713013 - page_208: "START TEXT: of violence in the black underclass, apparently convinced that black criminals as well as their targ" ******* END TEXT: "y in Brown v. Board of Education.\nIndeed, the only figure who comes in for as much abuse as Boas is "
9780814713013 - page_209: "START TEXT: W. E. B. Du Bois, apparently because Du Bois was so simplistic as to blame white people for lynching" ******* END TEXT: "ers of the Confederacy; D’Souza calls her protest “histrionic” (286)—and, because he knows who pays "
9780814713013 - page_210: "START TEXT: his bills, fails to mention that Jesse Helms made a project of harassing and taunting Moseley-Braun " ******* END TEXT: " for in a truly free market, racial discrimination would not exist at all, since “discrimination is "
9780814713013 - page_211: "START TEXT: only catastrophic when virtually everyone colludes to enforce it” (539). D’Souza’s case in point is " ******* END TEXT: "ted by liberal faculty and intimidated into silence. For here, after all, is perhaps the most vocal "
9780814713013 - page_212: "START TEXT: Young Conservative of them all, a founder and editor in chief of the Dartmouth Review who’s since go" ******* END TEXT: "resolute ideological conformity on the Right, it strikes me as a gesture of political impotence for "
9780814713013 - page_213: "START TEXT: commentators on the Left to criticize The End of Racism for failing to meet any reasonable standard " ******* END TEXT: "996 presidential candidacies, The End of Racism may be a short-term novelty but a long-term success "
9780814713013 - page_214: "START TEXT: in pushing the rightward edge of the envelope for what can be plausibly considered a substantive con" ******* END TEXT: "ewer than eight testimonial blurbs—including those of Chavez, Eugene Genovese, Charles Krauthammer, "
9780814713013 - page_215: "START TEXT: and a few token liberals like Andrew Hacker and Gerald Early, who really ought to have known better." ******* END TEXT: "I await the requisite soul-searching on the Right. But in all honesty, I’m not holding my breath.\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_216: "START TEXT: 10CULTURAL CRITICISM AND THE POLITICS OF SELLING OUT\nMy first attempt to write this essay dates from" ******* END TEXT: "es for Western intellectuals, and I honestly couldn’t come up with a supple new theoretical account "
9780814713013 - page_217: "START TEXT: of subjectivity if I tried. But I have written a few essays for nonacademic publications, and these " ******* END TEXT: "ow that the Right has better distribution networks than we do for many reasons, partly because they "
9780814713013 - page_218: "START TEXT: have all the money and almost full control of the liberal media. Nonetheless, I wanted to say, the a" ******* END TEXT: "the arts, and the humanities have all come under savage attack from our so-called national leaders.\n"
9780814713013 - page_219: "START TEXT: In this climate it is deeply disturbing to me how successfully both wings of the New Right, the econ" ******* END TEXT: "g. I had some reason to worry whether my essay would pass that kind of muster, and whether I should "
9780814713013 - page_220: "START TEXT: ask it to; the article was originally written for an academic collection of essays, and was full of " ******* END TEXT: "lineup was hashed out over time; the first draft of my essay also included figures like Henry Louis "
9780814713013 - page_221: "START TEXT: Gates, Patricia Williams, and Jerry Watts.) Taking the New York intellectuals of the 1940s and 1950s" ******* END TEXT: "ornel West is in danger of selling out, says Eric Lott” (“Hot Type” 10). I had read Eric’s essay in "
9780814713013 - page_222: "START TEXT: manuscript some months before, but I had not anticipated so tangled a course as this: what are the c" ******* END TEXT: " simply by attending to the ways they themselves broach the question, for it is a crucial issue for "
9780814713013 - page_223: "START TEXT: them: “because non-black audiences are still the ones that have the power to put black artists at th" ******* END TEXT: "never to open their mouths but to articulate their versions of “cultural studies” to the exigencies "
9780814713013 - page_224: "START TEXT: of policy making, whereas cultural studies theorists on the Left often express outright disdain for " ******* END TEXT: "eld any clear advantage in the realm of practical politics: Lionel Trilling had no hand in Truman’s "
9780814713013 - page_225: "START TEXT: Far East policies, nor did Philip Rahv help enforce Brown v. Board of Education. (79–80)\nThe word “y" ******* END TEXT: "nsurance industry boondoggle known as “tort reform.” And one of the reasons for that, of course, is "
9780814713013 - page_226: "START TEXT: that conservative public intellectuals see it as integral to their enterprise to undermine the idea " ******* END TEXT: "at the academic Left is responsible for the 104th or 105th Congress. You can blame people for their "
9780814713013 - page_227: "START TEXT: self-absorption, but you cannot necessarily blame them for being marginal, and analyses like Tomasky" ******* END TEXT: "ary people can find in the political realm. My favorite example here comes from The Simpsons, in an "
9780814713013 - page_228: "START TEXT: episode in which Homer and a coworker are representing the company in the state capital, and decide " ******* END TEXT: "sense in which the caucus informed Clinton that he might not have the votes to pass the bill unless "
9780814713013 - page_229: "START TEXT: he addressed their concerns, and the larger sense in which the caucus was trying to redirect the sub" ******* END TEXT: "function is to analyze and interpret the formation of the hegemonies that are actually being formed "
9780814713013 - page_230: "START TEXT: by our counterparts on the Right; I fear an intellectual regime in which cultural studies is nothing" ******* END TEXT: "on to ask who’s zooming who here; and should he ask, I would have to admit that I myself have never "
9780814713013 - page_231: "START TEXT: been asked to testify before the Senate on any subject whatsoever. But Dyson’s presence in Washingto" ******* END TEXT: ", to my own sense that cultural studies can be more easily compromised to fit the demands of public "
9780814713013 - page_232: "START TEXT: policy than can public policy be reimagined so as to accommodate the Utopian yearnings of cultural s" ******* END TEXT: " James Trent’s social-constructionist history of mental retardation in the United States, Inventing "
9780814713013 - page_233: "START TEXT: the Feeble Mind (which documents the symbiotic rise of eugenics and intelligence testing in the firs" ******* END TEXT: " market” provides the best of all possible worlds regardless of whether they find justification for "
9780814713013 - page_234: "START TEXT: this belief in nature or merely in culture. Even when Sowell explicitly disagrees with Murray’s prem" ******* END TEXT: "ions which should be criticized” (an interesting injunction, since Grossberg does not cite specific "
9780814713013 - page_235: "START TEXT: persons or positions) and that “the Left has to recognize the truth in the Right’s accusations: e.g." ******* END TEXT: "lation to what right-wing intellectuals to this day fraudulently call a “quota bill.” In the larger "
9780814713013 - page_236: "START TEXT: agenda of the Bush Administration, in other words, passage of the bill would be paid for by the appo" ******* END TEXT: "hatically, of late, than Mas’ud Zavarzadeh. In one of his most recent attacks on the ludic American "
9780814713013 - page_237: "START TEXT: academy, Zavarzadeh writes that “the various tendencies of ludic populism can perhaps best be outlin" ******* END TEXT: "cial foundations, like public schools and social services, at the same time that it makes a cottage "
9780814713013 - page_238: "START TEXT: industry of screeds lamenting our loss of a common culture or a common morality. But I think we shou" ******* END TEXT: "conception of national identity, I fear that our federal government’s fiscal powers will be further "
9780814713013 - page_239: "START TEXT: weakened as its police powers are steadily expanded—such that fascism, to borrow Luttwak’s phrase, w" ******* END TEXT: "teful, that is, until we read a brilliant posting from a woman named Janet Curtis, who, identifying "
9780814713013 - page_240: "START TEXT: herself as “nothing more than a poor housewife,” fired back a reply that said, in effect, how dare y" ******* END TEXT: "ch subjects only to dismiss them. Imagine my surprise, then, when in the spring and summer of 1995, "
9780814713013 - page_241: "START TEXT: as the “new black intellectuals” suddenly became the topic du jour in every major American forum of " ******* END TEXT: "intaining society’s preference for heterosexuality over homosexuality in the teaching of children.”\n"
9780814713013 - page_242: "START TEXT: \n5. The idea that the “racial justice” provision would create a quota for death sentences is almost " ******* END TEXT: "ve such radically different perceptions of how the nation’s judicial system works.\n6. See Koenig.\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London\n© 1998 by New York University All rights reserved\nLibr" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_ii: "START TEXT: CULTURAL FRONT\nGENERAL EDITOR: MICHAEL BEŔUBÉ\nMANIFESTO OF A TENURED RADICALBY GARY NELSON\nBAD SUBJE" ******* END TEXT: "NTON\nTHE EMPLOYMENT OF ENGLISH: THEORY, JOBS, AND THE FUTURE OF LITERARY STUDIESBY MICHAEL BEŔUBÉ\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_i: "START TEXT: THE EMPLOYMENT OF ENGLISH\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "THE EMPLOYMENT OF ENGLISH\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_253: "START TEXT: INDEX\nAcademe: cynicism in, 100, 102\nludic, 236–37\nand need to cut doctoral programs, 79–85\nneed for" ******* END TEXT: "rs (AAUP), 44, 62, 71\nAmerican Federation of Teachers, 37\nAmerika, Mark, 122\nAppel, Rosaire, 125–26\n"
9780814713013 - page_254: "START TEXT: Apple, Michael, 165–66\nAssociation of Literary Critics and Scholars, 12\nAutobiography of an Ex-Color" ******* END TEXT: "m shift in cultural studies, 198–99\nand postmodern university, 187–98. See also Interdisciplinarity\n"
9780814713013 - page_255: "START TEXT: Doctoral programs, shrinkage of, 79–85\nDown syndrome: and immigration legislation, 168–69\nand New Ri" ******* END TEXT: "as employees, 37–39\nexploitation of, 49–50, 53–54, 87–89\nand high-school teaching, 84–86\nand Master "
9780814713013 - page_256: "START TEXT: of Arts degree, definition of, 82–84\nand need for cuts in doctoral programs, 79–85\npolitical educati" ******* END TEXT: "ball, Roger, 50\nKnight, G. Wilson, 150–51, 153\nKostelanetz, Richard, 115, 117\nKristol, William, 225\n"
9780814713013 - page_257: "START TEXT: Lafer, Gordon, 39, 63\nLangbauer, Laurie, 99–100, 110\nLeft, political: and cultural studies, 25–26, 2" ******* END TEXT: "s,” 235\nand “the public,” 218–19, 237–40\nNonprofit publishing, 113. See also Independent publishing\n"
9780814713013 - page_258: "START TEXT: North Point, 137\nNovel and the Police, The (Miller), 16–17\nOakley, Francis, 22\n“Objectivity,” 171–72" ******* END TEXT: "36\nSuleri-Goodyear, Sara, 48\nTarnawsky, Yuriy, 124–25\nTenure: and academic reform, 66\nand aesthetic "
9780814713013 - page_259: "START TEXT: values, 95–97\nand early retirement, 77\nelimination of, 76–77\nTheir Eyes Were Watching God (Hurston)," ******* END TEXT: "and Students Organization (GESO)\nYoung, Cynthia, 39, 40–41, 48, 63\nZavarzadeh, Mas’ud, 222, 236–37\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_1: "START TEXT: IEMPLOYMENT IN ENGLISH\n" ******* END TEXT: "IEMPLOYMENT IN ENGLISH\n"
9780814713013 - page_2: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_141: "START TEXT: IIEMPLOYING ENGLISH\n" ******* END TEXT: "IIEMPLOYING ENGLISH\n"
9780814713013 - page_142: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_ix: "START TEXT: divided, as its structure suggests, between attention to “employment in English” and the task of “em" ******* END TEXT: "s at Urbana-Champaign for giving me the time to work on this book, and to the Cafe Kopi in downtown "
9780814713013 - page_vii: "START TEXT: PREFACE\nI love literature. I really do. And however much it might shock my colleagues, I believe tha" ******* END TEXT: "ublicly profess their love of “literature” (all of it, presumably) as if they were saying something "
9780814713013 - page_viii: "START TEXT: meaningful? And loving literature as they do, renowned critics renounce criticism: some complain tha" ******* END TEXT: "and mystifies the crisis of reproduction in the modern languages. The Employment of English is thus "
9780814713013 - page_x: "START TEXT: Champaign for being such a wonderful place to work when you’ve got a whole day to yourself. Last but" ******* END TEXT: "or permission to reprint, refine, improve, and redact my work here.\nChampaign, IllinoisApril 1997\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_iii: "START TEXT: THE EMPLOYMENT OF ENGLISH\nTHEORY, JOBS, AND THE FUTURE OF LITERARY STUDIES\nMICHAEL BÉRUBÉ\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "THE EMPLOYMENT OF ENGLISH\nTHEORY, JOBS, AND THE FUTURE OF LITERARY STUDIES\nMICHAEL BÉRUBÉ\n\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_v: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nPREFACE\nI EMPLOYMENT IN ENGLISH\n1. CULTURAL STUDIES AND CULTURALCAPITAL\n2. THE BLESSED OF T" ******* END TEXT: "SERVATISM\n10. CULTURAL CRITICISM AND THE POLITICS OF SELLING OUT\nWORKS CITED\nINDEX\nABOUT THE AUTHOR\n"
9780814713013 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814713013 - page_243: "START TEXT: WORKS CITED\nAhmad, Aijaz. In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures. London: Verso, 1992.\nAimone, Jos" ******* END TEXT: ", 1993.\nBarone, Dennis. “What’s in a Name? The Dalkey Archive Press.” Critique 3.73 (1996): 222–39.\n"
9780814713013 - page_244: "START TEXT: Benhabib, Seyla, Judith Butler, Drucilla Cornell, and Nancy Fraser. Feminist Contentions: A Philosop" ******* END TEXT: "ucation, 13 Dec. 1996, B4–B5.\nCarlberg, Conrad, and Kenneth Kavale. “The Efficacy of Special versus "
9780814713013 - page_245: "START TEXT: Regular Class Placements for Exceptional Children: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Special Education 14" ******* END TEXT: "14.6 (February 1996): 2–3.\nEurudice. F/32. Boulder, CO, and Normal, IL: Fiction Collective 2, 1990.\n"
9780814713013 - page_246: "START TEXT: Fish, Stanley. Doing What Comes Naturally: Change, Rhetoric, and the Practice of Theory in Literary " ******* END TEXT: "que 37.3 (1996): 163–70. Special issue on independent presses and contemporary American literature.\n"
9780814713013 - page_247: "START TEXT: Henry, William H., III. In Defense of Elitism. New York: Doubleday, 1994.\nHerron, Jerry. Universitie" ******* END TEXT: "Press, 1994.\nLewis, Philip. Life of Death. Boulder, CO, and Normal, IL: Fiction Collective 2, 1993.\n"
9780814713013 - page_248: "START TEXT: Leyner, Mark. I Smell Esther Williams and Other Stories. Boulder, CO, and Normal, IL: Fiction Collec" ******* END TEXT: "ay 1995, B1–B2.\nMitchell, W. J. T. “Pluralism as Dogmatism.” Critical Inquiry 12.3 (1986): 494–502.\n"
9780814713013 - page_249: "START TEXT: Morton, Donald. “The Politics of Queer Theory in the (Post)Modern Moment.” Genders 17 (1993): 121–50" ******* END TEXT: "980): 65–74.\nQuayle, Dan. Standing Firm: A Vice-Presidential Memoir. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.\n"
9780814713013 - page_250: "START TEXT: Readings, Bill. The University in Ruins. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996.\nRich, Adrienne. " ******* END TEXT: "r. Logics of Failed Revolt: French Theory after May ’68. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995.\n"
9780814713013 - page_251: "START TEXT: Steiner, Robert. Broadway Melody of 1999. Boulder, CO, and Normal, IL: Fiction Collective 2, 1993.\nS" ******* END TEXT: " as Production’: In the Shopping Mall of the Post-al Left.” College Literature 21.3 (1994): 92–114.\n"
9780814713013 - page_252: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814713266 - page_i: "START TEXT: The Scar That Binds" ******* END TEXT: "The Scar That Binds"
9780814713266 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814713266 - page_iii: "START TEXT: The Scar That Binds\nAmerican Culture and the Vietnam War\nKeith Beattie\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "The Scar That Binds\nAmerican Culture and the Vietnam War\nKeith Beattie\n\n\n"
9780814713266 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS\nNew York and London\nCopyright © 1998 by New York University\nAll rights res" ******* END TEXT: "sen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n"
9780814713266 - page_v: "START TEXT: For my mother and father" ******* END TEXT: "For my mother and father"
9780814713266 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814713266 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\nIntroduction\n1 The Healed Wound\nHabeas Corpus and Common Sense\nThe Wound Th" ******* END TEXT: " Had the Words”\nA Unique War\nYou Had to Be There\nTeaching the Truth\nThe Voice of Unity\nTalking Back\n"
9780814713266 - page_viii: "START TEXT: 3 Bringing the War “Home”\nThe Home Front\nRepatriation\nThe Therapeutic Family\nNostalgia\nThere’s No Pl" ******* END TEXT: "ace Like It\nArticulating Difference and Unity\nConclusion\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex\nAbout the Author\n\n"
9780814713266 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nThe support I received during the years spent researching and writing The Scar That " ******* END TEXT: "delivered at the History and Film conference is forthcoming in an edited collection of papers to be "
9780814713266 - page_x: "START TEXT: published by the Australian National Film and Sound Archive, Canberra. A version of “The Voice of th" ******* END TEXT: " Smith—for a world of reasons that a simple acknowledgment such as this cannot possibly encompass.\n\n"
9780814713266 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\nIt had come to this. Two presidents from two different political parties had spoken, as" ******* END TEXT: "hened.”4 According to Reagan, then, the existence of divisions within the United States foregrounds "
9780814713266 - page_10: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814713266 - page_2: "START TEXT: the profound and indisputable truth of strength through unity that is the real history of the nation" ******* END TEXT: "tate the notion of cultural, social, and political collectivity and holism. Michael Herr identified "
9780814713266 - page_3: "START TEXT: the contradictory nature of the experience of the Vietnam War when he wrote that the word “Vietnam” " ******* END TEXT: "iarchal beliefs and values.\nIn contrast to the proliferating studies concerned with representations "
9780814713266 - page_4: "START TEXT: of the war as a combat experience, The Scar That Binds opens and examines an unexplored critical spa" ******* END TEXT: "ok takes the form of a decoding and critique of the operation of what I call the ideology of unity.\n"
9780814713266 - page_5: "START TEXT: Certain terms within this phrase require explication. As it is used here, “ideology” refers to menta" ******* END TEXT: "articular effectivity of “Vietnam” in the perpetuation of cultural conceptions of unity and exposes "
9780814713266 - page_6: "START TEXT: the shortcomings of the common claim that the war ruptured the existing ideological structure. The a" ******* END TEXT: "eading to a broader understanding of the United States as an hierarchically organized multiculture.\n"
9780814713266 - page_7: "START TEXT: The critique undertaken within this study of the signs of the ideology of unity operating within Ame" ******* END TEXT: "ss involved the critical project in which the Vietnam War was defined as unique. The unique war, it "
9780814713266 - page_8: "START TEXT: was argued, needed a form of representation capable of revealing the truth of the war. The result of" ******* END TEXT: " book. The years that mark the temporal boundaries of the analysis are defined by the release dates "
9780814713266 - page_9: "START TEXT: of the first and last texts selected as central to this study: 1968 to 1989.17 Within this period th" ******* END TEXT: "ded, unity prevails—America is no longer asunder. Or so the ideology of unity would have us believe."
9780814713266 - page_11: "START TEXT: 1 The Healed Wound\nWe can find no scar,But internal difference\n—Emily Dickinson\nThe healing process " ******* END TEXT: "blimated through reference to the deservedly criticized body count of the Vietnam War, thus turning "
9780814713266 - page_12: "START TEXT: the “refusal to count” into “the crowning virtue of a higher morality, of a humanist revulsion again" ******* END TEXT: "in newspapers, newsmagazines, and televised images of physically and mortally wounded U.S. soldiers "
9780814713266 - page_13: "START TEXT: served to painfully reinforce the notion that the meaning of this war was wounding and injury.\nWound" ******* END TEXT: "3 The metaphor—primarily in the form of a wounded veteran—has been central to various films seeking "
9780814713266 - page_14: "START TEXT: to represent the effects of the war on the U.S. home front. The depth to which the metaphor has pene" ******* END TEXT: "etations) “would not be complete without examining the whole context in which symbols are generated "
9780814713266 - page_15: "START TEXT: and applied.”20 The context in this case is that of post–Vietnam American culture as revealed throug" ******* END TEXT: "hors of this statement, thought structures language. The position adopted within this study inverts "
9780814713266 - page_16: "START TEXT: such an essentialist notion and maintains that conceptualization and experience are ordered through " ******* END TEXT: " that replicates the conditions of unity beneficial to the maintenance of a hegemonic culture. With "
9780814713266 - page_17: "START TEXT: the circulation of the wound metaphor, the (injured) flesh becomes the word—the final arbiter of the" ******* END TEXT: "inforcement of a particular view of U.S. culture that is at once ahistorical and yet made to appear "
9780814713266 - page_18: "START TEXT: totally natural. By drawing on its common(sense) association with the body, the wound metaphor posit" ******* END TEXT: " was finally overcome in 1980 when the diagnosis by the American Psychiatric Association officially "
9780814713266 - page_19: "START TEXT: determined that the disturbed veteran was suffering from “post-traumatic stress disorder.”35\nThe eff" ******* END TEXT: "erences to the wounding effects of the Vietnam War that can be understood only through attention to "
9780814713266 - page_20: "START TEXT: the ways in which references to impotence are reproduced within a range of texts.\nThe wound is borne" ******* END TEXT: ", the implication of the slippage is that all Americans are wounded by the existence of difference. "
9780814713266 - page_21: "START TEXT: In this equation the traditional connotations of impotence as a lack of power are expressed in the n" ******* END TEXT: "ted by the genre of the “return-to-Vietnam” films, in which an inefficient civilian bureaucracy and "
9780814713266 - page_22: "START TEXT: a weak-willed government are responsible for losing the war and for abandoning American prisoners of" ******* END TEXT: "ensured white male power, a response that was shaped in terms of the sole remaining stable space of "
9780814713266 - page_23: "START TEXT: power: the arena of warfare.”50 In this cogent interpretation, Vietnam was where America went to rea" ******* END TEXT: "he wife walks out and slams the door, as she has slammed it “one hundred times before,” the veteran "
9780814713266 - page_24: "START TEXT: dreams of revenge: “If I could move I’d get my gun / and put her in the ground.”56 While murder is a" ******* END TEXT: "sition. According to Ernesto Laclau, populist ideology equates “we” with “the people” and contrasts "
9780814713266 - page_25: "START TEXT: the latter to the power bloc.59 This is and has been the function of populism: to speak to and for t" ******* END TEXT: "of the wound and healing, the wound is defined as difference resulting in impotence; healing refers "
9780814713266 - page_26: "START TEXT: to the empowering qualities of unity. Healing in its various forms addresses division across a numbe" ******* END TEXT: ",” which had given rise to psychoanalysis, allowed for “the triumph of the therapeutic” attitude in "
9780814713266 - page_27: "START TEXT: the seventies.64 The historian Jackson Lears, however, felt that “neither Rieff nor Lasch … quite gr" ******* END TEXT: "ture in the wake of the Vietnam War, memory was enjoined to fail so that healing could be achieved.\n"
9780814713266 - page_28: "START TEXT: Vietnamnesia\nThe cultural manifestations referred to as healing contributed to a pattern whereby “so" ******* END TEXT: "enied in the application of euphemisms that obscure defeat, rewriting it as tragedy or, in Reagan’s "
9780814713266 - page_29: "START TEXT: terms, as victory. In 1985 Reagan asserted: “[T]he truth of the matter is that we did have victory. " ******* END TEXT: " and around history” seeks to stifle interpretations of the past and “also to propose and impose on "
9780814713266 - page_30: "START TEXT: people a framework in which to interpret the present.”84 Consistent with Foucault’s insight, the out" ******* END TEXT: "ed book, along with the memory of the nearly 3 million Vietnamese the Americans managed to kill.”88\n"
9780814713266 - page_31: "START TEXT: The widespread denial of the impact of the war on Vietnam continued beyond 1985. In 1988 the journal" ******* END TEXT: " the government has conveniently labeled M.I.A.’s, and bring them back from their hell on earth.”93\n"
9780814713266 - page_32: "START TEXT: Textual representations utilizing the myth of the POW/MIA typically contribute to the revisionist de" ******* END TEXT: "d Baritz has analyzed the beginnings of the frontier myth in the Puritan approach to nature and the "
9780814713266 - page_33: "START TEXT: original inhabitants of the North American continent as a method of understanding the ideological ju" ******* END TEXT: " operations to purposive interventions by elites, thereby failing to specify the subtle and complex "
9780814713266 - page_34: "START TEXT: ways in which myths and ideology are reproduced. Ideological representations are located in various " ******* END TEXT: "ccupation with physical appearance, and a range of rewards are allocated to those who pay attention "
9780814713266 - page_35: "START TEXT: to their appearance. The result is that “bodily imperfections” carry “penalties in everyday interact" ******* END TEXT: " (Christopher Walken). However, in his narcotized and deranged state, Nick will not be persuaded to "
9780814713266 - page_36: "START TEXT: return to America. Nick’s psychic wound is, notably, far more significant than Steven’s physical wou" ******* END TEXT: "move into mainstream party politics and the enthusiastic reception he receives on his way to make a "
9780814713266 - page_37: "START TEXT: speech at the convention, suggest reconciliation. Indeed, such a conclusion is consistent with a num" ******* END TEXT: "y. PTSD identified the symptoms to be treated for the full recuperation of the veteran and provided "
9780814713266 - page_38: "START TEXT: an opportunity to relegitimize the veteran’s relation to officially defined forms of authority. Such" ******* END TEXT: "rcise of specific benefit to the community. The relationship between the community and healing from "
9780814713266 - page_39: "START TEXT: the war defined in religious terms is suggested by Walter Capps in The Unfinished War (1990) when he" ******* END TEXT: "nd disciplines of medicine, religion, education, and law occurs in the context of a relationship of "
9780814713266 - page_40: "START TEXT: power, “for one does not confess without the presence (or virtual presence) of a partner who is not " ******* END TEXT: "dd. No opportunity for undiminished heroism. No new or recent esteemed warriors. No John Wayne.”130\n"
9780814713266 - page_41: "START TEXT: Despite this assertion, there have been few signs of a readiness to deal with postwar guilt or respo" ******* END TEXT: "film Desert Shield (1991).\nContrary to the existence of what has been called a “seller’s market for "
9780814713266 - page_42: "START TEXT: guilt” infusing post–Vietnam War American culture,134 there has been little change to the viability " ******* END TEXT: "rmed through contact with a corrupt city (the paradigmatic example is Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, "
9780814713266 - page_43: "START TEXT: 1939). The notion of pre–Vietnam War and hence prelapsarian “innocence” is evoked in the film Americ" ******* END TEXT: "ho was fond of references to fictional characters, on this occasion alluded to Hemingway’s Frederic "
9780814713266 - page_44: "START TEXT: Henry, a character who was familiar with the wounds of war and believed that it is possible to be ma" ******* END TEXT: "ition, objected to the final proposal. Perot’s objections were partially met in Reagan’s acceptance "
9780814713266 - page_45: "START TEXT: speech, in which he reinterpreted the memorial as a reflection of nearby traditional monuments. More" ******* END TEXT: "rs was consciously contradicted in Maya Lin’s focus on the names in a memorial devoid of statements "
9780814713266 - page_46: "START TEXT: and flags (the compromise between contending interpretations of the function of the memorial include" ******* END TEXT: "ating through the appropriation of the names on the Wall is located within Bobbie Ann Mason’s novel "
9780814713266 - page_47: "START TEXT: In Country (1987), a work that pays particular attention to various names. Brand names, for example," ******* END TEXT: " used to decorate this wall.”157 The multiplicity of the United States is reduced to a collectivity "
9780814713266 - page_48: "START TEXT: of white males that Sam’s name helps her enter. In this country, Sam’s name is a contraction of same" ******* END TEXT: "ted that the “selective tradition” is “at once powerful and vulnerable.” “Powerful because it is so "
9780814713266 - page_49: "START TEXT: skilled in making active selective connections, dismissing those it does not want,” vulnerable becau" ******* END TEXT: "healing” is far from guaranteed. Historically, a number of texts have sought to resist the negative "
9780814713266 - page_50: "START TEXT: force of assertions of healing/unity. The film Cutter’s Way (1981), while still relying on the conve" ******* END TEXT: "tomy in Rambo—in which “us” is a unified collectivity rallied against those who are different—is an "
9780814713266 - page_51: "START TEXT: attempt to revise the wounding class-based cultural divisions established in Cutter’s Way.\nCutter’s " ******* END TEXT: "r getting into “a little hometown jam.” Returning to the United States, the veteran, unemployed and "
9780814713266 - page_52: "START TEXT: ignored by the Veterans Administration, reflects on the irony of a lost American war and the disrupt" ******* END TEXT: "ers, Stone represents southern California as a place filled with random violence, misunderstanding, "
9780814713266 - page_53: "START TEXT: and betrayal. Having escaped San Francisco with the heroin, Ray Hicks, a Vietnam veteran, and Marge " ******* END TEXT: " is the suggestion that “we” are all victims of the war in Vietnam. This issue and the interrelated "
9780814713266 - page_54: "START TEXT: notions of (national) identity and pain were subsequently explored in a different way in Larry Heine" ******* END TEXT: " his anonymity, Paco has a retrievable identity that is intimated in Jesse’s idea for a Vietnam War "
9780814713266 - page_55: "START TEXT: memorial. Jesse’s description implicates pain, or slaughter, on more than one level. The reference t" ******* END TEXT: "ead and begins by pinching skin there, but he’s working the skin loose, and then begins to peel the "
9780814713266 - page_56: "START TEXT: scars off as if they were a mask.” In Cathy’s imagination, Paco “lays the scars on [her] chest. It b" ******* END TEXT: "t get outside it, for it lay in our language and language seemed to repeat it to us inexorably.”186\n"
9780814713266 - page_57: "START TEXT: The war created an open suppurating wound which has not yet healed, and if it does, it may leave a p" ******* END TEXT: "community, and the nation and are revealed—at the end of the contest—in the form of a healed scar.\n\n"
9780814713266 - page_100: "START TEXT: to the political the film transcends the cliché of the wounded vet and proposes a specific form of r" ******* END TEXT: "troyed by Contras. Going Back: A Return to Vietnam (1982) follows the journey by the first group of "
9780814713266 - page_101: "START TEXT: American combat veterans to return to Vietnam after the war. The return trip leads to a questioning " ******* END TEXT: "n was maintained throughout the war, the more expensive feature-length fiction filmmaking virtually "
9780814713266 - page_102: "START TEXT: ceased. Beginning in the late seventies production resumed on fiction films that include a number of" ******* END TEXT: "cts of life in Vietnam during the war. Bao Ninh’s The Sorrow of War (1994) tells the story of Kien, "
9780814713266 - page_103: "START TEXT: a soldier who returns to the battlefield as part of detachment to bury the dead.161 Throughout his g" ******* END TEXT: "the conclusion that identities, even those as “fixed” as Vietnam veteran, are mutable. In this way, "
9780814713266 - page_104: "START TEXT: Trinh’s approach to stories and identities becomes a form of “talking back,” which is the contestati" ******* END TEXT: "aracteristics that, as Stuart Hall puts it, ideology “systematically blips out on.”167 The critique "
9780814713266 - page_105: "START TEXT: informs communication by assisting in tuning out the ahistorical noise of unity and tuning in to the" ******* END TEXT: "re is one of ideological attempts to construct cultural unity from the effects of the Vietnam War.\n\n"
9780814713266 - page_58: "START TEXT: 2 The Vietnam Veteran as Ventriloquist\nWho is speaking? … Who is qualified to do so?\n—Michel Foucaul" ******* END TEXT: "ns of the war for economic, “race,” gender, and regional differences are not adequately embodied in "
9780814713266 - page_59: "START TEXT: or reducible to the figure of the veteran. Rather, an accurate and inclusive portrayal of the impact" ******* END TEXT: "speech. The exclusion of these ‘other’ voices is sustained by a critical enterprise that places its "
9780814713266 - page_60: "START TEXT: value on the representation of authentic experience.”7 In privileging authentic experience, only tho" ******* END TEXT: "the language of the text that in its incompleteness can reveal textual “silences.”13 Deconstructive "
9780814713266 - page_61: "START TEXT: analysis, according to Macherey’s method, highlights the absences in texts—that which the text is un" ******* END TEXT: "equences, the image of the veteran as hero is implicated in the revised view of Vietnam as a “noble "
9780814713266 - page_62: "START TEXT: cause.” A critique of the contradiction that informs the construction of the Vietnam veteran is ther" ******* END TEXT: "d above dissolves into doxa.\nThe term “voice” is defined here in a way similar to that used by Bill "
9780814713266 - page_63: "START TEXT: Nichols:, “By ‘voice’ I mean something narrower than style: that which conveys to us a sense of a te" ******* END TEXT: "” position him outside acceptable society. When, at the end of the film, he is shot by a policeman, "
9780814713266 - page_64: "START TEXT: the audience recognizes that legitimate authority has been restored over the potentially wayward and" ******* END TEXT: "ion of the veteran: the veteran as violent victim. The characteristic is expressed in the veteran’s "
9780814713266 - page_65: "START TEXT: positioning as an outsider in relation to established order—“neither for nor against, he is marked a" ******* END TEXT: " in the execrable Blood of Ghastly Horror (1971) and Deathdream (1972, also known as The Night Walk "
9780814713266 - page_66: "START TEXT: and Dead of Night), both of which had release dates corresponding with the revelation of the full ex" ******* END TEXT: "” Similarly, during protests by Vietnam veterans at the Republican National Convention in Miami the "
9780814713266 - page_67: "START TEXT: following year, “the same administration pointed to [the veterans’] freshly scrubbed, non-veteran pe" ******* END TEXT: "f priority for many veterans.\nIn effect, the mainstream media, by labeling the veterans as deviant, "
9780814713266 - page_68: "START TEXT: “damaged the credibility of the veterans as witnesses,” as the media analyst Paul Camacho has noted." ******* END TEXT: "sis or violence. However, a continuation of this process was, within the terms of common sense, not "
9780814713266 - page_69: "START TEXT: without its problems. The negative depiction of the veteran ran contrary to the “personalist epistem" ******* END TEXT: "s friends: “This is this.” The banal assertion unintentionally informs the spectator that Michael’s "
9780814713266 - page_70: "START TEXT: understanding of violence and the role that it plays in his life is extremely limited. When Michael " ******* END TEXT: " Hunter failed to raise concerning the meaning of the war are here referred to in the course of the "
9780814713266 - page_71: "START TEXT: veterans’ conversation. One paraplegic veteran comments: “You got to justify [the war] to yourself, " ******* END TEXT: "l or “silencing” of the veterans’ cause is alluded to here when the group rejects Sally’s proposal. "
9780814713266 - page_72: "START TEXT: Contrary to its own intentions, Coming Home contributes to the exclusionary silencing of the veteran" ******* END TEXT: "ngsteen’s ironic anthem “Born in the U.S.A.,” a song that provides the novel’s inscription and that "
9780814713266 - page_73: "START TEXT: features throughout the text, speak to Sam of the veterans’ predicament. Springsteen’s song of the d" ******* END TEXT: "e representation of characters who suffer a triple victimage: they are victims of the war, of their "
9780814713266 - page_74: "START TEXT: inability to adequately express themselves, and of the novel’s inadequate language. In his victimage" ******* END TEXT: "In this way the construction of the veteran as a “spokesperson” served to overcome the difficulties "
9780814713266 - page_75: "START TEXT: associated with the earlier representation of the veteran in which he was consistently denigrated an" ******* END TEXT: "The terrain upon which the war was fought defied typography and normal expectations: the Vietnamese "
9780814713266 - page_76: "START TEXT: highlands were “spooky, unbelievably spooky, spooky beyond belief.”57 Fredric Jameson argues that th" ******* END TEXT: "war in Vietnam was unique. Those who sought to define what they saw as the exceptional qualities of "
9780814713266 - page_77: "START TEXT: the conflict resorted to referring to it as a war to end all modern wars: a postmodern war.\nEarly in" ******* END TEXT: "h.” Graham Greene, for example, opened The Quiet American (1955) with the ironic disclaimer that he "
9780814713266 - page_78: "START TEXT: was not writing “history” but a “story.” Lederer and Burdick’s The Ugly American (1958) closed with " ******* END TEXT: "now which villages were critical. They did not know strategies. They did not know the terms of war, "
9780814713266 - page_79: "START TEXT: its architecture, the rules of fair play. When they took prisoners, which was rare, they did not kno" ******* END TEXT: " gave everyone the look of extreme fatigue or even a glancing madness.”78 During the battle for the "
9780814713266 - page_80: "START TEXT: citadel at Hue, “[a] little boy of about ten came up to a bunch of Marines. … He was laughing, and m" ******* END TEXT: "eone who wasn’t there.”81\nWilliam Broyles, Jr., reinforced this conclusion in his account of a trip "
9780814713266 - page_81: "START TEXT: to postwar Vietnam. Broyles deduced from his visit “that I had more in common with my old enemies th" ******* END TEXT: "cipants in the war and Vietnam authors and their critics, functions to extend the emphasis on being "
9780814713266 - page_82: "START TEXT: there as an epistemological necessity. Herr recounts a war story he heard in Vietnam that encapsulat" ******* END TEXT: " war story. O’Brien details the necessity of participation and the transformation of knowledge into "
9780814713266 - page_83: "START TEXT: truth in the chapter “How To Tell a True War Story” from his book The Things They Carried (1991). Th" ******* END TEXT: "ns asked me to represent them. No foundations financed the project. No groups bankrolled the book.” "
9780814713266 - page_84: "START TEXT: Implicit within this statement is the suggestion that editorial decisions were not tainted or influe" ******* END TEXT: "expression of power relationships between people, is displaced within a focus that presents history "
9780814713266 - page_85: "START TEXT: at the level of individual actions. This depoliticized voice becomes part of the veteran’s new ident" ******* END TEXT: "r, the prominence of the assertion also betrays the position of authors who choose to deny veterans "
9780814713266 - page_86: "START TEXT: any form of agency that would allow them, metaphorically, to “spit” back. In Capps’s text there is n" ******* END TEXT: "s director circulated to a potential audience by means of promotional material and reviews112—which "
9780814713266 - page_87: "START TEXT: included a print advertisement featuring photographs of Stone on duty in Vietnam.\nSuch extratextual " ******* END TEXT: "east one occasion in a scene depicting the platoon’s search for enemy bunkers hidden in the jungle.\n"
9780814713266 - page_88: "START TEXT: In an attempt to ensure realism in all aspects of his film, Stone employed Captain Dale Dye, retired" ******* END TEXT: "m, and others like Platoon, within the movement toward capturing the “real truth” of the experience "
9780814713266 - page_89: "START TEXT: of the war in Vietnam. According to the assumptions already outlined, texts that re-create the “secr" ******* END TEXT: "nity on the home front.122 Chris Taylor must return to impart the knowledge (the truth) that he has "
9780814713266 - page_90: "START TEXT: learned in Vietnam: that Americans should not fight among themselves, that unity and consensus must " ******* END TEXT: " “Perhaps we are finding … new strength today, and if so, much of it comes from the forgiveness and "
9780814713266 - page_91: "START TEXT: healing love that our Vietnam veterans have shown.”124 Like Capps and Stone, Reagan saw in the “heal" ******* END TEXT: "e climaxed a weeklong series of commemorative events called “Salute Two,” named after the inaugural "
9780814713266 - page_92: "START TEXT: “salute” to the Vietnam veteran. In the spring of 1985 a number of “welcome home” parades, beginning" ******* END TEXT: "with its echoes of Reagan’s “America is Back”) and “Born in America” (an appropriation of the title "
9780814713266 - page_93: "START TEXT: of Springsteen’s song “Born in the U.S.A.”) to advertise its product. The patriotic vision was furth" ******* END TEXT: "ear in the form of a character whom the advertisements for the film referred to as a “symbol of the "
9780814713266 - page_94: "START TEXT: American spirit.”136 Rambo’s patriotism is as well defined as his gleaming deltoid and pectoral musc" ******* END TEXT: "ve.”139 In a different way, Dan Quayle’s lack of military service in Vietnam, and the circumstances "
9780814713266 - page_95: "START TEXT: surrounding his admission to the Indiana National Guard during the war, became a focus for questions" ******* END TEXT: "ore constructed a figure who was constrained to speak the truth of unity—and nothing but the truth.\n"
9780814713266 - page_96: "START TEXT: Talking Back\nIt is possible, however, to resist and revise the above conclusion. A rewriting is avai" ******* END TEXT: " paper in Radical History Review in 1985 raises other issues pertinent to this act of recuperation. "
9780814713266 - page_97: "START TEXT: Referring to the practice of providing Vietnam veterans as speakers for schools to counteract high s" ******* END TEXT: "uperseded by the mass media. Exemplifying the problem here, John Carlos Rowe mentions the case of a "
9780814713266 - page_98: "START TEXT: piece of freelance writing submitted in the summer of 1979 to a local newspaper in the southern Cali" ******* END TEXT: " Cutter’s Way, a film in which a Vietnam veteran attempts to expose and condemn the powerful people "
9780814713266 - page_99: "START TEXT: and institutions responsible for his being sent to war, did little to ensure that the film’s message" ******* END TEXT: "rd a more informed understanding of black history and experience. With this shift from the personal "
9780814713266 - page_106: "START TEXT: 3 Bringing the War “Home”\nAmerica will not be able to rest until all Americans have returned to the " ******* END TEXT: " deny alternatives and differences. Defined as an “articulating principle,”3 hegemony seeks to link "
9780814713266 - page_107: "START TEXT: together different groups and individuals into a unity in which the presence of difference is denied" ******* END TEXT: "the United States and Vietnam. Signs of resistance to “home” are noted, although the representation "
9780814713266 - page_108: "START TEXT: of home in the contemporary, post–Vietnam War world continues to advance the project of unity establ" ******* END TEXT: "as. It was the presence of contestation and struggle throughout the history of the antiwar movement "
9780814713266 - page_109: "START TEXT: that permitted later chroniclers to use the term “bringing the war home” and permutations such as “t" ******* END TEXT: "ly.”13 Through the media’s intervention, then, it was possible for a member of the movement, albeit "
9780814713266 - page_110: "START TEXT: one who was especially active and vocal, to be elevated to the role of leader and then, as a result " ******* END TEXT: "eased the film The Strawberry Statement, and in June of that year Columbia studios released Getting "
9780814713266 - page_111: "START TEXT: Straight, both of which contained scenes alluding to events on the two campuses. The attempts at exp" ******* END TEXT: "wberry Statement, the absence of explanation renders the protest, and the violence, unintelligible.\n"
9780814713266 - page_112: "START TEXT: A similar set of problems besiege Michelangelo Antonioni’s Zabriskie Point (1970), another film of t" ******* END TEXT: "r alternative forms of representation to counteract the distortions of the conventional news media.\n"
9780814713266 - page_113: "START TEXT: The protest at the convention was also the subject of Haskell Wexler’s film Medium Cool (1969). Comp" ******* END TEXT: "bly Jane Fonda, Tom Hayden, Abbie Hoffman, and Jerry Rubin) has been privileged in textual accounts "
9780814713266 - page_114: "START TEXT: of antiwar protest, thereby denying the range of differing opinion embodied within the movement. Cha" ******* END TEXT: "eyond the Law (1967), Wild 90, and Maidstone (both 1968) is reflected in the style of The Armies of "
9780814713266 - page_115: "START TEXT: the Night “in which there is no script, improvisation is de rigueur, and yet everything seems ‘cut’ " ******* END TEXT: "opted within the new journalism as virtually standard practice, was the disruption and redefinition "
9780814713266 - page_116: "START TEXT: of the categories of “history” and “fiction.” Mailer does this not simply by juxtaposing a history o" ******* END TEXT: "ly summarizes his feelings and apprehensions for America. Mailer needed to construct an appropriate "
9780814713266 - page_117: "START TEXT: metaphor—hyperbolic and spectacular—that was capable of providing a satisfactory ending to the patte" ******* END TEXT: "t in Mailer’s text was extended in a number of places throughout post–Vietnam War American culture.\n"
9780814713266 - page_118: "START TEXT: In a specific way, the narrative strategies of various history textbooks contributed to processes op" ******* END TEXT: "y entitled “Using Literature in a Course on the Vietnam War” makes no mention of texts dealing with "
9780814713266 - page_119: "START TEXT: antiwar protest.41 Yet another course, with the broader approach of “The Vietnam Experience,” focuse" ******* END TEXT: "n 1971, the year of the book’s publication. According to O’Neill, “Many protesters, lacking serious "
9780814713266 - page_120: "START TEXT: reasons for being in college, resented having to study…. If one could not expose a discipline for ab" ******* END TEXT: "lack and white, are sitting slouched in a trench and appear to be exhausted. They smoke cigarettes, "
9780814713266 - page_121: "START TEXT: one is bare-headed, one wears a bush hat, and the rest wear their helmets. The scene is unmistakably" ******* END TEXT: "y guilt-ridden confessions of having avoided the draft. Christopher Buckley, for example, describes "
9780814713266 - page_122: "START TEXT: his physical examination for induction into the army and his delight at being ruled unfit because of" ******* END TEXT: " Duty (1987), a pacifist draftee refuses to fight because “the war is wrong.” His sergeant replies: "
9780814713266 - page_123: "START TEXT: “Maybe that’s not the point.” The “point” is illustrated in the revisionist film Hamburger Hill (198" ******* END TEXT: "nt attempt to persuade American prisoners in North Vietnam attempt to confess to illegal warrelated "
9780814713266 - page_124: "START TEXT: actions. McCarthy-era representations are resurrected in this depiction of “communist sympathizers,”" ******* END TEXT: "rd Nixon’s criticisms of sixties values and ideals in his book Beyond Peace (1994).67 Certain words "
9780814713266 - page_125: "START TEXT: that once circulated in media accounts of the sixties—“counterculture,” “lifestyle,” “permissiveness" ******* END TEXT: " While certain sources have contributed to amnesia through the “collage effect,” other sources have "
9780814713266 - page_126: "START TEXT: subtly revised aspects of sixties experience in an approach that is more pastiche than collage.\nIn 1" ******* END TEXT: "horthand, a conflict which includes contests over interpretations of history…. ”74 This observation "
9780814713266 - page_127: "START TEXT: is informed through the study of expressions of commonsense assumptions concerning the history and n" ******* END TEXT: "taphor of the wound, for example, encoded both the deleterious effects of the war and the denial of "
9780814713266 - page_128: "START TEXT: those effects in healing. Elsewhere in the culture during the seventies issues relating to the war w" ******* END TEXT: "of the family choose to recognize David as their son but wish to be rid of this unwelcome intrusion "
9780814713266 - page_129: "START TEXT: on a domestic scene that is a vicious parody of stereotyped family life represented in the televisio" ******* END TEXT: "ed soldier. Travis Bickle (Robert De Niro), the Vietnam veteran of Taxi Driver, underscores his own "
9780814713266 - page_130: "START TEXT: marginality and alienation by describing himself as “God’s lonely man.” Unable to sleep after his lo" ******* END TEXT: "ts in a death toll that exceeds that of the climax of Taxi Driver. In each of these examples, then, "
9780814713266 - page_131: "START TEXT: the veteran brings the war home in obvious ways. The metaphor of a “war” on the home front is inesca" ******* END TEXT: "aughter, Iris. Travis’s elevation to hero and family savior is ironic on a number of levels. During "
9780814713266 - page_132: "START TEXT: their first conversation, Iris tells Travis: “There ain’t nothin’ [at home].” However as the letter " ******* END TEXT: "ay, the achievement of the “therapeutic” family involved some “fantastic” therapy for the family.88\n"
9780814713266 - page_133: "START TEXT: The Therapeutic Family\nIn 1977, Christopher Lasch published a study of the family ominously subtitle" ******* END TEXT: "rn, only Coming Home (1978) attempted to link changes within the family to the agency of women. The "
9780814713266 - page_134: "START TEXT: displacement of women was advanced in other ways within texts of the Vietnam War.\nSusan Jeffords has" ******* END TEXT: "ution, of the amorphous set of conditions referred to as familial crisis. Among other places in the "
9780814713266 - page_135: "START TEXT: culture, the traditional family reappeared in the films The Other Side of Midnight and Bobby Deerfie" ******* END TEXT: "99 In the film Welcome Home (1989) and in the telemovie The Lady from Yesterday (1985), the veteran "
9780814713266 - page_136: "START TEXT: faces a unique problem in the form of two families—the one he began in Southeast Asia and his family" ******* END TEXT: "t: “We’ve got each other.”\nEmmett Walsh of Bobbie Ann Mason’s novel In Country is another disturbed "
9780814713266 - page_137: "START TEXT: veteran who is healed in the union that is the family home. Emmett’s initial confusion over his role" ******* END TEXT: " the veteran Christian Starkmann of Caputo’s Indian Country, who accepts the love of his family and "
9780814713266 - page_138: "START TEXT: removes the barbed wire and mines he had placed around his rural homestead. In Distant Thunder the o" ******* END TEXT: "nostalgic resurgence abounded throughout the eighties during a presidency that frequently expressed "
9780814713266 - page_139: "START TEXT: itself through nostalgic representations. One such image was a mural President Reagan used as a back" ******* END TEXT: "urning home. The ubiquity of the yellow ribbon, a traditional symbol of homecoming, on inauguration "
9780814713266 - page_140: "START TEXT: day, January 20, 1981, was, in retrospect, an ironic emblem of the new president’s nostalgic politic" ******* END TEXT: "ays, “but they weren’t.” In turn, Meg redefines these people as dangerous when she recounts a story "
9780814713266 - page_141: "START TEXT: from her law practice of two clients who “broke into a house, tied up the husband, raped the wife, b" ******* END TEXT: "in what at first may appear an odd comparison, a number of features with the texts that constitutes "
9780814713266 - page_142: "START TEXT: the “POW/MIA” cycle, including Uncommon Valor (1983), Rambo (1985), and a series of films featuring " ******* END TEXT: "of the war in Vietnam, this parade became part of a media-generated appeal to reconsider the war in "
9780814713266 - page_143: "START TEXT: which, typically, the media displaced or obscured a range of issues associated with the conflict thr" ******* END TEXT: " of reconciliation,” essayist Michael Clark commented in reference to the latter event: “[W]ho were "
9780814713266 - page_144: "START TEXT: these guys waving flags and choking back grateful tears in response to the cheering crowd in New Yor" ******* END TEXT: "had proven so successful that coming home or repatriation was no longer necessary for the evocation "
9780814713266 - page_145: "START TEXT: or reinforcement of the notion of unity. In a number of representations during this time, home was e" ******* END TEXT: "Dafoe), he states that at times he felt like “the child born of [these] two fathers.” The publicity "
9780814713266 - page_146: "START TEXT: for Platoon reinforces the part played by the family in the restructuring of the experience of Vietn" ******* END TEXT: "me only in the sense that behind the smiles is the knowledge of Kovic’s chronic physical condition.\n"
9780814713266 - page_147: "START TEXT: Articulating Difference and Unity\nThe easy assurances of home as the condition of unity proposed in " ******* END TEXT: "s, “like the Tramp scares in the nineteenth century, or the Red scares in the twentieth,” have been "
9780814713266 - page_148: "START TEXT: used to justify a pattern he calls the “Black-lash.” Although legitimated in terms of a “revulsion a" ******* END TEXT: "is represented sympathetically, suggesting that the “problem” can be transcended in an appeal to an "
9780814713266 - page_149: "START TEXT: essential commonality between members of various “races” and classes within the community.\nThis patt" ******* END TEXT: "ality, and unity. These definitions have circulated within texts representing the impact of the war "
9780814713266 - page_150: "START TEXT: in Vietnam, and within the majority of these texts the ideology of unity encoded as the common sense" ******* END TEXT: "nally and disastrously erased in the representation that “we,” along with the war, have come home.\n\n"
9780814713266 - page_151: "START TEXT: Conclusion\nThe Scar That Binds is a study of contending representations of America at the site commo" ******* END TEXT: ", by the mideighties the assertion of cultural holism had resulted in the resolution of the paradox "
9780814713266 - page_152: "START TEXT: by shifting the grounds of the contradiction toward the idea of union. This study has analyzed the w" ******* END TEXT: "zed within the term “home.” In the early to midseventies the culture reworked the slogan associated "
9780814713266 - page_153: "START TEXT: with the antiwar movement—“bring the war home”—through a series of representations in which the war " ******* END TEXT: "etaphors, the ideological strategies of unity contribute to perpetuating and reinforcing the status "
9780814713266 - page_154: "START TEXT: quo and prevailing cultural arrangements. It is in this function that the nominated commonsense stra" ******* END TEXT: "ns and differences exposed by the war. The end of this process was the true “cessation” of the war.\n"
9780814713266 - page_155: "START TEXT: Representations since the eighties confirm the end of the war in this sense, and the end of healing." ******* END TEXT: "s and early seventies, was reworked into the new cartographic and geographic entity of (the) “Nam.” "
9780814713266 - page_156: "START TEXT: As Michael Herr noted, by 1967 “even the most detailed maps didn’t reveal much anymore” about this p" ******* END TEXT: "logical strategies of unity is the devastating outcome of American involvement in the Vietnam War.\n\n"
9780814713266 - page_157: "START TEXT: Notes\nNOTES TO INTRODUCTION\n1. George Bush, “Inaugural Address: A New Breeze is Blowing” (January 20" ******* END TEXT: " and Stuart Hall. See, for example, Williams’s The Long Revolution (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, U.K.: "
9780814713266 - page_158: "START TEXT: Penguin, 1965) and his Marxism and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977); Hall’s “The P" ******* END TEXT: "ertain characteristics of American society and culture—notably the immutability of an essentialized "
9780814713266 - page_159: "START TEXT: unity—as given. See, for example, Louis Hartz’s famous formulation in The Liberal Tradition: An Inte" ******* END TEXT: "c games. This focus is discussed in “The Nintendo Issue,” Washington Post (February 23, 1991): A16.\n"
9780814713266 - page_160: "START TEXT: 2. Margot Norris, “Military Censorship and the Body Count in the Persian Gulf War,” Cultural Critiqu" ******* END TEXT: "epresentations from earlier wars.\n8. M. Norton, “Wound That Will Not Heal,” New York Times Magazine "
9780814713266 - page_161: "START TEXT: (November 11, 1979): 134–141; from Time magazine see, for example, “Wounds That Will Not Heal,” Time" ******* END TEXT: " Rite,” in Implicit Meanings: Essays in Anthropology (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975), 143.\n"
9780814713266 - page_162: "START TEXT: 21. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980" ******* END TEXT: "and Leonard Quart, How the War Was Remembered: Hollywood and Vietnam (New York: Praeger, 1988), 23.\n"
9780814713266 - page_163: "START TEXT: 37. The quotation is from a brief retelling of the legend in Robert Bly’s Iron John: A Book about Me" ******* END TEXT: " recording by Kenny Rogers and the First Edition reached number six on the U.S. pop charts in 1969.\n"
9780814713266 - page_164: "START TEXT: 57. Susan Jeffords, The Remasculinization of America: Gender and the Vietnam War (Bloomington: India" ******* END TEXT: "” Time (April 14, 1975): 27.\n74. Quoted in Richard Severo and Lewis Milford, The Wages of War: When "
9780814713266 - page_165: "START TEXT: America’s Soldiers Came Home-From Valley Forge to Vietnam (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 419." ******* END TEXT: "); Kevin Bowen, “Seeking Reconciliation in Vietnam,” Christian Science Monitor (November 10, 1988): "
9780814713266 - page_166: "START TEXT: 34–35; William Broyles, Jr., Brothers in Arms (New York: Knopf, 1986); Frederick Downs, No Longer En" ******* END TEXT: " Culture Led Us Into Vietnam and Made Us Fight the Way We Did (New York: Ballantine, 1985), part 1.\n"
9780814713266 - page_167: "START TEXT: 100. William McNeill, “The Care and Repair of Public Myth,” Foreign Affairs, 61 (Fall 1982): 1–13; J" ******* END TEXT: "e of Defilement: A Response to John Wheeler,” Anglican Theological Review 64, 1 (January 1982): 15.\n"
9780814713266 - page_168: "START TEXT: 119. Mahedy, Out of the Night, 76.\n120. Capps, The Unfinished War, 150.\n121. Mahedy, Out of the Nigh" ******* END TEXT: "12, 4 (Summer 1986): 712.\n139. Frederic Henry muses after his war that “[t]he world breaks everyone "
9780814713266 - page_169: "START TEXT: and afterward many are strong at the broken places.” Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms, 216.\n140. Quoted" ******* END TEXT: "sa Grumwald, “Facing the Wall,” Life (November 1992): 33.\n152. Wheeler, Touched with Fire, 112–113.\n"
9780814713266 - page_170: "START TEXT: 153. Fredric Jameson, “Third-World Literature in the Era of Multinational Capitalism,” Social Text, " ******* END TEXT: "se (London: Picador, 1983), 86.\n170. Robert Stone, Children of Light (London: Andre Deutsch, 1986).\n"
9780814713266 - page_171: "START TEXT: 171. Robert Stone, Outerbridge Reach (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, U.K.: Penguin, 1992), 44.\n172. Rober" ******* END TEXT: "itimated this condescension when he elsewhere offered his well-known sales pitch: “I guarantee it.”\n"
9780814713266 - page_172: "START TEXT: 2. Tania Modleski, “A Father Is Being Beaten: Male Feminism and the War Film,” Discourses: A Journal" ******* END TEXT: "), 104.\n12. In Bob Ashley, The Study of Popular Fiction: A Source Book (London: Pinter, 1989), 141.\n"
9780814713266 - page_173: "START TEXT: 13. Pierre Macherey, A Theory of Literary Production (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978). Mache" ******* END TEXT: "ural Critique, 3 (Spring 1986): 114.\n26. Smith, Looking Away, 156.\n27. Berg, “Losing Vietnam,” 114.\n"
9780814713266 - page_174: "START TEXT: 28. Details of the massacre at “Pinkville” on March 16, 1968, had been known publicly since 1969. (F" ******* END TEXT: "lywood: The Vietnam War in American Film (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 84.\n"
9780814713266 - page_175: "START TEXT: 35. Paul Camacho, “The Future of Patriotism: The War Film, the Cinema Industry, and the Vietnam Vete" ******* END TEXT: "3. Myra MacPherson, Long Time Passing: Vietnam and the Haunted Generation (New York: Signet, 1984).\n"
9780814713266 - page_176: "START TEXT: 54. Lance Morrow, “The Forgotten Warriors,” Time (July 13, 1981): 21.\n55. Jerome Klinkowitz, The Ame" ******* END TEXT: "ionally devastating war.\n64. See Richard Severo and Lewis Milford, The Wages of War: When America’s "
9780814713266 - page_177: "START TEXT: Soldiers Came Home—From Valley Forge to Vietnam (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989).\n65. Norman Mai" ******* END TEXT: "ng After Cacciato, 257.\n73. Kali Tal, “When History Talks Back: The Voice of the Veteran,” in M. J. "
9780814713266 - page_178: "START TEXT: Gilbert (ed.), The Vietnam War: Teaching Approaches and Resources (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991)," ******* END TEXT: "ory 73, 1 (June 1986): 152, George Herring states that “[o]ral history gained respectability during "
9780814713266 - page_179: "START TEXT: the Vietnam era and proved particularly suitable for Vietnam-related subjects,” although he doesn’t " ******* END TEXT: "103. Santoli, Everything We Had.\n104. Capps, The Unfinished War, 2.\n105. Ibid., 86.\n106. Ibid., 97.\n"
9780814713266 - page_180: "START TEXT: 107. Ibid., 94.\n108. Bob Greene, Homecoming: When the Soldiers Returned from Vietnam (New York: Ball" ******* END TEXT: "Vietnam in 1965 as a teacher, a point that the critical deference to Stone’s life history would, no "
9780814713266 - page_181: "START TEXT: doubt, interpret as the basis of Chris Taylor’s desire to impart the lessons he has learned in Vietn" ******* END TEXT: "etnam Combat Veterans Simulator Kit,” a humorous guide to the successful impersonation of a Vietnam "
9780814713266 - page_182: "START TEXT: combat veteran. Tod Carroll and P. J. O’Rourke, “Born Again on the Fourth of July,” National Lampoon" ******* END TEXT: "omsen (eds.), American Studies in Transition (Odense, Denmark: Odense University Press, 1985), 280.\n"
9780814713266 - page_183: "START TEXT: 148. Robert Ray, A Certain Tendency of the Hollywood Cinema, 1930–1980 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton U" ******* END TEXT: " the Vietnam War, in Robin Cembalest, “Sensitivity or Censorship?” Artforum 92 (November 1993): 49.\n"
9780814713266 - page_184: "START TEXT: 155. Gayatri Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?” in C. Nelson and L. Gross-berg (eds.), Marxism and t" ******* END TEXT: "ion of Reality: An Interview with Stuart Hall,” Southern Review [Australia] 17, 1 (March 1984): 11.\n"
9780814713266 - page_185: "START TEXT: NOTES TO PART 3\n1. John Fiske, “Cultural Studies and the Culture of Everyday Life,” in L. Grossberg," ******* END TEXT: "ry sources in an attempt to provide the film with “relevance.” The poster is reprinted in Alexander "
9780814713266 - page_186: "START TEXT: Bloom and Winifred Brienes (eds.), “Takin’ It To The Streets”: A Sixties Reader (New York: Oxford Un" ******* END TEXT: "insane. The country had been living with a controlled, even fiercely controlled, schizophrenia. … ”\n"
9780814713266 - page_187: "START TEXT: 32. Mailer frequently uses the term in The Armies of the Night; see, for example, 15, 45, 46, 235, 2" ******* END TEXT: "xts on the actions of Students for a Democratic Society displaces a wide range of antiwar activity.\n"
9780814713266 - page_188: "START TEXT: 40. The list referred to here is contained in Joe Dunn, “Texts and Auxiliary Resources,” in M. J. Gi" ******* END TEXT: "usetts Press, 1991), 104. Susan Jacoby “wondered whether the millions of men my age who avoided the "
9780814713266 - page_189: "START TEXT: draft may feel ‘unmanned’ in a way that no woman can truly understand.” Susan Jacoby, “Women and the" ******* END TEXT: "Flak Catchers (New York: Bantam, 1971). Richard Nixon, Beyond Peace (New York: Random House, 1994).\n"
9780814713266 - page_190: "START TEXT: 68. “1968: The Year That Shaped a Generation,” Time (January 11, 1988).\n69. Rauschenberg’s Signs is " ******* END TEXT: ".\n87. Robin Wood, Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), 53.\n"
9780814713266 - page_191: "START TEXT: 88. Rick Berg and John Carlos Rowe, “The Vietnam War and American Memory,” introduction to J. C. Row" ******* END TEXT: "ricans and the Politics of TV Representation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1994), 150–152.\n"
9780814713266 - page_192: "START TEXT: 100. Louis Malle’s Alamo Bay (1985) is one of the few films of the period to represent a Vietnamese " ******* END TEXT: "emingway constructed a dichotomy between the safe and satisfying world of “home” and the dangerous, "
9780814713266 - page_193: "START TEXT: different world of “not home.” Carlos Baker, Hemingway: The Writer as Artist (Princeton, N.J.: Princ" ******* END TEXT: " Art, 1988), 28.\n132. Stuart Clarke, “Fear of a Black Planet,” Socialist Review 21, 3–4 (1991): 37.\n"
9780814713266 - page_194: "START TEXT: 133. Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (London: Vintage, 1990), 270, " ******* END TEXT: ", N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1993).\n10. Michael Herr, Dispatches (London: Picador, 1978), 11.\n\n"
9780814713266 - page_195: "START TEXT: Bibliography\nAdorno, Theodor. “What Does Coming to Terms with the Past Mean?” in G. Hartman (ed.), B" ******* END TEXT: "me’”), New Formations 17 (Summer 1992): vii-xi.\nBao Ninh. The Sorrow of War. London: Minerva, 1994.\n"
9780814713266 - page_196: "START TEXT: Baritz, Loren. Backfire: A History of How American Culture Led Us Into Vietnam and Made Us Fight the" ******* END TEXT: "er, 1987.\nBlumenthal, Michael. “Of Arms and Men,” New York Times (January 11, 1981): section 4, 23.\n"
9780814713266 - page_197: "START TEXT: Blumenthal, Sidney. The Rise of the Counter Establishment: From Conservative Ideology to Political P" ******* END TEXT: "s: A New Breeze is Blowing” (January 20 1989), Vital Speeches of the Day 40, 9 (February 15, 1989).\n"
9780814713266 - page_198: "START TEXT: Butler, Deborah. American Women Writers on Vietnam: Unheard Voices: A Selected Annotated Bibliograph" ******* END TEXT: " a New Cold War: Essays on the Current Crisis and How We Got There. New York: Pantheon Books, 1982.\n"
9780814713266 - page_199: "START TEXT: Chomsky, Noam. “The United States and Indochina: Far from an Aberration,” Bulletin of Concerned Asia" ******* END TEXT: "racuse University Press, 1990.\nDebord, Guy. Society of the Spectacle. Detroit: Black and Red, 1983.\n"
9780814713266 - page_200: "START TEXT: Deutsch, James. “Piercing the Penelope Syndrome: The Depiction of World War II Veterans’ Wives in 19" ******* END TEXT: "ity Press, 1988.\nEllis, John. Visible Fictions: Cinema, Television, Radio. London: Routledge, 1982.\n"
9780814713266 - page_201: "START TEXT: Engelmann, Larry. Tears Before the Rain: An Oral History of the Fall of South Vietnam. New York: Oxf" ******* END TEXT: "orial: Crowd of Veterans and Others Hear Call for Healing,” New York Times (November 12, 1984): 10.\n"
9780814713266 - page_202: "START TEXT: Franklin, H. Bruce. “From Realism to Virtual Reality: Images of America’s Wars,” in S. Jeffords and " ******* END TEXT: "History Utilizing the Pentagon Papers and Other Documents. Montclair, N.J.: Allenheld, Osmun, 1979.\n"
9780814713266 - page_203: "START TEXT: Griswold, Charles. “The Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the Washington Mall: Philosophical Thoughts on" ******* END TEXT: "logy: Gramsci,” in Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, On Ideology. London: Hutchinson, 1978.\n"
9780814713266 - page_204: "START TEXT: Hamamoto, Darrell. Monitored Peril: Asian Americans and the Politics of TV Representation. Minneapol" ******* END TEXT: "New York: Vintage, 1978.\nHofstadter, Richard. “The Age of Rubbish,” Newsweek (July 6, 1970): 12–15.\n"
9780814713266 - page_205: "START TEXT: Hoggart, Richard. The Uses of Literacy: Aspects of Working-Class Life with Special Reference to Publ" ******* END TEXT: "on: Reflections on Marcuse’s Theory of Remembrance,” Theory and Society 11, 1 (January 1982): 1–15.\n"
9780814713266 - page_206: "START TEXT: Jeffords, Susan. “Point Blank: Shooting Vietnamese Women,” Vietnam Generation 1, 3–4 (Summer-Fall 19" ******* END TEXT: "C.B.S Chairman, Personally Vetoed Showing ‘Sticks and Bones,’” New York Times (March 20, 1973): 76.\n"
9780814713266 - page_207: "START TEXT: Kuenning, Dolores. Life After Vietnam: How Veterans and Their Loved Ones Can Heal the Psychic Wounds" ******* END TEXT: "sity Press, 1978.\nLindberg, Tod. “Of Arms, Men and Monuments,” Commentary 68, 4 (October 1984): 56.\n"
9780814713266 - page_208: "START TEXT: Lipsitz, George. “Listening to Learn and Learning to Listen: Popular Culture, Cultural Theory, and A" ******* END TEXT: "r, Harry. Strange Ground: An Oral History of Americans in Vietnam, 1945–1975. New York: Avon, 1990.\n"
9780814713266 - page_209: "START TEXT: Mayo, James. War Memorials as Political Landscape: The American Experience and Beyond. New York: Pra" ******* END TEXT: "y,” Cinemaya 28–29 (Summer 1995): 4–7.\nNicholls, John. American Blood. London: Grafton Books, 1990.\n"
9780814713266 - page_210: "START TEXT: Nichols, Bill. “Questions of Magnitude,” in J. Corner (ed.), Documentary and the Mass Media. London:" ******* END TEXT: " in J. Arac (ed.), Postmodernism and Politics. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1986.\n"
9780814713266 - page_211: "START TEXT: Popular Culture Association. Program, Twentieth Annual Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, March 7–10" ******* END TEXT: "ork: Paragon House, 1991.\n“Ronald Reagan Calls Vietnam a Noble and Just Cause, 1988,” in M. McMahon "
9780814713266 - page_212: "START TEXT: (ed.), Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War: Documents and Essays. Lexington, Mass.: Hea" ******* END TEXT: "ations 10 (Spring 1985): 1–51.\nSchaeffer, Susan Fromberg. Buffalo Afternoon. New York: Knopf, 1989.\n"
9780814713266 - page_213: "START TEXT: Scruggs, Jan, and Joel Swerdlow. To Heal a Nation. New York: Harper and Row, 1986.\nSearle, William. " ******* END TEXT: "m,” in M. Garber, J. Matlock, and R. Walkowitz (eds.), Media Spectacles. New York: Routledge, 1993.\n"
9780814713266 - page_214: "START TEXT: Sontag, Susan. Illness as Metaphor. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, U.K.: Penguin, 1983.\nSpivak, Gayatri. " ******* END TEXT: "orlds of Hurt: Reading the Literature of Trauma. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1996.\n"
9780814713266 - page_215: "START TEXT: Talbott, Strobe. “The War That Will Not End,” Time (September 9, 1992): 57.\nTerry, Wallace. Bloods: " ******* END TEXT: "niversity Press, 1986.\nWiebe, Robert. The Segmented Society. London: Oxford University Press, 1975.\n"
9780814713266 - page_216: "START TEXT: Wiener, Jon. “The Sixties and Popular Memory,” Radical America 21, 6 (November-December 1987): 24–25" ******* END TEXT: "ree Fire Zone, 1979, Hong Sen, Vietnam Feature Film Studios\nAirport, 1970, George Seaton, Universal\n"
9780814713266 - page_217: "START TEXT: Alamo Bay, 1985, Louis Malle, Tri-Star\nAmbush, 1992, Joseph Gray, Artists’ Kentucky Project\nAmerican" ******* END TEXT: "oductions\nDistant Thunder, 1988, Rick Rosenthal, Paramount\nEarthquake, 1975, Mark Robson, Universal\n"
9780814713266 - page_218: "START TEXT: The Edge, 1967, Robert Kramer, Blue Van Productions-Alpha 60\n84 Charlie Mopic, 1989, Patrick Duncan," ******* END TEXT: " Big Man, 1971, Arthur Penn, Cinema Center\nLong Shadows, 1987, Ross Spears, James Agee Film Project\n"
9780814713266 - page_219: "START TEXT: Lords of Discipline, 1983, Franc Roddom, Paramount\nThe Losers, 1970, Jack Starrett, Fanfare Films\nMa" ******* END TEXT: "in the Big City, 1978, John Avildsen, United Artists\nSoldier Blue, 1970, Ralph Nelson, Avco Embassy\n"
9780814713266 - page_220: "START TEXT: Some Kind of Hero, 1982, Michael Pressman, Paramount\nThe Strawberry Statement, 1970, Stuart Hagmann," ******* END TEXT: "to Garp, 1983, George Roy Hill, Warner Brothers\nZabriskie Point, 1970, Michelangelo Antonioni, MGM\n\n"
9780814713266 - page_221: "START TEXT: Index\nAbandoned Field, The—Free Fire Zone, 102\nAdams, Eddie, 12\nAdorno, Theodor, 33, 125\nAgent Orang" ******* END TEXT: "ese\nBobby Deerfield, 135\nbody, the: metaphors of, 16–18, 26\nimages of wounded body, 12–13, 160 n. 5\n"
9780814713266 - page_222: "START TEXT: “Born in the U.S.A.,” 51–52, 72–73, 93\nBorn Losers, The, 59, 63–65\nBorn on the Fourth of July (Kovic" ******* END TEXT: "r, The, 2, 18, 35, 36, 46, 51, 69–70, 72, 89, 180 n. 121\nDellinger, Dave, 109\nDel Vecchio, John, 79\n"
9780814713266 - page_223: "START TEXT: Democratic Party: 1968 National Convention, 108, 112, 113, 188 n. 50\n1976 National Convention, 36, 1" ******* END TEXT: "Black, 22\nGraetz, Rick, 166 n. 91\nGramsci, Antonio, 126, 158 n. 12, 158 n. 13\nGrand Canyon, 148–149\n"
9780814713266 - page_224: "START TEXT: Graves, Robert, 82, 160 n. 7\nGreat Society, 124, 187 n. 34\nGreen Berets, The (Moore), 78\nGreen Beret" ******* END TEXT: "uto), 2, 137\ninnocence, national, 42–43. See also Vietnam War, U.S. guilt\ninterdisciplinarity, 3, 4\n"
9780814713266 - page_225: "START TEXT: Interviews with My Lai Veterans, 100\nIntimate Strangers, 135\nIron John (Bly), 124, 134, 163 n. 37\nIr" ******* END TEXT: "vement, 23, 134\nMercer, Kobena, 57\nM.I.A., or Mythmaking in America (Franklin), 166 n. 93, 194 n. 9\n"
9780814713266 - page_226: "START TEXT: Miami Vice, 41\nmissing in action, 31, 32, 155, 194 n. 9\nmissing in action/prisoner of war narratives" ******* END TEXT: "raumatic stress disorder\nQuayle, Dan, 94\nQuiet American, The (Greene), 77\nRabe, David, 98, 128, 131\n"
9780814713266 - page_227: "START TEXT: Rambo: First Blood, Part II, 22, 31, 50, 93–94, 97, 99, 142, 172 n. 4\nRauschenberg, Robert, 125\nRay," ******* END TEXT: "89, 90, 91, 145, 146, 159 n. 17, 180 n. 111, 180 n. 119, 180 n. 122\nStone, Robert, 20, 52, 128, 131\n"
9780814713266 - page_228: "START TEXT: Strange Ground (Maurer), 83, 179 n. 97\nStrawberry Statement, The (Hagmann), 110, 111, 185 n. 15, 185" ******* END TEXT: "168 n. 138\nin In Country (Mason), 47–48, 137, 138\nand “national allegory,” 46, 49\nas national site, "
9780814713266 - page_229: "START TEXT: 43\n1988 Veterans Day ceremony, 90\nin poetry, 54\nstatue of nurses, 169 n. 143, 172 n. 6\nstatue of thr" ******* END TEXT: "e,” 8, 60, 81–82, 122, 152\nconcept of, 78–80\nyouth-against-the-war” film, 126\nZabriskie Point, 112\n\n"
9780814713266 - page_230: "START TEXT: About the Author\nKeith Beattie is the editor of the Australasian Journal of American Studies, and a " ******* END TEXT: "tion of lecturer in media studies and American cultural studies at Massey University, New Zealand.\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_13: "START TEXT: 1CONTRACTARIAN METHOD, PRIVATE PROPERTY, AND THE MARKET ECONOMY\nJOHN GRAY\nHow does contractarian pol" ******* END TEXT: " to the Center and its Directors for the support they have given to my research on these questions.\n"
9780814714218 - page_14: "START TEXT: Here Rawls makes two major claims. First, that private-property and socialist regimes are both bound" ******* END TEXT: "d practical criticisms that have been levelled against command economies. In the real world, market "
9780814714218 - page_15: "START TEXT: socialist institutions have an inherent propensity to mutate into market capitalism or else to degen" ******* END TEXT: "ssuing from an immanent criticism of the later Rawls may be derived from an external perspective on "
9780814714218 - page_16: "START TEXT: it that treats the propositions of a Hobbesian contractarian moral and political theory as being sub" ******* END TEXT: "c traditions of their interpretation. Justice as fairness is a political conception in part because "
9780814714218 - page_17: "START TEXT: it starts from within a certain political tradition.”4 Later Rawls refers to justice as fairness as " ******* END TEXT: "associates his view of philosophy with that of Rorty, for example. Rawls’s methodological shift is, "
9780814714218 - page_18: "START TEXT: at bottom, a shift to a position in which political philosophy is separated from other areas of phil" ******* END TEXT: " basic principles of social cooperation— it can and ought to proceed independently of controversial "
9780814714218 - page_19: "START TEXT: commitments in other areas of philosophical inquiry. It does so, when its key conceptions—conception" ******* END TEXT: "tively practical character of justice as fairness is by contrasting it with other liberal theories. "
9780814714218 - page_20: "START TEXT: That Rawls’s is a liberal theory is evident in any manner of ways, but at the simplest it is liberal" ******* END TEXT: "d the conception of philosophical inquiry as having a practical character—as consisting in a search "
9780814714218 - page_21: "START TEXT: for agreement—has its clearest application in political, not moral, philosophy.\nThe question remains" ******* END TEXT: "an ideal presupposes a theory of human nature, and social theory generally, but the task of a moral "
9780814714218 - page_22: "START TEXT: doctrine is to specify an appropriate conception of the person that general facts about human nature" ******* END TEXT: "al shift in Rawls’s later work is a shift from Kantian universality to Deweyan and perhaps Hegelian "
9780814714218 - page_23: "START TEXT: historicity. It is a shift to culture-specificity inasmuch as the subject matter of justice as fairn" ******* END TEXT: "eeks to extrude from the theory of justice. In other words, for Dworkin, as for other liberals in a "
9780814714218 - page_24: "START TEXT: Kantian neutralist tradition, principles of justice must not discriminate among different conception" ******* END TEXT: "es sense within the terms of a Kantian account of the powers of practical reasoning, in which it is "
9780814714218 - page_25: "START TEXT: supposed that autonomous reasoners can arrive at maxims for all rational agents. When this Kantian v" ******* END TEXT: "r we enter the original position and deliberate therein. What is objectionable in Rawls’s method is "
9780814714218 - page_26: "START TEXT: not the finality of its results, but rather his failure to recognize that different results will eme" ******* END TEXT: "ond reason is that the requirement of unique determinacy neglects the real possibility that several "
9780814714218 - page_27: "START TEXT: principles might tie as acceptable solutions to the problem of contractarian choice. One way of putt" ******* END TEXT: "edible answers to the problem of contractarian choice. The institutional framework thereby endorsed "
9780814714218 - page_28: "START TEXT: by the contract method will not be specified in all of its important features. It will be a framewor" ******* END TEXT: "lectually powerful case against central economic planning, now widely accepted28 both in mainstream "
9780814714218 - page_29: "START TEXT: economics and in Marxist political economy, is that developed by Mises and Hayek in their controvers" ******* END TEXT: "an economists, that until recently was lost in an Orwellian memory-hole because of its vicissitudes "
9780814714218 - page_30: "START TEXT: in the history of economic ideas.31 It has now been recovered, partly because of the failings of dom" ******* END TEXT: "ng with access to profits from capital, which is central to the system, makes enterprises reluctant "
9780814714218 - page_31: "START TEXT: to take on new worker-cooperators, who tend to dilute the share of profit from capital available to " ******* END TEXT: " somewhere available whereby investment decisions can be made almost mechanically. I do not think I "
9780814714218 - page_32: "START TEXT: exaggerate when I say that this supposition is entirely delusive. It neglects the subjective charact" ******* END TEXT: "for capital. In these circumstances, malinvestments would be unlikely to be eliminated, but instead "
9780814714218 - page_33: "START TEXT: would be concealed by further inputs of capital. The picture derivable from theoretical consideratio" ******* END TEXT: "lvency? It seems plain that central planning of resource allocation has not been avoided but simply "
9780814714218 - page_34: "START TEXT: pushed one stage further back. Like the worker-cooperatives themselves, the state investment banks w" ******* END TEXT: " to the choice of an economic system. For the upshot of the Austrian calculation debate, reinforced "
9780814714218 - page_35: "START TEXT: by considerations from the Virginia Public Choice School, is that calculational chaos—waste, malinve" ******* END TEXT: "gime emerges from contractarian choice as a matter of justice. After all, it might be objected, the "
9780814714218 - page_36: "START TEXT: principal burden of my argument has been only that opting for private property in the means of produ" ******* END TEXT: "flict among individuals who share an underlying conception of themselves. Rawls’s representation of "
9780814714218 - page_37: "START TEXT: our experience seems to me to be sound in many of its most fundamental aspects. It acknowledges that" ******* END TEXT: "ts and forms of life. Certainly, the moral content of the overlapping consensus will be minimal—and "
9780814714218 - page_38: "START TEXT: there is no reason to suppose that it will be liberal. This is to say that, precisely in virtue of a" ******* END TEXT: "la for the conception of the person, we may turn from Hobbes to Spinoza, and equip our construction "
9780814714218 - page_39: "START TEXT: with the attribute of conatus —the disposition to assert power and freedom in the world.43 If we do " ******* END TEXT: "inal position, as of the original position as a whole, then embodies a neutralism in respect of the "
9780814714218 - page_40: "START TEXT: claims of particular moral communities and their associated conceptions of the good. The principles " ******* END TEXT: " communities have them and others don’t or some communities have some of them, or what you will.”46 "
9780814714218 - page_41: "START TEXT: It is in virtue of its capacity to permit many different forms of enterprise that the private-proper" ******* END TEXT: "on. By contrast, the neutrality that is demanded by moral equality requires only that the legal and "
9780814714218 - page_42: "START TEXT: institutional framework of society does not favor any one ideal over any other: It is a neutrality o" ******* END TEXT: "9 Nor have I explored the difficult question of the “baseline” of the contract. It seems to me that "
9780814714218 - page_43: "START TEXT: James Buchanan’s variant of Hobbesian contractarianism, in which the method aims to specify Pareto-o" ******* END TEXT: "ductive association that they prize.\nHow does this Hobbesian theory of contractarian justice differ "
9780814714218 - page_44: "START TEXT: from Rawls’s? It shares with Rawls’s account elements of a liberal political morality—its individual" ******* END TEXT: "ture displays. Rawls’s project is to diminish the incoherence of our political tradition and, by so "
9780814714218 - page_45: "START TEXT: doing, to solve the liberal problem by specifying principles of political justice that permit fair c" ******* END TEXT: "It endorses what Oakeshott has illuminatingly called civil association,52 but it does not always or "
9780814714218 - page_46: "START TEXT: necessarily support liberal ideals of the priority of liberty. The modified version of the contract " ******* END TEXT: " result on the justice of economic systems, it is silent on the merits of constitutional democracy. "
9780814714218 - page_47: "START TEXT: The Hobbesian contract sketched here, unlike Rawls’s Kantian variant and, for that matter, Gauthier’" ******* END TEXT: "sally true, may be applied to any number of historical milieus and cultural traditions. The results "
9780814714218 - page_48: "START TEXT: of the theory will be variable, and in most cases only partly determinate, across the various cultur" ******* END TEXT: "uishes itself from the theory of philosophical method intimated in the writings of Wittgenstein and "
9780814714218 - page_49: "START TEXT: Oakeshott. To be sure, political philosophy in the Oakeshottean and Wittgensteinian idioms will not " ******* END TEXT: "bbesian project in contractarian philosophy may be thought to be wanting. Except perhaps insofar as "
9780814714218 - page_50: "START TEXT: certain principles of distribution are disqualified by the filter mechanisms of the contract device," ******* END TEXT: " been demonstrated in ideal theory. I see no way of answering this criticism, with all of its fatal "
9780814714218 - page_51: "START TEXT: consequences for the prospects of Gauthier’s (if not Rawls’s) project.\nIf the argument I have outlin" ******* END TEXT: "tical state of nature in which recurrent prisoner’s dilemmas throw up overwhelming disincentives to "
9780814714218 - page_52: "START TEXT: cooperation. Recurrent prisoner’s dilemmas are found in many contemporary totalitarian states, and h" ******* END TEXT: "d for the reasoning in support of this conclusion that it has a contractarian form and character.60\n"
9780814714218 - page_53: "START TEXT: NOTES\n1. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), 273. Rawls also as" ******* END TEXT: "hy, ed. John Gray and Z. A. Pelczynski (London: Athlone Press; New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1984).\n"
9780814714218 - page_54: "START TEXT: 11. See D. Gauthier, Morals by Agreement (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), 353-55, for a brie" ******* END TEXT: "ious limits set by common human needs to the conditions under which human beings flourish and human "
9780814714218 - page_55: "START TEXT: societies flourish. History records many ways of life which have crossed these limits.”\n22. See note" ******* END TEXT: " to public choice theory see James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock, The Calculus of Consent (Ann Arbor: "
9780814714218 - page_56: "START TEXT: University of Michigan Press, 1962). See also James Buchanan and Geoffrey Brennan, The Reason of Rul" ******* END TEXT: "scinating study in Hobbesian political psychology, Crowds and Power (New York: Viking Press, 1962).\n"
9780814714218 - page_57: "START TEXT: 43. For an illuminating account of Spinoza’s political philosophy, see Douglas den Uyl, Power, State" ******* END TEXT: "ocial Contracts and the Legitimate Basis of Political Authority,” TheMonist 66 (Oct. 1983): 513-28.\n"
9780814714218 - page_58: "START TEXT: 56. See Gilbert Harman, “Justice and Moral Bargaining,” Social Philosophy and Policy 1 (Autumn 1983)" ******* END TEXT: "ng clear. For its argument, including its interpretation of Rawls’s work, I alone am responsible.\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_59: "START TEXT: 2THE VAGARIES OF CONSENT: A RESPONSE TO JOHN GRAY\nANDRZEJ RAPACZYNSKI\nI understand Gray to be making" ******* END TEXT: "d Legal Philosophy held in Boston in December 1986, and from written comments by J. Roland Pennock.\n"
9780814714218 - page_60: "START TEXT: It is, of course, an important element of the strategy of moral and political argument to be able to" ******* END TEXT: "unnecessary. What the contractarian idiom suggests (and this is true not only of Rawls, but also of "
9780814714218 - page_61: "START TEXT: Gray’s admittedly in part nonliberal contractarian project) is that neutrality with respect to diffe" ******* END TEXT: " a particular debate is to be conducted.\nAgainst this background (which only extends further Gray’s "
9780814714218 - page_62: "START TEXT: own departures from Rawls), I am somewhat puzzled by Gray’s claim that private ownership of the mean" ******* END TEXT: "tries as Sweden (or more advanced “socialist” countries of this kind) in which, as we know, markets "
9780814714218 - page_63: "START TEXT: function quite well, but in which personal incomes are severely circumscribed by a system of redistr" ******* END TEXT: "ame aspects of economic production. But at other times, Gray seems to be operating with yet another "
9780814714218 - page_64: "START TEXT: conception of socialism. Unlike the (Marxist) view just presented, Gray assumes the individualist po" ******* END TEXT: "oint that a socialist state could not avail itself of efficiently functioning market mechanisms for "
9780814714218 - page_65: "START TEXT: allocating its productive resources is, by itself, of secondary importance. More basic is his contra" ******* END TEXT: "ion of our own historically contingent selves), but if it does then woe to political individualism, "
9780814714218 - page_66: "START TEXT: since the idea seems so far removed from any reality recognized by anthropologists, psychologists, o" ******* END TEXT: "t not really free to choose their occupation and if, in addition, it were to turn out that they are "
9780814714218 - page_67: "START TEXT: seriously exploited (in some sense of “exploitation” that would be reasonably uncontroversial), then" ******* END TEXT: "with my previous remarks, it seems to me that most people in America today are prepared to agree to "
9780814714218 - page_68: "START TEXT: these propositions even without leaving their present personae in favor of the vapid contractors in " ******* END TEXT: "individual consumer to pay more for goods produced by socialist enterprises, unless there were some "
9780814714218 - page_69: "START TEXT: means of coordinating the actions of all the similarly minded consumers as a group and of overcoming" ******* END TEXT: "et. As it happens, the Amish, perhaps because of the low value they put on material prosperity, are "
9780814714218 - page_70: "START TEXT: willing to pay the price of creating a separate autarchic society that can protect their members fro" ******* END TEXT: " Socialism, ed., Benjamin E. Lippincott (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1938), 57-104.\n"
9780814714218 - page_71: "START TEXT: \n2. That someone like Rawls essentially adopts the point of view of individualism is quite understan" ******* END TEXT: " resolution of this dispute cannot come through a simple device of the contractarian methodology.\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_72: "START TEXT: 3CONTRACTUALISM AND PROPERTY SYSTEMS\nJOSHUA COHEN\nJohn Gray’s chapter, “Contractarian Method, Privat" ******* END TEXT: "like to thank Joel Rogers and John Chapman for helpful suggestions on earlier drafts of this paper.\n"
9780814714218 - page_73: "START TEXT: I. MARKET SOCIALISM: BACKGROUND\nIn A Theory of Justice Rawls claims that his two principles of justi" ******* END TEXT: "mployment and dispersal of resources.5\nEmbedding a market socialist economy in this scheme requires "
9780814714218 - page_74: "START TEXT: a system of enterprises satisfying the following conditions:\n1. The enterprises are worker-managed. " ******* END TEXT: "managed exist alongside capitalist firms, as well as systems in which enterprises are cooperatively "
9780814714218 - page_75: "START TEXT: owned.8 Indicating the difficulties with particular forms of market socialism, then, should not be c" ******* END TEXT: "n an allocatively efficient way. Taking the two points together, (V3) we can expect greater “waste, "
9780814714218 - page_76: "START TEXT: malinvestment, and discoordination” than in a private property scheme. Gray acknowledges that “the i" ******* END TEXT: "components of the difference principle, and this might serve as sufficient reason for rejecting it.\n"
9780814714218 - page_77: "START TEXT: Third, interest rates are deeper economic waters than I feel comfortable in. But it is not clear to " ******* END TEXT: "ness between officials in capitalist democracies and in (hypothetical) democratic, market socialist "
9780814714218 - page_78: "START TEXT: systems. Gray would not, I think, wish to deny these parallels. He would, I think, allow that everyt" ******* END TEXT: "s, even if we follow Gray and confine ourselves to a formal conception of neutrality that “requires "
9780814714218 - page_79: "START TEXT: only that the legal and institutional framework of society does not favor any one ideal over any oth" ******* END TEXT: " the bearing of Williamson’s important efficiency argument on the present argument is marginal, for "
9780814714218 - page_80: "START TEXT: two principal reasons. First, if capitalist hierarchy is the most efficient form of productive organ" ******* END TEXT: "t of substantive neutrality, then, the case is unclear, and not at all advanced by Gray’s analysis.\n"
9780814714218 - page_81: "START TEXT: That private property and market socialism regimes are each non-neutral suggests what may seem a nat" ******* END TEXT: "rise a large part of his essay. According to Gray, the pluralism of values that marks our condition "
9780814714218 - page_82: "START TEXT: renders Hobbesian contractualism the appropriate theory of justice for contemporary circumstances. B" ******* END TEXT: "ium, The Limits of Liberty is not about just distributions, but simply about the importance oí some "
9780814714218 - page_83: "START TEXT: initial distribution of rights for the functioning of markets and political institutions. On Buchana" ******* END TEXT: "ample, Michael Barzelay and Lee R. Thomas, “Is Capitalism Necessary: A Critique of the Neoclassical "
9780814714218 - page_84: "START TEXT: Economics of Organization,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization! (Sept. 1986): 225-33.\n9. " ******* END TEXT: ",” Philosophy and Public Affairs 11 (1982): 306-9; David Miller, “Market Neutrality and the Failure "
9780814714218 - page_85: "START TEXT: of Cooperatives,” British Journal of Political Science 11 (1981): 309— 29; David Gordon, “Miller on " ******* END TEXT: " Theory and Society 15 (1986): 11-45.\n21. SeeKrauseandMcPherson, “A‘Mixed-Property’Regime,” 132-33.\n"
9780814714218 - page_86: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_100: "START TEXT: conception of the person agency is directed by culturally defined roles that are not devices or expr" ******* END TEXT: " control of his activity, and this would be no cause of indignation. The self as director of action "
9780814714218 - page_101: "START TEXT: would be replaced by another self: one’s activity becomes, strictly speaking, the expression of an a" ******* END TEXT: "e argument for the right to natural liberty does not lend itself to a transition from possession to "
9780814714218 - page_102: "START TEXT: ownership. The right provides a foundation for continued possession but an obstacle to claims to own" ******* END TEXT: "st be sound by definition: A person who, in some morally permissible way, and without being morally "
9780814714218 - page_103: "START TEXT: required to do so, ‘adds value’ to others’ lives deserves some benefit for it.”50 Becker insists tha" ******* END TEXT: "nal product. According to D2 Alf should get a reward commensurate with his marginal product because "
9780814714218 - page_104: "START TEXT: this is a fitting reward for his contribution to the joint endeavour; according to Dl it is an effor" ******* END TEXT: "he world and to find all nature’s gifts previously engrossed, and no place left for the newcomer.57\n"
9780814714218 - page_105: "START TEXT: If we embrace Mill’s reasonable claim that no one deserves the land—or any natural resource—the dese" ******* END TEXT: "ple of property being to assure all persons what they have produced by their labour and accumulated "
9780814714218 - page_106: "START TEXT: by their abstinence, this principle cannot apply to what is not the product of labour, the raw mater" ******* END TEXT: "guish two economic desert claims:\nDJ: Alf has a property right over X if and only if he deserves X.\n"
9780814714218 - page_107: "START TEXT: PR: Alf s production of X grounds his desert-based exclusionary right over X.\nThe first is a desert-" ******* END TEXT: " a needs-based account of property. Say, following Locke, one of the arguments for property is that "
9780814714218 - page_108: "START TEXT: God created mankind to flourish, and this means that men need private property.\nThis can easily lead" ******* END TEXT: "s of our value systems, they articulate the limits of the contract. The contract must respect them.\n"
9780814714218 - page_109: "START TEXT: For a teleological argument to ignore these rights and duties would be to advance value consideratio" ******* END TEXT: "utcome of the contract is “a pact of reconciliation”76 that, we can add, articulates a common good.\n"
9780814714218 - page_110: "START TEXT: 5.2. Distributive Shares and Economic Systems\nMuch more could be said explicating the idea of a comp" ******* END TEXT: "nce we consider the complexities involved in joint products, accidents and luck, and the importance "
9780814714218 - page_111: "START TEXT: of skills and techniques one has not discovered for oneself, it may seem that the aim of giving each" ******* END TEXT: "this desert-based claim informing quasi-Lockean property rights could be met in non-market systems, "
9780814714218 - page_112: "START TEXT: prohibition on market exchanges would infringe the right of transfer and constitute an interference " ******* END TEXT: " justification of an economic system characterized by the market, private property, and significant "
9780814714218 - page_113: "START TEXT: redistribution of income and wealth by the state. The combination of market, private property, and r" ******* END TEXT: "that the use of money does not presuppose the social contract; the “tacit Agreement” to which Locke "
9780814714218 - page_114: "START TEXT: refers does not in any way lead him toward the Rousseauean argument that I describe in the next para" ******* END TEXT: "on, in New Essays on Political Obligation ed. Paul Harris (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988).\n"
9780814714218 - page_115: "START TEXT: 12. See Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), 143; Thomas Nagel, The Vi" ******* END TEXT: "Virtue, trans. Mary J. Gregor (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1964), 144, sec. 47.\n"
9780814714218 - page_116: "START TEXT: 21. On the moral emotions of indignation and resentment, see S. I. Benn, “Freedom, Autonomy and the " ******* END TEXT: "art. A person may be so devoted to altruistic causes that it is his public-regarding wants that are "
9780814714218 - page_117: "START TEXT: most important to him. Nevertheless, since it is his plan, he must figure in it somewhere” (29). It " ******* END TEXT: "izes “the presumption of liberty” in The Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), 8-12.\n"
9780814714218 - page_118: "START TEXT: 38. Clifford Geertz, “Person, Time and Conduct in Bali,” in The Interpretation of Cultures, ed. Clif" ******* END TEXT: "and Justice,” Philosophy and Public Affairs (Summer 1973): 323-47.\n53. Miller, Social Justice, 104.\n"
9780814714218 - page_119: "START TEXT: 54. Ibid.\n55. As Joel Feinberg says, “This is simply another way of saying that person’s desert of X" ******* END TEXT: "nd the Market (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985), 51-53.\n68. Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia, 155ff.\n"
9780814714218 - page_120: "START TEXT: 69. Locke, Second Treatise, 288, sec. 6, 301-3, 305-6, sec. 27. I have greatly benefited here from S" ******* END TEXT: " York: Free Press, 1985), 217-18.\n84. See, for example, Charles Lindblom, Politics and Markets (New "
9780814714218 - page_121: "START TEXT: York: Basic Books, 1977), chap. 24. See also Buchanan, Ethics, Efficiency and the Market, chap. 4.\n8" ******* END TEXT: " 289-324; F. A. Hayek, The Mirage of Social Justice (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976).\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_89: "START TEXT: 4A CONTRACTUAL JUSTIFICATION OF REDISTRIBUTIVE CAPITALISM\nGERALD F. GAUS\n1. CONTRACTUALISM, PROPERTY" ******* END TEXT: "ike to thank Julian Lamont, Christine Swan-ton, and Robert Young for their comments and criticisms.\n"
9780814714218 - page_90: "START TEXT: Rousseau presents a different picture. In the state of nature one can possess but not own. Genuine p" ******* END TEXT: "is. Upon this deontologi-cal basis contractual theory develops a constrained teleological argument.\n"
9780814714218 - page_91: "START TEXT: I begin in sections 2 and 3 by showing why contractual justification must employ both these phases. " ******* END TEXT: "e the actions of all. Notice how this problem evaporates if value-based reasons are agentneutral.14 "
9780814714218 - page_92: "START TEXT: An agent-neutral reason is a reason for anyone (although some may be so situated as to be unable to " ******* END TEXT: " value, the result is rather different. For each has different values generating a different set of "
9780814714218 - page_93: "START TEXT: reasons to act: the teleological justification endeavors to show that the values of each can be adva" ******* END TEXT: " only sensible approach to ethics. “It is certainly a doubtful compliment to the right,” said Ralph "
9780814714218 - page_94: "START TEXT: Barton Perry, “to deny that it does not of itself do good.”19Even contractual justification is at bo" ******* END TEXT: "portant to the friend than the friendship. Unlike lovers, who may be able to suppose that the other "
9780814714218 - page_95: "START TEXT: values nothing so much as the beloved, and so no other values or aims could be more weighty in pract" ******* END TEXT: "e to endorse, at least, in the context of ethical justification, a strong sort of “subjectivism.”23 "
9780814714218 - page_96: "START TEXT: If Alf values V (or “prefers’’ it), no matter how irrationally, it is to be included in the maximiza" ******* END TEXT: "nificant as far as some of us are concerned. To be sure, such limitation makes the justification of "
9780814714218 - page_97: "START TEXT: liberal institutions more straightforward, but it is no less objectionable for that.30\n3.2. Deontolo" ******* END TEXT: "of everyone. But this would obscure the logical priority of the deontological foundation. The claim "
9780814714218 - page_98: "START TEXT: isn’t simply that deontological and teleological arguments are distinct, but that the former sets th" ******* END TEXT: "tification squarely on those who would limit liberty. Once established, it follows that all further "
9780814714218 - page_99: "START TEXT: justificatory ethics and political philosophy becomes a defense of liberty-limiting principles, duti" ******* END TEXT: "ved as a cultural artifact.\nLet us use this contrast to develop two ideal types. For a roledirected "
9780814714218 - page_122: "START TEXT: 5JUSTICE UNDER CAPITALISM\nJONATHAN RILEY\nI\nMany observers share Alan Ryan’s view that “capitalism is" ******* END TEXT: "ck for helpful comments and suggestions. Responsibility for the views expressed remains mine alone.\n"
9780814714218 - page_123: "START TEXT: If capitalism is inherently unjust, then writers of every ideological persuasion must feel surprise " ******* END TEXT: "ut 10 percent of total pretax income has been redistributed from the richest quintile to the middle "
9780814714218 - page_124: "START TEXT: classes during the same period. This performance is sometimes described as a “revolutionary” levelli" ******* END TEXT: "ed about 85 percent and 60 percent respectively of all privately held corporate stock in America.15\n"
9780814714218 - page_125: "START TEXT: Related to gross economic inequality is what Jennifer Hochschild labels “the hollowness of the equal" ******* END TEXT: "n the contemporary American reality. But dreams apparently die hard. Indeed, Robert Nisbet suggests "
9780814714218 - page_126: "START TEXT: that a rather ambiguous capitalist ideal is inseparable from what he calls “the American Religion”: " ******* END TEXT: " “for a long period to come” to yield distributive justice.25 Recent commentators suggest, however, "
9780814714218 - page_127: "START TEXT: that he ultimately dismisses capitalism in favor of socialism as a means of attaining equality and r" ******* END TEXT: "rivate property in articles of consumption, it is convenient to focus on the means of production in "
9780814714218 - page_128: "START TEXT: order to speak as if the institution of private property were restricted to capitalism. If capitalis" ******* END TEXT: " that capitalism is required to avoid market failure. If predominantly self-interested managers are "
9780814714218 - page_129: "START TEXT: to generate economic efficiency, then they must either own capital in the enterprise or be accountab" ******* END TEXT: " distinguished from its vaunted efficiency. Indeed, the view that the invisible hand somehow brings "
9780814714218 - page_130: "START TEXT: about justice by resolving conflicts among selfish agents in a way that no agent intends, is simply " ******* END TEXT: "r of priority is established among the component ideas. Many alternative orderings are conceivable, "
9780814714218 - page_131: "START TEXT: however, depending upon our particular theory of the ultimate foundations of justice. Both Arrow and" ******* END TEXT: "to be left alone might ultimately be justified by any of several alternative theories of justice.43\n"
9780814714218 - page_132: "START TEXT: III\nJustice under capitalism properly does not involve individual rights to liberty with respect to " ******* END TEXT: " permission. In this regard, Mill emphasizes that libertarian rights are absolute moral claims that "
9780814714218 - page_133: "START TEXT: other persons, including government officials, have perfect moral duties to respect. Interference wi" ******* END TEXT: ", pursuit of efficiency can call for non-market institutions, large corporations and government, to "
9780814714218 - page_134: "START TEXT: allocate resources.50 Second, even if markets are efficient, it seems fair to say with Sen that pric" ******* END TEXT: "to their productive labor. Mill goes on to argue that this principle of desert does not justify the "
9780814714218 - page_135: "START TEXT: actual economic inequality in any modern economy. In his view, “the principle of private property ha" ******* END TEXT: "power. Knowledge of the laws and conditions of production is required. Says Mill, “Whatever mankind "
9780814714218 - page_136: "START TEXT: produce, must be produced in the modes, and under the conditions, imposed by the constitution of ext" ******* END TEXT: "eal as a normative device for two reasons. First, it implies an absence of arbitrary impediments to "
9780814714218 - page_137: "START TEXT: efficiency in production and exchange. Second, it also implies that all agents have equal bargaining" ******* END TEXT: "or anything he deems to be of equivalent value. Any reasonable person will so deem the remuneration "
9780814714218 - page_138: "START TEXT: he receives for his labor in our imaginary long-run competitive equilibrium. His wage rate equals th" ******* END TEXT: "vided he has created the capital himself or has acquired it in a series of competitive transactions "
9780814714218 - page_139: "START TEXT: involving the persons who did create it. The principle of desert justifies property rights in capita" ******* END TEXT: "But no individual deserves the economic rents associated with land in its natural state because “no "
9780814714218 - page_140: "START TEXT: man made the land.”64 Land is not created by labor “but . . . exists by nature.”65 Property rights i" ******* END TEXT: "erve to own the fruits of his own labor and saving but he does not deserve to own the raw materials "
9780814714218 - page_141: "START TEXT: required for most types of labor to take place at all under modern industrial circumstances.68\nNever" ******* END TEXT: "their long-run competitive rewards where possessors of natural resources have no such moral claims. "
9780814714218 - page_142: "START TEXT: Nevertheless, society may legally permit limited retention of natural resource rents to encourage se" ******* END TEXT: "ustice for the principle of desert altogether because the separate contribution of talent to output "
9780814714218 - page_143: "START TEXT: cannot be identified. On the other hand, society can assign limited property rights in talents, nece" ******* END TEXT: "ents in addition to the relevant marginal value products. For example, by investing in a particular "
9780814714218 - page_144: "START TEXT: type of capital good before his competitors do, a capitalist-entrepreneur may receive quasi-rents to" ******* END TEXT: "e of labor can be given two interpretations, each of which perhaps contains some part of the truth.\n"
9780814714218 - page_145: "START TEXT: Quasi-rents are not deserved but any society must decide whether or not to permit them to be retaine" ******* END TEXT: "s is $50 million if the annual rate of interest on riskless investments is 10 percent. This present "
9780814714218 - page_146: "START TEXT: value is in principle reflected in the stock value of the company. Fluctuations in interest rates or" ******* END TEXT: "iple, then—abstracting for a moment from excess profits and inheritances—personal wealth inequality "
9780814714218 - page_147: "START TEXT: is due only to differences in personal efforts, savings rates, and talents. These personal differenc" ******* END TEXT: "ing the producer’s property. The system of property rights and duties secures expectations relating "
9780814714218 - page_148: "START TEXT: to the production and exchange of scarce resources. This security is especially valuable when most m" ******* END TEXT: "claim to help . . . created by destitution, is one of the strongest which can exist”; and that “the "
9780814714218 - page_149: "START TEXT: certainty [or security] of subsistence should be held out by law to the destitute . . . rather than " ******* END TEXT: " modern society like the United States. In any case, the point is that even a predominantly selfish "
9780814714218 - page_150: "START TEXT: society can consistently recognize a perfect moral duty to support people incapable of work. The dut" ******* END TEXT: "t are at once workers and owners of capital. Commentators sometimes suggest that capitalism implies "
9780814714218 - page_151: "START TEXT: a division of society into distinct classes of, say, productive workers and idle owners of capital. " ******* END TEXT: "thout dependence, and unity of interest instead of organized hostility, depends altogether upon the "
9780814714218 - page_152: "START TEXT: future developments of the partnership principle.”97 Indeed, he holds out the hope that cooperation " ******* END TEXT: "on requirement defeats any possibility of significant wealth redistribution within a generation.103\n"
9780814714218 - page_153: "START TEXT: The possibility of capitalist justice seems to have always been taken seriously by most Americans an" ******* END TEXT: ", 1982), 261-76; Amartya Sen, On Economic Inequality (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973); idem, Poverty "
9780814714218 - page_154: "START TEXT: and Famines (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981); idem, Commodities and Capabilities (Amsterdam: North-Ho" ******* END TEXT: "hurow, The Zero-Sum Society, 156—57.\n11. Daphne Greenwood, “An Estimation of U.S. Family Wealth and "
9780814714218 - page_155: "START TEXT: Its Distribution from Micro Data, 1973,” The Review of Income and Wealth 29 (1983): 35-36. For a bal" ******* END TEXT: "Daniel Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (New York: Basic Books, 1976); Samuel Bowles "
9780814714218 - page_156: "START TEXT: and Herbert Gintis, Democracy and Capitalism (New York: Basic Books, 1986); Robert A. Dahl, A Prefac" ******* END TEXT: "m,” 742-49; Principles of Political Economy, 201-9, 954-56.\n32. Mill, “Chapters on Socialism,” 740.\n"
9780814714218 - page_157: "START TEXT: 33. For an argument that moral incentives can in principle give rise to market efficiency, see Josep" ******* END TEXT: "should not be minimized.\n44. Mill, On Liberty, in Collected Works, ed. Robson, 18: 293. Mill’s idea "
9780814714218 - page_158: "START TEXT: of privacy must be distinguished from the view that whatever is not done by government is private.\n4" ******* END TEXT: " agents take prices as given.\n59. See, for example, N. Scott Arnold, “Capitalists and the Ethics of "
9780814714218 - page_159: "START TEXT: Contribution,” Canadian Journal ofPhilosophy 15 (1985): 87—102; Arnold, “Why Profits Are Deserved,” " ******* END TEXT: "ledge and Power”; Rawls, A Theory of Justice, 103—4, 310—15; and Sen, Commodities and Capabilities.\n"
9780814714218 - page_160: "START TEXT: 71. Rawls, A Theory of Justice, 312.\n72. Mill, Principles of Political Economy, 210. See also Mill, " ******* END TEXT: "e idea of “disability” have arguably prevented public administrators from holding the line, leading "
9780814714218 - page_161: "START TEXT: to what some observers refer to as a fiscal and moral “crisis” in the modern welfare state. For a ba" ******* END TEXT: ", D.C. Brookings Institution, 1985); and Osberg, Economic Inequality in the United States, 195—219.\n"
9780814714218 - page_162: "START TEXT: 102. For similar reasons, Mill argues that individual title should be given by prescription after a " ******* END TEXT: " Peterson, The Jeffersonian Image in the American Mind (New York: Oxford University Press, 1960).\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_165: "START TEXT: 6JUSTICE AND THE MARKET DOMAIN\nMARGARET JANE RADIN\nI. INTRODUCTION: THE METAPHOR OF THE WALL\nIt has " ******* END TEXT: "ests a large realm of pure free-market transactions to which special kinds of personal interactions "
9780814714218 - page_166: "START TEXT: form a special exception. It wrongly suggests that a laissez-faire market regime is prima facie just" ******* END TEXT: " interactions, it would be better to try to reclaim for peaceful co-existence some of the territory "
9780814714218 - page_167: "START TEXT: the traditional liberal view concedes to the market. The traditional liberal view is wrong because i" ******* END TEXT: " Power.”3 In Hobbes’s conception, everything about a person that others need, desire, or value is a "
9780814714218 - page_168: "START TEXT: possession that is priced. The Hobbesian person fits into the archetype of universal commodification" ******* END TEXT: "egime. As we shall see, the second and third arguments are related, because the argument based upon "
9780814714218 - page_169: "START TEXT: opportunities for altruism assumes the domino theory is true. But the two arguments are not coextens" ******* END TEXT: "ly to harbor a compelling thought. There is something going on that troubles us with respect to the "
9780814714218 - page_170: "START TEXT: integrity of the person when we observe someone trying to sell off parts of the body. As I shall arg" ******* END TEXT: "nts of terrible glory in which one gives up a significant aspect of oneself so that others may live "
9780814714218 - page_171: "START TEXT: and flourish. The parents are being asked to give up the symbolic integrity of their child and face " ******* END TEXT: " market value, then even parents who do not put their children up for adoption will know what their "
9780814714218 - page_172: "START TEXT: children are worth, and how much money they are losing by not doing so. All children will also know " ******* END TEXT: "eir services when they can? But the problem is that we cannot argue that any of these services must "
9780814714218 - page_173: "START TEXT: remain completely unmonetized. If we must invest our capital in learning skills or developing our ta" ******* END TEXT: " the market regime must be banned.\nThe domino theory covers more than just the territory supposedly "
9780814714218 - page_174: "START TEXT: conducive to altruism, since those who argue that sexuality must remain nonmonetized do not argue th" ******* END TEXT: "swer is yes assumes that once the fact of market value enters our discourse, it must be present in, "
9780814714218 - page_175: "START TEXT: and dominate, every transaction. The fact of pricing brings with it the conceptual scheme of commodi" ******* END TEXT: "rationality. What we hope to get out of working is not all money, nor understandable in money terms "
9780814714218 - page_176: "START TEXT: (unless the archetype of universal commodification describes our conceptual scheme).\nInspired by Han" ******* END TEXT: " need their services. Those who sell products can genuinely care about the needs of people they are "
9780814714218 - page_177: "START TEXT: selling to. It is possible to fix a vacuum cleaner and care whether it works; it is possible to sell" ******* END TEXT: "g on between seller and recipient; to them the things sold are incompletely commodified. That there "
9780814714218 - page_178: "START TEXT: should be the opportunity for work to be personal in this sense does seem to be part of our concepti" ******* END TEXT: "nceptions of personhood and community, we shall conceive of the person as more integrally connected "
9780814714218 - page_179: "START TEXT: to the world of things and other people.19 And we shall conceive of community as crucially founded o" ******* END TEXT: "of erecting and maintaining a wall separating market from nonmarket realms. Michael Walzer’s theory "
9780814714218 - page_180: "START TEXT: of separation is the most distinguished example of the spatial metaphor I believe we should reject.2" ******* END TEXT: "t principles guide the process at different points in time and space. For my immediate purposes the "
9780814714218 - page_181: "START TEXT: most important principle has this (rough) form: the exercise of power belongs to the sphere of polit" ******* END TEXT: "27 It would be helpful to know, then, how Walzer would treat the libertarian hard question that the "
9780814714218 - page_182: "START TEXT: idea of “desperate exchanges” doesn’t get to: are we justified in prohibiting someone who really fre" ******* END TEXT: "flourishing within a properly constituted community. Also in my view, those substantive commitments "
9780814714218 - page_183: "START TEXT: will lead not to a wall, but rather to a more generalized modification of the market (commodity) sch" ******* END TEXT: "he liberal tradition the contract metaphor must draw its power from the normative power of promises "
9780814714218 - page_184: "START TEXT: to exchange commodities. It is hence possible to see theories of justice that are couched in contrac" ******* END TEXT: "t these interactions often are (and ought to be able to be) valued for themselves and specifically, "
9780814714218 - page_185: "START TEXT: and not merely instrumentally and fungibly. As critics of Rawls (for example) have often noted,35 ma" ******* END TEXT: "possibilities, for some especially sensitive cases like sale of babies. (A sensitive case is one in "
9780814714218 - page_186: "START TEXT: which complete commodification would destroy or deeply undermine personhood or community as we conce" ******* END TEXT: " considerations counseling rejection of the wall metaphor, and the notion of justice as respect for "
9780814714218 - page_187: "START TEXT: personhood. Here I mean to discuss, first, the significance for social justice of the dilemma create" ******* END TEXT: "Wittgenstein suggests we treat philosophical questions: as the symptom of an illness.36 The dilemma "
9780814714218 - page_188: "START TEXT: throws into relief the results of inequalities of wealth distribution, and should make us consider t" ******* END TEXT: "fficiency justification for regulation—that is, socially mandated deviations from the laissez-faire "
9780814714218 - page_189: "START TEXT: market regime for many things that are bought and sold. If everything is appropriately fully commodi" ******* END TEXT: "risk of error to interests important to personhood and community. Even if the universal commodifier "
9780814714218 - page_190: "START TEXT: thinks that these interests are in principle monetizable and tradeable, it is very easy to make mist" ******* END TEXT: "f-conception. But it seems to me that it must be otherwise if we do accept that there can be better "
9780814714218 - page_191: "START TEXT: or worse conceptions of human flourishing, and better or worse discourse that creates and expresses " ******* END TEXT: "the topic may assume a distinction that is problematic for the views I recommend. Our chosen regime "
9780814714218 - page_192: "START TEXT: for the transfer of human organs may be just as political as voting. I think that all this means, ho" ******* END TEXT: "y translated into an increase in the shadow price of children to the household. A rise in the price "
9780814714218 - page_193: "START TEXT: of children can be expected to reduce the quantity of children demanded; and since rearing children " ******* END TEXT: "s the claim that a nonmar-ket regime better preserves and expresses the sanctity of life than would "
9780814714218 - page_194: "START TEXT: a market regime. In the market regime, recovering one’s health depends upon ability to pay instead o" ******* END TEXT: "iticized in Thomas Morawetz, “Tension in ‘The Art of Separation,’” Political Theory 13 (1985): 599.\n"
9780814714218 - page_195: "START TEXT: 21. Although this is Walzer’s theoretical assumption, in practice there would not be a very large fr" ******* END TEXT: "ocial significance, and reflects a tendency toward universal commodification, at least in rhetoric.\n"
9780814714218 - page_196: "START TEXT: 26. Walzer, Spheres of Justice, 100-103.\n27. In Radin, “Market-Inalienability” I show how the tradit" ******* END TEXT: "ups,” Southern California Law Review 56 (1983): 1001; Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice.\n"
9780814714218 - page_197: "START TEXT: 36. See Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, sect. 255 (“The philosopher’s treatment o" ******* END TEXT: "d suppress it makes justice completely the province of government, a conflation I do not espouse.\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_198: "START TEXT: 7DOMINOS AND THE FEAR OF COMMODIFICATION\nERIC MACK\nBut tho’ this self-interested commerce of men beg" ******* END TEXT: "ry Sirridge for her advice and counsel and for her suggestion of the term The Exchangeable An Sich.\n"
9780814714218 - page_199: "START TEXT: The process of commodification leads an agent to produce objects, engage in activities, exercise or " ******* END TEXT: " their actual or potential market value.\nFor example, when a market in blood is allowed, a price is "
9780814714218 - page_200: "START TEXT: attached to a pint of blood. The value of providing that blood and the value of receiving it will th" ******* END TEXT: "tion and/or all rational human action. Universal commodification can be understood descriptively or "
9780814714218 - page_201: "START TEXT: prescriptively. Descriptively, it is the claim that all agents are profit-maximizers.4 Prescriptivel" ******* END TEXT: "ky waters. Its goal is more to trace certain of the currents than to arrive at any particular bank.\n"
9780814714218 - page_202: "START TEXT: II. THE DOMINO THEORY\nAccording to Radin: “The domino theory implicitly makes two claims: first, as " ******* END TEXT: ", bodily parts or sexual interactions—creates a significant tendency for all objects and activities "
9780814714218 - page_203: "START TEXT: to be commodified. And there is the thesis that the commodification of certain types of objects or a" ******* END TEXT: "ese theories, once some external result is employed as the standard for evaluating certain actions, "
9780814714218 - page_204: "START TEXT: relations, etc., there is a tendency for actions, relations, or personal conditions that should be v" ******* END TEXT: "etoric, everything can in principle be assigned a monetary equivalent; the individual good is to be "
9780814714218 - page_205: "START TEXT: sought in maximizing individual gains from trade. This is why, Radin thinks market rhetoric invites " ******* END TEXT: "market societies. Descriptively, all the motivation for action derives from agents’ interest in the "
9780814714218 - page_206: "START TEXT: specified goal. Prescriptively, all the motivation for rational action derives from the agents’ inte" ******* END TEXT: " The second basic type of objection, in the form of a more complex consequentialism, appears in the "
9780814714218 - page_207: "START TEXT: next section in connection with the contrast between internally and instrumentally valued actions.\nW" ******* END TEXT: "s of life are portrayed as being pursued and/or as being worthy of pursuit because their attainment "
9780814714218 - page_208: "START TEXT: maximizes the ur-currency payout. The value that resides in our having anything consists in its pote" ******* END TEXT: ". My guess is that the alleged feature is the reduction of all motivation and practical rationality "
9780814714218 - page_209: "START TEXT: to pointless instrumental motivation and rationality. I imagine the idea is that: (1) There is a str" ******* END TEXT: ", perhaps paternalistically, I prefer my taste in women’s sweaters to my wife’s. Yet I do not think "
9780814714218 - page_210: "START TEXT: that factors of this sort explain why I prefer bestowing the sweater to conferring the cash-filled e" ******* END TEXT: "e would be one step removed from that standard picture were we to ascribe value to some action, for "
9780814714218 - page_211: "START TEXT: example, the direct donation of blood, in virtue of what type of action it is and not simply in virt" ******* END TEXT: "anifestly empirically false: sex or sexual love. Why does a market in sexual services not drive out "
9780814714218 - page_212: "START TEXT: or undercut free-of-charge sex? Because we are talking about two radically different—albeit not abso" ******* END TEXT: "ons contradicts the descriptive side of standard consequentialism while the existence of internally "
9780814714218 - page_213: "START TEXT: valuable actions contradicts its prescriptive side. The existence of these actions is the basis for " ******* END TEXT: "n the real world can identify and be motivated by the value of various activities and relations and "
9780814714218 - page_214: "START TEXT: thereby resist the pressure of domino processes. The second way is that the distinction between inte" ******* END TEXT: "utions, for example, the donation of cash for famine relief, also can be done nonaltruistically—out "
9780814714218 - page_215: "START TEXT: of generosity, sympathy, and sense of solidarity even with far-off people and for the sake of realiz" ******* END TEXT: "aluations needed for personhood and community as much, if not more, than calculation for individual "
9780814714218 - page_216: "START TEXT: financial enrichment.19 Indeed, the particularist character of the values of personhood and communit" ******* END TEXT: "pancy between what the market can deliver and what can be delivered by gift. Focusing on this fact, "
9780814714218 - page_217: "START TEXT: the potential blood donor may think that the only thing that differentiates him from the blood selle" ******* END TEXT: "the market price which otherwise one might have paid for the closest market counterpart to what one "
9780814714218 - page_218: "START TEXT: has received. Yet the Titmuss/Singer account also focuses on how commercialization of blood is suppo" ******* END TEXT: "horoughly worthy of frustration. Again, this is not to deny the value of acts of direct friendship, "
9780814714218 - page_219: "START TEXT: generosity, etc.—their value to those who perform them and the value of the knowledge that they have" ******* END TEXT: "tification in order to prepare themselves for those highbrow evenings of literary criticism. Absent "
9780814714218 - page_220: "START TEXT: such instrumentally motivated preparation, there would not be much of a self to be gratified or fulf" ******* END TEXT: "eties. These impersonal ties, which sustain a pluralist pursuit of personhood and community because "
9780814714218 - page_221: "START TEXT: they do not require uniformity of belief in substantive values, are constituted by market relations " ******* END TEXT: "activities and relations from the internally valued activities, relations, and other ends that they "
9780814714218 - page_222: "START TEXT: allow him to enjoy. As Radin notes with regard to occupational decisions, means to ends may be chose" ******* END TEXT: "sibility of money as the measure of all things—if there is to be a measure of all things—is further "
9780814714218 - page_223: "START TEXT: reinforced in monetarized market societies that emphasize a systematic connection between success, r" ******* END TEXT: "ndividual gains from trade represents the individual’s ideal. All social and political interactions "
9780814714218 - page_224: "START TEXT: are conceived of as exchanges for monetizable gains” (Radin, “Market-Inalienability,” 1861).\n5. Radi" ******* END TEXT: "’s “Counting Preferences in Collective Choice Situations,” UCLA Law Review 25 (Feb. 1978): 381-418.\n"
9780814714218 - page_225: "START TEXT: 17. Radin, “Justice and the Market Domain.”\n18. The desire to preserve what I have called the “parti" ******* END TEXT: "ential customers for autonomy and for belonging.\n22. Radin, “Justice and the Market Domain,” 174.\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_226: "START TEXT: 8MARKET CHOICE AND HUMAN CHOICE\nROBERT E. LANE\nI. WE LIVE IN SYSTEMS\nThere are four major targets of" ******* END TEXT: " Studies, Yale University, and to Nuffield College, Oxford, for hospitality and logistical support.\n"
9780814714218 - page_227: "START TEXT: Economic efficiency affects personality and quality of life. Everywhere poverty is the enemy of pers" ******* END TEXT: "t personality than the justice of equality (where these two kinds of justice may be distinguished).\n"
9780814714218 - page_228: "START TEXT: Personality affects efficiency in all the obvious senses: work ethic, entrepreneurial spirit, sense " ******* END TEXT: " treat the others as ceteris pari-bus. It is a rigor bought at a high price in understanding system "
9780814714218 - page_229: "START TEXT: qualities and in the consequences of policies based on that understanding. The special impediments t" ******* END TEXT: "loys two visible terms, “personality” and “market,” and one invisible term: the standards employed.\n"
9780814714218 - page_230: "START TEXT: Personality. The conceptualization and evaluation of personality development offers many difficultie" ******* END TEXT: "bor, talents, and devotion can be expected to influence one’s thought and perhaps one’s personality "
9780814714218 - page_231: "START TEXT: throughout life. A person’s economic anxieties, sense of independence or dependency, alienation (in " ******* END TEXT: "essed to earlier Marxist theories of the state as a dependent servant of the ruling economic class.\n"
9780814714218 - page_232: "START TEXT: The importance of the market in shaping our consciousnesses has a direct and an indirect aspect. Onl" ******* END TEXT: "mmand economies, or as some known or imagined mixed economies. Nor is it clear whether the observed "
9780814714218 - page_233: "START TEXT: market fails to do as well as another, superior kind of market (such as market socialism) might do, " ******* END TEXT: "thers, the authors of the Communist Manifesto refer to the conversion of human value into “exchange "
9780814714218 - page_234: "START TEXT: value.” Both Simmel and Lukacs speak of the way human relations in a market economy are cold and ano" ******* END TEXT: "sychiatrist, says: “the key words for our time are ‘flexibility,’ ‘adjustment,’ and ‘warmth.’”20 If "
9780814714218 - page_235: "START TEXT: observations are ambiguous in one way, statements of “felt need” are ambiguous in another. The psych" ******* END TEXT: "he materialistic values that inform the market come also to inform our relations in such a way that "
9780814714218 - page_236: "START TEXT: other people become primarily instruments for enhancing our wealth; and treating others as human bei" ******* END TEXT: "ansient strangers to each other. The plausibility of this hypothesis is partially undermined by the "
9780814714218 - page_237: "START TEXT: research findings that (1) after five years a person has as many friends in the place to which he ha" ******* END TEXT: "y, we would expect market societies to reveal more of the personality damages than either household "
9780814714218 - page_238: "START TEXT: (peasant) economies or command (communist) economies. So much is going on (especially cultural varia" ******* END TEXT: "mic changes.”35 The point is not that market societies are worse or better in their human relations "
9780814714218 - page_239: "START TEXT: but that no presumption exists that they are worse and reasons do to believe that exchanges protect " ******* END TEXT: "ed, and less selfish than businessmen? In some ways, yes. But fellow academics, do look around you.\n"
9780814714218 - page_240: "START TEXT: V. ALL CHOICES ARE PRICED\nWhen a father chooses to read the newspaper instead of playing with his da" ******* END TEXT: ". If we take materialism to mean evaluating wealth over, for example, wisdom or friendship, I am as "
9780814714218 - page_241: "START TEXT: materialistic when I can my fruit to save money, instead of talking to friends, as when I sell my ca" ******* END TEXT: "btle, hidden in the small signs we get from others or from ourselves. Market transactions, however, "
9780814714218 - page_242: "START TEXT: are made under circumstances where there are public indicators that all may read: price, cost, compa" ******* END TEXT: " choice and not whether or not money changes hands that should affect our judgment of the choice or "
9780814714218 - page_243: "START TEXT: exchange. The concepts of forced and coerced choices may be explicated as follows:43\ni. All choices " ******* END TEXT: " site for forced exchanges is in that area where a livelihood is to be gained: in a market economy, "
9780814714218 - page_244: "START TEXT: the market. (As a parenthetical remark, we might note that in our opinion the sale of one’s blood an" ******* END TEXT: "subsystems as institutions or practices and the overall social system as society.) Walzer’s Spheres "
9780814714218 - page_245: "START TEXT: of Justice offers a useful scheme for the second of these purposes: protecting such institutions as " ******* END TEXT: "protects that set from other institutions and practices and serves the overall purposes of society.\n"
9780814714218 - page_246: "START TEXT: But we can do something more modest. Proposed legislation must defend itself against charges that it" ******* END TEXT: "l, “Alienation and Social Justice in England and the United States: The Polity and the Economy,” in "
9780814714218 - page_247: "START TEXT: Comparative Social Research, vol. 3, ed. Richard F. Tomasson (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1980).\n6." ******* END TEXT: " H. Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being, 2d ed. (Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1968), 26, 401-42.\n"
9780814714218 - page_248: "START TEXT: 23. Joseph Veroff, Elizabeth Douvan, and Richard A. Kulka, The Inner Americans: A Self-Portrait from" ******* END TEXT: "sociation, 1971).\n39. See Peter M. Blau, Exchange and Power in Social Life (New York: Wiley, 1964).\n"
9780814714218 - page_249: "START TEXT: 40. See, for example, James R. Engel, Roger Blackwell, and David T. Kollat, Consumer Behavior (Hinsd" ******* END TEXT: "\n49. William A. Gateton, Justice and the Human Good (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_250: "START TEXT: 9THE JUSTICE OF THE MARKET: COMMENTS ON GRAY AND RADIN\nJAN NARVESON\nINTRODUCTION\nIs the free market " ******* END TEXT: "eatment of “market socialism,” wherein enterprises are worker-owned and worker-managed, but compete "
9780814714218 - page_251: "START TEXT: freely with each other for the consumer dollar. When the worker’s connection with the firm is via an" ******* END TEXT: "e the market aspect supplies, as it were, the efficiency. Gray gives good reasons for doubting that "
9780814714218 - page_252: "START TEXT: efficiency will in fact be achieved in such a system. What about the alleged democracy? Does it even" ******* END TEXT: "des this power is, it should be noted, disputable. Democratic rights are limited, on any reasonable "
9780814714218 - page_253: "START TEXT: view. For example, democracy does not include the right arbitrarily to abrogate the right to vote, n" ******* END TEXT: " up a business on one’s own, raising capital from whomever is willing to provide it, and taking the "
9780814714218 - page_254: "START TEXT: risks this may entail. It would limit the freedom of workers to determine the degree to which they a" ******* END TEXT: ". . as an unsituated individual, defined not by communal attachments but by prudential interests.”4\n"
9780814714218 - page_255: "START TEXT: Two important conclusions, he thinks, derive from this construction. One is that “there can be no qu" ******* END TEXT: "l orientation of the parties, plus the fundamental feature of contractarian method that it requires "
9780814714218 - page_256: "START TEXT: unanimity on the choice of the fundamental principles that are to govern us as social beings. Given " ******* END TEXT: "more favorable to the hypothesis. If the moral version is taken, then one has simply dissented from "
9780814714218 - page_257: "START TEXT: the contractarian idea—and also, of course, one is back to the empirically insoluble problem of show" ******* END TEXT: "ut Gray’s idea as a fundamental one for this purpose. The social minimum is simply noninterference.\n"
9780814714218 - page_258: "START TEXT: Gray, to be sure, does not explore the baseline issue. But his suggestion about initial capital endo" ******* END TEXT: " are your values and mine and other people’s, but the only way they can appear in the contractarian "
9780814714218 - page_259: "START TEXT: argument is as yours and mine and so on; and when we contend, what is in contention is whose values " ******* END TEXT: "reduce the scope of the supposed liberties.\nTo take another important example: Is abortion, as Gray "
9780814714218 - page_260: "START TEXT: suggests, “radically undecidable”? Not as a public issue in a pluralistic society. The “conservative" ******* END TEXT: "each party to a prisoner’s dilemma finds that if he chooses the “noncooperative” strategy, he “does "
9780814714218 - page_261: "START TEXT: better no matter what the other person does.” In a narrow sense of the term does, this may be true. " ******* END TEXT: "too: if A acts first, then B has both i and k. But as Hobbes also pointed out, if both players know "
9780814714218 - page_262: "START TEXT: these facts in advance and have no trust in the other, then neither will ever make an agreement.14 B" ******* END TEXT: " to the general right to liberty.\nIf it is a mistake to try to construct liberalism on the basis of "
9780814714218 - page_263: "START TEXT: an “ideal of the person,” so too is it to suppose that we need a “conception of the person.” We do n" ******* END TEXT: "ational one—rather than merely one incidental recommendation among others, must be perfectly clear.\n"
9780814714218 - page_264: "START TEXT: 4. LIBERALISM AND THE FREE MARKET\nWe may turn now to the subject of the free market. A market is fre" ******* END TEXT: "n and exchange activities, and the result will be terrific for everybody: the invisible hand lives!\n"
9780814714218 - page_265: "START TEXT: The theoretical demonstration of optimality under these conditions is of real interest. Its practica" ******* END TEXT: "e buildings he builds, the works he creates, and the consumables he consumes are in truth his to do "
9780814714218 - page_266: "START TEXT: these things with. That’s what property rights are: they are rights to do things with things. Which " ******* END TEXT: "ially disturbing way. Consider the adopted child. People sometimes give up their children to others "
9780814714218 - page_267: "START TEXT: “in hope that they will have a better life elsewhere. There is at least some human glory in being ab" ******* END TEXT: "nceiving when we conceive such a society.\nTo begin with, not everything available on a market is an "
9780814714218 - page_268: "START TEXT: object in the narrow sense of that term. Economists speak of goods and services, goods referring to " ******* END TEXT: "ply that they could be “commodified” in the particular sense of being maintainable through monetary "
9780814714218 - page_269: "START TEXT: means. Suppose that next time you tell a particularly good joke, at which I laugh fit to be tied, yo" ******* END TEXT: " me enough for to make it worth my while to part with them. If I just don’t want to sell x, then by "
9780814714218 - page_270: "START TEXT: virtue of x being mine, I do not need to. If I may do what I want with x, then one of those things c" ******* END TEXT: "nd not fungible.” But whatever these ultimate values may be, it is worth pointing out that the very "
9780814714218 - page_271: "START TEXT: existence of the market is contingent on their existence. On a market, we trade that which we value " ******* END TEXT: "he makes a poor parent, and reasonably believes that another could not only provide better care but "
9780814714218 - page_272: "START TEXT: would genuinely make the child happier? (Or—difficult case— someone who has good evidence that her b" ******* END TEXT: "tial for third-party effects is obvious, and that involuntary third-party effects are cause for the "
9780814714218 - page_273: "START TEXT: imposition of requirements and limitations is, therefore, also obvious. At the very least, young hum" ******* END TEXT: "l statement, since every theory of justice is statable in such a form. The underlying theory of the "
9780814714218 - page_274: "START TEXT: market, for example, is the theory that the appropriate relation between people and other people is " ******* END TEXT: "ir rights to nonpersonal things. It reminds us that what we call sales are, after all, trades—money "
9780814714218 - page_275: "START TEXT: is a medium of exchange—and that all trades are trades between persons, persons who employ their own" ******* END TEXT: "eement, chap. 6. Many have expressed doubts about Gauthier’s view here, including myself in “Reason "
9780814714218 - page_276: "START TEXT: in Ethics—or Reason vs. Ethics?” in Morality, Reason and Truth, ed. D. Copp and D. Zimmerman (Totawa" ******* END TEXT: "id.\n27. Ibid., 183. She does not, however, flatly identify justice with equality.\n28. Ibid., 184.\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_279: "START TEXT: 10DISRUPTING VOLUNTARY TRANSACTIONS\nCASS R. SUNSTEIN\nThe conventional market transaction takes many " ******* END TEXT: "ition, treats harm to others as the only legitimate basis for governmental intervention. The second "
9780814714218 - page_280: "START TEXT: disregards existing preferences altogether—for reasons, for example, of “false consciousness” or of " ******* END TEXT: "t divergent conceptions of the good life. Respect of this sort is sometimes described as government "
9780814714218 - page_281: "START TEXT: “neutrality,” which is seen as an important guarantor of liberty. In this view, there is simply no p" ******* END TEXT: "ption of sugar, salt, or alcohol, interest groups will influence regulatory decisions in such a way "
9780814714218 - page_282: "START TEXT: as to undermine whatever gains the system of regulation might provide if it were operating optimally" ******* END TEXT: "utually advantageous arrangements. Those conceptions are based on myths. I take up this view below.\n"
9780814714218 - page_283: "START TEXT: With respect to welfare, the response to the case for respecting voluntary agreements would begin by" ******* END TEXT: "ight not be on balance justifiable to correct a market failure—because of the risk that such action "
9780814714218 - page_284: "START TEXT: may make the situation even worse than the status quo—the existence of deficiencies in voluntary agr" ******* END TEXT: "ll established in both theory and practice, and it is not necessary to dwell on it in detail here.2\n"
9780814714218 - page_285: "START TEXT: Preferences about preferences. People do not simply have preferences; they also have preferences abo" ******* END TEXT: "An example is a desire not to prefer to marry someone of another race, reflected in a miscegenation "
9780814714218 - page_286: "START TEXT: law; or a desire not to want to allow women to act on a plane of equality with men. Such examples su" ******* END TEXT: " laws that forbid voluntary transactions might plausibly be understood as reflections of collective "
9780814714218 - page_287: "START TEXT: second-order preferences. It will be difficult to be certain whether this understanding is accurate " ******* END TEXT: "aptive preferences, and the assessment of available opportunities, have large normative dimensions.\n"
9780814714218 - page_288: "START TEXT: The phenomenon of adaptive preferences is related to but distinct from that of preference change as " ******* END TEXT: "ived unavailability of an opportunity. If the fact of adaptive preferences is to be used as a basis "
9780814714218 - page_289: "START TEXT: for collective intervention, it is important to be sure that the phenomenon is actually occurring.\nM" ******* END TEXT: "references endogenous to consumption may have distinctive characteristics that strengthen the case.\n"
9780814714218 - page_290: "START TEXT: Consider, for example, the typical pattern with what is usually denominated an addiction: sharply in" ******* END TEXT: "ere are asymmetries, those subject to an intrapersonal collective action problem might well be able "
9780814714218 - page_291: "START TEXT: to take care of themselves. Their willingness to engage in a process in which their tastes will chan" ******* END TEXT: "Recent evidence suggests that the category is larger than has been suspected thus far. For example, "
9780814714218 - page_292: "START TEXT: people tend to have severe difficulty in assessing low-probability events.17 Sometimes they act as i" ******* END TEXT: "ase the amount of donation. Moreover, as a general matter a market system accompanied by government "
9780814714218 - page_293: "START TEXT: subsidies to the poor is probably superior to one in which goods may be either donated or not transf" ******* END TEXT: "en above might serve as a starting point.\n(C) Sometimes goods are not made into commodities because "
9780814714218 - page_294: "START TEXT: of the external and systemic effects that purchase and sale might produce. Thus the prohibition of s" ******* END TEXT: "Kantian approaches proceed from perceptions of this sort. They suggest that the notion of autonomy, "
9780814714218 - page_295: "START TEXT: in its strongest and most rationalistic senses, should be abandoned altogether.27\nIn deciding whethe" ******* END TEXT: "ies is a sensible and important way of reducing the frustration associated with rebellion against a "
9780814714218 - page_296: "START TEXT: seemingly intractable status quo. Efforts to disrupt preferences that have already adapted to the st" ******* END TEXT: "a function of the social structure, including the legal regime, a system of prima facie respect for "
9780814714218 - page_297: "START TEXT: private preferences combined with selective intervention will hardly be neutral. Consider, for examp" ******* END TEXT: "terargument—that the practice is question contributes to social subordination—is hard to measure in "
9780814714218 - page_298: "START TEXT: particular cases. It is therefore necessary to be precise in showing how a decision to allow a certa" ******* END TEXT: "itution, the problem of vote-trading—but the task is a large one that cannot be carried out here.34\n"
9780814714218 - page_299: "START TEXT: Other foundations. The discussion thus far has been cast largely in terms of social efforts to incre" ******* END TEXT: "of such settings. Sometimes transactions will be individually rational and collectively irrational; "
9780814714218 - page_300: "START TEXT: sometimes people will seek to vindicate second-order preferences by banning voluntary transactions; " ******* END TEXT: "nell University Press, 1986).\n9. Elster, Sour Grapes.\n10. Ibid.\n11. Greenberg, Workplace Democracy.\n"
9780814714218 - page_301: "START TEXT: 12. Michael McPherson, “Want Formation, Morality, and Some Interpretive Aspects of Economic Inquiry”" ******* END TEXT: " Ericsson,” Ethics 93 (1982/1983): 561-65.\n33. Posner, “The Regulation of the Market in Adoptions.”\n"
9780814714218 - page_302: "START TEXT: 34. Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York: Basic Books, 1983); Radin, “Market-Inalienability." ******* END TEXT: "87): 10-95.\n37. Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982).\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_303: "START TEXT: 11MARKETS AND JUSTICE: AN ECONOMIST’S PERSPECTIVE\nBERNARD SAFFRAN\nINTRODUCTION\nThe interaction betwe" ******* END TEXT: "of Justice used categories and modes of analysis that economists found congenial. Also, the renewed "
9780814714218 - page_304: "START TEXT: interest of philosophers in public policy issues has brought an increase in their conversation with " ******* END TEXT: "t of this chapter to its analysis.\nEven though the interest of economists in discussions of justice "
9780814714218 - page_305: "START TEXT: is growing, I believe that Baumol is correct when he argues that most economists do not want to get " ******* END TEXT: "itance and savings that should inform a theory of justice. The last section on the internal economy "
9780814714218 - page_306: "START TEXT: considers questions of aid, trade, and immigration that raise many disturbing problems for radical a" ******* END TEXT: ", externalities (without property rights), the absence of the necessary markets, and noncompetitive "
9780814714218 - page_307: "START TEXT: influences would greatly limit the applicability of the result. When these conditions obtain, second" ******* END TEXT: " point and so maximize the function.7\nThese results have given comfort to economists from a variety "
9780814714218 - page_308: "START TEXT: of schools. Conservative economists can argue for the separation of efficiency and equity considerat" ******* END TEXT: "rt of the state and its citizens and can then have a profound effect on the rules that we choose.10\n"
9780814714218 - page_309: "START TEXT: Although these issues have dominated all branches of economic theory as of late, it seems best to il" ******* END TEXT: "ive and has only information on their income, then it can’t tell if the low-income workers are less "
9780814714218 - page_310: "START TEXT: productive or are high-productivity workers who choose more leisure. Now the state cannot use differ" ******* END TEXT: "goal, which might seem the most problematical part, the rules we choose will not only be a function "
9780814714218 - page_311: "START TEXT: of the model of the economy but will also be highly dependent on the amount of information and tools" ******* END TEXT: "ttempts by economists to deal with these issues stems from the work on envy and fairness.11 It lies "
9780814714218 - page_312: "START TEXT: in the mainstream of traditional economics: interpersonal utility comparisons are avoided and compet" ******* END TEXT: "nd Varían argue that not only are these outcomes fair but they have many other positive attributes, "
9780814714218 - page_313: "START TEXT: including minimal information requirements, which suggests its centrality for appraisals of economic" ******* END TEXT: "ose who are taxed as well as those who receive transfers. Until the 1970s economists were in fairly "
9780814714218 - page_314: "START TEXT: wide agreement that the effects of taxes on labor supply and on savings behavior were minimal. Then " ******* END TEXT: "o be large as a proportion of the revenue gained; and a theoretical argument that only substitution "
9780814714218 - page_315: "START TEXT: effects of tax changes mattered (which implied that disincentive effects were likely) because the in" ******* END TEXT: "avers increased both because of rise in real interest rates (nominal interest rates did not fall as "
9780814714218 - page_316: "START TEXT: fast as the rate of inflation) and because marginal tax rates were cut, and yet savings rates decrea" ******* END TEXT: "transfers, so that an estate left to a spouse would not be included in the measure of the transfer.\n"
9780814714218 - page_317: "START TEXT: This view has recently been challenged by Kotlikoff and Summers.27 They estimate the proportion of s" ******* END TEXT: "e due to precautionary saving that did not have to be called on or its function may be to guarantee "
9780814714218 - page_318: "START TEXT: that children behave properly toward their parents with the potential inheritance being the club—wit" ******* END TEXT: "s, “If you actually do not know who you are, and you think therefore the likelihood of your being a "
9780814714218 - page_319: "START TEXT: citizen of India or of Communist China is as great as the likelihood of your being an American citiz" ******* END TEXT: " free trade and immigration are likely to increase the world’s output and efficiency, they are also "
9780814714218 - page_320: "START TEXT: likely to have differential impacts on labor and capital in different countries.\nAs Bronfenbrenner31" ******* END TEXT: "tive economists, strongly opposed free immigration. (Reder considers his vehemence on this point as "
9780814714218 - page_321: "START TEXT: “astonishing.”) Friedman argues against free entry to countries having welfare programs that provide" ******* END TEXT: "ols have tried to focus on need— free admissions policies, a move to the more just society of their "
9780814714218 - page_322: "START TEXT: parents—these same friends hire consultants who tell them the best way to structure their assets and" ******* END TEXT: " deal of flux and no uniform new view has emerged, at least in the sense that it has become the new "
9780814714218 - page_323: "START TEXT: standard textbook version. All of these developments do, however, tend to cast doubt on the earlier " ******* END TEXT: "l Taxation,” by J. A. Mirlees.\n4. There is little doubt that when compared with the population as a "
9780814714218 - page_324: "START TEXT: a whole, economists strongly defend markets as part of the decision-making process. See Bruno S. Fre" ******* END TEXT: " Pareto-optimal outcomes when the government is constrained by the available information and tools.\n"
9780814714218 - page_325: "START TEXT: 11. See Baumol, Superfairness 71-74 for a history of fairness theory.\n12. Varían, Intermediate Micro" ******* END TEXT: "old Behavior and the Tax Reform Act of 1986,” The Journal ofEconomic Perspectives 1 (1987): 117-18.\n"
9780814714218 - page_326: "START TEXT: 24. D. W. Haslett, “Is Inheritance Justified,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 15 (1986): 122-55.\n25. " ******* END TEXT: "see Richard Thaler, “Toward a Positive Theory of Consumer Choice, “Journal of Economic Behavior and "
9780814714218 - page_327: "START TEXT: Organization 1 (1980): 39-60 and Mark J. Machina, “Choice Under Uncertainty: Problems Solved and Uns" ******* END TEXT: "amic of its own and economists could not be sure of its prescriptions, so they simply ignored it.\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_vii: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nContributors\nPreface\nIntroduction\nJ. ROLAND PENNOCK AND JOHN W. CHAPMAN\nPART I: CONTRACTUAL" ******* END TEXT: "JONATHAN RILEY\nPART III: MARKETS AND CHARACTER\n6. Justice and the Market Domain\nMARGARET JANE RADIN\n"
9780814714218 - page_viii: "START TEXT: 7. Dominos and the Fear of Commodification\nERIC MACK\n8. Market Choice and Human Choice\nROBERT E. LAN" ******* END TEXT: "rkets and Justice: An Economist’s Perspective\nBERNARD SAFFRAN\nEpilogue    J. ROLAND PENNOCK\nIndex\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_ix: "START TEXT: CONTRIBUTORS\nJOSHUA COHEN    Philosophy and Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology" ******* END TEXT: "RZEJ RAPACZYNSKI    Law, Columbia University\nJONATHAN RILEY    Political Science, Tulane University\n"
9780814714218 - page_x: "START TEXT: BERNARD SAFFRAN    Economics, Swarthmore College\nCASS R. SUNSTEIN    Law and Political Science, The " ******* END TEXT: "mics, Swarthmore College\nCASS R. SUNSTEIN    Law and Political Science, The University of Chicago\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_vi: "START TEXT: Markets and Justice: Nomos XXXIedited by John W. Chapman and J. Roland PennoctCopyright © 1989 by Ne" ******* END TEXT: "e printed on acid-free paper, and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability.\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_328: "START TEXT: EPILOGUE\nJ. ROLAND PENNOCK\nWhere do we stand? Only the naive would expect that a symposium on this t" ******* END TEXT: "o substantial group is devoid of subgroups, that the subgroups may not be identical for all issues, "
9780814714218 - page_329: "START TEXT: and so on. Slippery slopes abound. Deciding where lines should be drawn is what I refer to as a tech" ******* END TEXT: ", or persons as we find them, and so on?\nBeyond this point, we find ourselves involved in questions "
9780814714218 - page_330: "START TEXT: such as whether social justice demands equal staring points, and if so, is that enough, or must they" ******* END TEXT: "e. That at least is the conviction that is borne in on me by reading the chapters in this volume.\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_i: "START TEXT: MARKETS AND JUSTICE\nNOMOSXXXI\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "MARKETS AND JUSTICE\nNOMOSXXXI\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_331: "START TEXT: INDEX\nAbortion, 259–60\nAckerman, Bruce, 23\nAddictions, 289–90\nAdoption of children. See Child adopti" ******* END TEXT: "nstrual of, 43–44, 47–52, 254–58\npublic justification in, 92–93\nideological justification in, 92–97\n"
9780814714218 - page_332: "START TEXT: Cooperation, agreements as, 261–62\nCooperative capitalism, 151–52\nCorporate capitalism, 112\nCurrency" ******* END TEXT: "eption of person, 38, 65, 167–68\ncontractarian theory of, 43–44, 47–52, 254–58\non self-interest, 91\n"
9780814714218 - page_333: "START TEXT: Hochschild, Jennifer, 125\nHousing, commodification of, 184\nHuman-organ donation, 169–71, 172, 187–88" ******* END TEXT: "\ninterest rates and, 75–78\nneutrality and, 80\nMarx, Karl, 16, 63, 67, 177, 233\nMaslow, Abraham, 235\n"
9780814714218 - page_334: "START TEXT: Mauss, Marcel, 239\nMead, Margaret, 239\nMill, John Stuart, 16, 20, 104–6, 111, 112\non business freedo" ******* END TEXT: "7\nPrimary goods, 17\nPrimitive societies, personality and, 239\nPrisoner’s dilemma games, 260–62, 284\n"
9780814714218 - page_335: "START TEXT: Private property, neutrality of, 78–80\nProperty rights, 89–90, 101–6, 127–28, 134–48\ndesert-based ac" ******* END TEXT: "illiam, 312–13\nThurow, Lester, 124, 125\nTitmuss, Richard, 170, 216, 218\nTocqueville, Alexis de, 234\n"
9780814714218 - page_336: "START TEXT: Trade, international, 319–20\nTransfers\nintergenerational, 317–18\ninternational, 319\nTullock, Gordon," ******* END TEXT: "Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 15, 48–49, 187\nWork, 175–78\nWorker-owned partnerships, 64\nYugoslavia, 30–31\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_1: "START TEXT: INTRODUCTION\nJ. ROLAND PENNOCK AND JOHN W. CHAPMAN\nJohn Gray’s chapter, which leads off part 1, is a" ******* END TEXT: "is presumably known to the contractors, and they act accordingly—both Rapaczynski and Joshua Cohen, "
9780814714218 - page_10: "START TEXT: should encourage those who believe in the possibility of a more just distribution of income without " ******* END TEXT: " and justice, with the proviso that much remains to be done before we fully understand ourselves.\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_2: "START TEXT: our philosophical critic, take sharp issue with this conclusion. They hold that Gray’s acceptance of" ******* END TEXT: "ng of ourselves and our situation. One feels the presence of divergent conceptions of human nature.\n"
9780814714218 - page_3: "START TEXT: As a final mark of Gray’s abstractness and shortage of empirical reference, both Rapaczynski and Coh" ******* END TEXT: "ou can reach this prescription by way of Gray’s Hobbesian contract. (But notice that Hobbes was not "
9780814714218 - page_4: "START TEXT: prepared to rely on private charity.) Or by way of Robert Nozick’s natural rights. John Rawls, of co" ******* END TEXT: "expedient for society to recognize these rights as important incentives. Gifts and inheritances may "
9780814714218 - page_5: "START TEXT: also be allowed as a matter of general expedience. Capitalist desert-based justice is to be qualifie" ******* END TEXT: "ention should be she does not attempt to prescribe. Indeed, when poverty is to blame it may be that "
9780814714218 - page_6: "START TEXT: maldistribution of wealth is at the root of the matter. She sees no immediate solution, but the impl" ******* END TEXT: "tions precisely by depersonalizing and monetarizing aspects of our lives that should be so defined.\n"
9780814714218 - page_7: "START TEXT: In his comments on Radin’s essay, Mack deals principally with her attitude toward domino effects. Th" ******* END TEXT: "el Walzer’s “spheres” might do, and as prohibitions of child labor in fact do. Radin’s fostering of "
9780814714218 - page_8: "START TEXT: humanistic attitudes combined with selective “walling” should take the sting out of domino effects a" ******* END TEXT: "lusion that many will feel disturbing.\nSunstein presents a catalogue of considerations that justify "
9780814714218 - page_9: "START TEXT: intervention in markets, either real or potential. Some considerations have to do with justice, othe" ******* END TEXT: "ing scepticism about the strong effects of changing incentives on labor supply and savings behavior "
9780814714218 - page_ii: "START TEXT: NOMOS\nHarvard University Press\nI              Authority 1958, reissued in 1982 by Greenwood Press\nTh" ******* END TEXT: "cion 1972\nLieber-Atherton Press\nXV     The Limits of Law 1974\nXVI    Participation in Politics 1975\n"
9780814714218 - page_iii: "START TEXT: New York University Press\nXVII   Human Nature in Politics 1977\nXVIII  Due Process 1977\nXIX    Anarch" ******* END TEXT: "ajorities and Minorities (in preparation) 1990\nXXXIII  Compensatory Justice (in preparation) 1991\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NOMOS XXXIYearbook of The American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "NOMOS XXXIYearbook of The American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_11: "START TEXT: PART ICONTRACTUALISM AND CAPITALISM\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART ICONTRACTUALISM AND CAPITALISM\n"
9780814714218 - page_12: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_87: "START TEXT: PART IICAPITALISM AND JUSTICE\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART IICAPITALISM AND JUSTICE\n"
9780814714218 - page_88: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_163: "START TEXT: PART IIIMARKETS AND CHARACTER\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART IIIMARKETS AND CHARACTER\n"
9780814714218 - page_164: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_277: "START TEXT: PART IVON THE FRONTIER\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART IVON THE FRONTIER\n"
9780814714218 - page_278: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_xi: "START TEXT: PREFACE\nThis volume began with papers presented at the thirty-first annual meeting of the Society he" ******* END TEXT: "forum in which to consider the problems thrown in our path by political and legal philosophy.\nJ.W.C."
9780814714218 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814714218 - page_v: "START TEXT: MARKETS AND JUSTICE\nEdited by\nJohn W. Chapman, University of Pittsburgh\nand\nJ. Roland Pennock, Swart" ******* END TEXT: "CE\nEdited by\nJohn W. Chapman, University of Pittsburgh\nand\nJ. Roland Pennock, Swarthmore College\n\n\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_13: "START TEXT: 1COMPENSATION AND THE BOUNDS OF RIGHTS\nLOREN E. LOMASKY\nI\nJoel Feinberg tells the following story:\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "ionally justifiable to violate someone’s rights when the stakes are high enough, then how are we to "
9780814714539 - page_14: "START TEXT: construe the role of rights in the overall moral economy? If they do not absolutely bar rights-tradu" ******* END TEXT: " first determine whether B has jaywalked. It follows that having crossed the street does not figure "
9780814714539 - page_15: "START TEXT: significantly in directing our evaluations while having jaywalked does. Correspondingly, if Thompson" ******* END TEXT: "eated a moral debt that must be compensated? Suppose instead that a meteor had fallen on the cabin. "
9780814714539 - page_16: "START TEXT: That would be bad luck for its owner, perhaps calling for our sympathy or even charitable relief, bu" ******* END TEXT: "e scope of rights to be similarly maximal. That is because rights have purchase on our conduct only "
9780814714539 - page_17: "START TEXT: insofar as those who transact with rights holders do not thereby forfeit their stake in the regime o" ******* END TEXT: "e, after all, not sacrosanct. Millions of times each day they migrate from one person to another as "
9780814714539 - page_18: "START TEXT: property is bought and sold. The surrogate transaction version appeals because it models the backpac" ******* END TEXT: "to prevent you from burning the chair.”9\nIt may therefore seem that (appropriately grave) need, and "
9780814714539 - page_19: "START TEXT: need alone, suffices to justify incursions. But that judgment is contravened by the following story." ******* END TEXT: "n if the backpacker sets out, so to speak, on the wrong foot, that initial moral error is something "
9780814714539 - page_20: "START TEXT: different from the one eventually committed: viz., violation of the cabin owner’s rights. To put one" ******* END TEXT: "of aptly situated havens where hikers can find food, shelter, and in-room movies with which to wile "
9780814714539 - page_21: "START TEXT: away the hours. A fee list detailing the charges for these various services is prominently displayed" ******* END TEXT: "kpacker that he purchase its services. Therefore, the backpacker wrongs no one by using the cabin.”\n"
9780814714539 - page_22: "START TEXT: The argument is invalid because it invokes the wrong comparison. The backpacker needs refuge, and so" ******* END TEXT: "e miserable. While one may, under certain conditions, be morally obliged to accept a miserable life "
9780814714539 - page_23: "START TEXT: for oneself,13 those conditions do not seem to obtain here. The guiding idea, roughly, is that indiv" ******* END TEXT: "ty better off, where being better off is understood in terms of the familiar welfarist indifference "
9780814714539 - page_24: "START TEXT: curve apparatus. That underscores the difficulty of understanding how rights can justifiably be infr" ******* END TEXT: "tions and furnish recognizable coherence and continuity—what we may call meaning—to an individual’s "
9780814714539 - page_25: "START TEXT: life. It follows that, contrary to the claims of consequential-ists, project pursuers do not have re" ******* END TEXT: "ds on the forbearance of others such that individuals can pursue projects amidst a world of similar "
9780814714539 - page_26: "START TEXT: beings, each with his own life to lead, and each owing the same measure of respect to others that th" ******* END TEXT: "t A’s loss is caused by B’s deliberate action. If B had contrived a better donut recipe and thereby "
9780814714539 - page_27: "START TEXT: driven A into bankruptcy, that would be an evil for A but not an evil done to A by B. It is only ins" ******* END TEXT: "nsatory justice as if it were instead a matter of distributive justice. Some believe that there are "
9780814714539 - page_28: "START TEXT: collectively shared duties to promote economic equality or to enhance the position of the least well" ******* END TEXT: "t be obscured by the fact that rights violators are not only compelled to make restitution to their "
9780814714539 - page_29: "START TEXT: victims but are also sometimes punished for crimes “against the state.” An offense done to a particu" ******* END TEXT: " vacant cabin although he thereby infringes its owner’s property rights. That conclusion should not "
9780814714539 - page_30: "START TEXT: be viewed as in any way undermining the preceding argument for the general applicability of rights. " ******* END TEXT: "idual’s ability to live as a project pursuer than does loss of liberty or life. Similarly, it is of "
9780814714539 - page_31: "START TEXT: undeniable moral significance whether intrusions on rights are compensated; that is why, after all, " ******* END TEXT: "rights also demarcate, though admittedly not with exactitude, the bounds of their applicability. It "
9780814714539 - page_32: "START TEXT: would be irrational to accept the principle, “Respect rights though the heavens may fall,” if the po" ******* END TEXT: " I have argued, is: minimal forbearance. By way of contrast, my reasons to act on behalf of persons "
9780814714539 - page_33: "START TEXT: whose fate matters much to me, or to fulfill the requirements of an office to which I have committed" ******* END TEXT: "stifiable rights infringements also generate a demand for compensation is less easy. The problem is "
9780814714539 - page_34: "START TEXT: this: one who justifiably infringes does nothing wrong. But if no wrongful action was committed, the" ******* END TEXT: "can allow all losses to lie where they fall, shift all losses away from where they fall, or on each "
9780814714539 - page_35: "START TEXT: occasion flip a coin.32 If these decision procedures are seen to suffer from arbitrariness, it can b" ******* END TEXT: "nt of my entirely innocent action.” However, the backpacker also is not a solipsist. He understands "
9780814714539 - page_36: "START TEXT: that the owner has a life of her own to lead and therefore has reason from her own perspective to di" ******* END TEXT: "hat the relevant moral consideration is simply who, if anyone, has acted wrongly. However, from the "
9780814714539 - page_37: "START TEXT: perspective of the involved parties what is of primary significance is not some god’s-eye-view estim" ******* END TEXT: "rms of some impersonal allocative standard. Each individual has reason to value the noninterference "
9780814714539 - page_38: "START TEXT: of others. Under a wide—but, as we have seen, not unbounded—range of circumstances, that translates " ******* END TEXT: "ate you for your forbearance. Admittedly, this is to play on words. “Compensation” so understood is "
9780814714539 - page_39: "START TEXT: not, as previously, a penalty payment consequent on some prior infringement. It is more like compens" ******* END TEXT: "are made. If we wish to press the analogy, we can put it this way: those who are welfare recipients "
9780814714539 - page_40: "START TEXT: today can justifiably be called on to be providers tomorrow; those who are secure cabin owners today" ******* END TEXT: "e Ruminations on Rights,” University of Arizona Law Review 19 (1977); reprinted in Thomson, Rights, "
9780814714539 - page_41: "START TEXT: Restitutions and Risk (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), 49-65 at p. 56. Emphasis in origi" ******* END TEXT: "t is always better from the perspective of an individual to be active rather than passive, nor that "
9780814714539 - page_42: "START TEXT: one is never justified in interposing one’s own judgment of what an individual would want for the pe" ******* END TEXT: "hts, and the Moral Community, 83.\n21. Jules Coleman, “Corrective Justice and Wrongful Gain,” in his "
9780814714539 - page_43: "START TEXT: Markets, Morals and the Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 184-201 at pp. 187-88.\n22" ******* END TEXT: "served by a policy of compensating losses out of a social insurance fund. But see section IV above.\n"
9780814714539 - page_44: "START TEXT: 34. This assumption is developed in Roderick Firth, “Ethical Abso lutism and the Ideal Observer,” Ph" ******* END TEXT: "l to Gerald Gaus for penetrating consideration and criticism of almost every aspect of this paper.\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_45: "START TEXT: 2DOES COMPENSATION RESTORE EQUALITY?\nGERALD F. GAUS\n1. INTRODUCTORY\nWhat does compensatory justice s" ******* END TEXT: "udge; for to go to a judge is to go to justice. . . . What the judge does is to restore equality.1\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_46: "START TEXT: In this chapter I consider whether compensatory justice can be understood in this Aristotelian fashi" ******* END TEXT: " out, “From a certain point of view, facilitatory social justice can be thought of as reparative.”4\n"
9780814714539 - page_47: "START TEXT: But to conceive of social justice as reparative is typically still to view it as a response to past " ******* END TEXT: "d with desert, but equally they are not undeserved, they are not contrary to desert.”9 If (1) means "
9780814714539 - page_48: "START TEXT: that all discriminations contrary to desert require redress, it seems that nothing follows regarding" ******* END TEXT: "imina tory acts—differential benefits and burdens are generated by social systems and institutions.\n"
9780814714539 - page_49: "START TEXT: 3. These inequalities thus demand justification.\n4. They cannot be justified on the grounds that peo" ******* END TEXT: " justification whereas departures from it do.14 They present us with a moral asymmetry. Now liberal "
9780814714539 - page_50: "START TEXT: political philosophy typically offers a competing presumptive principle:\nL: Interference with anothe" ******* END TEXT: "e inequalities. And in the absence of successful arguments, the fallback position is always a moral "
9780814714539 - page_51: "START TEXT: demand for equality. The formulated case for the principle of redress supposes precisely this: in th" ******* END TEXT: " some relevant difference between them.”21 So if Alf gives a present to Betty but not to Doris then "
9780814714539 - page_52: "START TEXT: nonarbitrariness demands that Alf have some reason that differentiates Betty from Doris. If he does " ******* END TEXT: ". If one chose to buy a house in one neighborhood rather than another, and both need new residents, "
9780814714539 - page_53: "START TEXT: one would have to justify one’s choice to those disadvan-taged by it. But why must I justify to othe" ******* END TEXT: "tral to liberal political and legal theory—becomes illiberal when transplanted into ethical theory.\n"
9780814714539 - page_54: "START TEXT: 3. RESTORING EQUALITY (II): THE DEBT MODEL\n3.1. What Is a Return to Equality?\nSo far I have argued t" ******* END TEXT: "be to restore an equality of rights.\nWhat, then, is meant when it is said that compensatory justice "
9780814714539 - page_55: "START TEXT: restores equality? William Blackstone provides the following interpretation of Aristotelian correcti" ******* END TEXT: " familiar: “if we have wronged A, we owe him something; we should make amends, we should compensate "
9780814714539 - page_56: "START TEXT: him for the wrong done.”36 A special moral relation exists, then, between victim and aggressor: the " ******* END TEXT: "wronged Alf in a way that causes him loss, then (1) Alf has a claim to be compensated and (2) Betty "
9780814714539 - page_57: "START TEXT: has an obligation to repay. Jules Coleman, however, has repeatedly argued against this fairly standa" ******* END TEXT: "t who does not thereby gain has an obligation to repair, his obligation cannot derive directly from "
9780814714539 - page_58: "START TEXT: the principle of corrective justice, I mean only to be emphasizing the obvious fact that he has secu" ******* END TEXT: ", white males, to women and blacks, she argues the community is giving some of its opportunities to "
9780814714539 - page_59: "START TEXT: those who have been the victims of injustice. This is the crux of Coleman’s simple redistributive th" ******* END TEXT: "that they should not be able to gain from their dangerous activity. So a policy that creates a pool "
9780814714539 - page_60: "START TEXT: contributed to by all aggressors—and perhaps all drivers are aggressors sometimes—to compensate vict" ******* END TEXT: "are two models of rights. I shall call the first the purely instrumental theory of rights. The best "
9780814714539 - page_61: "START TEXT: examples of this instrumental theory are neo-Hobbesian accounts of rights. According to neo-Hobbesia" ******* END TEXT: "His rights are tools to advance his interests, and Betty has acted so that his interests are not in "
9780814714539 - page_62: "START TEXT: any way harmed by her violations. So on what basis could Alf still feel aggrieved? To keep complaini" ******* END TEXT: " extravagantly. But if I offer you enough, I can take it. And you will have no reason to complain.” "
9780814714539 - page_63: "START TEXT: Betty may have trouble with the rest of society—she may have to pay out mountains in compensation to" ******* END TEXT: " means to pursue E2, even if it were somehow demonstrable that the attainment of E2 by A[lf ] would "
9780814714539 - page_64: "START TEXT: have the same welfare measure as does the attainment of E1 by A[lf].”\n4. And this is so, according t" ******* END TEXT: "values have been harmed in such a way that one simply cannot be fully compensated. “No satisfactory "
9780814714539 - page_65: "START TEXT: rectification or compensation can be made to the athlete who becomes a paraplegic as the result of a" ******* END TEXT: "Hampshire are right to reject claims (2) and (3). Should we reject claim (1) too? Much depends here "
9780814714539 - page_66: "START TEXT: on just what we mean by “a common currency.” Writes Stanley Benn:\n\nTo trade one value against anothe" ******* END TEXT: "him. Suppose Betty says: “How about a hundred thousand dollars, that will allow you to achieve your "
9780814714539 - page_67: "START TEXT: dream of going to college? Will that compensate you for what I did yesterday, that is, stole your 19" ******* END TEXT: "itors at night to your house. Indeed, you have made something of a point of it. Unfortunately, your "
9780814714539 - page_68: "START TEXT: colleague walks by your house on her way home from work, and often—all too often—she knocks on the d" ******* END TEXT: "en’t you lucky she didn’t let the rule guide her? As Mill said, it is the pedant “who goes by rules "
9780814714539 - page_69: "START TEXT: rather than their reasons.”72 If in this case your rights are respected “we should employ the means " ******* END TEXT: "etween his practical decisions and his activity will be seen as a threat to his status as a person. "
9780814714539 - page_70: "START TEXT: That is why one has a residue complaint even when one has not been harmed, or even when the harm has" ******* END TEXT: "nts. “To deny him the right to dispose of his labor and talent is to assert that. . . [others] have "
9780814714539 - page_71: "START TEXT: rights to them also. . . . But a person’s right to his own person is a fundamental tenet of liberal " ******* END TEXT: "c goods, or from the liberty to use another’s property in cases of dire need (see section 5). Given "
9780814714539 - page_72: "START TEXT: these practical interests, we all may concur full compensation for taking one’s property will, in so" ******* END TEXT: " the victim and the punishment of the aggressor would then both be parts of compensatory justice.88 "
9780814714539 - page_73: "START TEXT: Understood in this sense we can say that compensatory justice entails a return to equality (although" ******* END TEXT: " compensation to the homeowner for the depletion of his larder, the breaking of his window, and the "
9780814714539 - page_74: "START TEXT: destruction of his furniture.”91 Most philosophers have indeed agreed that what you did was justifie" ******* END TEXT: "nterference. If we understand the Liberal Principle as the fundamental requirement of respect among "
9780814714539 - page_75: "START TEXT: self-directing moral agents, we reach a somewhat surprising conclusion: compensatory justice, unders" ******* END TEXT: "ue of Rawls’ Ideological Framework,” Social Theory and Practice 3 (Spring 1974): 3-26 at pp. 15-16.\n"
9780814714539 - page_76: "START TEXT: 10. Rawls, A Theory of Justice, 104.\n11. I am leaving aside here Rawls’s controversial claim that we" ******* END TEXT: " Tay, eds., Human Rights (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1978, 57–73 at p. 67. Emphasis in original. "
9780814714539 - page_77: "START TEXT: See also Flathman, “Equality and Generalization,” 39; Berlin, “Equality as an Ideal,” 131, 133.\n25. " ******* END TEXT: " 268. For an analysis of some practical implications of the “proportionality principle,” see Robert "
9780814714539 - page_78: "START TEXT: Simon, “Preferential Hiring,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 3 (Spring 1974): 312-20.\n41. Nozick, Anarc" ******* END TEXT: "ral Community (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 143.\n57. Ibid., 142. Emphasis in original.\n"
9780814714539 - page_79: "START TEXT: 58. The following discussion, and all quotations, draw on Lomasky, Persons, Rights, 142-46.\n59. From" ******* END TEXT: "enjoy your privacy only by allowing her to incur injury is making the option of enjoying your right "
9780814714539 - page_80: "START TEXT: too costly; it seems tantamount to a threat. And it seems the same holds true on less bitterly cold " ******* END TEXT: "erty Rights,” in his Rise and Fall of Economic Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), 82.\n"
9780814714539 - page_81: "START TEXT: 84. See further Gerald F. Gaus and Loren E. Lomasky, “Are Prop erty Rights Problematic?” in The Moni" ******* END TEXT: "y Nancy Davis and Peter Westin, and Montague’s reply in Philosophy & Public Affairs 14 (Fall 1985).\n"
9780814714539 - page_82: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_85: "START TEXT: 3JUSTICE BETWEEN GENERATIONS: COMPENSATION, IDENTITY, AND GROUP MEMBERSHIP\nJAMES S. FISHKIN\nJustice " ******* END TEXT: "nalysis to compensation for past injustice.\nA common assumption is that a person X can be harmed if "
9780814714539 - page_86: "START TEXT: and only if X is worse off than X otherwise would have been. Let us call this the identity-specific " ******* END TEXT: "ernative view of human interests that might be dubbed the identity-independent notion of interests, "
9780814714539 - page_87: "START TEXT: harm included. In this perspective we would simply evaluate two states of affairs according to the i" ******* END TEXT: "abricates new copies. Or perhaps a new, miniature technology is in the book that you are reading, a "
9780814714539 - page_88: "START TEXT: technology that will go into effect as soon as you reach a certain page. In any case, the reason for" ******* END TEXT: "t is the utility that matters, not the vessels. If a vessel breaks, that has no importance provided "
9780814714539 - page_89: "START TEXT: that another can be found, or created that will hold as much or more.\nThe very merit of the identity" ******* END TEXT: "reference utilitarianism to more developed children and adults would block replaceability scenarios "
9780814714539 - page_90: "START TEXT: applied to such persons. In this way his distinction between preference and sensate utilitarianism m" ******* END TEXT: "erexamples with which we started, but only by creating a vulnerability to replaceability arguments.\n"
9780814714539 - page_91: "START TEXT: Turn now to the questions of justice between past and present generations to see if parallel issues " ******* END TEXT: "a of compensation dissolves. We have no longer a matter of rectifying an injustice for identifiable "
9780814714539 - page_92: "START TEXT: individuals. Rather, we are trying to achieve the best distribution of benefits and harms disconnect" ******* END TEXT: "r for whom no claims of injustice arise.\nIn both the future-regarding and the past-regarding cases, "
9780814714539 - page_93: "START TEXT: the problem is that, on the one hand, identity-specific claims to compensation suffer from the fact " ******* END TEXT: " groups is precisely one that would not have suffered a history of racial injustice and oppression. "
9780814714539 - page_94: "START TEXT: To compensate group X for not living in such a society is to imagine the lives people who would have" ******* END TEXT: "tims of the injustice, this policy would seem a travesty of compensation. Distribution in the group "
9780814714539 - page_95: "START TEXT: must conform to some criterion of severity of treatment. Hence, if there were to be a compensatory p" ******* END TEXT: " case builds on arguments I made in “Justice between Generations: The Dilemma of Future Interests,” "
9780814714539 - page_96: "START TEXT: in Michael Bradie and David Braybrooke, eds., Social Justice (Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green Sta" ******* END TEXT: "ity issues posed an obstacle to both individual and group compensation argu ments. See pp. 117-18.\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_100: "START TEXT: competition begins. While the latter, more expansive version of “equality of opportunity” might be p" ******* END TEXT: " the person, but to the damage: “it treats the parties as equals and asks only whether one has done "
9780814714539 - page_101: "START TEXT: and the other has suffered wrong, and whether one has done and the other has suffered damage.”9 Aris" ******* END TEXT: "p against another, or “society” against a group, or a government against a group. Can the principle "
9780814714539 - page_102: "START TEXT: stretch enough to encompass these kinds of claims? For those who endorse preferential policies based" ******* END TEXT: "ite criteria for rectificatory justice. James W. Nickel describes the concept in the following way:\n"
9780814714539 - page_103: "START TEXT: Compensatory justice requires that counterbalancing benefits be provided to those individuals who ha" ******* END TEXT: "not be described as resulting from unjust acts, for example, injuries resulting from negligence; it "
9780814714539 - page_104: "START TEXT: expands on Aristotle’s notion of treating the parties as equals by maintaining that the rights of ea" ******* END TEXT: "mendment, which had been introduced into the House by Representative Mitchell, who stated that only "
9780814714539 - page_105: "START TEXT: 1 percent of federal contracts went to minorities while they constituted 15-18 percent of the popula" ******* END TEXT: "to preferential policies argue for what is termed an “intermediate standard of review” that is more "
9780814714539 - page_106: "START TEXT: deferential to Congress, and hence a standard under which preferences are more likely to survive.27 " ******* END TEXT: "e least disadvantaged in the class, and leave the most disadvantaged and, hence, the most likely to "
9780814714539 - page_107: "START TEXT: be still suffering from the effects of past wrongs, with no benefits. In addition, the history of di" ******* END TEXT: "sh-speaking, Orientals, Indians, Eskimos, or Aleuts.”33 The Richmond plan was described as remedial "
9780814714539 - page_108: "START TEXT: in nature and designed to encourage wider participation of minorities businesses in the construction" ******* END TEXT: "t has two components: a showing of compelling governmental interest; and once that is demonstrated, "
9780814714539 - page_109: "START TEXT: proof that the means chosen are narrowly tailored to achieve the compelling state interest.\nShe cont" ******* END TEXT: "majority held that the city had failed to demonstrate a “compelling interest in apportioning public "
9780814714539 - page_110: "START TEXT: contracting opportunities on the basis of race.”39 The inclusion of other groups in the Richmond set" ******* END TEXT: "g blacks when a long history of judicial procedures established Richmond’s discriminatory obstinacy "
9780814714539 - page_111: "START TEXT: in the past. Invoking an intermediate test, which he has supported throughout the Court’s affirmativ" ******* END TEXT: "ustice is: that it is backward looking, in the sense that what is relevant is an act or acts in the "
9780814714539 - page_112: "START TEXT: past that transpired between the contesting parties, the victim and the perpetrator, that violated t" ******* END TEXT: "cannot be met by citing instances of private discrimination, no matter how obnoxious or widespread. "
9780814714539 - page_113: "START TEXT: That private contractors refused in the past to hire minorities as construction workers or to contra" ******* END TEXT: "al program that benefits minority contractors, one would have to show that the government committed "
9780814714539 - page_114: "START TEXT: an act that violated the rights of the victim. General societal discrimination perpetrated by indivi" ******* END TEXT: "d not bid for public construction contracts, for they could not contract for anything. After slavery"
9780814714539 - page_115: "START TEXT: —despite the passage of the 1866 Civil Rights Act,50 which was designed to guarantee to the emancipa" ******* END TEXT: ", someone steals your father’s land or personal property. However, even here matters get messy when "
9780814714539 - page_116: "START TEXT: the rights violation has not been redressed for generations. Does the grandchild, the great-grandchi" ******* END TEXT: "ng that the problems are infinitely compounded when a group is identified only as Spanish-speaking. "
9780814714539 - page_117: "START TEXT: Why should Ricardo Montalban’s construction company receive a set-aside from the City of Richmond?\nA" ******* END TEXT: "er, who could then bring the city to court to redress the rights violation perpetrated against him.\n"
9780814714539 - page_118: "START TEXT: C. The Third Criterion\nCriterion III requires that, in effecting a remedy, the parties be treated as" ******* END TEXT: "e burden of enormous, multifarious, sometimes even mutually negating injuries suffered in the past.\n"
9780814714539 - page_119: "START TEXT: D. The Fourth Criterion\nThe victim, according to Criterion IV, must be recompensed in some manner th" ******* END TEXT: "ile Criterion IV works well enough in assessing damages in a medical malpractice case, for example, "
9780814714539 - page_120: "START TEXT: where it makes sense to try to restore the victim to his condition ex ante, the criterion leads to b" ******* END TEXT: " Goldman’s argument that those benefited by such a program are likely to be the least discriminated "
9780814714539 - page_121: "START TEXT: against members of the minority group. Consequently, preferential policies would “invert the ratio o" ******* END TEXT: "e said to compensate “the group.”62 Taylor, like Boxill, has not developed a theory of compensatory "
9780814714539 - page_122: "START TEXT: justice for groups, one that would tell us, as Aristotle’s theory did for individuals, the criteria " ******* END TEXT: " as an inheritance had they lived to collect. Second, the compensatory program came with an apology "
9780814714539 - page_123: "START TEXT: from the President and an admission from Congress that a “fundamental injustice” had been committed " ******* END TEXT: "t to the Claims Conference organizations as spiritual heirs of the exterminated Jewish victims, the "
9780814714539 - page_124: "START TEXT: funds to be used to assist in the aid, rehabilitation, and resettlement of the survivors. This is th" ******* END TEXT: " its governance, dramatically altered its essential character and wished to recompense its victims.\n"
9780814714539 - page_125: "START TEXT: Could a theory of compensatory justice, even one modified to cover extensive rights violations to gr" ******* END TEXT: "butable to Communism throughout the world, the results of a system exported at the direction of the "
9780814714539 - page_126: "START TEXT: Soviets, are estimated at between 85 and 160 million, and those in the Soviet Union alone at 50-70 m" ******* END TEXT: "e paid, and paid with their lives, but of course their successors have not, nor have their innocent "
9780814714539 - page_127: "START TEXT: victims been recompensed, nor their heirs restored to the property seized from their grandparents an" ******* END TEXT: "oward democracy without the tanks and troops decamping. As for the millions of dead, nothing can be "
9780814714539 - page_128: "START TEXT: done, they are beyond worldly concerns.70 And virtually every living person in the Soviet Union is t" ******* END TEXT: "der the rubric of affirmative action, do not satisfy the requirements of compensatory justice. They "
9780814714539 - page_129: "START TEXT: reward an ill-defined class of victims, indiscriminately favor some in that class and leave others t" ******* END TEXT: "r period will not have their rights vindicated. Compensatory justice certainly has its limitations.\n"
9780814714539 - page_130: "START TEXT: NOTES\n1. This Executive Order, of September 24, 1965, mandated “affir mative action” by all companie" ******* END TEXT: "c weaknesses of our system that go beyond the injustice caused by racial and sexual discrimination.\n"
9780814714539 - page_131: "START TEXT: 9. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 1132a, 4-7.\n10. Ibid., 1132a, 7-13.\n11. Ibid., 1132b, 18-20.\n12. I" ******* END TEXT: "set-aside programs are from Diane Bast, Mayer Freed, Daniel Polsby, and Thomas Ulen, “Disadvantaged "
9780814714539 - page_132: "START TEXT: Business Set-Aside Programs: An Evaluation,” in Heartland Policy Study series, Heartland Institute (" ******* END TEXT: " was read into the Amendment’s due process clause by judicial construction to mirror the Fourteenth "
9780814714539 - page_133: "START TEXT: Amendment’s due process plus equal protection language. This was significant because the Fourteenth " ******* END TEXT: "led a separate dissent in which Brennan joined. Thus, Justice O’Connor delivered the opinion of the "
9780814714539 - page_134: "START TEXT: Court, commanding a majority vote, only in Parts I, III-B, and IV, and merely an opinion for the oth" ******* END TEXT: "his is really stretching. One more weighty distinction was discerned by Justice O’Connor in Section "
9780814714539 - page_135: "START TEXT: II, joined by the Chief Justice and Justice White, namely that the Fourteenth Amendment grants Congr" ******* END TEXT: ", ideally, compensating blacks requires placing them in positions they would have occupied had they "
9780814714539 - page_136: "START TEXT: not been wronged. He does not discern the problems with this that I discuss in the text, but he does" ******* END TEXT: "s to pay reparations to all individuals forced to attend segregated schools in the South. See Boris "
9780814714539 - page_137: "START TEXT: I. Bittker, The Case for Black Reparations (New York: Random House, 1973).\n63. Restitution for World" ******* END TEXT: "d in the camps. This is the same man who did the Soviet’s bidding throughout his career in the army "
9780814714539 - page_138: "START TEXT: and party and imposed martial law in 1981, arresting Solidarity’s leaders. See Michael T. Kaufman, M" ******* END TEXT: "hilosophy & Policy 5 (1987): 2261-63.\nThose blacks who can prove that they were convicted of crimes "
9780814714539 - page_139: "START TEXT: unjustly as a result of discrimination certainly deserve recompense, as do others who can prove simi" ******* END TEXT: "n millions of blacks that seem uncompensable in any direct way on a compensatory justice principle.\n"
9780814714539 - page_140: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_97: "START TEXT: 4SET-ASIDES, REPARATIONS, AND COMPENSATORY JUSTICE\nELLEN FRANKEL PAUL\nCompensatory justice has, in r" ******* END TEXT: ", particularly those of an exceedingly unpleasant nature at some of America’s leading universities, "
9780814714539 - page_98: "START TEXT: underscore the extent to which such policies have proven socially divisive. Youths raised entirely i" ******* END TEXT: "distinguishes between two types of just action that fall within that rubric. The first, what we now "
9780814714539 - page_99: "START TEXT: call distributive justice, deals with the “distribution of honors, or material goods, or of anything" ******* END TEXT: "ompetitors suffering some disadvantage in the competition be brought up to an even level before the "
9780814714539 - page_143: "START TEXT: 5COMPENSATION AND REDISTRIBUTION\nROBERT E. GOODIN\nCompensatory justice is profoundly conservative. A" ******* END TEXT: "butive justice. There, the whole point is to alter those antecedent distributions that compensatory "
9780814714539 - page_144: "START TEXT: justice is at such pains to recreate.3 The two notions seem unalterably at odds. Compensation strive" ******* END TEXT: " for compensation. The rationale for compensation that I deem most defensible is broadly compatible "
9780814714539 - page_145: "START TEXT: with a certain measure of redistribution, practiced in a certain way; it may even demand a certain m" ******* END TEXT: "rongness of the process by which that status quo ante was upset. The third has to do with something "
9780814714539 - page_146: "START TEXT: more formal about the status quo ante, wholly apart from its content or the process by which it was " ******* END TEXT: "displayed any such characteristics.\nConsider, first, end-state theories. They assert that we should "
9780814714539 - page_147: "START TEXT: provide compensation because the pattern embodied in the antecedent distribution was the right one. " ******* END TEXT: " to compensate people, inter alia, for whatever earnings they have actually lost.16 In consequence, "
9780814714539 - page_148: "START TEXT: those programs all pay people more the more they earned.17 That is independent of, and in certain wa" ******* END TEXT: "compensation for cleaning them up.\nThis insensitivity to historical titles in awarding compensation "
9780814714539 - page_149: "START TEXT: is no peculiarity of tort law.23 Just compensation, under the law of eminent domain, is owed to thos" ******* END TEXT: "ning historical entitlement theorists in claiming that outcomes are substantively right if produced "
9780814714539 - page_150: "START TEXT: through certain processes, we can nonetheless agree that outcomes are procedurally wrong if produced" ******* END TEXT: "y blocking otherwise meritorious claims. Contemporary concerns for extending the no-fault principle "
9780814714539 - page_151: "START TEXT: are often similarly motivated pragmatic concerns.31 These no-fault schemes of compensation might the" ******* END TEXT: "a way to derive the requisite justification from a more complex set of facts, all connected somehow "
9780814714539 - page_152: "START TEXT: to the fact that the state being restored was indeed the status quo ante. The further propositions t" ******* END TEXT: " It will serve its expectation-preserving purposes, however, only if certain further conditions are "
9780814714539 - page_153: "START TEXT: satisfied. The compensation must be complete, giving people back the full and perfect equivalents of" ******* END TEXT: "he statistically unpredictable and the morally unacceptable.37 The advantage is that we can thereby "
9780814714539 - page_154: "START TEXT: deem “reasonable”—and hence, by my formula, compensable—expectations that are well-founded morally b" ******* END TEXT: " to some status quo ante, in a way that that expectation about Perot’s benefaction clearly was not.\n"
9780814714539 - page_155: "START TEXT: Despite all I have said about what we need not compensate people for, the point remains that we do n" ******* END TEXT: "nd only purely pragmatic considerations ever stopped us from going the whole way toward that ideal.\n"
9780814714539 - page_156: "START TEXT: D. Interim Conclusion\nIn summary: The true justification for compensation lies not in the substantiv" ******* END TEXT: "at compensation is due them whether they be rich or poor. Compensatory justice—restoring as it does "
9780814714539 - page_157: "START TEXT: the status quo ante—thus seems systematically to trump principles of redistributive justice.\nHow pow" ******* END TEXT: " as it was done in a predictable manner. This is just to say that redistributions ought to abide by "
9780814714539 - page_158: "START TEXT: something akin to rules of natural justice. In economic policy, just as in criminal law, public affa" ******* END TEXT: "e government’s plans and projects are much more often than not retained by its successors, and so a "
9780814714539 - page_159: "START TEXT: government’s redistributive policies ought reasonably be expected to persist even if that particular" ******* END TEXT: "k that the distribution of the commodities offered in compensation matters very much less, morally, "
9780814714539 - page_160: "START TEXT: than the distribution of the commodities that were redistributed. Economists, anthropologists, and p" ******* END TEXT: "mize the disincentive effects and consequent efficiency losses.52 The redistributive “bolt from the "
9780814714539 - page_161: "START TEXT: blue” that Pigou and his followers recommend on efficiency grounds would wreak havoc with people’s l" ******* END TEXT: "is chapter began is that compensation and redistribution are implacable foes. That thought has been "
9780814714539 - page_162: "START TEXT: undermined by the demonstration that the two can be reconciled. But showing that the two are not nec" ******* END TEXT: ". And the losses intentionally inflicted upon the rich by a scheme of redistribution can themselves "
9780814714539 - page_163: "START TEXT: hardly be compensable. So the sort of compensation implied by redistribution is both provisional and" ******* END TEXT: "o follow life plans at all. If it is morally desirable that people should do so—as one crucial step "
9780814714539 - page_164: "START TEXT: in my argument for compensation asserts it to be—then perhaps redistributive transfers to underwrite" ******* END TEXT: "ard it as desirable for people to frame and follow plans of a larger sort for their lives, we ought "
9780814714539 - page_165: "START TEXT: therefore do what we can to remove those barriers to such longer-term planning.\nThis argument claims" ******* END TEXT: "distributive policies. Paying some relatively rich victim compensation that redistributive measures "
9780814714539 - page_166: "START TEXT: will claw back may seem to amount to giving with one hand and taking back with the other. But there " ******* END TEXT: "B below build on that example.\n3. One way of making sense of this would be to say that compensation "
9780814714539 - page_167: "START TEXT: invariably restores a “post-fisc” status quo ante that already incorporates redistributivist state t" ******* END TEXT: " equivalent of what was lost—to right any and all wrongful damage to persons and property. Although "
9780814714539 - page_168: "START TEXT: that ideal is rarely realized perfectly, it is the ideal practice rule rather than the inevitably im" ******* END TEXT: "-and-ready way, with paying people more the less they now need it, for high earners on average have "
9780814714539 - page_169: "START TEXT: higher savings to tide them over emergencies. Unemployment benefits, and social insurance benefits m" ******* END TEXT: "ommission of a crime. See Terence G. Ison, Accident Compensation (London: Croom Helm, 1980): 37-38.\n"
9780814714539 - page_170: "START TEXT: 24. In the American Law Institute’s Model Eminent Domain Code, Uniform Laws Annotated, vol. 13 (St. " ******* END TEXT: "t we thought only those harmed by others’ wrongs deserved compensation, on principle. It was always "
9780814714539 - page_171: "START TEXT: merely a matter of figuring out who, in practice, should pay. I return to these themes toward the en" ******* END TEXT: "eave it now. . . . Sinceemploy ees will not be able to adjust in the sense their employers can, the "
9780814714539 - page_172: "START TEXT: Committee believes that a reasonable program of transition assistance should be provided” (quoted in" ******* END TEXT: "Australasian Journal of Philosophy 33 (1955): 143-59; and Robert Nozick, “Coercion,” in P. Laslett, "
9780814714539 - page_173: "START TEXT: W. G. Runciman, and Q. Skinner, eds., Philosophy, Politics and Society, 4th series (Oxford: Blackwel" ******* END TEXT: "Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), 123-39.\n43. I might add “or the procedural wrongess of upsetting it.” But "
9780814714539 - page_174: "START TEXT: as I say in note 32, model I.C subsumes and provides a proper rationale for model I.B, so there is n" ******* END TEXT: " Harvard Law Review 99 (1986): 509-618.\n49. Gordon Tullock, “Achieving Deregulation—A Public Choice "
9780814714539 - page_175: "START TEXT: Perspective,” Regulation (November/December 1978): 50-54 at p. 53; and Martin Feldstein, “On the The" ******* END TEXT: "ns of Welfare Economics,” EconomicJournal 49 (1939): 696-712 at pp. 711-12; and Tibor Scitovsky, “A "
9780814714539 - page_176: "START TEXT: Note on Welfare Propositions in Economics,” Review of Economic Studies 9 (1941): 77-88.\n55. What is " ******* END TEXT: "ights along this general line, see Raymond Plant, “Needs, Agency, and Welfare Rights,” in J. Donald "
9780814714539 - page_177: "START TEXT: Moon, ed., Responsibility, Rights and Welfare (Boulder: Westview, 1988), 55-75.\n61. It may well be t" ******* END TEXT: "ice, Martin Hollis, Sheldon Leader, Saul Levmore, Onora O’Neill, Morris Perlman, and Albert Weale.\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_178: "START TEXT: 6COMPENSATION WITHIN THE LIMITS OF RELIANCE ALONE\nELIZABETH ANDERSON\nRobert Goodin’s chapter, “Compe" ******* END TEXT: " a moral theory accept the fewest moral principles required to account for our considered judgments "
9780814714539 - page_179: "START TEXT: about morality or our actual practices, in Goodin’s case. If a single moral principle can generate a" ******* END TEXT: "—they have nothing else to rely on. But from this it does not follow that they have actually framed "
9780814714539 - page_180: "START TEXT: the kinds of long-term plans that are of concern in Goodin’s sense of reliance. They may merely have" ******* END TEXT: "ule out any redistributive policies. For the ultimate purpose of redistributive justice seems to be "
9780814714539 - page_181: "START TEXT: precisely to change the prior distributions that compensatory justice attempts to recreate. How can " ******* END TEXT: "ntively just situation. Indeed, once a just system of property holdings and redistributive policies "
9780814714539 - page_182: "START TEXT: is in place, one of the reasons why we would want to attend to compensatory justice is that it resto" ******* END TEXT: "on. The law of torts could not express these principles if it were also used to redistribute income "
9780814714539 - page_183: "START TEXT: more equally. If the rich could not claim tortious damages from the poor, this would be tantamount t" ******* END TEXT: "iversity of moral claims we make must in principle be justified by only one fundamental moral idea. "
9780814714539 - page_184: "START TEXT: Any theory that accepts a diversity of justifying principles simply hasn’t dug deeply enough into th" ******* END TEXT: ". Similarly, even if only one or a few moral principles are needed to yield all of the decisions we "
9780814714539 - page_185: "START TEXT: presently think right, the presently “redundant” or latent principles may play a crucial role in sha" ******* END TEXT: "is suggestion, see Don Herzog, Without Foundations (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985).\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_186: "START TEXT: 7ON COMPENSATION AND DISTRIBUTION\nSAUL LEVMORE\nMy comments on and objections to Goodin’s “Compensati" ******* END TEXT: "iability rules and negligence rules have much the same effect on minimizing the costs of accidents. "
9780814714539 - page_187: "START TEXT: 1 One might, however, choose between these rules on the basis of their “activity level” effects, adm" ******* END TEXT: "’s treatment of losses caused by minors, economic losses caused by tortfeasors, changes in tax law, "
9780814714539 - page_188: "START TEXT: and governmental takings of services and other expectations, to name just a few items on a long list" ******* END TEXT: "er or not this modification of an existing theory works as a predictive matter, or is defensible as "
9780814714539 - page_189: "START TEXT: a normative enterprise, it is surely the case that thoughts of compensation, rather than deterrence," ******* END TEXT: "omewhat different aspect of “Compensation and Redistribution,” Goodin’s work encourages us to think "
9780814714539 - page_190: "START TEXT: of compensation and redistribution as compatible because to deny compensation and to allow torts, ta" ******* END TEXT: "the various parties and to reach a result that is not sabotaged by free riders and holdouts will be "
9780814714539 - page_191: "START TEXT: impossible.10 After all, the factory owner will need to bargain successfully with every homeowner, a" ******* END TEXT: "ction of wealth emphasizes this point that the actual and the ideal size of the regulatory state is "
9780814714539 - page_192: "START TEXT: a question about wealth distribution as much as it is a question about the relative advantages of di" ******* END TEXT: "der and holdout problem when there is one tortfeasor and many victims, see ibid., 1106–7, 1115-24.\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_195: "START TEXT: 8COMPENSATION AND GOVERNMENT TAKINGS OF PRIVATE PROPERTY\nSTEPHEN R. MUNZER\nI present here an account" ******* END TEXT: "hapter to that topic are in order. I deal mainly with what some lawyer-economists call compensation "
9780814714539 - page_196: "START TEXT: ex post rather than compensation ex ante. If someone buys a lottery ticket and fails to win the lott" ******* END TEXT: "perty in two main ways. A popular conception views property as things, particularly tangible things "
9780814714539 - page_197: "START TEXT: such as land, houses, automobiles, tools, and factories. A more sophisticated conception sees proper" ******* END TEXT: "roblems of takings. One concerns government action that affects persons’ freedom over their bodies. "
9780814714539 - page_198: "START TEXT: Examples include laws requiring military service or restricting abortion. Some may find it bizarre t" ******* END TEXT: "every conceptual issue, for three reasons at least. First, the distinction does not determine which "
9780814714539 - page_199: "START TEXT: taxes, if any, are legitimate. Though a theory of property has implications for taxation, it is hard" ******* END TEXT: "reasons that I give elsewhere,8 the most satisfactory theory of property is a pluralist theory that "
9780814714539 - page_200: "START TEXT: consists of three main principles and an account of how those principles are related. The theory is " ******* END TEXT: "ividual preference-satisfaction. The principle is not redundant because utility, unlike efficiency, "
9780814714539 - page_201: "START TEXT: presupposes that interpersonal comparisons of preference-satisfaction are possible. As a result, uti" ******* END TEXT: "ue that a qualified desert version is the best candidate. The labor-desert principle maintains that "
9780814714539 - page_202: "START TEXT: a person’s work gives a qualified justification for private property rights. This justification of p" ******* END TEXT: "lity and efficiency, of justice and equality, and of desert based on labor—form what will be called "
9780814714539 - page_203: "START TEXT: the basic theory of property.10 If one accepts the basic theory, one should try to build a moral and" ******* END TEXT: "t domain, carefully employed, is justified. This judgment holds even if one uses only the principie "
9780814714539 - page_204: "START TEXT: of utility and efficiency. It is even more secure if one recalls that the labor-desert principle and" ******* END TEXT: "ment should sometimes compensate. One can now enlist the basic theory to show when it should do so.\n"
9780814714539 - page_205: "START TEXT: 4. UTILITY, EFFICIENCY, AND TAKINGS\nSince it could be unwieldy to develop simultaneously all three p" ******* END TEXT: "he lower of these two costs. Hence, the government should compensate if demoralization costs exceed "
9780814714539 - page_206: "START TEXT: settlement costs, that is, if E>D>S or D>E>S. On the other hand, the government should not compensat" ******* END TEXT: " if one adopts a strategy derived from rule-utilitarianism, or from a version of act-utilitarianism "
9780814714539 - page_207: "START TEXT: that uses “rules of thumb,”18 such as the rule that promises should be kept, then partial compensati" ******* END TEXT: "ts described earlier still hold, substituting U/E for E, N for D, and C for S throughout. Similarly "
9780814714539 - page_208: "START TEXT: , one can construct revised values, called N′ and C′, which affect the justifiability of government " ******* END TEXT: "nce would retard utility. Such considerations should be built into legal or social rules on zoning. "
9780814714539 - page_209: "START TEXT: The owner of the rezoned property has, then, no rational and legitimate expectations that justify co" ******* END TEXT: "ent pays special attention to incentive effect costs over time. It seeks to restructure incentives.\n"
9780814714539 - page_210: "START TEXT: Consider the introduction of zoning in the early decades of this century.21 It may well have been th" ******* END TEXT: "An anti-utilitarian may object that one can, in the utility component cf the theory, recognize only "
9780814714539 - page_211: "START TEXT: property interests. One cannot support morally the enforcement of property rights against the govern" ******* END TEXT: "ment action adversely affecting their property. Even if there are departures from full information, "
9780814714539 - page_212: "START TEXT: perfect competition, and actuarially fair premiums, many people will want to buy some insurance, pro" ******* END TEXT: "ysis to show that it is sufficiently great to preclude altogether a market for “takings” insurance. "
9780814714539 - page_213: "START TEXT: Also, the government could negate the asymmetry by requiring everyone to insure (compare mandatory a" ******* END TEXT: "ns of the proposed action must exceed at least one of the following: the noncompensation costs, the "
9780814714539 - page_214: "START TEXT: compensation costs, or the minimal sum of such costs under a revised compensation program.\nTo handle" ******* END TEXT: "on to cases involving only partial conformity to the basic theory. The initial move is to ascertain "
9780814714539 - page_215: "START TEXT: the purpose of the government action. Does it aim to promote utility by reallocating resources, or t" ******* END TEXT: "nt action nor the compensatory practice may exacerbate current departures from the basic theory. In "
9780814714539 - page_216: "START TEXT: fact, even the exception has an exception. Should the utility/efficiency gains be sufficiently great" ******* END TEXT: "er partial conformity. Imagine that a century ago a small group of industrialists owned most of the "
9780814714539 - page_217: "START TEXT: productive resources in heavy manufacturing. They paid employees an extremely low wage, market condi" ******* END TEXT: "hat these and additional facts justify eminent domain. One must move next to judge the compensatory "
9780814714539 - page_218: "START TEXT: aspects of the plan. On the one hand, the lack of full compensation should be troubling, because the" ******* END TEXT: "either compensation, or noncompensation, or some minimal sum of these costs. If the gains do exceed "
9780814714539 - page_219: "START TEXT: them, the government should compensate only if doing so is cheaper than not compensating. The result" ******* END TEXT: "ating public condemnees may dif fer to some extent from the justifications for compensating private "
9780814714539 - page_220: "START TEXT: condemnees. See Michael H. Schill, “Intergovernmental Takings and Just Compensation: A Question of F" ******* END TEXT: "The Economics of Public Use,” 101.\n18. See, for example, J. J. C. Smart, “An Outline of a System of "
9780814714539 - page_221: "START TEXT: Utilitarian Ethics,” in J. J. C. Smart and Bernard Williams, Utilitarianism: For and Against (Cambri" ******* END TEXT: "uggestions I wish to thank Jules Coleman, Kenneth L. Karst, Christopher W. Morris, James W. Nickel, "
9780814714539 - page_222: "START TEXT: John Shepard Wiley, Jr., and Stephen C. Yeazell. Special thanks go to Margaret Jane Radin and Carol " ******* END TEXT: "presented to the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy in New Orleans, January 1989.\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_223: "START TEXT: 9PROPERTY AS WEALTH, PROPERTY AS PROPRIETY\nCAROL M. ROSE\nStephen Munzer’s interesting and provocativ" ******* END TEXT: "nce.1 The idea is that your property right never included nuisance activity in the first place, and "
9780814714539 - page_224: "START TEXT: hence you have had nothing “taken” through the regulation. A second example is the antimonopoly defe" ******* END TEXT: "n vision of property. But there is also another and much older vision of property in our tradition, "
9780814714539 - page_225: "START TEXT: and Munzer does not really discuss this vision at all. This second, traditional understanding is tha" ******* END TEXT: "hand and desert on the other—are not independent constraints at all, but rather fit neatly into the "
9780814714539 - page_226: "START TEXT: overall version of property as an institution that maximizes the satisfaction of preferences.\nA. Max" ******* END TEXT: "nd in the meantime, while everyone is grabbing and fighting over the berries, nobody cultivates new "
9780814714539 - page_227: "START TEXT: berry bushes, the whole patch is depleted, and everybody is worse off.5\nBut let’s suppose we institu" ******* END TEXT: "s. In a well-oiled property machine, these kinds of products will wind up as joint property of some "
9780814714539 - page_228: "START TEXT: sort—perhaps family property, or corporate property, or perhaps municipal or state or even national " ******* END TEXT: "n additional dollar would be worth more to a poor person than to a wealthy one. Some of the classic "
9780814714539 - page_229: "START TEXT: economic thinkers, like Alfred Marshall, thought so, and the idea may be implicit in our graduated i" ******* END TEXT: " up.12 If we lived under such a system, nobody would have her expectations violated when her things "
9780814714539 - page_230: "START TEXT: were confiscated, and the system would not be unfair or unjust in the sense of bait-and-switch, or p" ******* END TEXT: "ty, that includes all three principles in Munzer’s trio. The principles of preference-satisfaction, "
9780814714539 - page_231: "START TEXT: fairness, and desert can easily be cast as a smooth and seamless whole—a whole that is entirely domi" ******* END TEXT: " like the conception of “fairness,” is tailored to encourage the behavior that maximizes that goal.\n"
9780814714539 - page_232: "START TEXT: II. PROPERTY-AS-PROPRIETY\nI have gone through the ways in which property, viewed as a vehicle for pr" ******* END TEXT: "nt parts of the commonwealth itself.15\nThis version of property does not envision property as a set "
9780814714539 - page_233: "START TEXT: of tradable and ultimately interchangeable goods; instead, its proponents thought that different kin" ******* END TEXT: "e spiritual and the natural world.25\nA person’s property fixed his location in this hierarchy. Thus "
9780814714539 - page_234: "START TEXT: a monarch had his own property in the royal domains, and in theory, though much less in practice, he" ******* END TEXT: "ably judicial magistracies, could be purchased as hereditable property; as such, these magistracies "
9780814714539 - page_235: "START TEXT: became the founding property for the so-called “nobility of the Robe,” which came to dominate the Fr" ******* END TEXT: "izens needed to have property. Montesquieu’s writing supported this position, and although he would "
9780814714539 - page_236: "START TEXT: never have advocated such a thing for monarchic/aristocratic France, he noted that democratic republ" ******* END TEXT: "ically entailed a certain sturdy equality among those who counted as self-governing citizens; great "
9780814714539 - page_237: "START TEXT: differences of wealth might corrupt republican virtue, and were thus a special matter for republican" ******* END TEXT: "ir proper needs, or whose propertied role makes them responsible for good order in the community.46\n"
9780814714539 - page_238: "START TEXT: “Desert” on this understanding would also be based not on useful labor, but on status or station: on" ******* END TEXT: "-maximizing theory—the supposed declining marginal utility of wealth and all the rest of it—as from "
9780814714539 - page_239: "START TEXT: the older conception of property-as-propriety. Many who support welfare may well do so out of a sens" ******* END TEXT: " looks different on a property-as-propriety view: a physical invasion is particularly reprehensible "
9780814714539 - page_240: "START TEXT: because it is a special affront to the owner of the property; it is a pointed violation of his or he" ******* END TEXT: "at property carries the authority, but also the responsibility, of a trust to the larger community.\n"
9780814714539 - page_241: "START TEXT: CONCLUSION\nMy own view then, is roughly as follows: first, that we have two different conceptions of" ******* END TEXT: "ons of utilities. I will follow his head in putting this issue to one side, though it is of course, "
9780814714539 - page_242: "START TEXT: an important problem that can, for example, divide utilitarians from libertarians.\n4. John Locke, Se" ******* END TEXT: "h-debated question whether Locke was a precapitalist preference maximizer rather than a “propriety” "
9780814714539 - page_243: "START TEXT: advocate, see sources in McDonald, Novus Ordo Seclorum, 65–66, n. 22; and Carol Rose, “‘Enough and a" ******* END TEXT: " gentry to the looser structure of the English colonies, but compare Rhys Isaac, The Transformation "
9780814714539 - page_244: "START TEXT: of Virginia 1740–1790 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 131–35, describing Vi" ******* END TEXT: "y Rose, “Public Property,” 219–21.\n32. See E. M. Heckscher, Mercantilism, trans M. Shapiro (London: "
9780814714539 - page_245: "START TEXT: Allen & Unwin, 1935), 1: 254, 285–86, quotation at p. 286 from a seventeenth-century English documen" ******* END TEXT: "Noting seventeenth-century republican view that excluded the poor from definition of the “people”).\n"
9780814714539 - page_246: "START TEXT: 41. Alexander, “Time and Property”; L. Ford, Origins of Southern Radicalism, 52, 73–74. See also Mon" ******* END TEXT: "he Rise of Capitalism, 216–17; Erasmus’s advice to Charles V, urging light taxation on the poor and "
9780814714539 - page_247: "START TEXT: heavy duties on the luxuries of the rich, cited in Hale, Renaissance Europe, 163; and William Tyndal" ******* END TEXT: "ee Robert Ellickson and A. Dan Tarlock, Land-Use Controls (Boston: Little Brown, 1982), 136, n. 3.\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_248: "START TEXT: 10DIAGNOSING THE TAKINGS PROBLEM\nMARGARET JANE RADIN\n“The philosopher’s treatment of a question is l" ******* END TEXT: "s will make clear, it is not to be solved simply by formally defining “property” and then observing "
9780814714539 - page_249: "START TEXT: that it has been “taken.” Judicial efforts to develop a coherent takings doctrine have met with cons" ******* END TEXT: "er view by considering the role of nonideal and ideal theory in trying to resolve the taking issue.\n"
9780814714539 - page_250: "START TEXT: I. THREE PROBLEMS EMBEDDED IN THE TAKINGS ISSUE\nA. The Problem of Corrective Justice\nAt first sight " ******* END TEXT: ". The deepest difficulties instead center around identifying activities of entitlement holders that "
9780814714539 - page_251: "START TEXT: should be analogized with nuisance, deciding what to do about cases in which the government itself b" ******* END TEXT: "ecome equally clear that whether the claimant is inflicting a social harm or instead being required "
9780814714539 - page_252: "START TEXT: to confer a benefit cannot be decided by definition of “harm” and “benefit” or by general rules.11 S" ******* END TEXT: "e concealed corrective justice issue tends to block any general solution to the takings problem, at "
9780814714539 - page_253: "START TEXT: least if we understand a general solution to be one that can be stated a priori in the form of a gen" ******* END TEXT: "nhabitable housing, and now they don’t. From the traditional positivist point of view, the issue of "
9780814714539 - page_254: "START TEXT: whether or not to compensate when property rules change may be complicated,17 but it cannot turn on " ******* END TEXT: "uch as if the claimant’s title were otherwise acquired. The difficulty arises in cases that are not "
9780814714539 - page_255: "START TEXT: traditional adverse possession or prescription but in which we might see a similar fading of correct" ******* END TEXT: "ctations to override the prima facie demands of corrective justice and be treated as vested rights? "
9780814714539 - page_256: "START TEXT: No one has achieved a general theory that can answer this question, and here I only sketch a few con" ******* END TEXT: "protection.25 Marx declared that “bourgeois property” had abolished the connection between property "
9780814714539 - page_257: "START TEXT: and individual personhood,26 by which he meant that private property in the context of the full-blow" ******* END TEXT: "ot track—is incommensurate with—justifiable personal connection.30 Suppose Jack redesigns his tract "
9780814714539 - page_258: "START TEXT: house and rebuilds it into an idiosyncratic but deep architectural expression of his personality, an" ******* END TEXT: "est also misses the mark. In Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp.,35 a majority of the U.S. "
9780814714539 - page_259: "START TEXT: Supreme Court held, on the basis of the physical invasion test, that it is a taking for a statute to" ******* END TEXT: "ket value, seems, by implicitly understanding all property to be fungible, paradoxically to exelude "
9780814714539 - page_260: "START TEXT: the moral core of the liberal rationale for property.36 To the extent that we recognize personal pro" ******* END TEXT: "ividual statutes or transactions outside the context of political theory and political reality. The "
9780814714539 - page_261: "START TEXT: title of this section is itself deceptive if it suggests that the complexity of contextual judgment " ******* END TEXT: "vaded. All the typical questions we might ask about a particular transaction—How large is the loss? "
9780814714539 - page_262: "START TEXT: How much does this kind of loss interfere with personhood or dignity?—are counterbalanced, in fact e" ******* END TEXT: "ndefinite period. The payoffs can occur anywhere in the system and need not be observably connected "
9780814714539 - page_263: "START TEXT: with claimants’ property. What if the landlords cared more for restricting abortion than for maintai" ******* END TEXT: "ern means that the contextual circumstances of political power, of inclusion and exclusion from the "
9780814714539 - page_264: "START TEXT: actual governing of the community, become relevant in cases where a taking is claimed.\nII. THE RULE " ******* END TEXT: "denied that partial rules, in the modern sense, are possible, the traditional sense of rules is the "
9780814714539 - page_265: "START TEXT: sense embedded in the ideal of the Rule of Law.54 The need for shifting situational judgment in deal" ******* END TEXT: "but ironically, it is also the reason why property problems resist the liberal commitment to rules.\n"
9780814714539 - page_266: "START TEXT: All of this is not intended to say that we cannot make takings jurisprudence better by seeking to in" ******* END TEXT: " example, is more caring interaction between landlords and tenants, should we try to implement that "
9780814714539 - page_267: "START TEXT: ideal now, in the midst of a market-oriented world, by greatly increasing landlords’ duties of habit" ******* END TEXT: "re immediate nonideal aspect. Corrective justice fades out in favor of the status quo. It fades out "
9780814714539 - page_268: "START TEXT: for the primary nonideal reason that otherwise the continuance of the institution of property would " ******* END TEXT: "ime of general rules is necessary to implement the political ideal of negative liberty, in light of "
9780814714539 - page_269: "START TEXT: the tendency of government to overreach, and in light of the shortcomings of judges and administrato" ******* END TEXT: "ons that uncontestedly follow from a coherent system of rules. Some of the apparent disarray in the "
9780814714539 - page_270: "START TEXT: takings doctrine, as applied in practice, disappears if we see the courts as engaged in the pragmati" ******* END TEXT: "chelman, “Property, Utility, and Fairness: Comments on the Ethical Foundations of Just Compensation "
9780814714539 - page_271: "START TEXT: Law,” Harvard Law Review 80 (1967); 1165; John Costonis, “Presumptive and Per se Takings: A Decision" ******* END TEXT: "liability for negligent or reckless conduct, or for abnormally dangerous conditions or activities.)\n"
9780814714539 - page_272: "START TEXT: 10. The avenues of appropriateness explored in the rather extensive literature on nuisance are both " ******* END TEXT: "Jane Radin, “Time, Possession, and Alienation,” Washington University Law Quarterly 64 (1986): 739.\n"
9780814714539 - page_273: "START TEXT: 21. See, for example, Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 239 U.S. 394 (1915); Pendoley v. Ferreira, 345 Mass. 3" ******* END TEXT: "f market value”). I believe that one reason for this high threshold, which must be incomprehensible "
9780814714539 - page_274: "START TEXT: to those who conceive of all property as fungible, is that legal practice tacitly gives greater weig" ******* END TEXT: "r a “quasi-property” approach in which “human beings have the right to treat certain physical parts "
9780814714539 - page_275: "START TEXT: of their bodies as objects for possession, gifts, and trade”); Comment, “Retailing Human Organs unde" ******* END TEXT: "rtation Co. v. New York City, 438 U.S. 104, 124 (1978) (taking decisions are “essentially ad hoc”).\n"
9780814714539 - page_276: "START TEXT: 49. See Margaret Jane Radin, “Reconsidering the Rule of Law,” Boston University Law Review 69 (1988)" ******* END TEXT: " that a pragmatic reinterpretation of rules does indeed speak well to many legal situations; Radin, "
9780814714539 - page_277: "START TEXT: “Reconsidering the Rule of Law.” See also Frederick Schauer, Playing by the Rules: A Philosophical E" ******* END TEXT: "ht be helped by “an account of institutional competence.” These suggestions seem to imply, contrary "
9780814714539 - page_278: "START TEXT: to the pragmatic approach, that there may after all be some a priori across-the-board method that ca" ******* END TEXT: "xcept for this final hint), Munzer’s theory omits a central and pervasive feature of our practice.\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_281: "START TEXT: 11THE LIMITS OF COMPENSATORY JUSTICE\nCASS R. SUNSTEIN\nThe model of compensatory justice is the stapl" ******* END TEXT: "ty.”\n4. Both plaintiff and defendant are identifiable and a bilateral relation exists between them.\n"
9780814714539 - page_282: "START TEXT: 5. Apart from the goal of compensation, narrowly defined, existing entitlements are held constant. T" ******* END TEXT: "d itself be questioned, or taken as endogenous to the legal rule or the decision at issue. In cases "
9780814714539 - page_283: "START TEXT: of this sort, the harms in question may be described as regulatory. When a regulatory harm is at sta" ******* END TEXT: " manage risks, not to vindicate individual rights or furnish compensation to injured parties. Under "
9780814714539 - page_284: "START TEXT: risk management, social ordering is indeed the goal of legal rules, in the form of systematic, ex an" ******* END TEXT: "he dramatic movement from adjudication to administration; the New Deal reformation of the 1930s and "
9780814714539 - page_285: "START TEXT: the rights revolution of the 1960s and 1970s; the design of programs, especially in the environmenta" ******* END TEXT: " was constitutionally out of bounds. With only a few exceptions, the legal system could take wealth "
9780814714539 - page_286: "START TEXT: or property from one person only in the service of compensatory goals. Existing distributions of wea" ******* END TEXT: "ing shifts, of substantive principle and institutional design, make compensatory principles a quite "
9780814714539 - page_287: "START TEXT: partial and often anachronistic feature of the legal system, both inside and outside of the courts. " ******* END TEXT: " justice ideas drawn from private law. On this view, any person whose legal rights are at stake has "
9780814714539 - page_288: "START TEXT: a right to be notified before the case is adjudicated. But in the small claim class action, claims a" ******* END TEXT: "e are several possibilities for the distribution of damages. First, the damages might revert to the "
9780814714539 - page_289: "START TEXT: defendant on the ground that compensatory goals cannot be satisfied by any sensible system of distri" ******* END TEXT: "ff might be unable to attribute her injury to an identifiable seller of the riskcreating substance.\n"
9780814714539 - page_290: "START TEXT: In these circumstances, judicial treatment of tfye problem is murky. Standards have yet to be develo" ******* END TEXT: "ction Agency to impose fuel efficiency requirements on new automobiles. Many courts show antagonism "
9780814714539 - page_291: "START TEXT: to measures of this sort, requiring agencies to demonstrate that discrete harms to identifiable acto" ******* END TEXT: "heir behalf that they think inadequate.\nIn recent years, the Supreme Court has held that plaintiffs "
9780814714539 - page_292: "START TEXT: challenging administrative decisions must show (1) that their injury is a result of the conduct comp" ******* END TEXT: "equently because of harms that are regulatory rather than tightly connected to a discrete plaintiff "
9780814714539 - page_293: "START TEXT: and a discrete defendant. The programs exist precisely because the compensatory capacities of the co" ******* END TEXT: "vate law. It is surely foreseeable that verbal tests and the like will have racially discriminatory "
9780814714539 - page_294: "START TEXT: effects. On one version of the compensatory model, then, discriminatory effects would indeed be ques" ******* END TEXT: "een the current pattern of distribution along racial and gender lines and identifiable past acts by "
9780814714539 - page_295: "START TEXT: identifiable actors ought not, in this view, to be taken as an obstacle to legal objections to pract" ******* END TEXT: " “freedom of choice” desegregation plans, emphasizing that they will bring about less desegregation "
9780814714539 - page_296: "START TEXT: than would have occurred if there had been no segregation in the first instance.18\nPrinciples of com" ******* END TEXT: "ent law, affirmative action can be defended most easily in tort-like terms, as an effort to restore "
9780814714539 - page_297: "START TEXT: a status quo ante that has been unsettled by identifiable acts producing identifiable harms to ident" ******* END TEXT: "overnment to restructure its business.23\nThe reason for these perhaps jarring results is the use of "
9780814714539 - page_298: "START TEXT: compensatory principles to give content to constitutional equality principles. In the ordinary cours" ******* END TEXT: " about probabilistic injuries has a similar foundation, namely, in the perception that the existing "
9780814714539 - page_299: "START TEXT: distribution of wealth and entitlements forms the neutral baseline against which to assess the propr" ******* END TEXT: "ted by legislatures and administrators rather than by courts; but when the former institutions have "
9780814714539 - page_300: "START TEXT: acted, courts ought not to define the reach of the relevant programs by reference to compensatory no" ******* END TEXT: " severe collective action and coordination problems making it difficult to rely, as the tort system "
9780814714539 - page_301: "START TEXT: does, on private initiative. Statutes protecting the environment, consumers, and occupational safety" ******* END TEXT: " more hospitable to agencies trying to counteract regulatory or systemic harms. Use of compensatory "
9780814714539 - page_302: "START TEXT: principles has distorted several regulatory programs, especially automobile regulation. The judicial" ******* END TEXT: "isk management strategies is made far more difficult by the persistence of compensatory principles. "
9780814714539 - page_303: "START TEXT: Many of those principles must ultimately be abandoned or at least significantly altered.\nB. Nonsubor" ******* END TEXT: "alms that determine basic participation as a citizen in a democracy.26 In the areas of race and sex "
9780814714539 - page_304: "START TEXT: discrimination, and of disability as well, the problem is precisely this sort of systemic disadvanta" ******* END TEXT: " prosperity, and respect for different conceptions of the good. The use of such factors is at least "
9780814714539 - page_305: "START TEXT: sometimes in the interest of the least well-off, and when this is so a nonsubordination principle th" ******* END TEXT: "ng” of an antecedent entitlement. Because the existing distribution of benefits and burdens between "
9780814714539 - page_306: "START TEXT: blacks and whites and men and women is not natural and sacrosanct, and because it is in part a produ" ******* END TEXT: "If a law has a disproportionate impact on members of minority groups, or on women, the state should "
9780814714539 - page_307: "START TEXT: demonstrate that the law is well supported by nondiscriminatory considerations. A test that excludes" ******* END TEXT: "nces are the questions at issue. Any such differences are made relevant largely by human decisions.\n"
9780814714539 - page_308: "START TEXT: III. CONCLUSION\nAnglo-American legal systems are comfortable with principles of compensatory justice" ******* END TEXT: " as an understanding of the role of the legal system in the alleviation of public and private harm.\n"
9780814714539 - page_309: "START TEXT: NOTES\n1. See, for example, Richard A. Epstein, “A Theory of Strict Liability,” Journal of Legal Stud" ******* END TEXT: "the Taming of Brown,”University of Chicago Law Review 56 (1989): 935–1015.\n15. 442 U.S. 256 (1979).\n"
9780814714539 - page_310: "START TEXT: 16. See Strauss, “Discriminatory Intent.”\n17. See Geoffrey Stone, L. Michael Seidman, Cass Sunstein," ******* END TEXT: "hner’s Legacy,” Columbia Law Review 87 (1987):873–919.\n30. See Sullivan, “Sins of Discrimination.”\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_311: "START TEXT: 12COMPENSATION AND RIGHTS IN THE LIBERAL CONCEPTION OF JUSTICE\nRANDY E. BARNETT\nIn the previous chap" ******* END TEXT: "eption of justice may be nearly as incompatible with some of the legal theories favored by Sunstein "
9780814714539 - page_312: "START TEXT: and others. These theories also run afoul of the liberal conception of the rule of law. In part II, " ******* END TEXT: " other remedies, although sometimes seen as compensatory, are more accurately viewed as vindicating "
9780814714539 - page_313: "START TEXT: the rights of the aggrieved party. What is missing from Sunstein’s account is the rights-based natur" ******* END TEXT: " the many genuine subjective harms for which no legal remedy is available. Consider a woman charged "
9780814714539 - page_314: "START TEXT: with shooting a man. Only a proper understanding of her rights permits us to distinguish a noncompen" ******* END TEXT: "ed with natural rights thinking, the term natural rights evokes a controversy concerning the origin "
9780814714539 - page_315: "START TEXT: or source of background rights that is not germane here. For present purposes we need only note that" ******* END TEXT: "III, I shall say something about why this distinction among kinds of injurious action is necessary.\n"
9780814714539 - page_316: "START TEXT: II. THE INCOMPATIBILITY THESIS\nIf the compensatory justice thesis is mistaken, or at least misleadin" ******* END TEXT: " a particular employer, but who is a member of a group that has suffered in the past from pervasive "
9780814714539 - page_317: "START TEXT: discrimination. Suppose this plaintiff sues a particular employer alleging that, because of the long" ******* END TEXT: "an conception, there is simply no right to such judicial relief. In this sense, Sunstein’s theories "
9780814714539 - page_318: "START TEXT: are entirely compatible with a Holmesian conception of rights because the Holmesian conception is em" ******* END TEXT: "yond a preponderance of the evidence; criminal defendants must be proved guilty beyond a reasonable "
9780814714539 - page_319: "START TEXT: doubt. In this way, both the rate of enforcement errors and the potential for enforcement abuse will" ******* END TEXT: "lysis to this point as follows: The compensatory justice thesis misses the dimension of entitlement "
9780814714539 - page_320: "START TEXT: that is a crucial part of the conception of justice accepted by the Anglo-American systems of justic" ******* END TEXT: "clast. Still, candor has its rhetorical price. Genuinely iconoclastic proposals cannot be defended, "
9780814714539 - page_321: "START TEXT: as proponents of these theories are wont to do, as mere modest and inevitable extensions of already " ******* END TEXT: "heory to an actual controversy will swamp the immediately perceivable benefits to be gained by this "
9780814714539 - page_322: "START TEXT: decision. That the outcome of any adjudication of such controversies will be for the better is pure " ******* END TEXT: "re that the risks alleged by the regulators to be posed by the activity sought to be restricted are "
9780814714539 - page_323: "START TEXT: serious enough to warrant legal restraint. The courts are not only the best places to adjudicate cla" ******* END TEXT: " of several property solves the first dimension of the knowledge problem by allocating jurisdiction "
9780814714539 - page_324: "START TEXT: over physical resources to the individuals and associations most likely to have access to the disper" ******* END TEXT: "e or not; only after an action is performed will its mistaken character be discovered. Experiencing "
9780814714539 - page_325: "START TEXT: mistakes is crucial to the evolution of knowledge of which actions to take and which to avoid. The v" ******* END TEXT: "degree of proof required, these theories risk a serious increase in the rate of enforcement errors.\n"
9780814714539 - page_326: "START TEXT: The problem of enforcement error applies to enforcement decisions made in good faith. The problem of" ******* END TEXT: "only to address two serious problems of interest: the incentive problem and the compliance problem.\n"
9780814714539 - page_327: "START TEXT: Generally, the “problem of interest” refers to a gap that can arise between the requirements of just" ******* END TEXT: "kably casual about urging the abandonment or modification of these principles because they stand in "
9780814714539 - page_328: "START TEXT: the way of these legal theories while leaving the “large task” of elaborating principles of risk man" ******* END TEXT: "pon a lengthy work in progress. For a brief and early summary of this approach, see ibid., 588–622.\n"
9780814714539 - page_329: "START TEXT: 7. See, for example, Lon L. Fuller, “The Forms and Limits of Adjudication,” Harvard Law Review 92 (1" ******* END TEXT: "cago Press, 1989).\n10. The Federalist No. 10 (James Madison) (New York: Modern Library, 1937), 54.\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_330: "START TEXT: 13BEYOND COMPENSATORY JUSTICE?\nDAVID JOHNSTON\nAccording to Cass Sunstein, principles of compensatory" ******* END TEXT: " in others.2 These primary rules may serve various purposes. They may be intended like some traffic "
9780814714539 - page_331: "START TEXT: regulations merely to help coordinate human actions. Or they may be designed to advance other substa" ******* END TEXT: "es that are supposed to support his proposals and has even less to say about the values embodied in "
9780814714539 - page_332: "START TEXT: compensatory principles. He is particularly vague about the conception of equality that would suppor" ******* END TEXT: "odern societies. They are like two views of a cathedral,3 both of which would have to be taken into "
9780814714539 - page_333: "START TEXT: account by any satisfactory effort to address the problems raised by probabilistic and systemic harm" ******* END TEXT: "d primary while legal and political structures are superstructural and secondary. For most purposes "
9780814714539 - page_334: "START TEXT: society is considered self-sufficient. The legitimate internal functions of the state are limited to" ******* END TEXT: " assumed increased importance in the twentieth century, when many, though not all, of the program’s "
9780814714539 - page_335: "START TEXT: formal goals were achieved. Nevertheless, even some of its harshest critics admitted that the progra" ******* END TEXT: "mainly since the New Deal, was justified by the argument that in many areas a stable and beneficent "
9780814714539 - page_336: "START TEXT: social order can be achieved only through deliberate planning and social management.10 The exemplary" ******* END TEXT: "y agencies.13 Similarly, the early liberals’ insistence that society should be viewed as consisting "
9780814714539 - page_337: "START TEXT: only of individuals and not of groups was dismissed in favor of more collectivist conceptions. The i" ******* END TEXT: "s inherently conservative. The restorative approach to remedies limits adjudication to the function "
9780814714539 - page_338: "START TEXT: of reproducing social reality in its received form. Moreover, the effectiveness of compensatory adju" ******* END TEXT: "on in the form just described would certainly transcend some of the limitations of the compensatory "
9780814714539 - page_339: "START TEXT: model. But it is not obvious that such a structural model would achieve superior results overall. On" ******* END TEXT: "feasible form of adjudication we must think carefully about the purposes we would like adjudication "
9780814714539 - page_340: "START TEXT: to serve and the likely consequences of adopting one model of adjudication rather than another. It i" ******* END TEXT: "n of this idea of a person except to observe that it describes a substantive value that seems to me "
9780814714539 - page_341: "START TEXT: central to the public culture of representative democracy in the United States and elsewhere.\nA. Ris" ******* END TEXT: "n for injuries suffered, not to offer a comprehensive account of the functions of legal controls.18\n"
9780814714539 - page_342: "START TEXT: Ex post compensation for harms involving hidden or uncertain effects raises more difficult issues. A" ******* END TEXT: "njustice by preventing us from rectifying genuine harms inflicted by some human beings upon others.\n"
9780814714539 - page_343: "START TEXT: The best solution to the problems posed by the existence of probabilistic and systemic harms would b" ******* END TEXT: "nonsubordination principle is to provide a means to improve the circumstances of groups that suffer "
9780814714539 - page_344: "START TEXT: from disadvantages caused or abetted by social arrangements. Membership in certain groups defined by" ******* END TEXT: " justice, and it is a signal virtue of Sunstein’s chapter that it calls attention to this fact. But "
9780814714539 - page_345: "START TEXT: Sunstein himself fails to describe the norm of equality that informs his critique sufficiently to co" ******* END TEXT: "ns should be determined through political deliberation. We should not expect political deliberation "
9780814714539 - page_346: "START TEXT: to be a highly consensual process, and we should not pretend that basic differences about ends can b" ******* END TEXT: "ions about equality to which I have alluded in this chapter, the assumptions of the managerial view "
9780814714539 - page_347: "START TEXT: have been used most prominently by advocates of greater equality among groups. But this notion of eq" ******* END TEXT: "oluntary to the fullest extent possible within limitations imposed by considerations of feasibility "
9780814714539 - page_348: "START TEXT: and by other desirable values. Often liberals have linked these two arguments into a longer chain by" ******* END TEXT: "crucial for participation in political decisions, including decisions about common institutions and "
9780814714539 - page_349: "START TEXT: about policy matters in general. Lack of the relevant skills places some at a disadvantage in compar" ******* END TEXT: "a responsible agent of choice. Unlike some liberal conceptions, however, the approach to equality I "
9780814714539 - page_350: "START TEXT: have outlined here does not suppose that persons come into the world as fully formed agents of choic" ******* END TEXT: "ies to acquire or maintain adequate internal or external resources. Special needs due to handicaps, "
9780814714539 - page_351: "START TEXT: responsibilities for young children or aged adults, or other causes would be recognized as grounds f" ******* END TEXT: " (Boston: Bea con, 1957 [1944]).\n9. For a recent argument to this effect, see Owen M. Fiss, “Groups "
9780814714539 - page_352: "START TEXT: and the Equal Protection Clause,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 5 (1976):107–77atpp. 123ff.\n10. For a " ******* END TEXT: "m House, 1984), 32–59 at pp. 36–38.\n18. Of course, compensatory principles are sometimes applied in "
9780814714539 - page_353: "START TEXT: inappropriate ways. For an example, see Jerry L. Mashaw and David L. Harfst, “Regulation and Legal C" ******* END TEXT: " the accounts offered by some of his recent enthusiastic disciples. See his Inquiry into the Nature "
9780814714539 - page_354: "START TEXT: and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. Edwin Cannan (New York: Random House, 1937 [1776]), bk. I, " ******* END TEXT: " a great deal could be done to advance equality without threatening the other values he discusses.\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_vii: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nContributors\nPreface\nIntroduction\nJOHN W. CHAPMAN\nPART I: RIGHTS AND COMPENSATORY JUSTICE\n1" ******* END TEXT: "Membership\nJAMES S. FISHKIN\n4. Set-Asides, Reparations, and Compensatory Justice\nELLEN FRANKEL PAUL\n"
9780814714539 - page_viii: "START TEXT:        PART III: COMPENSATORY AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE\n5. Compensation and Redistribution\nROBERT E. " ******* END TEXT: "beral Conception of Justice\nRANDY E. BARNETT\n13. Beyond Compensatory Justice?\nDAVID JOHNSTON\nIndex\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_ix: "START TEXT: CONTRIBUTORS\nELIZABETH ANDERSONPhilosophy, University of Michigan\nRANDY E. BARNETTLaw, Illinois Inst" ******* END TEXT: "sity of California, Los Angeles\nELLEN FRANKEL PAULPolitical Science, Bowling Green State University\n"
9780814714539 - page_x: "START TEXT: MARGARET JANE RADINLaw, Stanford University\nCAROL M. ROSELaw, Yale University\nCASS R. SUNSTEINLaw an" ******* END TEXT: "CAROL M. ROSELaw, Yale University\nCASS R. SUNSTEINLaw and Political Science, University of Chicago\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_vi: "START TEXT: Compensatory Justice: NOMOS XXXIIIedited by John W. ChapmanCopyright © 1991 by New York UniversityMa" ******* END TEXT: "are printed on acid-free paper,and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability.\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_ii: "START TEXT: NOMOS\nHarvard University Press\nI      Authority 1958, reissued in 1982 by Greenwood Press\nThe Libera" ******* END TEXT: "  Anarchism 1978\nXX     Constitutionalism 1979\nXXI     Compromise in Ethics, Law, and Politics 1979\n"
9780814714539 - page_iii: "START TEXT: XXII     Property 1980\nXXIII     Human Rights 1981\nXXIV     Ethics, Economics, and the Law 1982\nXXV " ******* END TEXT: "tory Justice 1991\nXXXIV     Virtue (in preparation)\nXXXV     Democratic Community (in preparation)\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NOMOS XXXIIIYearbook of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "NOMOS XXXIIIYearbook of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_i: "START TEXT: COMPENSATORY JUSTICENOMOSXXXIII\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "COMPENSATORY JUSTICENOMOSXXXIII\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_355: "START TEXT: INDEX\nAccidental injuries compensation, 143, 147–48, 150\nAdjudication, principles of, 331, 337–40\nAf" ******* END TEXT: "ism, 263–64\nCivil rights. See Affirmative action; Preferential hiring\nCivil Rights Act of 1866, 115\n"
9780814714539 - page_356: "START TEXT: Civil Rights Act of 1964, 98, 105, 115\nTitle VI of, 107\nTitle VII of, 112\nClass action. See Small cl" ******* END TEXT: "nforcement error problem, 325–26\nEntitlement. See Desert based on labor principle; Property; Rights\n"
9780814714539 - page_357: "START TEXT: Environmental Protection Agency, 290–91, 292, 322\nEpstein, Richard A., 144, 239\nEquality: compensati" ******* END TEXT: "bility: of takings issue, 266–70\nInvasion of the Body Snatchers, 87\nIsrael: reparations and, 123–24\n"
9780814714539 - page_358: "START TEXT: Japanese: reparations and, 2–3, 98, 122–23, 124, 125, 129\nJaywalking, 14–15\nJefferson, Thomas, 236\nJ" ******* END TEXT: "fault compensation systems, 150–51\nNomenklatura, 127\nNoncompensation costs, 207–8, 213–14, 215, 217\n"
9780814714539 - page_359: "START TEXT: Nondegenerate cases, 214, 215, 216\nNoninterference, 1–2, 25–26, 36, 37–38, 39, 53, 54, 70, 74–75\nNon" ******* END TEXT: "1– 65\nnegligence and, 186–92\nat odds with compensation, 143–44\nRedress, principle of, 46–51, 54, 74\n"
9780814714539 - page_360: "START TEXT: Regulatory harms, 6, 283, 290–91, 298, 300, 301–2\nrecalls and, 291, 302\nRegulatory state: rise of, 2" ******* END TEXT: "314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 322, 323, 325, 326, 327, 330–32, 340, 341, 343–44, 345, 346, 349\n"
9780814714539 - page_361: "START TEXT: Supreme Court: set-asides and, 104–11\nSuspect classification, 344\nTakings, 143\nas antimonopoly, 224," ******* END TEXT: "3, 147–48, 149, 150, 155, 180\nWorld War II, 122\nWrongs: vs. harms, 2, 70, 72, 75\nvs. injuries, 313\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_1: "START TEXT: INTRODUCTION\nJOHN W. CHAPMAN\nNOMOS XXXIII opens with an exploration of the significance of rights fo" ******* END TEXT: "es. Gaus affirms a “Liberal Principle” of noninterference, in the light of which some infringements "
9780814714539 - page_10: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_2: "START TEXT: of rights may be justified and compensated for. But we must distinguish between infringements that a" ******* END TEXT: "he matter of “reparations.” She thinks the compensatory scheme devised for the Japanese interned by "
9780814714539 - page_3: "START TEXT: the United States government during the Second World War is “both theoretically sound and practicall" ******* END TEXT: "derson says that “the rules of justice are more than devices for generating independently desirable "
9780814714539 - page_4: "START TEXT: outcomes. They also express moral principles.” For Anderson, our moral thinking and our legal system" ******* END TEXT: ", desert based on labor, is founded on a conception of persons as responsible agents who should get "
9780814714539 - page_5: "START TEXT: what they deserve. Munzer affirms that these principles are “independent and irreducible.” Much of t" ******* END TEXT: "malaise” about takings arises because we cannot tell with “satisfactory certainty” which government "
9780814714539 - page_6: "START TEXT: actions constitute takings and which do not. In part our malaise springs from the search for a “cohe" ******* END TEXT: "n example of how compensatory thinking makes for trouble he points to the recalling of automobiles, "
9780814714539 - page_7: "START TEXT: “an irrational way to reduce automobile accidents and injuries.” With reference to the practice of r" ******* END TEXT: "of the “polycentric issues” that modern societies confront, not only are courts incompetent, but so "
9780814714539 - page_8: "START TEXT: are legislatures and administrative agencies as well. Only the free market based on “several propert" ******* END TEXT: "o beyond compensatory justice, but to modify it.” As to Sunstein’s principle of “nonsubordination,” "
9780814714539 - page_9: "START TEXT: Johnston asks, to what sort of equality does it point? Perhaps to some kind of “equality of result.”" ******* END TEXT: "vid Johnston’s world issues of compensatory justice would remain, but surely decline in importance.\n"
9780814714539 - page_11: "START TEXT: PART IRIGHTS AND COMPENSATORY JUSTICE\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART IRIGHTS AND COMPENSATORY JUSTICE\n"
9780814714539 - page_12: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_83: "START TEXT: PART IIHISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART IIHISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS\n"
9780814714539 - page_84: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_141: "START TEXT: PART IIICOMPENSATORY AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART IIICOMPENSATORY AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE\n"
9780814714539 - page_142: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_193: "START TEXT: PART IVTHE TAKINGS ISSUE\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART IVTHE TAKINGS ISSUE\n"
9780814714539 - page_194: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_279: "START TEXT: PART VLEGAL CULTURES\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART VLEGAL CULTURES\n"
9780814714539 - page_280: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_xi: "START TEXT: PREFACE\nThis thirty-third volume of NOMOS began with presentations and commentaries at the meeting o" ******* END TEXT: "ublished in the spring of 1994. We thank him for taking on this important and demanding job.\nJ.W.C.\n"
9780814714539 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814714539 - page_v: "START TEXT: COMPENSATORY JUSTICE\nEdited by\nJohn W. Chapman, University of Pittsburgh\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "COMPENSATORY JUSTICE\nEdited by\nJohn W. Chapman, University of Pittsburgh\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_ix: "START TEXT: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\nThe foundation for this project began to develop while I was a graduate student at t" ******* END TEXT: "ided crucial encouragement, but also read each chapter and suggested important editorial changes.\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_viii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814715123 - page_189: "START TEXT: BIBLIOGRAPHY\nAaron, Benjamin, “Labor Relations in the United States From a Comparative Perspective,”" ******* END TEXT: "-Feb. 1978): 96.\nBeale, Calvin, “Renewed Growth in Rural Communities,” Futurist 9 (Aug. 1975): 196.\n"
9780814715123 - page_190: "START TEXT: Beckwith, Burnham, The Next 500 Years. New York: Exposition Press, 1967.\nBennett, James, “Private Se" ******* END TEXT: "l in Labor Relations: An Argument for Repeal of Section 8(a)(2),” Yale Law Journal 96 (1987): 2021.\n"
9780814715123 - page_191: "START TEXT: Coates, Joseph, Jennifer Jarratt & John Mahaffie, “Future Work,” The Futurist 25 (May-June 1991): 9." ******* END TEXT: "1990): 5.\nCurtin, William, “The Multinational Corporation and Transnational Collective Bargaining,” "
9780814715123 - page_192: "START TEXT: American Labor and the Multinational Corporation (Duane Kujawa, ed.) New York: Praeger, 1973: 192.\nD" ******* END TEXT: ", Robert & Arnold Weber, Bargaining Without Boundaries. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.\n"
9780814715123 - page_193: "START TEXT: Foner, Philip, Women and the American Labor Movement. New York: Free Press, 1982.\nForbath, William, " ******* END TEXT: "7.\nGompers, Samuel, “Judicial Vindication of Labor’s Claims,” American Federationist 7 (1901): 284.\n"
9780814715123 - page_194: "START TEXT: Gompers, Samuel, Seventy Years of Life and Labor. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1925.\nGorman, Robert, Labo" ******* END TEXT: "1979: 246.\nJohnston, William & Arnold Packer, Workforce 2000. Indianapolis: Hudson Institute, 1987.\n"
9780814715123 - page_195: "START TEXT: Jones, Ethel, “Private Sector Union Decline and Structural Employment Change, 1970-1988,” Journal of" ******* END TEXT: "-Collar Trade Unions (Adolph Sturmthal, ed.) Urbana, III.: University of Illinois Press, 1966: 205.\n"
9780814715123 - page_196: "START TEXT: Levinson, Charles, International Trade Unionism. London: Allen & Unwin, 1972.\nLevitan, Sar & Cliffor" ******* END TEXT: "onk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1992.\nMitter, Swasti, Common Fate, Common Bond. Oxford: Pluto Press, 1986.\n"
9780814715123 - page_197: "START TEXT: Montgomery, David, The Fall of the House 0f Labor. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.\nMorri" ******* END TEXT: "aised by ESOPS, TRASOPS, Stock Purchases and Co-operatives,” Wisconsin Law Review 1982 (1982): 729.\n"
9780814715123 - page_198: "START TEXT: O’Neill, Gerard, 2081. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1981.\nOppenheimer, Martin, “What is the New Worki" ******* END TEXT: "Aug. 25, 1980): 36.\nRaskin, A. H., “Toward a More Participative Work Force,” Working in the Twenty- "
9780814715123 - page_199: "START TEXT: First Century (Stewart Shepard & Donald Carroll, eds.) New York: John Wiley, 1980: 97.\nRees, Albert," ******* END TEXT: "trial Democracy or Interlocking Directorate?” Columbia Journal on Transnational Law 16 (1977): 255.\n"
9780814715123 - page_200: "START TEXT: Stieber, Jack, “Recent Developments in Employment-at-Will,” Labor Law Journal 36 (1985): 558.\nStone," ******* END TEXT: "the Future of Labor-Management Cooperation (Bureau of Labor-Management Relations Report 113, 1987).\n"
9780814715123 - page_201: "START TEXT: Van Raaphorst, Donna, Union Maids Not Wanted: Organizing Domestic Workers, 1870-1940. New York: Prae" ******* END TEXT: "Labor Lawyer 7 (1991): 771.\nZwerdling, Daniel, Workplace Democracy. New York: Harper & Row, 1980.\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_1: "START TEXT: 1. OVERVIEW\nTHE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM, it seems clear, is unfavorable to the union. Power passes to the " ******* END TEXT: "employees to maintain beneficial compensation levels and to preserve long-term employment security. "
9780814715123 - page_2: "START TEXT: Most unorganized workers exercise no meaningful control over these critical areas.\nDuring the past d" ******* END TEXT: "s enterprises. Employers disseminate information designed to convince white-collar and professional "
9780814715123 - page_3: "START TEXT: employees that labor organizations benefit only working class persons. In “classless” American socie" ******* END TEXT: "eness and effectiveness. During the past several decades, the composition and location of the labor "
9780814715123 - page_4: "START TEXT: force have dramatically changed. The participation rate for women, traditionally employed in unorgan" ******* END TEXT: "ons located in the other countries in which those enterprises operate.\nDemographic, industrial, and "
9780814715123 - page_5: "START TEXT: technological changes do not entirely explain the decline in labor union membership over the past th" ******* END TEXT: "rkers earn more than their unorganized cohorts.27 Not only do represented personnel usually receive "
9780814715123 - page_6: "START TEXT: higher wages, but they also tend to be covered by more generous benefit programs. They are more like" ******* END TEXT: " workers. As each of these groups competes for a greater share of profits and for more control over "
9780814715123 - page_7: "START TEXT: corporate decision making, individual employees are at a distinct disadvantage. Investment capital i" ******* END TEXT: "ers of meaningful collective representation. If labor organizations become wholly ineffective, many "
9780814715123 - page_8: "START TEXT: employers will undoubtedly exploit their employees by retaining an excessive portion of profits, mai" ******* END TEXT: "ng to that deterioration. Chapter 4 discusses the need for unions to improve their public image and "
9780814715123 - page_9: "START TEXT: to develop innovative techniques to organize occupations that have traditionally been unreceptive to" ******* END TEXT: "loyer conduct, and reaffirming the legislative objectives underlying the original 1935 enactment.\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_xii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814715123 - page_10: "START TEXT: 2. THE HISTORICAL FOUNDATION OF AMERICAN LABOR\nDuring the Colonial period, there were relatively few" ******* END TEXT: "xisted in the colonies as early as the seventeenth century. They were primarily guilds comprised of "
9780814715123 - page_11: "START TEXT: artisans who marketed their own products. They endeavored to preserve professional standards by regu" ******* END TEXT: " not illegal, so long as inappropriate means were not utilized to injure such nonunion individuals.\n"
9780814715123 - page_12: "START TEXT: Early Labor Involvement in the Political Arena\nIn 1834, the National Trades Union (NTU), the first n" ******* END TEXT: "r equal work regardless of the race or gender of those performing the work, and full employment and "
9780814715123 - page_13: "START TEXT: organizational rights for both women and blacks. Nonetheless, William Silvis, one of the NLU founder" ******* END TEXT: "oducer and consumer cooperatives, and the creation of cultural orders. It proposed that arbitration "
9780814715123 - page_14: "START TEXT: procedures be substituted for disruptive work stoppages and advocated eight-hour laws and regulation" ******* END TEXT: "Jay Gould, who operated the southwestern portion of the Wabash Railroad. Gould initially refused to "
9780814715123 - page_15: "START TEXT: recognize the right of the Knights of Labor to speak for the workers. A strike commenced on August 1" ******* END TEXT: "Knights of Labor began to decline. On May 4 of that year, employees of the McCormick Reaper Company "
9780814715123 - page_16: "START TEXT: went on strike seeking higher wages and reduced hours. Strike leaders called a mass meeting at Hayma" ******* END TEXT: "Union Congress in England. Although officials from various Knights of Labor affiliates attended the "
9780814715123 - page_17: "START TEXT: Pittsburgh conference, the more conventional ideas of the trade unionists prevailed. The Federation " ******* END TEXT: "n though he never controlled any national trade union and faced constant opposition to his policies "
9780814715123 - page_18: "START TEXT: from other AFL officials and members, Gompers dramatically influenced the development of business un" ******* END TEXT: "ion. Many of these legislative accomplishments, however, were ephemeral. Corporations expeditiously "
9780814715123 - page_19: "START TEXT: challenged the propriety of such legal restrictions, and they frequently found a sympathetic judicia" ******* END TEXT: "an to realize how difficult it was to exert sustained economic pressure against major corporations.\n"
9780814715123 - page_20: "START TEXT: By the early twentieth century, most private employers were unalterably opposed to employee unioniza" ******* END TEXT: "ive when Congress adopted the Clayton Act19 in 1914. Section 6 of that enactment provided employees "
9780814715123 - page_21: "START TEXT: with what Samuel Gompers characterized as the “Industrial Magna Carta.”20\nThe labor of a human being" ******* END TEXT: "e employing class have nothing in common.”23 The IWW endorsed both industrial and political action.\n"
9780814715123 - page_22: "START TEXT: During the initial years of its existence, the IWW abandoned the most anarchistic Socialists in its " ******* END TEXT: "hreat to the negotiated wages and employment conditions enjoyed by male union members. The 1918 AFL "
9780814715123 - page_23: "START TEXT: convention thus adopted a resolution exhorting affiliated trade unions “to make every effort to brin" ******* END TEXT: "le to obtain skilled jobs with employers that had closed-shop agreements with trade unions that did "
9780814715123 - page_24: "START TEXT: not admit black members, many were forced to work as strikebreakers. AFL leaders finally sought to a" ******* END TEXT: "e terminated and replaced.\nDuring World War I, the Federal Government encouraged employers to adopt "
9780814715123 - page_25: "START TEXT: shop committees that would provide employees with a greater sense of corporate involvement.34 Althou" ******* END TEXT: "right to organize and to bargain over their employment conditions. Bipartite adjustment boards were "
9780814715123 - page_26: "START TEXT: established to resolve grievances that could not be amicably settled. Voluntary arbitration was to b" ******* END TEXT: "employees “the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain "
9780814715123 - page_27: "START TEXT: collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in concerted activities, f" ******* END TEXT: "posal was again defeated. A month after the 1935 convention, however, officers from the United Mine "
9780814715123 - page_28: "START TEXT: Workers, the International Typographical Workers, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, the Internationa" ******* END TEXT: "affiliates generated substantial representational gains. Union membership increased from 15 percent "
9780814715123 - page_29: "START TEXT: of the nonagricultural labor force when the NLRA was enacted in 1935 to over 35 percent by the mid-1" ******* END TEXT: "mployee organizers with access to company property in those rare circumstances when the labor union "
9780814715123 - page_30: "START TEXT: is wholly unable to disseminate its organizational message through external channels of communicatio" ******* END TEXT: "rd attorneys to seek immediate restraining orders in all cases involving unlawful organizational or "
9780814715123 - page_31: "START TEXT: recognitional picketing. These changes inhibited the ability of labor unions to engage in traditiona" ******* END TEXT: "ent unions were thereafter bound by the no-raiding provision set forth in the AFL-CIO constitution.\n"
9780814715123 - page_32: "START TEXT: During the late 1950s, the percentage of labor force participants in labor organizations began to de" ******* END TEXT: " of the 1970s, cost-of-living-adjustment clauses contained in many collective bargaining agreements "
9780814715123 - page_33: "START TEXT: caused labor costs to increase rapidly. Employers began to consider ways of reducing employee costs." ******* END TEXT: "ustrial, and international changes, all of which hastened a decline in union strength in America.\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_34: "START TEXT: 3. THE EXTENT AND CAUSES OF THE DECLINE OF THE AMERICAN LABOR MOVEMENT\nUnion membership figures have" ******* END TEXT: "of the nonagricultural workforce. By 1954, union membership exceeded 17,000,000. Labor organization "
9780814715123 - page_35: "START TEXT: members still constituted approximately 35 percent of all nonagricultural workforce participants.\nFr" ******* END TEXT: "s inversely related to the size of the proposed units. While unions prevailed in 52 percent of 1990 "
9780814715123 - page_36: "START TEXT: representation elections in bargaining units containing from 2 to 49 employees, they won only 37.6 p" ******* END TEXT: "eir own employees. In fact, many organized companies have recently demanded compensation reductions "
9780814715123 - page_37: "START TEXT: and work rule changes designed to enable them to compete more effectively with nonunion companies.22" ******* END TEXT: "affect union strength and organizational ability during the coming decades. As increased employment "
9780814715123 - page_38: "START TEXT: opportunities and changing personal expectations encourage greater female labor force involvement, t" ******* END TEXT: " have been organized by industrial unions representing employees in the mass production industries, "
9780814715123 - page_39: "START TEXT: such as automobile, steel, rubber, and electrical manufacturing, the record of most craft unions has" ******* END TEXT: "t states when making investment decisions concerning relocating and refurbishing facilities, due to "
9780814715123 - page_40: "START TEXT: lower labor costs and a less unionized labor force.43 Over half of all union members currently resid" ******* END TEXT: "an employment market and directly affecting the continued vitality of the labor movement. The swift "
9780814715123 - page_41: "START TEXT: introduction of new technology has been creating a “crisis of human obsolescence.”48 As robots and c" ******* END TEXT: "rkers and create highly structured managerial hierarchies.56 Individuals employed by these types of "
9780814715123 - page_42: "START TEXT: businesses may experience an increased economic and psychological need for collective behavior.\nThe " ******* END TEXT: "ld trade.60 At the present time, “USX Corp. imports steel ingot from Korea; General Motors and Ford "
9780814715123 - page_43: "START TEXT: import cars from Korea; Chrysler imports cars from Mexico; General Electric imports various small ap" ******* END TEXT: "ce of labor organizations, and the minimal or inapplicable employee protection laws.66 Some nations "
9780814715123 - page_44: "START TEXT: even establish Free Trade Zones that exempt foreign investment firms employing local workers from ex" ******* END TEXT: "hey do not have to comply with United States health and safety regulations, worker and unemployment "
9780814715123 - page_45: "START TEXT: compensation laws, minimum wage and overtime provisions, and the protections set forth in collective" ******* END TEXT: " $4.25 per hour American minimum wage.\nAmerican multinational enterprises are not the only business "
9780814715123 - page_46: "START TEXT: concerns transferring production jobs to other countries. Over the past decade, foreign corporations" ******* END TEXT: "ions have found it increasingly difficult to confront such remote managerial centers. Most American "
9780814715123 - page_47: "START TEXT: bargaining relationships are conducted on a local or regional basis. Few employers and unions negoti" ******* END TEXT: "their employees. Companies frequently enlisted the assistance of police and the judiciary to retain "
9780814715123 - page_48: "START TEXT: their nonunion status. Courts were quick to enjoin concerted employee conduct, and they swiftly puni" ******* END TEXT: " enthusiasm for the selection of a bargaining representative. In 1957, the Labor Board directed the "
9780814715123 - page_49: "START TEXT: reinstatement of 922 individuals found to have been discharged in violation of Section 8(a)(3).95 By" ******* END TEXT: "arge of primary union supporters.\nA number of business firms that have had bargaining relationships "
9780814715123 - page_50: "START TEXT: for many years have recently decided that they would prefer to regain their former nonunion status. " ******* END TEXT: "uropean countries, collective bargaining is conducted on a regional or national basis covering most "
9780814715123 - page_51: "START TEXT: corporations within the relevant industry.108 Government officials often participate in the negotiat" ******* END TEXT: " stories are used to reinforce the belief that even those individuals raised in the most humble and "
9780814715123 - page_52: "START TEXT: disadvantaged settings can obtain higher education and rise to the top of American industry. Because" ******* END TEXT: "al positions without questioning the reason for their relative inability to transcend their working "
9780814715123 - page_53: "START TEXT: class situations. This decreases the likelihood that they will become frustrated by their lack of oc" ******* END TEXT: "y much shorter than the terms given to union officials who have “embezzled” much smaller sums. This "
9780814715123 - page_54: "START TEXT: type of distinction also fosters the public impression that more union officials are corrupt than bu" ******* END TEXT: " such white-collar occupations will lose their professional status if they succumb to unionization.\n"
9780814715123 - page_55: "START TEXT: One of the most striking developments over the past several decades has been the increased concentra" ******* END TEXT: "sely antagonize minority and female applicants when they select white males for vacant positions.\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_58: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814715123 - page_59: "START TEXT: 4. THE NEED FOR LABOR UNIONS TO ORGANIZE TRADITIONALLY NONUNION PERSONNEL\nThe American labor movemen" ******* END TEXT: "provide more than conventional economic gains. They will have to establish goals that will increase "
9780814715123 - page_60: "START TEXT: employee participation in managerial decision making and enhance worker dignity.\nAlthough labor orga" ******* END TEXT: "dge the negative view of unions held by an increasing percentage of the public and work to actively "
9780814715123 - page_61: "START TEXT: counteract these negative stereotypes. A positive image is the first step to increasing membership a" ******* END TEXT: "s to organized firms. They should also point out the fact that recent studies indicate that heavily "
9780814715123 - page_62: "START TEXT: unionized industries have not contributed more to the American trade imbalance than unorganized indu" ******* END TEXT: "sever any connections between local or national unions and organized crime and utilize the media to "
9780814715123 - page_63: "START TEXT: dispel the public perception that unions are mob-controlled. Honest labor leaders should welcome pro" ******* END TEXT: "nce their own public image by proposing legislation that would prohibit corporations from providing "
9780814715123 - page_64: "START TEXT: executives with compensation packages that are more than fifteen or twenty times the compensation le" ******* END TEXT: "iliates have generally been considered “business unions” that are primarily interested in enhancing "
9780814715123 - page_65: "START TEXT: member benefits and protections through collective bargaining. As a result, unorganized personnel of" ******* END TEXT: "uld benefit all workers, whether or not they are unionized, labor organizations would further their "
9780814715123 - page_66: "START TEXT: objectives in two important ways. To the extent that modern unions demonstrate their dedication to t" ******* END TEXT: "onomy moving toward a post-industrial environment. These benefits should definitely be available to "
9780814715123 - page_67: "START TEXT: individuals dislocated by the transfer of domestic production jobs to foreign export platforms.\nAnot" ******* END TEXT: "e would prevent employers from abusing drug testing, and help to maintain the dignity of employees.\n"
9780814715123 - page_68: "START TEXT: Many corporations currently rely solely upon the less expensive and less accurate enzyme multiplied " ******* END TEXT: "and the accompanying grievance-arbitration procedures through which that right is usually enforced, "
9780814715123 - page_69: "START TEXT: most persons are employed “at will,” and can be terminated at any time for any reason that does not " ******* END TEXT: " reestablish the social movement approach indigenous to its roots, it must revitalize its alliances "
9780814715123 - page_70: "START TEXT: with other activist groups. Unions must work more closely with civil rights groups, such as the Nati" ******* END TEXT: "ilable to nonunion workers, labor organizations will make themselves more attractive to unorganized "
9780814715123 - page_71: "START TEXT: personnel and increase their ranks. For example, negotiated wage rates continue to exceed the statut" ******* END TEXT: "e relocation or elimination of bargaining unit jobs.42 Alternatively, agreements should permit such "
9780814715123 - page_72: "START TEXT: job changes, but ensure displaced workers continued employment security through guaranteed annual wa" ******* END TEXT: "industry should be encouraged to create industry-supported programs similar to those that have been "
9780814715123 - page_73: "START TEXT: suecessfully established in Germany.46 Such expansive training inures to the benefit of all industry" ******* END TEXT: "rican Hospital Association immediately pledged to fight union organizing efforts on all fronts.50 A "
9780814715123 - page_74: "START TEXT: prominent management attorney suggested that “employers should use every waking moment to assess the" ******* END TEXT: "ttributed, in large part, to the fact that many union organizers continue to utilize the provincial "
9780814715123 - page_75: "START TEXT: proselytizing techniques that were developed during the late 1930s and early 1940s to appeal to blue" ******* END TEXT: "nt of worker rights. They should hire some people who have obtained degrees in industrial relations "
9780814715123 - page_76: "START TEXT: and have studied organizational behavior. These people will bring new strategies to the labor moveme" ******* END TEXT: "because “[e]mployees have strong views about their jobs that they are eager to tell to someone they "
9780814715123 - page_77: "START TEXT: think really cares.”63 Individuals generally contemplate unionization because of their lack of influ" ******* END TEXT: "ignity. The individuals who supported HUCTW concluded that they could only enhance their employment "
9780814715123 - page_78: "START TEXT: interests in a unified manner. One HUCTW member eloquently summarized the feelings of many: “The und" ******* END TEXT: "cent.73 While this phenomenon may reflect the fact that the target group is especially receptive to "
9780814715123 - page_79: "START TEXT: unionization, AFL-CIO affiliates should consider the benefits to be achieved from coordinated campai" ******* END TEXT: "South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee.79\nThe unions assisted by the AFL-CIO committed "
9780814715123 - page_80: "START TEXT: substantial resources to the southern organizing campaign.80 They established employee committees wi" ******* END TEXT: "e first woman to serve as a member of the AFL-CIO Executive Council.85 Despite the dearth of female "
9780814715123 - page_81: "START TEXT: union officials, the proportion of women union members has actually increased since the mid-1950s.86" ******* END TEXT: "ortunity. During new organizing campaigns, they should emphasize the fact that the average earnings "
9780814715123 - page_82: "START TEXT: of unionized minority workers exceed those of their unorganized counterparts by approximately 30 per" ******* END TEXT: "each these workers, the labor movement will need to undergo an organizing revolution similar to the "
9780814715123 - page_83: "START TEXT: industrial union movement of the late 1930s and early 1940s103 and the public sector movement during" ******* END TEXT: "ficantly changed. Businesses have become more bureaucratized. Global firms control local operations "
9780814715123 - page_84: "START TEXT: through the concentration of managerial authority in centralized administrations that function on a " ******* END TEXT: "s,114 they may contemplate the benefits of collectivization. Labor unions must recognize that these "
9780814715123 - page_85: "START TEXT: individuals are not concerned solely with economic issues. They want to participate in the decision-" ******* END TEXT: "mployment interests of private sector professionals. As the American industrial system becomes more "
9780814715123 - page_86: "START TEXT: automated and professional jobs become more routinized, highly educated but underutilized employees " ******* END TEXT: "rs of such individuals notice and appreciate the services provided by labor organizations, they may "
9780814715123 - page_87: "START TEXT: ultimately decide to support unionization. If unions reestablish the associational approach initiate" ******* END TEXT: "s it easier for members to qualify for advantageous federally backed mortgage terms.134 The AFL-CIO "
9780814715123 - page_88: "START TEXT: could offer additional benefits to associational members. For example, it could provide legal servic" ******* END TEXT: "ization, and increase the capacity of AFL-CIO affiliates to advance the interests of all workers.\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_100: "START TEXT: in most Western European corporations guarantee worker representatives the opportunity to participat" ******* END TEXT: "e directors continue in their jobs, they will continue to provide worker perspectives to management "
9780814715123 - page_101: "START TEXT: that might induce shareholder directors to reassess their own predilections.90\nEmployee representati" ******* END TEXT: " restraint or coercion within the meaning of Section 8(b)(1).92 So long as such individuals did not "
9780814715123 - page_102: "START TEXT: resort to threats or similarly opprobrious behavior, their actions would be beyond the scope of Sect" ******* END TEXT: "ded that Congress required a strict separation between workers and management.100 The Court further "
9780814715123 - page_103: "START TEXT: found that the employer’s motivation when it created the shop-level committee was not controlling.\nI" ******* END TEXT: "s and eliciting suggestions and ideas for improving operations.”108 Rather than constituting “labor "
9780814715123 - page_104: "START TEXT: organizations” that were “dealing with” the employer, the court decided that the committees were mer" ******* END TEXT: "violation should only be found where the evidence demonstrates that a dominant employer has imposed "
9780814715123 - page_105: "START TEXT: a shop floor program on an anemic union and completely controlled the work of that group. Cooperativ" ******* END TEXT: " of the LMRDA,121 which precludes union officers or agents from acquiring any pecuniary or personal "
9780814715123 - page_106: "START TEXT: interest in employers that would conflict with the interests of their respective unions.122\nLMRA Sec" ******* END TEXT: "he Federal Trade Commission has indicated in an advisory opinion that Section 8 was not intended to "
9780814715123 - page_107: "START TEXT: apply to labor unions that negotiate seats on the managerial boards of competing companies,131 the J" ******* END TEXT: "ligation, injured employees should be able to obtain redress against them similar to that available "
9780814715123 - page_108: "START TEXT: to shareholders aggrieved by fiduciary violations by ordinary board members under existing corporate" ******* END TEXT: " to business competitors. Because the same labor organization might be the bargaining agent for the "
9780814715123 - page_109: "START TEXT: employees of competing firms, management officials might initially fear the improper disclosure of t" ******* END TEXT: "pension plans in the United States, with aggregate assets of approximately $2 trillion. This sum is "
9780814715123 - page_110: "START TEXT: expected to exceed $3 trillion by the mid-1990s.148 Pension funds currently own twenty to twenty-fiv" ******* END TEXT: "t strenuously to such union “interference” in internal management affairs, many unionized companies "
9780814715123 - page_111: "START TEXT: might welcome investment strategies that favored employers that maintain humane employment environme" ******* END TEXT: "he use of pension fund money to support business entities that have ignored the statutory rights of "
9780814715123 - page_112: "START TEXT: their employees or maintained substandard employment conditions, and do not merely try to preclude a" ******* END TEXT: "rol to their respective employees.\nIn 1974, Congress concluded that specific legislation was needed "
9780814715123 - page_113: "START TEXT: to regulate the establishment and operations of ESOPs. Section 407(d)(6) of ERISA179 articulates the" ******* END TEXT: "es. Based on this purpose, bona fide worker ownership programs should not constitute a violation of "
9780814715123 - page_114: "START TEXT: Section 8(a)(2).189 If the Labor Board or a court decision were to reject this analysis, Congress sh" ******* END TEXT: "ood cooperative personnel have not found such worker transformations to be a problem. In those rare "
9780814715123 - page_115: "START TEXT: instances when selected directors do not fulfill constituent expectations, they simply are not reele" ******* END TEXT: "influence the development of a judicial branch favorably disposed toward business interests. By the "
9780814715123 - page_116: "START TEXT: end of the Bush administration, approximately three-fourths of all federal judges will have been app" ******* END TEXT: "at presents a clear vision and a role for workers in the governance of the American corporation and "
9780814715123 - page_117: "START TEXT: in the future economic strategies of the nation, employees may see new and compelling reasons to joi" ******* END TEXT: "hip figures over the past thirty years, labor political action committees have succeeded in raising "
9780814715123 - page_118: "START TEXT: significant amounts of money in recent years. Actual contributions from union members rose from $1.4" ******* END TEXT: "ve generated new white-collar jobs to replace the manufacturing positions being exported to foreign "
9780814715123 - page_119: "START TEXT: nations.220 Multinational businesses also contend that if they did not establish foreign production " ******* END TEXT: " inevitability of an interrelated and symbiotic international economic system. Instead of trying to "
9780814715123 - page_120: "START TEXT: prevent the development of foreign production facilities that might erode American job security, lab" ******* END TEXT: "rothers and sisters in another country is a figment of the intelligentsia imagination that persists "
9780814715123 - page_121: "START TEXT: over the years without either occurring to or permeating the thoughts of those who are expected to l" ******* END TEXT: "n establish successful joint ventures primarily explains this undistinguished record of trade union "
9780814715123 - page_122: "START TEXT: collaboration. While American labor organizations have generally accepted the capitalist system, man" ******* END TEXT: "xportation of jobs from developed to developing nations must organize the workers in the developing "
9780814715123 - page_123: "START TEXT: countries. In this way, unions can ensure that such individuals are not denied employment dignity or" ******* END TEXT: "ity and reasonable employment terms.\nThe maturation of the European Community (EC) will provide the "
9780814715123 - page_124: "START TEXT: impetus and structure for coordinated collective bargaining by labor unions within the EC. Although " ******* END TEXT: "to transnational business establishments. Labor organizations may initiate multinational regulation "
9780814715123 - page_125: "START TEXT: through devices presently available, such as the EC or through treaties similar to the General Agree" ******* END TEXT: "iate on behalf of the individuals employed by corporations doing business in all three countries.\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_89: "START TEXT: 5. ENHANCING ORGANIZED LABOR’S ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL POWER\nEmployees who select a bargaining agent " ******* END TEXT: "y receive preferential recall as vacancies occur.7 An increasing number of employers are willing to "
9780814715123 - page_90: "START TEXT: hire permanent replacements for striking workers. A recent AFL-CIO study found that 11 percent of th" ******* END TEXT: "tional strike weapon continues to decline, organized labor will have to develop new techniques that "
9780814715123 - page_91: "START TEXT: will enhance its economic and political power. Labor unions must resort to corporate and community c" ******* END TEXT: "oversy. Leaflets describing the employment dispute should be distributed to all persons entering or "
9780814715123 - page_92: "START TEXT: leaving the employer’s premises. Picketers may lawfully ask truck drivers, delivery persons, and ser" ******* END TEXT: "tutions, unions will be able to engender crucial public support during employment controversies and "
9780814715123 - page_93: "START TEXT: produce effective consumer boycotts.15 The threat of a community boycott during the 1980s motivated " ******* END TEXT: "rs and management utilized cooperative systems that have permitted more direct labor involvement.25\n"
9780814715123 - page_94: "START TEXT: American labor leaders have generally been unsupportive of and even hostile to arrangements designed" ******* END TEXT: "effective, employee involvement programs must establish a genuine intent to redistribute managerial "
9780814715123 - page_95: "START TEXT: authority.36 Companies that create illusory employee participation committees will at best see no ch" ******* END TEXT: "omplete information concerning corporate affairs, the ability to influence the manner in which jobs "
9780814715123 - page_96: "START TEXT: are structured, and even the right to vote on fundamental business decisions.44\nShop Level Cooperati" ******* END TEXT: "nt changes affecting employee interests. Company officials are encouraged to achieve mutual accords "
9780814715123 - page_97: "START TEXT: with respect to worker terminations and the consequences of reorganizations, partial or total plant " ******* END TEXT: "supervisory personnel who are accustomed to conventional superior-subordinate relationships between "
9780814715123 - page_98: "START TEXT: themselves and rank-and-file workers.66 Managers must develop a new style that will motivate employe" ******* END TEXT: "ave traditionally been determined in American business enterprises by professional managers who are "
9780814715123 - page_99: "START TEXT: directly responsible to the shareholder/owners, but not to the rank-and-file employees. Some contemp" ******* END TEXT: "arate blue-collar, white-collar, and middle-management delegates. The codetermination systems found "
9780814715123 - page_126: "START TEXT: 6. THE NEED TO REFORM THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS ACT\nThroughout the first 150 years of its existen" ******* END TEXT: "tional rights through the enactment of Section 7a of the National Industrial Recovery Act,8 but the "
9780814715123 - page_127: "START TEXT: Supreme Court found that act unconstitutional based on the impermissible legislative attempt to regu" ******* END TEXT: "ed to rectify the effects of unfair labor practice violations. As the NLRA became more established, "
9780814715123 - page_128: "START TEXT: however, employer groups lobbied in favor of amendments designed to curtail employee rights, and cou" ******* END TEXT: "nt newspaper sellers and lower level supervisors were entitled to “employee” status under the NLRA.\n"
9780814715123 - page_129: "START TEXT: During the formative years of the NLRA, the Labor Board and the courts promptly defined and enforced" ******* END TEXT: "27 The Court theorized that these labor organizations would have attained majority strength but for "
9780814715123 - page_130: "START TEXT: the chilling effect of the employer’s conduct. The Labor Board issued bargaining orders in favor of " ******* END TEXT: "he right to negotiate over “wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment.”35 Although "
9780814715123 - page_131: "START TEXT: the NLRA does not include a specific definition of mandatory bargaining topics, administrative and j" ******* END TEXT: "right of labor organizations to impose discipline upon members who violated legitimate union rules.\n"
9780814715123 - page_132: "START TEXT: Representative labor organizations were also provided with significant discretion with respect to th" ******* END TEXT: "er’s need to continue operations during an economic strike outweighed the rather slight impact upon "
9780814715123 - page_133: "START TEXT: the permanently replaced strikers. This opinion was a devastating infringement on the statutorily pr" ******* END TEXT: "ain on strike, even after the labor dispute has been resolved. This decision encourages less senior "
9780814715123 - page_134: "START TEXT: personnel to work during a strike to obtain an employment advantage over more senior employees who c" ******* END TEXT: "lications to determine those individuals most in need of NLRA protection. The Supreme Court further "
9780814715123 - page_135: "START TEXT: narrowed the statutory definition of “employee” in Allied Chemical & Alkali Workers Local 1 v. Pitts" ******* END TEXT: "the Board no longer evaluates the impact of misleading campaign statements upon worker free choice. "
9780814715123 - page_136: "START TEXT: It simply assumes that individuals whose employment destiny is substantially controlled by their emp" ******* END TEXT: "employers willing to ignore their legal obligations under the NLRA can significantly disenfranchise "
9780814715123 - page_137: "START TEXT: employees exercising their protected right to organize. A company can instruct its supervisory perso" ******* END TEXT: "abor Board held that a business entity is only obligated to bargain about a prospective decision to "
9780814715123 - page_138: "START TEXT: relocate production from one facility to another when (1) the management decision does not involve a" ******* END TEXT: "irect benefit of employees in other units. For example, a victory under the wage and hour laws, the "
9780814715123 - page_139: "START TEXT: health and safety statutes, or the civil rights acts could establish a precedent that would greatly " ******* END TEXT: "the White House, and the judiciary. Organized labor should use its new-found economic and political "
9780814715123 - page_140: "START TEXT: power to persuade Congress to amend the NLRA to provide affirmative support for trade unions. The Un" ******* END TEXT: "“who regularly and meaningfully participate in the formulation or effectuation of fundamental labor "
9780814715123 - page_141: "START TEXT: or personnel policies directly pertaining to wages, hours, or other terms and conditions of employme" ******* END TEXT: "essions that workers are required to attend, read anti-union statements over intercom systems, post "
9780814715123 - page_142: "START TEXT: election propaganda on company bulletin boards, include negative information about unionization in e" ******* END TEXT: " possible combinations and direct immediate elections. The votes of different employee groups could "
9780814715123 - page_143: "START TEXT: be segregated until the Regional Directors resolve the unit questions, and the Labor Board would the" ******* END TEXT: "loyers and striking employees is necessary to resolve these competing issues. For example, the NLRA "
9780814715123 - page_144: "START TEXT: could be amended to bar the hiring of any replacements during the first one, two, or three months of" ******* END TEXT: "itions they obtained ahead of more senior strikers whom they replaced. A rule prohibiting permanent "
9780814715123 - page_145: "START TEXT: replacements would enable all of the individuals who engaged in a strike to displace temporary repla" ******* END TEXT: "act on other unrelated entities.\nA successful work stoppage shuts down the operations of the target "
9780814715123 - page_146: "START TEXT: company. As a result, the business may be forced to suspend its purchases of raw materials and to re" ******* END TEXT: "dary retail employees to stop work.\nWere corporate leaders concerned about production losses caused "
9780814715123 - page_147: "START TEXT: by more effective work stoppages, they could support other innovative alternatives. For example, an " ******* END TEXT: " reasonably fear may result in discipline, has no foundation in the language of Section 7. Congress "
9780814715123 - page_148: "START TEXT: should amend that provision to indicate that both organized and unorganized employees have the right" ******* END TEXT: "onable restrictions upon the right of members to resign during ongoing job actions, to preserve the "
9780814715123 - page_149: "START TEXT: concerted strength of those organizations. Congress can achieve this end by amending the proviso to " ******* END TEXT: "ed to spend dues money to support lobbying efforts designed to advance the employment rights of all "
9780814715123 - page_150: "START TEXT: workers. While it would be improper under the First Amendment to permit labor entities to expend the" ******* END TEXT: "one of those provisions is filed, the Labor Board is directed to seek an immediate injunctive order "
9780814715123 - page_151: "START TEXT: against the offending union, to protect the employer’s interests while the subsequent unfair labor p" ******* END TEXT: " percent of unions that obtain remedial bargaining orders ever achieve collective contracts.136 The "
9780814715123 - page_152: "START TEXT: more vigorously employers oppose such remedial orders through judicial appeals, the less likely the " ******* END TEXT: "t certainly have been achieved in the absence of the company’s egregious violations of the NLRA, it "
9780814715123 - page_153: "START TEXT: should be empowered to protect the rights of the discouraged union supporters through the issuance o" ******* END TEXT: "berg prerequisites were satisfied.\nThe Spielberg deferral policy was significantly expanded in Olin "
9780814715123 - page_154: "START TEXT: Corp.,146 wherein the Labor Board enunciated new standards to be applied when deciding whether to ac" ******* END TEXT: "d Section 10(a) to codify the original Spielberg standards, and to reject the overly expansive Olin "
9780814715123 - page_155: "START TEXT: Corp. approach, making it clear that the Labor Board should not accept a prior arbitral award if the" ******* END TEXT: "ise and whose members have not been selected by the employer and the labor organization involved.\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_vi: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814715123 - page_vii: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nAcknowledgments\nPart One\n1. Overview\n2. The Historical Foundation of American Labor\n3. The " ******* END TEXT: " Need to Reform the National Labor Relations Act\nEpilogue\nNotes\nBibliography\nTable of Cases\nIndex\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1993, 1995 by New York UniversityAll rights" ******* END TEXT: " strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_v: "START TEXT: Dedicated to American Workers,Many of Whom Need a Collective Voiceto Counter the Economic Powerof Th" ******* END TEXT: "rs,Many of Whom Need a Collective Voiceto Counter the Economic Powerof Their Corporate Employers.\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_156: "START TEXT: EPILOGUE\nOver the past two centuries, the American labor movement has demonstrated remarkable resili" ******* END TEXT: "with new sources for membership. In addition, more and more white-collar and professional employees "
9780814715123 - page_157: "START TEXT: are becoming disenchanted with their routine job tasks, their diminished employment security, and th" ******* END TEXT: "nt situations and their personal dignity, they should be able to generate sustained union growth.\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_i: "START TEXT: CAN UNIONS SURVIVE?\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "CAN UNIONS SURVIVE?\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_206: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814715123 - page_207: "START TEXT: INDEX\nAdamson Act, 19\nAFL-CIO, 31, 32, 61, 62, 64, 65, 87, 88\nAFL-CIO Building and Construction Trad" ******* END TEXT: "mployer, 152\nBargaining: power, 7\nscope of, 148\nBasic Steel Agreement, 36\nBayrisches Berggesetz, 96\n"
9780814715123 - page_208: "START TEXT: Benefit programs, 6\nBetriebstategesetz (Works Council Act of 1920), 96\nBinding interest arbitration," ******* END TEXT: "129\nDiscrimination, 52, 88\nanti-union, 18, 129\nemployment, 36\nracial, 24, 81\nDisorderly conduct, 20\n"
9780814715123 - page_209: "START TEXT: Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988, 67, 68\nDrug rehabilitation programs, 68\nDrug testing, 7, 67\nDual un" ******* END TEXT: "urance, 67, 70, 82\n“Hoffa,” 53\nHome visits, 77, 142\nHot cargo agreements, 134\nHours, 11, 12, 16, 67\n"
9780814715123 - page_210: "START TEXT: H.R. 5 (1991 Congress), 145\nHutcheson, William, 27\nImmigrant labor, 17, 61\nImpasse, 89, 152\nImports:" ******* END TEXT: "10\nMaster Printers Association, 50\n“Matewan,” 53\nMaximum-hours legislation, 65\nMeany, George, 3, 31\n"
9780814715123 - page_211: "START TEXT: Media: treatment of unions, 53–54\nuse of by unions, 60–64, 91\nMediation, 25\nMedicare, 82\nMergers and" ******* END TEXT: "33, 143, 145. See also Temporary replacements\nPhiladelphia: printers, 11\nshoemakers, 11\ntailors, 13\n"
9780814715123 - page_212: "START TEXT: Picketing, 23, 30, 91, 92\nPinkertons, 24\nPlacards, 92\nPlant closings, 66, 71\nPlant refurbishment, 39" ******* END TEXT: "ectiveness of, 143–45\nSubstitution of capital for labor, 4, 40\nSunbelt, 50, 73\nSuper seniority, 133\n"
9780814715123 - page_213: "START TEXT: Supervisory employees, 30, 128, 134, 140–41\nSupreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, 11\nSweatshops, " ******* END TEXT: ", Cap and Millinery Workers, 28\nUnited Mine Workers, 27–28\nUnited States Department of Commerce, 14\n"
9780814715123 - page_214: "START TEXT: United Steelworkers, 40\nUnited Textile Workers, 28\nUnskilled jobs, 4\nValue added, 44\nVermont Asbest" ******* END TEXT: "f Trade Unions, 123\nWorld War I, 22–25\nWorld War II, 34\nYellow-dog contracts, 19, 20, 24, 47, 126\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_158: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814715123 - page_159: "START TEXT: NOTES\n1. OVERVIEW\n1. John Galbraith, The New Industrial State (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 275." ******* END TEXT: ". Sanford Cohen, Labor in the United States (Columbus, Ohio: Merrill Publishing, 5th ed. 1979), 97.\n"
9780814715123 - page_160: "START TEXT: 19. Charles Heckscher, The New Unionism: Employee Involvement in the Changing Corporation (New York:" ******* END TEXT: "extensively explored in Walter Nelles, “Commonwealth v. Hunt,” Columbia Law Review 32 (1932): 1128.\n"
9780814715123 - page_161: "START TEXT: 3. Philip Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement (New York: Free Press, 1982), 61.\n4. Ibid., 8" ******* END TEXT: "38. 25 Stat. 501 (1888).\n39. 30 Stat. 424 (1898).\n40. 38 Stat. 103 (1913).\n41. 41 Stat. 456 (1920).\n"
9780814715123 - page_162: "START TEXT: 42. 44 Stat. 577 (1926).\n43. 49 Stat. 1189 (1936).\n44. 48 Stat. 198 (1933).\n45. 295 U.S. 495 (1935)." ******* END TEXT: ".\n3. Ibid., 10 Table 1.\n4. George Barnett, “American Trade Unionism and Social Insurance,” American "
9780814715123 - page_163: "START TEXT: Economic Review 23 (March 1933): 6; Lyle Coopr •, “The American Labor Movement in Prosperity and Dep" ******* END TEXT: "e: Challenges and Solutions (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs, 1987), 5.\n37. Ibid., 15.\n"
9780814715123 - page_164: "START TEXT: 38. Staff of Senate Special Committee on Aging, 101st Congress, 1st Session, Aging America: Trends a" ******* END TEXT: "ommon Bond, 38-39.\n68. United States International Trade Commission, Tariff Schedules of the United "
9780814715123 - page_165: "START TEXT: States Annotated (1986), Item 800.00; Terrence Collingsworth, “American Labor Policy and the Interna" ******* END TEXT: "the NLRA,” Harvard Law Review 96 (1983): 1780-81.\n96. Paul Weiler, Governing the Workplace, 238-39.\n"
9780814715123 - page_166: "START TEXT: 97. Robert LaLonde & Bernard Meltzer, “Hard Times for Unions: Another Look at the Significance of Em" ******* END TEXT: ". Barbara Ehrenreich, The Worst Years of Our Lives, 196-97.\n124. C. Wright Mills, White Collar, 63.\n"
9780814715123 - page_167: "START TEXT: 125. Michael Goldfield, The Decline of Organized Labor in the United States, 50.\n126. Edna Bonacich," ******* END TEXT: " Industrial Relations Research Association, 1990), 257.\n23. Pub. L. 100-690, 102 Stat. 4304 (1988).\n"
9780814715123 - page_168: "START TEXT: 24. See generally Mark Rothstein, “Workplace Drug Testing: A Case Study in the Misapplication of Tec" ******* END TEXT: "ment and Training Program: Overview of Operations and Structure,” Labor Law Journal 36 (1985): 519.\n"
9780814715123 - page_169: "START TEXT: 45. Commission of Workforce Quality and Labor Market Efficiency, Investing in People (Washington, D." ******* END TEXT: " and Their Unions (1985), 28.\n71. B.N.A., Unions Today: New Tactics to Tackle Tough Times, 100-101.\n"
9780814715123 - page_170: "START TEXT: 72. William Johnston & Arnold Packer, Workforce 2000 (Indianapolis: Hudson Institute, 1987), 59.\n73." ******* END TEXT: "f Clerical and Technical Workers and Women Workers,” Harvard Women’s Law Journal 12 (1989): 274-75.\n"
9780814715123 - page_171: "START TEXT: 96. Ibid., 275; Marion Crain, “Feminizing Unions: Challenging the Gendered Structure of Wage Labor,”" ******* END TEXT: "al 7 (1981-82): 389.\n119. Anthony Giddens, The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies (New York: "
9780814715123 - page_172: "START TEXT: Barnes & Noble, 1973), 188-92; Everett Kassalow, Trade Unions and Industrial Relations: An Internati" ******* END TEXT: "Negotiate New Growth?” Monthly Labor Review 112 (July 1989): 5.\n138. 925 F.2d 480 (D.C. Cir. 1991).\n"
9780814715123 - page_173: "START TEXT: 139. 26 U.S.C. § 511(a)(1).\n140. 925 F.2d at 481.\n5. ENHANCING ORGANIZED LABOR’S POWER\n1.Section 8(d" ******* END TEXT: "y of Democratic Institutions, 1961), 17.\n21. Michael Poole, Workers’ Participation in Industry, 26.\n"
9780814715123 - page_174: "START TEXT: 22. O.E.C.D., Workers Participation (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1" ******* END TEXT: ".\n45. John Schmidman, Unions in Postindustrial Society, 143.\n46. Hem Jain, Worker Participation, 3.\n"
9780814715123 - page_175: "START TEXT: 47. Ibid., 8; Bennett Abramowitz, “Broadening the Board: Labor Participation in Corporate Governance" ******* END TEXT: "the Twenty-First Century (Stewart Shepard & Donald Carroll, eds.) (New York: John Wiley, 1980), 97.\n"
9780814715123 - page_176: "START TEXT: 70. Michael Poole, Workers’ Participation in Industry, 58; Stephen Doyle, “Improving Productivity an" ******* END TEXT: "on in Corporate Governance,” Southwestern Law Journal 34 (1980): 978.\n91. 29 U.S.C. § 158(b)(1)(B).\n"
9780814715123 - page_177: "START TEXT: 92. Compare NLRB v. Drivers, Chauffeurs, Helpers, Local 639, 362 U.S. 274 (1960) (peaceful organizat" ******* END TEXT: ".\n123. 29 U.S.C. § 186(c)(3).\n124. U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Labor Law and the Future of Labor-"
9780814715123 - page_178: "START TEXT: Management Cooperation (Bureau of Labor-Management Relations Report 113, 1987), 70-72, quoting lette" ******* END TEXT: "ael Murphy, “Workers on the Board: Borrowing a European Idea,” Labor Law Journal 27 (1976): 760-61.\n"
9780814715123 - page_179: "START TEXT: 143. NLRB v. Truitt Manufacturing Co., 351 U.S. 149 (1956).\n144. John Blackburn, “Worker Participati" ******* END TEXT: "): 769-72.\n168. Daniel Zwerdling, Workplace Democracy, 53-63.\n169. Ibid., 71-74.\n170. Ibid., 66-71.\n"
9780814715123 - page_180: "START TEXT: 171. Deborah Olson, “Union Experiences with Worker Ownership: Legal and Practical Issues Raised by E" ******* END TEXT: "ployee-Owned Companies: Is the Difference Measurable?” Monthly Labor Review 101 (July 1978): 25-26.\n"
9780814715123 - page_181: "START TEXT: 196. James O’Toole, “The Uneven Record of Employee Ownership,” Harvard Business Review 57 (Nov.-Dec." ******* END TEXT: "ltinational Unionism: Incentives, Barriers, and Alternatives,” Industrial Relations 14 (1975): 4-5.\n"
9780814715123 - page_182: "START TEXT: 220. International Labour Office, Employment Effects of Multinational Enterprises in Industrial Coun" ******* END TEXT: "ons, Limitations,” International Labor (Solomon Barkin, ed.) (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), 82-87.\n"
9780814715123 - page_183: "START TEXT: 242. Charles Levinson, International Trade Unionism, 132-33.\n243. G. B. J. Bomers, Multinational Cor" ******* END TEXT: "35).\n10. 49 Stat. 449 (1935).\n11. 49 Stat. 449 (1935). The NLRA, as amended by the Labor-Management "
9780814715123 - page_184: "START TEXT: Relations Act [Pub. L. No. 101, 61 Stat. 136 (1947)], and the Labor Management Reporting and Disclos" ******* END TEXT: "o., 384 F.2d 822 (5th Cir. 1967).\n42. Beacon Piece Dyeing & Finishing Co., 121 N.L.R.B. 953 (1958).\n"
9780814715123 - page_185: "START TEXT: 43. NLRB v. Boss Mfgr. Co., 118 F.2d 187 (7th Cir. 1941).\n44. United States Gypsum Co., 94 N.L.R.B. " ******* END TEXT: " (1991); Tri-Cast, Inc., 274 N.L.R.B. 377 (1985).\n79. Gourmet Foods, Inc., 270 N.L.R.B. 578 (1984).\n"
9780814715123 - page_186: "START TEXT: 80. 268 N.L.R.B. 493 (1984).\n81. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 274 N.L.R.B. 230 (1985).\n82. 268 N.L.R.B. 104" ******* END TEXT: " “Mackay Radio: Turn It Off, Tune It Out,” University of San Francisco Law Review 25 (1991): 306-7.\n"
9780814715123 - page_187: "START TEXT: 111. B.N.A., Daily Labor Report 138 (July 18, 1991): A-11.\n112. 29 U.S.C. § 158(b)(4)(B).\n113. NLRB " ******* END TEXT: "39. 29 U.S.C. § 216(b).\n140. See generally Note, “Nonmajority Bargaining Orders: The Only Effective "
9780814715123 - page_188: "START TEXT: Remedy for Pervasive Employer Unfair Labor Practices During Union Organizing Campaigns,” Journal of " ******* END TEXT: "ing collective-bargaining agreement.”\n151. 192 N.L.R.B. 837 (1971).\n152. 228 N.L.R.B. 808 (1977).\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_x: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814715123 - page_xi: "START TEXT: PART ONE\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART ONE\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_56: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814715123 - page_57: "START TEXT: PART TWO\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART TWO\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_ii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814715123 - page_iii: "START TEXT: CAN UNIONS SURVIVE?\nThe Rejuvenation of the American Labor Movement\nCharles B. Craver\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "CAN UNIONS SURVIVE?\nThe Rejuvenation of the American Labor Movement\nCharles B. Craver\n\n\n\n"
9780814715123 - page_202: "START TEXT: TABLE OF CASES\nAdair v. United States, 208 U.S. 161 (1908).\nAir Line Pilots Assn. v. O’Neill, 111 S." ******* END TEXT: "921).\nEdward J. DeBartolo Corp. v. Florida Gulf Coast Building Trades Council, 485 U.S. 568 (1988).\n"
9780814715123 - page_203: "START TEXT: Elk Lumber Co., 91 N.L.R.B. 333 (1950).\nEllis v. Brotherhood of Railway, Airline & Steamship Clerks," ******* END TEXT: "nufacturing Co., 388 U.S. 175 (1967).\nNLRB v. American National Insurance Co., 343 U.S. 395 (1952).\n"
9780814715123 - page_204: "START TEXT: NLRB v. Babcock & Wilcox Co., 351 U.S. 105 (1956).\nNLRB v. Bell Aerospace Co., 416 U.S. 267 (1974).\n" ******* END TEXT: " Co., 24 N.L.R.B. 444 (1940), enforced, 119 F.2d 131 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 313 U.S. 595 (1941).\n"
9780814715123 - page_205: "START TEXT: Snow & Sons, 134 N.L.R.B. 709 (1961), enforced, 308 F.2d 687 (9th Cir. 1962).\nSpielberg Manufacturin" ******* END TEXT: ".W. Cross & Co. v. NLRB, 174 F.2d 875 (1st Cir. 1949).\nYamada Transfer, 115 N.L.R.B. 1330 (1956).\n\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_385: "START TEXT: THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER\nYUGOSLAVIA\nTHE PROSECUTOR OF THE TRIBUNAL\nAGAINST" ******* END TEXT: "b forces killed, raped, sexually assaulted, beat and otherwise mistreated the prisoners at Omarska.\n"
9780814715352 - page_386: "START TEXT: Background: Omarska Camp\n2.1. In May, 1992, intensive shelling of Muslim areas in the opstina Prijed" ******* END TEXT: "ace. The camp guards, and others who came to the camp and physically abused the prisoners, used all "
9780814715352 - page_387: "START TEXT: manner of weapons during these beatings, including wooden batons, metal rods and tools, lengths of t" ******* END TEXT: "n the Omarska camp:\na. Zdravko GOVEDARICA\nb. first name unknown GRUBAN\nc. Predrag KOSTIĆ a/k/a KOLE\n"
9780814715352 - page_388: "START TEXT: d. Nedeljko PASPALJ\ne. Milan PAVLIĆ\nf. Milutin POPOVIĆ\ng. Draženko PREDOJEVIĆ\nh. Željko SAVIĆ\n8. In " ******* END TEXT: "an official or person acting in an official capacity, and for one or more of the followingpurposes: "
9780814715352 - page_389: "START TEXT: to obtain information or a confession from the victim or a third person; to punish the victim for an" ******* END TEXT: " Bosnian Croat people from the opstina Prijedor at the Omarska camp calculated to bring about their "
9780814715352 - page_390: "START TEXT: physical destruction in whole or in part, thereby committing GENOCIDE, a crime recognised by Article" ******* END TEXT: "N are criminally responsible for the acts of their subordinates in the murder of Omarska prisoners, "
9780814715352 - page_391: "START TEXT: including those described in paragraphs hereunder, CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY recognised by Articles 5(" ******* END TEXT: ", including humiliating and degrading treatment of the Omarska prisoners, VIOLATIONS OF THE LAWS OR "
9780814715352 - page_392: "START TEXT: CUSTOMS OF WAR recognised by Articles 3 and 7(3) of the Statute of the Tribunal and Article 3(1)(c) " ******* END TEXT: " beat Saud BESIC repeatedly with batons and kicked him. Željko MEAKIĆ entered the room, kicked Saud "
9780814715352 - page_393: "START TEXT: BESIC in the chest and the two guards continued to beat him until he lost consciousness.\n21.2. Željk" ******* END TEXT: "cognised by Article 3 of the Statute of the Tribunal and Article 3(l)(a) of the Geneva Conventions.\n"
9780814715352 - page_394: "START TEXT: 22.4. Around 25 June 1992, Mladen RADIĆ raped “A”, a CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY recognised by Article 5(" ******* END TEXT: " 1992, Mladen RADIĆ subjected “A” to cruel treatment by forcible sexual intercourse, a VIOLATION OF "
9780814715352 - page_395: "START TEXT: THE LAWS OR CUSTOMS OF WAR recognised by Article 3 of the Statute of the Tribunal and Article 3(1)(a" ******* END TEXT: "y Articles 3 and 7(1) of the Statute of the Tribunal and Article 3(1)(a) of the Geneva Conventions.\n"
9780814715352 - page_396: "START TEXT: 23.4. Zoran ŽIGIĆ and Dusan KNEŽEVIĆ participated in the murder of Becir medunjanin, a CRIME AGAINST" ******* END TEXT: "GIĆ, Dusan KNEŽEVIĆ, Dragomir ŠAPONJA, and Nikica JANJIĆ participated in subjecting Rezak HUKANOVIĆ "
9780814715352 - page_397: "START TEXT: to cruel treatment, a VIOLATION OF THE LAWS OR CUSTOMS OF WAR recognised by Articles 3 and 7(1) of t" ******* END TEXT: "IĆ, Dragomir ŠAPONJA, and Nikica JANJIĆ participated in subjecting Sefik TERZIĆ to inhumane acts, a "
9780814715352 - page_398: "START TEXT: CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY recognised by Articles 5(i) and 7(1) of the Statute of the Tribunal.\nAccused:" ******* END TEXT: "STIĆ raped “F”, a CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY recognised by Article 5(g) of the Statute of the Tribunal.\n"
9780814715352 - page_399: "START TEXT: Accused: Milutin Popović Draženko Predojević, Željko Savić and Nedeljko Paspalj\n27.1 Around 6 July 1" ******* END TEXT: "VLIĆ fired his rifle, killing the victim and wounding several other prisoners sitting nearby.\n28.2. "
9780814715352 - page_400: "START TEXT: Milan PAVLIĆ wilfully killed Mehmedalija NASIĆ, a GRAVE BREACH recognised by Article 2(a) of the Sta" ******* END TEXT: "ska camp and placed in a room where Mirko BABIĆ subjected “F” to forcible sexual intercourse.\n30.2. "
9780814715352 - page_401: "START TEXT: Mirco BABIĆ wilfully caused great suffering to “F” by subjecting her to forcible sexual intercourse," ******* END TEXT: "ecognised by Articles 5(i) and 7(1) of the Statute of the Tribunal.\nRichard J. Goldstone Prosecutor\n"
9780814715352 - page_402: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nThe two coeditors of this volume were blessed with a nearly perfect working relation" ******* END TEXT: " our wives and daughters for letting us spend too much time away from them working on this project.\n"
9780814715352 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_359: "START TEXT: APPENDIX 1A Definition of Genocide\nFollowing is a definition of genocide by Raphael Lemkin, from Axi" ******* END TEXT: "rected against individuals, not in their individual capacity, but as members of a national group.\n\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_360: "START TEXT: APPENDIX 2Text of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen" ******* END TEXT: "tent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, as such:\n\n(a) "
9780814715352 - page_361: "START TEXT: Killing members of the group;\n(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;\n(c)" ******* END TEXT: " jurisdiction with respect to those Contracting Parties which shall have accepted its jurisdiction.\n"
9780814715352 - page_362: "START TEXT: Article VII\nGenocide and the other acts enumerated in Article III shall not be considered as politic" ******* END TEXT: "hemselves in such cases to grant extradition in accordance with their laws and treaties in force.\n\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_363: "START TEXT: APPENDIX 3Indictments by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia\nFollowing is " ******* END TEXT: " 1995.\nTHE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER\nYUGOSLAVIA\nTHE PROSECUTOR OF THE TRIBUNAL\n"
9780814715352 - page_364: "START TEXT: AGAINST\nRADOVAN KARADŽIĆ\nRATKO MLADIĆ\nIndictment\nRichard J. Goldstone, Prosecutor of the Internation" ******* END TEXT: "described in the constitution of the Bosnian Serb administration, included, but were not limited to "
9780814715352 - page_365: "START TEXT: commanding the army on the Bosnian Serb administration in times of war and peace and having the auth" ******* END TEXT: "cess for humanitarian aid convoys; and anti-sniping agreements, all of which have been implemented.\n"
9780814715352 - page_366: "START TEXT: General Allegations\n10. At all times relevant to this indictment, a state of armed conflict and part" ******* END TEXT: " indictment, Counts 13 to 16, charges crimes relating to the taking of UN peacekeepers as hostages.\n"
9780814715352 - page_367: "START TEXT: Part ICounts 1-2 (Genocide) (Crime against Humanity)\n17. RADOVAN KARADŽIĆ and RATKO MLADIĆ, from Apr" ******* END TEXT: "Muslim and Bosnian Croat civilians were systematically selected and rounded up on national, ethnic, "
9780814715352 - page_368: "START TEXT: political or religious grounds and interned in detention facilities throughout the territory occupie" ******* END TEXT: " and psychological abuse, intimidation and maltreatment. Detention facility personnel, intending to "
9780814715352 - page_369: "START TEXT: destroy Bosnian Muslim and Bosnian Croat people as national, ethnic or religious groups, killed, ser" ******* END TEXT: "lić (businessman) and Esad Mehmedalija (attorney) from Prijedor; Osman Vatić (attorney) from Brćko.\n"
9780814715352 - page_370: "START TEXT: Deportation\n25. Thousands of Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats from the areas of Vlasenica, Prijedo" ******* END TEXT: " Bosnian Croat civilian population. These incidents include, but are not limited to the following:\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_371: "START TEXT: Appropriation and Plunder of Property\n27. Shortly after armed hostilities broke out in the Republic " ******* END TEXT: "known. This occurred with the consent and approval of those in control of the detention facilities.\n"
9780814715352 - page_372: "START TEXT: D. Many Bosnian Muslim and Bosnian Croat civilians who were not interned in camps were forced to sta" ******* END TEXT: ", where extensive destruction of property occurred include, but are not limited to the following:\n\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_373: "START TEXT: Destruction of Sacred Sites\n30. Muslim and Catholic places of worship were systematically damaged an" ******* END TEXT: "cilities were about to kill or cause serious physical or mental harm to Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian "
9780814715352 - page_374: "START TEXT: Croats with the intent to destroy them, in whole or in part, as national, ethnic or religious groups" ******* END TEXT: " take necessary and reasonable measures to prevent such acts or to punish the perpetrators thereof.\n"
9780814715352 - page_375: "START TEXT: By these acts and omissions, RADOVAN KARADŽIĆ and RATKO MLADIĆ committed:\nCount 3: a GRAVE BREACH as" ******* END TEXT: "tion of these religious sites has occurred. The sites in the Banja Luka area include the following:\n"
9780814715352 - page_376: "START TEXT: Muslim Sacred Sites\n\nRoman Catholic Sacred Sites\n\n38. In other areas, damage and destruction to plac" ******* END TEXT: "MLADIĆ, individually and in concert with others planned, instigated, ordered or otherwise aided and "
9780814715352 - page_377: "START TEXT: abetted in the planning, preparation or execution of the destruction of sacred sites or knew or had " ******* END TEXT: "ecognised by Articles 2(d) (destruction of property), 7(1) and 7(3) of the Statute of the Tribunal.\n"
9780814715352 - page_378: "START TEXT: Counts 8-9 (Appropriation and Plunder of Property)\n42. As described in paragraphs 27-28 of this indi" ******* END TEXT: " and 31 May 1995, snipers have systematically, unlawfully and wilfully killed and wounded civilians "
9780814715352 - page_379: "START TEXT: in the area of Sarajevo, including but not limited to the following individuals:\nKilled\nChildren\nElm" ******* END TEXT: "omajska BB on 16 June 1994\nMen\nAdnan Mesihović, age 34, at Hasana Brkica Street on 3 September 1993\n"
9780814715352 - page_380: "START TEXT: Junuz Campara, age 59, at Milutin Djuraskovic Street on 6 September 1993\nAugustin Vucić, age 57, at " ******* END TEXT: " Zaim Imamovic Street, No 15 on 20 July 1994\nFemale, age 54, at Baruthana Street on 8 November 1994\n"
9780814715352 - page_381: "START TEXT: Female, age 28, at Zmaja od Bosne Street on 9 November 1994\nFemale, age 28, at Zmaja od Bosne Street" ******* END TEXT: " take necessary and reasonable measures to prevent such acts or to punish the perpetrators thereof.\n"
9780814715352 - page_382: "START TEXT: As to the deliberate attacks by sniper fire against the civilian population and individual civilians" ******* END TEXT: "n and control of RADOVAN KARADŽIĆ and RATKO MLADIĆ, immediately selected certain UN hostages to use "
9780814715352 - page_383: "START TEXT: as “human shields,” including but not limited to Capt. Patrick A. Rechner (Canada), Capt. Oldrich Zi" ******* END TEXT: " as recognised by Articles 2(b) (inhumane treatment), 7(1) and 7(3) of the Statute of the Tribunal.\n"
9780814715352 - page_384: "START TEXT: Count 16: a VIOLATION OF THE LAWS OR CUSTOMS OF WAR (cruel treatment) as recognised by Articles 3, 7" ******* END TEXT: "icles 3, 7(1) and 7(3) of the Statute of the Tribunal\n24 July 1995\nRichard J. GoldstoneProsecutor\n\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_1: "START TEXT: ONEIntroduction\nThomas Cushman andStjepan G. Meštrović\nIn the summer of 1995, Bosnian Serb attacks o" ******* END TEXT: " One could even make the case that the nature of the Western response actually abetted genocide and "
9780814715352 - page_10: "START TEXT: Despite two years of watching Bosnia’s agony on TV, Americans seem remarkably disengaged.”14 Sarajev" ******* END TEXT: "ere the “real world.” And, should they ever be able to tell the difference, it would matter little, "
9780814715352 - page_11: "START TEXT: since, as Baudrillard tells us, there is no distinction between the Serbs and the West: the former’s" ******* END TEXT: ". Yet it also proscribes the possibility of telling anyone that they are, or have done, wrong.\nMany "
9780814715352 - page_12: "START TEXT: modern leftists working under the rubric of multiculturalism (and at least one of the editors of thi" ******* END TEXT: "morally engaged in the affairs of the world. Yet is also clear that there are cultural consequences "
9780814715352 - page_13: "START TEXT: of a generalized relativism that go far beyond the groves of academe and some of the petty battles t" ******* END TEXT: "ately lies with those other than those who actually do the killing). Explanations of such things as "
9780814715352 - page_14: "START TEXT: the dissolution of Yugoslavia or the ethnic conflicts and genocide that have ensued must invariably " ******* END TEXT: " the West may not have, as yet, lost the capacity to recognize that there is no justifiable case to "
9780814715352 - page_15: "START TEXT: be made in defense of genocide. One might argue that after the commission of genocide, ethnic cleans" ******* END TEXT: "tted the majority of rapes in Bosnia, and again, did so as an organized, systematic policy.26\n6. It "
9780814715352 - page_16: "START TEXT: should be noted that during an election campaign in Serbia in 1993, Serb leaders openly accused each" ******* END TEXT: " deliberately covering up these atrocities. Franjo Tudjman stupefied the international community by "
9780814715352 - page_17: "START TEXT: promoting in the army a man who had recently been indicted by the International War Crimes Tribunal " ******* END TEXT: "nd genocide, for which German defendants alone stood trial. We feel that it is important to examine "
9780814715352 - page_18: "START TEXT: critically an important assumption Western intellectuals make about the war in Bosnia, namely, that " ******* END TEXT: " as a pretext for mobilizing against a population. It is also quite another thing to agree that the "
9780814715352 - page_19: "START TEXT: appropriate response to symbolic political infelicities in Croatia was to unleash a military juggern" ******* END TEXT: "ons have determined that genocide has occurred in Bosnia. In other words, even if the UN definition "
9780814715352 - page_2: "START TEXT: other crimes against humanity in the region by allowing the perpetrators to proceed with a guarantee" ******* END TEXT: "odern age of mass media we can agree with Ranke, but add that history is watched. For the last four "
9780814715352 - page_20: "START TEXT: is flawed, or some intellectuals are not satisfied that real genocide is occurring in Bosnia, or tha" ******* END TEXT: "d unabated even as “peace talks” took place.36\nNevertheless, All Sides Are Deemed Equally Guilty\nIn "
9780814715352 - page_21: "START TEXT: the present context, knowledge abounds, but so, too, do rationalizations for nonintervention in Balk" ******* END TEXT: " information highway. However, we hasten to add that there are Western intellectuals and leaders of "
9780814715352 - page_22: "START TEXT: many political persuasions who have not hesitated to condemn Belgrade-sponsored aggression and who h" ******* END TEXT: "nalism and points out the dangers of authoritarianism inherent in the latter. In a context in which "
9780814715352 - page_23: "START TEXT: nationalism is ritually and crudely blasted and vilified by Western intellectuals, Greenfeld reminds" ******* END TEXT: " UN peacekeepers there, not the civilians. Indeed, in this volume, Michael N. Barnett has offered a "
9780814715352 - page_24: "START TEXT: theoretically and autobiographically informed discussion of the politics of indifference at the Unit" ******* END TEXT: "longside them (and, in one instance, brought flowers to indicted war criminal Radovan Karadžić) and "
9780814715352 - page_25: "START TEXT: basically supports the rationalization that all sides are equally guilty and a “negotiated settlemen" ******* END TEXT: "ation for aggression.\nMany other frames exist in the perceptions of this war; in our opinion, these "
9780814715352 - page_26: "START TEXT: frames have had a great deal to do with the inability of Western intellectuals to mount an effective" ******* END TEXT: "s frame is often invoked when authors try to rationalize and explain Serbian genocide, as if what a "
9780814715352 - page_27: "START TEXT: small minority of Croatian thugs did in World War II is the root cause of Serbian-perpetrated genoci" ******* END TEXT: " For example, Serbs massacred dozens of civilians in a Sarajevo marketplace in August 1995, and the "
9780814715352 - page_28: "START TEXT: media dutifully reported the Serb claim that the Bosnian Muslims “had attacked their own civilian po" ******* END TEXT: " they cannot be enemies of the West at present, since the structure of Western alliances supersedes "
9780814715352 - page_29: "START TEXT: any other considerations, especially moral ones. If Bosnian Muslims are fundamentalists, this places" ******* END TEXT: "et rough). And in late 1995, even as Bosnian forces recaptured territory and protected their people "
9780814715352 - page_3: "START TEXT: years, the West has played an important role in the Balkan War: the role of voyeur. The West has bee" ******* END TEXT: "ied state of Montenegro has come under attack from a Croatian or Muslim force.”2\nIn addition, while "
9780814715352 - page_30: "START TEXT: from further genocide, such acts were regularly seen as “opportunism” rather than as just reclamatio" ******* END TEXT: "fectively by intellectuals (as in the case of, say, the Vietnam War), governments would have had to "
9780814715352 - page_31: "START TEXT: respond in order to maintain proper public relations with their constituents. Indeed, it is interest" ******* END TEXT: "r instance, in September 1995, indicted war criminal Radovan Karadžić appeared on Sixty Minutes. An "
9780814715352 - page_32: "START TEXT: op-ed piece ostensibly written by him appeared in the Houston Chronicle the summer before that. Duri" ******* END TEXT: "arly effective in getting these messages across because he appears to Serbs as a soldier’s soldier, "
9780814715352 - page_33: "START TEXT: ready to take personal risks and repeating that his life is worth no more than that of any private i" ******* END TEXT: "ary,” Newsday, July 3, 1992, 5; idem, A Witness to Genocide (New York: Macmillan, 1993).\n26. “Serbs "
9780814715352 - page_34: "START TEXT: Implementing Policy of Rape, Says UN Study,” Dallas Morning News, March 22, 1995, A12.\n27. Roger Thu" ******* END TEXT: "pril 23, 1992, A4.\n39. New York Times, July 23, 1992, A4.\n40. New York Times, May 17, 1995, A4.\n41. "
9780814715352 - page_35: "START TEXT: Again, see Krauthammer, op. cit., 21. Amazingly, Krauthammer does not mention the fact that the Croa" ******* END TEXT: "itt, “Western Officials Say Serbia Helps Bosnian Comrades,” New York Times, June 11, 1995, Al. This "
9780814715352 - page_36: "START TEXT: latter article asserts that Belgrade continues to supply the Bosnian Serbs with fuel and money, and " ******* END TEXT: "aul Hockenos, “Bosnians Turn to Islam as War Grinds On into Third Year,” New Statesman and Society, "
9780814715352 - page_37: "START TEXT: March 10, 1995, 12; Roger Cohen, “Croatia Is Set to End Mandate of UN Force on Its Territory,” New Y" ******* END TEXT: "ttern of coverage began most prominently with the reporting of the shelling massacre in the crowded "
9780814715352 - page_38: "START TEXT: Markale marketplace in northeastern Sarajevo on February 5, 1994. A prime example of the press’s acc" ******* END TEXT: "oint is made by Albert Wohlstetter, “Genocide by Embargo,” Wall Street Journal, May 9, 1994, A12.\n\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_4: "START TEXT: we mostly think of war as occurring between organized armies, these have not been wars among organiz" ******* END TEXT: " the most well respected Western intellectuals, both writers and policy makers, would reproduce and "
9780814715352 - page_5: "START TEXT: agree with the views of leaders like Radovan Karadžić or Slobodan Milošević, whose actual and allege" ******* END TEXT: "ulsion to act against it by supporting antifascists with his thoughts and, if need be, his life.\nIn "
9780814715352 - page_6: "START TEXT: the present day, it seems, a new kind of ethic seems to have emerged among intellectuals. This ethic" ******* END TEXT: "ow too much.” One might paraphrase the shift in collective attitudes to genocide in Europe over the "
9780814715352 - page_7: "START TEXT: span of fifty years as a movement from “we did not know” to “we are confused, or ambivalent” precise" ******* END TEXT: "ters have invoked the Holocaust in a less careful and less precise manner. Nevertheless, there is a "
9780814715352 - page_8: "START TEXT: useful role for careful comparisons and contrasts. For example, Louis Gentile, a Canadian diplomat w" ******* END TEXT: "tion the degree of enlightenment the civilized West has managed to attain at the century’s end.\nThe "
9780814715352 - page_9: "START TEXT: neglected question that ought to be of concern to Western intellectuals—the main creators and purvey" ******* END TEXT: "ne put it, “Serbs Shell Bosnian Capital as UN Monitors Watch.”13 Carla Anne Robbins wrote in 1994, “"
9780814715352 - page_39: "START TEXT: TWOThe Complicity of Serbian Intellectuals in Genocide in the 1990s\nPhilip J. Cohen\nThe war against " ******* END TEXT: "efend Serbia once the war began.\nAmong the figures behind the 1986 memorandum was a Serbian Academy "
9780814715352 - page_40: "START TEXT: member with an impressive political pedigree, Vaša čubrilović, then nearly ninety years old. A survi" ******* END TEXT: " Vojvodina (with a substantial Croatian and Hungarian population) and Kosovo (93 percent Albanian). "
9780814715352 - page_41: "START TEXT: Under the Yugoslav Federal Constitution of 1974, these provinces, although technically part of the R" ******* END TEXT: "nd political inferiority in socialist Yugoslavia for almost half a century, one should now honestly "
9780814715352 - page_42: "START TEXT: recognize certain merits and endeavors of the new Serbian leadership [Milošević] in resolving the Se" ******* END TEXT: "e units themselves.12\nIn March 1991, Milošević stated that Serbia no longer recognized the power of "
9780814715352 - page_43: "START TEXT: the federal state, as Serbs crippled the functioning of the federal presidency. In early May 1991, S" ******* END TEXT: "ained virtually no Serbian minority to organize a campaign of internal sabotage, as was possible in "
9780814715352 - page_44: "START TEXT: Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Slovenia was also the only republic of Yugoslavia to share no common" ******* END TEXT: "gered. In truth, however, fully 75 percent of the Serbian population of Croatia had resided without "
9780814715352 - page_45: "START TEXT: harassment in Croatian cities and towns outside the seized territory before the war.23\nSince the beg" ******* END TEXT: " the Serbian Republic.”30\nAs of June 1993, the U.S. Department of State had submitted to the United "
9780814715352 - page_46: "START TEXT: Nations eight reports on atrocities and war crimes in the former Yugoslavia.31 Of the 347 incidents " ******* END TEXT: "e hills, and the killing starts. . . . “[The Serbs] marched through the town and destroyed houses I "
9780814715352 - page_47: "START TEXT: saw men lined up and shot with pistols. They . . . called for men, all Moslems, by name. There was a" ******* END TEXT: "n towns have been systematically renamed, or “Serbianized.” For example, after driving the majority "
9780814715352 - page_48: "START TEXT: Bosnian Muslim population from the historically Muslim town of Foča in 1992, Serbian authorities ren" ******* END TEXT: "he Chetniks (Cheta is a term used historically for irregular Serb resistance fighters.). . .\nIn any "
9780814715352 - page_49: "START TEXT: event, a significant portion of the resistance fighters in both [Chetnik and Partisan] movements wer" ******* END TEXT: " especially Croatian women.49 He developed his own psychoanalytic theory explaining the inferiority "
9780814715352 - page_50: "START TEXT: of Croats and Muslims and the superiority of Serbs, by which Serbs were destined to dominate and rul" ******* END TEXT: " incite local populations to violence. Observers of warfare will quickly recognize this method as a\n"
9780814715352 - page_51: "START TEXT: standard technique which could be found in textbooks on guerrilla warfare: the technique of “comprom" ******* END TEXT: " propaganda. For all practical purposes, it became a “dead letter” within the commission, since all "
9780814715352 - page_52: "START TEXT: submitted reports were confidential, and their disposition was solely in its hands. However, without" ******* END TEXT: "bian camps were instruments of state policy of “ethnic purification” through terror and genocide.55\n"
9780814715352 - page_53: "START TEXT: Reminiscent of the Nazi camps a half-century earlier, the Serbian camps operated in clusters and net" ******* END TEXT: "imes. Nevertheless, many Serbian intellectuals in Serbia and in emigration and other apologists for "
9780814715352 - page_54: "START TEXT: the Belgrade regime have repeatedly invoked this argument of “moral equivalency” to obfuscate the Se" ******* END TEXT: "vina, although brutal repression of Albanians, which began in 1989, has never remitted, and a quiet "
9780814715352 - page_55: "START TEXT: campaign of ethnic purification has been undertaken in Vojvodina as well. Characteristically, the vi" ******* END TEXT: "tic Party in Serbia at the time of this writing. A former “liaison officer” to the notorious Baader "
9780814715352 - page_56: "START TEXT: Meinhoff terrorist group in Germany during the 1970s, Đinđić described Slobodan Milošević in May 199" ******* END TEXT: "ogradu (Framework for the memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Science and Art in Belgrade) (Srpske "
9780814715352 - page_57: "START TEXT: narodne odbrane [Serbian National Defense], 1987). For a version in the Latin alphabet, see “‘Memora" ******* END TEXT: "st 4, 1989, 42–44.\n11. Sabrina Petra Ramet, “Priests and Rebels: The Contributions of the Christian "
9780814715352 - page_58: "START TEXT: Churches to the Revolutions in Eastern Europe,” Mediterranean Quarterly: A Journal of Global Issues " ******* END TEXT: "(1906): 321–36. See Paul N. Hehn, “The Origins of Modern Pan-Serbism: The 1844 Načertanije of Ilija "
9780814715352 - page_59: "START TEXT: Garašanin: An Analysis and Translation,” East European Quarterly 9, no. 2 (1975): 153–71. In June 19" ******* END TEXT: "erzegovina: “Rana u duši”: A Wound to the Soul (New York, 1993); idem, Bosnia-Herzegovina: Rape and "
9780814715352 - page_60: "START TEXT: Sexual Abuse by Armed Forces (New York, 1993); Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 2 v" ******* END TEXT: "New York Times, June 21, 1992, Al; idem, “Bosnian Strife Cuts Old Bridges of Trust: Ancient Ties of "
9780814715352 - page_61: "START TEXT: Coexistence Are Broken by ‘Ethnic Purification,’” New York Times, May 22, 1992, Al; Laura Silber, “T" ******* END TEXT: "se-Fire Won’t Help Banja Luka,” Human Rights Watch/Helsinki 6, no. 8 (June 1994): 15–16; Council of "
9780814715352 - page_62: "START TEXT: Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, “Information Report on the Destruction by War of the Cultural Herita" ******* END TEXT: "7. Ibid.\n48. Ibid.\n49. Ibid.\n50. Mirko Grmek, Marc Gjidara, and Neven Šimac, Le nettoyage ethnique: "
9780814715352 - page_63: "START TEXT: Documents historiques sur une idéologic serbe (Paris: Fayard, 1993), 312.\n51. Malcolm, op. cit., 217" ******* END TEXT: "n Forces,” New York Times, January 27, 1994, Al.\n61. Battiata, op. cit.\n62. Forestier, op. cit., 8.\n"
9780814715352 - page_64: "START TEXT: \n63. Free Inquiry (quarterly journal of the Council for Democratic and Secular Humanism) 13, no. 2 (" ******* END TEXT: "): 84–85.\n68. Čubrilović, “Iseljavanje Arnauta,” 106–24; idem, “Deportation of Albanians,” 114–34.\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_65: "START TEXT: THREEBosnia: The Lessons of History?\nBrendan Simms\n\nAnd so it came that the high priests, scribes an" ******* END TEXT: "ture. The intellectual credentials for this attitude are impressive. Jacob Burckhardt tells us that "
9780814715352 - page_66: "START TEXT: history makes us not clever for today, but wise forever. Sir Herbert Butterfield questioned whether " ******* END TEXT: "ry. But if one accepts that historical analogies can be helpful, then the proof of the pudding will "
9780814715352 - page_67: "START TEXT: be in the eating. In that case the question must be, do the analogies convince? It is only after hea" ******* END TEXT: "rprising that commentators have resorted to historical analogy in an effort to find their bearings.\n"
9780814715352 - page_68: "START TEXT: Predictably, the specter of the Third Reich, the Holocaust, and appeasement was frequently invoked. " ******* END TEXT: "aditional ally: shades of 1914.” Before his conversion to the cause of intervention, Andrew Marr in "
9780814715352 - page_69: "START TEXT: the Independent spoke of the pro-interventionists as “Mr. Gladstone’s inheritors,” referring to the " ******* END TEXT: "gle in Bosnia had shown scant regard for humanity, the Bulgarian insurrection soon degenerated into "
9780814715352 - page_70: "START TEXT: massacre, as Turkish irregulars, the so-called bashibazouks, were loosed on the largely defenseless " ******* END TEXT: "etween the two phenomena lies in the extraordinary public debate generated by the massacres and the "
9780814715352 - page_71: "START TEXT: response of the British government to such pressures. If the Bulgarian agitation was, in Richard Sha" ******* END TEXT: "nterview in April 1993, when she accused the British government of “complicity in genocide.” It was "
9780814715352 - page_72: "START TEXT: then that Malcolm Rifkind dismissed her charges as “emotional nonsense.” Finally, perhaps the Bosnia" ******* END TEXT: "e than a passing resemblance to the policy of appeasement adopted in the face of the German threat.\n"
9780814715352 - page_73: "START TEXT: • • •\nThe Abyssinian war that began in 1935 has a strangely familiar air about it. As in the case of" ******* END TEXT: "came a familiar and forlorn figure on Western television, arguing that if the west was unwilling to "
9780814715352 - page_74: "START TEXT: defend the Bosnians against aggression and massacre they should at least allow them the opportunity " ******* END TEXT: "e expense of the victim; it would, however, be absurd to claim that the opportunist behavior of the "
9780814715352 - page_75: "START TEXT: Poles and Hungarians put them on par with the original aggressor, Nazi Germany. The opportunist beha" ******* END TEXT: "the Czechs will see that what we did was to save them for a happier future.” How familiar this must "
9780814715352 - page_76: "START TEXT: sound to the Bosnians who were told that the arms embargo and Western neutrality were “in their own " ******* END TEXT: "h honour” were the same words that Disraeli had brought back in triumph from the Congress of Berlin "
9780814715352 - page_77: "START TEXT: and to which he added his own immortal and infamous gloss, “I believe it is peace for our time.” One" ******* END TEXT: "1. Sunday Telegraph, November 12, 1992.\n12. Independent, December 2, 1993.\n13. See Richard Shannon, "
9780814715352 - page_78: "START TEXT: Gladstone and the Bulgarian Agitation, 1876 (Hassocks: Harvester Press, 1975), passim.\n14. See the c" ******* END TEXT: "994); M739 “The National Interest” [with Alexander Nicoll]; and in a number of newspaper articles.\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_79: "START TEXT: FOUR\nJean Baudrillard\nEditors’ note: The following three articles from the Paris newspaper Liberatio" ******* END TEXT: "ide in Bosnia, has proven itself a sham. Baudrillard reminds us in his own provocative way that the "
9780814715352 - page_80: "START TEXT: case of Bosnia informs us as much about our Western selves as it does about the nature of evil in th" ******* END TEXT: "lains why we sense reality must be salvaged from war, and why we must impose this “pitiful” reality "
9780814715352 - page_81: "START TEXT: on those who, in the midst of war and misery, suffer from it without truly believing in it.\nSusan So" ******* END TEXT: "ellectuals and politicians alike, and linked to the panic of history and the twilight of values. We "
9780814715352 - page_82: "START TEXT: must therefore replenish the preserve of our references and values. By way of that smallest of commo" ******* END TEXT: "ccurrence along the way to a nonexistent, pious, and democratic Europe, but a logical and ascending "
9780814715352 - page_83: "START TEXT: phase of the New European Order, itself a branch of the New World Order, whose global characteristic" ******* END TEXT: "mage of Europe’s conscience supposedly torn by its own powerlessness. It thereby covers up entirely "
9780814715352 - page_84: "START TEXT: what is really going on, by granting this reality the benefit of spiritual doubt.\nOf course the peop" ******* END TEXT: " intentions, there is no reason that the criminal will not maintain his monopoly over arrogance and "
9780814715352 - page_85: "START TEXT: crime. In fact, neither the grotesque gesticulations of the international powers nor the sickened ou" ******* END TEXT: "a great deal of media and technology. In the final analysis, however, he was, and is, our objective "
9780814715352 - page_86: "START TEXT: ally. Reviled, denounced, and discredited in the name of human rights, he remains our objective ally" ******* END TEXT: "ic country, and certainly through each of us.\nLibération, July 3, 1995Translated by James Petterson\n"
9780814715352 - page_87: "START TEXT: When the West Stands In for the Dead\nThe West’s military inability to react to Serb aggression is eq" ******* END TEXT: "ent without return—raw goods without return—atmosphere without return: this man is the cycle’s end. "
9780814715352 - page_88: "START TEXT: His sole final task is to try desperately to survive, by becoming spectralized, fractalized, plurali" ******* END TEXT: "then at least war from their territory. But this is a hopeless attempt. Where we had thought to hem "
9780814715352 - page_89: "START TEXT: death in, death pops up again through all our layers of defense and even in the depths of our own cu" ******* END TEXT: "e.Farce reproducing itself becomes history.\nLibération, July 17, 1995Translated by James Petterson\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_100: "START TEXT: Serb forces in northern Bosnia systematically raped 40 young Muslim women of a town they captured ea" ******* END TEXT: "y do. In my eyes they are my tribe.”42 This loyalty was still unshaken in June 1995, when he stated "
9780814715352 - page_101: "START TEXT: on Popolitika, “We owe the Serbs our absolute support. The Jewish heart is with the Serbs.” As early" ******* END TEXT: " mass murder have been found, things which the Croats and Muslims have accused the Serbs. The Serbs "
9780814715352 - page_102: "START TEXT: have offered to turn over all prisoner camps which they have set up to UN supervision. [For the fact" ******* END TEXT: "li Communist Party) who still occasionally employs the Party rhetoric, Teitelbaum became one of the "
9780814715352 - page_103: "START TEXT: leading spokespersons for the pro-Serbian lobby, appeared publicly on the serious television show Mo" ******* END TEXT: "adopted an avowedly pro-Serbian stance from the start. When Israel decided in February 1993 to take "
9780814715352 - page_104: "START TEXT: in eighty-two Bosnian Muslim refugees (then in transit camps in Croatia) partly to offset the stream" ******* END TEXT: "hat the Ustashe “never had the support of the majority of the Croatian people.”48 And Jovan Zametica"
9780814715352 - page_105: "START TEXT: —when still in his former avatar as independent scholar John Zametica before becoming Bosnian Serb l" ******* END TEXT: "ational news television program Viewing the World, which has had consistently good segments. By the "
9780814715352 - page_106: "START TEXT: summer of 1995, the television news had become generally in line with foreign coverage, and Michal Y" ******* END TEXT: "s views on the German government’s claim in 1938 that the orchestrated anti-Jewish pogroms known as "
9780814715352 - page_107: "START TEXT: Kristallnacht were “provoked” by the shooting of a German diplomat in Paris by a German Jewish refug" ******* END TEXT: "r’s Yediot Aharonot column which argued, “Maybe the terrible stories of ethnic cleansing, genocide, "
9780814715352 - page_108: "START TEXT: and rape of tens of thousands of women are mainly war propaganda by Bosnian spokesmen, for whom the " ******* END TEXT: "sed in early 1995 by private interests, after which Ron Ben Yishai became editor. Two of its staff, "
9780814715352 - page_109: "START TEXT: Pazit Ravina and Teddy Preuss, have traveled back and forth between Israel and Belgrade since the be" ******* END TEXT: "point was Israel Television’s David Witstom, whose earlier claim to notoriety derived from his long "
9780814715352 - page_110: "START TEXT: interview with one of Panama strongman General Noriega’s last supporters, his Israeli military advis" ******* END TEXT: "sts, the human dimension is lost.”64\nThe Israeli Response: The Political Level\nUntil July 1995, all "
9780814715352 - page_111: "START TEXT: official government pronouncements had remarkably reflected the unwillingness of public commentators" ******* END TEXT: "ssador-designate in Israel, himself a possible candidate for war crimes.67 He is quoted as follows:\n"
9780814715352 - page_112: "START TEXT: The concentration camps in Bosnia-Hercegovina were set up by the Creations [sic] and the Moslems, an" ******* END TEXT: "st. The duty incumbent upon morally responsible people, therefore, bearing in mind the significance "
9780814715352 - page_113: "START TEXT: that such arms sales to Serbia would have, is to analyze as objectively and carefully as possible th" ******* END TEXT: "ogical pretext for such relations in Israeli circles, namely, that “Serbs are friends of the Jews,” "
9780814715352 - page_114: "START TEXT: reverting back to World War II. Alternatively, he may be conflating the same initiation of relations" ******* END TEXT: "was the recent meeting between minister Jovanovic and Peres in Bucharest. We here are the second.79\n"
9780814715352 - page_115: "START TEXT: Orr also stated, according to the same report, that “Israel should help the Serbs to improve their r" ******* END TEXT: "e same LOW missiles supplied by Israeli merchants to Serbia in defiance of international sanctions.\n"
9780814715352 - page_116: "START TEXT: Israel and Serbia: A Cozy Relationship?\nEnvironment Minister Yossi Sarid stated to me in 1994 that t" ******* END TEXT: "ppears to be flourishing.)\nA third factor is the legacy of World War II, reinforced by anti-Semitic "
9780814715352 - page_117: "START TEXT: remarks by Croatia’s President Tudjman, and the all-too-ready exploitation of these by a Serbian lob" ******* END TEXT: "s Israel seeks to develop ties with Muslim and Third World nations emerging from the Cold War. Like "
9780814715352 - page_118: "START TEXT: Israel in 1948, Bosnia is a UN-recognized fledgling state threatened with annihilation by more numer" ******* END TEXT: "ts erstwhile client, and to establish a positive record with the emerging Bosnian state.\nNOTES\nThis "
9780814715352 - page_119: "START TEXT: version has been updated to August 1995, except for minor revisions in 1996. Other versions were pre" ******* END TEXT: "ctions, see p. xii.\n3. The quotation is from the Krajina Serbian parliamentary session, as reported "
9780814715352 - page_120: "START TEXT: in the now defunct Croatian opposition weekly Danas, March 10, 1992. For fuller quotation and surrou" ******* END TEXT: "eansing” (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1995), 53, 55.\n10. Ibid., 55.\n11. Ibid., 58.\n"
9780814715352 - page_121: "START TEXT: 12. Ibid, 59. Cigar cites the U.S. Department of State, Submission, second submission (October 1992)" ******* END TEXT: "ecutions and destruction of civilian property in the area. The EC report concludes: “We established "
9780814715352 - page_122: "START TEXT: evidence of crimes which were committed by the [Serbian forces] during the two-and three-month perio" ******* END TEXT: "fascisme qui vient (Paris: Seuil, 1994) worth repeating here: (1) in the Bosnian and Croatian case, "
9780814715352 - page_123: "START TEXT: “barely are [atrocities] there committed when the reports of them can be found in all the best libra" ******* END TEXT: "t, August 11, 1993.\n60. The Ha’aretz newspaper has come closest to meeting international standards. "
9780814715352 - page_124: "START TEXT: Though its editors have toed the familiar Israeli line, it has run foreign commentary sympathetic to" ******* END TEXT: "ecame the Krajina chief. Nevertheless, the Serbian speaker presiding over the parliamentary session "
9780814715352 - page_125: "START TEXT: concluded, “That does not mean that he [Kosutic] will not one day be President” of the Krajina Repub" ******* END TEXT: "26, 1995.\n79. Cited in the Belgrade daily Politika, July 18, 1994.\n80. Channel 2, December 2, 1994.\n"
9780814715352 - page_126: "START TEXT: 81. August 27, 1993.\n82. Telephone conversation, January 15, 1994.\n83. An article in the Tel Aviv we" ******* END TEXT: "ying guilty conscience apparently revealed by this identification with a pariah has an added tragic "
9780814715352 - page_127: "START TEXT: dimension. In the wildest dreams of neither Israel’s staunchest supporters nor harshest detractors h" ******* END TEXT: "Shimshon Bichler, “The Economics of Israeli Military Production” (Ph.D. diss., Hebrew University).\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_90: "START TEXT: FIVEIsrael and the War in Bosnia\nDaniel Kofman\nIsrael is neither the most important nor the guilties" ******* END TEXT: "s at best, and at any rate of little interest to those whose chief concern is the people of Bosnia.\n"
9780814715352 - page_91: "START TEXT: In fact, as I will attempt to demonstrate in what follows, Israel’s failings have been significant a" ******* END TEXT: "rst three years of war. On the contrary, the opinions expressed by government officials and regular "
9780814715352 - page_92: "START TEXT: columnists tended to range from the view that all sides were more or less equally to blame, to the n" ******* END TEXT: "er there by grown men, and then run over by other grown men. . . . Everywhere people were shooting. "
9780814715352 - page_93: "START TEXT: The fighters were moving through the town, systematically killing all the Muslims they could get the" ******* END TEXT: "m dozens of other villages.8\nAs former Pentagon analyst Norman Cigar has shown in the most detailed "
9780814715352 - page_94: "START TEXT: analysis so far of Serbian ethnic cleansing, the operational procedure tended to follow a systematic" ******* END TEXT: "tbuildings some distance from the main facilities: the “Red House,” from which no prisoner returned "
9780814715352 - page_95: "START TEXT: alive, and the “White House,” which contained a torture chamber where guards beat prisoners for days" ******* END TEXT: "iesel was finally invited to visit the camp by Serbian authorities attempting to counter horrifying "
9780814715352 - page_96: "START TEXT: international reports. Somewhat later the prison was closed down in a highly publicized gesture by S" ******* END TEXT: "ed out, “a Serbian public relations campaign sought to promote the idea that what was happening was "
9780814715352 - page_97: "START TEXT: the unavoidable result of warfare or that all sides were equally guilty.”21 In Israel, the Embassy o" ******* END TEXT: "fic evidence” that “Bosnian Serb leaders—including Radovan Karadžić—knew of the concentration camps "
9780814715352 - page_98: "START TEXT: through which many Muslims and Croats who had been evicted from their homes in 1992 were processed.”" ******* END TEXT: "the spring and summer of 1992—turned out to have understated the slaughter.”31 He relates the story "
9780814715352 - page_99: "START TEXT: of an Italian journalist shown a room in a recently conquered Muslim village. The local Serb command" ******* END TEXT: "l others at the stadium.36 On an earlier occasion (August 23, 1992) Gutman reported from Tuzla that\n"
9780814715352 - page_128: "START TEXT: SIXThe Politics of Indifference at the United Nations and Genocide in Rwanda and Bosnia\nMichael N. B" ******* END TEXT: "e while such horrors were occurring before its very eyes. The United Nations defends itself against "
9780814715352 - page_129: "START TEXT: such criticism because it is, to quote its secretary-general, merely a servant of the member states " ******* END TEXT: "ther “loss” after Somalia would jeopardize the United Nations’ future. When I left the U.S. mission "
9780814715352 - page_130: "START TEXT: in June 1994 and returned to academic life I began to put these thoughts to paper, and wrote on peac" ******* END TEXT: "is narrative is as applicable to Bosnia as it is to Rwanda. Why did I justify UN inaction in Rwanda "
9780814715352 - page_131: "START TEXT: because of concern for the United Nations’ reputation and future? How were I and others able to stri" ******* END TEXT: "is a “core” member of the community, and, therefore, who is more likely to receive its benefits and "
9780814715352 - page_132: "START TEXT: protection. Simply stated, while those with political or economic power are routinely given greater " ******* END TEXT: "ing needs and demands of their constituents, they were able to remain indifferent to the plights of "
9780814715352 - page_133: "START TEXT: the individual because of the guise of universalism. The bureaucrat, as a representative of the stat" ******* END TEXT: " representative of the common good, allowing them to become indifferent to the individual under the "
9780814715352 - page_134: "START TEXT: discursive cloak of community. Such indifference is a testimony to the dominance of the needs of the" ******* END TEXT: "he United Nations can espouse. Throughout its history the United Nations has generally promoted and "
9780814715352 - page_135: "START TEXT: honored the principle of sovereignty, which means that any tension over the its constituency has bee" ******* END TEXT: " of fulfilling its initial but long delayed promise. In any event, the United Nations, as exhibited "
9780814715352 - page_136: "START TEXT: through its peacekeeping operations, was shifting away from state security and toward “comprehensive" ******* END TEXT: "bol of a “free and fair” election. Peacekeeping operations, in short, are designed with the purpose "
9780814715352 - page_137: "START TEXT: of helping to rehabilitate fallen members of the community by instilling them with democratic featur" ******* END TEXT: "contributed to an explosion of peacekeeping operations. While there were eleven operations prior to "
9780814715352 - page_138: "START TEXT: 1988, subsequently there were twenty-four. Indeed, the Security Council appeared so quick to authori" ******* END TEXT: "the discourse of peacekeeping as officials in and around the United Nations were now taking greater "
9780814715352 - page_139: "START TEXT: care to protect the organization’s interests, reputation, and future. Select wisely became the adage" ******* END TEXT: "hose who were willing to help themselves. The language that began to creep into nearly all Security "
9780814715352 - page_140: "START TEXT: Council statements as a consequence of Somalia indicated that the Security Council would maintain an" ******* END TEXT: "ly or adopted without welldeveloped defense mechanisms; to justify the failure to act, UN and state "
9780814715352 - page_141: "START TEXT: officials developed a battery of defenses and devices, among which were the needs of the organizatio" ******* END TEXT: "ble to move the political progress forward, and, second, to signal to present and future operations "
9780814715352 - page_142: "START TEXT: that the existence of a peacekeeping operation was tied to political progress. Although the Clinton " ******* END TEXT: "il had to decide quickly on the future of UNAMIR and the UN response to the growing violence. While "
9780814715352 - page_143: "START TEXT: the Secretariat generally maintains some say over the future of peacekeeping operations by structuri" ******* END TEXT: " the Secretariat’s thinking and how Belgium’s decision might affect the future of UNAMIR. According "
9780814715352 - page_144: "START TEXT: to an authoritative source, despite the urgency of the situation, Boutros-Ghali responded by saying " ******* END TEXT: "e ammunition: the Secretariat, which would be responsible for carrying out the mandate, was silent, "
9780814715352 - page_145: "START TEXT: and silence was widely interpreted as disapproval; in addition, no troop contributors were volunteer" ******* END TEXT: "posal proved merely symbolic and highly impractical—it proposed to dispatch five thousand troops to "
9780814715352 - page_146: "START TEXT: Kigali, acknowledged that the forces might not be located for months (if ever), and confessed that i" ******* END TEXT: "t it becomes irretrievable. Who was to blame for the lack of response to Rwanda? Everyone. The mere "
9780814715352 - page_147: "START TEXT: presence of the United Nations allows states (and the Secretariat) to shield themselves from respons" ******* END TEXT: "t was occurring in Rwanda, it was easier to identify with those with whom one interacted on a daily "
9780814715352 - page_148: "START TEXT: basis. In contrast to the “civilized” confines of the diplomatic world, the reports from Rwanda sugg" ******* END TEXT: "r resources for the United Nations. This was the moral equation and the justification for inaction.\n"
9780814715352 - page_149: "START TEXT: Bosnia\nIf indifference accurately characterizes the international community’s and the United Nations" ******* END TEXT: "cond, whereas Resolution 743 operated with the consent of the parties, the mention of Article 25 in "
9780814715352 - page_150: "START TEXT: Resolution 764 suggested that the Security Council might require the host states to accept the opera" ******* END TEXT: "erall record is that the United Nations and the Security Council studiously avoided any involvement "
9780814715352 - page_151: "START TEXT: that would mean the use of force to either deliver humanitarian assistance or protect civilians. The" ******* END TEXT: "dvocate of a more muscular United Nations, he began to rethink this initial position and the wisdom "
9780814715352 - page_152: "START TEXT: of the United Nations’ traditional approach after Somalia and other peacekeeping setbacks.29 Simply " ******* END TEXT: "gument goes, its moral standing is founded on its impartiality. All parties must be treated equally "
9780814715352 - page_153: "START TEXT: and not be shown favoritism or partiality. Therefore, in the moral calculus of the United Nations, t" ******* END TEXT: "adhere to the principles of consent of the parties and impartiality, the United Nations could avoid "
9780814715352 - page_154: "START TEXT: further involvement and (hopefully) provide some cover from future criticism. No doubt these concern" ******* END TEXT: "te when they recommended the use of force. One famous incident was when Force Commander General Cot "
9780814715352 - page_155: "START TEXT: publicly criticized the Secretariat for failing to approve his requested air strikes in January 1994" ******* END TEXT: "re deployed to protect.\nWhile it is difficult if not somewhat uncharitable to label as indifference "
9780814715352 - page_156: "START TEXT: the United Nations’ multibillion-dollar, multiyear, and multidimensional operation in Bosnia, the ge" ******* END TEXT: "ucratization does not translate into action or intervention. First, an assumption of the search for "
9780814715352 - page_157: "START TEXT: early warning indicators and the proposal for a UN standing army for preventive deployment suggest t" ******* END TEXT: "s. It represents aspirations and values that are assumed to be common to states and transcend state "
9780814715352 - page_158: "START TEXT: boundaries and historical periods. In this respect, it is the international community’s singular org" ******* END TEXT: "difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993).\n4. Ibid., 33.\n5. Ibid., 5–7.\n6. Ibid., 10.\n"
9780814715352 - page_159: "START TEXT: 7. Brian Urquhart, “The UN and International Security after the Cold War,” in United Nations, Divide" ******* END TEXT: "tely dispatch troops to the borders of Rwanda to help with the emerging refugee crisis—but no more.\n"
9780814715352 - page_160: "START TEXT: 21. Herzfeld, op. cit., 68–69.\n22. Adam Roberts, “Humanitarian War: Military Intervention and Human " ******* END TEXT: "cited in Norman Cigar, Genocide in Bosnia (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1995), 189.\n"
9780814715352 - page_161: "START TEXT: 33. Rieff, op. cit., 170. Fred Cuny, one of the revolutionaries of humanitarian relief and a frequen" ******* END TEXT: "ons was morally complicit in helping the Serbs carry out the genocide: “By providing a humanitarian "
9780814715352 - page_162: "START TEXT: fig leaf for what was really taking place in Bosnia, and pretending that their-interests were not th" ******* END TEXT: "rtment of Peacekeeping Operations became accomplices to genocide.” See Rieff, Slaughterhouse, 189.\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_163: "START TEXT: SEVENThe West Side Story of the Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Wars in Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia" ******* END TEXT: "nsible for the aggression he unleashed) and the leader of the Bosnian Serbs, Radovan Karadžić (who, "
9780814715352 - page_164: "START TEXT: he says, “invites comparison with a monster from another generation, Heinrich Himmler”), he also pro" ******* END TEXT: " Such a perspective is often lacking in favor of some of the convenient frames of analysis that are "
9780814715352 - page_165: "START TEXT: imposed on the Balkan crisis, many of which are discussed in the introduction to this volume. His es" ******* END TEXT: "an, and Serb consciousness and reality in the period between 1989 and 1992. It is a West Side Story "
9780814715352 - page_166: "START TEXT: in the sense that the United States has romanticized and oversimplified the complex realities of the" ******* END TEXT: "d prevented all the atrocities of the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Unfortunately, Warren Zimmermann’s "
9780814715352 - page_167: "START TEXT: real—but blind and platonic—love for “Yugoslavia” and the “Yugoslavs” was not only for the natural b" ******* END TEXT: "ošević is an opportunist driven by power rather than nationalism.”9 Throughout Zimmermann’s article "
9780814715352 - page_168: "START TEXT: we see this reduction of nationalism to separatism and the unawareness of the fatal fact that in the" ******* END TEXT: " only separatist nationalism.16\nAll Zimmermann’s views on the key protagonists of these events stem "
9780814715352 - page_169: "START TEXT: from his utterly negative attitude toward any form of separatist nationalism and his benevolent atti" ******* END TEXT: "r: “Marković still departed as a symbol of everything his country needed: a modern, stable economy, "
9780814715352 - page_170: "START TEXT: the rule of law, ethnic tolerance. He had treated Yugoslavia like a patient with a serious cancer—na" ******* END TEXT: "ann career played the role of a communist apparatchik, and in the Zimmermann period switched to the "
9780814715352 - page_171: "START TEXT: role of an ormortunistic “democratchik.” Instead of taking on the role of “divider” of Yugoslavia hi" ******* END TEXT: ". Warren Zimmermann views Baker’s statement in a very positive light: “Listening to Baker deal with "
9780814715352 - page_172: "START TEXT: these complex and irascible personalities, I felt that I had rarely, if ever, heard a Secretary of S" ******* END TEXT: " a “communist or Partisan commissar” would be more to the point), “former communist,” or “general,” "
9780814715352 - page_173: "START TEXT: or even the contention that Tudjman is a politician who does not understand or love democracy and of" ******* END TEXT: "h under mysterious circumstances at their home in their native village, as victims of circumstances "
9780814715352 - page_174: "START TEXT: and/or repression. Tudjman believes that they were murdered by the Yugoslav secret police because of" ******* END TEXT: "van Meštrović transformed his “Yugoslavhood” into sculptures, statues, and mausoleums funded by the "
9780814715352 - page_175: "START TEXT: Serbian king Aleksandar Karadjordjevic; Vladimir Dvorniković discussed the philosophical and psychol" ******* END TEXT: "f mission of the Serb nation, which is surrounded by allegedly upstart, genocidal, and in every way "
9780814715352 - page_176: "START TEXT: inferior nations: Croats, Slovenes, Albanians, Macedonians, and Muslims. The Serbian idea of “Yugosl" ******* END TEXT: "n Croatia and Slovenia were absolutely unacceptable to the ideologically xenophobic communist army. "
9780814715352 - page_177: "START TEXT: The demands for a multiparty system, market economy, and democratic federalism were, for the JNA, th" ******* END TEXT: "ll the republics of the former Yugoslavia, but for various reasons it did not obtain their support. "
9780814715352 - page_178: "START TEXT: The proposal to peacefully transform the Yugoslav federation into a commonwealth was also submitted " ******* END TEXT: "te communication and political links with the Serbian minority in Croatia at the beginning of 1990.\n"
9780814715352 - page_179: "START TEXT: In order to determine the legitimacy of these complaints, we will strive to make use of original tex" ******* END TEXT: " official use under conditions specified by law.” Article 15, second paragraph, states, “Members of "
9780814715352 - page_180: "START TEXT: all nations and minorities shall be guaranteed freedom to express their nationality, freedom to use " ******* END TEXT: "of the Serbian minority conclusively rejected further participation in the Croatian parliament, and "
9780814715352 - page_181: "START TEXT: afterwards urged their nation to collective civil disobedience and ultimately, armed insurrection.\nT" ******* END TEXT: "tate (whether toward “Yugoslavia” or the so-called Krajina, as opposed to the Republic of Croatia).\n"
9780814715352 - page_182: "START TEXT: Whether and how such a situation could and/or can be changed is a crucial question. A similar scenar" ******* END TEXT: "t that military intervention or war was imminent, we concluded that diplomacy and pressure from the "
9780814715352 - page_183: "START TEXT: American administration of George Bush on Serbia and the JNA were our only chance to escape catastro" ******* END TEXT: "truct our visit in Washington.\nOn the other hand, we believed that only the American administration "
9780814715352 - page_184: "START TEXT: had the real power to avert war, by establishing direct economic links with the new independent repu" ******* END TEXT: "re, 350 Park Avenue. The gist of this meeting was that President Tudjman wanted to know Kissinger’s "
9780814715352 - page_185: "START TEXT: thinking on the possible dissolution of the USSR and Yugoslavia, and to see whether he would agree w" ******* END TEXT: ". Los Angeles Times.\n24. Zimmermann, op. cit., 7–8.\n25. New York Times, April 18, 1993.\n26. On this "
9780814715352 - page_186: "START TEXT: manipulation and its importance for the Serbian war effort, see Branka Magas, The Destruction of Yug" ******* END TEXT: "Magas, The Destruction of Yugoslavia: Tracing the Break-Up, 1980–92 (London: Verso, 1993), 342–43.\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_187: "START TEXT: EIGHTSerbia’s War Lobby: Diaspora Groups and Western Elites\nBrad K. Blitz\nThe current war in Bosnia-" ******* END TEXT: "sue attracted increasing interest from the American public. Congressional debates in both the House "
9780814715352 - page_188: "START TEXT: and Senate were preceded by energetic grassroots lobbying campaigns throughout 1994 and 1995. Pro-Bo" ******* END TEXT: "ristic of the Bosnian conflict.\nThis chapter analyzes the domestic contest between revisionists and "
9780814715352 - page_189: "START TEXT: their opponents outside the former Yugoslavia. I argue that the invasion of Bosnia-Herzegovina by th" ******* END TEXT: "ical memory would be manipulated in an effort to destroy the sovereignty of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The "
9780814715352 - page_190: "START TEXT: aim of this campaign was twofold: first, to deter unilateral criticism that might bring outside inte" ******* END TEXT: "n, the women’s prison, the Mladen Stojanović student hostel, the Viktor Bubanj barracks, the 25 May "
9780814715352 - page_191: "START TEXT: children’s home in Svrakino Selo, the Šipad storehouse and the central prison which comes under the " ******* END TEXT: "ights groups, such as Helsinki Watch, collected and published detailed evidence on abuses conducted "
9780814715352 - page_192: "START TEXT: by Bosnian and Croatian soldiers against detained civilians (see War Crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina, v" ******* END TEXT: "ointed president delivered a cautious admission that there were camps in Bosnia that were under the "
9780814715352 - page_193: "START TEXT: control of Bosnian Serb forces. Before representatives of some twenty countries, Karadžić told deleg" ******* END TEXT: "19 A letter sent by Djokić to the UN secretary-general on November 24, 1993, offered the text of “a "
9780814715352 - page_194: "START TEXT: memorandum on war crimes and crimes of genocide in eastern Bosnia (communes of Bratunac, Skelani and" ******* END TEXT: "One testimonial from an alleged detainee recorded the entry of Islamic texts into the story.\nDuring "
9780814715352 - page_195: "START TEXT: my stay in the camp I watched the Serbs who were tortured by the Muslims. I watched the “No 9” tunne" ******* END TEXT: "aily, Politika, repeated claims made by Karadžić’s news agency, SRNA, and accused Bosnian forces of "
9780814715352 - page_196: "START TEXT: stage-managing the massacre of May 27, 1992, when seventeen people were killed.25 This incident, lat" ******* END TEXT: "Serb National Federation, and the Serbian Singing Federation had established chapters in industrial "
9780814715352 - page_197: "START TEXT: centers such as Pittsburgh, Chicago, Cleveland, Los Angeles, and the San Francisco Bay area, but the" ******* END TEXT: "n 1389 and joined Milošević at a nationalist rally on the sacred battlefield in Gazimestan, Kosovo. "
9780814715352 - page_198: "START TEXT: Having celebrated the fervent nationalist spirit that gripped the hundreds of thousands of faithful " ******* END TEXT: "my it granted to the local Albanian population of Kosovo should be reevaluated, Bentley argued.\nThe "
9780814715352 - page_199: "START TEXT: manner in which she reviewed the situation was open to question. In spite of the establishment of a " ******* END TEXT: " had founded a major propaganda campaign of her own. While she complained to the Congress that “the "
9780814715352 - page_200: "START TEXT: United States has been inundated with a professionally run public relations campaign on behalf of Cr" ******* END TEXT: "aber, director of Human Rights Watch, was just one of the experts quoted out of context. Yet if the "
9780814715352 - page_201: "START TEXT: filmmakers had been involved in manipulative editing practices, they were also able to purchase acto" ******* END TEXT: "d not plead ignorance.\nAs SerbNet sought to communicate official propaganda from Belgrade and Pale, "
9780814715352 - page_202: "START TEXT: Bentley tried to attract funds and patrons for her project.48 The congresswoman’s efforts were ackno" ******* END TEXT: "ted.55 In some cases, religious leaders even joined their congregations and contributed directly to "
9780814715352 - page_203: "START TEXT: the accounts of foreign agents working on behalf of renegade regimes.56\nWhile the Serbian Orthodox C" ******* END TEXT: "Serbian homeland would be achieved. In practice, affiliates of these Serbian American groups boldly "
9780814715352 - page_204: "START TEXT: defended their actions as expressions of their constitutional rights to association and free speech." ******* END TEXT: "ng congressional committee hearings; (4) purchasing the support of speakers and journalists.\nFormed "
9780814715352 - page_205: "START TEXT: in December 1990, the SUC was later incorporated in the state of Nebraska as a tax-exempt organizati" ******* END TEXT: "s recorded at annual conferences in 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994. These resolutions urged\n1. the U.S. "
9780814715352 - page_206: "START TEXT: Congress and the international community to lift the economic sanctions against Serbia and Montenegr" ******* END TEXT: "erated in its own publicity, there was some truth to its claims. The founder of the SUC did testify "
9780814715352 - page_207: "START TEXT: before Congress, but his was the only appearance made by a Serbian American leader. Money was paid t" ******* END TEXT: "d they argued that the American government and media were perpetuating their suffering.\nIn order to "
9780814715352 - page_208: "START TEXT: convince its membership, the Serbian Unity Congress repeated the charge that its opponents had hired" ******* END TEXT: "rtment, Jewish organizations, and the American media.67 However, the SUC’s pressure tactics and use "
9780814715352 - page_209: "START TEXT: of emotional blackmail did not originate only from Serbian Americans. An SUC newsletter of December " ******* END TEXT: "n Bosnia and Herzegovina.”\nIn spite of its charges that an anti-Serbian bias in the media prevented "
9780814715352 - page_210: "START TEXT: the Serbian community from being heard, the SUC’s pressure tactics were well documented by the press" ******* END TEXT: "t the Bosnian Serb leader would give up his claim to the territories around Sarajevo.\nThe group has "
9780814715352 - page_211: "START TEXT: lobbied for the Bosnian Serbs since the start of the conflict in 1990, and claims the Serbian viewpo" ******* END TEXT: "oney. Although these monetary contributions did not stand out immediately from the Federal Election "
9780814715352 - page_212: "START TEXT: Commission reports, there was considerable evidence of a campaign led by Andrew Manatos to support a" ******* END TEXT: "s by Serbian Unity Congress PAC\n\nApart from the donations to Helen Delich Bentley, there was little "
9780814715352 - page_213: "START TEXT: indication that the Serbian Unity Congress PAC had developed a coherent strategy for targeting membe" ******* END TEXT: "most popular recipient of Serbian American and Greek American contributions was the former chairman "
9780814715352 - page_214: "START TEXT: of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Representative Lee Hamilton. In addition, Manatos led a pers" ******* END TEXT: "cipation in the embargo.\nThe motivation behind Hamilton’s opposition to the restoration of Bosnia’s "
9780814715352 - page_215: "START TEXT: right to self-defense requires careful examination. Even though there is evidence of close cooperati" ******* END TEXT: " with a number of key politicians, including the chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee.86\n"
9780814715352 - page_216: "START TEXT:  \nTABLE 2.Campaign Contributions to Lee Hamilton, September 29, 1993\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: " \nTABLE 2.Campaign Contributions to Lee Hamilton, September 29, 1993\n\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_217: "START TEXT: Hamilton’s acquaintance with his sponsors was further suggested by the repeated appearances made by " ******* END TEXT: " the Hellenic American community could be found next to those of Manatos and Milan Panić.\n \nTABLE 3."
9780814715352 - page_218: "START TEXT: Campaign Contributions to Lee Hamilton, April 25, 1994\n\nHamilton’s receipt of Serbian American and H" ******* END TEXT: "he external situation that prompted a Serbian-Greek attempt to influence the congressman.\n \nTABLE 4."
9780814715352 - page_219: "START TEXT: Balkan Campaign Contributions to Lee Hamilton, January 1–June 30, 1995\n\nWith Manatos’s assistance, l" ******* END TEXT: "advertisements in the New York Times and the Washington Post. They also coincided with an energetic "
9780814715352 - page_220: "START TEXT: campaign led by Bosnian president Alija Izetbegović, who aimed to rally support for the use of force" ******* END TEXT: "was not until later on in the day contributions appeared in Hamilton’s campaign account that the UN "
9780814715352 - page_221: "START TEXT: special envoy Yasushi Akashi ruled out the use of air strikes. The donations therefore reached Hamil" ******* END TEXT: " Karadžić’s policies in the United States.\nThe Serbian Lobby Approaches Political Leaders\nThe first "
9780814715352 - page_222: "START TEXT: significant record of group lobbying organized by the Serbian Unity Congress was on April 25, 1993, " ******* END TEXT: "February 21–23, 1995.91 According to this source, the delegation met with four senators, twenty-one "
9780814715352 - page_223: "START TEXT: House representatives, and twenty-four congressional staff officials. The Serbian lobby had two obje" ******* END TEXT: "t media; create a media contact list; draft memorandums for congressional members; and instruct the "
9780814715352 - page_224: "START TEXT: Serbian community on which members of Congress should be targeted.94\nAs a result of the war in Bosni" ******* END TEXT: "ubstantial part of the organization’s activities.95 Since its inception, however, the Serbian Unity "
9780814715352 - page_225: "START TEXT: Congress engaged in both grassroots and direct lobbying, and Sremac’s direction of these campaigns w" ******* END TEXT: "berately submitted an incomplete form to the Foreign Agents Registration Unit under oath. Following "
9780814715352 - page_226: "START TEXT: the example of her political leaders in Pale, Danielle Sremac had repeatedly lied in the course of h" ******* END TEXT: " much to do with the persistence of Serbian Americans who sincerely believed in their crusade. When "
9780814715352 - page_227: "START TEXT: the Serbian lobby did express its voice, it was usually in the semi-friendly company of journalists " ******* END TEXT: "ould be both “objective” and “balanced” in their assessment of the war. The deliberate assimilation "
9780814715352 - page_228: "START TEXT: of objectivity to balance and the assumption that an “evenhanded” approach was required when the fig" ******* END TEXT: " closer to his dream of establishing a secure Croatian foothold in Bosnia-Herzegovina.\nThe argument "
9780814715352 - page_229: "START TEXT: for appeasement was by no means the exclusive property of the Serbian lobby. Although their motivati" ******* END TEXT: "the UN Security Council. The second one, again sponsored by Dole and Lieberman, sought a unilateral "
9780814715352 - page_230: "START TEXT: termination of the embargo. Both received equal numbers of votes: fifty to forty-nine in favor of th" ******* END TEXT: "he conflict is the result of “age-old ethnic hatreds” where history is the primary battleground.\n8. "
9780814715352 - page_231: "START TEXT: During the London Conference of August 1992, Serbia and the Bosnian Serb command were clearly identi" ******* END TEXT: "Star with the title “The Brutal Killing Fields of Bosnia.” The same day, the Calgary Herald offered "
9780814715352 - page_232: "START TEXT: a more extensive history and charged that in the “Battle for Bosnia: Atrocities Bring Back Memories " ******* END TEXT: "jković, Ksenija Lukić, Sreten Jakovljević, Mila Djordjić, and Marko Marcetić.\n23. Ibid.\n24. As Mark "
9780814715352 - page_233: "START TEXT: Thompson, op. cit., notes, “the propagandists of nationalism in Serbia . . . had won once the fighti" ******* END TEXT: "agandists. See David Dorfman, “C18 Sides with Serb Chetniks,” Workers Press, June 24, 1995.\n31. For "
9780814715352 - page_234: "START TEXT: a more detailed discussion, see Tom Bowman, “Bentley Support for Serbs Raises Question of Conflict: " ******* END TEXT: "nst, and how the battle never lets up.” She later would use a more direct technique to persuade her "
9780814715352 - page_235: "START TEXT: followers of their common struggle. On May 5, 1992, Bentley wrote, “You need to know that the Croati" ******* END TEXT: "e to Be—Better.”\n51. According to Grečić and Lopusina, op. cit., “SerbNet received for its work the "
9780814715352 - page_236: "START TEXT: blessing of Bishop Christopher from Los Angeles and Bishop Irinej from Libertyville.”\n52. A release " ******* END TEXT: "on by the Executive and the Congress of Croatian aggression against Serbian civilians. 2. Demand of "
9780814715352 - page_237: "START TEXT: Croatia that the UN be given full and free access to the occupied Serbian territories in the Krajina" ******* END TEXT: "es. The structured and democratic appearance of associations such as the Serbian Unity Congress was "
9780814715352 - page_238: "START TEXT: critical, since many relied almost exclusively on public contributions for their survival.\n58. This " ******* END TEXT: " March 2, 1995, 39\n62. According to the SUC’s IRS returns for 1993, filed on November 17, 1994, the "
9780814715352 - page_239: "START TEXT: British commentator Alfred Sherman received $1,500 from the SUC on June 28, 1993, to prepare a “rese" ******* END TEXT: " Unity Herald, February 1993.\n67. Unity Herald, May 1993.\n68. Fax dated January 4, 1995.\n69. Letter "
9780814715352 - page_240: "START TEXT: faxed from Jelena Kolarovich, director of SUC central office, January 10, 1995.\n70. See “Serbian Rig" ******* END TEXT: "a Eshoo, in private meeting at her office in Palo Alto, California, July 16, 1994.\n81. Only one PAC "
9780814715352 - page_241: "START TEXT: stands out in the Federal Election Reports as explicitly pan-Hellenic. This is Dynamis Federal PAC, " ******* END TEXT: ", November 1992.\n97. The attempt to present the SUC as a non-political organization was critical to "
9780814715352 - page_242: "START TEXT: the survival of the Serbian American lobby. From 1991 to 1994, the SUC’s membership base expanded bu" ******* END TEXT: "vard University Press, 1991).\n104. While leaders of the Serbian American community have shown their "
9780814715352 - page_243: "START TEXT: appreciation in the Serbian press for Rosenthal’s writings, the New York Times columnist has not con" ******* END TEXT: "ted as a result of factual reporting rather than fabricated propaganda, as the lobbyists intended.\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_244: "START TEXT: NINEMoral Relativism and Equidistance in British Attitudes to the War in the Former Yugoslavia\nDanie" ******* END TEXT: "gle against the Turk was revived. France had traditionally maintained an alliance with the Yugoslav "
9780814715352 - page_245: "START TEXT: government. The focus of this chapter will be limited to the British case. The choice of Britain is " ******* END TEXT: "s of Bosnians who were massacred as a consequence of the Serbian invasion were themselves to blame.\n"
9780814715352 - page_246: "START TEXT: The concept of relativism is often opposed to that of universalism. For the sake of precision, we sh" ******* END TEXT: " particular the aims of such a politics of moral relativism as practiced by the British government.\n"
9780814715352 - page_247: "START TEXT: The Curse of Cultural and Historical Determinisms\nThe first part of this chapter will focus on the h" ******* END TEXT: " as part of southern Serbia.6\nThe myth of innate antagonisms and perennial hatred rests on the idea "
9780814715352 - page_248: "START TEXT: that people of different religious convictions decimated each other for thousands of years. However," ******* END TEXT: "as ignorant admiration. He recalled that during World War II “Moscow did not . . . lift a finger to "
9780814715352 - page_249: "START TEXT: help her new ally [Serbia] during the latter’s ensuing ordeal [the German invasion], and withdrew re" ******* END TEXT: " this attitude manifested itself in the form of both legitimating discourse and political practice.\n"
9780814715352 - page_250: "START TEXT: An Archaeology of British Serbophilism\nBritish Serbophilia commenced well before World War II. In mo" ******* END TEXT: " chimerical, fictive image of Christian Orthodoxy conceived as being in opposition to Rome. Despite "
9780814715352 - page_251: "START TEXT: an evident lack of deep knowledge of Orthodox religion, these theologians and clerical writers put a" ******* END TEXT: "de. Her lobbying activity was eventually unsuccessful, as she was abhorred by the Foreign Office.20\n"
9780814715352 - page_252: "START TEXT: The Foreign Office preferred to consult other experts on the Balkans. The most sought after was R. W" ******* END TEXT: "olitics, and lifestyles. Even a recent eulogistic biography of West concedes that “she had become a "
9780814715352 - page_253: "START TEXT: stooge for the government press bureau in Belgrade and had naively transmitted its propaganda for a " ******* END TEXT: "cial surveillance mission in Yugoslavia “to go in and find out who was killing most Germans and how "
9780814715352 - page_254: "START TEXT: we could best help them to kill more. Politics were to be a secondary consideration.”34\nAs we can se" ******* END TEXT: "ous reason for concern for the Western bloc, and we already noted that postwar British politics was "
9780814715352 - page_255: "START TEXT: staunchly pro-Titoist beyond ideological cleavages. Like Enver Hoxa’s Albania, Yugoslavia remained a" ******* END TEXT: "es, notably in Italy, where a center-right coalition dominated by the far right—in several respects "
9780814715352 - page_256: "START TEXT: more to the right than Tudjman’s—achieved power in Rome. Curiously, eminent figures in this Italian " ******* END TEXT: "ty” recognition of Slovenia and Croatia, a leitmotif of anti-European isolationism. This was also a "
9780814715352 - page_257: "START TEXT: tremendous way of sheltering English national pride and marshalling nationalist sentiments at the ve" ******* END TEXT: "ross the political spectrum from the far left to the far right. But what is more tragic is that all "
9780814715352 - page_258: "START TEXT: these relativist statements and instances of German-bashing were used as rhetorical devices to stave" ******* END TEXT: "tary Douglas Hurd in which she argued against the recognition of Croatia and Slovenia. According to "
9780814715352 - page_259: "START TEXT: Beloff, Hurd agreed with her, while contending that “he needed to placate Helmut Kohl.”60\nThe same r" ******* END TEXT: " initial phase of the war).\nNoel Malcolm also recalls the role of Belgrade-born Jovan Gvozedenović, "
9780814715352 - page_260: "START TEXT: whose used the name John Kennedy and is associated, through the Conservative Council on Eastern Euro" ******* END TEXT: " the image of Carrington’s European plan, which consecrated the victory of Serbian ethnic cleansing "
9780814715352 - page_261: "START TEXT: in Croatia, the Vance-Owen plan, which carries the double stamp of the European Community and the UN" ******* END TEXT: "ly claimed, “[Serbian aggression] has to be stopped now, because the murder is going on now. It has "
9780814715352 - page_262: "START TEXT: to be stopped because of the future of mankind, not only of Europe.”81 Only his disciple, former Con" ******* END TEXT: "between Albanians and Serbs,84 since the initial targets were the Albanians rather than the Croats.\n"
9780814715352 - page_263: "START TEXT: At a much later stage, when the pattern and plans of an unprecedently aggressive nationalism were la" ******* END TEXT: "oth in mainstream political circles and in the academy, it was not easy to attack them. Against all "
9780814715352 - page_264: "START TEXT: evidence, the Croats—and the other minorities as a corollary—were presented as “the problem” instead" ******* END TEXT: "nited Nations is ready to trample on the right of small peoples and small groups in the name of the "
9780814715352 - page_265: "START TEXT: principle of state sovereignty. When one of its members is attacked, the United Nations has demonstr" ******* END TEXT: "f genocide: five hundred years before, in 1492, the Islamic Kingdom of Granada was destroyed, while "
9780814715352 - page_266: "START TEXT: the Jews were expelled from Spain or forced to convert to Catholicism. Was not this also a historica" ******* END TEXT: "in the West to press their case for moral relativism. Doyle’s reports in the Independent were later "
9780814715352 - page_267: "START TEXT: dismissed, but, as Tom Gjelten recalls, “his point has been made. Serb media still cite the Independ" ******* END TEXT: " shows up the most powerful nonstate organization in Africa, the church. But the occurrence was not "
9780814715352 - page_268: "START TEXT: limited to the churches. As soon as some doubts concerning the nature and extent of the Tutsi genoci" ******* END TEXT: "ltiethnic society. It is a multiethnic society based on radical assimilation, where all constituent "
9780814715352 - page_269: "START TEXT: ethnic groups have lost their cultural traits and marks of distinction but have not lost their ident" ******* END TEXT: "rther destruction and homogeneity, it has been a boundary-building process. Among its most powerful "
9780814715352 - page_270: "START TEXT: results was to instill and reshape a sense of community among victims as well as among aggressors.\nF" ******* END TEXT: "ly ignored what was going on there.” In order to legitimize nonintervention, we found a face-saving "
9780814715352 - page_271: "START TEXT: rationale, suitably provided by the stratagem of moral relativism: apportioning blame to all sides b" ******* END TEXT: "n, such is particularly the case among those countries that thrive on (neo)colonial liaisons.\nNOTES\n"
9780814715352 - page_272: "START TEXT: In writing this chapter I benefited from the advice of several people. In particular, I wish to than" ******* END TEXT: "it becomes again the great commercial port of the Balkans towards the Mediterranean and the Orient. "
9780814715352 - page_273: "START TEXT: And it cannot become this great port unless it returns to Yugoslavia, of which it is a natural and h" ******* END TEXT: "on Neale, A History of the Holy Eastern Church, 5 vols. (London: Joseph Masters, 1847–73; New York: "
9780814715352 - page_274: "START TEXT: AMS Press, 1976). For a good introduction to the works of Neale and on the relations between the Ort" ******* END TEXT: "y, and To-Morrow: A School Address (London: Vacher and Sons, 1916); The Spirit of the Serb (London: "
9780814715352 - page_275: "START TEXT: Nisbet, 1915); and Serbia’s War of Liberation (London: Women’s Printing Society, 1916). See also ide" ******* END TEXT: "British dominance. This was indeed Churchill’s overall policy, except that he decided in the end to "
9780814715352 - page_276: "START TEXT: support Tito. See Gaetano Salvemini, Prelude to World War II (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1954).\n36." ******* END TEXT: "Bosnia: The Policy of Ethnic Cleansing (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1995), 192.\n43."
9780814715352 - page_277: "START TEXT: Joze Pirjevec, Il giorno di San Vito: Jugoslava 1918–1992: Storia di una tragedia (Torino: Nuova ER" ******* END TEXT: "52–72.\n51. Quoted in Lane, op. cit., 43. This has been confirmed to me personally by Roy Gutman.\n52."
9780814715352 - page_278: "START TEXT: A particularly chilling display of gruesome pictures of alleged atrocities committed against the Se" ******* END TEXT: "a’s comments are taken à la lettre at least four times (148 n. 4, 180 n. 96, 184 n. 113, 334 n. 2). "
9780814715352 - page_279: "START TEXT: Only after the third mention are we told, in a footnote (469), that Zametica was Karadžić’s advisor." ******* END TEXT: "ina, Misha Glenny argues that “The issue which provoked the war in the first place remains a matter "
9780814715352 - page_280: "START TEXT: of seemingly irreconcilable dispute” (emphasis added), see Misha Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia: The" ******* END TEXT: "ami, Florida. See idem, The Exile: Cuba in the Heart of Miami (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993); "
9780814715352 - page_281: "START TEXT: idem, Going to Miami: Exiles, Tourists, and Refugees in the New America (London: Bloomsbury, 1987; N" ******* END TEXT: "lobal Dreams: Imperial Corporations and the New World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994).\n\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_282: "START TEXT: TENThe Former Yugoslavia, the End of the Nuremberg Era, and the New Barbarism\nJames J. Sadkovich\nAlt" ******* END TEXT: "l mankind.” It followed that individual and collective rights should take precedence over the legal "
9780814715352 - page_283: "START TEXT: codes—and even the integrity—of established states. This logic led to (1) efforts to implement the p" ******* END TEXT: "tury socialism. Because there has been a trend to reject social rights as utopian, the new barbarism"
9780814715352 - page_284: "START TEXT: may be seen as coinciding with the recrudescence of a predatory postmodern capitalism and the accep" ******* END TEXT: "10 Ostensibly the fulfillment of south Slav self-determination, Yugoslavia was actually a disguised "
9780814715352 - page_285: "START TEXT: Greater Serbia created to contain Austria and Hungary, stymie Italy, and calm the fears of French, B" ******* END TEXT: "emed to have been so much progress toward codifying human rights in international legal instruments,"
9780814715352 - page_286: "START TEXT: and in part because so many protests were raised when rights were violated. However, the CSCE (now " ******* END TEXT: "broad, created the illusion that progress was being made toward guaranteeing human rights, limiting "
9780814715352 - page_287: "START TEXT: the abuses of war, and ameliorating the human condition in general. The Nuremberg era was therefore " ******* END TEXT: "oss of even a few of “our boys” would be too high a price to pay to stop the killing in places like "
9780814715352 - page_288: "START TEXT: Bosnia.24 What, one wonders, would the experts, pundits, generals, and congressmen and congresswomen" ******* END TEXT: " the United Nations, much as Ethiopia was for the League of Nations, and the international response "
9780814715352 - page_289: "START TEXT: to each conflict was typical of the era in which it occurred.27 Although some believe that the Unite" ******* END TEXT: "eology justifying Serbian aggression. The containment, therefore, would be of genocide, not of war.\n"
9780814715352 - page_290: "START TEXT: There has been relatively little criticism of official policy because a pervasive ignorance of histo" ******* END TEXT: "y have scolded Croats and Slovenes for exercising their right to self-determination and “provoking” "
9780814715352 - page_291: "START TEXT: the Serbs, and they have lectured the Bosnians on their failure to give up most of their territory t" ******* END TEXT: "sed realism and soft-brained conflict resolution are the order of the day; pundits and experts echo "
9780814715352 - page_292: "START TEXT: politicians and military leaders who prompt Ortega y Gasset’s chorus to join in the mantra that unle" ******* END TEXT: "rities, the territorial integrity, and the sovereignty of existing states, unless they are “failed” "
9780814715352 - page_293: "START TEXT: states, which will need constant intervention and tutelage from the major powers and regional organi" ******* END TEXT: "et mental hospitals, but excuse the Pinochet’s excesses in Chile; and leftists were appalled at the "
9780814715352 - page_294: "START TEXT: desaparecidos in Argentina, but intellectualized the mass murder committed by the Khmer Rouge.\n12. S" ******* END TEXT: "also a place where corrupt men and efficient bureaucrats commit barbaric acts in the name of peace.\n"
9780814715352 - page_295: "START TEXT: NOTES\n1. Richard Wassertrom, “The Relevance of Nuremberg,” in War and Moral Responsibility, ed. Mars" ******* END TEXT: "ary Fund, to make and break sovereign states, one of the main goals of the “breakaway” republics in "
9780814715352 - page_296: "START TEXT: the former Yugoslavia has been to attract foreign investment by showing that they have political and" ******* END TEXT: "rbian imperialism.\n13. For interwar Yugoslavia, see Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia: "
9780814715352 - page_297: "START TEXT: Origins, History, Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984); Branislav Gligorijević, Parlame" ******* END TEXT: "1992–93; idem, “Genocide: When Will We Ever Learn?” International Herald Tribune, April 6, 1995.\n19."
9780814715352 - page_298: "START TEXT: Consequently, one argument raised by fascist diplomats to justify their invasion of Abyssinia in 19" ******* END TEXT: " clear from a sampling of the MacNeil-Lehrer Newshour, which is really a forum for policy makers to "
9780814715352 - page_299: "START TEXT: rationalize their actions to a particular segment of the American middle class. For example, on Apri" ******* END TEXT: "via,” New York Review of Books, January 30, 1992. One of the more disingenuous efforts to blame the "
9780814715352 - page_300: "START TEXT: victim was made by Alex Dragnich, who argued that Serbs had “exploited themselves for the benefit of" ******* END TEXT: "reno’s remark on an April 6, 1993, ABC Nightline segment that if Serbian areas had been cleansed of "
9780814715352 - page_301: "START TEXT: Croats and Muslims, Croatian areas had also been “ethnically cleansed” of Serbs.\n35. MacNeil-Lehrer " ******* END TEXT: "cts of the same principle.\n40. UNPROFOR’s role has not been a happy one. The first units arrived in "
9780814715352 - page_302: "START TEXT: Croatia in the fall of 1991, but failed to disarm Serbian forces in Croatia and have been unable to " ******* END TEXT: "l sensibilities have been dulled, and there are no longer any moral absolutes, even on the left.\n44."
9780814715352 - page_303: "START TEXT: MacNeil-Lehrer Newshour, April 22, 1993.\n45. As one member of Congress noted on This Week with Davi" ******* END TEXT: " the “best” that the rest of the world could do was to “hold” the peace.\n46. Nagel, op. cit., 24.\n\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_304: "START TEXT: ELEVENWar and Ethnic Identity in Eastern Europe: Does the Post-Yugoslav Crisis Portend Wider Chaos?\n" ******* END TEXT: "it, nor change it, if one is.\nEthnic nationalism, which is the most widespread type of nationalism, "
9780814715352 - page_305: "START TEXT: and is characteristic, among others, of East European societies, differs very significantly from oth" ******* END TEXT: "s are more conducive to brutality in relation to the enemy population than civic nationalisms. This "
9780814715352 - page_306: "START TEXT: is so because civic nationalisms, even when particularistic, treat humanity as one, fundamentally ho" ******* END TEXT: "nto right-wing nationalists (in the former constituent republics of the Soviet Union, as well as in "
9780814715352 - page_307: "START TEXT: Yugoslavia—for example Milošević—and elsewhere) attests to the deep affinity between communism and e" ******* END TEXT: "e consciousness of Soviet citizens, that the notorious fifth point in their passports corresponded.\n"
9780814715352 - page_308: "START TEXT: In the framework of Russian nationalism, loyalty to the nation took precedence over loyalty to the s" ******* END TEXT: "he discrimination against Serbs in Croatia or in Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1990.3 Another reason may be "
9780814715352 - page_309: "START TEXT: that no Russian leader so far was willing to capitalize on such provocations that did take place and" ******* END TEXT: "e general disaffection of the intelligentsia today from the reform process. It should be remembered "
9780814715352 - page_310: "START TEXT: that “nationalists” and “democrats” were equally opposed to communism in the past, and that, in fact" ******* END TEXT: "d outside its framework. The intelligentsia, therefore, has a vested interest in cultivating ethnic "
9780814715352 - page_311: "START TEXT: nationalism, which means cultivating exactly the complex of values that is most unfavorable for the " ******* END TEXT: " European countries and the territories of the former Soviet Union. But if they do, this will be an "
9780814715352 - page_312: "START TEXT: independent development. The Yugoslav crisis does not portend anything, but it gives us a clear idea" ******* END TEXT: " Djilas, “A Profile of Slobodan Milošević,” Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (summer 1993): 88.\n4. Ibid.\n\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_313: "START TEXT: TWELVEThe Anti-Genocide Movement on American College Campuses: A Growing Response to the Balkan War\n" ******* END TEXT: "cal ideology and actions exist nationwide and have formed a united coalition. Leaders, who coalesce "
9780814715352 - page_314: "START TEXT: in the organization known as Students against Genocide (SAGE) Coalition, provide information, facili" ******* END TEXT: "ere thinly supported or opposed.3\nOn the other hand, for many Americans, the images of war have hit "
9780814715352 - page_315: "START TEXT: hard and have evoked a desire to understand and to act. On campuses around the country, that sentime" ******* END TEXT: " group for expulsions, killings, or torture as intolerable anywhere and on any scale. Many of these "
9780814715352 - page_316: "START TEXT: activists, such as Stanford chemistry graduate student and SAGE-net (SAGE’s electronic network) admi" ******* END TEXT: "anything. Now that I’m in a position to help, I don’t want to be one of the people who turned away.\n"
9780814715352 - page_317: "START TEXT: An obstacle to the movement is that students whose families (or who themselves) originate from Bosni" ******* END TEXT: "onal Muslim organizations (including the Muslim Public Affairs Council, the National Association of "
9780814715352 - page_318: "START TEXT: Arab Americans, B’nai B’rith, and the American Jewish Congress) joined other organizations and indiv" ******* END TEXT: "colm clearly defined the issues. For others, the war crossed the ocean and found its way into their "
9780814715352 - page_319: "START TEXT: consciences by way of shocking, personal testimonies of concentration camp and rape camp survivors. " ******* END TEXT: "ls are removed from power and brought to trial—particularly those accused of the crime of genocide.\n"
9780814715352 - page_320: "START TEXT: Genocide\nThe word “genocide” is used frequently in this chapter, and is used frequently by Balkan an" ******* END TEXT: "nvestigated war crimes in Bosnia, others have downplayed them. Skepticism greeted the early reports "
9780814715352 - page_321: "START TEXT: of atrocities, perhaps out of a human tendency to doubt that such horrible actions could be perpetra" ******* END TEXT: "ust flip the channel. You don’t want to feel there’s something else you have to do something about.\n"
9780814715352 - page_322: "START TEXT: Students who take action have a clearly different view. Like many other students involved in the Bal" ******* END TEXT: " international law. Articles 2(4) and 51 of the United Nations Charter codify this right, which may "
9780814715352 - page_323: "START TEXT: not be abridged by actions of the Security Council.7 Furthermore, the arms embargo was imposed again" ******* END TEXT: "vors to speak out on behalf of victimized Croats, and even Bosnian Muslims, today.\nFalse Neutrality\n"
9780814715352 - page_324: "START TEXT: Perhaps the most frustrating opposition the anti-genocide activists confront is the obsession of tho" ******* END TEXT: "s for raising funds, and are more likely to be covered as “human interest” stories in the media. In "
9780814715352 - page_325: "START TEXT: some cases (for example, at Cornell University), activists have actually felt compelled to form sepa" ******* END TEXT: "sers come to your house and someone turns to call the police, would you take the phone out of their "
9780814715352 - page_326: "START TEXT: hands because the police use force?” Most people wouldn’t. So, I call it “pacifism for the other guy" ******* END TEXT: "lkan anti-genocide activities has come from communities of ethnic Serbs (mostly off-campus) who are "
9780814715352 - page_327: "START TEXT: organized into aggressive political lobbying groups. This subject is treated extensively in the chap" ******* END TEXT: "on Bosnia at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. “When there’s no crisis, no one seems to care.”\n"
9780814715352 - page_328: "START TEXT: Thus, more than opposition, perhaps, the student activists face apathy. Some attribute it to a gener" ******* END TEXT: "aven’t heard enough about them.”\nApathy on campus can drain activists’ energy. Low turnouts to some "
9780814715352 - page_329: "START TEXT: events, combined with stereotyped notions about successful campus activist movements of the past, ad" ******* END TEXT: "s directly impinging on people’s lives. This situation is not directly impinging on people’s lives.\n"
9780814715352 - page_330: "START TEXT: ACSB’s Walker completes the thought by contrasting the proposed American troop deployment to Bosnia " ******* END TEXT: "aying, “To their shame, academics have been all too silent on the Bosnian question. It’s shocking.”\n"
9780814715352 - page_331: "START TEXT: Part of this can be explained, suggests Steve Walker, by considering that\nwhile the academics you’d " ******* END TEXT: "ach, as discussed, seems the logical antidote, but cannot be expected to cure the problem entirely.\n"
9780814715352 - page_332: "START TEXT: Inaction of Political Leaders\nThe student and grassroots movements successfully helped pressure cong" ******* END TEXT: "generally subscribing to a doctrine of moral equivalence. These platitudes are also widely cited in "
9780814715352 - page_333: "START TEXT: the mass media, contrary to the observation of many historians of the region.\nThe other predominant " ******* END TEXT: "ctive people on campus can help activate and motivate a large number of people,” says Steve Walker, "
9780814715352 - page_334: "START TEXT: “and fortunately there are at least a handful of such people on a large number of campuses.”\nIn the " ******* END TEXT: " year, SAGE produced and/or distributed educational information, documentary videotapes, preprinted "
9780814715352 - page_335: "START TEXT: postcards addressed to congressional representatives and the president, and other materials to campu" ******* END TEXT: "cies and other sources, as well as activism notes, ACSB and Action Council for Peace in the Balkans "
9780814715352 - page_336: "START TEXT: publications, and much more. BosNET (also known as BosNews) has informed not only the activists, but" ******* END TEXT: "therwise cut off by the war.\nUsing both traditional and novel tools, activists have created a range "
9780814715352 - page_337: "START TEXT: of responses to the war. The following broad categories cover most of them: humanitarian aid, educat" ******* END TEXT: "uns and other church and synagogue leaders. However, the inertia was similar to today with students "
9780814715352 - page_338: "START TEXT: on campuses. Once a refugee showed up, it made a big difference. The same thing is true with student" ******* END TEXT: "ure series, teach-in, or daylong symposium. Popular speakers include Steve Walker (State Department "
9780814715352 - page_339: "START TEXT: resignee over U.S. Balkan policy and director of the American Committee to Save Bosnia); Andras Ried" ******* END TEXT: "gion and end human rights abuses.\nAlthough there is room for debate and diverse opinion among group "
9780814715352 - page_340: "START TEXT: members, the student and grassroots organizations and their leaders have been remarkably consistent " ******* END TEXT: "ticipated. Her experience of civil disobedience brought to mind childhood memories of World War II.\n"
9780814715352 - page_341: "START TEXT: It’s important for me to bear witness. I remember being a kid during the Second World War and hearin" ******* END TEXT: "s. If no one will defend them, we can no longer deny them the right to defend themselves. And so, I "
9780814715352 - page_342: "START TEXT: intend to support the Dole/Lieberman resolution [to lift Bosnia’s arms embargo].”23 This was another" ******* END TEXT: " peace is stable, the Bosnian army is armed and able to defend civilians, war criminals are removed "
9780814715352 - page_343: "START TEXT: from power and brought to justice, and promised economic aid is fully delivered. The needs for human" ******* END TEXT: "ive, the study carried out for this chapter was able to ascertain much about the motivations of the "
9780814715352 - page_344: "START TEXT: activists, their core ideology, the challenges they face, and the activities in which they engage. T" ******* END TEXT: "rived from informal interviews of roughly thirty activists conducted on videotape by recent Cornell "
9780814715352 - page_345: "START TEXT: University graduate and SAGE Coalition activist, Erik Nisbet. The interviews were recorded on July 1" ******* END TEXT: "enies the legitimate government of Bosnia the means to exercise its inherent right to self-defense.\n"
9780814715352 - page_346: "START TEXT: The response of the United Nations to the aggression has been to send poorly armed peacekeepers, eve" ******* END TEXT: "for Bosnian Orphans, Ann Arbor Committee for Bosnia, BosNet Society, Bosnia Advocates of Metrowest, "
9780814715352 - page_347: "START TEXT: Bosnia Briefings, Bosnia Support Committee of D.C., Bosnia Task Force, San Diego, Bosnia-Herzegovini" ******* END TEXT: "most severe atrocities. For example, on September 20, 1995, the New York Times published an article "
9780814715352 - page_348: "START TEXT: indicating that paramilitary death squad leader Zeljko Raznatović (“Arkan”) and his forces were bein" ******* END TEXT: "uld sponsor and mediate new negotiations with the goal of a negotiated settlement that provides for "
9780814715352 - page_349: "START TEXT: a just peace and the preservation of a democratic, viable, multi-ethnic Bosnia-Herzegovina.\n5) The U" ******* END TEXT: ".\n23. Feinstein, “Unilaterally Lifting the Arms Embargo.”\n24. Feinstein, “U.S. Policy in Bosnia.”\n\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_350: "START TEXT: THIRTEENWestern Responses to the Current Balkan War\nDavid Riesman\nThe Irish historian from Cambridge" ******* END TEXT: "d genocide. Anti-Semitism does not necessarily lead to genocide, and for the first years of Hitler, "
9780814715352 - page_351: "START TEXT: Jews preferred Germany to Poland, even though Germany was not agreeable. Many accidental strains wen" ******* END TEXT: "e Nazis, then so all-powerful, could be defeated. By contrast, it is striking how Tudjman’s strictly"
9780814715352 - page_352: "START TEXT: antifascist activities during World War II are hardly ever mentioned in the media.\nWhat I think is " ******* END TEXT: " invade Haiti, prompted by the Congressional Black Caucus and by Randall Robinson, a black activist "
9780814715352 - page_353: "START TEXT: who helped start the divestment movement and, that coming to an end, turned to Haiti for an outlet; " ******* END TEXT: "edness.” This is not a way to describe the nastiness and the gullibility-paranoia of so much of the "
9780814715352 - page_354: "START TEXT: American would-be electorate, or nonvoting “turned off” individuals. The country, frightened for its" ******* END TEXT: "as to ease their fears, and how they both tried, unsuccessfully, to persuade President Bush as well "
9780814715352 - page_355: "START TEXT: as leading American statesmen such as Henry Kissinger to support the idea of an independent yet conf" ******* END TEXT: ", that they are victims. I found Meštrović’s invention of the concept of “postemotional” to account "
9780814715352 - page_356: "START TEXT: for this line of reasoning illuminating, more so than that of “postmodern.” Specifically, Meštrović " ******* END TEXT: "lso curious that the women’s movements in the United States have made little response to the ethnic "
9780814715352 - page_357: "START TEXT: and cruel rapes by the Serbs. This only confirms my sense that they are entirely provincial to the s" ******* END TEXT: "he Balkanization of the West, by Stjepan Meštrović, International Affairs 71 (January 1995): 172–73."
9780814715352 - page_358: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\n\n Acknowledgments\nOneIntroduction\n Thomas Cushman and Stjepan G. Meštrović\nTwoThe Complicit" ******* END TEXT: "rzegovina\n Slaven Letica\nEightSerbia’s War Lobby: Diaspora Groups and Western Elites\n Brad K. Blitz\n"
9780814715352 - page_viii: "START TEXT: NineMoral Relativism and Equidistance in British Attitudes to the War in the Former Yugoslavia\n Dani" ******* END TEXT: "ndictments by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia\n Contributors\n Index\n\n\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_403: "START TEXT: Contributors\nMichael N. Barnett is associate professor of political science at the University of Wis" ******* END TEXT: "n invited speeches, as well as edited three editions of SAGE Update, the organization’s newsletter.\n"
9780814715352 - page_404: "START TEXT: Liah Greenfeld teaches in the University Professors Program, Boston University, and is the author of" ******* END TEXT: "versity of Cambridge, and the author of numerous articles on the crisis in the former Yugoslavia.\n\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS\nNew York and London\nCopyright © 1996 by New York University\nAll rights res" ******* END TEXT: "sen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_v: "START TEXT: To our daughters, who we hope will not seegenocide again in their lifetimes.\n" ******* END TEXT: "To our daughters, who we hope will not seegenocide again in their lifetimes.\n"
9780814715352 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_i: "START TEXT: This Time We Knew\n" ******* END TEXT: "This Time We Knew\n"
9780814715352 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_405: "START TEXT: Index\nAcademy of Humanism, 55\nACSB. See American Committee to Save Bosnia\nAdžić, General Blagoje, 44" ******* END TEXT: "ia-Herzegovina, 50–54, 61–62 n., 94, 103, 188–90, 313–14, 344n.\ndepicted as civil war; 26, 44–5, 47\n"
9780814715352 - page_406: "START TEXT: Serbian concentration camps in, 45\nSerbian war plan, 39\nwar against, 3, 6, 43\nweapons embargo, 20\nBo" ******* END TEXT: "al monuments, destruction of. See Genocide\nCultural relativism, 246\nCushman, Thomas, 1–38\nDachau, 6\n"
9780814715352 - page_407: "START TEXT: Dawidowicz, Lucy, 6\nDayton Accord, 2, 24, 117–18, 314, 322\nand genocide, 319–21\npartition plan, 332\n" ******* END TEXT: "gnition of Slovenia and Croatia, 13\nGligorov, Kiro, 166\nGreater Serbia, 72, 76, 189, 195\npropaganda "
9780814715352 - page_408: "START TEXT: of, 180–81\nGreece, 3, 119 n., 244, 247–8\nGreek-Turkish model for Bosnia, 69\nGreenfeld, Liah, 22\nGutm" ******* END TEXT: " Persian Gulf War, 55\nMartić, Milan, 50, 124 n.\nMasaryk, Thomas, 22\nMazowiecki, Tadeusz, 45, 60 nn.\n"
9780814715352 - page_409: "START TEXT: Media (electronic), 79\nbias in reporting Croat and Muslim acts against Serbs, 17\nbias in Israeli rep" ******* END TEXT: "cord, 2\nnegotiated settlement, 24. See also Dayton Accord\nPeres, Shimon, Foreign Minister, 102, 114\n"
9780814715352 - page_410: "START TEXT: Perry, William, Secretary of Defense, 155\nPersian Gulf War, 55, 86–87\nPetovar, Tanja, 52\nPoland, 291" ******* END TEXT: "\nSerbian program of genocide. See Atrocities; Genocide\nSerbian propaganda, 25, 41, 44\nnature of, 91\n"
9780814715352 - page_411: "START TEXT: Serbian Radical Party, 6, 16, 5–52. See also Seselj, Vojislav\nSerbian Socialist Party, 55\nSerbian Un" ******* END TEXT: "ia to the UN, 46\nUNPROFOR (United Nations Protection Force), 63 n., 88, 149–57, 160 n., 162 n., 291\n"
9780814715352 - page_412: "START TEXT: Ustasha, 13, 18, 26, 36 n., 255\ncrimes of regime, 104–5\nVance-Owen plan, 261\nVeil, Simone: quoted, 1" ******* END TEXT: "ana, 50\nŽepa, 17, 21\nZimmerman, Warren (U.S. ambassador to Yugoslavia), 22, 35 n., 165–72, 177–78\n\n\n"
9780814715352 - page_iii: "START TEXT: This Time We Knew\nWestern Responses to Genocide in Bosnia\nEDITED BY\nThomas Cushman andStjepan G. Meš" ******* END TEXT: " We Knew\nWestern Responses to Genocide in Bosnia\nEDITED BY\nThomas Cushman andStjepan G. Meštrović\n\n\n"
9780814715383 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nMany people have assisted with the writing of this book through their inspiration, t" ******* END TEXT: "enefited enormously from two faculty work-in-progress sessions at the School of Law and a symposium "
9780814715383 - page_x: "START TEXT: held at Yale Law School. Individual faculty members at the University of Pittsburgh also talked exte" ******* END TEXT: "ould have more time to devote to the family now, that is, until I undertake the next big project.\n\n\n"
9780814715383 - page_1: "START TEXT: ONEIntroduction:Living the Gap\nWhat I am—and have been for as long as I can remember—is someone whos" ******* END TEXT: "t describes herself as a “white black woman” to emphasize that she transgresses boundaries of race, "
9780814715383 - page_10: "START TEXT: Chapter 3 applies a bi perspective to an examination of how courts and legislatures have attempted t" ******* END TEXT: "ough we linguistically refer to the “opposite sexes” and consider biological sex to be an immutable "
9780814715383 - page_11: "START TEXT: characteristic, neither assumption is valid. Cases in which people cross gender boundaries through c" ******* END TEXT: "obsession with false categorization. Chapter 6 explores how society accords benefits and privileges "
9780814715383 - page_12: "START TEXT: based on whether one is “disabled” or “nondisabled” as if these are clear, bipolar categories. Wheth" ******* END TEXT: "rience gender, race, sexual orientation, and disability? Why does the law need to use the labels of "
9780814715383 - page_13: "START TEXT: “homosexual and heterosexual,” “male and female,” “black and white,” and “disabled and nondisabled” " ******* END TEXT: " develop a more pragmatic and humane jurisprudence, and thus a more complete and accurate worldview."
9780814715383 - page_14: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814715383 - page_2: "START TEXT: while also identifying as “black.”2 She finds that it makes people, including herself, feel uncomfor" ******* END TEXT: "iving in a married relationship with a man has a tangible effect on my sexual orientation because I "
9780814715383 - page_3: "START TEXT: am often treated as a heterosexual woman. And, as I raise a daughter, I realize that I often pass on" ******* END TEXT: "an, Hispanic, and Australian-Irish parentage, was caught in a public controversy concerning whether "
9780814715383 - page_4: "START TEXT: her appropriate racial category was black, Hispanic, or white when she sought a faculty position at " ******* END TEXT: "oval from some blacks and Hispanics. Scales-Trent, by contrast, is a law professor who writes books "
9780814715383 - page_5: "START TEXT: and articles discussing her categoryless racial identity and who strongly supports affirmative actio" ******* END TEXT: "hat illusory visual-identification case law. Exposing the pervasive ambiguity of all categorization "
9780814715383 - page_6: "START TEXT: schemes, including racial ones, will help destroy some of the distinctions drawn between “genuine” r" ******* END TEXT: "l critique existing categorization schemes while also offering constructive schemes for the future.\n"
9780814715383 - page_7: "START TEXT: Categories can serve at least two constructive purposes. First, categories have value as a form of s" ******* END TEXT: "e to group-based categories. Interestingly, critical theorists rarely discuss ameliorative programs "
9780814715383 - page_8: "START TEXT: and therefore provide us with little insight as to whether and how group-based categories might be a" ******* END TEXT: " who is sufficiently “disabled” to fall within the coverage of the Americans with Disabilities Act, "
9780814715383 - page_9: "START TEXT: Supplemental Social Security, or the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.13\nEach of these cl" ******* END TEXT: " implications of hybrid existence in the areas of sexual orientation, gender, race, and disability.\n"
9780814715383 - page_15: "START TEXT: TWOA Bi Jurisprudence\n“Bisexuality: Not Gay. Not Straight. A New Sexual Identity Emerges” proclaims " ******* END TEXT: "colleagues report that one-fourth of self-identified bisexuals are currently “confused” about their "
9780814715383 - page_16: "START TEXT: bisexuality, with more than half of the women and three-quarters of the men reporting previous confu" ******* END TEXT: "at we can dismantle an entire system that is built on binary opposition, we can take small steps in "
9780814715383 - page_17: "START TEXT: the area of life that touches us most personally—our self-identity.\nWe should not allow our bisexual" ******* END TEXT: "society.12 A polarized straight/gay dichotomy and disapproval of bisexuals have caused us to ignore "
9780814715383 - page_18: "START TEXT: the sexual practices of this group of men. This lack of recognition has had profound consequences: i" ******* END TEXT: "e a more racially inclusive politics. Our bipolar orientation about sexuality therefore contributes "
9780814715383 - page_19: "START TEXT: to a misunderstanding of how people experience sexuality and also makes people in various ethnic com" ******* END TEXT: " who openly acknowledges that she organizes her sexuality around the biological sex of her partner.\n"
9780814715383 - page_20: "START TEXT: There are times when we need categories for constructive purposes. The fact that categories may have" ******* END TEXT: "h as birth certificates. Irrespective of whether an individual has been informed of her multiracial "
9780814715383 - page_21: "START TEXT: background from a young age or whether she discovers it somewhat later in life, she may make a choic" ******* END TEXT: "a Silver felt torn whether to come “out” to her lesbian editor, Tori, who was to visit soon.20 When "
9780814715383 - page_22: "START TEXT: she wrote to Tori and told her that she was living with a man, whom she had also married, Tori wrote" ******* END TEXT: "ing entirely from an abstract position; they could not imagine any man with whom they would want to "
9780814715383 - page_23: "START TEXT: share social space in a vacation setting. Oddly enough, they had repeatedly vacationed with one of t" ******* END TEXT: "ing about “all men” but, in addition, is deeply insulting about my taste and preferences. Why would "
9780814715383 - page_24: "START TEXT: anyone think that I would pursue a relationship with anyone— male or female—that prevented me from d" ******* END TEXT: "uncomfortable in continuing to do political work within the black community. Before the controversy "
9780814715383 - page_25: "START TEXT: surrounding her candidacy, Hylton described herself as being involved with many black community orga" ******* END TEXT: "ch crap as anybody I know, black or white. ... If you’re in a position to arrest some brothers, you "
9780814715383 - page_26: "START TEXT: are gonna be fair—not like some of the hillbillies they got on the department.”29 The cousin’s predi" ******* END TEXT: "lso have a positive utility. The label “bisexual” can threaten a society that orders itself on neat "
9780814715383 - page_27: "START TEXT: bipolar concepts. The common stereotype of a bisexual person is one who always has at least two sexu" ******* END TEXT: "with a person rather than a gender.” 33\nGay and lesbian people have been defined by society so that "
9780814715383 - page_28: "START TEXT: they have little identity beyond their sexual identity within mainstream culture. As one of my stude" ******* END TEXT: "t even inquiring about my sexual orientation. Use of a simple category such as “bisexual” can force "
9780814715383 - page_29: "START TEXT: people to move quickly beyond their assumptions about my sexual orientation even if that label is pr" ******* END TEXT: "than sexual behaviors.37 A more humanistic understanding of sexuality therefore would go beyond our "
9780814715383 - page_30: "START TEXT: conduct and try to understand our feelings. Since only our conduct is readily visible, this observat" ******* END TEXT: " right to be counted as multiracial. In contrast to sexual orientation, however, no clear consensus "
9780814715383 - page_31: "START TEXT: exists that multiracial categories are appropriate or desirable. Because nearly all African-American" ******* END TEXT: "choose” their disability or are responsible for their problems. Real life stories can help overcome "
9780814715383 - page_32: "START TEXT: those stereotypes. In one poignant exchange on the internet, someone with a disability complained ab" ******* END TEXT: " background, light skin, or conservative politics? We need to articulate more precisely why we have "
9780814715383 - page_33: "START TEXT: affirmative action in the education context to know how to resolve Hylton’s candidacy.\nNonetheless, " ******* END TEXT: " individuals, Scales-Trent may easily “pass” as belonging to one pole of the bipolar categorization "
9780814715383 - page_34: "START TEXT: scheme. Some of these individuals have a strong self-identity of being multiracial, and resent socie" ******* END TEXT: "hat these children have any genuine disabilities and by promoting the stereotype that their parents "
9780814715383 - page_35: "START TEXT: coerce their children into appearing disabled for money, Mac-Donald heightens the mistreatment of in" ******* END TEXT: "the government; instead, the parents were criticized for going along with researchers who told them "
9780814715383 - page_36: "START TEXT: that their children had learning disabilities. The parents of the children in the elite school often" ******* END TEXT: "ts to fit the category “woman” or “black” without considering the intersections of race and gender. "
9780814715383 - page_37: "START TEXT: This is sometimes called “intersectionality” theory. Other critical theorists, such as Scales-Trent," ******* END TEXT: "American? We consider it to be a given, an immutable fact. The significance of that racial identity "
9780814715383 - page_38: "START TEXT: may differ but it is something we “know” like most of us “know” our gender. Our sexual orientation i" ******* END TEXT: "de us with a comprehensive understanding of the construction of bipolar injustice in our society.\n\n\n"
9780814715383 - page_39: "START TEXT: THREESexual Orientation\nIn a 1981 decision, the South Dakota Supreme Court thought it reasonable to " ******* END TEXT: "uld be unthinkable for heterosexuals.\nThe blatantly coercive history of sexual-orientation policies "
9780814715383 - page_40: "START TEXT: should make us wary of developing any sexual-orientation categories under the law. Yet, some categor" ******* END TEXT: " legal protection that was accorded to individuals because they were gay men, lesbian, or bisexual.\n"
9780814715383 - page_41: "START TEXT: ERNSR’s strategy was to get the voters to pass a ballot initiative which would invalidate the Human " ******* END TEXT: "status because we have no way to identify gay, lesbian, or bisexual people except by their conduct:\n"
9780814715383 - page_42: "START TEXT: The reality remains that no law can successfully be drafted that is calculated to burden or penalize" ******* END TEXT: "ection” and “self-proclamation of homosexual tendencies.” The latter aspect of conduct acknowledges "
9780814715383 - page_43: "START TEXT: the existence of a celibate homosexual who publicly proclaims his or her sexual feelings or desires." ******* END TEXT: "specifically mentions “bisexuals” as does the Human Rights Ordinance, the court never considers the "
9780814715383 - page_44: "START TEXT: application of the initiative to bisexuals. Instead, it limits its discussion to “homosexuals” who a" ******* END TEXT: " would be definable without reference to their conduct. Of course, members of the gay, lesbian, and "
9780814715383 - page_45: "START TEXT: bisexual communities are currently members of the “H” club but the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals mi" ******* END TEXT: " New Hampshire passed a bill barring “homosexuals” from adopting children, being foster parents, or "
9780814715383 - page_46: "START TEXT: working in day care centers. This was its definition of “homosexual”:\na homosexual is defined as any" ******* END TEXT: "”11 Because the court believed that the statute was too broad in defining homosexuality, it decided "
9780814715383 - page_47: "START TEXT: to assume that the homosexual acts had to be voluntary and knowing. Moreover, the court created this" ******* END TEXT: "s of another person of the same gender.” 13 The legislature explicitly imposed the requirement that "
9780814715383 - page_48: "START TEXT: the sexual behavior be knowing and voluntary but it did not explicitly impose a temporal requirement" ******* END TEXT: "d in same-sex sexual activity and would not express regret concerning those experiences by claiming "
9780814715383 - page_49: "START TEXT: that they were coercive. The state of New Hampshire did not intend to exclude all individuals who ha" ******* END TEXT: "w Hampshire, the federal government has distinguished between conduct and status so as not to sweep "
9780814715383 - page_50: "START TEXT: too broadly in limiting the rights of gay, lesbian, and bisexual people in the military.15 While the" ******* END TEXT: "hey allegedly engaged in activity prohibited by Navy regulations. These three individuals presented "
9780814715383 - page_51: "START TEXT: three different categories of individuals who might be covered by the military’s exclusion policy: (" ******* END TEXT: "m the category of “homosexual.” Bisexuals were an unacknowledged, but apparently covered, category.\n"
9780814715383 - page_52: "START TEXT: 3. The Avowed Heterosexual. James Miller, a Yeoman Second Class, admitted during an investigation th" ******* END TEXT: "ired the existence of two separate conditions: the homosexual act occurred only once and the person "
9780814715383 - page_53: "START TEXT: expressed disdain for such activity. Although Miller might have been able to meet the second require" ******* END TEXT: ".24 Later, he acknowledged their accuracy.\nSince the only evidence of Dronenburg’s conduct were his "
9780814715383 - page_54: "START TEXT: actions with one sexual partner, he could have tried to come under the “one act” exception. Dronenbu" ******* END TEXT: " officer. This version of the story allows the court to believe that homosexual conduct is deviant, "
9780814715383 - page_55: "START TEXT: only performed when one person is acting in a coercive way. Like the version accepted by the New Ham" ******* END TEXT: "s quo, even though no unlawful conduct would be involved.”30 Moreover, the court concluded that the "
9780814715383 - page_56: "START TEXT: regulation infringed on a soldier’s right to receive information and ideas about homosexuality.31 In" ******* END TEXT: "and morale; and\n(E) the member does not have a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts.32\n"
9780814715383 - page_57: "START TEXT: These regulations constituted a much more complicated attempt to distinguish between the “true homos" ******* END TEXT: "status exceptions than conduct exceptions.\nThe new regulations continued to give the military First "
9780814715383 - page_58: "START TEXT: Amendment problems in the “status” cases where there was evidence of identification but no evidence " ******* END TEXT: "oodward was made available for reassignment or release from active duty. His file was then reviewed "
9780814715383 - page_59: "START TEXT: by a personnel officer. As a result of this review (which would not have taken place but for the all" ******* END TEXT: "onally penalize someone entirely on the basis of his status.44 Proceeding from that assumption, the "
9780814715383 - page_60: "START TEXT: Ninth Circuit concluded that such action violated the constitutional ideal of equal protection of th" ******* END TEXT: " recognize the existence of bisexuals, its reasoning might falter because it then would have to ask "
9780814715383 - page_61: "START TEXT: whether it is reasonable or constitutional for the government to try to affect the conduct of people" ******* END TEXT: "y, the military took the risk of undermining its ability to weed out the “true homosexual.” Watkins "
9780814715383 - page_62: "START TEXT: was therefore the exceptional “true homosexual” who was allowed to stay in the military only because" ******* END TEXT: "ing language because it concluded that benShalom’s admission that she was a homosexual implied, “at "
9780814715383 - page_63: "START TEXT: the very least, a ‘desire’ to commit homosexual acts.”55 Using that interpretation of the regulation" ******* END TEXT: "mstances, is unlikely to recur; (C) such conduct was not accomplished by use of force, coercion, or "
9780814715383 - page_64: "START TEXT: intimidation; (D) under the particular circumstances of the case, the member’s continued presence in" ******* END TEXT: "usion of bisexuals. One does not have to label bisexuals as “homosexuals” in order to exclude them.\n"
9780814715383 - page_65: "START TEXT: The third part of the definition also expands the scope of the military’s exclusion policy by clarif" ******* END TEXT: "rt holds that there is a serious question as to whether a regulation goes beyond what is reasonably "
9780814715383 - page_66: "START TEXT: necessary to protect any possible government interest when it inhibits six service members from cont" ******* END TEXT: "a pure identity definition, moved to a pure conduct definition, and now has a broad definition that "
9780814715383 - page_67: "START TEXT: includes both conduct and identity. To the military’s credit, one might say that its current definit" ******* END TEXT: "rfully, equally attracted to both men and women—the truly “double gaited” in Damon Runyon’s phrase. "
9780814715383 - page_68: "START TEXT: But as the majority of the justices recognized in Bowers, a state may define and proscribe deviant b" ******* END TEXT: " these debilitating categories, some argue for the creation of new, more debilitating categories.65\n"
9780814715383 - page_69: "START TEXT: II. Positive Categorization\nIn the prior examples, courts, legislatures, and academics have proposed" ******* END TEXT: "al benefits. But are these flaws fatal?\nMy bisexual perspective gives me a special insight into the "
9780814715383 - page_70: "START TEXT: marriage and domestic partnership movement because I have been in a long-term (but legally unrecogni" ******* END TEXT: "usband receiving a tuition waiver, since my husband could otherwise afford to go to the university.\n"
9780814715383 - page_71: "START TEXT: Marriage-related benefits are unlikely ever to disappear, but we could and should take conscious ste" ******* END TEXT: "port them in their advanced years. The Court, of course, also overlooked the lesbian babyboom, made "
9780814715383 - page_72: "START TEXT: possible by the oldest of reproductive technologies—artificial insemination. It seemed to accept a c" ******* END TEXT: "he last domestic partnership. At the University of Pittsburgh, for example, couples need to specify\n"
9780814715383 - page_73: "START TEXT: that they are responsible for their “common welfare” and that at least two years have passed since a" ******* END TEXT: "or their partner. At the University of Pittsburgh, for example, individuals who register under this "
9780814715383 - page_74: "START TEXT: system get library privileges and modest tuition reduction but no health insurance benefits for thei" ******* END TEXT: " extending the privilege of marriage. This is a plausible argument but only if domestic partnership "
9780814715383 - page_75: "START TEXT: registration is sufficiently analogous to marriage that such long-term steps might occur. Highly res" ******* END TEXT: "ex couples have been extended extensive benefits while the reality is that same-sex couples have an "
9780814715383 - page_76: "START TEXT: onerous registration system with few benefits. Politically, it might be more useful for the larger c" ******* END TEXT: "ure) introduced Bill 167 to provide for the equal treatment of same-sex partners who are in spousal "
9780814715383 - page_77: "START TEXT: relationships.77 Although the bill had the support of the governing party, and passed first reading " ******* END TEXT: "ip registration must state that they have only one domestic partner. A family unit can only consist "
9780814715383 - page_78: "START TEXT: of two unrelated adults. The assumption of two adults derives from the heterosexual model of one mal" ******* END TEXT: "of periodic interaction with the child, Thomas sought to be legally recognized as a parent due to a "
9780814715383 - page_79: "START TEXT: dispute with the child’s female parents over visitation. Due to the limitations of family law, only " ******* END TEXT: "y reflect rights to nonbiological emotional parents in addition to the rights of legally recognized "
9780814715383 - page_80: "START TEXT: parents. At a minimum, stepparent statutes should be extended to accord rights to same-sex partners " ******* END TEXT: "uce Deming justify affirmative action under the first rationale—societal disadvantage. Nonetheless, "
9780814715383 - page_81: "START TEXT: as they acknowledge, there is no monolithic treatment on the basis of sexual orientation:\nFor gay an" ******* END TEXT: "vidualized storytelling may be especially appropriate in the context of sexual orientation, because "
9780814715383 - page_82: "START TEXT: gay, lesbian, and bisexual people rarely live in communities defined by sexual orientation and econo" ******* END TEXT: "en face the same widespread societal and employment discrimination faced by lesbians and gay men.88\n"
9780814715383 - page_83: "START TEXT: Byrne makes his argument for the purpose of extending protection of gay men and lesbians to bisexual" ******* END TEXT: "bisexual in that I openly acknowledge my sexual feelings and history, my sexual orientation is also "
9780814715383 - page_84: "START TEXT: largely hidden through my wearing of a traditional wedding ring. I may be a positive “bisexual” role" ******* END TEXT: "s, or conduct. In an educational institution, especially, I find that my reputation quickly becomes "
9780814715383 - page_85: "START TEXT: the source of considerable gossip although I have certainly never engaged in sexual activity on camp" ******* END TEXT: " and stories of positive role modeling to target appropriate beneficiaries as well as to educate us "
9780814715383 - page_86: "START TEXT: about the scope of mistreatment suffered by gay, lesbian, and bisexual people.\nIt is fashionable in " ******* END TEXT: "these new categories are ameliorative or, instead, are themselves perpetuating bipolar injustice.\n\n\n"
9780814715383 - page_100: "START TEXT: who was discharged under the regulation was believed to be a “homosexual.” Reputation evidence was s" ******* END TEXT: "ed, and even encouraged, when we have constitutional rules against gender-based policy making? Kate "
9780814715383 - page_101: "START TEXT: Bornstein provocatively engages these issues: “Sexual preference could be based on genital preferenc" ******* END TEXT: "nation is not sex-based when it relates to sexual-orientation. Although this rule is linguistically "
9780814715383 - page_102: "START TEXT: incoherent, it is widely accepted.49 Sexual orientation cases such as Bowers therefore cleverly hide" ******* END TEXT: " actually gender-based classifications, a powerful and unprecedented acknowledgment of how attempts "
9780814715383 - page_103: "START TEXT: to constrain homosexuals are also attempts to restrict people based on gender. If Michael Hardwick w" ******* END TEXT: " this out on my computer, and I’m thinking about who might be reading this; and I know that some of "
9780814715383 - page_104: "START TEXT: you really believe you are women. I want to get down on my knees in front of you, I want to get down" ******* END TEXT: "” for fear that they might influence others to question their socially constructed gender identity.\n"
9780814715383 - page_105: "START TEXT: A. Employment\nJane Doe was discharged by the Boeing Company for wearing “excessively” feminine attir" ******* END TEXT: " results. Karen Frances Ulane was a licensed pilot for Eastern Airlines.60 Unlike Doe, Ulane took a "
9780814715383 - page_106: "START TEXT: leave of absence while she underwent sex reassignment surgery. Eastern was not aware of her transsex" ******* END TEXT: "e brought suit under Title VII in federal court and lost in both the trial court and Ninth Circuit.\n"
9780814715383 - page_107: "START TEXT: In each of these cases, the courts failed to take seriously the simple argument that the employer ha" ******* END TEXT: "women, but did have animus against women who were born as anatomical males. Although the employer’s "
9780814715383 - page_108: "START TEXT: animus against this group of women can also be described as animus against transsexuals, the two cat" ******* END TEXT: "at the purpose of the statute was to promote white supremacy, the Court found for the petitioner. A "
9780814715383 - page_109: "START TEXT: broad examination of rules against cross-dressing demonstrates that they help maintain male supremac" ******* END TEXT: "rigid gendered standards. As uncomfortable as we may be with “cross-dressing,” we need to recognize "
9780814715383 - page_110: "START TEXT: that rules against cross-dressing are basic to gender policing. Our discomfort reflects the need for" ******* END TEXT: "Plaintiff Margaret Hasselman was required to wear extremely revealing outfits as a lobby attendant. "
9780814715383 - page_111: "START TEXT: Her mandated attire was so sexually provocative that she was subjected to sexual propositions, and l" ******* END TEXT: " is purportedly illegal. But gender hybrids rarely can take advantage of that explicit prohibition.\n"
9780814715383 - page_112: "START TEXT: B. Bathrooms\nOne awkward barrier for transsexuals that is reflected in many of these cases is the la" ******* END TEXT: "f one of the two bathrooms to the public.\nGender-segregated bathrooms are a bedrock principle under "
9780814715383 - page_113: "START TEXT: the law. In the seminal law review article on the proposed federal Equal Rights Amendment, the autho" ******* END TEXT: "f bathroom allocation quickly came to seem “normal.” The only problem that I can remember with this "
9780814715383 - page_114: "START TEXT: arrangement was when an older male acquaintance was once visiting me before we were to go out for di" ******* END TEXT: "elchairs having opposite-sex attendants or men needing to change the diaper of a young child. It is "
9780814715383 - page_115: "START TEXT: time to make such a model more universally available so that transsexuals, among others, have the op" ******* END TEXT: "polar assumption, which the court described as “almost universal,” that “a lawful marriage requires "
9780814715383 - page_116: "START TEXT: the performance of a ceremonial marriage of two persons of the opposite sex, a male and a female.”87" ******* END TEXT: "py. Little else would meet the stringently high standard. Our legal standards therefore reinforce a "
9780814715383 - page_117: "START TEXT: stark, bipolar model, because the courts are only presented with suicidal transsexuals.\nGiven the dr" ******* END TEXT: "informed adult rather than by a parent.\nHermaphrodites and transsexuals reflect two different kinds "
9780814715383 - page_118: "START TEXT: of hybrid categories which we “cure” with surgery to the sex organs. Hermaphrodites reflect a mixing" ******* END TEXT: "o be less effective, we must be more attentive to gender differentiation in our lives. We must also "
9780814715383 - page_119: "START TEXT: insist that the courts take seriously the statement by Congress that sex discrimination or different" ******* END TEXT: "enefit some transsexuals should not be an excuse to ignore the clear statutory mandate of Title VII."
9780814715383 - page_120: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814715383 - page_87: "START TEXT: FOURGender\nSharon Bottoms lost custody of her two-year-old son, Tyler, in part because she had taugh" ******* END TEXT: " story illuminates, categorization can be elusive. Marty Phillip, an inmate who was a pre-operative "
9780814715383 - page_88: "START TEXT: transsexual, was denied estrogen and other treatment by prison authorities.4 She unsuccessfully chal" ******* END TEXT: "al all along.8 Annie Woodhouse defines the distinction between the transvestite and the transsexual "
9780814715383 - page_89: "START TEXT: as follows (using the male-to-female cross-dresser as her example):\nPerhaps a more easily recognizab" ******* END TEXT: "o fix an individual purely in the male or female category. Thus, hermaphrodites become an invisible "
9780814715383 - page_90: "START TEXT: aspect of the male and female poles. Some civil rights activists are worried about a similar kind of" ******* END TEXT: "ssing may extend to fashion but not politics.) The existence of the “androgyne” category reflects a "
9780814715383 - page_91: "START TEXT: modest attempt to move beyond sharp gendered divisions in appearance (at least where biological modi" ******* END TEXT: "They also are denied custody when they challenge the gender roles assigned to their biological sex.\n"
9780814715383 - page_92: "START TEXT: Inappropriate Role Models: Who’s the Mommy and Who’s the Daddy?\nIn the early 1990s, I appeared on a " ******* END TEXT: "il would most likely have been a positive factor in Sharon’s custody battle. For example, in Ferris "
9780814715383 - page_93: "START TEXT: v. Underwood,22 a Virginia Court of Appeals found that a positive factor in favor of a biological mo" ******* END TEXT: " begin to turn away from her mother. In response to Sharon’s new assertiveness, the mother sued for "
9780814715383 - page_94: "START TEXT: custody. The lesbian label became the means through which the mother could retaliate against Sharon’" ******* END TEXT: "ow: “We submit the law is and should be that, where there is a custody dispute between members of a "
9780814715383 - page_95: "START TEXT: traditional family environment and one of homosexual composition, the presumption of regularity appl" ******* END TEXT: "e Bottoms case contained no evidence that could come close to meeting the high standards set by the "
9780814715383 - page_96: "START TEXT: courts—there was no evidence of physical abuse or emotional abandonment which is the standard eviden" ******* END TEXT: "he seeks return of her child over the grandmother’s objections. In such cases, the mother typically "
9780814715383 - page_97: "START TEXT: prevails due to the strong presumption of maternal fitness despite the fact that the child’s primary" ******* END TEXT: "eth criticized Sharon by saying, “She isn’t even a lesbian.”40 In Kenneth’s mind, one apparently is "
9780814715383 - page_98: "START TEXT: not a “true lesbian” if one has recently been divorced and is raising a son. It is doubtful that Ken" ******* END TEXT: " “Da das” are only a positive factor when they are male. No father is better than a lesbian father.\n"
9780814715383 - page_99: "START TEXT: B. The Military\nAfter Mary Beth Harrison rebuffed a male crew member’s sexual advances, he publicly " ******* END TEXT: "en propositioned someone for such activity. All the military needed to show was that the individual "
9780814715383 - page_121: "START TEXT: FIVERace\nThe year 1967 was a watershed in the history of interracial relationships in the United Sta" ******* END TEXT: "her racial groups, or racial mixing of white and black.8 The Virginia statute itself reflected this "
9780814715383 - page_122: "START TEXT: classification system—the state was concerned with whites intermingling with “coloreds” but did not " ******* END TEXT: "hite, Negro, and Indian.12 The current U.S. census form contains numerous classifications yet still "
9780814715383 - page_123: "START TEXT: lumps together quite dissimilar groupings of people. The global category of “Asian or Pacific Island" ******* END TEXT: " of the racial classification system underlying the Louisiana statute, although the case is usually "
9780814715383 - page_124: "START TEXT: only remembered as a challenge to Louisiana’s practice of segregating railway cars. Tourgée urged hi" ******* END TEXT: "ars later, the issue of racial classification was never raised. Hence, the law has become “separate "
9780814715383 - page_125: "START TEXT: cannot be equal” without attention to how we define the racial categories themselves.\nAlthough Pless" ******* END TEXT: "unty, New York. Thus, Mr. Treadway would be reclassified from “colored” to “negro” if he moved from "
9780814715383 - page_126: "START TEXT: Louisiana to New York in 1937 and attempted to move into a white neighborhood.)\nBy the mid-1970s, it" ******* END TEXT: "f invidious racial discrimination.” 25\nIn a strong dissent, Justice Barham disagreed. He noted that "
9780814715383 - page_127: "START TEXT: the statute only defines who is considered to be a “Negro” and instructs the Bureau of Vital Statist" ******* END TEXT: "oncluded that petitioners had not met the required higher burden. The racial designation of “Negro” "
9780814715383 - page_128: "START TEXT: was maintained despite strong evidence that the deceased parents were of mixed-race. Both the Louisi" ******* END TEXT: " target of a case on which I was working, dark-skinned blacks were often hired to perform jobs away "
9780814715383 - page_129: "START TEXT: from public view, such as sorting and counting money in the vault, whereas light-skinned blacks31 we" ******* END TEXT: "ness of color along a spectrum, rather than its consciousness of race only at two bipolar points.35\n"
9780814715383 - page_130: "START TEXT: These two stories demonstrate that we need to be careful about describing race discrimination too mo" ******* END TEXT: "o this tension because the ameliorative purposes of race-conscious placement become more ambiguous.\n"
9780814715383 - page_131: "START TEXT: A. Affirmative Action\nClassification\nIn 1977, the federal government issued “Directive No. 15” to st" ******* END TEXT: "not claim blackness until after they had taken the first exam for the position. Moreover, there was "
9780814715383 - page_132: "START TEXT: some question as to whether they held themselves out in the community as black.\nThe New York and Bos" ******* END TEXT: "esent system provided adequate data, that any changes would disrupt historical continuity, and that "
9780814715383 - page_133: "START TEXT: the proposed change would be expensive and potentially divisive. Some members of minority communitie" ******* END TEXT: "tion is disrespectful to multiracial people who suffer emotionally when there is no fitting box for "
9780814715383 - page_134: "START TEXT: them to check.50 It is ironic that the same groups who have criticized white society for defining th" ******* END TEXT: "is to assist individuals in overcoming disadvantage by asking students to comment on their personal "
9780814715383 - page_135: "START TEXT: histories. Affirmative action for African-Americans in law school admissions also serves other forwa" ******* END TEXT: "ntil the age of forty-six, should she qualify for affirmative action for people of African descent? "
9780814715383 - page_136: "START TEXT: Four rationales for affirmative action are often offered and can help us answer that question:\nDiver" ******* END TEXT: "me Court. In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke,57 a white applicant for admission to "
9780814715383 - page_137: "START TEXT: the Medical School of the University of California at Davis challenged the “special admissions progr" ******* END TEXT: "e a rebuttable presumption of diversity, or whether diversity must be established on a case-by-case "
9780814715383 - page_138: "START TEXT: basis. He simply stated that race or ethnic background “may” be deemed a “plus” without explaining w" ******* END TEXT: " the employer to issue her coveralls (as it had the men) so that she would not keep soiling her own "
9780814715383 - page_139: "START TEXT: clothes. Rather than get credit for this activism, she was labeled as a troublemaker. (One panel mem" ******* END TEXT: "ring to an employment or educational setting; similarly, we need to make it clear how and why white "
9780814715383 - page_140: "START TEXT: men may not be competent for a particular position. We need to question and make them question their" ******* END TEXT: "ed the fullest explanation for what constitutes the “role model” theory. The role model theory, she "
9780814715383 - page_141: "START TEXT: argues, presumes that an individual will serve as one or more of the following:\n(1) an ethical templ" ******* END TEXT: " class able to pass its material advantages and elevated aspirations to subsequent generations.” 73\n"
9780814715383 - page_142: "START TEXT: The Supreme Court rejected the role model theory because it relies on the existence of “societal dis" ******* END TEXT: " “treat minorities like inferiors.” 76 She would prefer to achieve same-kind role models through “a "
9780814715383 - page_143: "START TEXT: search for talent in its many and diverse forms.”77 In other words, she prefers the diversity justif" ******* END TEXT: "or in the appointment process. But, of course, we cannot ask questions about role model commitments "
9780814715383 - page_144: "START TEXT: only to multiracial or minority candidates. We have to ask those questions of everyone.\nOvercoming D" ******* END TEXT: "ites. A race-neutral solution might benefit economically disadvantaged whites but would have little "
9780814715383 - page_145: "START TEXT: impact on the historical disadvantage faced by blacks of any economic background.\nJustice Powell rej" ******* END TEXT: "rity group (and women, in some cases) were disadvantaged unless there was contrary evidence; whites "
9780814715383 - page_146: "START TEXT: were permitted to qualify for the program if they could establish disadvantage (but did not get the " ******* END TEXT: "table. The dissent emphasized that the Small Business Administration was instructed to periodically "
9780814715383 - page_147: "START TEXT: review the status of DBEs. “Such review prevents ineligible firms from taking part in the program so" ******* END TEXT: "t of all business firms. Only $16 of every $10,000 in business receipts, less than 0.2%, comes from "
9780814715383 - page_148: "START TEXT: black-owned firms. Black business receipts would have to increase seventy-five fold before they woul" ******* END TEXT: "cal. As the Brennan opinion noted: “A case-by-case inquiry into the extent to which each individual "
9780814715383 - page_149: "START TEXT: applicant has been affected, either directly or indirectly, by racial discrimination, would seem to " ******* END TEXT: " Richard Freeman, thought that labor market discrimination against blacks would virtually collapse, "
9780814715383 - page_150: "START TEXT: thereby precluding the need for affirmative action.97 Other social scientists thought that the dispa" ******* END TEXT: "s “passing” as white and living in “white” households, thereby avoiding racism. In fact, it appears "
9780814715383 - page_151: "START TEXT: that in some of the cases in which the Small Business Administration successfully challenged claims " ******* END TEXT: " has seen an increasing number of black children who apply to the program who come from middleclass "
9780814715383 - page_152: "START TEXT: backgrounds. It is tempting for the organizers of this program to pick such children because, given " ******* END TEXT: "ause we “graduate” from racism. Carter’s approach, unfortunately, would risk the loss of the modest "
9780814715383 - page_153: "START TEXT: gains made by the emerging black middle class. Thus, we should make distinctions among blacks while " ******* END TEXT: "e Court justices, might help overcome those stereotypes. Having a black teacher will make black and "
9780814715383 - page_154: "START TEXT: white students put aside their stereotypes about the incompetence of blacks. Especially, as affirmat" ******* END TEXT: "g decision comes down to two blacks— one who is light-skinned and who has often passed as white and "
9780814715383 - page_155: "START TEXT: the other who is dark-skinned and has lived a life defined by racial prejudice—we should prefer the " ******* END TEXT: "noted, and Cheryl Harris has reiterated, there is a property value in whiteness, even for “blacks.”\n"
9780814715383 - page_156: "START TEXT: C. Transracial Adoptions\nThe National Association of Black Social Workers (NABSW) strongly influence" ******* END TEXT: "n of whether we are using family law to create rather than preserve cultural heritage.110 Consider:\n"
9780814715383 - page_157: "START TEXT: A biracial youngster whose birth mother is White and whose father is unknown was classified as Black" ******* END TEXT: "arched for a “mixed-race” couple to adopt the child.115 But the court never defined exactly what it "
9780814715383 - page_158: "START TEXT: meant by a “mixed-race” couple. Ordinarily, if no adoption takes place and the nuclear family stays " ******* END TEXT: "gory “biracial” and use that category to find homes for biracial children, the category is actually "
9780814715383 - page_159: "START TEXT: unworkable. Nearly all of us are, in fact, multiracial, and it distorts reality further to consider " ******* END TEXT: "and subordinating classification system.\nWe get a different perspective on the transracial adoption "
9780814715383 - page_160: "START TEXT: controversy when we examine it from the context of a multiracial child. First, we see that many of t" ******* END TEXT: ", for example, could be determined to have ancestry from Africa, Europe, and North America, then we "
9780814715383 - page_161: "START TEXT: could hope the child would be taught to honor and value that mixed-racial heritage. It is wrong to a" ******* END TEXT: "ion proceedings. Nonetheless, if their racial heritage is to be meaningfully honored and respected, "
9780814715383 - page_162: "START TEXT: it would seem important for the adoption agency to collect as much information as possible while the" ******* END TEXT: " in beginning the journey toward respectful racial categorization in the context of other issues.\n\n\n"
9780814715383 - page_163: "START TEXT: SIXDisability\n“Transvestism, transsexualism, pedophilia, exhibitionism, voyeurism, gender identity d" ******* END TEXT: "on against transsexuals and transvestites even when they are qualified to perform their employment.\n"
9780814715383 - page_164: "START TEXT: Despite this moralistic limitation on the definition of disability, the ADA still is criticized for " ******* END TEXT: "ies such as obesity under federal anti-discrimination law, however, presents difficult definitional "
9780814715383 - page_165: "START TEXT: questions. Because disability law is bipolar, the courts have had to provide stark yes or no answers" ******* END TEXT: " who are obese during their adolescent years are likely to have lower socioeconomic status in later "
9780814715383 - page_166: "START TEXT: life.9 Additional body weight seems to limit women’s upward economic mobility; working class communi" ******* END TEXT: "rticles have been written in the last several years arguing that “obesity” should be covered by the "
9780814715383 - page_167: "START TEXT: Americans with Disabilities Act.14 Although some attention has been devoted to the fact that society" ******* END TEXT: "y in a society that uses norms for men’s height and weight for respect. As the National Association "
9780814715383 - page_168: "START TEXT: of Professional Baseball Leagues argued in defense of its inflexible standard of 5 feet 10 inches an" ******* END TEXT: "s, even assuming that if he could such knowledge would be relevant in his decision as to whether to "
9780814715383 - page_169: "START TEXT: assault an officer or not.”18 Nonetheless, the court did uphold the 5-foot 8-inches height requireme" ******* END TEXT: "arger society. Empirical research confirms the hypothesis that shortness harms women’s professional "
9780814715383 - page_170: "START TEXT: status and even their perceived physical attractiveness.23 Women usually cannot reach the glass ceil" ******* END TEXT: "h.28 By college, students report that they would rather marry someone who is an embezzler, exmental "
9780814715383 - page_171: "START TEXT: patient, cocaine user, or shoplifter than someone who is obese.29 Overweight adults report that they" ******* END TEXT: "nized notion that appearance rules are more rigid for women than for men is played out in the cases "
9780814715383 - page_172: "START TEXT: involving weight requirements, nearly all of which are brought by women. As feminists have long said" ******* END TEXT: "een women who were slightly over a gender-specific standard. In the airline cases, for example, the "
9780814715383 - page_173: "START TEXT: female plaintiffs had been hired in accordance with the maximum weight standard but were disciplined" ******* END TEXT: "ility Discrimination statute. The California Supreme Court concluded that obesity is only a covered "
9780814715383 - page_174: "START TEXT: disability if there is a “physiological or systemic basis for the condition.”37 Because Cassista cou" ******* END TEXT: "at “a condition or disorder is not an impairment unless it . . . constitutes an immutable condition "
9780814715383 - page_175: "START TEXT: that the person affected is powerless to control.”39 In other words, Cook like Cassista was only abl" ******* END TEXT: "rom the underweight, to the overweight, to the obese, we see federal anti-discrimination protection "
9780814715383 - page_176: "START TEXT: evaporating except for the rare case in which the employer acknowledges that it considered the plain" ******* END TEXT: "asily recognize that Birdwell has a legitimate claim of disability-related discrimination, and that "
9780814715383 - page_177: "START TEXT: both Cassista and Cook had valid claims since they were denied employment despite their qualificatio" ******* END TEXT: "blacks” such as Greg Williams should “pass” as white rather than be protected for their decision to "
9780814715383 - page_178: "START TEXT: embrace their African-American heritage. Society is suggesting that people who are obese, bisexual, " ******* END TEXT: "cks” to prison who “chose” to date “whites” in violation of anti-miscegenation law. We criminalized "
9780814715383 - page_179: "START TEXT: behavior to compel socially acceptable sexual expression. It was not until the U.S. Supreme Court ov" ******* END TEXT: "udes definition. Drinking alcohol is legal in the United States, and most adults partake of alcohol "
9780814715383 - page_180: "START TEXT: during their lives. The United States ranks fifteenth in the world in annual consumption of alcohol " ******* END TEXT: " stereotypes and prejudices about alcoholics have been reflected in the federal anti-discrimination "
9780814715383 - page_181: "START TEXT: laws. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the precursor of the ADA, initially provided pr" ******* END TEXT: "sy surrounding the coverage of alcoholism was definitional—was alcoholism a disease or a behavioral "
9780814715383 - page_182: "START TEXT: disorder that an individual could control? Many medical experts classify alcoholism as a disease; ot" ******* END TEXT: "John Teahan was employed as a telephone and telegraph maintainer for five years during which he was "
9780814715383 - page_183: "START TEXT: unexcusably absent from work on many occasions. When his employer began to reprimand and suspend him" ******* END TEXT: " employees, there is no violation of the ADA. In other words, recovered alcoholics (who are usually "
9780814715383 - page_184: "START TEXT: invisible) are covered by the ADA if they are not hired or discharged simply based on stereotypes ab" ******* END TEXT: " bipolar disability model is the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. A child who qualifies "
9780814715383 - page_185: "START TEXT: as “retarded” under the IDEA gets special educational benefits whereas another child, who might have" ******* END TEXT: "ssion raises is whether benefits should be tied directly to whether one is “disabled.” By employing "
9780814715383 - page_186: "START TEXT: the category “disabled” to determine who qualifies for legal protection, we promote stereotypes abou" ******* END TEXT: ", children A and C are “disabled” and entitled to an individualized education plan; child B is not.\n"
9780814715383 - page_187: "START TEXT: Of course, we may not be able to afford to solve all of A, B, and C’s problems of disadvantage relat" ******* END TEXT: "arrier-free. On the other hand, when we move out of the science classroom to the physical education "
9780814715383 - page_188: "START TEXT: classroom, the needs of children A, B, and C change enormously. Child C will then probably become a " ******* END TEXT: "ized inquiry may determine that Person F is at the early stages of infection, performs surgery that "
9780814715383 - page_189: "START TEXT: involves little potential contact with a patient’s blood, and can safely avoid nearly all risk of ha" ******* END TEXT: "ithout applying such bipolar labeling.\nThe individualized treatment model, as reflected by the ADA, "
9780814715383 - page_190: "START TEXT: is not without its difficulties. Individualized inquiries are time-consuming and expensive. Often, g" ******* END TEXT: " “retarded,” for example, must be in a special classroom. Instead, each retarded child is evaluated "
9780814715383 - page_191: "START TEXT: to see exactly what kind of education is appropriate. One retarded child might be placed in a specia" ******* END TEXT: "in the context of the IDEA because the statute attempts to be sensitive to racial and ethnic biases "
9780814715383 - page_192: "START TEXT: that may be part of disability law through special rules.80 Such rules may help states avoid using r" ******* END TEXT: "ny cities have public interest organizations that try to fill that need.83 Finally, it is difficult "
9780814715383 - page_193: "START TEXT: even to formulate an effective way to use legal advocacy because, as many parents recognize, it is i" ******* END TEXT: "so that our scarce resources, especially in the affirmative action context, can be used most wisely."
9780814715383 - page_194: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814715383 - page_195: "START TEXT: SEVENBipolar Injustice:The Moral Code\nDr. Jean Jew, an Asian-American woman, is a tenured professor " ******* END TEXT: "ourt under Title VII alleging sexual harassment and a gender-based constructive discharge. He lost.\n"
9780814715383 - page_196: "START TEXT: After Sylvia DeAngelis, a white woman, became the first female sergeant on the El Paso Police Depart" ******* END TEXT: "w. Women who are presumed to be heterosexual, such as Jean Jew, frequently prevail if they can show "
9780814715383 - page_197: "START TEXT: that they have been sexualized; merely showing gender-based conduct, such as in the case of Sylvia D" ******* END TEXT: " told another woman that she looked liked a “madam” and would not be promoted unless she had breast "
9780814715383 - page_198: "START TEXT: reduction surgery.21 Ultimately, Stacks was fired for reasons that she alleged were pretextual.\nThe " ******* END TEXT: "ts have tried to avoid liability by claiming that the supervisor was bisexual and therefore did not "
9780814715383 - page_199: "START TEXT: prey upon plaintiff because of her sex. In Ryczek v. Guest Services, Inc.,29 Francine Ryczek alleged" ******* END TEXT: " how that defense fits into Title VII doctrine generally. The word “sex” in Title VII already means "
9780814715383 - page_200: "START TEXT: something more than gender; it means sexualized harassment against heterosexual women. That is why w" ******* END TEXT: "dered to be an isolated incident.38 But, unlike Jew, the two male co-workers did not suffer adverse "
9780814715383 - page_201: "START TEXT: assessments of their professional competency due to their relationship with Williams. The two male c" ******* END TEXT: " conclusion because it concluded that each of the plaintiffs were harassed because of their gender. "
9780814715383 - page_202: "START TEXT: Bell intended his remarks to demean the men as men by insulting their sexual prowess, and to demean " ******* END TEXT: "n it should be irrelevant whether the source of the attraction is heterosexuality or homosexuality.\n"
9780814715383 - page_203: "START TEXT: The Chiapuzio decision reflects one of the most awkward constructions of Title VII to preserve heter" ******* END TEXT: "exualized harassment even when there is not strong evidence of gender-based discrimination. But, as "
9780814715383 - page_204: "START TEXT: we shall see further, this generalization does not usually apply to cases involving homosexual remar" ******* END TEXT: " These were not cases like Stacks or Faragher, where the employer could offer the defense that they "
9780814715383 - page_205: "START TEXT: mistreated everyone. But, like Stacks and Faragher, they were cases where the comments clearly offen" ******* END TEXT: "VII to reach cases like Dillon’s and Carreno’s.54 In fact, it is the courts who have added the word "
9780814715383 - page_206: "START TEXT: “heterosexual” to Title VII already. The existing case law reads: A man can recover for being stereo" ******* END TEXT: "ances; women, by contrast, are often presumed to be heterosexual in such contexts. Thus, the courts "
9780814715383 - page_207: "START TEXT: have developed a distinction between sexual orientation and gender that they claim is based on Title" ******* END TEXT: "ual harassment and constructive discharge.\nAfter a hearing in the U.S. Supreme Court to clarify the "
9780814715383 - page_208: "START TEXT: standards in a sexual harassment case,60 the Magistrate found on remand that the “workplace did not " ******* END TEXT: "t!”, while a couple of the comments referred to plaintiff personally with statements that she was a "
9780814715383 - page_209: "START TEXT: “dingy woman.”66 The repeated theme of the comments was that women were not suited to be police offi" ******* END TEXT: "ed her dignity in ways that are similar to the cases involving sexualized comments but the court of "
9780814715383 - page_210: "START TEXT: appeals discounted that testimony, in part, because “no physical or sexual advances were made on DeA" ******* END TEXT: " their positions, Hicks was targeted for reprimands and suspensions, and ultimately was discharged.\n"
9780814715383 - page_211: "START TEXT: Hicks was treated harshly for minor rules infractions. During one incident, Hicks ordered a correcti" ******* END TEXT: "ell followed Hicks to his open locker to obtain his shift commander’s manual. In the court’s words:\n"
9780814715383 - page_212: "START TEXT: Plaintiff refused, and the two exchanged heated words. Plaintiff indicated he would “step outside” w" ******* END TEXT: "t validated by management. Instead, management seemed to try to build a file as quickly as possible "
9780814715383 - page_213: "START TEXT: that would lead to his termination. As early as the relatively minor log-in incident, Powell was rec" ******* END TEXT: "ated.86 Blacks, of course, can help perpetuate racism especially in a situation like the one at St. "
9780814715383 - page_214: "START TEXT: Mary’s where they might be worried about losing their own jobs. But it is not fair to describe the t" ******* END TEXT: "r otherwise disciplined except for a mistaken reprimand for being absent when he, in fact, was on a "
9780814715383 - page_215: "START TEXT: scheduled vacation.92 His record was considered entirely satisfactory.93\nThe court excused these dra" ******* END TEXT: "ce discrimination case always maintains the burden of proving intentional discrimination, the court "
9780814715383 - page_216: "START TEXT: found and the Supreme Court upheld that Hicks had failed to meet this burden even though he had prov" ******* END TEXT: " Western-South Life Insurance.101 He offered evidence that his supervisor, William Mann, repeatedly "
9780814715383 - page_217: "START TEXT: called him and another black employee “nigger,” had referred to blacks as “too fucking dumb to be in" ******* END TEXT: "assertions of Vildred Davis, a black woman, which were supported by co-workers, that her supervisor "
9780814715383 - page_218: "START TEXT: “hurled racial epithets towards her, assigned her to difficult jobs without providing training, and " ******* END TEXT: "nscious plan did not have the purpose of maintaining racial balance; instead, it had the purpose of "
9780814715383 - page_219: "START TEXT: overturning the gains at the supervisory level that had been made by blacks. In addition, the plan i" ******* END TEXT: " cases involving reverse race discrimination claims brought by white claimants. For example, in the "
9780814715383 - page_220: "START TEXT: leading affirmative action case, Bakke v. Board of Regents,113 the courts barely paused to consider " ******* END TEXT: "onceded that it could not demonstrate that Bakke would not have been admitted in the absence of the "
9780814715383 - page_221: "START TEXT: special admissions program. Accepting this admission, the California Supreme Court ordered the trial" ******* END TEXT: "tion. As Justice Brennan stated in dissent, “More than one commentator has noted that the causation "
9780814715383 - page_222: "START TEXT: component of the Court’s standing inquiry is no more than a poor disguise for the Court’s view of th" ******* END TEXT: "en it promoted him.125 Four other white individuals had also applied for and been rejected for that "
9780814715383 - page_223: "START TEXT: promotion. No one asked whether Claus was more qualified than the other whites who were also rejecte" ******* END TEXT: "he Hicks doctrine to the liability stage of a reverse discrimination case. At stage one, plaintiffs "
9780814715383 - page_224: "START TEXT: had established that the University of Texas violated Title VI and the U.S. Constitution by using a " ******* END TEXT: "ef in reverse discrimination cases, they have played under an easier set of rules than have blacks.\n"
9780814715383 - page_225: "START TEXT: The case that brings together the different presumptions that apply to cases being brought by white " ******* END TEXT: " to prevail on a claim of sex or race discrimination without evidence of sexual or racial epithets.\n"
9780814715383 - page_226: "START TEXT: Ironically, when sexual harassment doctrine was first being developed, the lower courts ruled agains" ******* END TEXT: " the holdings of many lower courts, the guidelines failed to state clearly that harassment could be "
9780814715383 - page_227: "START TEXT: proven without evidence of sexual comments or actions. As the EEOC has recently recognized, the focu" ******* END TEXT: "sed and sexually-based harassment should violate Title VII. In Lehmann v. Toys ‘Я’ Us,141 the Court "
9780814715383 - page_228: "START TEXT: stated that comments and actions of a nonsexualized nature that serve to degrade women’s value at th" ******* END TEXT: "e threshold of “offensive and pervasive” that is required under Title VII.144 If applied to Harris, "
9780814715383 - page_229: "START TEXT: this framework would expand the scope of Harris’s recovery. The derogatory comments to Teresa Harris" ******* END TEXT: " by Title VII but extend that protection to individuals who are perceived as being gay and lesbian.\n"
9780814715383 - page_230: "START TEXT: Moreover, the focus of the EEOC and the New Jersey Supreme Court has been to reinvigorate gender-bas" ******* END TEXT: "of racial epithets, is also pernicious and should be redressed by Title VII. Given the direction in "
9780814715383 - page_231: "START TEXT: which Title VII case law has gone in the last decade, it is easy to forget that harassment doctrine " ******* END TEXT: "in certain jobs; courts must be cognizant of that reality when they consider reverse discrimination "
9780814715383 - page_232: "START TEXT: cases. They might want to consider hypothetically how they would evaluate the facts if alleged by a " ******* END TEXT: "come a statute to protect women and minorities from all forms of discrimination at the workplace.\n\n\n"
9780814715383 - page_233: "START TEXT: EIGHTInvisible Hybridsunder the U.S. Census\nThe point of this book is not that we should abandon cat" ******* END TEXT: "is bipolarity will cause us to add new categories such as bisexual, transsexual, or multiracial. At "
9780814715383 - page_234: "START TEXT: other times, it will help us to focus our attention on whom we want to devote our attention or resou" ******* END TEXT: "f the household.3 Beginning in 1850, the Census began enumerating individuals rather than families. "
9780814715383 - page_235: "START TEXT: Slowly, all persons began to be counted without regard to status. In 1870, pursuant to the ratificat" ******* END TEXT: "y of origin”? What was learned about a Jewish family whose “language spoken at home” was Yiddish?10\n"
9780814715383 - page_236: "START TEXT: In 1930, four new categories were added: Mexican, Filipino, Hindu, and Korean.11 The designation of " ******* END TEXT: "orized as part of many life activities.\nDirective No. 15 also ended enumerator designation of race. "
9780814715383 - page_237: "START TEXT: In 1980, even in cases where enumerators had to do follow-up interviews, they were instructed to des" ******* END TEXT: "as not always employed racial categories. But we have used five categories without interruption for "
9780814715383 - page_238: "START TEXT: the last one hundred years—white, black or Negro, American Indian, Chinese, and Japanese. We have mo" ******* END TEXT: "e growing Asian presence in U.S. society.”20 There has been no similar move to have white Americans "
9780814715383 - page_239: "START TEXT: designate their country of origin in the Census race question.\nGiven the peculiar history of our Cen" ******* END TEXT: "on whereas other minority groups have been added or deleted from the categories. The issue today of "
9780814715383 - page_240: "START TEXT: whether a “multiracial” category should be added again primarily reflects the experiences of minorit" ******* END TEXT: "te. “The error in counting the black population of the country has often exceeded that of the white "
9780814715383 - page_241: "START TEXT: by as much as ten times! In the details of the census—for example, Negro men from 25 to 34 years of " ******* END TEXT: "lectors to hide or distort its existence.\nTheir argument has a strong historical foundation because "
9780814715383 - page_242: "START TEXT: the modification in data collection for African-Americans has never been for the purpose of serving " ******* END TEXT: "ing a monoracial classification system is contentious. Interestingly, the consequences flow because "
9780814715383 - page_243: "START TEXT: everyone assumes that it will be people who are currently labeled as minorities who will become mult" ******* END TEXT: "nformation for three separate purposes: (1) to determine how people self-identify, (2) to determine "
9780814715383 - page_244: "START TEXT: how the community classifies people, and (3) to determine people’s backgrounds.\nHistorically, we hav" ******* END TEXT: "tus and needs of minority communities in the United States. An inquiry limited to country of origin "
9780814715383 - page_245: "START TEXT: would not provide us with that information. For example, an individual who indicated that her ancest" ******* END TEXT: "stions in this way would allow us to separate out people who are aware of a multiracial background, "
9780814715383 - page_246: "START TEXT: people who visibly look multiracial, and people who identify as multiracial. Then, we could use the " ******* END TEXT: "help in the achievement of that objective. But I also know that history tells us that these parents "
9780814715383 - page_247: "START TEXT: face an insurmountable challenge. No matter how frequently they tell their children that they are mu" ******* END TEXT: " how the life histories of individuals make them deserving of ameliorative treatment. We need to be "
9780814715383 - page_248: "START TEXT: less stereotypical and bipolar in our thinking about how race, sexual orientation, gender, and disab" ******* END TEXT: "s. I hope, instead, that she can grow up to see the hybrids within each of us, including herself.\n\n\n"
9780814715383 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\nPreface\n1 • Introduction: Living the Gap\n2 • A Bi Jurisprudence\n3 • Sexual " ******* END TEXT: "bility\n7 • Bipolar Injustice: The Moral Code\n8 • Invisible Hybrids under the U.S. Census\nNotes\nIndex"
9780814715383 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814715383 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1996 by New York University\nAll rights rese" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814715383 - page_v: "START TEXT: to C. C.-E.may she have extraordinary experiencesliving across boundaries" ******* END TEXT: "to C. C.-E.may she have extraordinary experiencesliving across boundaries"
9780814715383 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814715383 - page_i: "START TEXT: HYBRID\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "HYBRID\n\n\n"
9780814715383 - page_295: "START TEXT: Index•••••••••••••\nAble v. United States of America, 65–66\nAdarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 145–4" ******* END TEXT: "ls, and affirmative action, 80–85\ncategorization within racial minority communities, 18\nas category\n"
9780814715383 - page_296: "START TEXT: to broaden people’s understanding of sexuality, 27–30\ncoercion to act as heterosexuals, 39–40, 49\nco" ******* END TEXT: " Security Act, 35\nin City of Berkeley, 73, 257 n. 67\nin City of Boston, 73\nin San Francisco, 257 n.\n"
9780814715383 - page_297: "START TEXT: definition under Social Security Act, 35\nas step toward recognition of marriage, 74–76\nDothard v. Ra" ******* END TEXT: ", Jean, 195, 200–201, 222, 225, 226, 286 n. 53\nJohnson v. Transportation Agency, 138–39, 290 n. 128\n"
9780814715383 - page_298: "START TEXT: Kennedy, Randall, 138\nKinsey study, exclusion of African-Americans, 17\nKirkpatrick, Reagan Kelly, 10" ******* END TEXT: "rah, 242–43\nRegents of the University of California v. Bakke, 136–38, 139–40, 144–45, 146, 148, 153\n"
9780814715383 - page_299: "START TEXT: Reisman v. State of Tennessee Department of Human Services, 157–58, 160–61\nRyczek v. Guest Services," ******* END TEXT: "sexual acts,” 50—52\n“don’t ask, don’t tell,” 63–67\nexceptions to discharge rule based on homosexual\n"
9780814715383 - page_300: "START TEXT: acts, 52–56, 56–63\nfirst amendment violations, 55—56, 57–58, 62\nand gender, 99–100\nWall Street Journ" ******* END TEXT: "States Army, 58–59\nWygant v. Jackson Board of Education, 141–42, 53, 218–19\nZack, Naomi, 135, 154\n\n\n"
9780814715383 - page_249: "START TEXT: Notes\nNotes to Preface\n1. See MARTIN S. WEINBERG, COLIN J. WILLIAMS, AND DOUGLAS W. PRYOR, DUAL ATTR" ******* END TEXT: "alities: On Being Black and White, Different, and the Same, 2 YALE J. OF LAW & FEMINISM 305 (1990).\n"
9780814715383 - page_250: "START TEXT: Notes to Chapter One\n1. SANDRA LIPSITZ BEM, THE LENSES OF GENDER: TRANSFORMING THE DEBATE ON SEXUAL " ******* END TEXT: "pecific Economic Data in Tort Litigation: A Constitutional Argument, 63 FORD HAM L. REV. 73 (1994).\n"
9780814715383 - page_251: "START TEXT: Notes to Chapter Two\n1. See Trip Gabriel, A New Generation Seems Ready to Give Bisexuality a Place i" ******* END TEXT: "gay movement. Id. at 152. Thus, bisexuality within the African-American male community might become "
9780814715383 - page_252: "START TEXT: more evident if the larger society in which we live were not so racist. Sexual identity and racism t" ******* END TEXT: " that I was involved with a man because I was such a good role model for lesbian law students. As a "
9780814715383 - page_253: "START TEXT: bisexual, I apparently could no longer be a good role model. Problems with role model theory will be" ******* END TEXT: " categories of heterosexual and homosexual. For further discussion, see Law, supra note 34, at 204.\n"
9780814715383 - page_254: "START TEXT: 36. JOHN J. MCNEILL, S.J., THE CHURCH AND THE HOMOSEXUAL 148 (1976).\n37. WEINBERG, supra note 4, at " ******* END TEXT: "NDUCT OR RELATIONSHIPS. The City of Cincinnati .. . may not enact, adopt, enforce or administer any "
9780814715383 - page_255: "START TEXT: ordinance, regulation, rule or policy which provides that homosexual, lesbian, or bisexual orientati" ******* END TEXT: " at 802.\n22. Id. at 802 n. 9 (quoting SECNAV Instruction 1900.9C).\n23. 741 F.2d 1388 (D.D.C. 1984).\n"
9780814715383 - page_256: "START TEXT: 24. Id. at 1389.\n25. Id. at 1398.\n26. Id. at 1398.\n27. 489 F. Supp. 964 (E.D. Wis. 1980).\n28. Id. at" ******* END TEXT: "at456.\n52. Id. at 457.\n53. 703 F. Supp. 1372 (E.D. Wis. 1989).\n54. 881 F.2d at 460.\n55. Id. at 460.\n"
9780814715383 - page_257: "START TEXT: 56. Elaborating further on that issue, the Court of Appeals said: “Plaintiff’s lesbian acknowledgmen" ******* END TEXT: "ed as domestic partners in Berkeley. Ken Hoover, Same-Sex Marriage Bill Stalls, UPI, Apr. 24, 1991.\n"
9780814715383 - page_258: "START TEXT: 68. MARTHA ALBERTSON FINEMAN, THE NEUTERED MOTHER, THE SEXUAL FAMILY, AND OTHER TWENTIETH CENTURY TR" ******* END TEXT: ". Id. at 230.\n81. 618 N.Y.S.2d 356 (1994).\n82. See generally MARGARET MAHONEY, STEPFAMILIES AND THE "
9780814715383 - page_259: "START TEXT: LAW 130 (1994) (reporting that one-third of all states confer visitation rights to stepparents).\n83." ******* END TEXT: "ESBIAN AND GAY LEGAL ISSUES 127 (1994).\n90. Someone could make up stories of disadvantage but those "
9780814715383 - page_260: "START TEXT: stories will often be verifiable. Even if fraud problems existed with my proposal, I still believe t" ******* END TEXT: "xes Are There?, N.Y. TIMES, Mar. 12, 1993, at A29.\n13. See supra chapter 5.\n14. See infra Part IIC.\n"
9780814715383 - page_261: "START TEXT: 15. Tina Gaudoin, Prisoner of Gender: Androgyny, HARPER’S BAZAAR, June 1993, at 114.\n16. Id.\n17. MAR" ******* END TEXT: "an Parents, 3 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 289 (1994).\n34. Leisge v. Leisge, 292 S.E. 2d 352 (Va. 1982).\n"
9780814715383 - page_262: "START TEXT: 35. Id. at 7.\n36. Lesbian Loses Custody of Her Son, NAT’L LJ., May 8, 1995, at A10.\n37. See, e.g., I" ******* END TEXT: " let cases proceed to the stage of justification.\n50. 852 P.2d 44 (Haw. 1993).\n51. Id. at 52 n. 11.\n"
9780814715383 - page_263: "START TEXT: 52. Id. at 5 2 n. 12.\n53. BORNSTEIN, supra note 47*\n54. Id. at 24.\n55. Id. at 27.\n56. Doe v. Boeing " ******* END TEXT: ": A Study in Patriarchy, 5 HARV. WOMEN’S L.J. 73, 102 (1982).\n75. 507 F. Supp. 599 (S.D.N.Y. 1981).\n"
9780814715383 - page_264: "START TEXT: 76. Fountain v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 555 F.2d 753 (9th Cir. 1977).\n77. Fagan v. National Cash Regis" ******* END TEXT: "dren staying with wife who was undergoing female to male transsexual procedure). But see Frances B. "
9780814715383 - page_265: "START TEXT: v. Mark B., 355 N.Y.S.2d 712 (1974) (post-operative female to male transsexual could not succeed on " ******* END TEXT: "o be denied proper medical care by being denied conjugated estrogens); Phillips v. Michigan Dept of "
9780814715383 - page_266: "START TEXT: Corrections, 731 F. Supp. 792 (W.D. Mich. 1990) (transsexual inmate entitled to preliminary injuncti" ******* END TEXT: "of species become separated over a long enough period of time to develop different distributions of "
9780814715383 - page_267: "START TEXT: characteristics. When those differences are substantial enough, races are said to have developed. Th" ******* END TEXT: "ment Data Collection and the Census (available from Anita Allen, Georgetown University Law Center).\n"
9780814715383 - page_268: "START TEXT: 14. 163 U.S. 537 (1896).\n15. JACK GREENBERG, CASES AND MATERIALS ON JUDICIAL PROCESS AND SOCIAL CHAN" ******* END TEXT: "hich may make them more acceptable to whites. For example, a colleague of mine has told me that his "
9780814715383 - page_269: "START TEXT: African-American wife was told at a job interview with a bank that they would consider hiring her if" ******* END TEXT: "1994, Metro Section at 1 (reporting that Randall Kennedy says that “race should never be considered "
9780814715383 - page_270: "START TEXT: in adoptions, even if there comes a day when enough black families can be found to adopt all the bla" ******* END TEXT: " Id.\n47. Id.\n48. Id.\n49. Id.\n50. Id.\n51. The Columbia Law School application contains the following "
9780814715383 - page_271: "START TEXT: categories: American Indian/Alaskan; Black/African-American; White/Caucasian; Chicano/Mexican-Americ" ******* END TEXT: "OSOPHICAL FORUM 267, 276 (1992–93).\n67. Id. at 270.\n68. Id. at 267.\n69. Id. at 268.\n70. Id. at 269.\n"
9780814715383 - page_272: "START TEXT: 71. 476 U.S. 267 (1986).\n72. Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education, 746 F.2d 1152, 1156 (6th Cir. 198" ******* END TEXT: "wever, have described the case as not involving an “authentic” Native American. Hacker reports, for "
9780814715383 - page_273: "START TEXT: example, that in “one egregious case, a white contractor won an award because he claimed he had a Na" ******* END TEXT: "the Lower Limits of Stereotyping of Blacks, 34 J. OF PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 590 (1976)).\n"
9780814715383 - page_274: "START TEXT: 105. National Assn. of Black Social Workers, Position Paper (Summer 1973) (as cited in Forde-Mazrui," ******* END TEXT: "litics, CRISIS, 22 (Nov.-Dec. 1992).\n112. See, e.g., Drummond v. Fulton County Department of Family "
9780814715383 - page_275: "START TEXT: and Children’s Services, 547 F.2d 835 (5th Cir. 1977); Reisman v. State of Tennessee Department of H" ******* END TEXT: "ot at all clear that even the slaves imported from abroad represented ‘pure Negro race’. . . . many "
9780814715383 - page_276: "START TEXT: of the tribes imported from Africa had intermingled with peoples of the Mediterranean, among them Po" ******* END TEXT: "s of being oppressed, but its racial diversity may lead a descendant to an irreconcilable slave and "
9780814715383 - page_277: "START TEXT: slave-owning genealogy. If one would liberate oneself through identification by means of family hist" ******* END TEXT: "Discrimination against Overweight People: Can Society Still Get Away with It?, 30 GONZ. L. REV. 105 "
9780814715383 - page_278: "START TEXT: (1994/1995); Karen M. Kramer and Arlene B. Magerson, Obesity, Discrimination in the Workplace: Prote" ******* END TEXT: "d Earnings in Young Adulthood, 148 J. ARCHIVES, PEDIATRICS, AND ADOLESCENT MED. 681, 682–85 (1994).\n"
9780814715383 - page_279: "START TEXT: 33. See EEOC v. USAIR, 6:92CV00272, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12135 (M.D. N.C. June 27, 1994).\n34. See, " ******* END TEXT: " (1st Cir. 1992).\n53. Id. at 1272.\n54. 43 Op. Att’y Gen. 12 (1977).\n55. 29 U.S.C. 706 (7)(B)(1982).\n"
9780814715383 - page_280: "START TEXT: 56. VOGLER AND BARTZ, supra note 50, at 15.\n57. Traynor v. Turnage, 485 U.S. 535 (1988).\n58. 951 F.2" ******* END TEXT: "ast, that we examine the concrete situation to see if a disability poses a disadvantage rather than "
9780814715383 - page_281: "START TEXT: worry about whether the individual experiences disability in other facets of his or her life. To the" ******* END TEXT: "uction to meet the unique needs of children with disabilities, the teacher, the parents or guardian "
9780814715383 - page_282: "START TEXT: of such child, and, whenever appropriate, such child, which statement shall include [six criteria].”" ******* END TEXT: "adjudicatory settings because the “human propensity to prejudge and make irrational categorizations "
9780814715383 - page_283: "START TEXT: is . . . checked by procedural safeguards found in an adversarial system”).\n82. Id. at 1389 (footnot" ******* END TEXT: "erally JOEL DREYFUSS AND CHARLES LAWRENCE 111, THE BAKKE CASE: THE POLITICS OF INEQUALITY 5 (1979).\n"
9780814715383 - page_284: "START TEXT: 10. See DREYFUSS AND LAWRENCE supra note 9, at 24.\n11. 42 U.S.C. 2000(d) et seq.\n12. U.S. CONST, ame" ******* END TEXT: "o the alleged harassment was sufficiently prompt and adequate to negate any liability.” Id. at 759.\n"
9780814715383 - page_285: "START TEXT: 33. Id. at 762 n. 9.\n34. Jew, 749 F. Supp. at 958.\n35. Id. at 952.\n36. Id. at 958.\n37. Id. at 958.\n3" ******* END TEXT: "ions of employment”). Carreno, 54 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) at 82 (“The issue before the court is "
9780814715383 - page_286: "START TEXT: whether a homosexual male may recover under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964”).\n51. Price W" ******* END TEXT: "1. Id. at 596.\n72. Id. at 596.\n73. Hall v. Gus Construction Company, 842 F.2d 1010 (8th Cir. 1988).\n"
9780814715383 - page_287: "START TEXT: 74. The purportedly nonsexualized episodes included calling one of the women “herpes,” male crew mem" ******* END TEXT: "ed his performance as competent. He had not been suspended, written up, or otherwise disciplined”).\n"
9780814715383 - page_288: "START TEXT: 79. Hicks, 756 F. Supp. 1244, 1247 n. 7 (E.D. Mo. 1991).\n80. Id. at 1248.\n81. Id. at 1248 n. 10.\n82." ******* END TEXT: " before January, 1984.” Id. at 1252.\n95. Id. at 1252 (calling the comments “personally motivated”).\n"
9780814715383 - page_289: "START TEXT: 96. Bivens v. Jeffers Vet Supply, 873 F. Supp. 1500 (M.D. Ala. 1994).\n97. Arzate v. City of Topeka, " ******* END TEXT: " 2742.\n112. Hicks v. St. Mary’s Honor Center, 2 F.3d 265 (8th Cir. 1993).\n113. 438 U.S. 265 (1978).\n"
9780814715383 - page_290: "START TEXT: 114. JOEL DREYFUSS AND CHARLES LAWRENCE III, THE BAKKE CASE: THE POLITICS OF INEQUALITY 5 (1979).\n11" ******* END TEXT: "mination” case reflects the presumption of qualification that is accorded to white male plaintiffs.\n"
9780814715383 - page_291: "START TEXT: 129. 861 F. Supp. 551 (W.D. Texas 1994).\n130. Id.\n131. Id. at 580.\n132. Id. at 580.\n133. See, e.g., " ******* END TEXT: "fendant must then articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory explanation for the employment action. "
9780814715383 - page_292: "START TEXT: Plaintiff is then given an opportunity to rebut the explanations offered by defendant. Even if plain" ******* END TEXT: " AND RACIAL STUDIES 75, 77 (1993).\n8. Id. at 77.\n9. ALTERMAN, supra note 2, at 233.\n10. Id. at 233.\n"
9780814715383 - page_293: "START TEXT: 11. Lee, supra note 7, at 79.\n12. Id. at 79.\n13. Id. at 79.\n14. Id. at 80.\n15. Id. at 83.\n16. Id. at" ******* END TEXT: "ings 127 (June 30, 1993).\n25. See generally PETER S. LI, RACE AND ETHNIC RELATIONS IN CANADA (1990)."
9780814715383 - page_294: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814715383 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Preface\nBisexuals are blamed for spreading AIDS to the heterosexual community,1 transsexuals for des" ******* END TEXT: "t disabled. Their lives often constitute a unique set of traits and experiences not found at either "
9780814715383 - page_xii: "START TEXT: end of the bipolar spectrum. Sometimes, they are considered exotic; other times, they are considered" ******* END TEXT: "have often confronted these questions of identity. Multiracial organizations are insisting that the "
9780814715383 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: United States Census add a category to reflect their existence. Some people with disabilities speak " ******* END TEXT: "irl by my keyboard, who rejoices in taking off all her clothes when she plays outside. I write with "
9780814715383 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: trepidation because of the enormous scope of this study. This book could easily have been eight volu" ******* END TEXT: "elf want to learn better how to live between categories, and tolerate others who choose to do so.\n\n\n"
9780814715383 - page_ii: "START TEXT: CRITICAL AMERICA\nRichard Delgado and Jean StefancicGENERAL EDITORS\nWhite by Law:The Legal Constructi" ******* END TEXT: "adR. George Wright\nHybrid:Bisexuals, Multiracials, and Other Misfitsunder American LawRuth Colker\n\n\n"
9780814715383 - page_iii: "START TEXT: HYBRID\nBisexuals, Multiracials,and Other Misfitsunder American Law\nRUTH COLKER\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "HYBRID\nBisexuals, Multiracials,and Other Misfitsunder American Law\nRUTH COLKER\n\n\n\n"
9780814715635 - page_251: "START TEXT: Ruth Colker is the Heck-Faust Memorial Chair in Constitutional Law at The Ohio State University Coll" ******* END TEXT: " author, most recently, of Hybrid: Bisexuals, Multiracials, and Other Misfits under American Law.\n\n\n"
9780814715635 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: than I have. He sent me books and articles as well as captivating ideas. I hope I have been as respo" ******* END TEXT: "er. A workshop sponsored by the University of Illinois Law School gave me invaluable assistance for "
9780814715635 - page_xv: "START TEXT: both the first and third chapters and particularly helped me develop my definition of capitalism. Th" ******* END TEXT: "ard; my five-year-old, Cara Colker-Eybel, learned to respect my office space so that she could play "
9780814715635 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: computer games without ruining my work, and my infant, Samuel Colker-Eybel, cooperated by sitting qu" ******* END TEXT: "nities that I have had, to spend time with their children while experiencing a fulfilling career.\n\n\n"
9780814715635 - page_1: "START TEXT: Isabelle Dumont, a legal immigrant to the United States from Haiti, works for the Bayer family. In r" ******* END TEXT: "n she asks about this, Mrs. Bayer tells her it is in her best interest that they do not, because if "
9780814715635 - page_10: "START TEXT: interests of society, it is unrealistic to expect employers to provide for free those benefits for t" ******* END TEXT: ", and in the meantime, the law of the welfare state has vanished from many law school curricula. As "
9780814715635 - page_11: "START TEXT: governmental assistance for society’s less privileged members has become more unpopular, law schools" ******* END TEXT: "le, in his brief discussion of Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), he states that such "
9780814715635 - page_12: "START TEXT: programs “have been found to have surprisingly large negative effects on participation in the labor " ******* END TEXT: "mited transfer payments are supposed to eliminate this disincentive, without an accompanying social "
9780814715635 - page_13: "START TEXT: safety net, they are unlikely to achieve the effectiveness of the French model. Poor, single mothers" ******* END TEXT: "or women and their children, however, has no place in law and economics. In the name of efficiency, "
9780814715635 - page_14: "START TEXT: the United States encourages all adults to participate in the paid labor force while offering little" ******* END TEXT: "law and economics ignores the quality of our next generation as the external effect of this policy.\n"
9780814715635 - page_15: "START TEXT: Readers who are interested in alternative perspectives on law and economics currently have few sourc" ******* END TEXT: "ntries to show how American law purports to favor laissez-faire policies while, in fact, protecting "
9780814715635 - page_16: "START TEXT: the rich at the expense of the quality of life for most members of our society. Rather than applaud " ******* END TEXT: "r society is appropriately viewed as divided into races, making it right that an injustice rendered "
9780814715635 - page_17: "START TEXT: in the past to a black man should be compensated for by discriminating against a white. Nothing is w" ******* END TEXT: ". It is not simply unfair to women to deny them these opportunities, but according to laissez-faire "
9780814715635 - page_18: "START TEXT: principles, the long-term interests of society suffer from such inefficient policies.\nJudge Frank Ea" ******* END TEXT: "d Work Opportunity Act, enacted in 1996, is the best example of its influence on American statutory "
9780814715635 - page_19: "START TEXT: law. This statute radically changed America’s response to poor families by eliminating financial ass" ******* END TEXT: "arn the lessons of free-market economics and limit the production of children.19 This apparently is "
9780814715635 - page_2: "START TEXT: they did, Isabelle would also be responsible for Social Security taxes.\nWhen Isabelle heard that the" ******* END TEXT: "omeday, since both parents are alumni of that institution. When Mr. Bayer sends in his contribution "
9780814715635 - page_20: "START TEXT: an acceptable result in a system in which laissez-faire economics is the only recognized value. The " ******* END TEXT: " earners.”20 It is time to move into the twenty-first century with a more flexible understanding of "
9780814715635 - page_21: "START TEXT: the family and the individual person, with social programs that satisfy this social reality.\nCapital" ******* END TEXT: "sm has not been willing to use the state as a weapon against the selfishness of the merchant class. "
9780814715635 - page_22: "START TEXT: Instead, American law is premised on the assumption that welfare moms, not entrepreneurs, are selfis" ******* END TEXT: "st question the morality of laissez-faire economics. If such policies are not inevitable, then they "
9780814715635 - page_23: "START TEXT: should be noted and changed to create a more equitable society. No other Western industrialized nati" ******* END TEXT: "oduced higher gross domestic products (GDP) than the United States’ or Great Britain’s economy has. "
9780814715635 - page_24: "START TEXT: Although one might argue that these economies would have operated even better had they used more lai" ******* END TEXT: "mes that a free market with little or no state intervention is in society’s best interest because a "
9780814715635 - page_25: "START TEXT: free market best allows workers and owners to use their human capital. But an employee who is identi" ******* END TEXT: " discussion because they do not rely on unrealistic postulates borrowed from theoretical economics:\n"
9780814715635 - page_26: "START TEXT: Market economics enshrines choice and lionizes the individual. Carried to its furthest extreme, it a" ******* END TEXT: "abelle’s side of the story be reflected in our national policies concerning workers and families.\n\n\n"
9780814715635 - page_3: "START TEXT: to the school each year, he chuckles that it is really his children’s insurance policy.\nIsabelle has" ******* END TEXT: "grated to Canada report a different story. They have health insurance, and those who live in Quebec "
9780814715635 - page_4: "START TEXT: receive some state support if they have children. In Canada, immigrants can work in child care cente" ******* END TEXT: " the ultrarich? In chapter 3, I compare judicial interpretations of the Americans with Disabilities "
9780814715635 - page_5: "START TEXT: Act with interpretations of similar statutes in Canada, Australia, and Great Britain. Although the U" ******* END TEXT: "hat the uniquely American response to the needs of the worker and the family is sometimes justified "
9780814715635 - page_6: "START TEXT: under the rubric of laissez-faire capitalism—a capitalism that I believe should more aptly be termed" ******* END TEXT: "ns while also undermining the interests of our economy as a whole. We cannibalize our most precious "
9780814715635 - page_7: "START TEXT: resource—the health and well-being of the next generation—to serve the interests of the ultrarich. A" ******* END TEXT: "osner’s work, “[T]here is a difference between saying—if you want to promote utility or wealth then "
9780814715635 - page_8: "START TEXT: these are the rules you should adopt—and saying—because these rules would promote utility or wealth " ******* END TEXT: "e considering abandoning their longstanding support of the family and worker. If there is one thing "
9780814715635 - page_9: "START TEXT: that we can safely predict, it is that the United States will remain firmly capitalistic and serve a" ******* END TEXT: "tomorrow’s responsible member of the community. But even though such programs benefit the long-term "
9780814715635 - page_27: "START TEXT: In the eighteenth century, upper-class Boston families could send their nearly illiterate children t" ******* END TEXT: "ive action programs for some members of racial minorities (all the while continuing their policy of "
9780814715635 - page_28: "START TEXT: alumni preference for privileged whites). But affirmative action has and continues to receive much c" ******* END TEXT: " rarely are used to question societal protection for white males.\nAnti-Affirmative Action Economics\n"
9780814715635 - page_29: "START TEXT: The dogma of efficiency has selectively infiltrated the law of discrimination. Richard Posner argues" ******* END TEXT: "ntire class of people overcome decades of entrenched poverty. But when confronted with such an argu "
9780814715635 - page_30: "START TEXT: ment, Posner backs away from his overarching concern for efficiency: “To say that discrimination is " ******* END TEXT: " higher education have never relied exclusively on the “merit” principle in deciding whom to admit. "
9780814715635 - page_31: "START TEXT: Until the 1920s, the only “merit” requirement was that applicants take a list of courses available o" ******* END TEXT: "admissions process, legacy candidates are given an equal or greater advantage. In 1988, for example,"
9780814715635 - page_32: "START TEXT: approximately two hundred applicants received alumni preference—a figure that exceeded the total num" ******* END TEXT: "s and especially test scores. Whereas graduation from elite secondary schools and an ability to pay "
9780814715635 - page_33: "START TEXT: the tuition were the sole admissions criteria before the 1920s, the post-World War II era saw the em" ******* END TEXT: "ns, rather than success in the profession.18 The obsession with testing that began to overtake Amer "
9780814715635 - page_34: "START TEXT: ican culture in the 1970s therefore caused institutions to be blind to the accuracy or relevance of " ******* END TEXT: "y to have been given preferential treatment, were not subject to criticism or stigma. One might sim "
9780814715635 - page_35: "START TEXT: ply say that various criteria were used for admissions purposes—test scores, parents’ educational st" ******* END TEXT: "admissions while affirming a preference for whites. It concluded that a university may not consider "
9780814715635 - page_36: "START TEXT: an individual’s race in the application process but can consider an applicant’s “relationship to sch" ******* END TEXT: "rmitted to attempt to contradict) that “[t]he use of a racial characteristic to establish a presump "
9780814715635 - page_37: "START TEXT: tion that the individual also possesses other, and socially relevant, characteristics exemplifies, e" ******* END TEXT: "he Hopwood opinion is that it makes clear what earlier one might have been able only to suggest cyn "
9780814715635 - page_38: "START TEXT: ically—that law and economics’ supposed concern for efficiency and personal autonomy is deployed in " ******* END TEXT: "ns criteria that are supposed to be “need blind.” How can a process be need blind while also giving "
9780814715635 - page_39: "START TEXT: weight to alumni children, because of its beneficial effect on fund-raising? If we justify the legac" ******* END TEXT: "from that institution. It is true that the composition of this group has been socially constructed. "
9780814715635 - page_40: "START TEXT: One is not inherently—biologically—an alumni child; one becomes an alumni child because of something" ******* END TEXT: "effect on prejudice and bigotry, Posner misunderstood the justification for more than token partici "
9780814715635 - page_41: "START TEXT: pation by a racial minority group at an institution. The point is not that all blacks think alike, a" ******* END TEXT: "the maintenance of a white, propertied social and economic structure.\nEmployment Affirmative Action\n"
9780814715635 - page_42: "START TEXT: Particular employment decisions, like particular educational admissions decisions, require that the " ******* END TEXT: ", 17.1 percent of whites had received college diplomas, compared with only 8.4 percent of blacks.33\n"
9780814715635 - page_43: "START TEXT: Whites have the opportunity to benefit from examination and education requirements, regardless of wh" ******* END TEXT: "h century, this practice began to come under attack when articles complained that “horde upon horde”"
9780814715635 - page_44: "START TEXT: were “connected with the practice of so noble a profession.”41 It was at this time that Christopher " ******* END TEXT: "shortly after a black applicant used this method to gain admission. The state of South Carolina, of "
9780814715635 - page_45: "START TEXT: course, defends each of these changes on race-neutral grounds. Similarly, in Philadelphia, applicant" ******* END TEXT: "t a matter of pure luck if the ‘70’ thereby derived corresponded with anybody’s judgment of minimal "
9780814715635 - page_46: "START TEXT: competence.”47 And when upholding the constitutionality of the bar exam under a very lenient constit" ******* END TEXT: " demonstration of how educational and testing requirements change as overt entry barriers to blacks "
9780814715635 - page_47: "START TEXT: are eliminated. In Griggs, an employer changed the rules for promotion from laborer-level jobs into " ******* END TEXT: " valuable purpose. His source for this claim is the industry that creates and promotes these tests:\n"
9780814715635 - page_48: "START TEXT:     Notwithstanding their embattled status under Title VII, there is a widespread belief on the part" ******* END TEXT: "cks is word-of-mouth recruiting. The American labor force is heavily segregated along racial lines. "
9780814715635 - page_49: "START TEXT: Because of segregation in friendship and housing patterns, word-of-mouth recruiting helps perpetuate" ******* END TEXT: " are cheap and thus efficient, the first process usually results in large numbers of minority appli "
9780814715635 - page_50: "START TEXT: cants, and the second usually does not (that is, not in an already segregated workplace). Hence as e" ******* END TEXT: "t liable when it passively relies on the natural flow of applicants for its entry-level positions.”\n"
9780814715635 - page_51: "START TEXT: Eight years later, in EEOC v. Consolidated Service Systems, the Miniature holding was transformed in" ******* END TEXT: "ate of black employment than was an act of discrimination by the employer, O&G Spring & Wire Forms.\n"
9780814715635 - page_52: "START TEXT: The only evidence confirming the interest of blacks in such employment contradicts Manion’s assertio" ******* END TEXT: "imination laws succeeded in using those laws to kick these people off the ladder by compelling them "
9780814715635 - page_53: "START TEXT: to institute costly systems of hiring.”60 According to this “logic,” word-of-mouth recruiting should" ******* END TEXT: "cation of the merit principle is not inevitable. Canada, for example, seems to have escaped many of "
9780814715635 - page_54: "START TEXT: the problems surrounding the hiring and educational practices in the United States. Testing for educ" ******* END TEXT: "rought by white men in the same way as they do claims of discrimination brought by African-American "
9780814715635 - page_55: "START TEXT: women. In addition, this approach subjects affirmative action measures on behalf of women or racial " ******* END TEXT: "efore should be protected from discrimination. Marital status, sexual orientation, citizenship, and "
9780814715635 - page_56: "START TEXT: being adoptive parents or adoptive children have been found to constitute analogous grounds. Thus, n" ******* END TEXT: "of under this part rests on the party seeking to invoke this part to demonstrate its application.62\n"
9780814715635 - page_57: "START TEXT: The application of these three principles reflects a compromise on affirmative action. It was not in" ******* END TEXT: "s regarding maternity and child care benefits. The plaintiff’s were adoptive parents who were given "
9780814715635 - page_58: "START TEXT: less paid leave under the Unemployment Insurance Act than were similarly situated biological parents" ******* END TEXT: "ursue the analogous ground arguments.\nTo support the claim that they were a group deserving antidis "
9780814715635 - page_59: "START TEXT: crimination protection under Part 1 of Section 15, the plaintiff’s referred to international convent" ******* END TEXT: "of pregnancy. In other words, the program provided direct financial support during family formation,"
9780814715635 - page_60: "START TEXT: which would be as useful to biological parents as to adoptive parents. The fact that the program had" ******* END TEXT: "ction principles, it extended the ameliorative program to another disadvantaged class. It sought to "
9780814715635 - page_61: "START TEXT: maximize the benefits of family support programs for all of society while also guarding against unne" ******* END TEXT: "ibe white privilege, not simply criticize modest attempts by blacks to attempt to even the score.\n\n\n"
9780814715635 - page_62: "START TEXT: Wall Street Journal columnist James Bovard ridiculed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) by s" ******* END TEXT: "t Journal reporter Stephanie Mehta made the unfounded accusation that “the cost of [ADA] compliance "
9780814715635 - page_63: "START TEXT: has probably affected many small business profit margins,”4 ignoring the fact that most private empl" ******* END TEXT: "mic perspective. According to free-market principles, the state should not require that the private "
9780814715635 - page_64: "START TEXT: sector use preferential programs to improve the employability of members of disadvantaged groups bec" ******* END TEXT: "tion the legitimacy of the state’s determining that a particular subgroup—people with disabilities— "
9780814715635 - page_65: "START TEXT: deserve statutory protection that is not available to others in society.\nThe second argument is made" ******* END TEXT: "h as any municipality in the United States, Richmond knows what racial discrimination is; a century "
9780814715635 - page_66: "START TEXT: of decisions by this and other federal courts have richly documented the city’s disgraceful history " ******* END TEXT: "d Australia have won major elections at the federal or regional level. The New Democratic Party was "
9780814715635 - page_67: "START TEXT: recently in power in Ontario, Canada, and the Liberal government is in power at the federal level. A" ******* END TEXT: "t in Canada than in the United States.\nOf course, language is not entirely meaningless. U.S. courts "
9780814715635 - page_68: "START TEXT: have had to (reluctantly) impose some reasonable accommodation requirements and have not been able t" ******* END TEXT: "vantaged group so that this person can have a greater opportunity of being selected for a position.\n"
9780814715635 - page_69: "START TEXT: These terms describe programs designed to improve the employability of historically disadvantaged gr" ******* END TEXT: "l advancement. In 1975 Joyce then transferred from a senior account clerk position to a road mainte "
9780814715635 - page_70: "START TEXT: nance worker in order to qualify for the dispatcher position. She was the first woman to fill the ro" ******* END TEXT: "mative action officer as simply ridding the promotion process of explicit sex-based discrimination.\n"
9780814715635 - page_71: "START TEXT: Justice Sandra Day O’Connor’s concurrence described the selection process as one in which Joyce was " ******* END TEXT: "is that rather than preferential treatment, people with disabilities often need accommodations that "
9780814715635 - page_72: "START TEXT: remove barriers at the workplace: “Reasonable accommodation involves the making of modifications or " ******* END TEXT: "nd codified by the U.S. Congress in the 1991 Civil Rights Act.16 According to these theories, those "
9780814715635 - page_73: "START TEXT: rules that operate as barriers to employment must be modified if they cannot be justified by busines" ******* END TEXT: "gious discrimination cases, but the definition of reasonable accommodation is quite narrow, in part "
9780814715635 - page_74: "START TEXT: because of our antiestablishment clause.18 An antiestablishment clause does not exist in the Canadia" ******* END TEXT: " it tolerates preferential treatment exclusively for members of a historically disadvantaged class.\n"
9780814715635 - page_75: "START TEXT: Preferential treatment for historically disadvantaged groups is legally disfavored under race and se" ******* END TEXT: "itution states that no state shall “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection "
9780814715635 - page_76: "START TEXT: of the laws.” Because we each are “persons,” we are covered by the Constitution regardless of our pa" ******* END TEXT: "nation law, however, allows only those individuals who are “qualified individuals with disabilities”"
9780814715635 - page_77: "START TEXT: to file a claim of discrimination. A qualified individual with a disability is an “individual with a" ******* END TEXT: " One can therefore find a common anti-affirmative action thread running through both disability and "
9780814715635 - page_78: "START TEXT: race and sex antidiscrimination law in the United States, despite the differing statutory language.\n" ******* END TEXT: "a for a qualified individual with a disability, the person is also entitled to the statute’s nondis "
9780814715635 - page_79: "START TEXT: crimination protections. The employer could not, for example, fire all insulin-dependent diabetics (" ******* END TEXT: " the reassignment requirement have often restated the requirement as if it were a nondiscrimination "
9780814715635 - page_80: "START TEXT: rather than a reasonable accommodation requirement. For example, in Daugherty v. City of El Paso,23 " ******* END TEXT: "fendants did not violate the ADA when they failed to tell the plaintiff about an opening in another "
9780814715635 - page_81: "START TEXT: department, for which he may have been qualified, within ninety days of his disability-related disch" ******* END TEXT: "greed that he was no longer qualified to drive an over-the-road truck.) After the jury ruled in the "
9780814715635 - page_82: "START TEXT: plaintiff’s favor, the defendant asked the court to overturn the verdict because the evidence was in" ******* END TEXT: "bility discrimination law explicitly requires reasonable accommodation, courts cannot dismantle its "
9780814715635 - page_83: "START TEXT: affirmative action elements entirely. But one technique that they can use to limit the scope of the " ******* END TEXT: "tions: “caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, "
9780814715635 - page_84: "START TEXT: [and] learning.” The general regulation for substantial limitation is that the person is\nunable to p" ******* END TEXT: " not specify that “working” should be treated differently than other covered major life activities.\n"
9780814715635 - page_85: "START TEXT: The EEOC, however, did not have to promulgate this special rule to reach that intended result. The A" ******* END TEXT: "use before he suffered a work-related injury to his feet. Although it is possible that a reasonable "
9780814715635 - page_86: "START TEXT: accommodation might have permitted Bolton to perform his job, the court of appeals ruled that the di" ******* END TEXT: "stantially limited in a major life activity must be made on a case by case basis, without regard to "
9780814715635 - page_87: "START TEXT: mitigating measures such as medicines, or assistive or prosthetic devices.” The EEOC offers no furth" ******* END TEXT: "tiff relied on the EEOC guidelines for support that insulin-dependent diabetics are per se disabled "
9780814715635 - page_88: "START TEXT: because of their dependence on insulin in order to function. Rather, the court held that the plainti" ******* END TEXT: "nada and Australia are much less restrictive in the list of disabilities covered by their statutes.\n"
9780814715635 - page_89: "START TEXT: Canada\nREASONABLE ACCOMMODATION CASE LAW\nThe Canadian constitution explicitly recognizes and protect" ******* END TEXT: "Canadian disability discrimination statute (which is part of its general human rights statute) does "
9780814715635 - page_90: "START TEXT: not explicitly require reasonable accommodation. That duty was impliedly found to exist in the 1980s" ******* END TEXT: "e reasonable accommodation for the special needs of any individual or group, if those special needs "
9780814715635 - page_91: "START TEXT: are based upon any [disability] characteristic.”)38 The grievant, Mr. Ulasy, became disabled and was" ******* END TEXT: "ple with disabilities is much broader in Canada than in the United States. For example, the Ontario "
9780814715635 - page_92: "START TEXT: Human Rights Code, which includes protection against handicap discrimination, does not contain the “" ******* END TEXT: "pendent diabetics can obtain coverage under the Ontario statute. There is also little question that "
9780814715635 - page_93: "START TEXT: the issue of whether one is handicapped is measured before the use of mitigating measures because a " ******* END TEXT: "ls a reasonable accommodation an “adjustment” and states that when arrangements or physical feature\n"
9780814715635 - page_94: "START TEXT: place the disabled person at a substantial disadvantage in comparison with persons who are not disab" ******* END TEXT: "n and its preexisting common law protection for all workers. The current disability law mirrors the "
9780814715635 - page_95: "START TEXT: conservative economic influences in Great Britain, and the common law reflects earlier support for t" ******* END TEXT: "itish Parliament rejected the mitigating measures rule adopted by some courts in the United States.\n"
9780814715635 - page_96: "START TEXT: Australia\nREASONABLE ACCOMMODATION\nThe case law from Australia with respect to reasonable accommodat" ******* END TEXT: "ent, the disability need not substantially limit a major life activity. Proving the existence of an "
9780814715635 - page_97: "START TEXT: impairment that fits into one of seven categories is sufficient for coverage. In addition, protectio" ******* END TEXT: "use for further reflection. Through the adoption of the ADA, even the Republican-dominated Congress "
9780814715635 - page_98: "START TEXT: probably intended to provide meaningful protection to people with a disability. But, for example, ex" ******* END TEXT: "ople with disabilities, often providing them with what I have termed affirmative action protection.\n"
9780814715635 - page_99: "START TEXT: What type of state intervention best serves the interests of people with disabilities? To begin to a" ******* END TEXT: " deserve close examination. America’s parochial lens often prevents such a wide-ranging analysis.\n\n\n"
9780814715635 - page_100: "START TEXT: Kimberly Hern Troupe was employed as a saleswoman in the women’s accessories department at Lord & Ta" ******* END TEXT: "Richard Posner—blames her for the “morning sickness” by suggesting that she caused it to last until "
9780814715635 - page_101: "START TEXT: noon “because she slept later under the new schedule, so that noon was ‘morning’ for her.”\nThe Troup" ******* END TEXT: "s stands alone in the Western world in failing to require employers to provide paid maternity leave "
9780814715635 - page_102: "START TEXT: following the birth of a child. Until 1993, South Africa and the United States were the only industr" ******* END TEXT: " for the benefit of pregnant women; one can only imagine what he might say about a blatantly prefer "
9780814715635 - page_103: "START TEXT: ential treatment policy like the Family Medical and Leave Act (FMLA).\nEconomic discourse has dominat" ******* END TEXT: "s the children.)12 Health insurance for pregnant women results in increased access to prenatal care "
9780814715635 - page_104: "START TEXT: which in turn reduces the incidence of low-birth-weight babies. Paid leave for parents also facilita" ******* END TEXT: "ourse as if they were a unitary entity and as if the woman herself needed paternalistic protection. "
9780814715635 - page_105: "START TEXT: This tradition continues in our modern discourse about pregnancy discrimination and pregnancy leave." ******* END TEXT: "regularly publishes editorials ridiculing the FMLA, with headlines such as “Family-Leave Law Can Be "
9780814715635 - page_106: "START TEXT: Excuse for a Day Off.”16 These articles complain that the $674 million price tag for the statute, as" ******* END TEXT: "ensitivity to the business community as well as to fetal safety and women’s welfare. How he reaches "
9780814715635 - page_107: "START TEXT: that conclusion from Posner’s analysis, however, is hard to fathom.\nThe issue in the case was whethe" ******* END TEXT: "ays that an employer should be able to show evidence of the potential cost of tort liability, moral "
9780814715635 - page_108: "START TEXT: qualms about endangering the child, or the effect on public relations of revealing the safety hazard" ******* END TEXT: " “[W]ithout accommodation for pregnancy, women experience an elevated level of early departure from "
9780814715635 - page_109: "START TEXT: the work force and an associated failure to develop what economists term job specific capital—that i" ******* END TEXT: "yment was actually lawful because at that time, federal law permitted illegal aliens to be hired in "
9780814715635 - page_110: "START TEXT: such positions. Furthermore, the nanny became a legal resident in 1987, thus allowing Wood to contin" ******* END TEXT: "roup day care, many parents make the (uneconomical) decision to use one of these arrangements. Why?\n"
9780814715635 - page_111: "START TEXT: Laissez-faire economics cannot provide an answer here. Parents, who supposedly decide to have childr" ******* END TEXT: "l option in order to safeguard the well-being of their children. The language of the welfare debate,"
9780814715635 - page_112: "START TEXT: however, condemns them as bad mothers without understanding the rationality of their decisions from " ******* END TEXT: " percent pay after the birth or adoption of a child and an optional six-month additional leave that "
9780814715635 - page_113: "START TEXT: can be taken by either parent at 30 percent pay.27 Working mothers were also guaranteed rest periods" ******* END TEXT: "t even the maternity leave is justified in part by the needs of the child. For example, in Germany, "
9780814715635 - page_114: "START TEXT: Norway, Poland, and Luxembourg, maternity leave is lengthened if the baby is born prematurely or the" ******* END TEXT: " of the pregnancy debate in the United States is its focus on the special treatment/equal treatment "
9780814715635 - page_115: "START TEXT: issue. The question that has been posed for nearly a century is whether mandated leave legislation f" ******* END TEXT: "cy and childbirth cause some period of disability, but on a Leyden schoolteacher’s choice to forego "
9780814715635 - page_116: "START TEXT: returning to work in favor of spending time at home with her newborn child. However, this choice is " ******* END TEXT: "at such a coerced choice violated the law against sex discrimination. Citing an earlier decision by "
9780814715635 - page_117: "START TEXT: the Canadian Supreme Court, the Ontario court emphasized that a finding of discrimination was necess" ******* END TEXT: " the employee’s physician while recognizing that the “evidence places the grievor on the borderline "
9780814715635 - page_118: "START TEXT: and it may turn out to have been too optimistic.”36 A U.S. court is unlikely to interpret a close ca" ******* END TEXT: "other action to accommodate the employee because the statute, quite simply, does not require it.”39\n"
9780814715635 - page_119: "START TEXT: One fundamental problem with the equal treatment approach that dominates U.S. case law on the rights" ******* END TEXT: " was ‘morning’ for her.” Of course, the court does not explain why she also frequently had to leave "
9780814715635 - page_120: "START TEXT: work early owing to her nausea. Was she napping at the cosmetic counter? As for her inability to pro" ******* END TEXT: "ned to work with a satisfactory work record after the completion of her pregnancy leave. If the pur "
9780814715635 - page_121: "START TEXT: pose of punitive action against employees is to correct their behavior, it appears that Lord & Taylo" ******* END TEXT: "ould most likely not be earning compensation). Her tardiness and early departures from work suggest "
9780814715635 - page_122: "START TEXT: that paid employment had become extremely difficult for her. Yet she continued to try to work. Why? " ******* END TEXT: " law under the Human Rights Code.\nLike the PDA, the Ontario Human Rights Act and the Canadian Human "
9780814715635 - page_123: "START TEXT: Rights Code state that pregnancy-based discrimination is sex discrimination. The Canadian statutes c" ******* END TEXT: "ild even if they did not offer disability leave for any other condition. This was dubbed a “special "
9780814715635 - page_124: "START TEXT: treatment” case because California was requiring that a benefit be provided to (formerly) pregnant w" ******* END TEXT: "urt’s “special treatment” holding ignored the real beneficiaries of special treatment—the children.\n"
9780814715635 - page_125: "START TEXT: Canadian courts have not been hampered by the special treatment/equal treatment debate. For example," ******* END TEXT: "lation. The function of anti-discrimination legislation is to remove this unfair burden from women.\n"
9780814715635 - page_126: "START TEXT: Women will still be the ones who undergo the physical and emotional burdens of pregnancy, but the Pa" ******* END TEXT: " employment grows out of economic and social factors which operate primarily outside the workplace. "
9780814715635 - page_127: "START TEXT: The employer neither controls nor creates these factors as he creates or controls work processes and" ******* END TEXT: "rols, a woman must choose between unemployment and working in an environment where she might expose "
9780814715635 - page_128: "START TEXT: a fetus to harm. The employer is under no obligation to accommodate the needs of women by making the" ******* END TEXT: "er work assignments while pregnant would force her to “choose between her job and the health of the "
9780814715635 - page_129: "START TEXT: fetus.”59 In the name of formal equality, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals found that such a “c" ******* END TEXT: "f the first statutes explicitly to provide accommodations for some employees in private workplaces. "
9780814715635 - page_130: "START TEXT: Employees who wanted to miss work to receive medical treatment or recover from illness, however, hav" ******* END TEXT: "r.\n(B) Because of the placement of a son or daughter with the employee for adoption or foster care.\n"
9780814715635 - page_131: "START TEXT: (C) In order to care for the spouse, or a son, daughter, or parent, of the employee, if such spouse," ******* END TEXT: "apacity due to a chronic serious health condition. A chronic serious health condition is one which:\n"
9780814715635 - page_132: "START TEXT: (a) requires periodic visits for treatment by a health care provider. . . .\n(b) continues over an ex" ******* END TEXT: "70 And of course, the leave is unpaid, which makes it financially infeasible for many employees. By "
9780814715635 - page_133: "START TEXT: contrast, European countries, as well as Great Britain and Canada, offer paid leave. For example, th" ******* END TEXT: "ocedures which typically do not involve hospitalization and require only a brief recovery period.72\n"
9780814715635 - page_134: "START TEXT: The Senate Report then offers examples of such conditions. Many of the examples—“heart attacks, hear" ******* END TEXT: "for the burdens of pregnancy and childbirth.\nThe Department of Labor’s regulations cover conditions "
9780814715635 - page_135: "START TEXT: lasting more than three consecutive calendar days but also state that the regulations ordinarily exc" ******* END TEXT: "strated that the daughter had had a persistent fever for several days and was under a doctor’s care,"
9780814715635 - page_136: "START TEXT: but she was not able to get FMLA protection for sick leave a month earlier when she had flulike symp" ******* END TEXT: "mergency treatment. The plaintiff did see a physician in his office for her earlier illness, but it "
9780814715635 - page_137: "START TEXT: also appears that she did not have a close personal relationship with the physician. He was able to " ******* END TEXT: "and a clinic thereafter, but Audrey Seidle was not able to prevail because her son visited a doctor "
9780814715635 - page_138: "START TEXT: only one time to be treated for his ear infection.83 In another case, Christopher Bauer was unable t" ******* END TEXT: "han that they were fired as soon as the employer learned they had a serious health condition, since "
9780814715635 - page_139: "START TEXT: employees are rarely at meetings at which such decisions are made.\nEven when defendants concede that" ******* END TEXT: "llow these rules. Although the union can both educate and advocate for the employee, because of the "
9780814715635 - page_140: "START TEXT: decline of unionization in the United States, this possibility is relatively rare.\nA typical example" ******* END TEXT: "llection, he offered specific, useful information that helped support her claim for disability sick "
9780814715635 - page_141: "START TEXT: leave. Finally, the standard for “illness” allowed a physician to make fairly vague supporting state" ******* END TEXT: "to be “normal.”) In comparison with European countries, twelve weeks is an extremely stingy number. "
9780814715635 - page_142: "START TEXT: Nearly every European country provides at least six months of leave for pregnancy alone, with some o" ******* END TEXT: "eeks of unpaid leave over a twenty-four-month period for the birth, adoption, or serious illness of "
9780814715635 - page_143: "START TEXT: a child, and twenty-six weeks of unpaid leave over twelve-month period for an employee’s own serious" ******* END TEXT: "wned pediatrician, testified that a newborn needs a minimum of four months of care from a parent in "
9780814715635 - page_144: "START TEXT: order for appropriate bonding to take place.97 The Advisory Committee on Infant Care Leave of the Ya" ******* END TEXT: "s foreseeable, the FMLA requires that the employee give the employer not less than than thirty days’"
9780814715635 - page_145: "START TEXT: notice before the date on which the leave is to begin. If the date of the treatment requires the lea" ******* END TEXT: "two-week leave when his son was ill with asthma, the court concluded that “he cannot shield himself "
9780814715635 - page_146: "START TEXT: behind inexperience or naivete to excuse the alleged drafting error [that is, not mentioning medical" ******* END TEXT: "enly thought she would be guaranteed her old position back even if she took sixteen weeks of leave.\n"
9780814715635 - page_147: "START TEXT: Substantively, Fry had no argument under the FMLA that she was entitled to be reinstated in her form" ******* END TEXT: "red it necessary or appropriate to provide assistance to all parents. When the Aid to Families with "
9780814715635 - page_148: "START TEXT: Dependent Children (AFDC) program was instituted in 1935, it was conceived as a temporary measure fo" ******* END TEXT: "lleviates a substantial portion of most parents’ child care costs. Interestingly, this allowance is "
9780814715635 - page_149: "START TEXT: available only if the parents are using an established child care center or are employing someone wh" ******* END TEXT: "shed while escaping domestic violence. (Domestic violence is narrowly defined as being “battered or "
9780814715635 - page_150: "START TEXT: subjected to extreme cruelty.") They apparently are considered to be the “deserving poor," compared " ******* END TEXT: "t kind of work Congress expected parents of young children would be able to find that would make it "
9780814715635 - page_151: "START TEXT: possible for them to afford the necessary child care and other expenses of employment. Congress does" ******* END TEXT: "ea, we see a combination of capitalism and moralism that is functionally unnecessary to capitalism.\n"
9780814715635 - page_152: "START TEXT: Amazingly, even capitalists would have trouble justifying these new rules in the name of economic ef" ******* END TEXT: " welfare law presumes that more than two years of dependence on public assistance fosters long-term "
9780814715635 - page_153: "START TEXT: unemployment among single parents, but the French experience shows that single parents can be helped" ******* END TEXT: ". The basic style of discourse in discussing these pregnancy-related issues in the United States is "
9780814715635 - page_154: "START TEXT: unique. U.S. law regarding pregnancy and childbirth reflects the tenets of laissez-faire economics—t" ******* END TEXT: "ldren as well as female employees. But this conversation has not even begun in the United States.\n\n\n"
9780814715635 - page_155: "START TEXT: When Perry Watkins, an African American gay man, was drafted by the U.S. Army in 1967 during the Vie" ******* END TEXT: "uded that “there is no evidence suggesting that his behavior has had either a degrading effect upon "
9780814715635 - page_156: "START TEXT: unit performance, morale or discipline, or upon his own job performance.”2\nAt first, Watkins’s race " ******* END TEXT: " An openly gay African American soldier was no longer acceptable, regardless of his service record.\n"
9780814715635 - page_157: "START TEXT: Watkins’s 1982 discharge became the subject of a lengthy court proceeding that was not resolved unti" ******* END TEXT: "ian, had two children as a result of artificial insemination in the late 1980s when living with her "
9780814715635 - page_158: "START TEXT: partner, G, she, too, had no idea that she would become a well-known figure in the gay and lesbian c" ******* END TEXT: "n and lesbians outside constitutional protection. Judges like Ninth Circuit Judge Stephen Reinhardt "
9780814715635 - page_159: "START TEXT: have found themselves bound by Bowers and therefore unable to rule on behalf of homosexual plaintiff" ******* END TEXT: " the cold war, the Republican Congress has resisted attempts to close bases and radically limit mil "
9780814715635 - page_160: "START TEXT: itary spending. By contrast, Great Britain enacted sweeping social reforms during this same period, " ******* END TEXT: "ul military. To explain the adverse treatment of gays in the military, we thus need to refer to the "
9780814715635 - page_161: "START TEXT: moralism underlying American-style capitalism. House majority leader (Republican) Dick Armey argues " ******* END TEXT: "one rather than elided by conferring all the rights of marriage in a lump on homosexuals willing to "
9780814715635 - page_162: "START TEXT: undergo a wedding ceremony.” Laissez-faire principles were abandoned in the name of deferring to mor" ******* END TEXT: "nal claim to privacy under the American Constitution in Bowers v. Hardwick.19 Not able to afford to "
9780814715635 - page_163: "START TEXT: purchase privacy in his life, he could not expect the courts to give him constitutional protection. " ******* END TEXT: "as do heterosexuals. In the cases brought under equality doctrine (unlike Watkins), the plaintiff’s "
9780814715635 - page_164: "START TEXT: have consistently lost. The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, for example, accepted the argument that" ******* END TEXT: " A month earlier in 1993, the Supreme Court of Canada concluded that it did not constitute unlawful "
9780814715635 - page_165: "START TEXT: “family status” discrimination for a man to be denied bereavement leave to attend the funeral of the" ******* END TEXT: " the court, the general rule was to extend benefits without regard to sexual orientation, the court "
9780814715635 - page_166: "START TEXT: allowed the government to violate that rule in order to benefit the traditional, heterosexual family" ******* END TEXT: " achieved a result that was not possible in the legislature. In 1993, the Ontario Law Reform Commis "
9780814715635 - page_167: "START TEXT: sion recommended that same-sex couples receive some legislative recognition. In 1994, the Equality R" ******* END TEXT: "e not afraid to confront directly the moral arguments supporting sexual orientation discrimination.\n"
9780814715635 - page_168: "START TEXT: Despite some early losses in arbitration cases,29 the current trend is also to extend rights to same" ******* END TEXT: " in the decision. The court simply applied long-standing equitable principles to a case involving a "
9780814715635 - page_169: "START TEXT: same-sex couple. Moralistic arguments did not influence the judgment, thereby allowing the court to " ******* END TEXT: "ts used in the United States to justify sexual orientation discrimination. In Baehr v. Lewin,33 the "
9780814715635 - page_170: "START TEXT: Hawaii Supreme Court ruled that the Hawaii marriage statute presumptively constituted unconstitution" ******* END TEXT: "ctory for gay and lesbian people, but it also reflects a long-term trend toward undermining affirma "
9780814715635 - page_171: "START TEXT: tive action. It also says nothing about overturning Bowers v. Hardwick, therefore still leaving gay " ******* END TEXT: "bits special treatment of homosexuals, and nothing more,”38 argued Justice Scalia in vigorously dis "
9780814715635 - page_172: "START TEXT: senting from the majority’s holding. “The principle,” he contended, that underlies the majority’s op" ******* END TEXT: "bian, and bisexual people after the adoption of Amendment 2. It is this nondiscrimination principle "
9780814715635 - page_173: "START TEXT: that Justice Kennedy’s opinion claimed must be protected by the Equal Protection clause, no more and" ******* END TEXT: " amendment’s language to placate the moralism of Colorado voters. Even Scalia has to admit that the "
9780814715635 - page_174: "START TEXT: Colorado voters were trying to “preserve traditional sexual mores” through the passage of Amendment " ******* END TEXT: "itle VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 because their claims were considered to be based on sexual "
9780814715635 - page_175: "START TEXT: orientation rather than gender. (Title VII prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of sex.)" ******* END TEXT: "advance a homophobic, moralistic agenda.\nThis awkward interpretation of Title VII is not inevitable "
9780814715635 - page_176: "START TEXT: under capitalism. Canadian courts have not excluded gay and lesbian workers from the law of sex disc" ******* END TEXT: "e to American politicians. They have tried to structure the statute around laissez-faire principles "
9780814715635 - page_177: "START TEXT: by having it reflect principles of formal equality and intrude as little as possible into the econom" ******* END TEXT: "by the passage of ENDA. Nonetheless, during the 1996 presidential election campaign, Senator Robert "
9780814715635 - page_178: "START TEXT: Dole, the Republican candidate, criticized ENDA as a “special treatment” statute. When asked during " ******* END TEXT: " a system of nationalized health insurance, because they now realize how important the health insur "
9780814715635 - page_179: "START TEXT: ance issue is to basic survival. But when the gay community itself proposes national antidiscriminat" ******* END TEXT: "a disproportionate impact on gay men and lesbians who hold such service-industry jobs. (For example,"
9780814715635 - page_180: "START TEXT: Michael Hardwick’s job as a bartender in a gay bar would be in jeopardy.)\nNondiscrimination legislat" ******* END TEXT: "y needs to be defended, the U.S. Congress and the courts abandon laissez-faire economic principles. "
9780814715635 - page_181: "START TEXT: But these results are not inevitable under capitalism. Although other capitalist countries are manag" ******* END TEXT: "thstanding the decision in Romer v. Evans and the progress being made toward the passage of ENDA.\n\n\n"
9780814715635 - page_182: "START TEXT: In the late 1980s, Michael Anthony Bullard worked for Bigelow Holding Company, a rental company in t" ******* END TEXT: " I think you’re a fucking nigger lover. Sit your God damn ass down on that fucking stool, shut your "
9780814715635 - page_183: "START TEXT: mouth, and do your fucking work.” Less then a minute later, Dollman added, “On second thought, get y" ******* END TEXT: "trong evidence of discrimination exists. Mandatory arbitration clauses have also prevented many vic "
9780814715635 - page_184: "START TEXT: tims of discrimination from receiving their “day in court.”3 Instead, they have been subjected to em" ******* END TEXT: "ting a productive economy which produces livelihoods without destroying lives?”7 Unfortunately, the "
9780814715635 - page_185: "START TEXT: response of American capitalism to these questions has been disappointing; community has been sacrif" ******* END TEXT: "ve domestic work. (Could these illegal aliens have complained about unlawful or even criminal treat "
9780814715635 - page_186: "START TEXT: ment?—Not if they wanted to stay in the United States.) No attempt was made to broaden the enforceme" ******* END TEXT: "incidents are only some of the most recent examples of overlooked exploitation of domestic workers. "
9780814715635 - page_187: "START TEXT: American law and politics has historically disregarded the conditions of domestic work. The Fair Lab" ******* END TEXT: " and some retail and service workers. When the Clinton administration supported raising the minimum "
9780814715635 - page_188: "START TEXT: wage, no consideration was given to filling in those gaps. Thus, minimum wage laws leave domestic wo" ******* END TEXT: ", violations. Therefore, even though household employers have little to fear in regard to the law’s "
9780814715635 - page_189: "START TEXT: enforcement, illegal aliens have much to fear. If an employer violates the minimum wage or maximum h" ******* END TEXT: "the Eleventh Circuit concluded that the Social Security Act rule was based on the presumption “that "
9780814715635 - page_190: "START TEXT: there is no need for domestic service when both spouses are present and able to work.” Congress appa" ******* END TEXT: ". Of course, I realize that some men are single parents and so are also affected by these policies.\n"
9780814715635 - page_191: "START TEXT: Even more important, why should we give these women an incentive to work in the public marketplace w" ******* END TEXT: "by receiving state assistance in paying for their child care. Thus, either the family is subsidized "
9780814715635 - page_192: "START TEXT: for having the woman stay at home, or the family is subsidized for their child care while she works " ******* END TEXT: "hired an independent contractor to perform the work on the tower, it was not subject to the require "
9780814715635 - page_193: "START TEXT: ments of OSHA. Jere Ellis, like many persons who work in inherently dangerous occupations, received " ******* END TEXT: "pendent contractors to avoid compliance with various federal laws. One of the largest categories of "
9780814715635 - page_194: "START TEXT: poorly paid independent contractors is day laborers, disproportionately composed of immigrant men wh" ******* END TEXT: "yment insurance programs, and minimum-work requirements often serve to exclude part-time employees.\n"
9780814715635 - page_195: "START TEXT: The part-time labor force, though denied the protections of the social safety net, is often not volu" ******* END TEXT: " Workers Protection Act of 1993, publications like the Wall Street Journal complained loudly. Previ "
9780814715635 - page_196: "START TEXT: ous attempts to require full-time/part-time benefit parity have failed. Conservative economists typi" ******* END TEXT: "ost American workers— they received virtually no workplace protection from discipline or discharge.\n"
9780814715635 - page_197: "START TEXT: U.S. law is dominated by the principle of “employment at will.” by which employers can fire workers " ******* END TEXT: "forceable when it is found only in the employer-written personnel manual. The promise is considered "
9780814715635 - page_198: "START TEXT: to be “gratuitous” rather than binding in the absence of specific evidence that the employee relied " ******* END TEXT: "rarely have to justify their termination decisions. In Europe, however, the employer has the burden "
9780814715635 - page_199: "START TEXT: of proving to a works council that it has good cause for dismissal.\nAlthough the American rule suppo" ******* END TEXT: "” standard for discharge. One way to acquire such protection is through a union contract, which typ "
9780814715635 - page_200: "START TEXT: ically contains a good cause rule, as well as a grievance process to contest a discharge. Nonetheles" ******* END TEXT: "administrative law judge held in favor of the union. The National Labor Relations Board adopted the "
9780814715635 - page_201: "START TEXT: findings of the administrative law judge. The employer appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the" ******* END TEXT: "e in a mass layoff, but in most situations, the exceptions to this rule undercut its effectiveness.\n"
9780814715635 - page_202: "START TEXT: To be covered by the statute, an employer must lay off at least one-third of the employees, constitu" ******* END TEXT: "ondition” leading to an economic downturn.41\nIt is unlikely that the Greenpark employees would have "
9780814715635 - page_203: "START TEXT: received any protection had this statute existed at the time of their layoff in the early 1980s, bec" ******* END TEXT: "lanced world in which American corporations do business, communities have little choice but to make "
9780814715635 - page_204: "START TEXT: such concessions. If they do not, companies can quickly relocate to communities that will provide th" ******* END TEXT: ", employers must give advance notice of dismissal, depending on the length of prior employment. The "
9780814715635 - page_205: "START TEXT: employer must also give those being dismissed two days off with pay to look for other work. As in Ge" ******* END TEXT: "subsidized economy. The real question is which sectors receive subsidy. In the employment arena, we "
9780814715635 - page_206: "START TEXT: subsidize those workers and employers who least need subsidies and cut back on subsidies to the poor" ******* END TEXT: "uch proposals are not outlandish; they are fundamental in other Western industrialized countries.\n\n\n"
9780814715635 - page_207: "START TEXT: Consider these two fictional accounts, one from our past and one that imagines our future:\nIsabelle’" ******* END TEXT: "nd racial diversity. She had done some research on this particular judge, a Judge Johnson, and thus "
9780814715635 - page_208: "START TEXT: knew he was eager to win the Latino vote in the next election. He might, she hoped, therefore be int" ******* END TEXT: " the closet” before the interview. But that strategy might also backfire—give him an excuse to turn "
9780814715635 - page_209: "START TEXT: her down for the job before the interview. Usually, she had found, it was better to have people find" ******* END TEXT: "ve me the ideal factual pattern to rule that employers must abide by the plant notification clauses "
9780814715635 - page_210: "START TEXT: in their handbooks. Those workers needed an opportunity to look elsewhere for employment or, if poss" ******* END TEXT: "as always been a fiercely proud woman. When she was younger, she would not seek citizenship just to "
9780814715635 - page_211: "START TEXT: become eligible for benefits. She also assumed, somewhat pig-headedly, that she could work until the" ******* END TEXT: "looked her strong record because of her special interest in the rights of the poor and the elderly?\n"
9780814715635 - page_212: "START TEXT: “Urn, yes, you’re clearly a very fine student. Do you have other credentials that you think I might " ******* END TEXT: "’m a grandfather and love children, but I can’t afford to extend leave of any kind to a clerk in my "
9780814715635 - page_213: "START TEXT: court. This may sound a bit harsh, but it’s what the position and what I require, plain and simple. " ******* END TEXT: "ou after I interview a few more candidates for the position. Thank you very much for your time. And "
9780814715635 - page_214: "START TEXT: give your mother my best wishes. I am sure she must be very proud of you. And don’t worry, your sexu" ******* END TEXT: " been a real standout at the local law school. He knew that he might be criticized if he only hired "
9780814715635 - page_215: "START TEXT: minority clerks, but Medina was so well qualified that he hoped that he could get away with hiring h" ******* END TEXT: "illegal actions and is reportedly paying Social Security taxes for their current domestic workers.”\n"
9780814715635 - page_216: "START TEXT: “I hear that the ‘three strikes and you’re out’ policy has really improved the record of payment for" ******* END TEXT: " I can. One of my other clerks can also help if I have any language difficulties. Well, this really "
9780814715635 - page_217: "START TEXT: looks like a strong application. Do you have any questions for me?”\n“Um, I don’t know quite how to a" ******* END TEXT: "rd to reading your engagement announcement in the newspaper. Feel free to send out invitations, and "
9780814715635 - page_218: "START TEXT: let me know where you want to conduct the ceremony.”\n“Thanks, judge. I hope this is the beginning of" ******* END TEXT: "were forced to quit their jobs as soon as they became pregnant. Today, they can sometimes interview "
9780814715635 - page_219: "START TEXT: while visibly or recently pregnant. We can only hope that these advances will become more widespread" ******* END TEXT: "is or her role in the family. American capitalism can and must do better. Our lives depend on it.\n\n\n"
9780814715635 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1998 by New York UniversityAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814715635 - page_v: "START TEXT: for Sammy, Julia, and Sasha,and the other babies of 1997May they thrive in a society thatgenuinely r" ******* END TEXT: "asha,and the other babies of 1997May they thrive in a society thatgenuinely respects its children\n\n\n"
9780814715635 - page_i: "START TEXT: “Every member of Congress, and every judge, should read this book. Ruth Colker cuts through the rhet" ******* END TEXT: "leaders.”\n—Chai R. Feldblum\nDirector, Federal Legislation Clinic\nGeorgetown University Law Center\n\n\n"
9780814715635 - page_ii: "START TEXT: Other Books by Ruth Colker\nHybrid: Bisexual, Multiracials, and Other Misfits under American Law (199" ******* END TEXT: "tice, Theory and the Law (1994)\nAbortion & Dialogue: Pro-Choice, Pro-Life and American Law (1992)\n\n\n"
9780814715635 - page_245: "START TEXT: Admission to the legal bar, 43\ndiscriminatory practices in South Carolina, 44–45\ndiscriminatory prac" ******* END TEXT: "p. 306 (E.D. Ky 1996) aff’d, 118 F.3d 1109 (6th Cir. 1997), 138\nBecker, Gary, 107\nBell, Derrick, 34\n"
9780814715635 - page_246: "START TEXT: Bigeloiw v. Bullard, 901 P.2d 630 (Nev. Sup. Ct. 1995), 182–83\nBluestone, Barry, 184\nBlumrosen, Alf" ******* END TEXT: "tion laws, 175\nand disability law, 63\nand pregnancy benefits, 102–3, 105\nand test validation, 47–48\n"
9780814715635 - page_247: "START TEXT: Equality Rights Statute Amendment Act, bill 167 (Ontario), 167\nEuropean Union, and pregnant workers," ******* END TEXT: "and pregnancy leave, 112–13\nJohnson v. Primerica, 1996 WL 34148 (S.D.N.Y. January 30, 1996), 145–46\n"
9780814715635 - page_248: "START TEXT: Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, California, 480 U.S. 616 (1987), 17, 69–71\nKen" ******* END TEXT: "\njustifications for, 40–41\nRe Attorney-General of Canada and Mossop, 126 D.L.R. 4th 658 (1993), 165\n"
9780814715635 - page_249: "START TEXT: Re Bell Canada and Communications, Energy & Paperworkers Union of Canada, 53 L.A.C.4th 228 (1996), " ******* END TEXT: "June 5, 1996), 139\nUnemployed parents, 147–53\nUniform Law Commissioners’ Model Termination Act, 198\n"
9780814715635 - page_250: "START TEXT: United States military, and discrimination against gay men and lesbians, 155–57, 163–64\nand racial b" ******* END TEXT: "157–58; 168-69\nWygant v. Jackson Board of Education, 476 U.S. 267 (1986), 228\nZigler, Edward, 114\n\n\n"
9780814715635 - page_220: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814715635 - page_221: "START TEXT: Notes to Chapter 1\n1. George Soros, “The Capitalist Threat,” Atlantic Monthly 45 (February 1997).\n2." ******* END TEXT: ", 1992).\n8. Id. at 17.\n9. Id. at 465.\n10. Maria J. Hanratty, “Social Welfare Programs for Women and "
9780814715635 - page_222: "START TEXT: Children: The United States versus France,” in Rebecca M. Blank, ed., Social Protection versus Econo" ******* END TEXT: "s, 779 F.2d 1323,1326 (7th Cir. 1985).\n19. Barbara Bennett Woodhouse, “A Public Role in the Private "
9780814715635 - page_223: "START TEXT: Family: The Parental Rights and Responsibilities Act and the Politics of Child Protection and Educat" ******* END TEXT: "3. Stephanie M. Wildman, Privilege Revealed: How Invisible Preference Undermines America 10 (1996).\n"
9780814715635 - page_224: "START TEXT: 4. Michael Lind, The Next American Nation: The New Nationalism and the Fourth American Revolution 16" ******* END TEXT: "d 932 (5th Cir. 1995).\n23. Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950).\n24. 78 F.3d 932 (5th Cir. 1995).\n"
9780814715635 - page_225: "START TEXT: 25. Id. at 946, citing Richard A. Posner, “The DeFunis Case and the Constitutionality of Preferentia" ******* END TEXT: "or Client Is Safe,” 47 Fla. L. Rev. 1 (1995).\n43. Richardson v. McFadden, 540 F.2d 744, 747 (1976).\n"
9780814715635 - page_226: "START TEXT: 44. Auerbach, supra note 40, at 294.\n45. Id. at 1206.\n46. Richardson, 540 F.2d at 749.\n47. Id. at 75" ******* END TEXT: "(4th) 57 (Federal Ct. of Appeal 1990) (upholding affirmative action plan for female prison guards).\n"
9780814715635 - page_227: "START TEXT: 64. 135 D.L.R. 4th 707,1996 Ont. CJ. LEXIS 2129 (Ontario Court (General Division) 1996).\nNotes to Ch" ******* END TEXT: "yle, supra note 10, at 221.\n13. See, e.g., Berkman v. City of New York, 812 F.2d 52 (2d Cir. 1987).\n"
9780814715635 - page_228: "START TEXT: 14. For example, in Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education, 476 U.S. 267 (1986), the employer and unio" ******* END TEXT: "tal Service, 755 F.2d 1244 (6th Cir. 1985) (postal worker); Chandler v. City of Dallas, 2 F.3d 1385 "
9780814715635 - page_229: "START TEXT: (5th Cir. 1993) (city employee); Elstner v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Co., 863 F.2d 881 (5th Cir. " ******* END TEXT: "il unit that would not involve heavy lifting); Re United Air Lines and International Association of "
9780814715635 - page_230: "START TEXT: Machinists & Aerospace Workers, 33 L.A.C. 4th 89 (1993) (reinstatement with modified work conditions" ******* END TEXT: "s, 20 F.3d 734 (7th Cir. 1994).\n2. See, e.g., General Electric Co. v. Gilbert, 429 U.S. 125 (1976).\n"
9780814715635 - page_231: "START TEXT: 3. See Brooks v. Canada Safeway, Ltd., 59 D.L.R. 4th 321 (1989) (a disability benefit plan that deni" ******* END TEXT: "rch that “infants who experience more than twenty hours per week of supplementary child care in the "
9780814715635 - page_232: "START TEXT: first year of life are at risk of developing insecure attachments and later social-emotional problem" ******* END TEXT: "ovince also has its own statute governing unemployment insurance for maternity and parenting leave.\n"
9780814715635 - page_233: "START TEXT: 26. See act to amend the Employment Standards Act with respect to Pregnancy and Parental Leave, R.S." ******* END TEXT: "eeking accommodations at the workplace).\n38. Connecticut General Statutes, section 46a-60(a)(7)(E).\n"
9780814715635 - page_234: "START TEXT: 39. Fenn Manufacturing v. Commission on Human Rights and Opportunities, No. CIV. CV 92-509435,1994 W" ******* END TEXT: ")(1982).\n55. 499 U.S. 187 (1991).\n56. See Nadine Taub, “At the Intersection of Reproductive Freedom "
9780814715635 - page_235: "START TEXT: and Gender Equality: Problems in Addressing Reproductive Hazards in the Workplace,” 6 UCLA Women’s L" ******* END TEXT: "o Nurses’ Association, 31 L.A.C. 4th 44 (1992) (the griever prevailed in a case involving excessive "
9780814715635 - page_236: "START TEXT: absenteeism due to a disability). See also Re Canadian National Railway Co. and Niles et al., 94 D.L" ******* END TEXT: "p. L. 331 (1995).\n71. See “Hard Line in Germany on Work Benefits,” New York Times C3 (Oct. 1,1996).\n"
9780814715635 - page_237: "START TEXT: 72. S. Rep. No. 3,103d Cong., 1st sess. 1993,1993 U.S.CCA.. 3, at pp. 30-31.\n73. 29 C.F.R. §§825.114" ******* END TEXT: "e Bell Canada and Communications, Energy & Paper-workers Union of Canada, 53 L.A.C. 4th 228 (1996).\n"
9780814715635 - page_238: "START TEXT: 89. See Rasnic, supra note 8.\n90. See Jane Rigler, “Analysis and Understanding of the Family and Med" ******* END TEXT: " 30, 1996).\n103. See generally Fry v. First Fidelity Bancorporation, 1996 WL 36910 (E.D. Pa. 1996).\n"
9780814715635 - page_239: "START TEXT: 104. Phoebe H. Cottingham, introduction to Phoebe H. Cottingham and David T. Ellwood, eds., Welfare " ******* END TEXT: "d States, the Nether-lands, and Sweden in Social Protection versus Economic Flexibility 343 (1994).\n"
9780814715635 - page_240: "START TEXT: Notes to Chapter 5\n1. See generally Watkins v. United States Army, 551 F. Supp. 212 (W.D. Wash. 1982" ******* END TEXT: " Theda Skocpol, eds., The Politics of Social Policy in the United States 94 (1988).\n14. Id. at 122.\n"
9780814715635 - page_241: "START TEXT: 15. Leonard Silk and Mark Silk, Making Capitalism Work 159 (1996).\n16. Id. at 167.\n17. Melanie Kirkp" ******* END TEXT: " Court of New South Wales, Feb. 2, 1996).\n33. 852 P.2d 44 (Hawaii 1993).\n34. 116 S.Ct. 1620 (1996).\n"
9780814715635 - page_242: "START TEXT: 35. Paul Barrett, “Court Rejects Ban on Laws Protecting Gays,” Wall Street Journal (May 21, 1996) (q" ******* END TEXT: "7 & 660 (7th Cir. 1991) (en banc).\n7. Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison, The Deindustrialization "
9780814715635 - page_243: "START TEXT: of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry 21 (1982).\n" ******* END TEXT: "b: Bad and Good Part-Time Jobs in a Changing Labor Market 158 (1996).\n25. Id. at 159.\n26. Id. at 4.\n"
9780814715635 - page_244: "START TEXT: 27. Id. at 2 (citing economists who praise the part-time labor market as reflecting “innovation and " ******* END TEXT: " 30, at 1044.\n45. Bluestone and Harrison, supra note 7, at 241.\n46. Tenn. Code Ann. §50-1-601(1).\n\n\n"
9780814715635 - page_ix: "START TEXT: The idea for this book began to develop in the fall of 1988 when I visited the University of Toronto" ******* END TEXT: "npaid leave), the government of Ontario was expanding its already generous family leave legislation "
9780814715635 - page_viii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814715635 - page_x: "START TEXT: to encompass the possibility of nearly one year of paid leave.\nThe possibility of a different balanc" ******* END TEXT: "uch they can cut back on aid to poor mothers, without considering the impact on our next generation "
9780814715635 - page_xi: "START TEXT: of children. The debate about social welfare in Canada and Australia seems more embedded in the huma" ******* END TEXT: "the state and that I can help put back the needs of people into the American model of capitalism.\n\n\n"
9780814715635 - page_iii: "START TEXT: AMERICAN LAW IN THE AGE OF HYPERCAPITALISM\nThe Worker, the Family, and the State\nRuth Colker\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "AMERICAN LAW IN THE AGE OF HYPERCAPITALISM\nThe Worker, the Family, and the State\nRuth Colker\n\n\n\n"
9780814715635 - page_vi: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814715635 - page_vii: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nPreface\nAcknowledgments\n1 The Tattered Safety Net\n2 Affirmative Action\n3 Disability Discrim" ******* END TEXT: "al Orientation Discrimination\n6 Unprotected Workers\n7 Medina’s Story\nNotes\nIndex\nAbout the Author\n\n\n"
9780814718124 - page_i: "START TEXT: MODERN JEWISH MASTERS SERIES\nGeneral Editor: Steven T. Katz\n1. Shlomo Avineri: Moses Hess: Prophet o" ******* END TEXT: "ies: Scholem Aleichem\n7. Steven Schwarzschild: Hermann Cohen\n8. Pinchas Peli: Abraham Joshua Heschel"
9780814718124 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814718124 - page_329: "START TEXT: INDEX\nAaron ben Samuel of Baghdad, Rabbi, 94–95\nAbraham Abulafia, Rabbi, 188, 195–97\nAbraham bar Hij" ******* END TEXT: "Scholem), 11, 16\nBrith Menuha, 236\nBuber, Martin, 316, 317–19\nCatharist movement, Bahir and, 135–36\n"
9780814718124 - page_330: "START TEXT: Chmelnitzki massacres, 293\nChristian kabbalah, 237–39\nCommandments, in kabbalah, 167–69\nCommunion wi" ******* END TEXT: "57–59, 264\nHebrew Book of Enoch. See Sefer Hekhalot\nHegyon ha-Nefesh (Rabbi Abraham bar Hijja), 130\n"
9780814718124 - page_331: "START TEXT: Hekhalot literature, 39\nHekhalot mysticism, 40, 49–53;\nAshkenazi Hasidism and, 95–98;\ncosmology in, " ******* END TEXT: "93, 98, 100–101, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 117\nJudah ha-Levi, Rabbi, 80, 88, 105, 157\n"
9780814718124 - page_332: "START TEXT: Judah Hayyat, Rabbi, 240\nJudaism: Hekhalot mysticism and, 46–49;\nMerkabah mysticism and, 46–49\nKabba" ******* END TEXT: "52, 172\nNahman of Bratzlav, Rabbi, 318\nNathan of Gaza, 195, 288–309;\nLurianic mythology and, 291–92\n"
9780814718124 - page_333: "START TEXT: Nehunia ben ha-Kanah, Rabbi, 53–54, 60, 129–30, 236\nNeumark, David, 148\nNevuat ha-Yeled, 249\nNumeric" ******* END TEXT: "115–16, 118\nSefer ha-Temunah, 194–95, 331\nSefer Hekhalot, 52–53, 61\nSefer Ma’arechet ha-Elohut, 240\n"
9780814718124 - page_334: "START TEXT: Sefer Yezirah, 52, 63–66, 79, 87–89, 100, 131\nSefer Zerubavel, 290\nShaarey Kedushah (Rabbi Hayyim Vi" ******* END TEXT: "d and evil, 214–17;\nMan’s role, 217–22;\npseudepigraphical nature, 222–26;\nsexual symbolism, 212–13\n\n"
9780814718124 - page_iii: "START TEXT: GERSHOM SCHOLEM\nANDTHE MYSTICAL DIMENSION OFJEWISH HISTORY\nJoseph Dan\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "GERSHOM SCHOLEM\nANDTHE MYSTICAL DIMENSION OFJEWISH HISTORY\nJoseph Dan\n\n\n"
9780814718124 - page_iv: "START TEXT: Copyright © 1987 by New York UniversityAll rights reservedManufactured in the United States of Ameri" ******* END TEXT: ". Series.BM723.D36   1986   296.7’1     86-21760ISBN 0-8147-1779-9\nBook designed by Laiying Chong.\n\n"
9780814718124 - page_v: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nChapter 1   THE MAN AND THE SCHOLAR\nChapter 2   THE EARLY BEGINNINGS OF JEWISH MYSTICISM\nCh" ******* END TEXT: "OL OF THE KABBALAH\nChapter 11 THE SABBATIAN UPHEAVAL\nChapter 12 HASIDISM AND THE MODERN PERIOD\nIndex"
9780814718124 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814718124 - page_1: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 1\nTHE MAN AND THE SCHOLAR\nI\nTHREE BOOKS should be written about Gershom Scholem. This is int" ******* END TEXT: "ttitude toward the Freudian and Jungian schools in psychology, his understanding of Gnosticism, his "
9780814718124 - page_10: "START TEXT: he could correct the mistakes of those who had published on the kabbalah. One example was the schola" ******* END TEXT: "ns and scholars who treated the kabbalah with such disdain? Did he select the works that historians "
9780814718124 - page_11: "START TEXT: had mistaken or brushed aside with the conviction that a meaningful life of intellectual adventure w" ******* END TEXT: "holem’s early works are written in a strict—too strict—conformity to historical-philological norms, "
9780814718124 - page_12: "START TEXT: covering details in great length, presenting before the reader the writer’s reasoning, doubts, and c" ******* END TEXT: "ned toward mysticism in general when he chose the field of kabbalah around 1020 It seems to me that "
9780814718124 - page_13: "START TEXT: if Scholem, as a person, had been mystically inclined, he would have revealed more interest in mysti" ******* END TEXT: " radical heretic, Jacob Frank (to be discussed in Chapter 12). Yet Scholem’s repugnance of Frankist "
9780814718124 - page_14: "START TEXT: anarchistic and destructive attitudes and their anti-Jewish activity is evident in many of his works" ******* END TEXT: "the Jewish past? Is it because we feel ourselves to be, in relation to our forefathers, anarchistic "
9780814718124 - page_15: "START TEXT: and revolutionary, and hence we seek justification for our own efforts at anarchy from previous exam" ******* END TEXT: "those on kabbalah and alchemy,8 on Rabbi Joseph dela Reina,9 on the early concept of the kawanah in "
9780814718124 - page_16: "START TEXT: prayer and others.10 Every new edition or translation of his books included new material, new inform" ******* END TEXT: "daica libraries in Israel and abroad.\nScholem’s intensity regarding the study of books was apparent "
9780814718124 - page_17: "START TEXT: in his scholarship in the twenties and early thirties. Many of his articles were published in Kiryat" ******* END TEXT: ", Scholem attempted to absorb and organize the vast material of Jewish mysticism, to master it, and "
9780814718124 - page_18: "START TEXT: to allot each work, treatise, and writer its proper slot in the history of kabbalah. At the same tim" ******* END TEXT: " in Tarbiz,18 which added important material concerning the Cohen brothers and studied the works of "
9780814718124 - page_19: "START TEXT: their disciple, Rabbi Moses of Burgos. Scholem was especially attracted to them because of the gnost" ******* END TEXT: "orks of Rabbi Abraham signified a change in the attitude of kabbalists toward messianic redemption. "
9780814718124 - page_2: "START TEXT: concept of Judaism and Zionism, and many other similar subjects.4\nAnd one book should be dedicated t" ******* END TEXT: "rning various kabbalists and their works were important. He once said: “All I found were scattered, "
9780814718124 - page_20: "START TEXT: Scholem investigated him against the traumatic background of the expulsion of the Jews from Spain, t" ******* END TEXT: "te major chapters in Jewish history as a whole.\nScholem’s presentation of the Sabbatian movement in "
9780814718124 - page_21: "START TEXT: “Mitzvah ha-Ba’ah be-Averah,” although revolutionary, was accepted as signalling a major change in t" ******* END TEXT: "the fascinating career and teachings of Rabbi Abraham Abulafia. But above all, in this book Scholem "
9780814718124 - page_22: "START TEXT: presents his conclusions concerning the authorship of the Zohar, dating it to the late thirteenth ce" ******* END TEXT: "ions were documented in minutest details.\nScholem’s fourth important achievement in this period was "
9780814718124 - page_23: "START TEXT: the series of lectures he gave at the annual meetings of the Eranos society in Zurich. This society," ******* END TEXT: "ortant after the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Nag Hamadi gnostic library.31 He rewrote "
9780814718124 - page_24: "START TEXT: many of his early papers and assembled his papers into volumes with revisions.32\nVII\nScholem was one" ******* END TEXT: "ndable. Thus, Scholem’s lectures were intended for undergraduate students (though many non-students "
9780814718124 - page_25: "START TEXT: participated, these lectures being some of the most interesting intellectual events in Jerusalem). I" ******* END TEXT: "ew in a subsequent publication. He was always ready to help, in fact, insisting that any difficulty "
9780814718124 - page_26: "START TEXT: that a younger scholar encountered be brought to him for discussion.\nIt seems to me that Scholem’s m" ******* END TEXT: " never to be reached, but to be approached by every scholar in his analysis of detail after detail.\n"
9780814718124 - page_27: "START TEXT: Many scholars in Jewish studies seek the meaning of their work in the context of the humanities as a" ******* END TEXT: "this full meaning has significance concerning the study of Man as a whole. By ruthlessly dedicating "
9780814718124 - page_28: "START TEXT: himself to the comprehensive study of a historical phenomenon in its fullness Scholem presented a co" ******* END TEXT: "ent was the redemption of Hebrew mystical literature from neglect and oblivion, and its integration "
9780814718124 - page_29: "START TEXT: into the broader parameters of Jewish history and literature. The obstacles Scholem had to overcome " ******* END TEXT: "o the texts he was discussing. Schweid and others contended as well that what Scholem did not write "
9780814718124 - page_3: "START TEXT: shabby pages, and I transformed them into history.”6 This is an accurate statement, without any qual" ******* END TEXT: "These are just bare outlines, to facilitate the understanding of the background of his scholarship.\n"
9780814718124 - page_30: "START TEXT: about was unimportant to him, when all he was doing was mastering his own special field while strayi" ******* END TEXT: "claim that Hekhalot mysticism was the spiritual source of the Mishnah, the Talmud, and the Midrash. "
9780814718124 - page_31: "START TEXT: He was discovering and presenting an added dimension, not a substitute for previous ones. The same i" ******* END TEXT: "the thesis that Jewish mysticism in its later development in the Lurianic kabbalah in Safed, in the "
9780814718124 - page_32: "START TEXT: Sabbatian movement of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and in modern Hasidism of the eighte" ******* END TEXT: "G. Scholem, Walter Benjamin: the Story of a Friendship, translated by Harry Zohn (Philadelphia: The "
9780814718124 - page_33: "START TEXT: Jewish Publication Society, 1981). The story of this friendship, however, is still awaiting a biogra" ******* END TEXT: " and Intellectual History Presented to Alexander Altmann on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday "
9780814718124 - page_34: "START TEXT: (University, Ala.: The University of Alabama Press, 1979), pp. 101–08 (Hebrew section).\n10. See G. S" ******* END TEXT: "e-R. Yiaq (Jerusalem, 1927).\n18. Cf. the series of Scholem’s articles, which included the brilliant "
9780814718124 - page_35: "START TEXT: analysis of the concept of multiple worlds in the early kabbalah, entitled “Le-eqer qabbalat R. Yiaq" ******* END TEXT: " original version. Only recently work has begun on the preparation of a Hebrew edition of the book.\n"
9780814718124 - page_36: "START TEXT: 25. G. Scholem, “Hathalot ha-Qabbalah,” Keneset, 10 (1947), pp. 179—228.\n26. G. Scholem, Reshit ha-Q" ******* END TEXT: "d on by some of Scholem’s colleagues. See the dialogue between Kurzweil and Jacob Katz in Ha-Aretz, "
9780814718124 - page_37: "START TEXT: 16 April 1965, p. 5; 14 May 1965, pp. 10-11; and 28 May 1965, pp. 10–11. See also Isaiah Tishby in D" ******* END TEXT: "m Studies in Jewish Thought, Supplement II (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, 1983).\n\n"
9780814718124 - page_4: "START TEXT: II\nThere can be no doubt that the young Gershom Scholem was a rebellious intellectual. Nothing in th" ******* END TEXT: "to serve their authors as a vehicle to reveal their innermost thoughts and feelings, Scholem’s From "
9780814718124 - page_5: "START TEXT: Berlin to Jerusalem concerned itself almost exclusively with external facts. That is, he gives detai" ******* END TEXT: "questions which we are discussing here.\nIf Scholem did not leave us with a statement of his motives "
9780814718124 - page_6: "START TEXT: concerning his major decisions in his early life, to some extent his actions speak for themselves. A" ******* END TEXT: "he stark asymmetry in the description of this process. Scholem pointed out that only Jewish writers "
9780814718124 - page_7: "START TEXT: and historians had stressed the Jewish contribution to German culture in the nineteenth century and " ******* END TEXT: "llowed, and probably the most difficult one. Young Jews at that time were joining various socialist "
9780814718124 - page_8: "START TEXT: and leftist groups, and the young Scholem was aware of their ideology and politics. Socialism never " ******* END TEXT: "he would dedicate over 60 years of scholarly work. That is, often one reads descriptions of Scholem "
9780814718124 - page_9: "START TEXT: depicting him as a great mystic, who used scholarship as a vehicle to express his innermost feelings" ******* END TEXT: "t was not only the sense of following a neglected field that inspired him but also the thought that "
9780814718124 - page_38: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 2\nTHE EARLY BEGINNINGS OFJEWISH MYSTICISM\nI\nAJUDGMENT CONCERNING the beginning of a religiou" ******* END TEXT: "ious expression could be excluded.\nWhile it is possible to find some scattered mystical expressions "
9780814718124 - page_39: "START TEXT: in ancient Jewish literature, it is impossible to characterize any group of Jewish writers, or even " ******* END TEXT: "ld begin. But Scholem encountered many difficulties. Many works in later kabbalistic literature are "
9780814718124 - page_40: "START TEXT: anonymous; Hekhalot literature is completely anonymous. There is not even one text whose chronology " ******* END TEXT: "he need to understand its relationship to previous and contemporary major religious movements, both "
9780814718124 - page_41: "START TEXT: within Judaism and outside of it. Strong links between Hekhalot mysticism and some parts of the apoc" ******* END TEXT: ", and comprehensive scholarly studies of the subject. However, Scholem used the term “gnostic” in a "
9780814718124 - page_42: "START TEXT: completely different way. For Graetz, the term was a derogatory appellation, signifying non-Jewishne" ******* END TEXT: "ained as anti-gnostic polemic, proving that gnostic ideas were known in rabbinic circles.16 Scholem "
9780814718124 - page_43: "START TEXT: never doubted that ancient Jewish mystical texts were written at the same time and in the same relig" ******* END TEXT: "nclude this mythological element. What was important to him was the thesis that the same urge which "
9780814718124 - page_44: "START TEXT: brought forth the concepts of pleroma (the totality of the powers and emanations of the Divine) and " ******* END TEXT: "e published his opinion the controversy concerning the origins of Gnosticism was reaching its peak. "
9780814718124 - page_45: "START TEXT: Then, as today, scholars were divided between those who believed Gnosticism to be a heretical Christ" ******* END TEXT: "rians of Gnosticism do), nor to be used as a chronological statement, defining Jewish Gnosticism as "
9780814718124 - page_46: "START TEXT: preceding classical Gnosticism. On the historical level Scholem pointed out the parallels between Ch" ******* END TEXT: " the spokesman for the traditional view of Talmudic Judaism, which claimed that Hekhalot literature "
9780814718124 - page_47: "START TEXT: must be placed chronologically in the late Gaonic period in Babylonia, and that the great Jewish sag" ******* END TEXT: "bes the holy chariot, the merkavah, is referred to in Talmudic sources as ma’aseh merkavah, or “the "
9780814718124 - page_48: "START TEXT: work of the chariot.” It was developed by the early mystics, and the old traditions and the new addi" ******* END TEXT: "res of the divine realm, only hinted at in the Talmud and Midrash, like Metatron and Akhatriel, are "
9780814718124 - page_49: "START TEXT: described in detail in the works of the mystics.30 Scholem proved that in order to understand the sp" ******* END TEXT: "holy beasts described by Ezekiel, the various parts of the chariot and its wheels, and the enormous "
9780814718124 - page_50: "START TEXT: treasuries in the various heavens, treasuries of snow and hail as well as gold and silver. These and" ******* END TEXT: "om thieves, and so on. More often, they designate the special status of the mystic, whose knowledge "
9780814718124 - page_51: "START TEXT: of these secrets protects him from every earthly peril and enables him to achieve his material needs" ******* END TEXT: "characteristics of Hekhalot literature, even though it deals with secrets of a living person rather "
9780814718124 - page_52: "START TEXT: than those of the hidden Godhead. This “science” was regarded by the Hekhalot mystics as an integral" ******* END TEXT: "nd Hekhalot Zutarti, the Shiur Komah (Measure of the Divine Stature) and Sefer Hekhalot, also known "
9780814718124 - page_53: "START TEXT: as the Hebrew Book of Enoch or 3rd Enoch.42 The main mystical ideas of this school describe the proc" ******* END TEXT: "n Jerusalem, which included Rabbi Akiba but whose leader was Rabbi Nehunia ben ha-Kanah, heard that "
9780814718124 - page_54: "START TEXT: the Roman emperor planned to execute ten (in one chapter the number is four) of the greatest sages, " ******* END TEXT: "e,” which is guarded by battalions of angels, commanded by major figures in the Hekhalot angelology "
9780814718124 - page_55: "START TEXT: and other divine powers. To pass each gate the mystic must show the guards a special hotam (probably" ******* END TEXT: "is description, as in other parts of Hekhalot literature, is on the image of God as a supreme king. "
9780814718124 - page_56: "START TEXT: Scholem studied the hymns scattered in this literature, which are directed to the “king of kings,” w" ******* END TEXT: "e enormous figure in the Shiur Komah is the classical Jewish text of the anthropomorphic conception "
9780814718124 - page_57: "START TEXT: of God,48 which has confused and perplexed later Jewish philosophers from Rav Saadia Gaon in the ten" ******* END TEXT: ",53 thus homiletically explaining the attribution to King Solomon as referring to God himself. When "
9780814718124 - page_58: "START TEXT: Rabbi Akiba entered the “pardes” it was said of him, in the words of Song of Songs 1:6, that “the Ki" ******* END TEXT: "period. The most important old elements are those of the ancient homiletical speculation concerning "
9780814718124 - page_59: "START TEXT: the visions of Ezekiel, the traditional ma’aseh merkavah. This tradition was known in tannaitic circ" ******* END TEXT: "is mystical school, the Hekhalot Rabbati, includes many paragraphs taken verbatim from the Hekhalot "
9780814718124 - page_60: "START TEXT: Zutarti, and it also includes a section from the Shiur Komah. In the Hekhalot Rabbati the descriptio" ******* END TEXT: " and their status in their society.69 All these are conveyed through two integrated narratives, one "
9780814718124 - page_61: "START TEXT: of the martyrdom of the ten sages to atone the sin of selling Joseph to Egypt, and that of the ascen" ******* END TEXT: "ng period Enoch lost all his human appearance, clothes, and intellectual limitations. He became the "
9780814718124 - page_62: "START TEXT: chief power in the divine world, second only to God himself. His body became one of fire; he rode a " ******* END TEXT: "ator beside God.77 The myth concerning the human origin of Metatron and his identification as Enoch "
9780814718124 - page_63: "START TEXT: son of Yared might be a later myth, contradicting Metatron’s first exalted status.\nHekhalot mysticis" ******* END TEXT: "erkavah,78 and refers to the esoteric traditional doctrines concerning the process of the creation.\n"
9780814718124 - page_64: "START TEXT: Sefer Yezirah discusses the process of creation in a completely different manner than the book of Ge" ******* END TEXT: " the world emerged. The first sefirah is the holy spirit, ruah elohim hayim, from which emerged the "
9780814718124 - page_65: "START TEXT: second, the air or earthly wind, also called in Hebrew ruah. The third sefirah is the emergence of w" ******* END TEXT: " and the circle of Jewish mystics. It is a book of cosmogony and cosmology, not a book of theology. "
9780814718124 - page_66: "START TEXT: Any mystical elements found in it resemble not the medieval kabbalah but the Hekhalot mysticism of t" ******* END TEXT: " was dedicated to a detailed history of this belief from Talmudic times to the twentieth century.85\n"
9780814718124 - page_67: "START TEXT: NOTES\n1. See Encyclopedia Judaica (Berlin, 1932), 9: col. 630-732.\n2. See Gershom Scholem, Major Tre" ******* END TEXT: "from Hekhalot Literature” (Hebrew), Tarbi, 38 (1969), pp. 354-72; 39 (1970), pp. 216-17; 40 (1971), "
9780814718124 - page_68: "START TEXT: pp. 301-19. The Shiur Komah fragment is included in Martin Cohen, “The Siur Qomah: A Critical Editio" ******* END TEXT: "ted by Ugo Bianchi and published under the title Gnosticismo Colloquio di Messina 13–18 Aprile 1966 "
9780814718124 - page_69: "START TEXT: (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1967). It is a fact, however, that to this very day, not only every book, but " ******* END TEXT: "erion for including texts was the similarity to Christian personal expressions of mystical visions.\n"
9780814718124 - page_70: "START TEXT: 19. An excellent summary of the scholarship on this problem is to be found in E. Yamauchi, Pre-Chris" ******* END TEXT: "forcefully his original thesis.\n25. See the detailed study of this enigmatic figure by G. Stroumsa, "
9780814718124 - page_71: "START TEXT: “Aer: A Gnostic,” in B. Layton, ed., The Rediscovery of Gnosticism: Proceedings of the International" ******* END TEXT: "gic from the Talmudic Period, Collected from Genizah Fragments and other Sources (Jerusalem, 1966).\n"
9780814718124 - page_72: "START TEXT: 33. Published by Scholem from Oxford Ms. Bodleiana 1531 in “Appendix C,” Jewish Gnosticism, pp. 101–" ******* END TEXT: "rew Book of Enoch (see n. 15, ch. 1). See Scholem’s review in Kiryat Sefer, 6 (1929–30), pp. 62-64. "
9780814718124 - page_73: "START TEXT: On this work, see P. S. Alexander, “The Historical Setting of the Hebrew Book of Enoch,” Journal of " ******* END TEXT: "o both stories and it may denote that the celestial palaces, the Hekhalot, are heavenly pictures of "
9780814718124 - page_74: "START TEXT: Solomon’s palace rather than the temple. The key verse is Song of Songs 1:9, “The king hath brought " ******* END TEXT: "yozer bereshit was discussed by Scholem extensively. See G. Scholem, Reshit ha-Qabbalah (Jerusalem: "
9780814718124 - page_75: "START TEXT: Schocken, 1948), G. Scholem, pp. 74-75; Ursprung und Anfdnge der Kabbala (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter," ******* END TEXT: "lah, pp. 377-81. Cf. G. Scholem, Major Trends, pp. 67–70; G. Scholem, Jewish Gnosticism, pp. 43–50.\n"
9780814718124 - page_76: "START TEXT: 76. The relationship between Yahoel and Michael is discussed by Scholem in Jewish Gnosticism, pp. 43" ******* END TEXT: "ebrew translation by J. Ben Shlomo in Pirqei Yesod be-havanat ha-Qabbalah u-semaleha, pp. 381–424.\n\n"
9780814718124 - page_77: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 3\nFROM THE ANCIENT EAST TOTHE EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES\nI\nEVERY READER of Major Trends in Jewish " ******* END TEXT: "aedia Judaica, which, because of the limitations of the format of the encyclopaedia, is necessarily "
9780814718124 - page_78: "START TEXT: laconic and concise.1 Yet in many of Scholem’s studies this gap in time is discussed.\nAs far as we k" ******* END TEXT: "erved traditions which reached them from earlier Gaonic sources.2 Yet there is no historical record "
9780814718124 - page_79: "START TEXT: today of those circles which could have transmitted these esoteric traditions.\nBelow is an outline o" ******* END TEXT: "hese, in turn, were collected in commentaries on the book in the last two centuries of this period.\n"
9780814718124 - page_80: "START TEXT: 7. Through speculations concerning the shekhinah and other theological-mystical subjects found in th" ******* END TEXT: "onia rather than belonging to the first age of the flourishing of Jewish mysticism in Eretz Israel. "
9780814718124 - page_81: "START TEXT: Works like The Sword of Moses3 and the Havdalah of Rabbi Akiba4 belong, according to Scholem, to thi" ******* END TEXT: "he ancient sage? There are several philological elements which support each of these possibilities, "
9780814718124 - page_82: "START TEXT: and a decision either way is impossible at this time.\nSimilarly, the Sar Torah text appended to Hekh" ******* END TEXT: "nic power, who took the shape of the snake and did his evil work through him.11 In earlier Hekhalot "
9780814718124 - page_83: "START TEXT: mysticism Samael is described only as the evil representative of the Roman Empire in the divine worl" ******* END TEXT: "mpact on later Jewish European mystics and cosmologists. Especially influential was his formulation "
9780814718124 - page_84: "START TEXT: of the relationship between the macrocosmos and the microcosmos, between Man and Creation, based on " ******* END TEXT: " to it, “the shekhinah prostrated herself in front of God” and asked for mercy for Solomon.15 There "
9780814718124 - page_85: "START TEXT: can be no mistaking that the shekhinah was regarded by the homilist who introduced this novel elemen" ******* END TEXT: "lmud. They used this symbol to attribute all anthropomorphic descriptions of God not to the Godhead "
9780814718124 - page_86: "START TEXT: itself but to a lowly, created power, an archangel, which the Bible called kavod or “divine glory,” " ******* END TEXT: "nsistent tradition concerning its origin.21 The name of 72 letters is formed out of the combination "
9780814718124 - page_87: "START TEXT: of three verses in Exodus (14:19–21), each of which contains exactly 72 letters, so that the name co" ******* END TEXT: ", which was first written in Arabic but later translated into Hebrew by an unknown eleventh-century "
9780814718124 - page_88: "START TEXT: scholar who minimized the rationalistic and scientific elements in the work while giving it a poetic" ******* END TEXT: "more of an anthology than an original work. This vast treasury of ancient mysticism and esotericism "
9780814718124 - page_89: "START TEXT: was collected no more than two generations before the emergence of the kabbalah.25 It served as one " ******* END TEXT: "em, 1982), vol. 3, pp. 19-23.\n8. See Ithamar Gruenwald’s remark concerning this text in Apocalyptic "
9780814718124 - page_90: "START TEXT: and Merkabah Mysticism (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1980), pp. 169-73. It is remarkable that while all earl" ******* END TEXT: "a (Berlin, 1932), s.v. “midrash.”\n17. See Scholem’s discussion in Reshit ha-Qabbalah, pp. 33–36 and "
9780814718124 - page_91: "START TEXT: passim, Ursprung und Anfdnge der Kabbalah, pp. 77-84 and passim, and see his major study of the deve" ******* END TEXT: " Jezira, edited by S. J. Halberstam with additional notes by D. Kaufmann (Jerusalem: Maqor, 1970).\n\n"
9780814718124 - page_100: "START TEXT: takes into account the number of words, the number of letters, the number of specific words (like di" ******* END TEXT: "tions we have from Rabbi Judah the Pious’s commentary on the prayers seem to indicate that he dealt "
9780814718124 - page_101: "START TEXT: exclusively with numerical harmony. It seems that Rabbi Judah wrote his voluminous work to prove how" ******* END TEXT: " detailed expositions by the Ashkenazi Hasidim of “The Secrets of the Prayers,” one may ask whether "
9780814718124 - page_102: "START TEXT: these secrets have anything to do with the everyday practice of prayer. Should one—or at least the e" ******* END TEXT: "h works written in a formal philosophical manner, influenced by Arabic philosophy and ultimately by "
9780814718124 - page_103: "START TEXT: the Greek philosophers. The Ashkenazi Hasidim, most probably were not familiar with even one such wo" ******* END TEXT: "style of the “paraphrase” had great impact on the contents and style of Ashkenazi Hasidic theology.\n"
9780814718124 - page_104: "START TEXT: One of their earliest theological works, the Shir ha-Yihhud (A Hymn for Divine Unity), which Scholem" ******* END TEXT: "of the Ashkenazi Hasidic writers, who inserted this into their description of the celestial realms.\n"
9780814718124 - page_105: "START TEXT: The Ashkenazi Hasidim do not seem to have had any clear knowledge of the works of Rabbi Judah ha-Lev" ******* END TEXT: "hly anthropomorphic. All speculations concerning the nature of the divine realms are forbidden, and "
9780814718124 - page_106: "START TEXT: dealing with such ideas is sinful and leads directly to heresy. Taku’s criticism is the only histori" ******* END TEXT: "ne realm, hoping that a knowledge of the structure would let them come into contact with that realm "
9780814718124 - page_107: "START TEXT: during religious worship and ritual, and especially during prayer.\nThe main contribution of the Ashk" ******* END TEXT: "omorphic descriptions which could not be explained as metaphors or parables should be understood as "
9780814718124 - page_108: "START TEXT: describing this special angel. Saadia’s views, with some variations, were accepted by many Jewish ra" ******* END TEXT: "e prophet, or the revelation of an angelic, created power, which deprived prophecy of its sanctity.\n"
9780814718124 - page_109: "START TEXT: The Ashkenazi Hasidim raised a major question undreamt of by the philosophers: If there is a divine " ******* END TEXT: " nature and tasks of each of these powers.37\nMore complicated is the system developed by the circle "
9780814718124 - page_110: "START TEXT: which used the pseudepigraphic works attributed to Joseph ben Uzziel.38 Scholem sensed a deep affini" ******* END TEXT: "e glory and divine revelation as esoteric, and therefore did not discuss them in treatises intended "
9780814718124 - page_111: "START TEXT: for wide circulation. They wrote several works of the sodot ha-yihhud,“secrets of the divine unity,”" ******* END TEXT: "uential works of the Ashkenazi Hasidim on subsequent Jewish thought were their ethical books.43 The "
9780814718124 - page_112: "START TEXT: most important among these was the Sefer Hasidim (The Book of the Pious), written mainly by Rabbi Ju" ******* END TEXT: "en used Germanic names for many such phenomena.47 The larger problem of specific non-Jewish sources "
9780814718124 - page_113: "START TEXT: for specific ethical ideas and practices is, however, not yet completely settled.48\nAshkenazi Hasidi" ******* END TEXT: "h ha-shem situation. He should always see himself as tried by God as to whether he can overcome the "
9780814718124 - page_114: "START TEXT: demands of the material body and sacrifice his desires to the religious martyrological ideal. Thus r" ******* END TEXT: " ridiculed and denounced by the society they lived in. The problem of the historical meaning of the "
9780814718124 - page_115: "START TEXT: descriptions of the social standing and social activities of the groups of the Hasidim is still open" ******* END TEXT: "h or the kavod can be present only in places and situations of complete purity and sanctity, unlike "
9780814718124 - page_116: "START TEXT: the immanent Godhead, which is present equally everywhere, regardless of the circumstances. Because " ******* END TEXT: "rpretations. They developed, from traditional sources, the esoteric systems of using the letters of "
9780814718124 - page_117: "START TEXT: the Hebrew alphabet and numerical values and computations to a degree never found earlier, but often" ******* END TEXT: "eachings were completely fused with the kabbalah to create a new whole. Yet it should be emphasized "
9780814718124 - page_118: "START TEXT: that relatively speaking this was a minor source of influence, which could not compete with the grea" ******* END TEXT: "ters. Even in the great center of Jewish thought in the sixteenth century, Safed, where the central "
9780814718124 - page_119: "START TEXT: figures were refugees from the Spanish expulsion in 1492, the teachings of the Ashkenazi Hasidim wer" ******* END TEXT: " numerical value of Hebrew letters. Weinstock argued that Aaron identified himself with the angelic "
9780814718124 - page_120: "START TEXT: name Adiriron, and ascribed to him every appearance of this name or its numerical value. Scholem res" ******* END TEXT: "Ashkenazi Hasidim to the Hekhalot hymns is discussed in J. Dan, “The Ashkenazi Hasidic Commentaries "
9780814718124 - page_121: "START TEXT: on ha-Aderet veha-Emunah” (Hebrew), Tarbi, 50 (1981), pp. 369–404. Cf. J. Dan, Studies in Ashkenazi " ******* END TEXT: " On the Kabbalah and Its Symbolism, translated by Ralph Manheim (New York: Schocken, 1965), p. 198.\n"
9780814718124 - page_122: "START TEXT: 17. Scholem discussed this phenomenon in Major Trends, pp. 102, 11-113.\n18. See G. Scholem, Major Tr" ******* END TEXT: "u Xllle siecle,” Archives d’Histoire Doctrinale et Litteraire du Moyen Âge (1961), pp. 15-34. Vajda "
9780814718124 - page_123: "START TEXT: presented examples which attested to the fact that Elhanan, who wrote his commentary on Sefer Yeirah" ******* END TEXT: "Theology, pp. 104-68.\n36. See I. Marcus, Piety and Society (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1980), pp. 109-29. "
9780814718124 - page_124: "START TEXT: Marcus pointed out deep differences between Eleazar of Worms and his teacher, Judah the Pious, with " ******* END TEXT: ". Guedemann, Geschichte des Erzichungswesens und der Kultur der Juden in Frankreich und Deutschland "
9780814718124 - page_125: "START TEXT: (Vienna, 1880), vol. 1, ch. 7; J. Trachtenberg, Jewish Magic and Superstition (Philadelphia: Jewish " ******* END TEXT: "Nefesh (Lvov, 1876), f. 1 a-c.\n57. This tradition probably originated in the circle of R. Jacob and "
9780814718124 - page_126: "START TEXT: R. Isaac, sons of R. Jacob ha-Cohen. See G. Scholem, Ursprung und Anfänge der Kabbala, pp. 85-88.\n58" ******* END TEXT: "eview, 5 (1980), pp. 17-40.\n61. See J. Dan, Hebrew Ethical and Homiletical Literature, pp. 202–30.\n\n"
9780814718124 - page_92: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 4\nTHE ASHKENAZI HASIDICMOVEMENT\nI\nONE OF THE most important contributions of Gershom Scholem" ******* END TEXT: "religious movement among the Jews of Germany in the Middle Ages, flourishing between 1170 and 1240. "
9780814718124 - page_93: "START TEXT: Its central school was that of the Kalonymus family located in the cities along the Rhine, mainly Ma" ******* END TEXT: "eir inspiration from many earlier layers of Jewish mystical and esoteric literature and traditions.\n"
9780814718124 - page_94: "START TEXT: A demonstration of the combination of legend and historical fact in the traditions of this movement " ******* END TEXT: " exile and went to southern Italy. There he communicated his esoteric knowledge to the sages of the "
9780814718124 - page_95: "START TEXT: Kalonymus family. A few generations later some members of this family were invited by the emperor to" ******* END TEXT: "kabah mystical literature served as a basis for all Jewish European mystical schools, from the book "
9780814718124 - page_96: "START TEXT: Bahir in the late twelfth century to modern Hasidism of the eighteenth century. While our knowledge " ******* END TEXT: "s based on the letters of the Hebrew alphabet, as the Ashkenazi Hasidim understood this teaching as "
9780814718124 - page_97: "START TEXT: presented in the Sefer Yezirah.14 The idea, which may be inherent in the Sefer Yezirah itself, that " ******* END TEXT: "or do we find any records of personal experiences of this sort. Yet, in several places, the tone of "
9780814718124 - page_98: "START TEXT: the presentation suggests that mystical ascensions were not a purely academic, theoretical subject i" ******* END TEXT: "by Rabbi Eleazar’s teacher, Rabbi Judah ben Samuel ben Kalonymus the Pious, the leader and greatest "
9780814718124 - page_99: "START TEXT: sage of Ashkenazi Hasidism.20 This lost work might have been the earliest commentary on the prayers " ******* END TEXT: "tructure of each prayer, and even of each sentence or word within a prayer. The numerical structure "
9780814718124 - page_127: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 5\nTHE ENIGMATIC BOOKBAHIR\nI\nAMONG THE RIDDLES that Jewish mysticism presented him with, none" ******* END TEXT: "is of a small book published in 1948 entitled The Beginnings of the Kabbalah.3 The book had several "
9780814718124 - page_128: "START TEXT: important appendices dealing with central problems of the early kabbalah, concerning the works of th" ******* END TEXT: "het Azilut (A Tractate on the Divine Emanations),11 which Scholem proved to be a much later work.12\n"
9780814718124 - page_129: "START TEXT: II\nScholem faced an interrelated combination of chronological, literary, historical, and ideological" ******* END TEXT: "a relatively obscure tanna who earned a prominent place in the early mystical work Hekhalot Rabbati "
9780814718124 - page_130: "START TEXT: as the teacher of Rabbi Ishmael.13 He therefore was reputed to be the leader of the circle of mystic" ******* END TEXT: "heh bnei adam”)17 and the medieval interpretation of bohu as “spirit.”18 According to the structure "
9780814718124 - page_131: "START TEXT: of bar Hijja’s homily this seems to have been his original contribution. Therefore, the Bahir as we " ******* END TEXT: "me to the conclusion that it was unimaginable that a whole sphere of Jewish mystical, cosmogonical, "
9780814718124 - page_132: "START TEXT: and cosmological thought could be completely unknown to Rabbi Judah ben Barzilai in Barcelona.19 He " ******* END TEXT: " of names of supreme powers to the characteristic terminology of the “descenders to the chariot.”21 "
9780814718124 - page_133: "START TEXT: Ancient mystical and cosmological Midrashim were used extensively in the Bahir.22 But, Scholem insis" ******* END TEXT: "alistic work in the history of Jewish mysticism. The system of the ten divine emanations, which the "
9780814718124 - page_134: "START TEXT: kabbalists usually called sefirot, using the Sefer Yezirah terminology even though the meaning is co" ******* END TEXT: "ven combined quotations from the Raza Rabba with those from the Bahir). Indeed, in some cases it is "
9780814718124 - page_135: "START TEXT: difficult to be completely sure whether the Bahir is being quoted or the Raza Rabba. This problem is" ******* END TEXT: "porary gnosticism of twelfth-century southern France, namely the Catharist, or Albigensian, gnostic "
9780814718124 - page_136: "START TEXT: movement. While taking into account the chronological connection between this major spiritual upheav" ******* END TEXT: "ithin the divine realm, called by them malchut or shekhinah. This power was the tenth and lowest of "
9780814718124 - page_137: "START TEXT: the divine emanations, but the closest to man and to religious and visionary contact. This power is " ******* END TEXT: "iterature many theological problems, discussing the relationship between God and the world, include "
9780814718124 - page_138: "START TEXT: parables beginning with “mashal le-melech basar va-dam . . .” “‘it is similar to a king of flesh and" ******* END TEXT: "ch is almost literally the same as the gnostic nurea), who is in exile from the source of light, to "
9780814718124 - page_139: "START TEXT: suggest that it is very probable that the Bahir is the first Jewish mystical text to describe a femi" ******* END TEXT: " ancient appellation for Christianity and the Roman Empire in the Hekhalot texts), and the original "
9780814718124 - page_140: "START TEXT: sin of Adam and Eve in Paradise, as described in the eighth-century Midrashic narrative, the “Pirqey" ******* END TEXT: "of such a belief in Jewish literature.41 Previous Jewish writers (most prominently Rav Saadia Gaon) "
9780814718124 - page_141: "START TEXT: categorically and unhesitatingly rejected that belief when they referred it, which they did very sel" ******* END TEXT: "n exegesis of the forms of the Hebrew alphabet),43 to commentaries on the Hebrew vocalization signs "
9780814718124 - page_142: "START TEXT: and many other such elements, to commentaries on the commandments and the reasons for them (ta’amey " ******* END TEXT: "ture of the Jews in Europe, a more profound, rich, and radical aspect than anyone suspected before.\n"
9780814718124 - page_143: "START TEXT: NOTES\n1. Gershom Scholem, Das Buck Bahir (Leipzig: W. Drugulin, 1923). The book was printed, without" ******* END TEXT: "ly delivered on Rosh Ha-shanah and Yom Kippur. The first of these begins with a detailed exposition "
9780814718124 - page_144: "START TEXT: of creation. The book was printed with an introduction by S. Rappaport, edited and revised by A. Fre" ******* END TEXT: "lusion through an analysis of several sources, some of them found in the commentary on the Bible by "
9780814718124 - page_145: "START TEXT: R. Ephraim ben Shimshon, an Ashkenazi author whose work is found in its entirety only in manuscript " ******* END TEXT: " par. 107–10].\n36. R. Margaliot, ed., Sefer Bahir, sec. 199 [G. Scholem, Das Buch Bahir, par. 140].\n"
9780814718124 - page_146: "START TEXT: 37. R. Margaliot, ed., Sefer Bahir, sec. 200 [G. Scholem, Das Buck Bahir, par. 141].\n38. R. Margalio" ******* END TEXT: "sod be-havanat ha-Qabbalah u-semaleha, pp. 9-35].\n43. Concerning this work, see above p. 81, n. 6.\n\n"
9780814718124 - page_147: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 6\nTHE EARLY KABBALAH\nI\nTHE HISTORIANS OF Jewish thought who preceded Gershom Scholem were pe" ******* END TEXT: "lture. The kabbalah represented everything that Judaism should not be, while Maimonidean philosophy "
9780814718124 - page_148: "START TEXT: was the culmination of the pure Jewish rationalistic monotheism, when the spirit of Judaism achieved" ******* END TEXT: "e early kabbalists, that a mystical tradition developed in the twelfth century in the great centers "
9780814718124 - page_149: "START TEXT: of Jewish scholarship in southern France, in Languedoc. A story that the prophet Elijah had appeared" ******* END TEXT: " most important among them is the one opposing Maimonides’ declaration that belief in a God who has "
9780814718124 - page_150: "START TEXT: anthropomorphic characteristics is heresy.5 The Ravad wrote in response to Maimonides: “some great p" ******* END TEXT: "shed by Scholem, who analyzed them in great detail, for this is one of the very few sources for the "
9780814718124 - page_151: "START TEXT: history of the first stage of the development of the kabbalah.8\nIn Provence first, and then Gerona, " ******* END TEXT: "known, and the whole scope of Maimonidean philosophy and its implications concerning Jewish beliefs "
9780814718124 - page_152: "START TEXT: was made apparent. Between 1232 and 1235 a great controversy, which engulfed Jewish scholars From Sp" ******* END TEXT: "de of these mystics, their attitude toward philosophy as such, and their use of philosophical ideas "
9780814718124 - page_153: "START TEXT: and terminology in the formulation of their mystical symbolism, has a bearing on the very content of" ******* END TEXT: "ection of, or withdrawal from, the mythological and gnostic formulations of the book Bahir, and the "
9780814718124 - page_154: "START TEXT: construction of a “philosophical” mysticism.17 Scholem showed in great detail in his study of the wo" ******* END TEXT: "from one stage to another, but he can never form any mystical contact with the en sof, which cannot "
9780814718124 - page_155: "START TEXT: be touched by anything out of Himself. He is not counted among the divine powers, and no mythologica" ******* END TEXT: "steps from the hidden Godhead to the earthly realm, the mystics saw movement and change in the same "
9780814718124 - page_156: "START TEXT: descent. The various emanated powers in the mystical structure could undergo processes of rising or " ******* END TEXT: "osophy, and not an opposing alternative to it. The kabbalah probably existed in some way before the "
9780814718124 - page_157: "START TEXT: mystics came into contact with the terminology of the philosophers. Although in Provence and Spain i" ******* END TEXT: "ement. The mystics used the term in the earliest treatises of European Jewish mysticism—it is found "
9780814718124 - page_158: "START TEXT: even in the works of Ashkenazi mystics.22 A biblical connotation was coupled with it to justify its " ******* END TEXT: "ch is in his heart and his vision. But he does write books, even quite lengthy ones. He does try to "
9780814718124 - page_159: "START TEXT: form some kind of communication with his fellow mystics, if not with his fellow men. He does that vi" ******* END TEXT: "of the great freedom that mysticism allows its believers. They can never be taken to account, their "
9780814718124 - page_160: "START TEXT: ideas analyzed and accepted or rejected. The mystic can always claim, when criticized, that he “neve" ******* END TEXT: " it just as the story of the creation of heaven, earth, fauna, and flora. The first event in cosmic "
9780814718124 - page_161: "START TEXT: history is the emanation of the ten sefirot from the hidden Godhead, the en sof These verses should " ******* END TEXT: " maximal way possible, the hidden divine truths; God himself did it when he revealed his secrets in "
9780814718124 - page_162: "START TEXT: human language to Moses on Mount Sinai, to the prophets, and to the writers who wrote under the infl" ******* END TEXT: "ays emphasized the difference between symbolism and allegory. Allegory, according to him, means two "
9780814718124 - page_163: "START TEXT: corresponding layers of truth, one revealed and the other hidden, but the revealed layer can be accu" ******* END TEXT: " been frequently described as the relationship between the revealed and hidden parts of aa iceberg. "
9780814718124 - page_164: "START TEXT: The revealed part, the symbol, is really a part of the iceberg, but anyone mistaking it for the iceb" ******* END TEXT: "put forward only by someone who pretends to know how much really is ten and how much is one; but as "
9780814718124 - page_165: "START TEXT: the mystic cannot express the mystical content of these symbols, it is possible to claim that within" ******* END TEXT: "ent was measured by one’s purity of spiritual life and by one’s distance from matter and everything "
9780814718124 - page_166: "START TEXT: connected with the physical world. Judaism had to reconcile this otherworldly attitude with a religi" ******* END TEXT: "s and even his attachment to his own body. “Kiddush has-hem,” the supreme sacrifice of life for the "
9780814718124 - page_167: "START TEXT: sake of God’s glory, was the purpose for all the mitsvot. Each commandment requires the sacrifice of" ******* END TEXT: "eed contributes something to the process to which it is connected in the divine world, and each bad "
9780814718124 - page_168: "START TEXT: deed is detrimental to that divine process. As it is impossible to know the actual mystical content " ******* END TEXT: "rinsic importance, the religious message remains clear and unambiguous: Only by strict adherence to "
9780814718124 - page_169: "START TEXT: every physical element in the practical commandments of Jewish tradition can one achieve contact wit" ******* END TEXT: "cs to come close to Him and to participate in and influence the inner dynamism of the divine realm.\n"
9780814718124 - page_170: "START TEXT: IV\nThe early kabbalists in Spain and Provence concentrated their efforts on the development of kabba" ******* END TEXT: "deny this plurality, to turn away from it, and to be part of the true divine unity. This unity is a "
9780814718124 - page_171: "START TEXT: situation of the past, and therefore the past has to be sought and understood, and a way to return t" ******* END TEXT: "formula of messianic belief, but did not add anything to it and did not connect it with kabbalistic "
9780814718124 - page_172: "START TEXT: symbolism. The symbolism of redemption was, for them, the story of the process of emanation in the b" ******* END TEXT: "ic circles was not achieved without opposition and internal strife. He discovered a letter by Rabbi "
9780814718124 - page_173: "START TEXT: Isaac the Blind to the kabbalists in Gerona, a letter written in the manner of a Rabbi chastizing hi" ******* END TEXT: " few pages each.39 Some of these, including the Sefer ha-lyyun and the works closest to it in their "
9780814718124 - page_174: "START TEXT: terminology and symbolism, do not use the usual kabbalistic system of ten sefirot; it seems that it " ******* END TEXT: "t beginnings, Jewish mystics were especially interested in the nature of prayer. Hekhalot mysticism "
9780814718124 - page_175: "START TEXT: concentrates to a very large extent on the kedushah, the third benediction among the 18, in which th" ******* END TEXT: ", and at night, toward the third, binah.\nRabbi Azriel of Gerona was the first kabbalist to dedicate "
9780814718124 - page_176: "START TEXT: a whole book to the subject of prayer. He described the symbolism behind almost every word in the pr" ******* END TEXT: "still quite obvious to the trained reader.\nAll this activity concerning prayer did not go unnoticed "
9780814718124 - page_177: "START TEXT: outside the circles of the kabbalists, for the subject concerned every Jew. The subject of the corre" ******* END TEXT: " esoteric circles of the kabbalists, their strict orthodoxy, their observance of Jewish traditional "
9780814718124 - page_178: "START TEXT: commandments, and the prominence of great halachists among the teachers of kabbalah facilitated the " ******* END TEXT: "cond. They fiercely opposed the third and offered a profound, traditional Jewish alternative to it.\n"
9780814718124 - page_179: "START TEXT: Many kabbalists wrote Jewish legal treatises, commentaries on the Bible and the Talmud, responses on" ******* END TEXT: "s, from whom the mystical system spread to other centers in Spain. Some enigmas still exist in this "
9780814718124 - page_180: "START TEXT: picture, like the extent of the participation of the Ashkenazi Hasidim in the spread of Eastern esot" ******* END TEXT: "n G. Scholem, Ursprung, pp. 181–200.\n5. See Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Hikhot Yesodei ha-Torah 1:3.\n"
9780814718124 - page_181: "START TEXT: 6. See G. Scholem, Ursprung, p. 1888.\n7. Since he began to study kabbalah, Scholem paid particular a" ******* END TEXT: "ress, 1935); D. J. Silver, Maimonidean Criticism and the Maimonidean Controversy 1180–1240 (Leiden: "
9780814718124 - page_182: "START TEXT: E. J. Brill, 1965). See my review of this book in Tarbiz, 35 (1966), pp. 295-300.\n10. The first oppo" ******* END TEXT: "here is in the history of kabbalah a cycle leading from philosophical formulation of mysticism back "
9780814718124 - page_183: "START TEXT: to mythological symbolism and then a return to the former. See his “Paths of Mythologization and Sys" ******* END TEXT: " Kabbala Literature, pp. 62-70.\n26. It is not my intention to deal in this book with the intriguing "
9780814718124 - page_184: "START TEXT: question of whether Scholem did or did not believe in any of the ideas of kabbalah, nor with the que" ******* END TEXT: "rk: Schocken, 1971), pp. 37-48.\n34. Cf. A. Altmann, “The Ladder of Ascension,” Studies in Mysticism "
9780814718124 - page_185: "START TEXT: and Religion presented to Gershom Scholem on his Seventieth Birthday, pp. 1–32.\n35. This attitude ma" ******* END TEXT: "he clearest example of the impact of European neo-Platonism on the kabbalah. See his “The Traces of "
9780814718124 - page_186: "START TEXT: Gabirol in the Kabbalah” (Hebrew), Me asef Sofrei Eretz Yisrael (Tel Aviv, 1940), pp. 160-78.\n42. Th" ******* END TEXT: "d be viewed as independent mystical schools emerging without close contact with or direct influence "
9780814718124 - page_187: "START TEXT: from the mainstream of mystical development presented by Scholem. It seems that we have today a mean" ******* END TEXT: "ee J. Dan, Early Kabbalistic Circles. See also J. Dan, “The Emergence of Mystical Prayer,” p. 115.\n\n"
9780814718124 - page_188: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 7\nFROM GERONA TOTHE ZOHAR\nI\nTHE FIRST PERIOD in the history of the kabbalah JJL begins with " ******* END TEXT: "ovided answers to the central religious problems of medieval Judaism. This maturity was revealed in "
9780814718124 - page_189: "START TEXT: the Zohar, which collected and developed previous systems and speculations and molded them into a ne" ******* END TEXT: "h was almost absent from the book Bahir and the works of the early kabbalists, emerges in the Sefer "
9780814718124 - page_190: "START TEXT: ha-Orah as a dominant power in the divine world. Rabbi Jacob did, however, probably derive some mate" ******* END TEXT: "e in the concept of evil, not only in the kabbalah itself but in the history of Jewish thought. The "
9780814718124 - page_191: "START TEXT: impact of this treatise was enormous, though indirect. While later kabbalists hardly mention Rabbi I" ******* END TEXT: "on of the struggle between the “left” and “right” powers is emphasized in Rabbi Isaac’s description "
9780814718124 - page_192: "START TEXT: of the creation of the world (including the divine world of the sefirot). He saw it as a series of a" ******* END TEXT: "teachings of this school, Rabbi Todros Abulafia, the author of Otzar ha-Kavod (A Treasury of Divine "
9780814718124 - page_193: "START TEXT: Glory), a mystical commentary on the Talmudic legends, and other works, did not emphasize the myth o" ******* END TEXT: "r works was not the reinvention of a mythology but a direct connection with Eastern gnosticism. But "
9780814718124 - page_194: "START TEXT: although the mystics of Castile doubtless knew some of the ideas of the Ashkenazi Hasidim, which the" ******* END TEXT: " is destroyed and a new one created; this could hardly have an immediate historical impact. Scholem "
9780814718124 - page_195: "START TEXT: pointed out the close similarity between these ideas and the thirteenth-century Christian school of " ******* END TEXT: "i Abraham Abulafia. One of the greatest Jewish mystics of all times, his mystical system was called "
9780814718124 - page_196: "START TEXT: by Scholem “the prophetic kabbalah.23 Scholem was the first to analyze his prolific writings as a wh" ******* END TEXT: "ed that the mystical contemplation of the secrets of Sefer Yezirah, the alphabet, and the numerical "
9780814718124 - page_197: "START TEXT: meanings of Hebrew letters and words, and the analysis of the divine names, contained all mystical s" ******* END TEXT: " of his early works, and then changed his course and became an adherent of the theosophic kabbalah. "
9780814718124 - page_198: "START TEXT: This change probably occurred after he met another adherent of the sefirot kabbalah, Rabbi Moses de " ******* END TEXT: " to an almost philosophical and seemingly logical presentation, like that of ibn Latif, a prominent "
9780814718124 - page_199: "START TEXT: kabbalist who lived in the middle of the thirteenth century.\nBy the end of this period the kabbalah " ******* END TEXT: "’s Kitvei Yad ba-Qabbalah (Jerusalem: The Hebrew University Press, 1930), pp. 31-32, 60-70, 208-13.\n"
9780814718124 - page_200: "START TEXT: 2. Gershom Scholem, “An Inquiry in the Kabbalah of R. Isaac ben Jacob ha-Kohen: The Evolution of the" ******* END TEXT: "9:2 (Theodor-Albeck ed., p. 68), Cf. agigah 13b—14a concerning the early generation which was lost.\n"
9780814718124 - page_201: "START TEXT: 11. For a detailed comparison between R. Isaac’s presentation of the myth of the “destroyed worlds” " ******* END TEXT: "holem, Ha-Qabbalah shel Sefer ha-Temunah veshel R. Avaraham Abulafiya. A major study of this mystic "
9780814718124 - page_202: "START TEXT: was written by M. Idel, “Kitvei R. Avraham Abulafiya u-mishnato” (Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University, 1" ******* END TEXT: "prepared by A. Altmann in Qovezal Yad, 9 (1980), pp. 219-93.\n34. G. Scholem, Major Trends, p. 194.\n\n"
9780814718124 - page_203: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 8\nTHE ZOHAR\nI\nWHEN SCHOLEM began his studies of the Zohar, he was overwhelmed by its depth, " ******* END TEXT: "ses’ Hebrew books seem to be a direct translation from the Zohar. But the overall view, the general "
9780814718124 - page_204: "START TEXT: characteristics, of these books when compared to the Zohar make it almost impossible to believe that" ******* END TEXT: " to point out even one sentence of the Zohar which could have been written before the Middle Ages.2\n"
9780814718124 - page_205: "START TEXT: II\nThe Zohar is not one book; it is a whole library, in which about 20 different works can be descri" ******* END TEXT: "idrash ha-Ne’elam a medieval addition to the archaic work. Scholem’s investigations proved that the "
9780814718124 - page_206: "START TEXT: Midrash ha-Ne’elam actually was the earliest part of the Zohar, and that it was also the first part " ******* END TEXT: "two books later added to the Zohar by another kabbalist, the first imitator of Rabbi Moses de Leon.\n"
9780814718124 - page_207: "START TEXT: The other treatises in the main part of the Zohar include, for instance, sections centered around a " ******* END TEXT: ": the sexual symbolism of the Zohar, the dualism of good and evil, anthropomorphism, and the theory "
9780814718124 - page_208: "START TEXT: of the impact of human beings on the fate and status of the divine powers. Scholem discussed these e" ******* END TEXT: "firah, keter,“the divine crown.” In some Zoharic sections it seems that keter is identical with the "
9780814718124 - page_209: "START TEXT: eternal Godhead, the en sof, whereas in other sections it seems that a distinction is made between t" ******* END TEXT: "into actuality. The process of emanation of the active divine powers begins with her. All existence "
9780814718124 - page_210: "START TEXT: also flows back to binah to immerse itself and rejuvenate itself in this divine womb of all the powe" ******* END TEXT: "ance, Justice in tiferet is strengthened at the expense of the element of Mercy; when it is time to "
9780814718124 - page_211: "START TEXT: redeem and save, Mercy is increased and becomes dominant in tiferet. The character of the mixture of" ******* END TEXT: " power to the created world and to human beings, and, as the bride and the wife, it is the intimate "
9780814718124 - page_212: "START TEXT: counterpart to all the divine powers, completing them and making them into a whole.\nTo these one mor" ******* END TEXT: "c homiletical narrative of the Zohar did Rabbi Moses de Leon find the freedom and the means to give "
9780814718124 - page_213: "START TEXT: full, unmitigated expression to his mystical vision of the divine world as the scene of an enormous " ******* END TEXT: "the sexual union in the divine world was developed on the basis of another myth, that of the fierce "
9780814718124 - page_214: "START TEXT: struggle between the divine principles of good and evil as explained in Rabbi Isaac ha-Cohen’s Emana" ******* END TEXT: " the position of Satan is given in much more moderate terms. It is as if the author were attempting "
9780814718124 - page_215: "START TEXT: to present a picture in which theological dualism was either muted or completely absent. This is per" ******* END TEXT: "f din, the divine Justice or Judgment. According to the description of this divine manifestation in "
9780814718124 - page_216: "START TEXT: the Zohar, it must contain some elements of evil, though they are justified and necessary elements o" ******* END TEXT: "n the powers of good and those of evil.17\nWhen the author of the Zohar describes the created world, "
9780814718124 - page_217: "START TEXT: however, there can be no doubt that he conceived of it as being completely divided between good and " ******* END TEXT: "ism and Jewish thought is the picture of Man’s role in this vast, continually developing drama. Man "
9780814718124 - page_218: "START TEXT: is not just a bystander, or a recipient of the results of the events. Man is both the cause and the " ******* END TEXT: "vine Mercy, rules the world, opens the gates for the powers of evil to become stronger and dominate "
9780814718124 - page_219: "START TEXT: creation. It is quite clear that the author of the Zohar held the same basic attitude of the Aristot" ******* END TEXT: "tronger; she can repel the attacks of the Satanic seducers, and she approaches the divine realm and "
9780814718124 - page_220: "START TEXT: sexual union is possible. The whole mythology of the Zohar is dependent on the rate of the flow of t" ******* END TEXT: "he secret, mystical meaning of the prayer shema Yisrael: “May our God be one,” that is, united into "
9780814718124 - page_221: "START TEXT: one to overcome the forced separation between the male and female elements in the pleroma and to ove" ******* END TEXT: " the increase in the flow of the shefa, the renewed unity between the shekhinah and her bridegroom. "
9780814718124 - page_222: "START TEXT: The restitution of the divine powers to their original place will result also in the restitution of " ******* END TEXT: "buted to ancient tannaim and gaonim.\nThe Zohar, however, was different. First, no other kabbalistic "
9780814718124 - page_223: "START TEXT: work acquired its sanctity and prestige; if the Zohar’s author was ethically in the wrong, the whole" ******* END TEXT: "ry treated the Zohar with some suspicion. When quoting it they did not mention the source at all or "
9780814718124 - page_224: "START TEXT: attributed the quote to a different work. It is quite possible that they accepted the antiquity of t" ******* END TEXT: "vealed; only the inner, esoteric meaning of well-known ancient traditional texts is being presented "
9780814718124 - page_225: "START TEXT: before the reader. The mystical element in such works is not in the way the mystical truths are bein" ******* END TEXT: " have been revealed to him alone, bypassing every great mystic from Moses to Rav Hai. They all knew "
9780814718124 - page_226: "START TEXT: it, but none wrote it. So, when he puts this truth in the mouth of Rabbi Shimeon bar Yohai, he does " ******* END TEXT: " to the memory of Ephraim Gottlieb, published by the Institute of Jewish Studies (Jerusalem, 1974).\n"
9780814718124 - page_227: "START TEXT: 3. Scholem pointed out the special characteristics of the Raaya Meheimna, and especially its social " ******* END TEXT: " Pardes Rimmonim, ch. 23. It should not be understood that the symbols used here are more “correct” "
9780814718124 - page_228: "START TEXT: than others or that the multitude of symbols is synonymous. Each symbol refers to a different aspect" ******* END TEXT: "ities, 1982), pp. 87-236.\n23. On the anthropology of the Zohar and the meaning of the commandments, "
9780814718124 - page_229: "START TEXT: see G. Scholem, Major Trends, pp. 240-43. See also I. Tishby, Mishnat ha-Zohar, vol. 2, which is com" ******* END TEXT: "er he was convinced that de Leon wrote the book or whether he accepted the claim of its antiquity.\n\n"
9780814718124 - page_230: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 9\nFROM THE ZOHARTO SAFED\nI\nTHE TWO CENTURIES which separate the appearance of the Zohar in S" ******* END TEXT: "e kabbalah of this period to identify specific mystical works, their authors, their date, and their "
9780814718124 - page_231: "START TEXT: background. He analyzed their mutual relationship and interdependence and characterized the original" ******* END TEXT: "ost important followers of the Zohar in this period were the anonymous author of the Ra’aya Mehemna "
9780814718124 - page_232: "START TEXT: and the Tikuney ha-Zohar, whose works, written at the very end of the thirteenth century and the beg" ******* END TEXT: "ts in Spain, however, should be viewed as continuing the previous schools of the kabbalah. The most "
9780814718124 - page_233: "START TEXT: important center in Spain at the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth w" ******* END TEXT: "Keter Shem Tov on the subject that most interested the kabbalists of the Rashba circle—Nachmanides’ "
9780814718124 - page_234: "START TEXT: “secrets/’ that is, the kabbalistic references in his commentary on the Torah. Shem Tob ibn Gaon emi" ******* END TEXT: "nthesis between the kabbalah and philosophy was possible, and it seems that some philosophers, from "
9780814718124 - page_235: "START TEXT: Rabbi Moses Narboni21 to Rabbi Hasdai Crescas22 seem to have shared this view. By the fifteenth cent" ******* END TEXT: "ta’amey ha-mitsvot), but in a peculiar literary manner: The author of the Sefer ha-Kanah invented a "
9780814718124 - page_236: "START TEXT: family, which was described as connected with Rabbi Nehunia ben ha-Kanah, who was regarded as the au" ******* END TEXT: "me almost a popular subject when the fifteenth century was drawing to a close. This is attested to, "
9780814718124 - page_237: "START TEXT: for instance, by the fact that one of the most popular Hebrew ethical works of the Middle Ages was R" ******* END TEXT: "lectuals, to create the Christian kabbalah.\nThe problem of the emergence of the Christian kabbalah, "
9780814718124 - page_238: "START TEXT: and especially its roots within Judaism, fascinated Scholem throughout his scholarly career, for sev" ******* END TEXT: " But his life work was the translation of kabbalistic works into Latin, which he did systematically "
9780814718124 - page_239: "START TEXT: and diligently, including works of Rabbi Judah the Pious and of Abraham Abulafia. He presented them " ******* END TEXT: "ean thought but its literature as well.36\nBy the beginning of the sixteenth century, therefore, the "
9780814718124 - page_240: "START TEXT: kabbalah spread to geographical and cultural realms far beyond the original closed circles from whic" ******* END TEXT: "Sefer, 4 (1927-28), pp. 286-302.\n3. See Moshe Hallamish, “The Beginning of Rabbi Joseph Ashkenazi’s "
9780814718124 - page_241: "START TEXT: Commentary on Genesis Rabbah” (Hebrew), Studies in Jewish Mysticism Presented to Isaiah Tishby on hi" ******* END TEXT: "b, Ha-Qabbalah be-Khitvei Rabbenu Bahya ben Asher, pp. 167-93.\n14. See G. Scholem, Kabbalah, p. 61.\n"
9780814718124 - page_242: "START TEXT: 15. The halakic and kabbalistic writings of Shem Tob ibn Gaon were described by S. D. Levinger in hi" ******* END TEXT: "- 334-42.\n25. Both books were printed in Koretz, which later became the center of Hasidic printing.\n"
9780814718124 - page_243: "START TEXT: 26. See above, ch. 5, p. 29–30.\n27. See J. Dan, The Hebrew Story in the Middle Ages {Hebrew} (Jerusa" ******* END TEXT: "e Maarekhot ha-Elohut” (Hebrew), E. Gottlieb, Studies in the Kabbala Literature, esp. pp. 289–343.\n\n"
9780814718124 - page_244: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 10\nTHE SAFED SCHOOL OFTHE KABBALAH\nI\nTHE EXPULSION OF the Jews from Spain in 1492 changed th" ******* END TEXT: "ectations which had begun in the fifteenth century. Messianism, which was quite subdued in medieval "
9780814718124 - page_245: "START TEXT: Jewish culture, emerged now to become a major cultural and historical force, even a dominant one whi" ******* END TEXT: "pponents. The spiritual processes which produced them all are rooted in the traumatic experience of "
9780814718124 - page_246: "START TEXT: the expulsion from Spain and the appearance of the new kabbalah in sixteenth-century Safed.\nAmong th" ******* END TEXT: "for this crisis.2 They compared the behavior of the leaders of Spanish Jewry to that of the leaders "
9780814718124 - page_247: "START TEXT: of Ashkenazi Jewry during the period of the Crusades, when leaders were martyred with their communit" ******* END TEXT: "this reasoning. They were expelled and suffered all the hardships of exile. But the better-educated "
9780814718124 - page_248: "START TEXT: classes absorbed the teachings of the rationalists and spiritualists; they preferred to stay in Spai" ******* END TEXT: "d the needs of Jews in this period of crisis and upheaval. It took two generations to achieve this.\n"
9780814718124 - page_249: "START TEXT: II\nFrom the middle of the fifteenth century there occurred a change in the kabbalah in Spain, which " ******* END TEXT: "n the second half of the sixteenth century.8\nThese works and others similar to them indicate that a "
9780814718124 - page_250: "START TEXT: change was occurring in the attitude of many kabbalists to the messianic element in their mystical s" ******* END TEXT: "great enterprise was begun—the reinstitution of the Jewish semichah, rabbinic ordination. According "
9780814718124 - page_251: "START TEXT: to Jewish tradition, the power to judge according to the halakhah was given to Moses by God, and Mos" ******* END TEXT: "of Jerusalem categorically refused.\nA controversy ensued, garbed completely in halachic terminology "
9780814718124 - page_252: "START TEXT: and pretending to concentrate on the proper exegesis of Maimonides. The real argument, however, was " ******* END TEXT: "ieved that a divine power, the shekhinah, was revealed to him in the form of the Mishnah. His ideal "
9780814718124 - page_253: "START TEXT: was to be favored to receive the fate allotted by God to the messianic martyr Rabbi Shlomo Molcho, w" ******* END TEXT: " his soul, the demonic powers, and every other subject central to the Zohar and the early kabbalah.\n"
9780814718124 - page_254: "START TEXT: Cordovero’s work can be regarded both as a systematization and a summary of the kabbalah that preced" ******* END TEXT: " of the pre-expulsion period, which continued to a very large extent to shape the sixteenth-century "
9780814718124 - page_255: "START TEXT: kabbalah as well. In Safed, however, many did not follow his footsteps, even though he belonged to t" ******* END TEXT: "saiah ha-Levi Horowitz. He incorporated Tomer Devorah completely in his Shnei Luhot ha-Berit. Other "
9780814718124 - page_256: "START TEXT: great kabbalists in Safed followed Cordovero in writing ethical treatises, among them Rabbi Hayyim V" ******* END TEXT: "onvey them in written pages. Fortunately, his disciples succeeded in conveying some of his visions.\n"
9780814718124 - page_257: "START TEXT: The best known of Luria’s disciples was Rabbi Hayyim Vital Clippers. He was the author of the most i" ******* END TEXT: " presented his disciples with a problem. Early death was regarded in Judaism as a divine punishment "
9780814718124 - page_258: "START TEXT: for a sin, a death of karet. Thus, Luria’s death at the age of 38 had to be explained theologically," ******* END TEXT: " on a phrase in Jacob’s blessing to Judah.)33\nAlthough Rabbi Hayyim and other members of the circle "
9780814718124 - page_259: "START TEXT: believed in their messianic role, they did not act out any of their beliefs. Vital lived to an old a" ******* END TEXT: "ime in many centuries the Jewish world was united under one theological system, one set of symbols, "
9780814718124 - page_260: "START TEXT: common terminology, and an intense mystical atmosphere. Almost all the popular works at this time we" ******* END TEXT: "e Godhead was both everything and nothing, filling up all existence when there was no existence? In "
9780814718124 - page_261: "START TEXT: order for the creation to proceed, “space” had to be created, where the Godhead would not be the sam" ******* END TEXT: "with the Shiur Komah and was developed in the Zohar and other kabbalistic works in the Middle Ages.\n"
9780814718124 - page_262: "START TEXT: From this point onward the Lurianic myth could have continued and unfolded in a way similar to that " ******* END TEXT: "he form gives it its specific characteristics. The difference is, however, that in the Aristotelian "
9780814718124 - page_263: "START TEXT: system the “form” was the more divine element, while “matter” was further from spirituality. In the " ******* END TEXT: "ch explains the Lurianic myth of the shevirah is that of the reshimu, the “impression” or “residue” "
9780814718124 - page_264: "START TEXT: of the divine light. This concept was not clearly described in Rabbi Hayyim Vital’s voluminous prese" ******* END TEXT: "aim than the separation achieved by the tzimtzum: to correct these potential differences, to unite, "
9780814718124 - page_265: "START TEXT: for the first time, the two elements within the Godhead all at once. The reshimu elements served to " ******* END TEXT: " developments destroyed this original perfection. Thus it is the role of redemption to restore that "
9780814718124 - page_266: "START TEXT: early harmony. Luria drastically deviated from this belief. According to his mythical symbolism ther" ******* END TEXT: "here is no doubt that in this way Luria’s teachings conformed to the spiritual needs of the period.\n"
9780814718124 - page_267: "START TEXT: Luria’s myth continues with the Godhead’s second attempt at creation, this time successful, though m" ******* END TEXT: "ivine world, while some divine sparks remained in the captivity of the emerging evil powers. Exile, "
9780814718124 - page_268: "START TEXT: therefore, is neither a human experience nor a Jewish one. Long before either Man or Jew existed, ex" ******* END TEXT: "omething which does not really exist, like darkness, which is only the absence of light; so evil is "
9780814718124 - page_269: "START TEXT: not a real substance but the absence of goodness. In the Lurianic kabbalah, evil certainly exists as" ******* END TEXT: "m Adam’s soul fell into captivity in the Satanic realm, instead of serving to uplift the previously "
9780814718124 - page_270: "START TEXT: captured divine lights of the original breaking of the vessels. This was the first attempt of the Go" ******* END TEXT: " of the Torah, his life is dedicated to this mythical struggle of good against evil, and everything "
9780814718124 - page_271: "START TEXT: he does contributes to the enhancement of the process of the tikkun and the weakening of the evil po" ******* END TEXT: " to publish it and preach it. As stated above, Lurianic kabbalah spread in spite of the attempts of "
9780814718124 - page_272: "START TEXT: the disciples, and especially of Rabbi Hayyim Vital, to keep it a secret. The history of the spread " ******* END TEXT: "age for the drama of the conflict between the eternal elements of good and evil within the Godhead. "
9780814718124 - page_273: "START TEXT: True unity, complete harmony, divine perfection—all these can be found only in the future, after the" ******* END TEXT: "individual perfection. The meaning of worship becomes the concern of the whole community, the whole "
9780814718124 - page_274: "START TEXT: nation, for the process of tikkun is carried on by all of them together. When a person performs a mi" ******* END TEXT: " repentance also changed completely following the impact of Lurianic kabbalah. Repentance no longer "
9780814718124 - page_275: "START TEXT: could be regarded as the personal return of the sinner to his God, and the absolution of his persona" ******* END TEXT: "ugh the close parallels between Lurianism and ancient gnostic ideas may indicate that this theology "
9780814718124 - page_276: "START TEXT: was foreign to traditional Judaism, in fact it brought few changes in old Jewish beliefs and practic" ******* END TEXT: "t the redemption of the one spark that one may free by one’s next prayer may bring forth messianic, "
9780814718124 - page_277: "START TEXT: cosmic salvation. It may also be that the world is at any one moment just one step away from the com" ******* END TEXT: "ce Jewish books of halakbah and ethical instruction. Knowledge of the Lurianic kavvanot is helpful, "
9780814718124 - page_278: "START TEXT: but does not constitute a condition to the performance of the mystical goal. Every Jew is, in this s" ******* END TEXT: " for Rabbi Hayyim Vital to believe for five decades in his own messianic role as the messiah son of "
9780814718124 - page_279: "START TEXT: David without doing anything to fulfill that role. The messiah does not have any special duties befo" ******* END TEXT: "spirit of their world and expressed their admiration to Luria as a unique personality, as presented "
9780814718124 - page_280: "START TEXT: in the hagiography around him, and used the terminology of the Lurianic kabbalah even if they did no" ******* END TEXT: ". Idel, “Inquiries into the Doctrine of Sefer ha-Meshiv” (Hebrew), Sefunot, 17 (1983), pp. 185-266.\n"
9780814718124 - page_281: "START TEXT: 6. According to Scholem, Abraham ben Eliezer ha-Levi was the author of the commentary. See “The Kabb" ******* END TEXT: "s of Mystical Meditation for Achieving Prophecy and the Holy Spirit in the Teachings of Isaac Luria "
9780814718124 - page_282: "START TEXT: and Hayyim Vital” [Ph.D. thesis, Brandeis University, 1976], esp. pp. 18–42.)\n17. Concerning the tra" ******* END TEXT: "hesis, Hebrew University, 1975); J. Dan, Hebrew Ethical and Homiletical Literature, pp. 202-29. See "
9780814718124 - page_283: "START TEXT: also M. Pachter, “The Theory of Devekut in the Writings of the Sages of Safed in the Sixteenth Centu" ******* END TEXT: "bbalah in seventeenth-century Italy was R. Judah Aryeh of Modena whose polemic against the kabbalah "
9780814718124 - page_284: "START TEXT: was entitled Ari Nohem (1648). Only a few of Modena’s contemporaries supported him, although some, l" ******* END TEXT: ". See S. Assaf, op. cit., p. 13; cf. J. Dan, Hebrew Ethical and Homiletical Literature, pp. 208–09.\n"
9780814718124 - page_285: "START TEXT: 44. See G. Scholem, “Tradition und Neuschopfung im Ritus der Kabbalisten,” Eranos Jahrbuch, 19 (1950" ******* END TEXT: "h translations in G. Scholem, The Messianic Idea in Judaism (New York: Schocken, 1971), pp. 1-48.]\n\n"
9780814718124 - page_286: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 11\nTHE SABBATIAN UPHEAVAL\nI\nNO PART OF Scholem’s voluminous scholarly works had a greater im" ******* END TEXT: "story before and after the movement as well as during the centuries of its development and decline.\n"
9780814718124 - page_287: "START TEXT: II\nHistorians of Judaism have a unique problem in adjusting European accepted chronological designat" ******* END TEXT: "view was that the beginning of the Sabbatian movement in 1665 and 1666 should be seen as the end of "
9780814718124 - page_288: "START TEXT: medieval Jewish history and the beginning of modern Jewish history.3 His main argument to support th" ******* END TEXT: "d by his transition, every few months, from a state of extreme self-confidence and certainty of his "
9780814718124 - page_289: "START TEXT: supernatural powers and status to a state of melancholy and depression. A handsome man and a good si" ******* END TEXT: "l far and wide. In only a very few months Nathan’s messages spread around most of the Jewish world.\n"
9780814718124 - page_290: "START TEXT: The nature of the connection between the messiah and his prophet is not completely understood. What " ******* END TEXT: " the appearance of the messiah and his sufferings were present in the mannerisms of Sabbatai Zevi.9\n"
9780814718124 - page_291: "START TEXT: Nathan created a unity between his messiah and Lurianic theology. Lurianic mythology did not contain" ******* END TEXT: " to Nathan, is provided by the messiah, who is an incarnation of a divine power (the sixth sefirah, "
9780814718124 - page_292: "START TEXT: tiferet). Sabbatai Zevi, said Nathan, appeared in order to make the completion of the process of Lur" ******* END TEXT: "king, or so it seemed, and they sought various explanations, some of them crudely denying the known "
9780814718124 - page_293: "START TEXT: facts. For instance, some connected the spread of Sabbatianism with the upheavals and massacres of t" ******* END TEXT: " background to the movement. According to them, Sabbatianism arose from the rebellion of the Jewish "
9780814718124 - page_294: "START TEXT: lower masses against the social and economic leadership; that is, messianism was but a cover to inte" ******* END TEXT: "to start within a few months. Almost everybody believed Sabbatai Zevi was going to remove the crown "
9780814718124 - page_295: "START TEXT: of the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, crown himself, and lead the Jewish people wherever they were to" ******* END TEXT: "orians described the Sabbatians after the conversion as “remnants” of the destroyed movement. These "
9780814718124 - page_296: "START TEXT: remnants, Scholem pointed out, existed throughout the seventeenth century. Major movements of the ei" ******* END TEXT: "xplained, was the result of the clear contradiction between external appearances and internal faith "
9780814718124 - page_297: "START TEXT: in the hearts of the Jews. Externally, nothing had changed. The world continued to be ruled by the g" ******* END TEXT: "that there could be no worse crime for a Jew than to convert to another religion. The whole concept "
9780814718124 - page_298: "START TEXT: of kiddush ha-shem expressed the martyrological belief that it was better to sacrifice one’s life th" ******* END TEXT: "overcome, in the first stage, the common enemy, is symbolized by the messiah’s conversion to Islam.\n"
9780814718124 - page_299: "START TEXT: Another subtle but important reason given by the Sabbatians for Sabbatai Zevi’s conversion is one re" ******* END TEXT: ". But, Scholem pointed out, there is a great difference between these two paradoxes. There are many "
9780814718124 - page_300: "START TEXT: constructive human values which can be derived from the Christian messiah, especially those of devot" ******* END TEXT: "he Torah to all Israel, making them repent their sins and creating a Jewish community which will be "
9780814718124 - page_301: "START TEXT: completely governed by the laws of the Torah as given to Moses on Mount Sinai for all eternity.21\nOn" ******* END TEXT: "s if he were not bound by the laws of the traditional Torah, which was not his; his strange actions "
9780814718124 - page_302: "START TEXT: were the results of his living by the laws of the supreme, spiritual, and divine Torah of the redemp" ******* END TEXT: "he completely antinomianistic claim that the spiritual Torah is the direct opposite of the old one, "
9780814718124 - page_303: "START TEXT: and everything prohibited in the old is a commandment in the new—”the negation of torah is its uphol" ******* END TEXT: "faithful in these circumstances is to support the messiah with all their strength. This support can "
9780814718124 - page_304: "START TEXT: be given only through the old Torah, which, according to Luria, includes the laws which symbolically" ******* END TEXT: "ovement of the middle of the eighteenth century was the most extreme expression of Sabbatianism. It "
9780814718124 - page_305: "START TEXT: had an impact upon later Jewish history.23 Jacob Frank was a Sabbatian from Poland who followed a Tu" ******* END TEXT: " history that people who were technically Jews supported, in public, the blood libel, thus claiming "
9780814718124 - page_306: "START TEXT: that the Jewish people were ritual murderers. It is said that Jacob Frank told the rabbis: “You want" ******* END TEXT: " that the Frankist movement was a traumatic one for Judaism, but another one was no less upsetting. "
9780814718124 - page_307: "START TEXT: This was the controversy concerning the Sabbatianism of Rabbi Jonathan Eibschutz, the great scholar," ******* END TEXT: " and the proofs were quite convincing. Emden also claimed that a clearly Sabbatian book by the name "
9780814718124 - page_308: "START TEXT: And I Shall Come Today to the Fountain was written by Rabbi Jonathan.29\nThe conflict divided East Eu" ******* END TEXT: "ucation. It is possible, or even imaginable, that a person who was educated in the most traditional "
9780814718124 - page_309: "START TEXT: way, who studied the Talmud for many years and understands it well, somebody who knows the most minu" ******* END TEXT: "tion, was responsible for ignorance concerning Sabbatianism until Scholem began his investigations.\n"
9780814718124 - page_310: "START TEXT: 2. For the most recent bibliography of scholarship on Sabbatianism, see Scholem’s encyclopedia artic" ******* END TEXT: "und in several manuscripts. The text was published by Tishby in Netivei Emunah u-Minhut, pp. 30–51.\n"
9780814718124 - page_311: "START TEXT: 16. The power of paradox as a creative force in religion is expressed in the motto which Scholem cho" ******* END TEXT: "until all the souls created by God have had the chance to enter bodies and come into the world [cf. "
9780814718124 - page_312: "START TEXT: Yevamot 62a]. If so, then the more children that are born, the closer is the redemption.\n26. The doc" ******* END TEXT: ": Schocken, 1941), i.e. “a collection of pearls,” an obvious play on words with his critic’s name.\n\n"
9780814718124 - page_313: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 12\nHASIDISM AND THEMODERN PERIOD\nI\nGERSHOM SCHOLEM studied the modern Hasidic movement in se" ******* END TEXT: "idism. There are very few historical references to Hasidism in non-Hasidic sources before the great "
9780814718124 - page_314: "START TEXT: controversy and the anti-Hasidic polemic which began in 1772. Most of the Hasidic material concernin" ******* END TEXT: "asidism is usually the concluding subject.3\nScholem’s one comprehensive description of Hasidism was "
9780814718124 - page_315: "START TEXT: published in Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism as the brief concluding chapter.4 Two of his most impo" ******* END TEXT: "chings had spread to all the Jewish people.\nDinur’s interpretation was not accepted by many. Martin "
9780814718124 - page_316: "START TEXT: Buber, in his many works of Hasidism, took an opposite view,7 explaining that the Hasidic movement s" ******* END TEXT: " Dinur’s view that messianism was the real motive behind the Hasidic movement, but he also rejected "
9780814718124 - page_317: "START TEXT: Scholem’s view that Hasidism neutralized the messianic element.8\nScholem later published his most de" ******* END TEXT: ".11 Thus, according to Buber there was a popular and intuitive element in this movement; it did not "
9780814718124 - page_318: "START TEXT: present its teachings in the systematic, theological manner of earlier Jewish mystics. He regarded i" ******* END TEXT: "Nahman of Bratzlav, the Besht’s great-grandson and one of the most profound Hasidic teachers, which "
9780814718124 - page_319: "START TEXT: he translated from Hebrew into German and reedited, cutting out whatever he did not like,13 Scholem " ******* END TEXT: "m, which started a millennium and a half before the eighteenth century and the Besht. On the other, "
9780814718124 - page_320: "START TEXT: Hasidism was the modern stage in the long historical process which started in the fifteenth century " ******* END TEXT: "f the intermediary in the Sabbatian movement by limiting the role of the Zaddik as redeemer only to "
9780814718124 - page_321: "START TEXT: his time, his place, and his specific community. In this way, the redemption brought by the Zaddik i" ******* END TEXT: " schools and social institutions, preserving their belief in their Zaddik, and bringing forth a new "
9780814718124 - page_322: "START TEXT: generation of Hasidim. Even today, a century and a half after Hasidism was announced to be an anachr" ******* END TEXT: "e historical message of Jewish mysticism for the people as a whole became more and more meaningful. "
9780814718124 - page_323: "START TEXT: The Lurianic kabbalah was the culmination of this process, when the people of Israel were regarded a" ******* END TEXT: "lievers were directly instrumental in opening Jewish culture to European enlightenment and that the "
9780814718124 - page_324: "START TEXT: Jewish enlightenment movement of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was to some extent the resu" ******* END TEXT: "Jewish enlightenment movement. There is no doubt that Jewish historiography will study exhaustively "
9780814718124 - page_325: "START TEXT: the questions of enlightenment and Sabbatianism that Scholem raised, because of their far-reaching h" ******* END TEXT: "ancipation in Europe, as the watershed between the Jewish Middle Ages and modern times. He believed "
9780814718124 - page_326: "START TEXT: that Jewish history was to be understood by events within Judaism, rather than by historical develop" ******* END TEXT: "nd Messianic Elements” (Hebrew), in Be-Mifneh ha-Dorot (Jerusalem: Mosad Bialik, 1955), pp. 82-227.\n"
9780814718124 - page_327: "START TEXT: 6. Ben Porat Yosef (Koretz, 1781).\n7. See esp. Martin Buber, Be-Pardes ha-Hasidut (Tel Aviv: Davir, " ******* END TEXT: "{Hebrew} (Jerusalem, 1975), pp. 132–87. See also A. Green, Tormented Master: A Life of Rabbi Nahman "
9780814718124 - page_328: "START TEXT: of Brats lav (University, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1979), pp. 182-220.\n17. It is important" ******* END TEXT: "ee G. Scholem, “Redemption Through Sin,” in G. Scholem, The Messianic Idea in Judaism, pp. 78–141.\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_211: "START TEXT: Notes\nNOTES TO CHAPTER 1\n1. Congressional Record, 104th Cong., 2d sess., May 7, 1996, E720–21.\n2. To" ******* END TEXT: " Farewell to Rational Discourse,” in Wil A. Linkugel, R. R. Allen, and Richard L. Johannesen, eds., "
9780814718766 - page_212: "START TEXT: Contemporary American Speeches, 3d edition (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1972), 133–47.\n15. Mary Ann Glen" ******* END TEXT: "cially Sacvan Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978).\n"
9780814718766 - page_213: "START TEXT: 31. Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad, 32–33, 34, 37, 44, 45, 80.\n32. Bercovitch, The American Jerem" ******* END TEXT: "opedia of the Social Sciences, 18 vols., v. 13 (New York: Macmillan and Free Press, 1968), 294–300.\n"
9780814718766 - page_214: "START TEXT: 45. Todd Gitlin, “Postmodernism: Roots and Politics,” in Ian Angus and Sut Jhally, eds., Cultural Po" ******* END TEXT: "eremiah: On the Dialogic Invention of Prophetic Ethos,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 78 (1992), 137.\n"
9780814718766 - page_215: "START TEXT: 9. Zulick, “The Agon of Jeremiah,” 137.\n10. On the messenger formula, see: Westermann, Basic Forms. " ******* END TEXT: "us?” Religious Studies 13 (1977), esp. 230–31.\n31. Blank, “‘Of a Truth the Lord Hath Sent Me,’” 17.\n"
9780814718766 - page_216: "START TEXT: 32. Walter Brueggemann, The Prophetic Imagination (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1978), 66; see also" ******* END TEXT: "ne factor that hinders traditional Aristotelian criticisms of radical discourse is that traditional "
9780814718766 - page_217: "START TEXT: rhetoric is an “insider’s rhetoric.” See, in particular: Herbert W. Simons, “Persuasion in Social Co" ******* END TEXT: " Doubleday, 1956).\n64. Heschel, The Prophets, v. 2, xvii–86.\n65. Vawter, Conscience of Israel, 128.\n"
9780814718766 - page_218: "START TEXT: 66. Northrop Frye, The Critical Path: An Essay on the Social Context of Literary Criticism, Midland " ******* END TEXT: "schel notes the metaphor of the hand of God used by the prophets to express “the urgency, pressure, "
9780814718766 - page_219: "START TEXT: and compulsion by which he is stunned and overwhelmed.” The Prophets, v. 2, 224.\n80. Jeremiah 1:5.\n8" ******* END TEXT: "shaw, Prophetic Conflict, 94. See also: Magnin, “The Voice of Prophecy in This Satellite Age,” 118.\n"
9780814718766 - page_220: "START TEXT: 97. Shaw, Saint Joan, 158.\n98. Max Weber, “The Prophet,” in’S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., Max Weber on Char" ******* END TEXT: "ble.” “Preface,” 18.\n111. Swatos, “The Disenchantment of Charisma,” 124; Long, “Prophetic Authority "
9780814718766 - page_221: "START TEXT: as Social Reality,” 4. Overholt treats this as something of a revelation in his discussion of “socia" ******* END TEXT: "sen, Tracts, 283–84.\n12. [Leonard], “Massachusettensis,” December 26, 1775, in Jensen, Tracts, 287.\n"
9780814718766 - page_222: "START TEXT: 13. Joseph Galloway, “A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies,” " ******* END TEXT: "tephen E. Lucas, “Justifying America: The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document,” in "
9780814718766 - page_223: "START TEXT: Thomas Benson, ed., American Rhetoric: Context and Criticism (Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern " ******* END TEXT: "Treatise, XIII, 149:20–33.\n45. For the connection between the Levellers and the Whigs, see: Bailyn, "
9780814718766 - page_224: "START TEXT: Ideological Origins, 34ff; Bernard Bailyn, “The Central Themes of the American Revolution,” in Steph" ******* END TEXT: "nd Treatise, XI, 138: 13–15.\n69. John Adams, “Novanglus, January 30, 1775,” in Jensen, Tracts, 315.\n"
9780814718766 - page_225: "START TEXT: 70. Burke, “On Conciliation with the Colonies,” 90–91.\n71. On “God terms” and “devil terms” see: Ric" ******* END TEXT: "olitics, 1301a40–1301b1.\n90. Robert N. Belhh, “The Revolution 3nd the Civil Religion,” in Jerald C. "
9780814718766 - page_226: "START TEXT: Brauer, ed., Religion and the American Revolution (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1976), 69; see also" ******* END TEXT: "ely be justified by reason, see: Barry Stroud, Hume (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977), 11ff.\n"
9780814718766 - page_227: "START TEXT: 105. Thomas Reid, An Inquiry into the Human Mind, Timothy J. Duggan, ed. (Chicago: University of Chi" ******* END TEXT: "al sense, 131ff.\n131. John Dickinson, “Letters from a Farmer,” II, in Hofstadter, Great Issues, 24.\n"
9780814718766 - page_228: "START TEXT: 132. Chalmers, in Jensen, Tracts, 478.\n133. Paine, in Jensen, Tracts, 418.\n134. Paine, in Jensen, Tr" ******* END TEXT: " 1834–1850 (New York: Vintage Books, 1970), is particularly critical of traditional interpretations "
9780814718766 - page_229: "START TEXT: of abolitionism. Lewis Perry and Michael Fellman, eds., Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives o" ******* END TEXT: "Filler, Civil Rights and Freedom, 9.\n20. “The Boston Mob,” in Filler, Civil Rights and Freedom, 12.\n"
9780814718766 - page_230: "START TEXT: 21. “The Boston Mob,” in Filler, Civil Rights and Freedom, 26.\n22. The Constitution a Pro-Slavery Co" ******* END TEXT: "ghts and Freedom, 71.\n40. Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition, 178, emphasis Hofstadter’s.\n"
9780814718766 - page_231: "START TEXT: 41. “Harper’s Ferry,” 274; “The Boston Mob,” 225, both in Speeches, Lectures, and Letters.\n42. “Phil" ******* END TEXT: "can Antislavery Thought,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 49 (1962), 219–23. Emphasis Sharp’s.\n"
9780814718766 - page_232: "START TEXT: 62. In The Constitution a Pro-Slavery Compact, 106.\n63. Letter reprinted from the Blagden papers in " ******* END TEXT: "so: Miller, The Life of the Mind in America, 25, 65, 69f, 141; Smith, “Righteousness and Hope,” 34.\n"
9780814718766 - page_233: "START TEXT: 86. “Philosophy of the Abolition Movement,” in Filler, Civil Rights and Freedom, 62, emphasis Philli" ******* END TEXT: "gic Mountain, H. T. Lowe-Porter, trans., Vintage Books edition (New York: Random House, 1969), 603.\n"
9780814718766 - page_234: "START TEXT: 103. Hazel Catherine Wolf, On Freedom’s Altar: The Martyr Complex in the Abolition Movement (Madison" ******* END TEXT: ", 122–23, passim.\n2. I. A. Richards, “Doctrine in Poetry,” reprinted in W. J. Bate, ed., Criticism: "
9780814718766 - page_235: "START TEXT: The Major Texts, enlarged edition (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), 586.\n3. Sidney Lens, " ******* END TEXT: "nton Speech,” in Jean Y. Tussey, ed., Eugene V Debs Speaks (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1972), 271.\n"
9780814718766 - page_236: "START TEXT: 19. Gutman has detailed the degree to which the industrial order conflicted with older modes of work" ******* END TEXT: "cialism, 93.\n34. Aileen’S. Kraditor, The Radical Persuasion, 1890–1917: Aspects of the Intellectual "
9780814718766 - page_237: "START TEXT: History and Historiography of Three American Radical Organizations (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Uni" ******* END TEXT: " notes that Debs’s later career, after helping found the Socialist Party, was more consistent (48).\n"
9780814718766 - page_238: "START TEXT: 53. “How I Became a Socialist,” in Tussey, Debs Speaks, 48–49.\n54. Pamphlet published by the Rand Sc" ******* END TEXT: "ts which went into making the “Debs legend,” see Bernard J. Brommel, “Eugene V. Debs: Spokesman for "
9780814718766 - page_239: "START TEXT: Labor and Socialism,” unpublished dissertation, Indiana University, 1964, i66f; Ginger, Bending Cros" ******* END TEXT: " in Tussey, Debs Speaks, 295–96.\n96. From Walls and Bars, as excerpted in Tussey, Debs Speaks, 296.\n"
9780814718766 - page_240: "START TEXT: 97. Hurt, Eugene V. Debs: An Introduction, 11.\n98. Hofstadter, The Age of Reform, 23 8f; Richard Hof" ******* END TEXT: "Religion, Willard R. Trask, trans. (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1959), 129; see also: 211.\n"
9780814718766 - page_241: "START TEXT: 115. On the connection between emotion, faith, and suffering, see: Bailey, Uses of Passion, 38–40.\n1" ******* END TEXT: "relationship of language and religion.\n3. Barry Smart, Postmodernity (London: Routledge, 1993), 16.\n"
9780814718766 - page_242: "START TEXT: 4. Smart, Postmodernity, 75; see also: p. 63.\n5. David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: An In" ******* END TEXT: "uyter, 1971), 88. Crenshaw notes that the monistic orientation helped to make demons “superfluous.”\n"
9780814718766 - page_243: "START TEXT: 19. Bruce Vawter, C. M., The Conscience of Israel: Pre-Exilic Prophets and Prophecy (New York: Sheed" ******* END TEXT: "eas Have Consequences, Midway Reprint edition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), v, 168.\n"
9780814718766 - page_244: "START TEXT: 38. For the influence of Lowth’s lectures, see: Abraham J. Heschel, The Prophets, v. 2, Colophon edi" ******* END TEXT: "ks, 1968), 85–110.\n47. Phaedrus, 244a–245a, R. Hackforth, trans., in Plato: The Collected Dialogues "
9780814718766 - page_245: "START TEXT: Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, eds., (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961).\n48. C" ******* END TEXT: "Pluralistic Bases of Modern American Liberalism,” in Ideology and Utopia in the United States, 169.\n"
9780814718766 - page_246: "START TEXT: 64. Horowitz, Ideology and Utopia in the United States, 169.\n65. S. N. Eisenstadt, “Introduction,” i" ******* END TEXT: "k: Seabury Press, 1975).\n78. Compare Berger’s similar comment that “the three most ancient and most "
9780814718766 - page_247: "START TEXT: powerful concomitants of the sacred” are “mystery, miracle, and magic.” Berger, The Sacred Canopy, 1" ******* END TEXT: "76), 179.\n9. Erling Jorstad, The Politics of Doomsday: Fundamentalists of the Far Right (Nashville: "
9780814718766 - page_248: "START TEXT: Abingdon Press, 1970), 45. On the climate of the Fifties in America, see: Eric F. Goldman, The Cruci" ******* END TEXT: " in Senate by Senator Joe McCarthy on Communists in Government; Wheeling Speech,” in Major Speeches "
9780814718766 - page_249: "START TEXT: and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950–1951, Reprint from t" ******* END TEXT: "vember 25, 1953), 5.\n48. Tzvetan Todorov, The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre, "
9780814718766 - page_250: "START TEXT: Richard Howard, trans., Cornell paperback edition (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1975).\n49. " ******* END TEXT: " The Fight for America, vii, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 31, 39, 46, 47, 48, 54, 61, 75, 81, 82, 85, 91, 92, 99; "
9780814718766 - page_251: "START TEXT: “Wheeling Speech,” 8, 50; “Information on Lattimore,” 121; “Lattimore Letter on Chinese,” 125, 142; " ******* END TEXT: " “The Price of Peace,” second inaugural address, in Wrage and Baskerville, Contemporary Forum, 314.\n"
9780814718766 - page_252: "START TEXT: 80. “The Price of Peace,” in Wrage and Baskerville, Contemporary Forum, 313–14.\n81. Paul D. Hanson, " ******* END TEXT: ": The World of Joe McCarthy (New York: Free Press, 1983), 151. For a similar statement by McCarthy, "
9780814718766 - page_253: "START TEXT: see: McCarthyism: The Fight for America, 89. Referring to the Madison, Wisconsin Capital Times, a pa" ******* END TEXT: "d University Press, 1990).\n113. See: Edwin Black, “The Mutability of Rhetoric,” in Eugene E. White, "
9780814718766 - page_254: "START TEXT: ed., Rhetoric in Transition: Studies in the Nature and Uses of Rhetoric (University Park, PA: Pennsy" ******* END TEXT: "ole goal we set for ourselves in this story,” writes Sade at the outset of Eugenie de Franval, 375.\n"
9780814718766 - page_255: "START TEXT: NOTES TO CHAPTER 8\n1. Seymour Martin Lipset and Earl Raab, The Politics of Unreason: Right-Wing Extr" ******* END TEXT: "llness as Metaphor (New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 1978), 82, 86.\n19. The Blue Book, 57–58.\n"
9780814718766 - page_256: "START TEXT: 20. The Blue Book, 63.\n21. The Blue Book, 72–73.\n22. For example, see: The Blue Book, 84–86; Robert " ******* END TEXT: "r cannot really be counted a Unitarian hymnodist in that he was a lifelong member of the Society of "
9780814718766 - page_257: "START TEXT: Friends, but he was close to the Unitarians in spirit and some of his poems were appropriated for us" ******* END TEXT: "sell, 1962). See particularly: Wordsworth’s idea of poetry in Abrams, The Mirror and the Lamp, 330.\n"
9780814718766 - page_258: "START TEXT: 49. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Poet,” in Lewis Mumford, ed., Essays and Journals (Garden City, NY: Do" ******* END TEXT: " the biology metaphor of the nineteenth century and its relation to classical cosmology, especially "
9780814718766 - page_259: "START TEXT: that of Plato, see: R. G. Collingwood, The Idea of Nature, paperback edition (London: Oxford Univers" ******* END TEXT: ". The Blue Book, 35.\n94. The Blue Book, 4. On John Birch as a martyr symbol, see: Philip C. Wander, "
9780814718766 - page_260: "START TEXT: “The John Birch and Martin Luther King Symbols in the Radical Right,” Western Speech 35 (1971), 4–14" ******* END TEXT: "tressed in almost all works on the subject. Martin Buber in fact makes this the distinguishing mark "
9780814718766 - page_261: "START TEXT: of true prophecy. See: Martin Buber, The Prophetic Faith, Torchbook edition (New York: Harper and Ro" ******* END TEXT: "nnatural intercourse.” Lisa Neff, “The State of Sodomy Laws,” Windy City Times (March 21, 1996), 9.\n"
9780814718766 - page_262: "START TEXT: 7. For a more detailed examination of the gay response to each member of the triumvirate, see: James" ******* END TEXT: "981); and James Darsey, “Die Non: Gay Liberation and the Rhetoric of Pure Tolerance,” in R. Jeffrey "
9780814718766 - page_263: "START TEXT: Ringer, ed., Queer Words, Queer Images: Communication and the Construction of Homosexuality (New Yor" ******* END TEXT: " Mark Hertzog.\n36. Paul Varnell, “Theory of Gay Progress,” Windy City Times (February 1, 1996), 15.\n"
9780814718766 - page_264: "START TEXT: 37. Judy Rohrer, “Is It Right to Focus on ‘Rights’?” Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review 3 (1966), 56.\n38" ******* END TEXT: "of Postmodernity, 103.\n55. Lee Goodman, “The Politics of Patience,” GPU News (October 1977), 12–13.\n"
9780814718766 - page_265: "START TEXT: 56. Stephen Miller, “Ends and Means: Should the Gay Movement Mimic Its Enemies?” New York Native (Ja" ******* END TEXT: "isa card that supports lesbian and gay causes. See: advertisement, Advocate (February 20, 1996), 5.\n"
9780814718766 - page_266: "START TEXT: 72. Advocate (November 28, 1995), 3.\n73. Advertisement in New York Native (May 27, 1996), 32.\n74. R." ******* END TEXT: " by Queers,” COQZ: Central Ohio Queer Zine (May 1994), 3–4.\n99. Southern Voice (March 15, 1990), 6.\n"
9780814718766 - page_267: "START TEXT: 100. Tucker, Fighting Words, 19.\n101. Guy Debord, Comments of the Society of the Spectacle, Malcolm " ******* END TEXT: "tment in Personal Knowledge, 299–324.\n11. See: chapter 1 regarding the literature referred to here.\n"
9780814718766 - page_268: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_269: "START TEXT: Index\nabolitionism, 27, 61–84\nand American radical tradition, 114, 208\ngay liberation compared to, 1" ******* END TEXT: " Peter, x, 23\non secularization in society, 124, 126\nBerlin, Sir Isaiah, 51\nBernstein, Richard, 172\n"
9780814718766 - page_270: "START TEXT: Bible: in American culture and rhetoric, 6, 10, 16, 201–2\nin American Revolution, 22, 47\nin Debs’s r" ******* END TEXT: ", Bert, on Debs, 86\nCole, Thomas, 4\nColeridge, Samuel Taylor: on pedantry, 173\nand Romanticism, 158\n"
9780814718766 - page_271: "START TEXT: Collins, John J., on apocalyptic, 118\nColorado, gay rights battle in, 182, 183\nAmendment 2, 181, 191" ******* END TEXT: "07\ndrunkenness. See intoxication, as metaphor\nDuBois, W. E. B., on economics as basis of power, 196\n"
9780814718766 - page_272: "START TEXT: Duché, Jacob, 47–48\nDukakis, Michael, accuses Bush campaign of McCarthyism, 128\nDulany, Daniel, 43\nD" ******* END TEXT: "r, John, 189\nGalloway, Joseph, 37, 43\nGamson, William, rational exchange theory of social change, 9\n"
9780814718766 - page_273: "START TEXT: Garrison, William Lloyd, 62, 65, 67, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 80\nin Debs’s rhetoric, 92, 93\nGay Agend" ******* END TEXT: "0\non the’senses, 54\non the social contract, 41, 46\nHoffman, Abbie, Revolution for the Hell of It, 3\n"
9780814718766 - page_274: "START TEXT: Hofstadter, Richard: on industrialization in America, 87, 88\non Phillips, 68\nHolloway, John, on the " ******* END TEXT: "abolitionism, 80\nKramer, Aaron, on prophecy in nineteenth-century poetry, 160–67\nKushner, Tony, 188\n"
9780814718766 - page_275: "START TEXT: Lasky, Melvin, on metaphor and radicalism, 120\nLattimore, Owen, 134, 135\nBudenz’s testimony against," ******* END TEXT: "in), 2\nMoody, Rick, The Ring of Brightest Angels around Heaven, 197–98\nMoses, 66\nMulryan, Dave, 191\n"
9780814718766 - page_276: "START TEXT: nabi, 28. See also calling, prophetic\nNahum, 23\nNathan, 81\nNation, The, magazine, on Phillips, 62\nNa" ******* END TEXT: " 165, 167\nPierce, Charles, and postmodern epistemology, 132\nPlato, x, 15\non poetry and madness, 121\n"
9780814718766 - page_277: "START TEXT: and Romanticism, 158\nand transcendental law, 179\npluralism: versus covenant, 126\nand postmodernism, " ******* END TEXT: "bs, 106\non the 1950s, 132\non tolerance, 178\nSchmidt, Patricia, on moral principle and argument, 177\n"
9780814718766 - page_278: "START TEXT: Schrecker, Ellen, on McCarthy, 149\nSchur, Edwin, on morality and the law, 178\nscience: and homosexua" ******* END TEXT: "Millard, 145\nTydings Committee, 134\nUncle Tom’s Cabin, 67\nas melodrama, 83\nUncommon Clout Card, 191\n"
9780814718766 - page_279: "START TEXT: Unitarianism, 158, 169\nversus Calvinism in American thought, 159–60\nand poetic, 156\nUnited Steelwork" ******* END TEXT: "Storrs Lectures, 179\nZarembka, Arlene, 193\nZephaniah, 23, 116, 128\nZulick, Margaret, 16, 17, 30, 34\n"
9780814718766 - page_280: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_1: "START TEXT: 1Radical Rhetoric and American CommunityThrenody for Sophrosyne\nPeople always think well of speeches" ******* END TEXT: "ty; drugs; teenage pregnancy; corruption; the list is almost endless. Would the first recipients of "
9780814718766 - page_10: "START TEXT: That the content of this conversation is derived largely from the liberal tradition of John Stuart M" ******* END TEXT: "r tradition become assimilated into an American tradition of radical reform? How and to what degree "
9780814718766 - page_11: "START TEXT: does each successive generation of radicals influence the rhetorical resources that are available to" ******* END TEXT: "ere publicly associated, but again, there is the strong suspicion that Welch was no more a McCarthy "
9780814718766 - page_12: "START TEXT: than he was a Debs. Welch provides evidence that he self-consciously aped the form of prophecy as he" ******* END TEXT: "ace of prophetic discourse. It should also say’something about the state of community in America.\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_2: "START TEXT: this award even recognize the society they sacrificed to establish? I fear not. We have confused lib" ******* END TEXT: "Thirty years ago, Gitlin and his associates on the New Left would have been, as they were for many, "
9780814718766 - page_3: "START TEXT: the object of Grahams criticism, the engine of the cultural doom. In a 1968 review of Abbie Hoffman’" ******* END TEXT: "the Sixties mourned a society apparently being torn apart at the seams, an act of violent division, "
9780814718766 - page_4: "START TEXT: perhaps an excess of definition.16 Glendon and her colleagues, on the other hand, address a diffusio" ******* END TEXT: "aking and etiquette. In 1902, the author of The American Star Speaker and Model Elocutionist wrote,\n"
9780814718766 - page_5: "START TEXT: It is a duty imposed at birth to make the best use of every talent of which we are possessed; it is " ******* END TEXT: "lic discourse, a tradition characterized by a steadfast refusal to adapt itself to the perspectives "
9780814718766 - page_6: "START TEXT: of its audience, a rhetoric in extremis, indicates something more complex than the breakdown of orde" ******* END TEXT: "be considered studies of allusion, appraisals of the use of the content of a key cultural document. "
9780814718766 - page_7: "START TEXT: Sacvan Bercovitch’s influential work on the American jeremiad as a genre is an exception.30 Even Ber" ******* END TEXT: "as much a part of our cultural inheritance as is the “sweetness and light” of the Greeks, and it is "
9780814718766 - page_8: "START TEXT: sheer folly to think that we can have an adequate explanation of radicalism in our culture so long a" ******* END TEXT: "iculated; reasons can be given—and it describes process rather than content. There is ostensibly no "
9780814718766 - page_9: "START TEXT: leap of faith in reason. In politics, the rule of reason is expressed in the rationalist metaphor of" ******* END TEXT: "oss of the long historical conversation in which these ideals were molded, preserved, and defended. "
9780814718766 - page_15: "START TEXT: 2Old Testament Prophecy as Radical Ursprach\nIn my powerlessness, it seemed that I was becoming ident" ******* END TEXT: "odern period, including George Campbell, Hugh Blair, and Richard Whately, to contemporary times and "
9780814718766 - page_16: "START TEXT: figures such as Kenneth Burke and Chaim Perelman, there is evidence of a body of rhetorical practice" ******* END TEXT: " the same agent. Prophecy is in a significant respect a performance from script. As Margaret Zulick "
9780814718766 - page_17: "START TEXT: notes, “YHWH is shown to be the true agent of the prophetic word and the prophet is reduced to the s" ******* END TEXT: "ll-being and plagues, bountiful harvests and natural disasters, all were meaningful in terms of the "
9780814718766 - page_18: "START TEXT: covenant as evidence of Yahweh’s mercies toward and judgments against His people.15 This history was" ******* END TEXT: " strong drink; the priest and the prophet reel with strong drink, they are confused with wine, they "
9780814718766 - page_19: "START TEXT: stagger with strong drink; they err in vision, they stumble in giving judgment.”21 The prophets were" ******* END TEXT: " only sufficient, but the only proof consistent with that belief. Any other proof implies something "
9780814718766 - page_20: "START TEXT: more compelling than the revelation of God.30 As Blank writes, “So Jeremiah rests his case with the " ******* END TEXT: "eme power of God, and no power was legitimate that was not in accordance with His will.37 It is the "
9780814718766 - page_21: "START TEXT: central place of the covenant in prophetic discourse that gives that discourse its distinctly judici" ******* END TEXT: "t. Indeed, the fact of the sacred trust itself places the speaker outside the frame of reference of "
9780814718766 - page_22: "START TEXT: his audience; the speaker’s role is that of the extremist.46 Thus prophetic rhetoric violates one of" ******* END TEXT: "merican civil religion” deserves analysis from such a perspective, and in chapter 3 I will do so.51\n"
9780814718766 - page_23: "START TEXT: The Pathos of Prophecy\nTo be a prophet it is not enough to speak on behalf of an absolute truth. Whi" ******* END TEXT: "ur need to find a supremely worshipful reality to whom we can devote ourselves without reserve.” 56\n"
9780814718766 - page_24: "START TEXT: Against crisis, against chaos, the prophet posits sacred judgment, replicating the original ordering" ******* END TEXT: "vet fields, and seize them; and houses, and take them away; they oppress a man and his house, a man "
9780814718766 - page_25: "START TEXT: and his inheritance. Therefore thus says the LORD: Behold, against this family I am devising evil, f" ******* END TEXT: "tored to grace, the people must experience a revival of pathos, a resurrection from their spiritual "
9780814718766 - page_26: "START TEXT: death, for as Northrop Frye notes, the real enemies of “the myth of concern” “are not those who oppo" ******* END TEXT: "the fire metaphor of the prophets, we confront the violent and destructive side of purification. “O "
9780814718766 - page_27: "START TEXT: house of David, thus saith the LORD; Execute judgment in the morning, and deliver him that is spoile" ******* END TEXT: "al synthesis is the life of the person who makes or inspires them, and who is usually a leader or a "
9780814718766 - page_28: "START TEXT: culture-hero of some kind.”75 As the messenger of God’s judgment, the prophet presents himself not a" ******* END TEXT: "ee in the belly I knew thee; and before thou earnest forth out of the womb I sanctified thee, and I "
9780814718766 - page_29: "START TEXT: ordained thee a prophet unto the nations.”80 Isaiah also speaks of being formed in the womb to be a " ******* END TEXT: " an expression of this separation, an assertion of principle in opposition to worldly practice. The "
9780814718766 - page_30: "START TEXT: prophet is placed in extremis to the accepted routines of life.86 Margaret Zulick finds “the full ex" ******* END TEXT: "e prophet is tantamount to rejection of God, and to bringing about God’s calamity (26:19). From the "
9780814718766 - page_31: "START TEXT: same partisan standpoint, Jeremiah 29:32 terms opposition to Jeremiah as ‘rebellion against the Lord" ******* END TEXT: "ndividual bearer of charisma, who by virtue of his mission proclaims a religious doctrine or divine "
9780814718766 - page_32: "START TEXT: commandment.”98 It is the call that, for Weber, distinguishes the prophet from the priest: “The latt" ******* END TEXT: "ory: Jeremiah’s yoke, Isaiah’s nakedness, and Hosea’s wife come immediately to mind. More important "
9780814718766 - page_33: "START TEXT: for a bewildered people, the willingness to suffer is the most compelling evidence of the abandonmen" ******* END TEXT: " metaphors of birth and death, and illustrated vividly in the Gospels, the problem of the prophetic "
9780814718766 - page_34: "START TEXT: office is biographical, and there is a real sense, as von Rad points out, in which it can only be ju" ******* END TEXT: "rable and generous legacies in American thought outside George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.115\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_35: "START TEXT: 3Prophecy as Sacred TruthSelf-Evidence and Righteousness in the American Revolution\nI am the Lord, I" ******* END TEXT: "he British government flagged and failed. Even as they took up arms against the mother country, the "
9780814718766 - page_36: "START TEXT: members of the Second Continental Congress maintained a pose of unimpeachable temperance: “We for te" ******* END TEXT: "Bolton colorfully characterized much of the prevailing attitude toward the Whigs and their rhetoric "
9780814718766 - page_37: "START TEXT: in demurring that he could not “boast the ignorance of HANCOCK, the insolence of ADAMS, the absurdit" ******* END TEXT: "ring hidden designs behind the masquerade of deceptive action and misleading speech,” he continues, "
9780814718766 - page_38: "START TEXT: “translated a growing distrust of reason and rational persuasion into a wishful faith in an irresist" ******* END TEXT: "of rhetoric.24 In other words, he neglects the Revolutionary cause, the reasons for the Revolution.\n"
9780814718766 - page_39: "START TEXT: The Founding Fathers became prophetic figures because they argued on behalf of what they perceived t" ******* END TEXT: "unt for such a startling consistency from different sources over a number of years as that found in "
9780814718766 - page_40: "START TEXT: the public discussion leading up to the American Revolution, we must conclude, in Ernest Wrage’s end" ******* END TEXT: "jects in Great Britain.”35 The following year, another pamphleteer wrote, “Do we claim any [rights] "
9780814718766 - page_41: "START TEXT: but what are as clear as the noon day? Have we not by nature a right to liberty and property; as Eng" ******* END TEXT: "val scholastic methodologies by the methods of observation and measurement, and the rise of history "
9780814718766 - page_42: "START TEXT: and science as disciplines independent of theology—most thinkers could not yet relinquish the notion" ******* END TEXT: "land and in turn in the rhetoric of the Whigs in America.45 So it is that the author of “A State of "
9780814718766 - page_43: "START TEXT: the Rights of the Colonists” begins his account with the natural rights of colonists as men and note" ******* END TEXT: "ls government itself to be sacred, and there is evidence that this was the prevailing conception in "
9780814718766 - page_44: "START TEXT: England and in America on the eve of the Revolution.52 Government, in seventeenth-and eighteenth-cen" ******* END TEXT: "government, insofar as they were correct and valid, were simply applications of those general laws. "
9780814718766 - page_45: "START TEXT: As Locke wrote regarding legislative power, “The Rules that they make for other Mens Actions, must, " ******* END TEXT: "c dread of uncontrolled power and tyranny: “Their course is evil, and their might is not right.” 67\n"
9780814718766 - page_46: "START TEXT: When the rights trammeled by force are absolute, the transgression must be absolutely wrong. There i" ******* END TEXT: "ion is radical because it was at the very root of the self-definition of the colonists as free men.\n"
9780814718766 - page_47: "START TEXT: Shall they who by office and profession engage to assert the cause of public liberty, own themselves" ******* END TEXT: "inspired John Adams. In this sermon, Duche made clear the causes and consequences of recent events:\n"
9780814718766 - page_48: "START TEXT: Injured and oppressed as we are, unmeriting the harsh and rigorous treatment, which we have received" ******* END TEXT: "ame object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism it is their right, it is their "
9780814718766 - page_49: "START TEXT: duty to throw off such government, & to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been " ******* END TEXT: " and public virtue, and diverts our thoughts from examining the behavior and politics of artful and "
9780814718766 - page_50: "START TEXT: designing men, who meditate our ruin, and would sacrifice their country for their private emolument." ******* END TEXT: "n remains, how did the colonists achieve certainty in their knowledge; what was their epistemology?\n"
9780814718766 - page_51: "START TEXT: Self-Evident Truth, Moral Sense, and Common Sense\nSir Isaiah Berlin has written that “The eighteenth" ******* END TEXT: "” epistemological claims, terms such as “excited,” “sentiment,” “jealousy,” “adamantine,” “secure”:\n"
9780814718766 - page_52: "START TEXT: The attempt of the British Parliament to raise a revenue from America, and our denial of their right" ******* END TEXT: " the Sober, impartial Decision of common sense.”106 Thomas Jefferson’s “Summary View” is “penned in "
9780814718766 - page_53: "START TEXT: the language of truth,”107 and he further declared, “The greatest principles of right and wrong are " ******* END TEXT: "ll as in the very direct sense suggested by Locke, reason was sacred; it was not of human creation.\n"
9780814718766 - page_54: "START TEXT: To say that reasons were sacred is not to deny their power to compel belief. The liberal-Lockean vie" ******* END TEXT: "g” with “Appearances are deceptive.” Not so for an American colonist at the time of the Revolution. "
9780814718766 - page_55: "START TEXT: Capturing the epistemology and the revolutionary fervor of the time, the inimitable Paine wrote, “Bu" ******* END TEXT: "atural law, but found in its dictates a “duty to remain subject to the authority of parliament.”126 "
9780814718766 - page_56: "START TEXT: Acting the part of true prophets, Whigs decried Tories like Leonard in terms similar to those used b" ******* END TEXT: "f-evident a truth which an ignorant and rude man cannot see as self-evident.” Therefore, “the power "
9780814718766 - page_57: "START TEXT: to see self-evidence was attributed to a restricted group and not to every person.”130 In this notio" ******* END TEXT: ", “Reformers who are always compromising, have not yet grasped the idea that truth is the only safe "
9780814718766 - page_58: "START TEXT: ground to stand upon.”138 It is precisely this unwillingness to compromise that I have sought to hig" ******* END TEXT: "nces our separation and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.\n"
9780814718766 - page_59: "START TEXT: There is no argument in the accusation, no attempt to demonstrate that the king had “refused his Ass" ******* END TEXT: "rances of being part of the British empire. Out of a crisis of meaning, the Whigs brought new order "
9780814718766 - page_60: "START TEXT: and definition, boldly proclaiming self-evident truths, truths already part of the community’s commo" ******* END TEXT: "of itself. The following chapter turns to times of crisis as the setting for prophetic discourse.\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_61: "START TEXT: 4Prophecy as KrisisWendell Phillips and the Sin of Slavery\nThe Lord will enter into judgment with th" ******* END TEXT: "at than light in the public forum. The claim has been often made that Phillips was “the wrongheaded "
9780814718766 - page_62: "START TEXT: radical of the Civil War crisis—an emotional person, lacking in responsibility, but quick to condemn" ******* END TEXT: "s the legitimacy of these arrangements as a falsehood. In profaning the Union and the Constitution, "
9780814718766 - page_63: "START TEXT: and in ridiculing the feeble response at Harper’s Ferry made under their aegis, Phillips reveals the" ******* END TEXT: "otheosis of intemperance.\nFor early-nineteenth-century revivalists, “slavery” was a devil term, not "
9780814718766 - page_64: "START TEXT: merely as it applied to the institution of chattel slavery, but as any degradation of human autonomy" ******* END TEXT: "ovejoy was “a community, staggering like a drunken man, indifferent to their rights and confused in "
9780814718766 - page_65: "START TEXT: their feelings. Deaf to argument, haply they might be stunned into sobriety.” 19 The mayor of Boston" ******* END TEXT: ": “They [Americans] have no idea of absolute right,” said Phillips. “They were born since 1787, and "
9780814718766 - page_66: "START TEXT: absolute right means the truth diluted by a strong decoction of the Constitution of ‘89. They breath" ******* END TEXT: "the abolitionists after slavery itself. Dissatisfaction with the institution of the church inspired "
9780814718766 - page_67: "START TEXT: “come-outers” to cast aside its corrupted authority and inspired Stephen S. Foster to make his reput" ******* END TEXT: "d moral leaders to provide clear direction, to make significant distinctions between good and evil.\n"
9780814718766 - page_68: "START TEXT: The mentality of compromise that Phillips excoriated in both politics and the church was intended by" ******* END TEXT: "ith the temptations of the present hour,” he proclaimed, “men are willing to bow to any Moloch.” 42\n"
9780814718766 - page_69: "START TEXT: Murray Edelman has suggested that “crisis” is perhaps the most powerful political term available for" ******* END TEXT: " of courage and virtue. Phillips stresses the extraordinary nature of the experience by contrasting "
9780814718766 - page_70: "START TEXT: it with his formal education, and he refers to it as an “anointing.” 50\nIt is certainly not implausi" ******* END TEXT: "religion, and they were a mob of murderers who gathered about him, and sought to wreak vengeance by "
9780814718766 - page_71: "START TEXT: taking his life.” 59 The rhetorical attitude suggested here is succinctly characterized by Bartlett:" ******* END TEXT: "n omnipotent God would not be thwarted by the puny obstinance of avaricious men. There is a promise "
9780814718766 - page_72: "START TEXT: here that chaos will succumb to justice; the wicked will be punished and the good rewarded; the mora" ******* END TEXT: "le to rouse the North to its Peril. David Lee Child was thought crazy, because he would not believe "
9780814718766 - page_73: "START TEXT: there was no danger. His elaborate Letters on Texan Annexation are the ablest and most valuable cont" ******* END TEXT: "ed in the soil of America as the Saxon race which brought it here. It was the breath of life during "
9780814718766 - page_74: "START TEXT: our colonial history, and is recognized on every page of our history since as the bulwark of civil l" ******* END TEXT: "for their own moral purity.\nBut it would be unfair to be overly cynical regarding the intentions of "
9780814718766 - page_75: "START TEXT: the Garrisonians. Consistent with Phillips’s emphasis on the language of instruction, it cannot be d" ******* END TEXT: "s the revolutionary motto that “resistance to tyrants is obedience to God,”77 and he often spoke of "
9780814718766 - page_76: "START TEXT: “natural law” and “inalienable rights.”78 Two of his biographers attest to the fact that the spirit " ******* END TEXT: ", he declared, “There is something in the blood which, men tell us, brings out virtues and defects, "
9780814718766 - page_77: "START TEXT: even when they have lain dormant for a generation.” Abolitionism was “blood whose warm currents of e" ******* END TEXT: "rse.” 93 Black’s analysis of exhortative discourse tends to corroborate much of what I have claimed "
9780814718766 - page_78: "START TEXT: about Phillip’s and to illuminate the dynamics of Phillipss speaking. He notes that the power of exh" ******* END TEXT: "sophy of Rhetoric, a text Phillips studied at Harvard, extended Hume’s thinking on the relationship "
9780814718766 - page_79: "START TEXT: between feeling and persuasion by making “vivacity” the foundation of belief. Phillips’s exhortative" ******* END TEXT: "sympathetic to the abolitionists have agreed that it is a significant idea in abolitionist thought.\n"
9780814718766 - page_80: "START TEXT: Alternately, passion may be seen as an overpowering urge external to the person, in the case of the " ******* END TEXT: "ve and how to die.”107\nPhillips demonstrates his appreciation of the didactic function of martyrdom "
9780814718766 - page_81: "START TEXT: in his repetitions of the verb “teach.” Martyrdom was understood as a corrective to the failure of i" ******* END TEXT: "riticisms of his intensity by both his contemporaries and later historians, there is the persistent "
9780814718766 - page_82: "START TEXT: suspicion of something excessive in the passion. Phillips himself understood this, as his acknowledg" ******* END TEXT: "lgation of truth and ethics, their instauration as a way of life, is of immediate, daily, political "
9780814718766 - page_83: "START TEXT: concern.”116 Far from being frivolous, the stark diametric oppositions in melodrama suggest its kins" ******* END TEXT: " finds James’s indecision “close to the center of the problem of melodrama.” 120 James’s opposition "
9780814718766 - page_84: "START TEXT: parallels our question on the nature of martyrdom, and it points to the problem of ethos. It is the " ******* END TEXT: " generous hopes of the world’s destiny—yes!—and to do what in me lay for their accomplishment.121\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_100: "START TEXT: had been crushed by poverty and social injustice.”82 “Like Christ,” wrote Louis Kopelin, “‘the commo" ******* END TEXT: "904, Debs had not been in good health.89 His schedule had been one “of exhausting, almost orgiastic "
9780814718766 - page_101: "START TEXT: speaking tours followed by weeks of collapse in bed,” to use Irving Howes description.90 The evidenc" ******* END TEXT: "al suffering for him, it is true that Debs, by his own admission, “was never personally mistreated” "
9780814718766 - page_102: "START TEXT: while in prison: “On the other hand, during my prison years I was treated uniformly with a peculiar " ******* END TEXT: "y man, every woman who toils, who renders useful service, every member of the working class without "
9780814718766 - page_103: "START TEXT: exception, is my comrade, my brother and sister—and that to serve them and their cause is the highes" ******* END TEXT: " another speech, he phrased the sentiment this way: “The Socialist movement is of the working class "
9780814718766 - page_104: "START TEXT: itself; it is from the injustice perpetrated upon, and the misery suffered by this class that the mo" ******* END TEXT: "there were few converts to socialism in the room when the speech was over. He wrote, “It was not so "
9780814718766 - page_105: "START TEXT: much that they cared for what he said, but that they cared that he cared for them—if this does not c" ******* END TEXT: "I think if you knew Eugene Debs as I know him you would neither say that he ought to be in jail nor "
9780814718766 - page_106: "START TEXT: that he ought to be hanged. I do not agree with all that Gene Debs says or thinks. But I would trust" ******* END TEXT: "o revivify a myth that had helped create community in America, and in doing so he attempted to give "
9780814718766 - page_107: "START TEXT: Dewey’s lost public a common voice. Of course, Debs did not understand his crusade as a reactionary " ******* END TEXT: "t forgotten” grave of anonymity. Louis Untermeyer suggested that Debs’s garland would be a crown of "
9780814718766 - page_108: "START TEXT: thorns,129 and Debs would surely have taken comfort in the words of Isaiah, often read as a prognost" ******* END TEXT: "h the transgressors; and he bare the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors.130\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_85: "START TEXT: 5The Prophet’s Call and His BurdenThe Passion of Eugene V Debs\nAnd he said unto me, Son of man, I se" ******* END TEXT: "gos comes about in the prophets definition as servant to the message. I. A. Richardss idea that “to "
9780814718766 - page_86: "START TEXT: be’sincere is to act, feel and think in accordance with ‘one’s true nature’ “2 is illuminating in th" ******* END TEXT: "rld; there was no national community to replace the local communities that had been uprooted.12 For "
9780814718766 - page_87: "START TEXT: Herbert Gutman, this failure of coherence is best described as a failure of culture, the confrontati" ******* END TEXT: "t. They were, at the same time, profoundly liberal in their exploitation of the individualistic and "
9780814718766 - page_88: "START TEXT: egalitarian side of America’s traditions. They appealed, in Hofstadter’s phrase, to an “ethos of res" ******* END TEXT: "le and our love of justice.”26 He always emphasized that the sufferings of the working class were a "
9780814718766 - page_89: "START TEXT: product of its own moral failings; he was comparatively uninterested in vilifying the capitalists. T" ******* END TEXT: "no, he was not yet a slave.\nDebs’s language reveals its sources. It echoes Wendell Phillips and the "
9780814718766 - page_90: "START TEXT: American Revolutionaries. By the late nineteenth century, there was a well-established and revered r" ******* END TEXT: "that a child could see it, they were not contradicting their claim to superior knowledge. They were "
9780814718766 - page_91: "START TEXT: expressing the absolute certainty and clear perception possessed by anyone who looked at society fro" ******* END TEXT: "e workingman, if his eyes are open, is bound to see that this kind of unionism is a curse and not a "
9780814718766 - page_92: "START TEXT: benefit to the working class.”44 “It is so simple that a child can see it. Why can’t you?” Debs aske" ******* END TEXT: "nors; have no personal ax to grind. But I have something to say to you and shall look straight into "
9780814718766 - page_93: "START TEXT: your eyes while saying it. I shall speak the truth—as I see it—no more and no less, in kindness and " ******* END TEXT: " of his socialist utterance—and I thank him and all who helped me out of darkness into light. . . .\n"
9780814718766 - page_94: "START TEXT: It was at this time, when the first glimmerings of socialism were beginning to penetrate, that Victo" ******* END TEXT: "s’s own account quoted above and added the following comment by Debs’s wife, Katherine Metzel Debs:\n"
9780814718766 - page_95: "START TEXT: Victor Berger and Gene both say that Victor made a Socialist out of Gene, but really I am sure they " ******* END TEXT: "g to supranormal vision. He denies the gift of charisma, yet he sees something more than is seen by "
9780814718766 - page_96: "START TEXT: the human eye. Through a linguistic association, he sought to assume the mantle of the prophetic eth" ******* END TEXT: "was bankrupt, deeply in debt and its magazine threatened with suspension, I was called upon to take "
9780814718766 - page_97: "START TEXT: charge and I did so. I secured the entire debt with indorsed notes and spent most of my salary as ci" ******* END TEXT: "of their acts as becomes men, and they live in history—every one of them. I have said so often, and "
9780814718766 - page_98: "START TEXT: I wish to repeat it on this occasion, that mankind have always crowned their oppressors, and they ha" ******* END TEXT: "d not end with Debs’s death. A 1935 publication of the Socialist Party concerning Debs’s resistance "
9780814718766 - page_99: "START TEXT: to the First World War carried an advertisement for a twenty-minute “nonflammable” film with the tit" ******* END TEXT: "h served the working class of judea. Priest, architect and builder he renewed the faith in men that "
9780814718766 - page_111: "START TEXT: 6The Word in Darkness\nWe see not our signs: there is no more any prophet: neither is there among us " ******* END TEXT: "lunatic rant. Prophecy is, in James Boyd White’s terms, a language, and it is by languages, “shared "
9780814718766 - page_112: "START TEXT: conceptions of the world, shared manners and values, shared resources and expectations and procedure" ******* END TEXT: "ked the end of an era. Already in Debs’s time there were the unmistakable signs of a dissolution of "
9780814718766 - page_113: "START TEXT: consensus in American society, a trend catalyzed by the First and Second World Wars. Postmodernism i" ******* END TEXT: ". Three broad rhetorical responses to the need for judgment in a world without God are illustrated: "
9780814718766 - page_114: "START TEXT: apocalyptic, the attempt to carry forward the prophetic authority in a world where God is no longer " ******* END TEXT: "tionist thinking and hopes for the millennium.17 In the Old Testament, the optimism of prophecy was "
9780814718766 - page_115: "START TEXT: sustained by faith in the omnipotence of Yahweh as the sole creator of heaven and earth and the cont" ******* END TEXT: "ived effects must be sought. In the history of the ancient Jews, this time was the end of the sixth "
9780814718766 - page_116: "START TEXT: century B.C.E., the time of the Babylonian Exile. The Exile was a crisis of unmatched intensity, inv" ******* END TEXT: "een God and His people, but between God and evil, a contest in which the people are but the hapless "
9780814718766 - page_117: "START TEXT: prize.27 The fullest expression of these tendencies can be seen in apocalyptic, a response to chaos " ******* END TEXT: "ther suffering or salvation.33\nExtension of the discursive realm beyond history provides a nebulous "
9780814718766 - page_118: "START TEXT: point of focus for new expectations. The end of history may be determined, but when is it? As might " ******* END TEXT: "description, if not entirely idiosyncratic, is an apt description of the conditions of apocalyptic. "
9780814718766 - page_119: "START TEXT: If Weaver is correct in his assessment of the ominous doubts that besieged Americans following the S" ******* END TEXT: "ot so in antiquity when national sagas, the utterances of the sages, and the epics of the past were "
9780814718766 - page_120: "START TEXT: invariably treasured up in poetry. Poetry, by its rhythm and distinctive vocabulary, was better suit" ******* END TEXT: "nn has called the “dominant reality,” poets run the risk of being dismissed as mad, thus mitigating "
9780814718766 - page_121: "START TEXT: their threat to the status quo.46 Only by some claim on the divine does the poet-prophet achieve any" ******* END TEXT: "ious rhetorical qualities that I have claimed both for Old Testament prophecy in the Bible or as it "
9780814718766 - page_122: "START TEXT: has influenced American radicals. Rather I recognize, with the majority of contemporary writers on r" ******* END TEXT: "n considered as American prophets. The men whose discourse has been examined spoke on behalf of the "
9780814718766 - page_123: "START TEXT: dispossessed, claiming for them certain inherent and inalienable rights based on ideas of the right." ******* END TEXT: "g toward differentiation, specialization, and increasing bureaucratization. S. N. Eisenstadt claims "
9780814718766 - page_124: "START TEXT: that Weber found in modern societies “a growing differentiation and autonomy of various centers, gro" ******* END TEXT: "zation in the industrial revolution. Like Weber and Habermas, Berger sees secular tendencies moving "
9780814718766 - page_125: "START TEXT: outward from some centrally located sector in society, creating a homogeneous familiarity. The scien" ******* END TEXT: "numerical scale like money—than between opposed principles which purport to be objectively valid.76\n"
9780814718766 - page_126: "START TEXT: In the transition from what was in a profound sense a religious society, a society that had a sense " ******* END TEXT: "f the speech manifests itself in the fact that the group protesting at the 1996 Democratic National "
9780814718766 - page_127: "START TEXT: Convention in Chicago was not the “I Have a Dream Coalition,” but the “Cash the Check Coalition.”\nTh" ******* END TEXT: "ession to date, the contemporary movement roughly comprehended under the rubric “gay liberation.”\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_128: "START TEXT: 7A Vision of the ApocalypseJoe McCarthy’s Rhetoric of the Fantastic\nHer prophets are light and treac" ******* END TEXT: "ence that his Texas audience could “smell the garbage.”3 One of the highest profile examples of the "
9780814718766 - page_129: "START TEXT: revenant McCarthy, eerily evocative of the Army-McCarthy hearings, was Clarence Thomas’s televised a" ******* END TEXT: "eople into a hazy alterity. McCarthy’s rhetoric is characterized by the indeterminacy, mystery, and "
9780814718766 - page_130: "START TEXT: ambiguity of apocalyptic. It was, I will argue, an amplification of its time, never able to achieve " ******* END TEXT: " symbolic of many of our frustrations and anxieties. In August 1950, a Gallup poll found 57 percent "
9780814718766 - page_131: "START TEXT: of Americans believing that our involvement in Korea was the beginning of World War III.10\nThe 1949 " ******* END TEXT: "ed that, even in wakefulness, “athwart our thinking the threat looms, Huge and awful as the hump of "
9780814718766 - page_132: "START TEXT: Saturn Over modest Mimas, of more deaths And worse wars, a winter of distaste To last a lifetime.” O" ******* END TEXT: "iroshima and Nagasaki were the products of a theory that both taught us the limits of our knowledge "
9780814718766 - page_133: "START TEXT: and laid the foundation for harnessing the greatest power known to humankind. The philosophically li" ******* END TEXT: "ill. He counters apathy with suffering, and demands an assertion of virtue. However distasteful the "
9780814718766 - page_134: "START TEXT: prophets demand may be, it abolishes all doubt in its appeal to absolute righteousness. Joe McCarthy" ******* END TEXT: "” 42 And the failure of the Truman administration to expedite the delivery of economic and military "
9780814718766 - page_135: "START TEXT: aid to Chiang Kai-Shek was “one of the most shocking subversions of the will of the Congress by an a" ******* END TEXT: "ornly refuses to render final judgments that would allow us to direct them. As Eric Rabkin puts it, "
9780814718766 - page_136: "START TEXT: “The wonderful, exhilarating, therapeutic value of Fantasy [for Rabkin, the genre most characterized" ******* END TEXT: "f-case demagogue.”54 The ever-present, overstuffed briefcase was a repository of the objective, the "
9780814718766 - page_137: "START TEXT: facts, photostatic reproductions, the record. Richard Rovere saw in it McCarthy’s desire to have “th" ******* END TEXT: " as amazed as the rest of us.\nIn creating, but not resolving, a tension between the uncanny and the "
9780814718766 - page_138: "START TEXT: marvelous, the real and the incredible, McCarthy subverted his own efforts at persuasion. But his Fa" ******* END TEXT: " introduced octopi, snakes, and spiders into the dream: the hoax being perpetrated was “monstrous”; "
9780814718766 - page_139: "START TEXT: “the Communist party—a relatively small group of deadly conspirators—has now extended its tentacles " ******* END TEXT: "ed by evil forces so that they might do their work undetected. McCarthy suggested that the American "
9780814718766 - page_140: "START TEXT: people had been given sleeping tablets by the president and the State Department in order to lull th" ******* END TEXT: " Niebuhr’s Children of Light, Children of Darkness. McCarthy did not crusade against the failure of "
9780814718766 - page_141: "START TEXT: human virtue; his holy war was against evil. In his famous speech at Wheeling, West Virginia, in 195" ******* END TEXT: "onary. Hanson illustrates a reintroduction of the mythic into prophetic discourse in Deutero-Isaiah "
9780814718766 - page_142: "START TEXT: 51:9–11, a call for God to awaken and exercise again the power by which He slew Ra’hab, the dragon o" ******* END TEXT: "clearly the over-all plan being advanced.”85 “You need not seek far to find the real reason lurking "
9780814718766 - page_143: "START TEXT: behind this avowed one.” 86 Pan-signification is the continuing testimony to the awesome powers at w" ******* END TEXT: "attorneys-in-fact.”92 “It is,” said McCarthy, “the clandestine enemy which taxes our ingenuity.” 93\n"
9780814718766 - page_144: "START TEXT: McCarthy presented America with Tamino’s choice and no clear criteria by which to make it. Sometimes" ******* END TEXT: "a special meaning. It does not mean all the people in our sense. It is a catchword, an occult word, "
9780814718766 - page_145: "START TEXT: clear to the initiates, meaning Communists. They use it in a special sense to designate all their po" ******* END TEXT: "t with the thesis argued here that, in the instances where the media authored its own scripts, some "
9780814718766 - page_146: "START TEXT: of the most influential among them employed an ironic mode.108 Irony forgoes the head-on attack and " ******* END TEXT: "erarchical power bestowed on him by his seat in the Senate was symbolically revoked. The scale fell "
9780814718766 - page_147: "START TEXT: abruptly on the side of the uncanny, and Americans were left to wonder at how bizarre it had all bee" ******* END TEXT: "bounds of ghostwriting to appropriate materials never intended for his use. “America’s Retreat from "
9780814718766 - page_148: "START TEXT: Victory” is the most prominent example. McCarthy did not digest the materials provided by others and" ******* END TEXT: "itional unities of narrative.\nIn failing to challenge his audience with the radical values of their "
9780814718766 - page_149: "START TEXT: society, McCarthy stood as a symbol of the deterioration of those values. Rather than reconstituting" ******* END TEXT: "ompensation that man provides for himself, at the level of imagination, for what he has lost at the "
9780814718766 - page_150: "START TEXT: level of faith.”127 The compensation that humankind can provide for itself, however, is insufficient" ******* END TEXT: "sely because of its insubstantiality, a ghost lurking about the dark places of American politics.\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_151: "START TEXT: 8Prophecy as PoetryThe Romantic Vision of Robert Welch\nAnd thou shalt speak my words unto them, whet" ******* END TEXT: "guilt by deriding McCarthy’s heir apparent.3 Writing in the New York Times Magazine in 1961, George "
9780814718766 - page_152: "START TEXT: Barrett, pointing to the increasing ridicule of the society and its founder as evidence for his asse" ******* END TEXT: "and strongAs theirs, I lay, like them, my best gifts on thy shrine!\n—John Greenleaf Whittier, Proem\n"
9780814718766 - page_153: "START TEXT: Against the popular portrait of Welch as a raving lunatic, he presented himself as a conscientious c" ******* END TEXT: "system which can make its tentacles in the labor unions of Bolivia, in the farmer’s cooperatives of "
9780814718766 - page_154: "START TEXT: Saskatchewan, in the caucuses of the Social Democrats of West Germany, and in the classrooms of the " ******* END TEXT: "ed the stages of the communist encroachment on the free world with the stages of the rocket ship.27\n"
9780814718766 - page_155: "START TEXT: Certainly one of Welch’s most artistic speeches is “More Stately Mansions.”28 In the title of this s" ******* END TEXT: "n himself as part of a community of poets is further suggested by the fact that, in addition to his "
9780814718766 - page_156: "START TEXT: political discourses, he wrote what we commonly conceive to be poetry. His sonnet “To Alfred Noyes” " ******* END TEXT: "lical psalms (including the words of the prophets) in evangelical worship services is a significant "
9780814718766 - page_157: "START TEXT: statement as to the perceived status of those hymns.36 The “Behold!” of the evangel signals the same" ******* END TEXT: "re radical change in the sense that they wish to move backward in time. For Welch, backward was the "
9780814718766 - page_158: "START TEXT: nineteenth century.37 Of the nineteenth century he said: “In my amateurish opinion, the last half of" ******* END TEXT: " figures in civilization. They were able to claim this role because of an emerging view of humanity "
9780814718766 - page_159: "START TEXT: as the creative agent in its own world. Consequently, the poet’s purpose as a serious writer was not" ******* END TEXT: " of that ethical impetus to include a “warm social sympathy” or social conscience.52 Ultimately, of "
9780814718766 - page_160: "START TEXT: course, Unitarianism plowed the ground in which the seeds of transcendentalism flourished, carrying " ******* END TEXT: " in direct communication with them. A public monologist, rather than a lecturer, one of his English "
9780814718766 - page_161: "START TEXT: hearers’styled him, and though the earnestness and simplicity of the speaker bespoke sympathy and re" ******* END TEXT: "ration. Referring to one of Eisenhower’s agreements regarding U.S. involvement in the International "
9780814718766 - page_162: "START TEXT: Atomic Energy Agency, Welch said, “We think it was camouflaged but deliberate treason; and that camo" ******* END TEXT: " no longer responsible to a Divine Being, but as merely a living accident, not connected in any way "
9780814718766 - page_163: "START TEXT: with cosmological purpose.” 70 “The keystone to my own religious belief,” wrote Welch in The Blue Bo" ******* END TEXT: "ee itself from every form of servitude, and this is the mighty mission of the socialist movement.77\n"
9780814718766 - page_164: "START TEXT: Unless the worker had a profound understanding of the true reasons underlying it, any “reform” at th" ******* END TEXT: "n beings to partake of divine truth and to order their lives accordingly. Welch’s frequent allusion "
9780814718766 - page_165: "START TEXT: to the “upward reach” that God has placed in the heart of man, along with his faith in the ability o" ******* END TEXT: "se” and “leisure” recalls the rhetoric of strength and sacrifice of the American radical tradition.\n"
9780814718766 - page_166: "START TEXT: In an atmosphere of moral laxity, Welch came to make judgment and to resurrect the terms of the Amer" ******* END TEXT: " I do not expect nor deserve any slightest applause or sympathy for this sacrifice. I mention it at "
9780814718766 - page_167: "START TEXT: all for just one reason only—which is to show how deadly serious the situation appears to me.93\nIn o" ******* END TEXT: "s touchy, however; if there is a shuffle in the audience he hesitates, and looks up suspiciously.99\n"
9780814718766 - page_168: "START TEXT: Welch was not of his audience; he was consecrated, separate. His rectitude was not a matter of their" ******* END TEXT: "nd quoting him often. Not only was Emerson an individualist and staunchly antisocialist—themes very "
9780814718766 - page_169: "START TEXT: important to Welch—he was also the first truly American philosopher. Lewis Mumford has characterized" ******* END TEXT: "te 1950s and early 1960s was a crisis of faith more than it was any temporal threat from communism. "
9780814718766 - page_170: "START TEXT: Communism itself was only a symptom of the larger moral paralysis. Welch’s view of the decline of fa" ******* END TEXT: "ion and the conventions of grammar. The form of much of twentieth-century poetry reflects the chaos "
9780814718766 - page_171: "START TEXT: about which the poem quoted by Welch only talks. The music of Wolpe, a contemporary of Welch, provid" ******* END TEXT: "tory of philosophy. Of particular interest here is William James’s turn-of-the-century campaign for "
9780814718766 - page_172: "START TEXT: a pluralistic philosophy as against a then-predominate nineteenth-century “absolute idealism.” James" ******* END TEXT: "remism suggests a relation to society. The purely personal vision does not. The willingness of most "
9780814718766 - page_173: "START TEXT: Americans to accept “a pluralistic universe” weakened the root or charismatic terms over which Welch" ******* END TEXT: "ment prophecy. The prophet, writes Abraham Heschel, “is a person who knows what time it is.”117 The "
9780814718766 - page_174: "START TEXT: classical prophets of the eighth century B.C.E. knew what time it was and knew God’s purpose for tha" ******* END TEXT: "turn to a movement so thoroughly secular that not even the forms of prophecy are available to it.\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_175: "START TEXT: 9Secular Argument and the Language of CommodityGay Liberation and Merely Civil Rights\nStay yourselve" ******* END TEXT: "‘sinful’ (the religious model), ‘deviant’ (the sociological model) or ‘criminal’ (the legal model). "
9780814718766 - page_176: "START TEXT: Some of these words we might have said lightly, satirically, but no amount of wit could convince us " ******* END TEXT: "claims against oppressive laws.7\nThe rhetorical poverty of the gay rights position is revealed when "
9780814718766 - page_177: "START TEXT: compared to the requirements of Patricia Schmidt’s paradigm for social change. Based on her study of" ******* END TEXT: " efflorescence of uncertainties that had been germinating since the turn of the century, and it was "
9780814718766 - page_178: "START TEXT: in this atmosphere of confused permissiveness that homophile liberation organizations were at last a" ******* END TEXT: "xual mores, not a causal factor of moral crisis as Edward Sagarin insinuates.16 The first so-called "
9780814718766 - page_179: "START TEXT: “Kinsey report” and the almost simultaneous genesis of homophile liberation groups were both made po" ******* END TEXT: "ust to change, which is inevitable, in a continuing process which will be orderly, gradual, and, to "
9780814718766 - page_180: "START TEXT: the extent that such a thing is possible in human affairs, rational. The function of the lawyer is t" ******* END TEXT: "ial on Romer v. Evans made clear that the issues at stake were constitutional and legal, not moral:\n"
9780814718766 - page_181: "START TEXT: It [Colorado’s Amendment 2] is an attempt by the majority to prohibit the participation of a particu" ******* END TEXT: "legal behavior rather than act against the mandate of the higher law, or to Robert Welch, who waged "
9780814718766 - page_182: "START TEXT: much of his crusade against the idea that the state could make right by decree. In subscribing to a " ******* END TEXT: "bedo, executive director, Colorado for Family Values, proclaims, “Jesus Christ is king of kings and "
9780814718766 - page_183: "START TEXT: lord of lords. All power and authorities are given unto him. That’s political. Jesus Christ sets the" ******* END TEXT: " and the defeat of the latter.\nThe Wisconsin campaign is in many respects, the mirror image of Dade "
9780814718766 - page_184: "START TEXT: County, Colorado, and other defensive struggles. Like those that established civil rights for gays a" ******* END TEXT: "ves to private consumers. In 1989, Marshall Kirk and Hunter Madsen received notice in Time magazine "
9780814718766 - page_185: "START TEXT: as well as in other venues for their proposal for a gay/lesbian self-marketing campaign.’Such a stra" ******* END TEXT: " society ... as we went along, inventing new ways of relating.” And he concludes somewhat ruefully,\n"
9780814718766 - page_186: "START TEXT: Looking back over the years, as our visibility has increased, as our place within the culture has be" ******* END TEXT: "ight to disappear, to be, literally, in uniform, the debate over gays and lesbians in the military.\n"
9780814718766 - page_187: "START TEXT: This celebration of the normative is the language, not of sacred principle, but the language of acco" ******* END TEXT: "for our collective soul. Miller quotes approvingly from, appropriately, the Economist, an editorial "
9780814718766 - page_188: "START TEXT: praising the rise of “ordinary homosexuality, . . . the gay New Yorker who is more interested in bri" ******* END TEXT: " marshaled to support.\nOne significant feature of politics in which it differs from corporate sales "
9780814718766 - page_189: "START TEXT: campaigns is that politics can often reach its goals as well by buying as by selling. Vote buying is" ******* END TEXT: "context larger than their gayness. Our mission is to make a magazine that speaks to the fullness of "
9780814718766 - page_190: "START TEXT: our experience and to a vision of gay men and lesbians that goes beyond the cliches.”67 Those men an" ******* END TEXT: "alance of commercial and principled motive. But other, more general, corporate interests are served "
9780814718766 - page_191: "START TEXT: by AIDS as well. Dave Mulryan, a specialist in “inducting corporations into the gay marketplace,” re" ******* END TEXT: "ati following that city’s 1993 antigay charter amendment modeled on Amendment 2 had been successful "
9780814718766 - page_192: "START TEXT: to the tune of $24 million in lost convention business.79 There is more than a little irony in the p" ******* END TEXT: "sumption that the Establishment was our enemy.”85 In the 1990s, we call from the comfort of our own "
9780814718766 - page_193: "START TEXT: home and register our ownership of the Lexus, Cuisinart, and Missoni sweater. The Gay Census, conduc" ******* END TEXT: "oots of the term in the language of accountancy. It draws attention away from substance and focuses "
9780814718766 - page_194: "START TEXT: on the medium and process of exchange. The “gay market” is the ultimate antiessentialist position, f" ******* END TEXT: " by Paglia and others, for its failure to win the hearts and minds of the American people,95 but it "
9780814718766 - page_195: "START TEXT: remains to be seen whether or not it is possible to buy same, and if bought, what we would have.\nThe" ******* END TEXT: "e the dominance of the nonconfrontational, reasonable, assimilationist model in gay rights protest.\n"
9780814718766 - page_196: "START TEXT: When radical protest does claim the spotlight, as for example ACT-UP’s 1988’shutdown of Burroughs-We" ******* END TEXT: " health and long-term interests of the people. It also exposes, particularly well in this case, the "
9780814718766 - page_197: "START TEXT: great reduction of sacred space in the contemporary world in that nature, formerly an earthly manife" ******* END TEXT: ", after a time, strangers and the people he knew were one and the same. The neon that called to him "
9780814718766 - page_198: "START TEXT: in Times Square was all one sign. It said: follow your itch, hasten your descent. Go ahead, dive.”10" ******* END TEXT: "re crusading for, but it is very likely the world that denies the possibility for radical voices.\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_199: "START TEXT: 10The Seraph and the Snake\nThe Prophets Isaiah and Ezekiel dined with me, and I asked them how they " ******* END TEXT: "en we see it, a dubious assumption at best. There is even a certain amount of irony in our glib use "
9780814718766 - page_200: "START TEXT: of the term, for it belies the consensus it is supposed to reflect. Some uses betray their factional" ******* END TEXT: "inding in and out of each other hopelessly: pragmatism and absolutism, historicism and rationalism, "
9780814718766 - page_201: "START TEXT: optimism and pessimism, materialism and idealism, individualism and conformism.”3 Hartz looks at the" ******* END TEXT: "entieth century because it is a highly visible discourse of radical reform that strikes an amenable "
9780814718766 - page_202: "START TEXT: balance between the contradictory elements of freedom and duty. The rhetoric of the radicals examine" ******* END TEXT: "scourse with a fundamental faith in its auditors. From the American Revolution to the time of Debs, "
9780814718766 - page_203: "START TEXT: radical reformers were profoundly optimistic, optimistic about the possibility of reform and about p" ******* END TEXT: "efforts to preserve some nucleus that orders society, some invariant point of reference. Faced with "
9780814718766 - page_204: "START TEXT: crises of culture, rhetors in each of these studies in part I sought to restore a vision of structur" ******* END TEXT: "s of the left in America. As important representatives of this trend, the movements inspired by Joe "
9780814718766 - page_205: "START TEXT: McCarthy and Robert Welch are characterized by a lack of faith. They were reactionary not because th" ******* END TEXT: "atter impending foreclosure.\nModern movements of the left are no less spiritually impoverished than "
9780814718766 - page_206: "START TEXT: those of the right. Many of the radical explosions of the 1960s have been characterized as idealisti" ******* END TEXT: "ot restricted to the narrow world of the observable and the quantifiable; its only limits are those "
9780814718766 - page_207: "START TEXT: of the human imagination. Freed from the chains of the quotidian and the pedestrian, faith reflects " ******* END TEXT: "egate the communal nature of the story, for without engagement the story remains inert and sterile.\n"
9780814718766 - page_208: "START TEXT: Borrowing from the stories of the Old Testament, the American prophets examined here at least began " ******* END TEXT: "ver Beach” he lamented the “melancholy, long, withdrawing roar” of the “Sea of Faith,” “Retreating, "
9780814718766 - page_209: "START TEXT: to the breath Of the night wind, down the vast edged drear And naked shingles of the world.” The wor" ******* END TEXT: "twice, because we can neither fully appreciate the motives that impelled some to speak as prophets, "
9780814718766 - page_210: "START TEXT: which alienates us from our history, nor can we expect a renascence of prophetic activity in a world" ******* END TEXT: "at the revival of a compelling social vision and the discourse that would be its vehicle depends.\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nPreface\n1 Radical Rhetoric and American Community: Threnody for Sophrosyne\nPart I\n2 Old Tes" ******* END TEXT: "nguage of Commodity: Gay Liberation and Merely Civil Rights\n10 The Seraph and the Snake\nNotes\nIndex\n"
9780814718766 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\n© 1997 by New York UniversityAll rights reserved\nLibrar" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_v: "START TEXT: To Edwin Black\n" ******* END TEXT: "To Edwin Black\n"
9780814718766 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Preface\nI did not begin this book with the idea of engaging the current crop of polemics on the disi" ******* END TEXT: "ters term “civility,” “civil discourse,” “reasonable debate,” what Matthew Arnold called “sweetness "
9780814718766 - page_x: "START TEXT: and light,” that is the paramount symptom of our ills. Rather it is the absence of meaningful incivi" ******* END TEXT: "sources—not only Arnold, but Leo Strauss, Richard Weaver, Daniel Bell, Peter Berger, to name only a "
9780814718766 - page_xi: "START TEXT: few—but this surprise is only a further symptom of our fundamental misunderstanding of radicalism. C" ******* END TEXT: "Donald K. Smith. David Zarefsky, Daniel Boyarin, and an anonymous reviewer gave the manuscript very "
9780814718766 - page_xii: "START TEXT: helpful reviews, their suggestions improving and clarifying my thinking and writing. The Department " ******* END TEXT: "that we are all better for having before us, even if we can only be frustrated in aspiring to it.\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_i: "START TEXT: The Prophetic Tradition and Radical Rhetoric in America\n" ******* END TEXT: "The Prophetic Tradition and Radical Rhetoric in America\n"
9780814718766 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_13: "START TEXT: Part I\n" ******* END TEXT: "Part I\n"
9780814718766 - page_14: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_109: "START TEXT: Part II\n" ******* END TEXT: "Part II\n"
9780814718766 - page_110: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814718766 - page_iii: "START TEXT: The Prophetic Tradition and Radical Rhetoric in America\nJames Darsey\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "The Prophetic Tradition and Radical Rhetoric in America\nJames Darsey\n\n\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_188: "START TEXT: Conclusion: The Romanticization of Criminals and the Defense against Despair\n\nThe mass of men lead l" ******* END TEXT: " criminals and their prison homes.\nWhat is the origin of this strange attraction to the very people "
9780814718803 - page_189: "START TEXT: and places we would expect to abhor? On one level, the intricate, many-faceted character of our feel" ******* END TEXT: "ential. As Friedrich Schiller has written, it is this quality of the child that fascinates adults:\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_190: "START TEXT: We are moved in the presence of childhood, but it is not because from the height of our strength and" ******* END TEXT: "ial” life with the passionate existence that Alan’s crime reflected. In another example, Marlow, in "
9780814718803 - page_191: "START TEXT: Heart of Darkness, admired the criminal Kurtz, notwithstanding that the man had committed “abominabl" ******* END TEXT: "fully to Christy: “And it’s lies you told, letting on you had him slitted, and you nothing at all.”\n"
9780814718803 - page_192: "START TEXT: In ceasing to be a patricide, Christy has become, not an ordinary, decent citizen, but “nothing at a" ******* END TEXT: "rsome curiosity.\n“Sara,” she said, “do you think you can bear living here?” Sara looked round also.\n"
9780814718803 - page_193: "START TEXT: “If I pretend it’s quite different, I can,” she answered. “Or if I pretend it is a place in a story." ******* END TEXT: "is not the whole story; it is only one strand of a mingled yarn, the silver lining of a sable cloud."
9780814718803 - page_194: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_195: "START TEXT: Appendix\nAMERICAN CASES WHERE PROSECUTOR DESCRIBED DEFENDANT, DEFENDANT’s WITNESS, OR DEFENDANT’s AC" ******* END TEXT: ", 504 (Ky 1974) (“two little scums”)\nState v. Burge, 515 S.2d 494, 505 (Ct. App. La. 1987) (“scum”)\n"
9780814718803 - page_196: "START TEXT: People v. Guenther, 469 N.W.2d 59, 65 (Mich. App. 1991) (“scum”)\nMonk v. State, 532 So.2d 592, 601 (" ******* END TEXT: " “two worms”)\n6. Viruses\nU.S. v. Wolfson, 322 F Supp. 798, 825 (D. Del. 1971) (“viruses,” “germs”)\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_197: "START TEXT: Notes\nNOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION\n1. Morton Sobell, On Doing Time (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, " ******* END TEXT: "nal”).\n8. William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of King Lear: The Folio Text, 5.3.8–19 (emphasis added).\n"
9780814718803 - page_198: "START TEXT: 9. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle, trans. Thomas P. Whitney (New York: Bantam Books, 1969)" ******* END TEXT: "withstood the realities of the twentieth century’s particularly nightmarish forms of incarceration.\n"
9780814718803 - page_199: "START TEXT: 16. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, trans. Ronald Hingley and Max Ha" ******* END TEXT: "ulian Beck, “Thoughts on the Theater from Jail: Three Letters to a Friend,” in Getting Busted, 319.\n"
9780814718803 - page_200: "START TEXT: 31. Blake, The Joint, 209.\n32. Eugenia Ginzburg, Within the Whirlwind, trans. Ian Boland (New York: " ******* END TEXT: "dom and of the possibilities of defending one’s dignity from encroachment by social institutions”).\n"
9780814718803 - page_201: "START TEXT: 41. Robert Brain, Friends and Lovers (New York: Basic Books, 1976), 256–60.\n42. Ibid., 257.\n43. See " ******* END TEXT: "ro, “A Model and a Murder: Italy’s High Life on Trial,” New York Times, 16 June 1986, sec. A, p. 6.\n"
9780814718803 - page_202: "START TEXT: 63. Carol Kirschenbaum, “Women: The New White-Collar Criminals,” Glamour 306 (March 1987): 359.\nNOTE" ******* END TEXT: "ew Directions, 1946), 79.\n17. Blake, The Joint, 149.\n18. Braly, False Starts, 217 (emphasis added).\n"
9780814718803 - page_203: "START TEXT: 19. Mary Renault, The King Must Die (London: Sceptre, 1958), 169 (emphasis added).\n20. Algernon Char" ******* END TEXT: "ne Books, 1977), 203–4.\n6. Ibid., 211.\n7. Malcolm X and Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, 170.\n"
9780814718803 - page_204: "START TEXT: 8. Charles Colson, Born Again (Old Tappan, N.J.: Chosen Books, 1976), 283.\n9. Christina and Carlen, " ******* END TEXT: "d; because the love of God is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Ghost which is given unto us”).\n"
9780814718803 - page_205: "START TEXT: 24. See Fenichel, Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis, 105, 293.\n25. Ginzburg, Within the Whirlwind, 1" ******* END TEXT: "oon as it’s left behind; I dare say a prisoner begins to relent towards his prison, after he is let "
9780814718803 - page_206: "START TEXT: out’ “). See also Tolstoy, War and Peace, 1123 ("All Pierre’s daydreams now turned on the time when " ******* END TEXT: "erkirch, “Psychotherapy of a Murderer: Excerpts,” American Journal of Psychotherapy 39 (1985): 505.\n"
9780814718803 - page_207: "START TEXT: NOTES TO CHAPTER 6\n1. Some scholars would include restraint, or incapacitation, among the traditiona" ******* END TEXT: "nder and Healy, Roots of Crime, 109.\n7. See Alexander and Healy, Roots of Crime, 102, 113, 67, 117.\n"
9780814718803 - page_208: "START TEXT: 8. My research has turned up only one legal article on this subject. See Bruce Perry, “Escape from F" ******* END TEXT: " be an evil”).\n14. San Quentin inmate Fernando Jackson, quoted in Kroll, “Counsel behind Bars,” 99.\n"
9780814718803 - page_209: "START TEXT: 15. See Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society, 108–9.\n16. Ibid.\n17. See, e.g., Francis A. Allen" ******* END TEXT: " the criminal alone”) (emphasis added).\nNOTE TO THE EPILOGUE TO PART ONE\n1. Fitzgerald, Tamsin, 22.\n"
9780814718803 - page_210: "START TEXT: NOTES TO THE PROLOGUE TO PART TWO\n1. For psychoanalytic works that treat fictional characters as cli" ******* END TEXT: "ould help the authorities against him.\nEighth, he is—at least in theory—invisible and invulnerable.\n"
9780814718803 - page_211: "START TEXT: Ninth, he is not the enemy of the king or emperor, who is the fountain of justice, but only of the l" ******* END TEXT: "nd Clyde Book, ed. Sandra Wake and Nicola Hayden (London: Lorrimer, 1972), 184–85 (emphasis added).\n"
9780814718803 - page_212: "START TEXT: 5. See Joseph Morgenstern, “Bonnie and Clyde: Two Reviews by Joseph Morgenstern,” in The Bonnie and " ******* END TEXT: "an evil stepmother serves the child well. It is not only a means of preserving an internal all-good "
9780814718803 - page_213: "START TEXT: mother when the real mother is not all-good, but it also permits anger at this bad ‘stepmother’ with" ******* END TEXT: "onary of the English Language, 2d ed., s.v. “bandit.”\n25. See Keen, Outlaws of Medieval Legend, 10.\n"
9780814718803 - page_214: "START TEXT: 26. Robert Louis Stevenson, The Black Arrow (New York: Airmont Books, 1963), 51–52.\n27. Anton Blok, " ******* END TEXT: "r, for example, the New Testament expression of this idea in Luke 6:41: “And why beholdest thou the "
9780814718803 - page_215: "START TEXT: mote that is in thy brother’s eye, but perceivest not the beam that is in thine own eye?”\n38. For ex" ******* END TEXT: "y Wells and Gary Taylor (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), 4.1.35.\n51. Hibbert, Highwaymen, 116, 117.\n"
9780814718803 - page_216: "START TEXT: 52. The example from the Daily Chronicle and the one from Vogue are both taken from the Oxford Engli" ******* END TEXT: " Norton, 1973) (1st ed. 1722 under title The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders).\n"
9780814718803 - page_217: "START TEXT: 72. Arnold Kettle, “In Defense of Moll Flanders,” in ibid., 391.\n73. Ibid.\n74. Virginia Woolf, “Defo" ******* END TEXT: " 1, sc. 2.\n95. Ibid.\n96. Ibid.\n97. Arthur Conan Doyle, “The Adventure of the Final Problem,” in The "
9780814718803 - page_218: "START TEXT: Illustrated Sherlock Holmes Treasury [hereinafter, Treasury] (New York: Avenel Books, 1976), 317.\n98" ******* END TEXT: "r profession of jewelry thief. In her eyes, she implies, he would cut a more glamorous figure as an "
9780814718803 - page_219: "START TEXT: active criminal than as a reformed one. to Catch a Thief, prod. Alfred Hitchcock, Paramount Pictures" ******* END TEXT: "ll Harsin, Policing Prostitution in Nineteenth-Century Paris (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University "
9780814718803 - page_220: "START TEXT: Press, 1985), xvi. In practice, women were allowed to work as prostitutes provided they registered w" ******* END TEXT: "is associated with violent aggressiveness through his surrogates, the sadistic Orlick and Drummle).\n"
9780814718803 - page_221: "START TEXT: 20. Fred Kaplan, Dickens: A Biography (New York: William Morrow, 1988), 41.\n21. Ibid., 38.\n22. Ibid." ******* END TEXT: "d ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), 686 (quoting San Francisco Chronicle, 7 September 1974, p. 2).\n"
9780814718803 - page_222: "START TEXT: 41. Victor Hugo, Les Miserables, trans. Charles E. Wilbour (New York: Modern Library, 1938).\n42. Ibi" ******* END TEXT: "ns. Richard C. Jebb, ed. John E. Sandys (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1909), 149 "
9780814718803 - page_223: "START TEXT: (referring to the “supreme importance of metaphor both in poetry and prose”); Owen Barfield, “Poetic" ******* END TEXT: "d the Visionary Novel (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984), 112–35 passim (discussing "
9780814718803 - page_224: "START TEXT: the excremental motif in Les Miserables); Caroline F. E. Spurgeon, Shakespeare’s Imagery and What It" ******* END TEXT: "3, sec. D, p. 5.\n7. For the idea of feces as an artistic creation, consider the following incident: "
9780814718803 - page_225: "START TEXT: “[A] three-year-old boy . . . came into the parental bedroom carrying a chamber pot containing three" ******* END TEXT: ", 1991), 198.\n10. William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of Macbeth, in The Complete Works, act 1, sc. 5.\n"
9780814718803 - page_226: "START TEXT: 11. Ibid., act 3, sc. 2.\n12. Rosellen Brown, Before and After (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 199" ******* END TEXT: "e Walter O. Weyrauch and Maureen A. Bell, “Autonomous Lawmaking: The Case of the Gypsies,” Yale Law "
9780814718803 - page_227: "START TEXT: Journal 103 (1993): 323 (discussing gypsies’ view that bodily products emanating from the top half o" ******* END TEXT: "bid., 8.\n53. Webster’s New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2d ed., s.v. “slough.”\n"
9780814718803 - page_228: "START TEXT: 54. Boethius, The Consolation of Philosophy, trans. I.T., revised by H. F. Stewart, in The Theologic" ******* END TEXT: "s components of the obsessive character, see Karl Abraham, “Contributions to the Theory of the Anal "
9780814718803 - page_229: "START TEXT: Character,” in Selected Papers of Karl Abraham (London: Hogarth Press, 1948), 371, 388–89; Sigmund F" ******* END TEXT: "er, “Retribution and Related Concepts of Punishment,” Journal of Legal Studies 9 (1980): 71, 83–90.\n"
9780814718803 - page_230: "START TEXT: 96. John Milton, Paradise Lost, in Great Books of the Western World. 2d ed., ed. Mortimer J. Adler (" ******* END TEXT: "f Our Death (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1981), 43–44.\n110. Euclid v. Ambler, 272 U.S. 365, 381 (1926).\n"
9780814718803 - page_231: "START TEXT: NOTES TO chapter 11\n1. See Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987), 611 n. " ******* END TEXT: "uoting Charles Lamb).\n20. Godfrey C. Mundy, Our Antipodes, 3 vols. (London: Richard Bentley, 1852).\n"
9780814718803 - page_232: "START TEXT: 21. William Ullathorne, D.D., The Catholic Mission in Australasia (Liverpool: Rockliff and Duckworth" ******* END TEXT: "ies, 143.\n40. The Molesworth Report, reprinted in Convicts and Colonial Society: 1788–1853, 76, 79.\n"
9780814718803 - page_233: "START TEXT: 41. This follows from the principle of psychic determinism: “In the mind, as in physical nature abou" ******* END TEXT: "1933): 343.\n52. Wraxall, A Short Review, reprinted in Convicts and Colonial Society: 1788–1853, 33.\n"
9780814718803 - page_234: "START TEXT: 53. See Hughes, Fatal Shore, 160 (“[M]any early convicts, up to the end of the Napoleonic Wars, went" ******* END TEXT: "rry, Alexander Maconochie, 124.\n71. Hughes, Fatal Shore, 505. See also Hibbert, Roots of Evil, 149.\n"
9780814718803 - page_235: "START TEXT: 72. See Hughes, Fatal Shore, 508.\n73. See Barry, Alexander Maconochie, 146.\n74. Sheldon Glueck, fore" ******* END TEXT: "fairy tales promote recovery and afford escape and consolation); cf. Carl G. Jung, “Approaching the "
9780814718803 - page_236: "START TEXT: Unconscious,” in Man and His Symbols, ed. Carl Jung (Garden City, N.Y.: Double-day, 1964), 89 (discu" ******* END TEXT: "14 U.S. 160, 167 (1941).\n3. Douglas, Purity and Danger (London: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966), 35–36.\n"
9780814718803 - page_237: "START TEXT: 4. An Act to Amend and Make More Effectual the Laws Relating to Rogues, Vagabonds, and Other Idle an" ******* END TEXT: "gland (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 26.\n16. Bender, Imagining the Penitentiary, 14.\n"
9780814718803 - page_238: "START TEXT: 17. First Biennial Report of the Board of State Commissioners of Public Charities of the State of Il" ******* END TEXT: ", they will come in contact with no other inmate. They can talk, but they have no physical contact.\n"
9780814718803 - page_239: "START TEXT: WALLACE: Good God. And—and this can go on for years in here?\nLT. DEINES: Depending on the circumstan" ******* END TEXT: "t least, safe from the corrupting influence of criminals. See Dickens, Oliver Twist, 55–57» 237–39.\n"
9780814718803 - page_240: "START TEXT: 41. See Mason P. Thomas, “Child Abuse and Neglect, Part I: Historical Overview, Legal Matrix, and So" ******* END TEXT: "ers, 220 N.E.2d 297, 311 (111. 1966); Williams v. State, 226 P.2d 989, 997 (Okla. Crim. App. 1951).\n"
9780814718803 - page_241: "START TEXT: 55. Williams v. State 226 P.2d 989, 997 (Okla. Crim. App. 1951).\n56. People v. Myers, 220 N.E.2d 297" ******* END TEXT: "il.’ “A. E. Taylor, Socrates: The Man and His Thought (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1953), 140–41.\n"
9780814718803 - page_242: "START TEXT: NOTES TO THE CONCLUSION\n1. Juliet Mitchell, Psychoanalysis and Feminism (New York: Pantheon, 1974), " ******* END TEXT: "sworth, st. 58.\n9. Frances Hodgson Burnett, A Little Princess (Boston: David R. Godine, 1989), 81.\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_243: "START TEXT: Bibliography\nBOOKS AND ARTICLES\nAbraham, Karl. “Contributions to the Theory of the Anal Character.” " ******* END TEXT: "rth, by William Shakespeare. Edited by R. C. Bald, iii-vi. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1946.\n"
9780814718803 - page_244: "START TEXT: Ball, Milner S. Lying Down Together: Law, Metaphor and Theology. Madison: University of Wisconsin Pr" ******* END TEXT: "egomena to a Psychoanalysis of Law and Justice.” California Law Review 53 (October 1965): 957–1028.\n"
9780814718803 - page_245: "START TEXT: Bizet, Georges. Carmen, Translated by Ellen H. Bleiler. New York: Dover Publications, 1970.\nBlacksto" ******* END TEXT: "978.\n______. Victor Hugo and the Visionary Novel. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984.\n"
9780814718803 - page_246: "START TEXT: Brown, Claude, and Arthur Dunmeyer. “A Way of Life in the Ghetto.” In Problems in Political Economy." ******* END TEXT: ": Oxford University Press, 1975.\nColson, Charles. Born Again. Old Tappan, N.J.: Chosen Books, 1976.\n"
9780814718803 - page_247: "START TEXT: Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York: W. W. Norton, 1971.\nCrockett, Busby. “The Prison Trip.”" ******* END TEXT: "urity and Danger. London: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966.\n______. “Taboo.” New Society 3 (1964): 24–25.\n"
9780814718803 - page_248: "START TEXT: Doyle, Arthur Conan. “The Adventure of the Final Problem.” In The Illustrated Sherlock Holmes Treasu" ******* END TEXT: "ick, and Paul Brantingham. Juvenile Justice Philosophy. St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., 1979.\n"
9780814718803 - page_249: "START TEXT: Feinburg, Joel. Doing and Deserving. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970.\nFenichel, Ot" ******* END TEXT: "74, vol. 9, 167–75.\n______. “Civilization and Its Discontents.” In The Standard Edition, vol. 21, 57"
9780814718803 - page_250: "START TEXT: Freud, Sigmund. “Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality.” In The Standard Edition, vol. 7, 123–245." ******* END TEXT: "r. “Vacations: A Psycho-Analytic Study.” International Journal of Psychoanalysis 36 (1955): 177–86.\n"
9780814718803 - page_251: "START TEXT: Gross, Irena Grudzinska. The Scar of Revolution: Custine, Tocqueville, and the Romantic Imagination." ******* END TEXT: "87.\nHugo, Victor. Les Miserables. Translated by Charles E. Wilbour. New York: Modern Library, 1938.\n"
9780814718803 - page_252: "START TEXT: Hutheesing, Krishna Nehru. Shadows on the Wall. New York: J. Day, 1948.\nIgnatieff, Michael. A Just M" ******* END TEXT: "p., 1970.\nKohut, Heinz. The Analysis of the Self. New York: International Universities Press, 1971.\n"
9780814718803 - page_253: "START TEXT: Kroll, Michael A. “Counsel behind Bars.” California Lawyer (June 1987): 34–38, 99.\nKubie, Lawrence. " ******* END TEXT: "las. “At a Violent Jail, Warden Strives to Ease Tension.” New York Times, 4 May 1987, sec. B, p. 1.\n"
9780814718803 - page_254: "START TEXT: Massaro, Toni M. “Peremptories or Peers?—Rethinking Sixth Amendment Doctrine, Images, and Procedures" ******* END TEXT: "ov.” In Critical Essays on Dostoevsky, edited by Robin F. Miller, 234–42. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1986.\n"
9780814718803 - page_255: "START TEXT: Moynahan, Julian. “The Hero’s Guilt: The Case of Great Expectations.” Essays in Criticism 10(January" ******* END TEXT: "esentation of the Law in the Eighteenth Century.” Eighteenth Century Studies 16 (Fall 1982): 47–74.\n"
9780814718803 - page_256: "START TEXT: Pyle, Howard. The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood. New York: New American Library, 1985.\nRadzinowicz," ******* END TEXT: "he Works of Frederich Schiller. Vol. 2, Romances and Dramas, 133–37. New York: John W. Lovell, n.d.\n"
9780814718803 - page_257: "START TEXT: Schlossman, Steven L. Love and the American Delinquent. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.\n" ******* END TEXT: "licy, edited by Frank Bonilla and José Silva Michelena, 241–311. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1967.\n"
9780814718803 - page_258: "START TEXT: Smith, Alexander. A Complete History of the Lives and Robberies of the Most Notorious Highwaymen. Ed" ******* END TEXT: "ervous and Mental Disease Monographs, no. 73. 1948. Reprint. New York: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1968.\n"
9780814718803 - page_259: "START TEXT: Sturma, Michael. Vice in a Vicious Society. St. Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press, 1" ******* END TEXT: "udges, Protesting Policies, Are Declining to Take Drug Cases.” New York Times, 17 April 1993, p. 7.\n"
9780814718803 - page_260: "START TEXT: U.S. Department of Justice. Correctional Populations in the United States: 1991. Washington, D.C.: U" ******* END TEXT: "reen A. Bell. “Autonomous Lawmaking: The Case of the Gypsies.” Yale Law Journal 103 (1993): 323–99.\n"
9780814718803 - page_261: "START TEXT: Wheelwright, Philip. The Burning Fountain: A Study in the Language of Symbolism. Rev. ed. Bloomingto" ******* END TEXT: "Hawkins. Deterrence: The Legal Threat in Crime Control. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973.\n"
9780814718803 - page_262: "START TEXT: FILMS AND TELEVISION SHOWS\n"Gangsters: A Golden Age” (WVEU television broadcast, 28 September 1989)." ******* END TEXT: "erce Pearce. Disney, 1950.\nTreasure Island. Produced by Hunt Stromberg. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1934.\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_263: "START TEXT: Index\nAbandonment, childhood fear of, 168\nAcademy, prison as, 13–15, 52–53\nAdam and Eve. See Fall\nAi" ******* END TEXT: "e, 123\nBorn Again (Colson), 33, 39–40\nBorstal Boy (Behan), 22\nBoston Prison Discipline Society, 174\n"
9780814718803 - page_264: "START TEXT: Botany Bay. See Australia\nBrain, Robert, 18–19\nBraly, Malcolm, 30\nFalse Starts: A Memoir of San Quen" ******* END TEXT: "s of, 116–17\nand darkness, 123–29\nfostered in children by parents, 66\nfostered by society, 112, 117\n"
9780814718803 - page_265: "START TEXT: Criminals: admiration for, 61, 73, 76, 78\nappeal of in United States, 211 n.7(61)\nattraction to, 59—" ******* END TEXT: "ty, 40, 42\nFalse Starts: A Memoir of San Quentin and Other Prisons (Braly), 25–27, 44–45, 46, 48–49\n"
9780814718803 - page_266: "START TEXT: Fatal Shore, The (Hughes), 149–50, 169, 234 n.53(158)\nFear, of parental abandonment, 168\nFelix culpa" ******* END TEXT: "0–91\n“unforeseen partnership,” 64—65\nHenry IV, Part I (Shakespeare), 87–88\nHero myth, 204 n. 21(36)\n"
9780814718803 - page_267: "START TEXT: Highsmith, Patricia, 89–90\nThe Talented Mr. Ripley, 90\nHighwaymen: admiration for, 85–86;\nclothing s" ******* END TEXT: " 191\nsimilar to criminals, 160\nLe Blanc, Abbe, 85\nLes Miserables (Hugo), 3, 4, 95, 114–15, 165, 169\n"
9780814718803 - page_268: "START TEXT: Lewis, C. S.: “Bluspels and Flalansferes,” 155, 187\nLiberty: and false consciousness, 40, 42\nnegativ" ******* END TEXT: "sky), 17–18, 42\nNoyes, Alfred, “The Highwayman,” 83\nNusunginya, Percy (Inupiat whaling captain), 72\n"
9780814718803 - page_269: "START TEXT: Oakland v. Detroit, 183\nOberkirch, Ann: “Psychotherapy of a Murderer: Excerpts,” 206 n. 10(47)\nObses" ******* END TEXT: " 18\nPrisoners: as floating, 11–12\npolitical versus common, 206 n. 7(46)\nsimilarity to guards, 39–40\n"
9780814718803 - page_270: "START TEXT: Prisons: Attica, 35\nAuburn, 100, 101, 174–75\nCanon City, 206 n.8(46)\nCook County Jail, 173\nMarshalse" ******* END TEXT: "lter: Rob Roy, 2, 108\nScum, 121, 122, 152–53\ndefined, 153. See also Filth\nSea, symbol of mother, 28\n"
9780814718803 - page_271: "START TEXT: Self-respect, regained in prison, 53–54\nSentencing, disproportionate, 224 n. 6(121)\nSeparate system," ******* END TEXT: ", The (Chekhov), 40\nTimeless, prison as, 27–28, 189\nTo Catch a Thief (Hitchcock), 218–19 n. 117(99)\n"
9780814718803 - page_272: "START TEXT: Tolstoy, Leo, 46\nResurrection, 101\nWar and Peace, 14, 40–41, 205–6 n. 1(44)\nTotal institution, 29\nTr" ******* END TEXT: "192\nWorm, “Ooshy-Gooshy” poem, 137\nWorthy opponent, criminal as, 93–95\nWraxall, Nathaniel, 157–58\n\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_i: "START TEXT: Romantic Outlaws, Beloved Prisons" ******* END TEXT: "Romantic Outlaws, Beloved Prisons"
9780814718803 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_iii: "START TEXT: Romantic Outlaws, Beloved Prisons\nThe Unconscious MeaningsofCrime and Punishment\nMartha Grace Duncan" ******* END TEXT: "antic Outlaws, Beloved Prisons\nThe Unconscious MeaningsofCrime and Punishment\nMartha Grace Duncan\n\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\n© 1996 by New York UniversityALL RIGHTS RESERVED\nLibrar" ******* END TEXT: "sen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_v: "START TEXT: This book is dedicated to the memory ofDONALD W. FYR.\nFor without friends, no one would choose to li" ******* END TEXT: "ALD W. FYR.\nFor without friends, no one would choose to live,though he had all other goods.ARISTOTLE"
9780814718803 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nPreface and Acknowledgments\nIntroduction\n \nPART ONECradled on the Sea: Positive Images of P" ******* END TEXT: "ms of Our Conflict over Criminals\n8. Rationalized Admiration:Overt Delight in Camouflaged Criminals\n"
9780814718803 - page_viii: "START TEXT: 9. Repressed Admiration:Loathing As a Vicissitude of Attraction to Criminals\nConclusion to Part Two:" ******* END TEXT: "The Romanticization of Criminals and the Defense against Despair\nAppendix\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Preface and Acknowledgments\n\nThe web of our life is of a mingled yarn, good and ill together.\n—Shake" ******* END TEXT: "tive meanings, I decided, upon completion of my doctorate, to seek training as a research candidate "
9780814718803 - page_x: "START TEXT: at the Psychoanalytic Institute at the State University of New York, Downstate School of Medicine (n" ******* END TEXT: "an; Professor Michael Hoffheimer; Professor James Kincaid; Richard Levin, Esquire; Professor Norval "
9780814718803 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Morris; Dr. Ralph Roughton; C. G. Schoenfeld, Esquire; Professor J. Allen Smith; and Professor Walte" ******* END TEXT: " ideas gladdened many an hour; his belief in me and my project helped to keep me on a steady course."
9780814718803 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\n\nThis was sometime a paradox, but now the time gives it proof.\n—Shakespeare\n\nWhile Mort" ******* END TEXT: "more deeply so are situations where the prisoner’s happiness is not merely unaffected, but actually "
9780814718803 - page_2: "START TEXT: enhanced, by incarceration. In such cases, prison, because of its symbolic resonance, may come to st" ******* END TEXT: "references, and its richness of metaphor and symbol, literature is especially well-suited to convey "
9780814718803 - page_3: "START TEXT: unconscious meaning. Therefore, throughout this book, I employ literary classics, supplemented by pr" ******* END TEXT: "ies for minimizing this mental conflict. One such strategy is what I call “Rationalized Admiration: "
9780814718803 - page_4: "START TEXT: Overt Delight in the Camouflaged Criminal.” Noncriminals adopting this approach openly admire crimin" ******* END TEXT: "ed as worthless objects that may be thrown away. Thus, the static metaphor of the criminal as slime "
9780814718803 - page_5: "START TEXT: leads to a dynamic allegory in which criminals commit a bad act, become indelibly stained, and are c" ******* END TEXT: " romanticism serves to defend against the narcissistic wound of our relative puniness and mortality."
9780814718803 - page_6: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_10: "START TEXT: The cancer ward as depicted by Solzhenitsyn is not, of course, a prison, but it resembles one in imp" ******* END TEXT: "ive image of life in freedom, Blake names prison with a symbol of the eternal: “I’m still trying to "
9780814718803 - page_11: "START TEXT: make it here and resisting the awful temptation to go back to the peace and quiet of the Rock.”7\nThe" ******* END TEXT: "one could see every detail, every pebble on the river bed, as if one were immersed in the stream.”9\n"
9780814718803 - page_12: "START TEXT: Elaborating on his metaphor, Solzhenitsyn conceives of the prisoners as floating on the river, hence" ******* END TEXT: " eluded him in freedom: “By a paradox to which he gave no thought, a secret joy was reigning in the "
9780814718803 - page_13: "START TEXT: depths of his heart.”14 Endeavoring to account for this paradox, Fabrizio reflects: “[H]ere one is a" ******* END TEXT: "nse friendship. The image of prison as an academy appears in Solzhenitsyn’s novel The First Circle. "
9780814718803 - page_14: "START TEXT: Early in the book, Gleb Nerzhin elaborates on the ways that prison has developed his understanding o" ******* END TEXT: "are “too many distractions, too much panty-raiding, fraternities, and boola-boola and all of that.” "
9780814718803 - page_15: "START TEXT: He asks: “Where else but in a prison could I have attacked my ignorance by being able to study inten" ******* END TEXT: "mselves as forming relationships of an emotional power unequaled in the world outside. Solzhenitsyn "
9780814718803 - page_16: "START TEXT: theorizes in a similar vein: “Men with exceptional intellect, education, and experience, but too dev" ******* END TEXT: "n, characterizing it as the “world of electric toothbrushes” and describing the people as scurrying "
9780814718803 - page_17: "START TEXT: like white rabbits or gnomes. While his remarks may be attributable in part to a “sour grapes” react" ******* END TEXT: "g not to any psychological longing to “escape from freedom” but rather to the fact that in Siberian "
9780814718803 - page_18: "START TEXT: prisons—even in hard labor—the work was easier and the bread more plentiful.37\nEchoing Notes from a " ******* END TEXT: "artly by the loneliness that permeates civilian society. Thus, anthropologist Robert Brain writes:\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_19: "START TEXT: To me it is the strangest thing that in Western Christian society, founded on the love of God and th" ******* END TEXT: "precluded. To cope with this impasse, the prisoner develops reaction formations and sublimations.44\n"
9780814718803 - page_20: "START TEXT: As an example of this process, Jacobson recounts the story of a thirty-two-year-old woman who had li" ******* END TEXT: "ther again is more basic and enduring. In the experience itself, and in the process of recovery and "
9780814718803 - page_21: "START TEXT: renewal which followed it, these men and women gained access to parts of themselves they had never k" ******* END TEXT: "is descriptions of homosexual love affairs and his expressions of nostalgia for prison. Immediately "
9780814718803 - page_22: "START TEXT: after describing an affair he regards as demeaning, he writes: “How many times I have wished myself " ******* END TEXT: "ul Verlaine, for whom prison was “really and objectively, a solution to an untenable situation: his "
9780814718803 - page_23: "START TEXT: murderous impulses, the alcoholism which stoked them, the torment of his ‘bimetallism’ made of Mons " ******* END TEXT: "he next chapter the images will be those of envelopment: being cradled, surrounded, and embosomed.\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_9: "START TEXT: CHAPTER I\nA Thousand Leagues Above: Prison As a Refuge from the Prosaic\n\nBy “world” I mean the whole" ******* END TEXT: "f you had to remember your collar size, you’d have to forget something. Something more important!1\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_24: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 2\nCradled on the Sea: Prison As a Mother Who Provides and Protects\nThe student of prison mem" ******* END TEXT: " on her attraction to prison, she says: “After a great deal of looking into my past I realized that "
9780814718803 - page_25: "START TEXT: spending those years in prison was beneficial to me in an important way: it had, I was convinced, sa" ******* END TEXT: "ously disabused him of his early beliefs in Santa, the Easter Bunny, and God. He cannot recall ever "
9780814718803 - page_26: "START TEXT: feeling love for her, whom he often imagines as “an angry Medea who murdered the normal lives” they " ******* END TEXT: "ore concrete similarity between the conditions of prisoner and child: “[H]owever harshly, the joint "
9780814718803 - page_27: "START TEXT: mothered us—fed us, kept us warm, treated our ailments—and now, away from home, I could hardly remem" ******* END TEXT: "e, we were in stasis, and preserved against failure and loss until once again, we were set free.”18\n"
9780814718803 - page_28: "START TEXT: The associations between imprisonment, timelessness, and childhood are elevated to a symbolic level " ******* END TEXT: "t and the debtors’ prison where her family dwells: “The Marshalsea walls, during a portion of every "
9780814718803 - page_29: "START TEXT: day, again embraced her in their shadows as their child.”21 That the yearning for prison is unconsci" ******* END TEXT: "23 In the end, however, Blake’s attraction to prison proved more powerful than his good intentions. "
9780814718803 - page_30: "START TEXT: On the same day that he wrote the letter just quoted, Blake was arrested outside a medical building " ******* END TEXT: "e, which in turn must lead to death.27\nOur unconscious feelings toward imprisonment are affected by "
9780814718803 - page_31: "START TEXT: this desire to return to a period before we came to terms with the reality principle, to the womb, t" ******* END TEXT: "ther with a drama or allegory, with a journey during which the traveler undergoes profound change.\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_32: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 3\nTo Die and Become: Prison As a Matrix of Spiritual Rebirth\n\nExcept a corn of wheat fall in" ******* END TEXT: " is serving time for killing his brother with a fire iron. At the end of the novel Farragut escapes "
9780814718803 - page_33: "START TEXT: from prison by taking the place of a dead inmate in a burial sack, which he refers to as “his grave." ******* END TEXT: "view prison as a vehicle for rebirth? The answer seems to be that, for them, imprisonment offers an "
9780814718803 - page_34: "START TEXT: opportunity to renounce arrogance and separateness. We have already seen an example of this view whe" ******* END TEXT: " region of abandonment—almost as if he had died there . . . and now wandered in a kind of limbo.”13\n"
9780814718803 - page_35: "START TEXT: Since prison is often imagined as a matrix of spiritual rebirth, it should not surprise us that some" ******* END TEXT: "perience it. Imprisonment is thought to afford a special insight, attainable only to the initiated. "
9780814718803 - page_36: "START TEXT: Thus, Irina Ratushinskaya, the poet and political activist released from a Soviet prison in the autu" ******* END TEXT: "btain; most prisoners either do not consciously feel guilt or do not write about these feelings. An "
9780814718803 - page_37: "START TEXT: exception is the Communist Party member and history professor Eugenia Ginzburg, who spent eighteen y" ******* END TEXT: "ent as horrific, the notion that prison is the same as any other place can be considered positive.\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_38: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 4\nFlowers Are Flowers: Prison As a Place Like Any Other\n\nLately, I’ve seen . . . [my prison]" ******* END TEXT: "nd financial resources to leave. This reasoning would place his remark within the classical liberal "
9780814718803 - page_39: "START TEXT: understanding of freedom, that is, negative liberty, or freedom from constraint. On the other hand, " ******* END TEXT: "ear whether the guards perceive themselves as unfree. Colson’s observation, in particular, seems to "
9780814718803 - page_40: "START TEXT: draw upon a concept of freedom as the absence of even unperceived restraints on behavior. This sense" ******* END TEXT: "e? My immortal soul? Ha-ha-ha! Ha-ha-ha!. . .” and he laughed till tears started to his eyes. . . .\n"
9780814718803 - page_41: "START TEXT: Pierre glanced up at the sky and the twinkling stars in its faraway depths. “And all that is me, all" ******* END TEXT: "use of a primitive defense mechanism: denial. In denial, the ego avoids becoming aware of a painful "
9780814718803 - page_42: "START TEXT: aspect of reality by creating a fantasy that obliterates the unpleasant fact.12 Thus, the reasoning " ******* END TEXT: "rs in Soviet prisons and camps. She describes a dialogue with a friend in a camp in Vorkuta, at the "
9780814718803 - page_43: "START TEXT: beginning of their working day. As they watch their black-clad fellow-prisoners march ahead of them " ******* END TEXT: "f this book—that happiness itself bears no necessary correlation to either confinement or freedom.\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_44: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 5\nMethodological Issues\nBefore considering the implications of the foregoing analysis for cr" ******* END TEXT: " have motivated his criminal acts. In one such incident, he was walking along the street, searching "
9780814718803 - page_45: "START TEXT: for a place to burglarize, when what he calls “his voice” spoke to him, saying: “When you’re back in" ******* END TEXT: "llow inmates, that they not only wanted to be caught after committing the crime, but also committed "
9780814718803 - page_46: "START TEXT: the crime in order to be caught. For example, Thomas Flynn, author of Tales for My Brothers’ Keepers" ******* END TEXT: "ng again to the classic study, Roots of Crime, by Franz Alexander and William Healy. Based on seven "
9780814718803 - page_47: "START TEXT: detailed case studies of young criminals, all but one of them men, the book presents the results of " ******* END TEXT: "nditions but rather express something deep-seated about the way human beings experience the world.\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_48: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 6\nPositive Images of Prison and Theories of Punishment\nThis study, which thus far has focuse" ******* END TEXT: "e teacher, he explained: “I need to be somewhere where I am made to do things.”5 He was consciously "
9780814718803 - page_49: "START TEXT: looking for a place where he would be controlled. It makes sense, then, to assume that the attractio" ******* END TEXT: "of prison’s sometimes potent allure.\nCould this allure be diminished if prisons were made even more "
9780814718803 - page_50: "START TEXT: horrible than they already are? A few readers of earlier versions of my work have drawn such an infe" ******* END TEXT: "of retribution in this narrow sense.\nOn the other hand, other versions of retribution theory may be "
9780814718803 - page_51: "START TEXT: compatible with the positive meanings of imprisonment. Emile Durkheim, for example, maintained that " ******* END TEXT: "enhancing the offender’s wellbeing.17\nMore than deterrence or retribution, the rehabilitative ideal "
9780814718803 - page_52: "START TEXT: exhibits a consonance with the affirmative meanings of incarceration that we have examined. It is al" ******* END TEXT: " . . . [H]e has books to read, and ink and paper to communicate with his friends at stated periods; "
9780814718803 - page_53: "START TEXT: and weekly he enjoys the privilege of hearing God’s holy word expounded by a faithful and zealous Ch" ******* END TEXT: "ames Garvey, Jr., the warden of New York City’s Correctional Institution for Men (“Rikers Island”). "
9780814718803 - page_54: "START TEXT: I asked him to elaborate on an observation he had made to the New York Times to the effect that peop" ******* END TEXT: " to prison to regain their self-respect.”\nI asked Warden Garvey whether he was implying that people "
9780814718803 - page_55: "START TEXT: committed crimes for the purpose of returning to prison. He answered that he thought in some cases t" ******* END TEXT: "er—people whose newly acquired serenity and happiness is conditional on their remaining in prison.\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_64: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 7\nReluctant Admiration: The Forms of Our Conflict over Criminals\n\nWhen I thought to know thi" ******* END TEXT: "” he ponders, “how I accepted this unforeseen partnership, this choice of nightmares forced upon me "
9780814718803 - page_65: "START TEXT: in the tenebrous land invaded by these mean and greedy phantoms.”3\nMarian Halcombe and Marlow are ch" ******* END TEXT: "erego by alternately applauding and denouncing the criminal. It may have been a similar unconscious "
9780814718803 - page_66: "START TEXT: conflict that led Newsweek film critic Joseph Morgenstern to publish two reviews of Bonnie and Clyde" ******* END TEXT: "shment, again in the vicarious mode.8\nBesides alternating gratification of the id and the superego, "
9780814718803 - page_67: "START TEXT: another way of coping with ambivalence toward criminality is through negation. A psychoanalytic conc" ******* END TEXT: "n of what is officially denied.”\nProhibitions perform, on a cultural level, the role that negations "
9780814718803 - page_68: "START TEXT: play on an individual level. That is, interdicts against admiring criminals disclose the presence of" ******* END TEXT: "against admiration for criminals appears in a well-regarded textbook, The Psychiatric Interview, by "
9780814718803 - page_69: "START TEXT: Roger MacKinnon and Robert Michels. The authors warn that beginning psychiatrists may “experience un" ******* END TEXT: "m for those who break the law. In the next chapter, we turn to a direct exploration of this topic.\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_100: "START TEXT: The theme of the criminal as an admired stranger also appears in a memoir entitled Within Prison Wal" ******* END TEXT: "term. . . . He seems like such a good fellow, and the Chaplain has just spoken of him most highly.”\n"
9780814718803 - page_101: "START TEXT: • And yet again: “Marching to breakfast I find myself by the side of a young fellow. . . . He is tal" ******* END TEXT: "that this sense of revulsion represents a defense against unconscious admiration for the criminal.\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_70: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 8\nRationalized Admiration: Overt Delight in Camouflaged Criminals\nAN HONORABLE KIND OF THIEV" ******* END TEXT: "est my characterization of Robin Hood as a criminal. For Robin Hood, so this argument would go, was "
9780814718803 - page_71: "START TEXT: always loyal to the true king, Richard the Lion-hearted, who was away fighting in the Crusades. Robi" ******* END TEXT: "fter witnessing a murder for which he blames the outlaw: “[M]y only friend in that wild country was "
9780814718803 - page_72: "START TEXT: blood-guilty in the first degree; I held him in horror; I could not look upon his face; I would rath" ******* END TEXT: " recognizes that, to this criminal, the law appears unjust, since it is imposed by a foreign power.\n"
9780814718803 - page_73: "START TEXT: John Steinbeck’s novel The Grapes of Wrath also depicts veneration for the criminal as a function of" ******* END TEXT: "uses others of their expectation that he is still an outlaw, they cannot hide their disappointment.\n"
9780814718803 - page_74: "START TEXT: Although he is now a law-abiding citizen, Tom continues to elicit hero-worship because of his crimin" ******* END TEXT: "ed from morality, one cannot predict what the law requires or be sure of staying within its bounds.\n"
9780814718803 - page_75: "START TEXT: The theme of the law’s arbitrariness reappears when Grandpa dies on the journey and the family must " ******* END TEXT: "ociety’s act of branding Tom as a criminal that confirmed his mother’s belief in Tom’s specialness.\n"
9780814718803 - page_76: "START TEXT: Eventually, Tom commits his third and, arguably, his most serious offense: killing a man in retaliat" ******* END TEXT: "k\nmourn this maid,\n‘Who of all women most unmeriting,\nFor noblest acts dies by the\nworst of deaths,\n"
9780814718803 - page_77: "START TEXT: Who her own brother battle-slain—\nunburied—\nWould not allow to perish in the fangs\nOf carrion hounds" ******* END TEXT: "laws.25 The impotence of the state that could cope with its unruly elements only through banishment "
9780814718803 - page_78: "START TEXT: is conveyed by the light tone of this outlaw song in Robert Louis Stevenson’s adventure story, The B" ******* END TEXT: "criminal that reflects disdain for the law’s weakness. The basic facts of this case are well-known: "
9780814718803 - page_79: "START TEXT: in 1984, Goetz, a white man, was seated in a subway car in New York City when four black youths appr" ******* END TEXT: "see him as an instrument of legitimate vengeance against evil and dangerous people. This camouflage "
9780814718803 - page_80: "START TEXT: enables noncriminals to admire Goetz without guilt. Nevertheless, the unconscious source of admirati" ******* END TEXT: "erive unconscious satisfaction from the cruelty and aggression that characterize criminal exploits.\n"
9780814718803 - page_81: "START TEXT: It is important to stress that, for most noncriminals, the gratification received from the criminal " ******* END TEXT: "of such criminals—those whose violent, illegal acts are camouflaged by their embodiment of freedom.\n"
9780814718803 - page_82: "START TEXT: THE HIGHWAYMAN CAME RIDING: THE CRIMINAL AS A SYMBOL OF FREEDOM\n\nThe urge for freedom, therefore, is" ******* END TEXT: "ypsy femme fatale tries to convince her suitor that he should be glad to join the band of thieves:\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_83: "START TEXT: CARMEN: Are you one of us now?\nDON JOSE (with resignation): I have to be!\nCARMEN: Ah! That’s not ver" ******* END TEXT: "pular nineteenth-century novel Rookwood. At one point in the novel, Ainsworth reproduces highwayman "
9780814718803 - page_84: "START TEXT: Dick Turpin’s famed 220-mile ride from London to York. Describing how he wrote this part of the book" ******* END TEXT: " of my own acquaintance used to exhort me in tones of joy and awe: “Kick the ball so it touches the "
9780814718803 - page_85: "START TEXT: sky!” Similar to the children in these vignettes, grown-ups may undergo a feeling of ego expansion w" ******* END TEXT: "ement. On the modern highways that emerged in the early thirties, bandits such as Bonnie Parker and "
9780814718803 - page_86: "START TEXT: Clyde Barrow could rob a bank and be two hundred miles away by nightfall. Cars that were faster than" ******* END TEXT: "zing Jim’s psychological conflict in the final scene, the film depicts Silver sailing away from the "
9780814718803 - page_87: "START TEXT: honest men, waving good-bye to them. Jim hesitates, then puts his hand up quickly, halfway, meeting " ******* END TEXT: ", he alludes to Falstaff’s immorality in the very sentence where he stresses his abiding affection: "
9780814718803 - page_88: "START TEXT: “What, old acquaintance! Could not all this flesh keep in a little life? Poor Jack, farewell. I coul" ******* END TEXT: "sures. Daniel Defoe’s heroine Moll Flanders, in his novel by the same name, attracts our admiration "
9780814718803 - page_89: "START TEXT: by embodying this kind of freedom.71 A chronic thief, prostitute, and convicted felon, Moll has been" ******* END TEXT: "roes: “Criminals are dramatically interesting, because for a time at least they are active, free in "
9780814718803 - page_90: "START TEXT: spirit, and they do not knuckle down to anyone.”79 Significantly, in The Talented Mr. Ripley, the bo" ******* END TEXT: "elieve that too.83 For Jack, Lucy, and Willie’s other admirers, the magnitude of Willie’s deeds and "
9780814718803 - page_91: "START TEXT: aspirations outweighed the evil of the means he employed. But more than that, perhaps the criminal m" ******* END TEXT: "appears in Joseph Conrad’s novel Heart of Darkness. Like Lucy Stark in relation to her husband, and "
9780814718803 - page_92: "START TEXT: Martin Dysart in relation to Alan, Marlow finds himself overlooking Kurtz’s crimes because they pale" ******* END TEXT: "Mr. Justice is still learning his job, an informer endeavors to teach him some fundamental truths:\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_93: "START TEXT: “The fact is this,” the nark91 continued, . . . “You may not approve of what I say, but you and me h" ******* END TEXT: " as an embodiment of greatness also pervades Arthur Conan Doyle’s short story “The Adventure of the "
9780814718803 - page_94: "START TEXT: Final Problem.” Here, too, we see a variation on this motif: the criminal as a worthy opponent. Sher" ******* END TEXT: "oriarty alive, the morning paper had “presented infinite possibilities,” by contrast with its sorry "
9780814718803 - page_95: "START TEXT: state in the criminal’s absence.102 In a still later story, Holmes wistfully observes to Watson that" ******* END TEXT: "tutes the appeal of greatness. Or, to put it more precisely, what needs are noncriminals gratifying "
9780814718803 - page_96: "START TEXT: when they choose to perceive the criminal as great? The psychoanalytic concept of narcissism throws " ******* END TEXT: " deny their own nature as limited, mortal creatures. Similarly, when Sherlock Holmes waxes eloquent "
9780814718803 - page_97: "START TEXT: about the omnipotence of Professor Moriarty, we can understand this as a technique for “self-aggrand" ******* END TEXT: " finds himself traveling with a man who seems to frighten his guide, Antonio: “Antonio’s mysterious "
9780814718803 - page_98: "START TEXT: signals, his evident anxiety, a few words dropped by the stranger . . . had already enabled me to fo" ******* END TEXT: "s novel The Great Gatsby provides another example of a man who attracts others by his embodiment of "
9780814718803 - page_99: "START TEXT: criminality and exoticism. To take up the theme of criminality first, Jay Gatsby’s career as a bootl" ******* END TEXT: " . . [Y]oung men didn’t . . . drift cooly out of nowhere and buy a palace on Long Island Sound.118\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_102: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 9\nRepressed Admiration: Loathing As a Vicissitude of Attraction to Criminals\nNEWGATE IN MY B" ******* END TEXT: "o the officer’s demand. During the act of intercourse, the passengers joke about what is happening, "
9780814718803 - page_103: "START TEXT: and the atmosphere among them is charged with sensuality.4 While they wait, occasionally listening f" ******* END TEXT: "he world around him, he imagines the cows he passes calling out to him: “A boy with somebody else’s "
9780814718803 - page_104: "START TEXT: pork pie! Stop him! Halloa young thief!”7 While running back to the marshes, Pip compares the cold r" ******* END TEXT: "nce of him, that I even think I might have yielded to this impulse . . . but for the knowledge that "
9780814718803 - page_105: "START TEXT: Herbert [his friend] must soon come back. Once, I actually did start out of my bed in the night, and" ******* END TEXT: "ainst a feeling of kinship with Magwitch? Apart from the indications that Pip powerfully identified "
9780814718803 - page_106: "START TEXT: with the criminal as a child, another manifestation of Pip’s now-largely repressed fascination with " ******* END TEXT: "ns-lovers know, Charles Dickens’s father was confined in the Marshalsea prison for inability to pay "
9780814718803 - page_107: "START TEXT: his debts. Unquestionably, this was a traumatic experience for Dickens, who, while he did not reside" ******* END TEXT: "es of anal messiness and instinctual greed (Magwitch and the other convicts in Great Expectations).\n"
9780814718803 - page_108: "START TEXT: If, in some people, admiration for criminals is transmuted into loathing and avoidance, in others, i" ******* END TEXT: "n learns that the Count is capable of any vile deed, including murder, and that he has attempted to "
9780814718803 - page_109: "START TEXT: condemn her sister to a living death in a sanatorium. Horrified as she is at these revelations, Mari" ******* END TEXT: "us, after reading a note to herself from the Count, she urgently begs her friend Walter Hart-right: "
9780814718803 - page_110: "START TEXT: “‘Walter! . . . if ever those two men [Sir Percival and the Count] are at your mercy, and you are ob" ******* END TEXT: "increase you from this mortal day.”33\nWhile Christy is basking in the villagers’ esteem, his father "
9780814718803 - page_111: "START TEXT: appears, not dead, but very much alive, with only a wounded head from the blow his son had given him" ******* END TEXT: " rioted against it, disrupting the show. Expecting to see a play that glorified Irish culture, they "
9780814718803 - page_112: "START TEXT: violently rejected the play’s portrayal of their countrymen lauding a criminal. In self-defense, Syn" ******* END TEXT: "tion with crime and the criminal. Their superficial shift from the roles of follower and admirer to "
9780814718803 - page_113: "START TEXT: the role of persecutor seems to reflect a need for the criminal to be, in some sense, a stranger. Wh" ******* END TEXT: "n the preceding examples, a breakthrough of criminal behavior on the part of the prosecutor, it may "
9780814718803 - page_114: "START TEXT: still make sense to interpret prosecutorial behavior as a compromise formation—a symbolic expression" ******* END TEXT: "n: “a beneficent malefactor, a compassionate convict . . . Javert was compelled to acknowledge that "
9780814718803 - page_115: "START TEXT: this monster existed . . . . this infamous angel, this hideous hero.”43 As circumstances force him t" ******* END TEXT: ", his sense of inner pollution, repressed. Now, as these feelings surface, Javert commits suicide.\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_123: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 10\nEject Him Tainted Now: The Criminal As Filth in Western Culture\nCOME, THICK NIGHT: CRIME," ******* END TEXT: " general intimates that a mere appearance in deepest night justifies an inference of criminality—an "
9780814718803 - page_124: "START TEXT: idea that we see again in an actual legal case, United States v. Barker, one of the cases that emerg" ******* END TEXT: " Adam would plan a strategy to outsmart it: “Once through the gate to the drive he would walk fast, "
9780814718803 - page_125: "START TEXT: but not too fast, since the power that ruled the night could smell out terror.”6 Here we see that da" ******* END TEXT: "k night,\nAnd pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell,\nThat my keen knife see not the wound it makes,\n"
9780814718803 - page_126: "START TEXT: Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark to cry “hold, hold!”10\n\nHere Shakespeare imagines th" ******* END TEXT: " let us return to Macbeth. We begin with the stormy opening scene and the first witch’s questions:\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_127: "START TEXT: When shall we three meet again?\nIn thunder, lightning, or in rain?14\n\nIf these images give substance" ******* END TEXT: " brought a granite sky and a mizzling rain with it, and although it was now only a little after two "
9780814718803 - page_128: "START TEXT: o’clock in the afternoon the pallor of a winter evening seemed to have closed upon the hills, cloaki" ******* END TEXT: "s big as full-grown snow-flakes—gone into mourning, one might imagine, for the death of the sun.”25\n"
9780814718803 - page_129: "START TEXT: In the second paragraph, Dickens introduces the motif of fog—in our terms, a viscous kind of darknes" ******* END TEXT: "f sight, so slime is the manifestation that appeals predominantly to the senses of touch and smell.\n"
9780814718803 - page_130: "START TEXT: THE REAL BLACK HOUND IS THE MOOR: THE FANTASY OF THE CRIMINAL AS WET DIRT\n\nVile I am.\nI’m evil becau" ******* END TEXT: "ay. Disgust is directed more against decay, the process of decomposition, than against the dead.”35\n"
9780814718803 - page_131: "START TEXT: Neither Kubie nor Strauss applies his findings to the criminal justice system; nevertheless, certain" ******* END TEXT: " its characters, a “worthy setting” for crime—Arthur Conan Doyle’s The Hound of the Baskervilles.40\n"
9780814718803 - page_132: "START TEXT: As this nineteenth-century novella begins, a prospective client, Dr. Mortimer, is reading Holmes and" ******* END TEXT: " “Somewhere in the heart of the great Grimpen Mire, down in the foul slime of the huge morass which "
9780814718803 - page_133: "START TEXT: had sucked him in, this cold and cruel-hearted man is for ever buried.”48 In death as in life, the c" ******* END TEXT: "in that a reptile periodically sheds.\nThe metaphor of the criminal as a reptile or, more exactly, a "
9780814718803 - page_134: "START TEXT: slimy reptile, is important in our culture. In the following passage from Middlemarch, George Eliot " ******* END TEXT: "of the song, Captain Hook and the pirates alternately sing:\n\nSlimy . . .\nSlimy . . .\nCap’n Hook!61\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_135: "START TEXT: Since slimy dirt is sometimes in a state of decomposition, this dirt may be putrid; therefore, evil " ******* END TEXT: "evsky’s other masterpiece, Crime and Punishment, in which St. Petersburg, the site of the crime, is "
9780814718803 - page_136: "START TEXT: repeatedly described as fetid. Consider, for example, this passage from the opening scene:\n\nThe stuf" ******* END TEXT: "d mental conflict results. This conflict has been acknowledged in an amusing way by the creators of "
9780814718803 - page_137: "START TEXT: another contemporary toy, Icky-Poo. On the back cover of The Official Icky-Poo Book, which accompani" ******* END TEXT: "chanism, the attribution to others of unacceptable feelings in ourselves, is known as projection.76\n"
9780814718803 - page_138: "START TEXT: As the preceding vignette illustrates, filth is not unequivocally despised, but is rather an object " ******* END TEXT: "a life of innocence and purity.81\nThe Pilgrim’s Progress illustrates the symbolic power of water in "
9780814718803 - page_139: "START TEXT: the scene where Christian visits a large parlor that is filthy with dust. When a man tries to sweep " ******* END TEXT: "r, as though washing them. Yet, like her husband, she harbors no illusion of recovering innocence:\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_140: "START TEXT: All the perfumes of Arabia\nwill not sweeten this little hand. O, O, O!86\n\nPsychoanalysis confirms th" ******* END TEXT: "notion of dirt often occur in the context of parental prohibitions related to illness; for example, "
9780814718803 - page_141: "START TEXT: “Don’t touch; it’s dirty; it will make you sick.” Because of this common experience, and because of " ******* END TEXT: " criminal milieu. Every evening, upon returning home, Wemmick crosses a drawbridge over a chasm and "
9780814718803 - page_142: "START TEXT: then pulls the bridge up behind him. To Pip, he observes, “After I have crossed this bridge, I hoist" ******* END TEXT: " with wickedness; Syrian sheep, the breed that would have been familiar to the Gospel writers, were "
9780814718803 - page_143: "START TEXT: white, while the goats were black. Even in the dusk, they could be told apart.99\nJesus’ story of the" ******* END TEXT: "t communicate with ‘dirty’ ones.”104\nIts parallels with taboo and isolation suggest that banishment "
9780814718803 - page_144: "START TEXT: cannot be understood as merely a straightforward, rational response to evildoing. Rather, its origin" ******* END TEXT: "des darkness, extreme removal from God characterizes the place where Milton’s fallen angels dwell:\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_145: "START TEXT: here their prison ordain’d\nIn utter darkness, and their portion set\nAs far remov’d from God and ligh" ******* END TEXT: "ysophilic practice—a practice expressing a love of filth. Rather than being a defense, like washing "
9780814718803 - page_146: "START TEXT: and banishment, it represents a breakthrough of the original impulse: the attraction to dirt and the" ******* END TEXT: "h real people and real places an epic drama of self-purification through banishment of the filthy.\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_147: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 11\nProjecting an Excrementitious Mass: The Metaphor of Filth in the History of Botany Bay\n\nS" ******* END TEXT: "se, been used as a punishment before the Australian experiment, but never in the same way or on the "
9780814718803 - page_148: "START TEXT: same grand scale. Exile, Blackstone tells us, was “a punishment unknown to the common law.”2 The hab" ******* END TEXT: "g for Australia” than the plan for a penal colony.10 Writing of the revisionists’ motivation, David "
9780814718803 - page_149: "START TEXT: MacKay observes: “The general sense is that Australia’s colonial past is tawdry and requires tidying" ******* END TEXT: "ary survey was irresponsible.”15\nIn a similar vein, Hughes writes: “They chose the least imaginable "
9780814718803 - page_150: "START TEXT: spot on earth, which had been visited only once by white men.”16 Hughes goes so far as to characteri" ******* END TEXT: ", because, in the human body, the anal region is remote from that part of the body we identify most "
9780814718803 - page_151: "START TEXT: closely with our selves, namely, the face. A letter written by the English essayist Charles Lamb to " ******* END TEXT: " in the Edinburgh Review: “There can be but one opinion. New South Wales is a sink of wickedness”22 "
9780814718803 - page_152: "START TEXT: Similarly, in 1849, the Times defended transportation with these words:\n\nWhile . . . we recognize th" ******* END TEXT: "the Bathurst Free Press: “[T]o invite the scum of the British Empire merely from pecuniary motives, "
9780814718803 - page_153: "START TEXT: would be to ask from the parent land her curse, instead of her blessing—would be to effect the compl" ******* END TEXT: "e colonials’ opposition to transportation with these words: “No one could desire the regrowth of an "
9780814718803 - page_154: "START TEXT: unsightly tumour which had once been painfully excised.”36 In addition to metastasizing within a sin" ******* END TEXT: "y extension, contagious disease, so pervade the debate over transportation of convicts to Australia "
9780814718803 - page_155: "START TEXT: that it would be hard to imagine the same debate without them. Just as Macbeth and The Hound of the " ******* END TEXT: "h this analogy: “The operation of the penal system has altered the face of the country where it has "
9780814718803 - page_156: "START TEXT: been set down . . . just as manure may have altered the character of a field.”44 Thus, even a Britis" ******* END TEXT: "de its way into popular consciousness with Shakespeare’s bon mot, “The lady doth protest too much.”\n"
9780814718803 - page_157: "START TEXT: If human beings generally are attracted to filth, and if noncriminals equated criminals with filth t" ******* END TEXT: "far as possible from the home country.51\nTo highlight the strangeness of the Botany Bay expedition, "
9780814718803 - page_158: "START TEXT: Wraxall contrasted Britain’s practice with that of other countries. “The Romans,” he wrote,\n\nknew th" ******* END TEXT: "g prophecy, he had come to be “a regressed, soiling, snot-eating child”55 with little self-control. "
9780814718803 - page_159: "START TEXT: Thus, at the time of Tommy’s therapy, the parents’ distortion of reality did not take the form of im" ******* END TEXT: " this ambivalence. First, he reports that novels of this era consistently tend to discredit English "
9780814718803 - page_160: "START TEXT: legal mechanisms and institutions, presenting criminal subgroups as living by a set of rules more ho" ******* END TEXT: "ion with fictional criminals carried over to real criminals as well. For instance, while highwaymen "
9780814718803 - page_161: "START TEXT: languished in Newgate prison, awaiting death, members of society would pay them social calls.61 Then" ******* END TEXT: "y experiment. First, the policy of expelling criminals and transporting them to a place so far away "
9780814718803 - page_162: "START TEXT: has an exaggerated quality, which suggests a struggle with feelings and impulses in the self. Second" ******* END TEXT: "aconochie, a retired naval captain and former prisoner of war who had written extensively on prison "
9780814718803 - page_163: "START TEXT: reform, was appointed superintendent of the island. Unlike most Britons of his time, Maconochie view" ******* END TEXT: "sly under Maconochie’s reforms. When Governor Gipps visited Norfolk Island in 1843, he wrote of his "
9780814718803 - page_164: "START TEXT: astonishment at seeing Anderson transformed from a wild beast to a man “trimly dressed in sailor’s g" ******* END TEXT: "reaction to Maconochie’s reforms primarily stems from the noncriminals’ need to use this Australian "
9780814718803 - page_165: "START TEXT: prison as a symbol of hell. In chapter 10, we saw that places of punishment are typically imagined a" ******* END TEXT: "shall ye touch it, lest ye die. . . .\n. . . And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food,\n"
9780814718803 - page_166: "START TEXT: and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fru" ******* END TEXT: "pleasant place, a place where Eve would bring forth children “in sorrow,” and live in subordination "
9780814718803 - page_167: "START TEXT: to her husband, and where Adam would eat bread “in the sweat of [his]. . . face,” and finally return" ******* END TEXT: "n beings’ need for stories that symbolically grapple with the central concerns of their lives.83 We "
9780814718803 - page_168: "START TEXT: have already examined the themes of guilt and filthiness that pervade the story of Botany Bay. But t" ******* END TEXT: "r innocence but finally gain something far greater, salvation. Indeed, according to the theological "
9780814718803 - page_169: "START TEXT: doctrine of the felix culpa, or “fortunate fall,” Adam’s sin was a necessary one. Had Adam not disob" ******* END TEXT: " of abandonment, the experience of exile, and the hope of redemption. Though not a written text, or "
9780814718803 - page_170: "START TEXT: a dramatic production, the story of Botany Bay may have offered its listeners what all great stories" ******* END TEXT: "s American legal cases in which lawyers and judges describe defendants with the metaphor of filth.\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_171: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 12\nStirring the Odorous Pile: Vicissitudes of the Metaphor in Britain and the United States\n" ******* END TEXT: "as wake on the night, and sleep on the day, and haunt customable taverns, and ale houses, and routs "
9780814718803 - page_172: "START TEXT: about; and no man wot from wence they came, nor wither they go.”5 Modern American statutes likewise " ******* END TEXT: "evident today as it was in the sixteenth century, is to keep vagrants in their own place.13 If they "
9780814718803 - page_173: "START TEXT: have drifted into other areas, they are banished from them to the districts where they “belong.” Onc" ******* END TEXT: "Chicago Board of Visitors observed: “The effects of herding together of old and young, innocent and "
9780814718803 - page_174: "START TEXT: guilty, convicts, suspected persons and witnesses, male and female, makes the jail a school of vice." ******* END TEXT: "e French expression la manie de précision, the report goes on to describe how convicts were obliged "
9780814718803 - page_175: "START TEXT: to raise their right hands to obtain more food and their left hands to relinquish unwanted food. At " ******* END TEXT: "ems may appear as yet another sign of the reformers’ compulsiveness. For the controversy reflects a "
9780814718803 - page_176: "START TEXT: cognitive style that is typical of the obsessive-compulsive—a style characterized by an absorption i" ******* END TEXT: " of this point, consider the following passage from August Aichhorn’s 1925 classic, Wayward Youth:\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_177: "START TEXT: The superintendent [of the Reform School] . . . once called my attention to wash basins that had bee" ******* END TEXT: "e the authors’ pride in their rigid time schedule, which varies so little, even during bad weather.\n"
9780814718803 - page_178: "START TEXT: Attentiveness to time is, of course, a well-known obsessive-compulsive trait. Beyond observing a scr" ******* END TEXT: "mages in the following passage from the 1857 Annual Report of the New York Children’s Aid Society:\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_179: "START TEXT: The poor vagabond boy, or the child whom misfortune has made wretched and homeless, goes to a quiet " ******* END TEXT: "nce some prosecutors may suppress the impulse to use such language to avoid reversal, we can assume "
9780814718803 - page_180: "START TEXT: that these thirty-four cases represent only a fraction of the instances when the metaphor appeared i" ******* END TEXT: "a similar vein, the Supreme Court of Delaware quoted the defense counsel as describing, the state’s "
9780814718803 - page_181: "START TEXT: witnesses, who had admitted to various felonies, as “scum” and “snakes.”49 In yet another example, i" ******* END TEXT: "e metaphor nor treated the metaphor as nonprejudicial error; rather, it held that the metaphor was, "
9780814718803 - page_182: "START TEXT: for one reason or another, appropriate.54 For instance, in a 1951 Oklahoma case, the court stated, “" ******* END TEXT: "ed his disgust by characterizing prisoners’ concerns as smelly. In another footnote, the same judge "
9780814718803 - page_183: "START TEXT: asked, “Is the next opinion going to require the district judge to say how many times a person shoul" ******* END TEXT: "e metaphorically filthy, or criminal.\nEven if the metaphor of filth means only what it says, it can "
9780814718803 - page_184: "START TEXT: have damaging effects on the criminal justice system, affecting both the process and the result, the" ******* END TEXT: "istory, and American case law, and it is time now to reflect on where this journey has brought us.\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_7: "START TEXT: PART ONE\nCradled on the Sea: Positive Images of Prison and Theories of Punishment\n\nMy good, my gentl" ******* END TEXT: "uld first go to prison to acknowledge my own, those of my race.\n—Jean Genet, Our Lady of the Flowers"
9780814718803 - page_8: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_56: "START TEXT: Epilogue to Part One\n\nBut there is no such thing as a simple response to reality. External reality h" ******* END TEXT: "ate circumstances, transforming them in the light of his past experience and of his present needs.\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_57: "START TEXT: PART TWO\nA Strange Liking: Our Admiration for Criminals\n\nFelony . . . says Maitland, is “as bad a wo" ******* END TEXT: "k up your ears, Albert! Here’s a bandit for you at last!\n—Alexandre Dumas, The Count of Monte Cristo"
9780814718803 - page_58: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_116: "START TEXT: Conclusion to Part Two: This Unforeseen Partnership\n\nThe disappearance of repulsive (and, considered" ******* END TEXT: "inality. If it can, the illumination might best be found at those junctures where admiration spills "
9780814718803 - page_117: "START TEXT: over into action. We have already glimpsed a few such instances: the parents cultivating criminality" ******* END TEXT: "o our Don Quixote, the Fool to our King Lear, the partner we need to perform our complicated dance.\n"
9780814718803 - page_118: "START TEXT: Part Three will focus on the metaphor comparing criminals to soft, wet dirt or slime. The reader may" ******* END TEXT: "en our strongest denunciations of criminals express and conceal our romantic idealization of them.\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_59: "START TEXT: Prologue to Part Two\nFrom beloved prisons, we turn now to romantic outlaws. As we do, our perspectiv" ******* END TEXT: "rticipating in their illegal deeds. Among this last group are those who watch outlaws and listen to "
9780814718803 - page_60: "START TEXT: their stories, admiring, repudiating, persecuting, and endeavoring to rescue criminals.\nEach chapter" ******* END TEXT: "eciated the paradox of admiration for criminals and have offered explanations for it. However, they "
9780814718803 - page_61: "START TEXT: have limited their analyses to the “noble bandit” or “social bandit” type—a category first identifie" ******* END TEXT: "explanation cannot account for their appeal. Furthermore, these criminals do not ultimately succumb "
9780814718803 - page_62: "START TEXT: to punishment at the hands of the law. Hence, Tatum’s emphasis on the need for order and stability c" ******* END TEXT: " essential to its appeal. I am suggesting that in addition to the yearning for freedom and justice, "
9780814718803 - page_63: "START TEXT: the respect for courage, and the vicarious pleasure in adventure, there is a dark side to our admira" ******* END TEXT: "rategies that noncriminals unconsciously employ to resist awareness of their esteem for criminals.\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_119: "START TEXT: PART THREE\nIn Slime and Darkness: The Metaphor of Filth in Criminal Justice\n\nThe Tao that can be spo" ******* END TEXT: "hole play of Macbeth would have been profoundly different.\n—Philip Wheelwright, Metaphor and Reality"
9780814718803 - page_120: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_185: "START TEXT: Conclusion to Part Three: Metaphor Understood\nIn these pages I have endeavored to explore the metaph" ******* END TEXT: "tion to, and identification with, criminals. As we have seen, these feelings have sometimes emerged "
9780814718803 - page_186: "START TEXT: transparently, as in the crowds that cheered the condemned criminals who rode to Tyburn tree in eigh" ******* END TEXT: "lth and supplant it with another, such as the criminal as “an unfortunate one,”2 or “one who made a "
9780814718803 - page_187: "START TEXT: mistake.”3 But this solution seems utopian, for several reasons. First, unlike other figures of spee" ******* END TEXT: "at understanding automatically leads to change; more exactly, understanding, in itself, is change.\n\n"
9780814718803 - page_121: "START TEXT: Prologue to Part Three\nPhilosophers have long proclaimed the essential role of metaphors in generati" ******* END TEXT: "ly opposed meanings. On the one hand, it signifies meaninglessness: the nullifying reduction of all "
9780814718803 - page_122: "START TEXT: things to one homogeneous mass. On the other hand, as psychoanalysts inform us, excrement represents" ******* END TEXT: "ses in which judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys reveal their vision of criminals as filth.\n\n"
9780814726815 - page_274: "START TEXT: About the Author\nSeth Forman received his doctorate in American history at the State University of N" ******* END TEXT: "ong Island Regional Planning Board and lives in Nesconsett, New York, with his wife and daughter.\n\n\n"
9780814726815 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nMost scholarly research is performed in relative isolation, but the development of a" ******* END TEXT: "obson, currently of Yale University, whose tireless and painstaking efforts on my behalf are beyond "
9780814726815 - page_x: "START TEXT: reciprocation. Dr. Jacobson is a scholar and teacher of such immense skill and patience that if I ca" ******* END TEXT: "inally, thanks to Samara Eve Forman, whose imminent arrival proved to be my greatest inspiration.\n\n\n"
9780814726815 - page_24: "START TEXT: 1The Liberal Jew, the Southern Jew,and Desegregation in the South,1945–1964\n\nTo an astonishing degre" ******* END TEXT: "m, and the new attitude was expressed through popular music, radio shows, and the consensus history "
9780814726815 - page_25: "START TEXT: being written by some of the country’s most respected historians.2 The new ideological formulation w" ******* END TEXT: "ater Rankin lost his own congressional seat in a runoff election with another incumbent congressman "
9780814726815 - page_26: "START TEXT: “The demise of Rankin,” writes historian Edward Shapiro, perhaps over optimistically, “meant the vir" ******* END TEXT: "tinctive to the United States.”11 Allegiance to the liberal values of democracy, freedom, equality, "
9780814726815 - page_27: "START TEXT: and respect for individual rights constituted the new “American identity,” but the precise role of e" ******* END TEXT: "en’t, one would not need to be tolerant.”16 In reference to Phil’s ability to slip unimpeded in and "
9780814726815 - page_28: "START TEXT: out of his Jewish disguise, another Commentary critic wrote in her review of the novel that “Mrs. Ho" ******* END TEXT: "tself to competing loyalties.20\nThe question of religious meaning itself was a troubling matter for "
9780814726815 - page_29: "START TEXT: American Jews. If Judaism had gained equal legal and social status with Christianity, then discrimin" ******* END TEXT: "al purpose with the need for faith. “American Jews will find more reasons for taking an affirmative "
9780814726815 - page_30: "START TEXT: attitude toward being Jews . . . if they are part and parcel of a great American and human force wor" ******* END TEXT: "usurped a position of priority. This was more or less inevitable since many of these Jews have lost "
9780814726815 - page_31: "START TEXT: all interest in positive Jewish values[;] their entire adjustment is externally oriented.”26 But Gin" ******* END TEXT: "sented one of the ways by which Jews could continue to identify as a distinct cultural group within "
9780814726815 - page_32: "START TEXT: a pluralistic democracy, rather than being seen merely as individuals who adhere to a separate but i" ******* END TEXT: " legal barriers to full integration as one way by which Jews could stave off complete assimilation.\n"
9780814726815 - page_33: "START TEXT: “Like All Other (White) Southerners . . .”\nPerhaps the most rewarding effort of the Black-Jewish all" ******* END TEXT: "ictions prohibited Jews from voting and from worshiping in public. But these restrictions were very "
9780814726815 - page_34: "START TEXT: loosely applied and were aimed at disabling Catholics far more than Jews.36 Perhaps the most signifi" ******* END TEXT: "composed of merchants dependent on the goodwill of the community. This time, however, the situation "
9780814726815 - page_35: "START TEXT: had become even more perilous, because Jews in the South had gained a modicum of respect among white" ******* END TEXT: "hrough local community councils to soft-pedal the issue so as not to associate Jews with the cause. "
9780814726815 - page_36: "START TEXT: In one instance, the Jewish Federation of Montgomery, Alabama, threatened to silence the national Je" ******* END TEXT: "rivate testing agency at the request of the Catholic Digest, showed that, while 65 percent of white "
9780814726815 - page_37: "START TEXT: Protestants and 63 percent of white Catholics living in the South opposed racial integration, only 4" ******* END TEXT: "tolerance toward all groups because certain human needs had been repressed during their childhoods. "
9780814726815 - page_38: "START TEXT: In accordance with these findings, liberals believed that prejudice and discrimination were indivisi" ******* END TEXT: "and ashamed at picking on the Jews whom they had known as good neighbors all their lives.”63 As far "
9780814726815 - page_39: "START TEXT: back as the Civil War when General Ulysses S. Grant issued his infamous order number eleven, which e" ******* END TEXT: "a “lightning rod for prejudice”; Southern fears of Black advance also relieved Southern Jews of the "
9780814726815 - page_40: "START TEXT: animus caused by economic competition with other whites, an animus many Northern Jews felt keenly.\nT" ******* END TEXT: " party of their preference if he were Jewish; only two-fifths said they would if he were Black. The "
9780814726815 - page_41: "START TEXT: percentages of white Christians in the early 1950s who said it would be “a little distasteful to eat" ******* END TEXT: " the idea of the unity of persecution. Ruchames wrote that the idea that “no minority group is safe "
9780814726815 - page_42: "START TEXT: while others are victims of persecution, has been seared into our minds and hearts through the burni" ******* END TEXT: "Anti-Defamation League’s educational effort include a comparison between fascism in Germany and its "
9780814726815 - page_43: "START TEXT: counterpart, Eastlandism in the South? Surely the Jewish collaborators of Hitler are despised by the" ******* END TEXT: " of conviction. Others joined so as not to be singled out for attention. But most did not join. The "
9780814726815 - page_44: "START TEXT: dilemma of the Southern Jew was summed up by one who did not join: “I lost friends, I’m sure of that" ******* END TEXT: " and attempted bombings signaled for Jews like Vorspan the need for more intense Jewish involvement "
9780814726815 - page_45: "START TEXT: in the desegregation battle, many Jews, Northern and Southern, were convinced by the bombings that t" ******* END TEXT: "nstituency. In effect, the national organization agreed that while it would not shift away from its "
9780814726815 - page_46: "START TEXT: pro-integration stance, “it was prepared to move in a cautious manner in the super-heated atmosphere" ******* END TEXT: "sh-led American Jewish Committee and B’nai B’rith’s Anti-Defamation League, both of which preferred "
9780814726815 - page_47: "START TEXT: to emphasize educational efforts to combat discrimination. But the charge by Toubin that the America" ******* END TEXT: "ethical precepts of Judaism as they relate to civil rights or to posit a specific Jewish tradition, "
9780814726815 - page_48: "START TEXT: but rather to demonstrate that the Southern Jewish community was loath to link its religious identit" ******* END TEXT: "ces by secular Jewish leaders. Writing in Conservative Judaism, Rabbi William Malev of Houston, the "
9780814726815 - page_49: "START TEXT: spiritual leader of one of the South’s largest Conservative congregations, explained that, in the So" ******* END TEXT: "sed their own identity on the crusade for desegregation, the identity of Southern Jews who appeared "
9780814726815 - page_50: "START TEXT: lukewarm or apprehensive about desegregation became highly suspect. A tepid approach by any Jew towa" ******* END TEXT: "h peoplehood had become severely attenuated, to see that a pattern among liberal Jewish leaders had "
9780814726815 - page_51: "START TEXT: emerged. In this pattern, the needs of sizable Jewish communities are relegated to second-tier statu" ******* END TEXT: "essed by the admittance of Blacks into white supermarkets, grocery stores, banks, telephone booths, "
9780814726815 - page_52: "START TEXT: department stores, and drug stores. In all of these purchasing situations, Golden noted, the Black i" ******* END TEXT: "nsibilities could see that the Black in the South had quite a bit to fear from white men. Like many "
9780814726815 - page_53: "START TEXT: Northern liberals, Golden looked with awe at the new willingness of Blacks to risk personal safety f" ******* END TEXT: "d their insistence that desegregation was every bit as much a Jewish fight as it was a Black fight, "
9780814726815 - page_54: "START TEXT: indicates that in the deepest recesses of their consciousness, liberal Jews may have coveted the spe" ******* END TEXT: "of whose historical presence on the American scene precluded any foreboding about group survival.\n\n\n"
9780814726815 - page_55: "START TEXT: 2Jews and Racial Integration in the North, 1945–1966\n\nJewish life is social, rather than spiritual. " ******* END TEXT: "erred to live close to others of the same cultural background, giving rise to a spatial arrangement "
9780814726815 - page_56: "START TEXT: that included substantial ethnic and racial segregation. The existence of these subcommunities becam" ******* END TEXT: "t for civil rights and the maintenance of autonomous Jewish communities, came into direct conflict.\n"
9780814726815 - page_57: "START TEXT: The Jewish Problem with Integration\nThe question of equality for Black Americans in the Northern cit" ******* END TEXT: "st of the race crisis, “is that this new political power is being exercised in a governmental unit, "
9780814726815 - page_58: "START TEXT: the suburb-constricted city, which is totally inadequate to meet the Negro’s many problems.”9\nAll of" ******* END TEXT: "he civil rights movement of the early 1960s was a growing hostility on the part of militants of all "
9780814726815 - page_59: "START TEXT: races toward white liberals and Black moderates, who were accused of being committed to “gradualism," ******* END TEXT: "eges or creates inequality, has no right to exist.”17 Put another way, the pressure for integration "
9780814726815 - page_60: "START TEXT: brought to bear by civil rights activists differed qualitatively from that of earlier immigrant grou" ******* END TEXT: "ns which carry out functions of community wide concern.”26 Beyond the federation, an organizational "
9780814726815 - page_61: "START TEXT: structure designed to reduce the costs and burdens on potential contributors of multiple charitable " ******* END TEXT: "t of their own desires.”31\nThat Jewish self-segregation had become more important with the thinning "
9780814726815 - page_62: "START TEXT: of Jewish identity in the postwar decades can be seen in a Commentary article from 1958, in which a " ******* END TEXT: "wants another Jew to have the space?” While the Black American was inspired by the ambition “to get "
9780814726815 - page_63: "START TEXT: the hell out of the Negro ghetto” as soon as he could, Lomax wrote, the Jew was “motivated in precis" ******* END TEXT: "Jews were assured that they were performing a very particular Jewish moral function. But the advent "
9780814726815 - page_64: "START TEXT: of the integration movement in the North forced Jews to ask themselves the meaning of this stance. B" ******* END TEXT: "ewish leaders with active participation in the fight for racial integration that the possibility of "
9780814726815 - page_65: "START TEXT: a clash between Jewish communal survival and the civil rights movement was rarely entertained.\nJewis" ******* END TEXT: "ivist, proclaiming at one point that “There is an evil which most of us condone and are even guilty "
9780814726815 - page_66: "START TEXT: of: indifference to evil” and excoriating all Americans for their complicity in the evil of racial i" ******* END TEXT: "t serious social change, Silberman described their mind-set: “We’d like to participate in the fight "
9780814726815 - page_67: "START TEXT: for racial justice, all right, but not if it means that we must soil the middle-class garments of re" ******* END TEXT: "of average Germans to the Holocaust. Rabbi Henry Cohen of Philadelphia insisted that “some Jews are "
9780814726815 - page_68: "START TEXT: as indifferent to the fate of the Negro as were so many Germans to the fate of the Jew!”56 But while" ******* END TEXT: "?” he asked.60 Silberman was not alone in his belief that the way to stronger Jewish identity among "
9780814726815 - page_69: "START TEXT: Jewish youth was through greater civil rights activism. Albert Chernin, the director of community co" ******* END TEXT: "rticipate in, and ultimately to give their lives to, the civil rights struggle in the South, Andrew "
9780814726815 - page_70: "START TEXT: Goodman and Michael Schwerner, were quite ambivalent about their Jewish identity. These two idealist" ******* END TEXT: "ack Nation, the present Caucasian race was created.” The central myth of the Black Muslims involves "
9780814726815 - page_71: "START TEXT: a Black scientist named Yakub who created the evil white race in a cave laboratory as an experiment " ******* END TEXT: " from the Black Muslims. By the early 1960s, angry and more militant young Black leaders like Cecil "
9780814726815 - page_72: "START TEXT: Moore of Philadelphia, who thought every Jew in the civil rights movement was “a goddam phoney,” gai" ******* END TEXT: "ustin said that he wanted “to point out that the term anti-Semitism as applied to Negroes and white "
9780814726815 - page_73: "START TEXT: Christians in this country is not the same thing, and cannot be the same thing. . . . There is no fe" ******* END TEXT: "e, rather than on integration and civil rights, arguing that the Jewish community had the resources "
9780814726815 - page_74: "START TEXT: to do both. “This is a professional intellectual rationalization of that disinclination to be ‘invol" ******* END TEXT: "ission on Human Rights, also reproached Jews who would shirk their responsibilities in the struggle "
9780814726815 - page_75: "START TEXT: for equality because the “latent anti-Semitism of a fraction of the Negro community is now more open" ******* END TEXT: "in which a Black friend had told a joke implying that Jews exploit Blacks economically and insisted "
9780814726815 - page_76: "START TEXT: that, because of the truthful essence of this joke, Blacks had a right to be anti-Semitic. After thi" ******* END TEXT: " from making the cultural decay of American Jewry and the question of how the civil rights struggle "
9780814726815 - page_77: "START TEXT: in the North affected Jews the first priority. In their one-dimensional use of the concepts of socia" ******* END TEXT: "idual autonomy. To put it another way, through their interpretation of race relations in the United "
9780814726815 - page_78: "START TEXT: States, some Jewish social theorists hoped to encourage the making of a Black ethnic group along the" ******* END TEXT: "dy did more than Glazer in the early 1960s to promote the idea that Blacks would soon constitute an "
9780814726815 - page_79: "START TEXT: ethnic group in America’s Northern cities, an equal among the family of American ethnic groups.99 In" ******* END TEXT: "her immigrant groups in Northern cities far outweighed these differences. Kristol believed not only "
9780814726815 - page_80: "START TEXT: that increasing numbers of Blacks were joining the middle class but that there were in fact historic" ******* END TEXT: "nted commiseration between slaves, these devices effectively muted the development of unity and the "
9780814726815 - page_81: "START TEXT: sense of a shared fate. To be sure, free Blacks in both the North and South did organize themselves " ******* END TEXT: "iousness, the foundation for which was the sanctification of the historical legacy of white racism.\n"
9780814726815 - page_82: "START TEXT: While the emphasis on race as a unifying theme may have been necessary and inevitable in a nation th" ******* END TEXT: "be more of a community than they currently were, but those Black separatists who attacked the Black "
9780814726815 - page_83: "START TEXT: middle class as submissive “Uncle Toms” were doing a terrible disservice. It was the economic succes" ******* END TEXT: "ree to straighten his hair than a white person does to blacken himself in the sun?” asked Brotz.115 "
9780814726815 - page_84: "START TEXT: The challenge facing Black leadership, as Brotz laid it out was to create a voluntary community with" ******* END TEXT: "z, “it is this rather than the purely religious considerations which are the crucial aspect of this "
9780814726815 - page_85: "START TEXT: sect.”119 Neither Glazer nor Brotz considered that the religious impulse of Blacks toward Judaism, d" ******* END TEXT: "the disappearing of these “de facto” Jewish environments, these energetic young Jews would continue "
9780814726815 - page_86: "START TEXT: to come from. “One wonders about the supply of such young people in the future,” wrote Glazer, “will" ******* END TEXT: "of doing it”—to the Black community. “It would help us all in the end, if we could.”127 For Glazer, "
9780814726815 - page_87: "START TEXT: the turning over of Jewish communal agencies to Blacks was one way Jews could continue to be Jews.\nT" ******* END TEXT: " improve chances for the success of Black and Puerto Rican students.132 It was within the Black and "
9780814726815 - page_88: "START TEXT: Puerto Rican communities, Glazer felt, that the pressure for achievement, change, and improvement of" ******* END TEXT: " for poverty among Negros. . . . Noble on the surface, such suggestions are in reality a disservice "
9780814726815 - page_89: "START TEXT: to the Negro community, whose crying need is self-improvement as part of its fight for equality.”136" ******* END TEXT: "d the question of whether it would not be a worthy “Jewish purpose” to provide services as Jews for "
9780814726815 - page_90: "START TEXT: Blacks who needed them and could not otherwise obtain them. While there were circumstances in which " ******* END TEXT: "e shading off into an activity which inevitably acts to dissolve the specific Jewish community.”146\n"
9780814726815 - page_91: "START TEXT: Hertzberg took issue with the arguments that Jews could not close off their charities to human suffe" ******* END TEXT: "as individuals. But it also embodied the belief that the motive force underlying group unity should "
9780814726815 - page_92: "START TEXT: be voluntary and nonideological, a reflection of the liberal Jewish commitment to individualism and " ******* END TEXT: ", the writers at Jewish Frontier, an English-language monthly that began publication in 1934, were, "
9780814726815 - page_93: "START TEXT: in the words of the sociologist Marshall Sklare, the “Jewy Jews.” These writers were distinguished f" ******* END TEXT: "d the proposition that Jewish agencies should be maintained by Jewish funds for the primary purpose "
9780814726815 - page_94: "START TEXT: of funding programs for Black neighborhoods and clientele, a position favored, as previously discuss" ******* END TEXT: "surrounding area and its residential distribution and the school board had not been found guilty of "
9780814726815 - page_95: "START TEXT: excluding particular students, this could not reasonably be called segregation, for segregation impl" ******* END TEXT: "lture to live by in their own segregated communities. “Not only did you tear my ancestors away from "
9780814726815 - page_96: "START TEXT: their origins,” wrote Mann of the Black American viewpoint, “but now you bar my access to your ident" ******* END TEXT: "ed to address the pressing needs of the Jewish community for unity, direction, and inner purpose.\n\n\n"
9780814726815 - page_100: "START TEXT: high culture based on the standards of Western modernism may have been an impossible dream, given th" ******* END TEXT: "tuals reflected the crisis of Jewish ambivalence in America. Largely the children of immigrant Jews "
9780814726815 - page_101: "START TEXT: who wanted to break free of their parent’s tradition-bound world, the New York Intellectuals origina" ******* END TEXT: "he Younger Generation of American Jews,” conducted by the Contemporary Jewish Record, the precursor "
9780814726815 - page_102: "START TEXT: to Commentary magazine, many of the core players in the first generation of this New York Intellectu" ******* END TEXT: " totalitarianism.24 Eventually, the impact of the Holocaust occasioned a reevaluation of what being "
9780814726815 - page_103: "START TEXT: Jewish meant to the New York Intellectuals. The Holocaust weighed heavily on the psyche of the New Y" ******* END TEXT: "he Arendt thesis. Norman Podhoretz not only wrote a critical review of Arendt’s essay in Commentary "
9780814726815 - page_104: "START TEXT: but debated Arendt in the spring of 1965 in a University of Maryland gymnasium packed with supporter" ******* END TEXT: "he Beat writers of the 1950s; but their relationship to Jewish life and thought remained ambiguous.\n"
9780814726815 - page_105: "START TEXT: Alienation and the Black Hipster\nBlack culture has often constituted something of a counterculture i" ******* END TEXT: "liberalism that accompanied it.42 A number of white intellectuals, in particular the “beat” writers "
9780814726815 - page_106: "START TEXT: Herbert Huncke, William Burroughs, and Jack Kerouac, paid homage to this Black underworld, but a few" ******* END TEXT: "eal sense, the hipster is the monk of the present Dark Ages,” wrote the critic George Steiner. “The "
9780814726815 - page_107: "START TEXT: Hipster is a living indictment of the American dream—of the belief in material success and ‘well-adj" ******* END TEXT: "llectuals who thought more often and more seriously about their own Jewish identities and about the "
9780814726815 - page_108: "START TEXT: relationship of Black Americans to society and culture did not subscribe to Mailer’s idealized view " ******* END TEXT: " than Mailer was and about how his Jewishness influenced his view of Black Americans. Krim admitted "
9780814726815 - page_109: "START TEXT: that more “than most white or non-Negro men I have haunted colored society, loved it . . . sucked it" ******* END TEXT: "trinkets, the wild red rage on the broken-beer bottle 5 A.M. streets and the ceaseless stealing.”64\n"
9780814726815 - page_110: "START TEXT: Jewish Cosmopolitanism and the Black Writer\nLinked almost congenitally to rationalism and modernism," ******* END TEXT: "ing . . . his nationality.”69 The New York Intellectuals valued modern literature precisely because "
9780814726815 - page_111: "START TEXT: of its complexity and multiple meanings. In literature, as in life, they avoided any commitments tha" ******* END TEXT: "ivation and wide sympathies.”75\nThe power of modern art for the New York Intellectuals derived from "
9780814726815 - page_112: "START TEXT: its ability to uphold its independence from ideology. Clement Greenberg summarized the position on a" ******* END TEXT: "ssibility after the promise of full racial integration had failed to bear fruit by the early 1960s.\n"
9780814726815 - page_113: "START TEXT: The challenge of the Black Arts movement to the cosmopolitan outlook of the New York Intellectuals m" ******* END TEXT: "ns should literature be judged by the extent to which it relates the experiences of these groups.83\n"
9780814726815 - page_114: "START TEXT: Interestingly, the response of the New York Intellectuals to the new critical thinking unfolded clos" ******* END TEXT: "theless, by 1963 Baldwin had become disillusioned with the idea of integration and more sympathetic "
9780814726815 - page_115: "START TEXT: to Black nationalism. Baldwin’s historic 1963 essay, The Fire Next Time, about the Black Muslims, re" ******* END TEXT: "azine to the left, interspersing articles by young radicals like Staughton Lynde, H. Stuart Hughes, "
9780814726815 - page_116: "START TEXT: and Paul Goodman with the usual Commentary articles. More important, Podhoretz believed strongly tha" ******* END TEXT: " could be imagined.”94 Not knowing what to do and believing that legal action against Baldwin would "
9780814726815 - page_117: "START TEXT: be “unseemly,” Podhoretz told almost everyone he knew about what had happened and found that the res" ******* END TEXT: "spite having lived a life that would appear to exonerate him from the white world’s sins, Podhoretz "
9780814726815 - page_118: "START TEXT: found that his own white skin was enough to mark him in Black eyes as the enemy, even though he was " ******* END TEXT: "e soft response of white liberals to Baldwin’s alleged professional duplicity, had caused Podhoretz "
9780814726815 - page_119: "START TEXT: to doubt the efficacy of integration. The only possible solution to America’s racial problem that Po" ******* END TEXT: "n Tate as it has for out-and-out racists like Thomas Dixon. Essentially, these writers reflected in "
9780814726815 - page_120: "START TEXT: their work the commonly held notion that miscegenation amounted to racial pollution and often used t" ******* END TEXT: "ns himself to the colored male who has always been a renegade. “Behind the white American nightmare "
9780814726815 - page_121: "START TEXT: that someday, no longer tourist, inheritor, or liberator, he will be rejected, refused, he dreams of" ******* END TEXT: "utalized as thoroughly as Black Americans had, a decent life or the possibility of prosperity. This "
9780814726815 - page_122: "START TEXT: realization, Fiedler thought, would bring nothing but despair for Jews, whose enlightened liberalism" ******* END TEXT: ". In his widely read and controversial 1963 essay, “Black Boys and Native Sons,” Howe gave powerful "
9780814726815 - page_123: "START TEXT: expression to the view that the severity of the Black experience necessarily proscribed the Black wr" ******* END TEXT: "eavy price from the writer, a price that includes the reader’s inclination to believe that in Black "
9780814726815 - page_124: "START TEXT: life “there exists no tradition, no field of manners, no possibility of ritual or intercourse.”122 B" ******* END TEXT: "Ellison masqueraded as “Native Sons” to hide the fact that they were “Black Boys” evoked a reply of "
9780814726815 - page_125: "START TEXT: considerable depth and authority from Ellison, which appeared in The New Leader.126 Ellison rebuked " ******* END TEXT: "cending his Jewishness.”131 Omitted from Aaron’s critique, however, was Howe’s explicit declaration "
9780814726815 - page_126: "START TEXT: that the Black experience in America was so different in kind from that of the Jews, or of any other" ******* END TEXT: "akfasts over which Howe had lamented the decline of the secular Jewish world. He had lived with the "
9780814726815 - page_127: "START TEXT: feeling that he was a “man without contemporaries,” Wieseltier wrote.135 Not even his substantial co" ******* END TEXT: "urround him” would strike the literary intellectuals “as a token of equivocation, if not worse.”139\n"
9780814726815 - page_128: "START TEXT: Blacks and Jews in American Intellectual Life\nThe Black American, both in the literary world and in " ******* END TEXT: "a tiny, unimportant role in American letters before the war. Moreover, the role that these isolated "
9780814726815 - page_129: "START TEXT: individuals did play had little to do with their being Jewish but rather was related to their having" ******* END TEXT: "his pluralistic society.”143\nWhile it is true that the New York Intellectuals may not have played a "
9780814726815 - page_130: "START TEXT: large role in helping to sustain or to reinvent American Jewish culture, one can only wonder what co" ******* END TEXT: " a shaky proposition. Ozick’s premise seems to depend on the survival of a thriving Jewish culture, "
9780814726815 - page_131: "START TEXT: one with strong attachments to the Jewish past. But in a United States where the Yiddish language ha" ******* END TEXT: "ctuals spoke directly to the primary question facing most American Jews at the end of the twentieth "
9780814726815 - page_132: "START TEXT: century: how can one be Jewish in a free, secular society? If the New York Intellectuals chose to em" ******* END TEXT: "ck intellectuals in the United States to fully appreciate the terms upon which acceptance of Jewish "
9780814726815 - page_133: "START TEXT: writers and critics has been predicated. Norman Podhoretz has pointed out that Ludwig Lewisohn cease" ******* END TEXT: "can. The New York Intellectuals allowed generations of Jewish intellectuals and educated lay people "
9780814726815 - page_134: "START TEXT: to sustain their sense of Jewishness by creating an independent intellectual community that brought " ******* END TEXT: "anyone else has before or since to bridging the void that separates the Jewish from the American.\n\n\n"
9780814726815 - page_97: "START TEXT: 3The New York Intellectuals and Their “Negro Problem,” 1945–1966\n\nYou can’t turn Black experience in" ******* END TEXT: "lectuals succeeded in delegitimizing the Stalinist influence in American cultural life and played a "
9780814726815 - page_98: "START TEXT: large role in the transfer of the modern art scene from Paris to New York in the 1950s.4 But by the " ******* END TEXT: "ritics and essayists, a distinction that is vital to understanding the role of Jewish intellectuals "
9780814726815 - page_99: "START TEXT: in American life and one that will be discussed more fully in the conclusion to this chapter. But mo" ******* END TEXT: "ace and art. Looking back, the efforts of the New York Intellectuals to create a truly cosmopolitan "
9780814726815 - page_135: "START TEXT: 4The Unbearable “Whiteness” of Being JewishThe Jewish Approach toward Black Power, 1967–1972\n\n[The J" ******* END TEXT: "me the backbone of Jewish identity, was breaking up. By the late 1960s the youth-inspired New Left, "
9780814726815 - page_136: "START TEXT: which had been born in the early part of the decade with a strong strain of humanism and hope, had b" ******* END TEXT: "nce protests and lunch-counter sit-ins were useful for achieving legal integration in the South, it "
9780814726815 - page_137: "START TEXT: was true, but they did not produce jobs, education, or health care in inner-city slums.\nThe problems" ******* END TEXT: "that required state police intervention, while eight required the deployment of the National Guard. "
9780814726815 - page_138: "START TEXT: The riots in Newark and Detroit were on a scale similar to that of Watts.5 The National Advisory Com" ******* END TEXT: "stantial emotional validity. “Like the peoples of the underdeveloped countries,” Harold Cruse wrote "
9780814726815 - page_139: "START TEXT: in one of the most eloquent statements on the subject, “the Negro suffers . . . the psychological re" ******* END TEXT: " be associated with such a concept as a solution to the problems of oppressed people.15 Before this "
9780814726815 - page_140: "START TEXT: declaration, in 1967, SNCC published an attack on Israel in its June/July issue of the SNCC Newslett" ******* END TEXT: "hnic groups always took precedence over the abstract ideals of equality and brotherly love and that "
9780814726815 - page_141: "START TEXT: Blacks had to mobilize as a collective if they were to realize their interests. To be sure, there we" ******* END TEXT: "lack Power advocates should not go unmentioned. Black Power sought to obtain political and economic "
9780814726815 - page_142: "START TEXT: privileges through communal solidarity, while Jews, at least to a certain extent, relied less on gro" ******* END TEXT: "the public sector after World War II, greater access to higher education, and the implementation of "
9780814726815 - page_143: "START TEXT: merit-based civil service exams for government employees resulted in disproportionate Jewish represe" ******* END TEXT: "strict without formal charges or hearings, setting the groundwork for a walkout of the 350 teachers "
9780814726815 - page_144: "START TEXT: in the district and for a series of three strikes later in the fall. Teachers and supervisors spent " ******* END TEXT: "r the air, Campbell read a poem dedicated to Albert Shanker by one of his fifteen-year-old students "
9780814726815 - page_145: "START TEXT: that read, in part, “hey, Jew Boy, with that yarmulke on your head/you pale-faced Jew Boy—I wish you" ******* END TEXT: " the libel against Jews.”38 Once again, the response of the director of the museum seemed to rankle "
9780814726815 - page_146: "START TEXT: more than the Black teenager’s prose. Hoving declared, “[H]er statements are true. If” the truth hur" ******* END TEXT: "s after the New York public school crisis, sixty-five out of 103 Black students at the nonsectarian "
9780814726815 - page_147: "START TEXT: Jewish-sponsored Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, occupied an administration building " ******* END TEXT: "s and Puerto Rican students occupied university buildings and succeeded in shutting down the campus "
9780814726815 - page_148: "START TEXT: as they waited for a list of five demands to be satisfied. The demands consisted of a Black and Puer" ******* END TEXT: "in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Congressional opponents like Senator James Eastland "
9780814726815 - page_149: "START TEXT: of Mississippi opposed the civil rights bill, claiming that it would impose quotas against whites. C" ******* END TEXT: "a public recognition not only that Blacks were a particularly disadvantaged minority, a presumption "
9780814726815 - page_150: "START TEXT: with which many Jews would have undoubtedly agreed, but also that Jews no longer were, a presumption" ******* END TEXT: " Black Americans and American Jews can be clearly seen. Not only is an identity dependent on victim "
9780814726815 - page_151: "START TEXT: status a cultural bane for the Jewish community in the United States, but the animosity fostered in " ******* END TEXT: "ks precisely because they had so identified with the Black struggle in the United States. “What has "
9780814726815 - page_152: "START TEXT: further complicated this emergence of Afro-American ethnic consciousness is the Jewish involvement i" ******* END TEXT: "ions, than the Jews.”62 For most of the period from the 1920s through the 1950s, the party remained "
9780814726815 - page_153: "START TEXT: staunchly anti-Zionist. For the Communists, the main enemy in Palestine was British imperialism, bac" ******* END TEXT: "Cruse, the problem was not so much that Jewish activists historically had opposed Black nationalism "
9780814726815 - page_154: "START TEXT: and favored Jewish nationalism but that Jewish activism implied Jewish victimization, which diluted " ******* END TEXT: "he usurpation of the language of the Holocaust. The use of such terms as “genocide” and “holocaust” "
9780814726815 - page_155: "START TEXT: to describe the situation of Black Americans seemed pervasive among even some of the most prominent " ******* END TEXT: "ot in a position to make fine distinctions among the colonizers. “Everyone else, the nonblacks, are "
9780814726815 - page_156: "START TEXT: the colonizers, and Jews are no exception because they hold only a measure of that power. It is powe" ******* END TEXT: "sed in the 1960s and 1970s, as such traditionally non-Jewish companies as Du Pont, Bell Labs, AT&T, "
9780814726815 - page_157: "START TEXT: Chrysler, Colgate-Palmolive, and Ford appointed Jews to the highest management positions.79 In addit" ******* END TEXT: " response to external attack and a commitment to progressive causes would emerge as the predominant "
9780814726815 - page_158: "START TEXT: issue for American Jewry at the close of the twentieth century. The problem is one that afflicts all" ******* END TEXT: "ty of another Holocaust on their minds, American Jews responded as they never had previously to any "
9780814726815 - page_159: "START TEXT: world crisis. Between the day when Egypt’s Gamal Abdel Nasser closed the Gulf of Aqaba on May 23 and" ******* END TEXT: "eir problems. The authors of the statement defined America’s problems not so much in terms of class "
9780814726815 - page_160: "START TEXT: divisions, as the “old” left had, but rather in terms of the spiritual deprivation experienced by mo" ******* END TEXT: "rit-based advancement, particularly within governmental and educational institutions, in which Jews "
9780814726815 - page_161: "START TEXT: found a great deal of success. By 1969, one observer noted that “teaching in the university may not " ******* END TEXT: "ench Revolution, primarily because that revolution was associated throughout Europe with the belief "
9780814726815 - page_162: "START TEXT: in equal citizenship and the overthrow of reactionary monarchies. But with the liberalism of the rev" ******* END TEXT: "thize with, or at least to tolerate, the grass-roots anti-Semitism of the masses was evident in the "
9780814726815 - page_163: "START TEXT: 1960s and was perhaps even more obvious than in the past because much of the “grass-roots” anti-Semi" ******* END TEXT: "s belief that the sum total of being Jewish amounted to being oppressed and that therefore American "
9780814726815 - page_164: "START TEXT: Jews, who were no longer oppressed, were not really Jews anymore. “Even more astonishing,” Hentoff w" ******* END TEXT: "Studies on the Left, New University Thought, and Ramparts were of Jewish background. These included "
9780814726815 - page_165: "START TEXT: such prominent New Lefters as Norman Fruchter, Robert Scheer, Saul Landau, Martin Sklar, James Weins" ******* END TEXT: "ty of ideas and interests,” wrote Bill Novak, the editor of the key journal of the Jewish New Left, "
9780814726815 - page_166: "START TEXT: Response.112 The Jewish New Left, or the “New Jews,” essentially concerned itself with the issues of" ******* END TEXT: "effort . . . toward what the tradition calls the Passover of the Messianic Age, the Passover of the "
9780814726815 - page_167: "START TEXT: liberation of all the nations.”119 Waskow lent credence to the Black radical attempt to soften the s" ******* END TEXT: "bout skin color than about one’s relationship to power. Who got labeled “white” and who got labeled "
9780814726815 - page_168: "START TEXT: “Black” or “nonwhite” had less to do with biology than it did with whether one was a member of a gro" ******* END TEXT: " anti-Semitism was nevertheless a disgrace not to Blacks but to Jews. “In short, this anti-Semitism "
9780814726815 - page_169: "START TEXT: is in part an earned anti-Semitism,” Lerner wrote as he counseled Jews to join the Black anti-Semite" ******* END TEXT: " line with modern ideas about gender equality.130 Nevertheless, like the bulk of the writers in the "
9780814726815 - page_170: "START TEXT: Jewish Liberation Movement, the most vocal elements of the Jewish feminist movement had been prodded" ******* END TEXT: " . . with the purpose of using Jews as a buffer and/or as an easy scapegoat when one is needed.”136\n"
9780814726815 - page_171: "START TEXT: The Jewish New Leftists set the standard for the mainstream Jewish response to Black Power, arguing " ******* END TEXT: "race relations, saying that “for the Jewish community to be deflected from its support and advocacy "
9780814726815 - page_172: "START TEXT: of equality for Negroes on the ground that Negroes are anti-Semitic would not only be self-defeating" ******* END TEXT: "gement,” this kind of anti-Semitism should not deter Jews from helping Blacks because the suffering "
9780814726815 - page_173: "START TEXT: of Black Americans had given them an inexhaustible reservoir of moral credit upon which to draw.142 " ******* END TEXT: "n white anti-Semitism.”147\nMarx’s study came under heavy criticism from other social scientists for "
9780814726815 - page_174: "START TEXT: relying solely on survey data and for letting his own personal bias toward the Black struggle for eq" ******* END TEXT: "he Black extremists were sending and recommit themselves to the alleviation of Black grievances.151\n"
9780814726815 - page_175: "START TEXT: In a long pamphlet issued by the Reform movement’s Union of American Hebrew Congregations in 1968, R" ******* END TEXT: "e president of the American Jewish Committee, provides perhaps the most glaring example of a Jewish "
9780814726815 - page_176: "START TEXT: communal leader who stated his support for the Black Power objectives of self-help and group pride, " ******* END TEXT: "rish in much greater freedom. But stating this required that these Jews ignore the paradox of Black "
9780814726815 - page_177: "START TEXT: Power pluralism, which emphasized social divisions based on race and submerged the differences among" ******* END TEXT: "t fifty years ago.” Ignoring the historical examples of white Protestants and Jews, two of the most "
9780814726815 - page_178: "START TEXT: successful yet disunited and individualistic American ethnic groups, Fein energetically defended the" ******* END TEXT: "y, and we are not white literally. . . . We are too much an oppressed people, still, and too much a "
9780814726815 - page_179: "START TEXT: rejected people, even in this country, to accept the designation ‘white.’” Fein admitted that Jews w" ******* END TEXT: "the miserable—or, at least, the still-threatened.”166 Apparently, Fein had not noticed that to view "
9780814726815 - page_180: "START TEXT: oneself as “among the miserable” and the “still-threatened” requires the perception that anti-Semiti" ******* END TEXT: "tin Luther King, Malcolm X, Eldridge Cleaver, and others that would be “canonized.”169 Ignoring the "
9780814726815 - page_181: "START TEXT: vast difficulties of Black repatriation, Miller even envisioned Black equivalents to the early Jewis" ******* END TEXT: "cially American Jews, toward Zionism had always been far different from the Black American approach "
9780814726815 - page_182: "START TEXT: to Black nationalism, if for no other reason than the differences in the historical circumstances th" ******* END TEXT: "f migration and took place primarily between those Zionists who preferred to wait for Great Britain "
9780814726815 - page_183: "START TEXT: to secure Jewish emigration to Palestine and those who were working to achieve emigration by other m" ******* END TEXT: "nusually high degree of self-criticism, while at the same time enabling it to avoid being dominated "
9780814726815 - page_184: "START TEXT: by the extreme patriotic chauvinism associated with, some Zionist sects.182 The well-known Jewish cr" ******* END TEXT: "y be recognized by other nations of the world.”188 The emphasis on sovereignty in Black nationalism "
9780814726815 - page_185: "START TEXT: was a necessity because the institution of slavery had precluded the continuation of “cultural narra" ******* END TEXT: "Charles Hamilton have written, “Our basic need is to reclaim our history and our identity. . . . We "
9780814726815 - page_186: "START TEXT: shall have to struggle for the right to create our own terms through which to define ourselves. . . " ******* END TEXT: "l from American politics, consistently sought to align themselves with Black public officials . . . "
9780814726815 - page_187: "START TEXT: and to mobilize around contesting the exercise of public authority in the Black community.”198 Becau" ******* END TEXT: "segments of the Black intelligentsia were forced to adopt or fabricate a lower-class-oriented Black "
9780814726815 - page_188: "START TEXT: militancy along the lines drawn by the paraintellectuals. Many in the established Black intelligents" ******* END TEXT: "em instituted seems all but undeniable.207 Whatever they may ultimately mean for Black advancement, "
9780814726815 - page_189: "START TEXT: these changes have resulted in an official and legally acknowledged reracialization of American life" ******* END TEXT: " was not essential to the American way of life. By contrast, the Civil War and Reconstruction fixed "
9780814726815 - page_190: "START TEXT: the pattern of American politics for generations, and the travail of the Black American belonged ful" ******* END TEXT: "than they did before.211\nBut, on another level, Halpern’s intimation that the United States is less "
9780814726815 - page_191: "START TEXT: hospitable to Jews than to Blacks takes on greater resonance than is at first obvious, and this has " ******* END TEXT: "tain other ethnic groups only to the extent that they were impoverished. Cohen’s hopes for a Jewish "
9780814726815 - page_192: "START TEXT: group life that emulated the Black revolution were therefore inconceivable, since such a life would " ******* END TEXT: "d intellectuals have been unwilling to recognize and respond to the special burdens this implies.\n\n\n"
9780814726815 - page_193: "START TEXT: 5The Jew as MiddlemanJewish Opposition to Black Power, 1967–1972\n\nPeople preoccupied with their own " ******* END TEXT: "re were forces within orthodoxy that were propounding this view. Rabbi Maurice Lamm stated the view "
9780814726815 - page_194: "START TEXT: of the proponents, without himself endorsing it: “Among these activist forces, number one on the age" ******* END TEXT: "crimination or war,” Jacobs wrote. “The enemy is the tidal wave of secularism and its twin brother, "
9780814726815 - page_195: "START TEXT: ’sciencism,’ which have led us to believe that we can solve all human problems alone, while in fact " ******* END TEXT: " jobs, and equal opportunity alone cannot achieve this. The example provided by the orthodox Jewish "
9780814726815 - page_196: "START TEXT: community affords the Negro the inspiration which he instinctively feels compelled to emulate, and w" ******* END TEXT: "adio station WBAI-FM dismiss the Black radical Julius Lester, who, on various occasions had invited "
9780814726815 - page_197: "START TEXT: anti-Semitic guests to speak on his show. In these actions, Kahane believed he was simply taking ser" ******* END TEXT: "nd, in 1971, he and his family took up residence in Israel, from where he would continue to lead an "
9780814726815 - page_198: "START TEXT: almost fatally weakened JDL in the United States. Kahane’s movement found its greatest support among" ******* END TEXT: "they now believed to be an anachronistic alliance with Black Power. That said, it should be pointed "
9780814726815 - page_199: "START TEXT: out that however more realistically and less sentimentally they were able to see new developments on" ******* END TEXT: "e easiest and the fairest.”16\nIt is interesting that Himmelfarb suggested that Jews themselves were "
9780814726815 - page_200: "START TEXT: responsible, at least in part, for their interstitiality, because continuing Jewish support for such" ******* END TEXT: "n rejected the idea that America was different. “I have frequently expressed my belief that America "
9780814726815 - page_201: "START TEXT: is different. But this was before the urban crisis erupted in the conflagration of the fire this tim" ******* END TEXT: "ue to its own fundamental aspirations . . . and, at the same time, support the Negro revolution.”26\n"
9780814726815 - page_202: "START TEXT: The Jewish Neoconservatives and the Common Culture\nThe rise of radical New Left and Black Power move" ******* END TEXT: "0s, when a number of formerly left-wing intellectuals began to take on conservative colorations, it "
9780814726815 - page_203: "START TEXT: was no surprise that a large proportion of these intellectuals were of Jewish background, bringing w" ******* END TEXT: "at it is a long-lost liberalism that they seek to recover, rather than a variant of conservatism.31\n"
9780814726815 - page_204: "START TEXT: The stability of democratic institutions and the hostility of the radical left to the humanistic and" ******* END TEXT: "who believed that it reflected a “mentality no broader than that of the tribe.” But now it appeared "
9780814726815 - page_205: "START TEXT: that the “Golden Age” of American Jewry was over, and it was appropriate to ask such a question.\nBet" ******* END TEXT: "icans might be horrified by expressions of anti-Semitism, Raab wrote, they were reluctant to oppose "
9780814726815 - page_206: "START TEXT: it on the community level “because it would seem to be an attack on the militant movement itself.”38" ******* END TEXT: "icated intellectual heritage of reflection and rigorous thought, these people stand at one with the "
9780814726815 - page_207: "START TEXT: left.”40 To their credit, and in striking contrast to the Jewish liberals and the Jews of the New Le" ******* END TEXT: "ion, “they should never be forgiven for the way they have tolerated and fostered a self-destructive "
9780814726815 - page_208: "START TEXT: liberal innocence while so engaged.” Raab also detected the limitations of Black Power pluralism as " ******* END TEXT: "wed to move rapidly into American society and achieve respectable levels of income, good conditions "
9780814726815 - page_209: "START TEXT: of living, and political power, while racially distinct groups had been held back from doing the sam" ******* END TEXT: "ed and advised by a white, predominantly Jewish, intelligentsia.” This led to a vituperative attack "
9780814726815 - page_210: "START TEXT: against radical Jewish writers and editors such as Andrew Kopkind, Robert and Barbara Silvers, Rober" ******* END TEXT: "d mean for white ethnic groups, and they held fast to the belief that American Jews were better off "
9780814726815 - page_211: "START TEXT: in a society that emphasized a strong common culture. Yet it was not the prospect of Jewish dissolut" ******* END TEXT: "cluding some leading Jewish spokesmen, for a resurgence of ethnicity and rigid group barriers began "
9780814726815 - page_212: "START TEXT: to take root in the late 1960s. While other objective conditions were responsible for the ethnic res" ******* END TEXT: " in this light, the “new pluralism” of the late 1960s and early 1970s was perhaps, more accurately, "
9780814726815 - page_213: "START TEXT: a last gasp attempt by consciously ethnic whites to avoid the psychic costs of assimilation by insti" ******* END TEXT: "xpress concern about the new pluralism, stemming from their perception that the new pluralists were "
9780814726815 - page_214: "START TEXT: advocating the idea that an individual’s primary commitment was to his or her particular ethnic grou" ******* END TEXT: "ote, “for the fact that a person can at least in part free himself from subjugation (in some degree "
9780814726815 - page_215: "START TEXT: it is always that) to the community and the past in order to realize his selfhood according to his o" ******* END TEXT: "with Jewish safety and freedom, rather than with the search for Jewish meaning in modern America.\n\n\n"
9780814726815 - page_216: "START TEXT: ConclusionBlacks and Jews in American Popular Culture\n\n“Yeah . . . I feel a part of me is black.”\n—S" ******* END TEXT: "on of major Jewish groups such as the American Jewish Congress and the American Jewish Committee to "
9780814726815 - page_217: "START TEXT: voucher programs has remained steadfast, despite great enthusiasm from orthodox Jewish groups and su" ******* END TEXT: "ity success: mainly, the maintenance of social and behavioral boundaries that separate the minority "
9780814726815 - page_218: "START TEXT: from the majority, boundaries that are now, as they always have been, for obvious reasons, far more " ******* END TEXT: "py ending is one that joins the Jew and non-Jew in matrimony, or at least love, triumphing over the "
9780814726815 - page_219: "START TEXT: narrowness of particularism.”4 Apparently, the Hollywood moguls achieved their goal. In the minds of" ******* END TEXT: "hese movies and shows are Black mitigates against the view that racial intermarriage has not worked "
9780814726815 - page_220: "START TEXT: in Hollywood simply because of white resistance to it. Here, what is often viewed by white liberals " ******* END TEXT: "ue and its liturgical and cantorial melodies than the others, but even Gershwin, “the apotheosis of "
9780814726815 - page_221: "START TEXT: American musical genius,” adopted the tone of the Jewish ghetto to Porgy and Bess, the opera of anot" ******* END TEXT: "ronger position today.\nAll of this is certainly not to say that Jewish life in the United States is "
9780814726815 - page_222: "START TEXT: without any redeeming value or hope. It is simply to say that corporate survival for Jews in the Uni" ******* END TEXT: "eed with which Jewish cultural, religious, and intellectual leaders absorb this unpleasant truth.\n\n\n"
9780814726815 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\n© 1998 by New York UniversityAll rights reserved\nLibrar" ******* END TEXT: "osen for strength and durability\nManufactured in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814726815 - page_v: "START TEXT: For Danielle, who made of our home a sanctuary." ******* END TEXT: "For Danielle, who made of our home a sanctuary."
9780814726815 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814726815 - page_i: "START TEXT: Blacks in the Jewish Mind" ******* END TEXT: "Blacks in the Jewish Mind"
9780814726815 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814726815 - page_265: "START TEXT: Index\nAaron, Daniel, 125–26\nAbram, Morris, 147\nAcademic Melting Pot, The, 5\nAdler, Mortimer, 202\nAdl" ******* END TEXT: "7\nthe “bad nigger,” 105–7\nhipsterism, 105–10\nBlack Face, White Noise, 14\nBlack hipster, the, 105–10\n"
9780814726815 - page_266: "START TEXT: Black identity, 18, 32\nunder affirmative action, 150–58\nBlack intellectuals: comparison with Jewish " ******* END TEXT: "s in, 152–53, 162\nCongress of Racial Equality (CORE), 59, 72, 73, 139, 187\nConservative Judaism, 48\n"
9780814726815 - page_267: "START TEXT: Contemporary Jewish Record, 101, 104\nCooney, Terry, 110\nCooper, James Fenimore, 120\nCose, Ellis, 18\n" ******* END TEXT: " Louis, 38\nGarson, Marvin, 210\nGartner, Lloyd, 89, 157\nGarvey, Marcus, 16, 70, 81, 83, 84, 141, 182\n"
9780814726815 - page_268: "START TEXT: Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 98, 99\nGeltman, Max, 202\nGentlemen’s Agreement, 26–28\nGershwin, George, 14," ******* END TEXT: "Isaacs, Harold, 213–14\nIsrael, 1\nJewish state, 28, 158–59\nand the New Left, 158–61\nItalians, 5, 200\n"
9780814726815 - page_269: "START TEXT: Jabotinsky, Vladamir, 183\nJacobs, Paul, 210\nJacobs, Yaakov, 194\nJacoby, Russell, 98\nJapanese-America" ******* END TEXT: "80\nand civil rights, 59\nLiberator, 155\nLiebman, Arthur, 165\nLiebman, Charles, 60\nLindsay, John, 145\n"
9780814726815 - page_270: "START TEXT: Lipset, Seymour Martin, 202\nLomax, Louis, 62–63, 76\nLong Island Jewish World, 19\nLowell, Robert, 100" ******* END TEXT: "w Republic, 161\nNew University Thought, 164\nNew York City teacher’s strike, 21\nNew Yorker, 103, 116\n"
9780814726815 - page_271: "START TEXT: New York Intellectuals, 21\ncomparison with Black intellectuals, 97–100, 133–34\ncosmopolitanism of, 1" ******* END TEXT: "nberg, Julius, 26\nRosenberg, M. Jay, 135, 168\nRosenfeld, Isaac, 101, 102, 114\nRosenwald, Julius, 11\n"
9780814726815 - page_272: "START TEXT: Rosenwald, Lessing, 30\nRoss, Bob, 164\nRoth, Henry, 111\nRoth, Philip, 102, 114, 129\nRothschild, Jacob" ******* END TEXT: "\nUnion of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, 197\nUnited Federation of Teachers (UFT), 143–45\n"
9780814726815 - page_273: "START TEXT: United Hebrew Trades, 63\nUnited Jewish Organizations v. Carey, 150\nUnited Synagogues of America, 172" ******* END TEXT: "onalism, 180-89\nof Jewish feminists, 170-71\nof Jewish New Left, 165-68\nZuckoff, Aviva Cantor, 169\n\n\n"
9780814726815 - page_1: "START TEXT: IntroductionRace Relations and the Invisible Jew\n\nThere are cases where success is a tragedy.\n—Abrah" ******* END TEXT: "in his 1995 book What Went Wrong: The Creation and Collapse of the Black-Jewish Alliance, “I do not "
9780814726815 - page_10: "START TEXT: spending cuts.24 Essentially, as one sociologist recently wrote, “political allegiance in the United" ******* END TEXT: " in Louisiana mixed socially and culturally with Blacks at the turn of the century and were clearly "
9780814726815 - page_11: "START TEXT: distinguished from Southern whites. Similar examples of immigrant group-Black amity exist for Greek " ******* END TEXT: "social sciences, had become a huge problem for Blacks precisely because they had so identified with "
9780814726815 - page_12: "START TEXT: the Black struggle. While Cruse did not concern himself with the question of why Jews tended to iden" ******* END TEXT: "s into an “unworkable paradigm of success,” an acceptance of a set of social and political rules by "
9780814726815 - page_13: "START TEXT: which Jews would be permitted to advance but by which Blacks would not.40\nBy interpreting the Jewish" ******* END TEXT: "n of recent historical research to confirm the common objectives of the extremists and the academy. "
9780814726815 - page_14: "START TEXT: Despite substantial scholarship indicating that Jews were largely closed out of the Atlantic slave s" ******* END TEXT: "s credulity in trying to document that American Jews have been “perpetrators of racial hate” but is "
9780814726815 - page_15: "START TEXT: forced to look outside the American context to the state of Israel for his evidence. In the mid-1980" ******* END TEXT: "us about the Jews as a distinct cultural group? Specifically, it needs to be determined whether the "
9780814726815 - page_16: "START TEXT: persistence of a widespread liberalism among American Jews has resulted in attitudes toward Blacks a" ******* END TEXT: " “quintessentially” American, that American Jews are like all other Americans, only more so? Jewish "
9780814726815 - page_17: "START TEXT: history, after all, is transnational, beginning long before the advent of the United States and far " ******* END TEXT: "secution bound Jews to the American ideals of equality and freedom far more intensely than even the "
9780814726815 - page_18: "START TEXT: “real Americans” and thus made it possible for Jews to carve out a place for themselves in American " ******* END TEXT: "form, Conservative, and Reconstructionist branches of Judaism, by the 1930s all distinctly separate "
9780814726815 - page_19: "START TEXT: groupings, in the 1990s vie amid dissipated resources for the loyalty of the shrinking second, third" ******* END TEXT: "en college admissions, Black electoral districts, “Afro-centric” school curricula, corporate hiring "
9780814726815 - page_2: "START TEXT: pretend to be neutral on the subject of the Black-Jewish alliance; it has meant so much to me for so" ******* END TEXT: "s been wildly exaggerated and conclude their volume by asserting that American Jews have been equal "
9780814726815 - page_20: "START TEXT: preferences, government set-asides, and private and not-for-profit foundation support has assured Bl" ******* END TEXT: "l” facilities in the nation’s public schools. The revulsion of American Jews against racial bigotry "
9780814726815 - page_21: "START TEXT: and the belief that Jewish well-being is tied to the cause of Black equality made it impossible for " ******* END TEXT: " stated Jewish interest in strengthening the system of individual advance by merit was incompatible "
9780814726815 - page_22: "START TEXT: with growing Black demands for a redistribution of power and resources. But an analysis of the state" ******* END TEXT: ", and indeed an argument about the nature of the “Jewish” attraction to objective social science is "
9780814726815 - page_23: "START TEXT: advanced in chapter 2. But, in general, it has not been my purpose to deconstruct texts or to specul" ******* END TEXT: "pen manner. The reader, of course, will be the judge of whether this objective has been achieved.\n\n\n"
9780814726815 - page_3: "START TEXT: partners with white gentiles in America’s racist past. “The Jewish community is faced with the chall" ******* END TEXT: "rd Winant generally succeeding over the past three decades in establishing the separation of Blacks "
9780814726815 - page_4: "START TEXT: and whites as the key to understanding American pluralism. With the work of these authors, the idea " ******* END TEXT: "oundary that excluded Blacks. From this perspective, it is the “color line,” the disenfranchisement "
9780814726815 - page_5: "START TEXT: of Black Americans, that is the most fundamental and enduring fact of America’s group life in the tw" ******* END TEXT: "efforts stem from the conviction that white racism is an enduring and immutable feature of American "
9780814726815 - page_6: "START TEXT: life that can be combated only by the permanent institution of racial preferences. Whereas earlier i" ******* END TEXT: "iversalism, equality, individualism, and free markets.10 Almost half a century ago, the sociologist "
9780814726815 - page_7: "START TEXT: Robert Park, speaking of the industry, enterprise, and individual drive of America’s Jews, recommend" ******* END TEXT: "e to enjoy the rights and privileges accruing thereto. While racial attitudes were changing, Blacks "
9780814726815 - page_8: "START TEXT: were still prevented from taking part in many of the opportunities of the postwar economy, which wer" ******* END TEXT: "gap between Blacks and whites on a whole range of socioeconomic measures, including home ownership, "
9780814726815 - page_9: "START TEXT: had been substantially narrowed?18 To what extent did the vast expansion, in the 1960s, of governmen" ******* END TEXT: "abortion, and tax increases as a way of reducing the government deficit, and they oppose government "
9780814726815 - page_223: "START TEXT: Notes\nNOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION\n1. The most comprehensive account of these changes is undoubtedly Mu" ******* END TEXT: " Beacon Press, 1989), 103. Chapter 3 is devoted to demolishing the liberal view of Jewish mobility.\n"
9780814726815 - page_224: "START TEXT: \n8. Stephen Steinberg, The Academic Melting Pot: Catholics and Jews in American Higher Education (Ne" ******* END TEXT: "gist Milton Himmelfarb.\n23. See Earl Raab, “Are American Jews Still Liberal,” Commentary 101, no. 2 "
9780814726815 - page_225: "START TEXT: (February 1996): 43–45; Charles S. Liebman and Steven M. Cohen, “Jewish Liberalism Revisited,” Comme" ******* END TEXT: "91.\n36. Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual (New York: Morrow, 1967), 364.\n37. Ibid.\n"
9780814726815 - page_226: "START TEXT: \n38. Andrew Hacker, “Jewish Racism, Black Anti-Semitism,” in Blacks and Jews: Alliances and Argument" ******* END TEXT: "rding Human Rights as They Pertain to the Original Hebrew Israelite Nation (17–28 January 1981), 3.\n"
9780814726815 - page_227: "START TEXT: \n47. Kenneth Stampp, The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South (New York: Vintage B" ******* END TEXT: " A History of Immigrants in Urban America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985), 1–54, 201.\n"
9780814726815 - page_228: "START TEXT: \n55. Henry Feingold, “Introduction,” Zion in America: The Jewish Experience from Colonial Times to t" ******* END TEXT: "ywood’s Images of the Jew (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1982), 125; Shapiro, 18–19.\n11. Gleason, 505.\n"
9780814726815 - page_229: "START TEXT: \n12. Laura Hobson, Gentleman’s Agreement (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1947).\n13. “An Act of Affirm" ******* END TEXT: "ne, “Southern Jews Views on Segregation,” Jewish Life 10, no. 10 (August 1956): 35.\n30. Berson, 97.\n"
9780814726815 - page_230: "START TEXT: \n31. Neil A. Wynn, “The Impact of the Second World War on the American Negro,” Journal of Contempora" ******* END TEXT: "Crisis,” Stember, 202.\n50. Alfred Hero, “Southern Jews, Race Relations, and Foreign Policy,” Jewish "
9780814726815 - page_231: "START TEXT: Social Studies 27, no. 4 (October 1965). Reprinted in Dinnerstein and Palsson, 222.\n51. Joshua A. Fi" ******* END TEXT: " of American Rabbis Journal, no. 26 (June 1959).\n65. Whitfield, 220.\n66. Evans, appendices A and B.\n"
9780814726815 - page_232: "START TEXT: \n67. Harry Golden, “Jew and Gentile in the New South,” Commentary 20, no. 5 (November 1955): 403, 40" ******* END TEXT: "13, no. 1 (Fall 1958): 44; Nathan Perlmutter, “Bombing in Miami,” Commentary 25, no. 6 (June 1958).\n"
9780814726815 - page_233: "START TEXT: \n93. “Anti-Semitism in the South,” Richmond News Leader, 7 July 1958, Editorial Page.\n94. Murray Fri" ******* END TEXT: "d., 52.\n117. Andre Ungar, “To Birmingham, and Back,” Conservative Judaism 18, no. 1 (Fall 1963): n.\n"
9780814726815 - page_234: "START TEXT: \n118. Harry Golden, “The Vertical Negro Plan,” Only in America (Cleveland: World, 1958), 121–122.\n11" ******* END TEXT: "ntary (December 1964): 29–35.\n16. Lucy Dawidowicz and Leon J. Goldstein, “Why Jews Vote for Liberal "
9780814726815 - page_235: "START TEXT: Candidates,” Jewish Digest 9, no. 11 (August 1964): 41; Murray Friedman, What Went Wrong: The Creati" ******* END TEXT: "1962), 184.\n36. Ibid., 185–186.\n37. Herbert Hill, “The ILGWU Today—The Decay of a Labor Union,” New "
9780814726815 - page_236: "START TEXT: Politics 1, no. 4 (Spring 1962): 6; Gus Tyler’s response “The Truth About the ILGWU,” New Politics 2" ******* END TEXT: "1969), 403.\n58. Ibid., 404.\n59. Ibid., 406.\n60. Silberman, “A Jewish View of the Racial Crisis,” 7.\n"
9780814726815 - page_237: "START TEXT: \n61. Albert Chernin, “Implications for Jewish Community Relations,” Journal of Jewish Communal Servi" ******* END TEXT: "), 8.\n80. Ibid., 8.\n81. Arthur Lelyveld, “Negro and Jewish Relationships: Three Addresses Delivered "
9780814726815 - page_238: "START TEXT: to the American Jewish Congress Convention,” Congress Bi-Weekly (May 23, 1966), 10.\n82. Albert Vorsp" ******* END TEXT: "ative Age: American Intellectuals in the 1940s and 1950s (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), 130–148.\n"
9780814726815 - page_239: "START TEXT: \n99. Glazer and Moynihan, vii. The authors explain that Glazer was responsible for the chapters deal" ******* END TEXT: "W. E. B. Du Bois: The Biography of a Race, 1868–1919 (New York: Henry Holt, 1993).\n115. Ibid., 126.\n"
9780814726815 - page_240: "START TEXT: \n116. Ibid., 11–12.\n117. Nathan Glazer “Negro Independence,” a review of Brotz, The Black Jews of Ha" ******* END TEXT: "sium), Journal of Jewish Communal Service 41, no. 4 (Summer 1965): 334–364; Alan Handel, “Where Are "
9780814726815 - page_241: "START TEXT: We Going in Jewish Communal Relations?” Journal of Jewish Communal Service 43 (Winter 1966); Bernard" ******* END TEXT: " 1964): 11.\n160. “De Facto Segregation: A Discussion,” Jewish Frontier 31, no. 10 (Novem ber 1964).\n"
9780814726815 - page_242: "START TEXT: \n161. Ibid.\n162. Ben Halpern, “Minorities and Minorities,” Jewish Frontier 31, no. 10 (November 1964" ******* END TEXT: "iew of Passage from Home,” Commentary 2, no. 2 (April 1946): 190–191.\n17. Bloom, 51.\n18. Ibid., 51.\n"
9780814726815 - page_243: "START TEXT: \n19. “Under Forty: A Symposium on American Literature and the Younger Generation of Jews,” Contempor" ******* END TEXT: "223.\n39. DiNesh D’Souza, The End of Racism (New York: Free Press, 1995), 99–100.\n40. Erenberg, 237.\n"
9780814726815 - page_244: "START TEXT: \n41. LeRoi Jones, Blues People: Negro Music in White America (New York: Morrow, 1967), 181.\n42. See " ******* END TEXT: ".J.: Prentice-Hall, 1966); Elliott Liebow, Tally’s Comer (Boston: Little Brown, 1967); Baldwin, 74.\n"
9780814726815 - page_245: "START TEXT: \n59. Seymour Krim, “Ask for a White Cadillac,” Exodus (1959). Reprinted in Views of a Nearsighted Ca" ******* END TEXT: "dernism to Deconstruction (New York: Peter Lang, 1988), 249–260, 345–402; Daniel Bell, “The Culture "
9780814726815 - page_246: "START TEXT: Wars: American Intellectual Life: 1965–1992,” Wilson Quarterly, Part 3 (Summer 1992).\n82. Richard Gi" ******* END TEXT: "ess, 1982).\n105. Barry Rubin, Assimilation and Its Discontents (New York: Random House, 1995), 126.\n"
9780814726815 - page_247: "START TEXT: \n106. Leslie Fiedler, Love and Death in the American Novel (New York: Criterion, 1960), 197.\n107. Le" ******* END TEXT: " Alumnae Quarterly 55, no. 4 (July 1964): 215, 217.\n132. Ellison, “The World and the Jug,” 126–127.\n"
9780814726815 - page_248: "START TEXT: \n133. Cynthia Ozick, “Literary Blacks and Jews,” Midstream (1972). Reprinted in Blacks and Jews: All" ******* END TEXT: "\n151. Henry Feingold, “As Diverse as Postemancipation Judaism,” Midstream 51, no. 4 (May 1995): 38.\n"
9780814726815 - page_249: "START TEXT: \n152. Edward S. Shapiro, “Jewishness and the New York Intellectuals,” Judaism (Fall 1989): 292.\n153." ******* END TEXT: "ilemmas: 1964–1982 (Cam bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), 70–93; James M. Blaut, “The "
9780814726815 - page_250: "START TEXT: Ghetto as an Internal Neocolony,” Antipode 6, no. 1 (1974); Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton, Amer" ******* END TEXT: "ity Press, 1996), 215–273.\n26. See Karen Brodkin Sacks, “How Did Jews Become White Folks?” in Race, "
9780814726815 - page_251: "START TEXT: ed. Steven Gregory and Roger Sanjeck (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1994), 84.\n27. " ******* END TEXT: "; Lois Waldman, “What Price Peace at NYU?” Congress Bi-Weekly 35, no. 10 (September 16, 1968): 3–5.\n"
9780814726815 - page_252: "START TEXT: \n43. Ibid., 157.\n44. Ernest Dunbar, “The Black Studies Thing,” New York Times Magazine, 6 April 1969" ******* END TEXT: "e: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).\n"
9780814726815 - page_253: "START TEXT: \n57. Shelby Steele, The Content of Our Character (New York: St. Martin’s, 1990), 149–165.\n58. Cruse," ******* END TEXT: ",” American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: American Jewish Committee-Jewish Publication Society of "
9780814726815 - page_254: "START TEXT: America, 1971), 90; Charles Silberman, A Certain People: American Jews and Their Lives Today (New Yo" ******* END TEXT: " the Universities, ed. Daniel Bell and Irving Kristol (New York: Basic Books, 1969); Nathan Glazer, "
9780814726815 - page_255: "START TEXT: Remembering the Answers: Essays on the American Student Movement (New York: Basic Books, 1970).\n94. " ******* END TEXT: " Left and the Jews,” 127–128.\n109. Liebman, 536.\n110. Glazer, “The New Left and the Jews,” 127–129.\n"
9780814726815 - page_256: "START TEXT: \n111. Jack Nusan Porter and Peter Dreier, “Introduction,” Jewish Radicalism: A Selected Anthology (N" ******* END TEXT: "lly Bulkin, Minnie Bruce Pratt, and Barbara Smith (New York: Long Haul, 1984), 98.\n132. Bulkin, 97.\n"
9780814726815 - page_257: "START TEXT: \n133. Jenny Bourne, “Homelands of the Mind: Jewish Feminism and Identity Politics,” Race & Class 29," ******* END TEXT: "nti-Semitism), Negro-Jewish Relations Folder, American Jewish Committee, Blaustein Library, 51, 52.\n"
9780814726815 - page_258: "START TEXT: \n157. Albert Vorspan, “Blacks and Jews,” in Hentoff, 220, 226.\n158. See “Leonard Fein: Reflections o" ******* END TEXT: "he Idea of the Jewish State (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961), 20.\n178. Ibid., 33.\n"
9780814726815 - page_259: "START TEXT: \n179. Urofsky, 7.\n180. Laqueur, A History of Zionism, 595.\n181. Monty Noam Penkower, The Holocaust a" ******* END TEXT: "set/Putnam, 1995), 163.\n200. Martin Kilson, “Black Power: Anatomy of a Paradox,” Harvard Journal of "
9780814726815 - page_260: "START TEXT: Negro Affairs 2, no. 1 (1968): 32; Martin Kilson, “The New Black Intellectuals,” Dissent 16, no. 4 (" ******* END TEXT: " Weinberger, “The Negro and the (Orthodox) Jew,” Jewish Observer 5, no. 4 (September 1968): 12, 14.\n"
9780814726815 - page_261: "START TEXT: \n8. Milton Himmelfarb, “Jewish Class Conflict?” Commentary (January 1970). Reprinted in Overcoming M" ******* END TEXT: "995), 176.\n28. See Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1951).\n"
9780814726815 - page_262: "START TEXT: \n29. Max Geltman, The Confrontation: Black Power, Anti-Semitism, and the Myth of Integration (Englew" ******* END TEXT: " Press, 1983), 90.\n46. Nathan Glazer, “America’s Race Paradox,” Encounter (October 1968). Reprinted "
9780814726815 - page_263: "START TEXT: in Nation of Nations: The Ethnic Experience and the Racial Crisis, ed. Peter I. Rose (New York: Rand" ******* END TEXT: "Commentary (June 1972): 13–14.\n68. Alter, “A Fever of Ethnicity,” 69.\n69. Ibid., 70.\n70. Ibid., 71.\n"
9780814726815 - page_264: "START TEXT: \n71. Edward Shapiro, A Time for Healing: American Jewry since World War II (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins" ******* END TEXT: "ation and Its Discontents (New York: Times Books, 1995), 80.\n16. Sanders, 197–219.\n17. Green, 51.\n\n\n"
9780814726815 - page_iii: "START TEXT: Blacks in the Jewish Mind\nA Crisis of Liberalism\nSeth Forman\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Blacks in the Jewish Mind\nA Crisis of Liberalism\nSeth Forman\n\n\n\n"
9780814726815 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\nIntroduction: Race Relations and the Invisible Jew\n1 The Liberal Jew, the S" ******* END TEXT: "wer, 1967–1972\nConclusion: Blacks and Jews in American Popular Culture\nNotes\nIndex\nAbout the Author\n"
9780814726815 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_376: "START TEXT: Selected Bibliography\nBOOKS AND ESSAYS\nAbramovsky, Abraham. First Amendment Rights of Jewish Prisone" ******* END TEXT: " (1967).\nBerman, Harold J. Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition (1983).\n"
9780814726846 - page_377: "START TEXT: ____. Religion and Law: The First Amendment in Historical Perspective, 35 Emory L.J. 777 (1986).\nBer" ******* END TEXT: "35 Am. J. Comp. L. 653 (1987).\nCohen, Morris R. The Basis of Contract, 46 Harv. L. Rev. 553 (1933).\n"
9780814726846 - page_378: "START TEXT: ____. Property and Sovereignty, 13 Cornell L.Q. 8 (1927).\nCohen, Naomi W. Jews in Christian America:" ******* END TEXT: "oleration: The Glorious Revolution and Religion in England 171 (Ole Peter Grell et al. eds., 1991).\n"
9780814726846 - page_379: "START TEXT: ____. The Political Thought of John Locke (1969).\nEdwards, Jonathan. Doctrine of Original Sin Defend" ******* END TEXT: ". Dreyfus & Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics 216 (2d ed. 1983).\n"
9780814726846 - page_380: "START TEXT: ____. Truth and Power, in The Foucault Reader 51 (Paul Rabinow ed., 1984).\n____. Two Lectures, in Po" ******* END TEXT: "ual Rights to Religious Minorities and Non-Believers in the United States, 39 Yale L.J. 659 (1930).\n"
9780814726846 - page_381: "START TEXT: Hartz, Louis. The Liberal Tradition in America (1955).\nHarvey, David. The Condition of Postmodernity" ******* END TEXT: "f the United States, 1790-1840, A Documentary History (Joseph L. Blau & Salo W. Barron eds., 1963).\n"
9780814726846 - page_382: "START TEXT: Johnson, Paul. A History of the Jews (1987).\nJosephus, Flavius. Antiquities of the Jews, reprinted i" ******* END TEXT: "rg Disputation (1518), in Martin Luther’s Basic Theological Writings 30 (Timothy F. Lull ed, 1989).\n"
9780814726846 - page_383: "START TEXT: ____. Lectures on Titus (1527), in 29 Luther’s Works 4 (Jaroslav Pelikan & Walter A. Hansen eds., 19" ******* END TEXT: "Great Awakening as the Key to the Revolution, 87 Proceedings of the Am. Antiquarian Soc. 69 (1977).\n"
9780814726846 - page_384: "START TEXT: Merry, Sally Engle. Culture, Power, and the Discourse of Law, 37 N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev. 209 (1992).\nMic" ******* END TEXT: "J.M. The Penguin History of the World (1987).\nRoth, Cecil. A History of the Jews in England (1941).\n"
9780814726846 - page_385: "START TEXT: Rosen, Jeffrey. Village People, The New Republic, Apr. 11, 1994, at 11.\nRosenberg, Gerald N. The Hol" ******* END TEXT: "achiavelli, in History of Political Philosophy 296 (Leo Strauss & Joseph Cropsey ed., 3d ed. 1987).\n"
9780814726846 - page_386: "START TEXT: Sullivan, Kathleen M. Religion and Liberal Democracy, 59 U. Chi. L. Rev. 195 (1992).\nSullivan, Winni" ******* END TEXT: "ete Writings of Roger Williams (1963).\nWistrich, Robert S. Antisemitism: The Longest Hatred (1991).\n"
9780814726846 - page_387: "START TEXT: Wood, Gordon S. The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787 (1969).\n____. Faux Populism, New Re" ******* END TEXT: "456 U.S. 228 (1982).\nLee v. Weisman, 112 S.Ct. 2649 (1992).\nLemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971).\n"
9780814726846 - page_388: "START TEXT: Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668 (1984).\nLyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Assn., 485 U.S." ******* END TEXT: "atalina Foothills School District, 113 S.Ct. 2462 (1993).\nZorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306 (1952).\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_1: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 1IntroductionDifferent Stories\nA STORY ABOUT THE WAYS OF POWER\nI am Jewish.\nIn the fall of 1" ******* END TEXT: "an be avoided simply by not celebrating any religious holidays. We understand that many individuals "
9780814726846 - page_2: "START TEXT: believe that certain activities—such as singing Christmas songs, participating in a Christmas play, " ******* END TEXT: "tently) discovered that the Committee had placed this issue on the agenda for its next meeting, she "
9780814726846 - page_3: "START TEXT: managed to secure an invitation so that we could present our views (the principal had not given copi" ******* END TEXT: "t praying, moments of silence, and other religious or quasi-religious activities in public schools? "
9780814726846 - page_4: "START TEXT: Does the free exercise clause require the government to grant religious exemptions from laws of gene" ******* END TEXT: "erations of Americans in church and state a great moral obligation to preserve their experiment and "
9780814726846 - page_5: "START TEXT: adhere strictly to the principle they expressed. [And] the American people have by and large been fa" ******* END TEXT: "es power in some conscious or intentional center, such as an individual, a group of individuals, or "
9780814726846 - page_6: "START TEXT: a sovereign, a postmodern approach underscores that “power is everywhere and in everyone.”10 Hence, " ******* END TEXT: "ramework of analysis. Second, to be reasonably complete, a critical social narrative should consist "
9780814726846 - page_7: "START TEXT: of two parts: a critical history and a synchronic critique. A critical history explores how particul" ******* END TEXT: "ism” refers broadly to the intentional or unintentional, conscious or unconscious, hatred, dislike, "
9780814726846 - page_8: "START TEXT: oppression, persecution, domination, and subjugation of Jews qua Jews for whatever reason or motivat" ******* END TEXT: "stian majority. And telling the story of religious freedom and equality from the perspective of the "
9780814726846 - page_9: "START TEXT: dominant religion has produced a tale that is both self-congratulatory and lacking in nuance. My cri" ******* END TEXT: "lows primarily from and helps reproduce the Christian domination of American society and culture.\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_255: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 10A Synchronic Analysis of the Separation of Church and State in the Late Twentieth CenturyC" ******* END TEXT: ", the de facto establishment of Christianity and the pervasive antisemitism throughout the nation’s "
9780814726846 - page_256: "START TEXT: history render any version of the dominant story highly suspect. American social reality belies the " ******* END TEXT: "ique for or a means of implementing power and, simultaneously, as a consequence or effect of power. "
9780814726846 - page_257: "START TEXT: The most pervasive type of symbolism is language.5 In one way, language represents a technique of po" ******* END TEXT: "nd hence our language as we engage in dialogical understanding. The use of a language is recursive; "
9780814726846 - page_258: "START TEXT: language reproduces itself. In sum, then, language can be understood as both a technique and an effe" ******* END TEXT: "riority of the subcultural group.21 In short, the dominant culture defines difference (from itself) "
9780814726846 - page_259: "START TEXT: as inferiority. In many instances, the dominant culture consigns the members of the subcultural grou" ******* END TEXT: "ffering—until they finally realize their blindness and truly come to believe that Jesus was Christ.\n"
9780814726846 - page_260: "START TEXT: The initial redefinition of Jews in the New Testament has generated and appeared to justify many sub" ******* END TEXT: "titutional provisions. In Gadamerian terms, the justices understand the religion clauses from their "
9780814726846 - page_261: "START TEXT: own horizon constituted by (to a great extent) Christian prejudices and interests. Hence, as discuss" ******* END TEXT: "h is arational, if not irrational. As the Court wrote in McCollum v. Board of Education, “the First "
9780814726846 - page_262: "START TEXT: Amendment rests upon the premise that both religion and government can best work to achieve their lo" ******* END TEXT: "occasionally might act through the legislative process to the disadvantage of religious minorities.\n"
9780814726846 - page_263: "START TEXT: Nonetheless, to the Court, this possibility was an “unavoidable consequence of democratic government" ******* END TEXT: "choose a common day of rest other than that which most persons would select of their own accord.32\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_264: "START TEXT: The Court trivialized the long history of Sunday blue laws, which showed that they originated and de" ******* END TEXT: " it had been publicly displayed for forty years.36 To the Court, this silence meant that the crèche "
9780814726846 - page_265: "START TEXT: had not generated dissension; apparently, everybody happily supported the Christmas display. The Cou" ******* END TEXT: "n parent and infant can produce certain pro-social personality traits.40 At the same time, however, "
9780814726846 - page_266: "START TEXT: this perspective underscores that cruelty, hatred, and inhumanity are also (at least partly) sociall" ******* END TEXT: "l development of social relations. Consequently, the structures of Christian domination in American "
9780814726846 - page_267: "START TEXT: society are historically contingent. The structures arose and exist because of the particular shape " ******* END TEXT: "p with God is either “extremely close” or “somewhat close.” The percentage of college graduates who "
9780814726846 - page_268: "START TEXT: believe in life after death (76%) is the same as that for the general population, and the percentage" ******* END TEXT: "ly antisemitic statement would have probably been fatal to a public life, in politics or otherwise, "
9780814726846 - page_269: "START TEXT: during the 1980s and 1990s, politicians and other public leaders have uttered antisemitic remarks wi" ******* END TEXT: "mbedded in the structures of Christian domination in American society, they tend to reach decisions "
9780814726846 - page_270: "START TEXT: that manifest and then reproduce those very structures. The Court, more often than not, interprets t" ******* END TEXT: "rt consistently conceptualizes religion in Christian terms, even in cases that strongly enforce the "
9780814726846 - page_271: "START TEXT: separation of church and state. The interaction of structural and symbolic power further illuminates" ******* END TEXT: "principle of separation of church and state, the Supreme Court stands vigil, enforcing the religion "
9780814726846 - page_272: "START TEXT: clauses by ensuring that the government does not become overly involved in religion. Yet, contrary t" ******* END TEXT: "t nonetheless noted: “The presence of Santas or other Christmas decorations elsewhere in the county "
9780814726846 - page_273: "START TEXT: courthouse … fail to negate the endorsement effect of the crèche. The record demonstrates clearly th" ******* END TEXT: "t, at least to some degree, from the separation of church and state. In the American democracy, the "
9780814726846 - page_274: "START TEXT: overwhelming Christian majority largely controls the government, if only because of sheer numbers. T" ******* END TEXT: "of neutrality that lies entrenched in the Court’s current understanding of the separation of church "
9780814726846 - page_275: "START TEXT: and state forestalls considering seriously that the religion clauses might prohibit governmental com" ******* END TEXT: "ne, the university “could undermine the very neutrality the Establishment Clause requires.”84 Thus, "
9780814726846 - page_276: "START TEXT: by ostensibly enforcing governmental neutrality, the Court—first in Grumet and then in Rosenberger—r" ******* END TEXT: "or become Jewish. But a Jewish child who constantly is exposed to Christmas displays and constantly "
9780814726846 - page_277: "START TEXT: is told about Christmas is, quite possibly, going to come home at some point and ask for a Christmas" ******* END TEXT: "issatisfied. Of course, the Court’s interpretation of the separation of church and state in Weisman "
9780814726846 - page_278: "START TEXT: effaced these factual circumstances, as well as the potential differences between having a rabbi and" ******* END TEXT: " To the Supreme Court, Mayor Lynch had been correct: the separation of church and state embodied in "
9780814726846 - page_279: "START TEXT: the religion clauses of the first amendment did not bar even a governmental display of a crèche.\nTo " ******* END TEXT: " state itself, which in turn reinforces Christian cultural imperialism. In particular, whenever any "
9780814726846 - page_280: "START TEXT: incidental benefit is afforded to a religious outgroup, Americans (especially Christians) can pound " ******* END TEXT: "ianization of American Jews. Basically, the Court implicitly encourages Jews to act like Christians "
9780814726846 - page_281: "START TEXT: because when Jews do so, they become more likely to win religion clause cases. Since the Supreme Cou" ******* END TEXT: "r especially important Christian holidays, the Jewish holy days remain mysteries to most Americans.\n"
9780814726846 - page_282: "START TEXT: Although American Jews and members of other religious outgroups acquiesce, to some extent, in Christ" ******* END TEXT: ". The dominant story maintains that the religion clauses of the first amendment equally protect the "
9780814726846 - page_283: "START TEXT: religious liberty of all, including Jews and other religious outgroups. But the social reality is fa" ******* END TEXT: " of everything we do. If you come here, you’ll know it. Everything we do has a Bible component.107\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_284: "START TEXT: My dental hygienist asked what name my wife and I were considering for our soon-to-be-born son. When" ******* END TEXT: "d, “T want to thank you for helping America, as Christ ordained, to be a light unto the world.’”111\n"
9780814726846 - page_285: "START TEXT: My family attended a play at a small public playhouse in early December 1994. As an unannounced prec" ******* END TEXT: "l due respect to those dear people, my friends, God Almighty does not hear the prayer of a Jew.”115\n"
9780814726846 - page_286: "START TEXT: I repeatedly am handed Christian proselytizing flyers or find them tucked under the wiper blades on " ******* END TEXT: "omeone wishes you a “Merry Christmas,” just say, “Please don’t! Don’t wish me a Merry Christmas.”\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_10: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 2Origins of PowerThe Emergence of Christianity and Antisemitism\nTHE NEW TESTAMENT\nIn 63 B.C." ******* END TEXT: " supposedly had misunderstood their own laws and covenant with God.10 Even worse, the New Testament "
9780814726846 - page_11: "START TEXT: repeatedly declared that the Jewish covenant always had been defective and that the Jews never had k" ******* END TEXT: " that the New Testament authors intentionally fabricated this description of Jesus’ death.18 During "
9780814726846 - page_12: "START TEXT: the first century C.E., many bands of Jewish insurgents opposed Roman rule, and indeed, Jews ultimat" ******* END TEXT: "ause by blaming the Jews instead of the Romans for Jesus’ death. Moreover, by blaming the Jews, the "
9780814726846 - page_13: "START TEXT: Christians could minimize their antagonization of the powerful and potentially oppressive Roman gove" ******* END TEXT: " they could interpret to show that Jesus’ life and death as the Messiah had been prophesied.33 Most "
9780814726846 - page_14: "START TEXT: Jews, of course, rejected this re-interpretation of their own history and Bible. Consequently, the d" ******* END TEXT: " flesh.”41 Whereas Christians emphasized faith in eternal salvation, the Jews mistakenly emphasized "
9780814726846 - page_15: "START TEXT: works or conduct in this world: “But Israel, which followed after the law of righteousness, hath not" ******* END TEXT: "nly world that the New Testament deemed truly important, the eternal Christian Heaven of salvation.\n"
9780814726846 - page_16: "START TEXT: THE CHRISTIAN DISCOURSE OF REDEFINITION: AN EXCURSUS ON POWER\nThe discourse of the New Testament ill" ******* END TEXT: ", the denigration and negation of Judaism became an integral “aspect of Christian self-identity.”55\n"
9780814726846 - page_17: "START TEXT: Despite the significance of the Jewish Other to the Christian identity and community, one must remem" ******* END TEXT: "e of Christian universalism is the oft-mentioned “Judeo-Christian tradition.”62 Once one recognizes "
9780814726846 - page_18: "START TEXT: that Christianity historically has engendered antisemitism, then this so-called tradition appears as" ******* END TEXT: "e eternal bliss of Heaven. Christian faith thus emerges as a type of spiritual belief or attitude—a "
9780814726846 - page_19: "START TEXT: conviction, a commitment of conscience, or an internal intention that remains largely unconnected to" ******* END TEXT: "nly, what am I?”83 The relationship between individual and community is complex, but unequivocally, "
9780814726846 - page_20: "START TEXT: the individual should contribute to the well-being of the community. A Talmudic parable underscores " ******* END TEXT: "ould have the social and political power to inflict serious harm upon its enemies, especially Jews. "
9780814726846 - page_21: "START TEXT: Nonetheless, this explanation does not justify the New Testament discourse of redefinition; it merel" ******* END TEXT: "sedly was relegated to governing a realm that was, at best, irrelevant to eternal salvation and, at "
9780814726846 - page_22: "START TEXT: worst, condemned as the carnal world of the Jews. In opposition to the papal hierocratic view, the e" ******* END TEXT: "ir respective cities as opposed to the empire itself. Constantine’s embrace of Christianity and the "
9780814726846 - page_23: "START TEXT: consequent condemnation of pagan religions thus undermined the religious and cultural diversity that" ******* END TEXT: " theologically loaded epithets.”114 Judaism is called “an abominable sect and ritual”115 with “evil "
9780814726846 - page_24: "START TEXT: teachings,”116 and Jews thus live “shameful lives”117 and “insult our [Christian] faith.”118 Echoing" ******* END TEXT: "apostasy and deicide. From this perspective, if Jews wish to continue refusing eternal salvation so "
9780814726846 - page_25: "START TEXT: that they can instead wallow in the muck of this-worldly carnality, then they ought to be forced to " ******* END TEXT: "o wish to live after the spirit.”138 The earthly city is formed by love of self, while the heavenly "
9780814726846 - page_26: "START TEXT: city—the City of God or the community of Christians—is formed by love of God.139 Augustine consequen" ******* END TEXT: "sently exist; Augustine stated that they have begun “to run their course.”149 Here, then, Augustine "
9780814726846 - page_27: "START TEXT: edged over into the second distinction. He differentiated two measures of time or history: the sacre" ******* END TEXT: "ween church and state necessarily reflects, in part, that individual’s own religious orientation.\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_28: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 3The Christian Middle Ages\nTHE EARLY MIDDLE AGES\nPope Gelasius I, pontiff from 492 to 496, d" ******* END TEXT: "d the emperor should obey the Church’s decisions regarding religious issues such as the sacraments.\n"
9780814726846 - page_29: "START TEXT: Subsequent emperors anxiously seized upon Gelasius’s acknowledgment of a rightful sphere of royal or" ******* END TEXT: " on his behalf by praying to God. The remainder of this decree underscored the scope of Justinian’s "
9780814726846 - page_30: "START TEXT: asserted power over Church affairs: it continued by discussing the ordination of clergy and the upke" ******* END TEXT: "on sermons.23 Moreover, Gregory explicitly attributed his limited toleration of Jews to respect for "
9780814726846 - page_31: "START TEXT: Christian, not Judaic, tenets. He wrote that forced baptism had “no profitable effect”24 because tru" ******* END TEXT: "that time was not only a dignitary of the church, but also a prince of the realm, whose duty it was "
9780814726846 - page_32: "START TEXT: to send his contingents to the king’s army, and to act as councillor at his court.”34\nThe Investitur" ******* END TEXT: "d royal authorities. Early in his reign, Gregory summarized his hierocratic principles as follows:\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_33: "START TEXT: 1. That the Roman Church was founded by God alone.\n2. That the Roman Pontiff alone is rightly to be " ******* END TEXT: "oning a council that included most of the German bishops. The bishops accused Gregory of committing "
9780814726846 - page_34: "START TEXT: perjury and fornication and of usurping the papacy; they concluded by denying Gregory’s authority as" ******* END TEXT: "en Henry won the civil war, he resolved to destroy Gregory, who eventually died in exile in 1085.49\n"
9780814726846 - page_35: "START TEXT: Despite Henry’s personal victory over Gregory, the Investiture Struggle effectively ended in politic" ******* END TEXT: "ip, which was further maintained by the requirement—formalized in 1215—that every Christian confess "
9780814726846 - page_36: "START TEXT: his or her sins and take Holy Communion at least once a year at Easter. One could be deprived of cit" ******* END TEXT: "tual office and material property.”66 Equally important, the fundamental Christian dualism opposing "
9780814726846 - page_37: "START TEXT: spirituality to materiality (as well as temporality and carnality) arose from the early Christian ef" ******* END TEXT: "ced Jews to choose: “baptism or death.”70 During the first Crusade, the Christian armies declared:\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_38: "START TEXT: Look you! We set out on a long road in order to reach the Burial Place, and to revenge ourselves on " ******* END TEXT: "ring to perish thus by their own hands rather than be killed by the weapons of the [Christians].76\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_39: "START TEXT: Emicho’s massacre of the Mainz Jews included the horrifying tragedy of Rachel (of Mainz) and her fou" ******* END TEXT: "Bernard stepped forward to rebuke Ralph and to discourage the Crusaders from killing Jews; in fact, "
9780814726846 - page_40: "START TEXT: Bernard managed to save many Jewish lives.81 The reasons for Bernard’s actions, however, are strikin" ******* END TEXT: "bsequent papal decrees further contributed to the separation of Jews from the Christian social body "
9780814726846 - page_41: "START TEXT: by forcing them to live in ghettos, yet Jews were also impressed with the universalism of Christiani" ******* END TEXT: "totle’s writings became available to Christian philosophers and theologians.93 To some, Aristotle’s "
9780814726846 - page_42: "START TEXT: pagan philosophy dangerously threatened basic Christian tenets; yet to others, Aristotle offered pot" ******* END TEXT: "many of Thomas’s ideas have had lasting importance in Western political thought, especially for the "
9780814726846 - page_43: "START TEXT: doctrine of separation of church and state. Thomas accepted many elements of Aristotle’s concept of " ******* END TEXT: "devils, that He [Jesus] was the Christ promised in the Law: for they saw all the signs in Him which "
9780814726846 - page_44: "START TEXT: the prophets said would come to pass: but they did not know the mystery of His Godhead. Consequently" ******* END TEXT: " monarchy in which the king is assisted by an aristocracy.126 Thomas expressly tied this conclusion "
9780814726846 - page_45: "START TEXT: to his criticism of the Jews. He drew examples from the Old Testament to demonstrate that the power " ******* END TEXT: " Church issued numerous decrees during the thirteenth century to reinforce the Christian definition "
9780814726846 - page_46: "START TEXT: and subjugation of Jews. Frequently, the Church sought assistance from the civil authorities as it a" ******* END TEXT: "he power to designate an emperor in the first place, but also stood alone at the ostensible apex of "
9780814726846 - page_47: "START TEXT: power because no one was so designated.139 When Louis, duke of Bavaria, was elected king of Germany " ******* END TEXT: "to the crime, and then entire Jewish populations were burned in retribution. In such circumstances, "
9780814726846 - page_48: "START TEXT: Jews depended upon governmental officials for protection, which, as during the Crusades, frequently " ******* END TEXT: "ewish carnality to Christian spirituality facilitated the creation of a secular sphere of action in "
9780814726846 - page_49: "START TEXT: at least two ways. First, the Christian dogma posited the existence of a temporal and carnal realm. " ******* END TEXT: "s) and the Church (by, for example, exploiting the social subjugation and dependence of the Jews).\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_50: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 4The Christian Renaissance and Reformation in Continental Europe\nTHE RENAISSANCE\nToward the " ******* END TEXT: "chieve excellence in political and civil society. Nonetheless, the early humanists remained fervent "
9780814726846 - page_51: "START TEXT: Christians, struggling to force their ideas of virtus into a Christian framework, and the later Nort" ******* END TEXT: "ristian presuppositions. As discussed in chapter 3, Thomas had introduced into Christendom the idea "
9780814726846 - page_52: "START TEXT: of the political. In so doing, Thomas had (re)introduced the study of politics as a practical scienc" ******* END TEXT: " for preserving a devotion to liberty. Machiavelli, in fact, echoed the contemporaneous Reformation "
9780814726846 - page_53: "START TEXT: attack on the Catholic Church: the Church had corrupted Christianity by giving it a “false interpret" ******* END TEXT: "one most likely to pursue the common good—is neither the pure monarchy, aristocracy, nor democracy, "
9780814726846 - page_54: "START TEXT: but rather the mixed republic, a mixture of government by the one, the few, and the many. This type " ******* END TEXT: "him from the papacy. As the controversy surrounding indulgences intensified, he claimed to discover "
9780814726846 - page_55: "START TEXT: that the New Testament did not command the performance of penance at all. To Luther, this sacrament " ******* END TEXT: " matters is faith, and faith is a purely internal matter. Faith requires that “you ascribe to [God] "
9780814726846 - page_56: "START TEXT: the glory of truthfulness and all goodness which is due him.” Luther continued: “This cannot be done" ******* END TEXT: "s, labors, and other reasonable discipline and to subject it to the Spirit so that it will obey and "
9780814726846 - page_57: "START TEXT: conform to the inner man and faith and not revolt against faith and hinder the inner man, as it is t" ******* END TEXT: "e denied the Christian appropriation of the Hebrew Bible. In light of the Jews’ stubborn refusal to "
9780814726846 - page_58: "START TEXT: convert, they must, in Luther’s eyes, be condemned and persecuted; Jewish misfortune implicitly refu" ******* END TEXT: " that they, pious crew, idle away their days at the fireside in laziness, feasting, and display.55\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_59: "START TEXT: If there had been any doubt before, this essay erased it: Luther’s reform theology did not include t" ******* END TEXT: " Word through preaching and should avoid interfering in secular affairs, while secular authorities, "
9780814726846 - page_60: "START TEXT: using reason and force if necessary, must maintain “outward peace” despite the depravity of humankin" ******* END TEXT: " Finally, Luther reinforced his position on secular and religious authority by explicitly referring "
9780814726846 - page_61: "START TEXT: to Jewish obstinence: “[E]ven if all Jews and heretics were forcibly burned no one ever has been or " ******* END TEXT: "secular and spiritual worlds; the secular world was degraded and sinful but nonetheless extant. God "
9780814726846 - page_62: "START TEXT: therefore had further ordained that civil authorities had the task of policing the actions of Jews a" ******* END TEXT: "tical theories of Luther and Machiavelli relate to each other? Machiavelli and Luther had disparate "
9780814726846 - page_63: "START TEXT: purposes—they aimed in different directions—but interestingly, their theories weave together neatly " ******* END TEXT: " intentions, his political theory helped legitimate the emerging absolutist monarchies of Europe.75\n"
9780814726846 - page_64: "START TEXT: THE CALVINIST REFORMATION\nWhile the split between Roman Catholics and Protestants was the major divi" ******* END TEXT: "by his Word, God rendered faith unambiguous forever.”80 To Luther, the Old Testament was relatively "
9780814726846 - page_65: "START TEXT: unimportant because it had been superseded by the New Testament, but to Calvin, the Old and New Test" ******* END TEXT: "ce.” It is a certain mean between God and man, for it does not allow man to suppress within himself "
9780814726846 - page_66: "START TEXT: what he knows, but pursues him to the point of making him acknowledge his guilt.84\n\nConscience, then" ******* END TEXT: " in life; one should accept one’s role and perform it as well as possible. Following one’s calling, "
9780814726846 - page_67: "START TEXT: though, cannot earn salvation; each individual already is predestined for salvation or damnation, an" ******* END TEXT: "his gifts.”96 Jews are hardhearted and sottish hypocrites who “willfully deceive themselves,”97 yet "
9780814726846 - page_68: "START TEXT: Jews “regard the salvation of the Gentiles with envy.”98 All Jews should be blamed for killing their" ******* END TEXT: "lone—the inward experience of conscience as a bridge to the salvation of Christian spirituality.108\n"
9780814726846 - page_69: "START TEXT: Calvin expressed his views on the relations between church and state in the final chapter of his Ins" ******* END TEXT: " argued that secular government is needed to maintain order and peacefulness. Humans are hopelessly "
9780814726846 - page_70: "START TEXT: depraved and sinful, and they must live (at least temporarily) in the secular world. Consequently, “" ******* END TEXT: "rates of the people, appointed to restrain the willfulness of kings (as in ancient times the ephors "
9780814726846 - page_71: "START TEXT: were set against the Spartan kings),” actually have a duty to resist injustice. These inferior magis" ******* END TEXT: "ular government should lend its support, when possible, and otherwise should keep the depraved from "
9780814726846 - page_72: "START TEXT: turning life into an “outrageous barbarity.”119 And both church and state should leave each individu" ******* END TEXT: "cial and even economic affairs make perfect sense. And in secular government, Calvin unsurprisingly "
9780814726846 - page_73: "START TEXT: established a despotic and theocratic regime in Geneva, and once even used his political strength to" ******* END TEXT: "creased significantly despite severe persecution. Between 1560 and 1572, Catherine de Medici, queen "
9780814726846 - page_74: "START TEXT: mother of the Holy Roman Empire, was struggling politically to preserve her power in France; for tha" ******* END TEXT: "t already been banished) could be a useful pawn. In Germany, for example, as Luther intensified his "
9780814726846 - page_75: "START TEXT: prince-bishops, helped save the Jewish population from total collapse. This protection of German Jew" ******* END TEXT: "ents) with the papacy providing for the Church to relinquish some of its power and wealth.134 Other "
9780814726846 - page_76: "START TEXT: to seize the opportunity to undermine the Catholic Church. As Quentin Skinner succinctly observes: “" ******* END TEXT: "f the Christian body. Throughout the Middle Ages, the first discourse largely justified the various "
9780814726846 - page_77: "START TEXT: distinctions supporting the hierarchical organizational structure of Roman Catholicism: the distinct" ******* END TEXT: "onger an attainable goal (at least through temporal activities or works), individuals had no choice "
9780814726846 - page_78: "START TEXT: but to focus, with all their abilities, on their respective callings in the secular world—for this m" ******* END TEXT: "es were the norm well into the eighteenth century in Protestant as well as Catholic countries.137\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_100: "START TEXT: Hence, the Leviathan maintains civil peace and order by wielding an absolute police power: each pers" ******* END TEXT: ". To attempt to do so would be to blink reality. (And this necessity may remain just as true today, "
9780814726846 - page_101: "START TEXT: despite the many political and constitutional theorists who consider religion as separate from polit" ******* END TEXT: "athan were to be effective-to maintain civil security—the sovereign should establish the state as a "
9780814726846 - page_102: "START TEXT: Christian commonwealth.119 In short, in this world, there can be but one sovereign, ruling both secu" ******* END TEXT: "l right to resist even an unjust and tyrannical sovereign,125 he likewise concluded the second half "
9780814726846 - page_103: "START TEXT: by stressing civil obedience. In fact, as Eldon Eisenach notes, for Hobbes, “obedience to civil law " ******* END TEXT: "n the spiritual and secular—which flowed from the New Testament opposition—even more seriously than "
9780814726846 - page_104: "START TEXT: Calvin himself had done. For Calvin, ultimately, the final end or purpose of secular affairs was the" ******* END TEXT: "with His Majesty’s Answer to the Nineteen Propositions of Both Houses of Parliament, was crucial to "
9780814726846 - page_105: "START TEXT: the introduction and development of (Machiavellian) civic republican conceptions in Anglo-American p" ******* END TEXT: "ortly afterward, Henry VIII seized and distributed the Catholic monasteries.149 In fact, Harrington "
9780814726846 - page_106: "START TEXT: argued that by the time of Elizabeth I, the foundation for an English republic was in place, but the" ******* END TEXT: "ngton, the “people”—meaning the gentry, merchants, and yeomanry—needed protection from the poor.156\n"
9780814726846 - page_107: "START TEXT: With regard to religion, Harrington echoed Hobbes and the Calvinist Reformed position, insisting tha" ******* END TEXT: "essly exclude Jews even though, at that time, Jews were not officially allowed in England. In part, "
9780814726846 - page_108: "START TEXT: his thoroughness in this regard illustrates the lasting significance of the conceptual Jew of the Ne" ******* END TEXT: "st an unjust monarch, James II; even before James became king in 1685, Locke and others dreaded his "
9780814726846 - page_109: "START TEXT: expected attempt to reestablish Catholicism. Moreover, while many scholars have assumed that Locke w" ******* END TEXT: "y to reason, enabling each individual “to make use of [the earth] to the best advantage of life and "
9780814726846 - page_110: "START TEXT: convenience.” Moreover, each person has a right to the “labor of his body and the work of his hands." ******* END TEXT: "ll-ordered commonwealth,” Locke argued that there should be a separation of powers. The legislative "
9780814726846 - page_111: "START TEXT: power is to make the laws, while the executive power is to enforce the law. Significantly, Locke add" ******* END TEXT: "l “equality of humankind in Adam”—a conclusion of the First Treatise—to the protection in political "
9780814726846 - page_112: "START TEXT: society of disparate property possession—a conclusion of the Second Treatise.193 In this matter, Loc" ******* END TEXT: "f conscience as enabling one to receive the truth of Jesus. According to Locke, “[a]ll the life and "
9780814726846 - page_113: "START TEXT: power of true religion consist in the inward and full persuasion of the mind; and faith is not faith" ******* END TEXT: "e establishment of a national church. To the contrary, Locke wrote: “I affirm that the magistrate’s "
9780814726846 - page_114: "START TEXT: power extends not to the establishing of any articles of faith, or forms of worship, by the force of" ******* END TEXT: "t allow them to have synagogues? Is their doctrine more false, their worship more abominable, or is "
9780814726846 - page_115: "START TEXT: the civil peace more endangered, by their meeting in public than in their private houses? But if the" ******* END TEXT: "t is not the diversity of opinions, which cannot be avoided, but the refusal of toleration to those "
9780814726846 - page_116: "START TEXT: that are of different opinions, which might have been granted, that has produced all the bustles and" ******* END TEXT: "uld regulate conduct and could even impose a national church. Yet, in the spiritual sphere, freedom "
9780814726846 - page_117: "START TEXT: of conscience had to be protected—as a Protestant theological necessity—in order to ensure the possi" ******* END TEXT: "ests; the notion of a common or public good was rejected as nonsensical. Yet Harrington, writing at "
9780814726846 - page_118: "START TEXT: around the same time as Hobbes, recommended the creation of an absolute sovereign with governmental " ******* END TEXT: "that a more populist symbolic imagery could generate an enormous ideological hold over a society.\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_79: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 5The English Reformation, Civil War, and Revolution\nDuring the sixteenth and seventeenth cen" ******* END TEXT: "eds the separation of church and state to avoid a recurrence of the English turmoil of this period.\n"
9780814726846 - page_80: "START TEXT: THE ENGLISH REFORMATION\nDespite the aforementioned ambiguities, most historians agree that the Engli" ******* END TEXT: "ing’s majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the supreme head of the Church of England.”9\n"
9780814726846 - page_81: "START TEXT: In effect, then, the first stage of the English Reformation consolidated church and state under Henr" ******* END TEXT: "niformity, passed in 1552, revised the Prayer Book and gave it a stronger Protestant orientation.14\n"
9780814726846 - page_82: "START TEXT: Edward VTs brief reign ended with his death in 1553, when he was succeeded by Mary Tudor, the only s" ******* END TEXT: "ty where ambiguity seemed necessary.”19 Finally, the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion, issued first "
9780814726846 - page_83: "START TEXT: in 1563, established the basic faith and lasting character of the Anglican Church.20 A common observ" ******* END TEXT: "vely resist injustice, the radical Puritans argued that ordinary citizens have a right to resist.26\n"
9780814726846 - page_84: "START TEXT: THE CIVIL WAR, RESTORATION, AND REVOLUTION\nWhen James I ascended the throne in 1603, matters only wo" ******* END TEXT: "Charles’s monarchy, some Puritans decided to flee England and settle in North America. Nonetheless, "
9780814726846 - page_85: "START TEXT: most of Charles’s opponents remained in England, and Charles quickly provoked their ire by seeking t" ******* END TEXT: "ge and Poundage, not being granted by Parliament, or shall be an actor or instrument therein, shall "
9780814726846 - page_86: "START TEXT: be likewise reputed an innovator in the Government, and a capital enemy to the Kingdom and Commonwea" ******* END TEXT: "nance and asked for extraordinary reforms. Specifically, the king would appoint only ministers that "
9780814726846 - page_87: "START TEXT: Parliament could confide in, and Church reform would be referred to a synod of divines whose recomme" ******* END TEXT: "al power. In particular, His Majesty’s Answer depicted England as a republic struggling to preserve "
9780814726846 - page_88: "START TEXT: itself under desperate circumstances. Moreover, England was presented as a mixed republic, a governm" ******* END TEXT: "Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ.” To overcome the religious conspiracies “against the true religion,” "
9780814726846 - page_89: "START TEXT: all English people over the age of eighteen would be required to enter a solemn league and covenant." ******* END TEXT: "need for Scottish aid—not because of a religious consensus. All Puritans shared certain overlapping "
9780814726846 - page_90: "START TEXT: Reformed beliefs—and all Puritans undoubtedly opposed Laudianism—but even before the passage of the " ******* END TEXT: "t led by Colonel Thomas Pride expelled all Presbyterian members from Parliament. Pride’s Purge left "
9780814726846 - page_91: "START TEXT: only the Independent members in Parliament, a small fraction of the original number; this remnant of" ******* END TEXT: "d “appropriate.”66 After the Reformation and Civil War, though, English Christianity had splintered "
9780814726846 - page_92: "START TEXT: into many sects, yet the traditional assumption—that establishment was appropriate—remained in force" ******* END TEXT: " People was never adopted), England operated under Cromwell as a military autocracy. In April 1653, "
9780814726846 - page_93: "START TEXT: Cromwell finally expelled the Long Parliament by force. He then summoned a small Parliament, known a" ******* END TEXT: "liament after the restoration immediately acted to reestablish a Laudian type of Anglicanism and to "
9780814726846 - page_94: "START TEXT: persecute Puritans. For example, in 1662, Parliament passed a Uniformity Act that imposed a revised " ******* END TEXT: "nd and depose James. William landed with a small army in November 1688, and James fled the country. "
9780814726846 - page_95: "START TEXT: Parliament soon elected William and Mary (James’s daughter) as joint monarchs; the Glorious (or Bloo" ******* END TEXT: "lists, and the Anglican Church were distributed among the people, English capital was mobilized for "
9780814726846 - page_96: "START TEXT: production where previously it had lain static, “withheld from investment.” In this transformed Engl" ******* END TEXT: "derly Stated, Modesdy Asserted, and Mildly Vindicated, presented a typical Independent conclusion:\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_97: "START TEXT: Whatsoever [Jewish kings and magistrates] did rightly . . . yet cannot be drawn into precedent by us" ******* END TEXT: " example, that Jews had offered half a million pounds to buy St. Paul’s Cathedral in London so that "
9780814726846 - page_98: "START TEXT: they could change it into a synagogue. Even Cromwell, despite his Independent orientation, suggested" ******* END TEXT: "e overriding concern was how to reestablish civil peace, order, and security. To some extent, then, "
9780814726846 - page_99: "START TEXT: Hobbes followed Machiavelli as a political realist and rejected classical political philosophers, su" ******* END TEXT: "verently) of that Mortall God, to which wee owe under the Immortall God, our peace and defence.106\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_119: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 6The North American Colonies\nTHE EARLY YEARS: CALVINIST ROOTS\nFor the most part, the North A" ******* END TEXT: "f 105 colonists was funded largely by a coalition of English merchants, the Virginia Company, which "
9780814726846 - page_120: "START TEXT: sought to establish a trading post and to reap substantial profits.3 Although less important than ec" ******* END TEXT: "l Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid\t7\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_121: "START TEXT: This first English colony in New England grew slowly—by 1630, only about 300 people lived in Plymout" ******* END TEXT: "ted to a personal conversion experience. John Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay "
9780814726846 - page_122: "START TEXT: Colony, described his conversion experience, which was typical. He first came to know his own total " ******* END TEXT: "church and the civil government should be differentiated and that excommunication should not prompt "
9780814726846 - page_123: "START TEXT: automatic loss of civil office. More important, the New Englanders initially opposed the civil (offi" ******* END TEXT: "e his own way to heaven and was encouraged to act upon the promptings of his own conscience, but in "
9780814726846 - page_124: "START TEXT: fact, an administrative machinery was slowly developing to make sure that each private conscience wa" ******* END TEXT: "s the sole motivation for the Puritan migration to North America. It was not. The Puritans had many "
9780814726846 - page_125: "START TEXT: reasons to leave England, including the economic opportunities of New England. It should be recogniz" ******* END TEXT: "onfession, excepting the sections on church governance.38 As discussed in the previous chapter, the "
9780814726846 - page_126: "START TEXT: Westminster Confession emphasized human sinfulness, the Christian Gospels, the need for faith in one" ******* END TEXT: " preached, prophanation of the Lords day, disturbing the peaceable administration & exercise of the "
9780814726846 - page_127: "START TEXT: worship St holy things of God, & the like, are to be restrayned, & punished by civil authority.41\n\nO" ******* END TEXT: "hristian church because it was insufficiently purified of this-worldly ceremonies and institutions. "
9780814726846 - page_128: "START TEXT: While some Puritans hoped to further purify the Anglican Church, the Separatist Puritans such as Wil" ******* END TEXT: "lusion. Enforced religious uniformity brought civil strife and religious hypocrisy; only freedom of "
9780814726846 - page_129: "START TEXT: conscience and religious toleration allowed individuals to sincerely receive the truth of Christ. He" ******* END TEXT: "people thus are led to conflict and civil war in this world and to eternal damnation in the next.54\n"
9780814726846 - page_130: "START TEXT: Williams expressly based his commitment to freedom of conscience and disestablishment on the New Tes" ******* END TEXT: "s all “non-Congregationalists were second-class citizens [in Rhode Island, the] Jews were less than "
9780814726846 - page_131: "START TEXT: that.”58 In fact, Rhode Island barred Jews from enjoying full citizenship until 1842.59 Williams him" ******* END TEXT: "e in America. In all likelihood, the first group of Jewish colonial settlers arrived in 1654 in New "
9780814726846 - page_132: "START TEXT: Netherland—that is, New York (the Newport, Rhode Island, settlement did not form until the late 1670" ******* END TEXT: "h we profess.” Moreover, Locke explicitly tied freedom of conscience to the hope that Jews might be "
9780814726846 - page_133: "START TEXT: converted; the Fundamental Constitutions expressly included Jews within its protection for the follo" ******* END TEXT: "tian religiosity of the colonists generally began to wane. Whereas many of the early colonists were "
9780814726846 - page_134: "START TEXT: inspired by religious zeal, the crush of daily burdens on the frontier sometimes overshadowed Protes" ******* END TEXT: "d no reason why all the people should not be held partners to the social compact; the idea that God "
9780814726846 - page_135: "START TEXT: worked His ends through the covenant of the people grew vague and obscure, while the notion that all" ******* END TEXT: "urch of England on this continent. These Anglican efforts often sparked protests. The non-Anglicans "
9780814726846 - page_136: "START TEXT: in South Carolina, for instance, complained to Parliament, though their request for toleration inclu" ******* END TEXT: "olonies; Scottish, German, and Swiss settlers all brought their forms of Protestantism with them.87\n"
9780814726846 - page_137: "START TEXT: Two related points bear emphasis. First, as Locke and Roger Williams had observed, state-imposed ort" ******* END TEXT: "e 1740s, if not converted themselves, knew someone who was, or at least heard revival preaching.92\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_138: "START TEXT: In many ways, the Great Awakening merely renewed traditional Calvinist Reform theological conviction" ******* END TEXT: "e, was reputed to preach to hundreds, even thousands, of people at once.99 Wherever the revivalists "
9780814726846 - page_139: "START TEXT: went, their purpose remained the same: to persuade their audiences. Each preacher aimed to bring the" ******* END TEXT: "ing sects gained adherents and spread into new areas. The Baptists, for instance, benefited greatly "
9780814726846 - page_140: "START TEXT: from the eighteenth-century revivalism. The Baptists first arose as a sect of Puritans in England du" ******* END TEXT: "alvation or damnation. From this perspective, freedom of conscience at least intimated a choice: an "
9780814726846 - page_141: "START TEXT: individual’s conscience was not merely at liberty to accept the truth of Jesus Christ; rather, the i" ******* END TEXT: "yrant. Finally, Mayhew went so far as to argue that the official establishment of religion violated "
9780814726846 - page_142: "START TEXT: Protestant theology and therefore required popular resistance. On this point, Mayhew obviously depar" ******* END TEXT: " and were contrary to all men; and went on to grow worse and worse, till they filled up the measure "
9780814726846 - page_143: "START TEXT: of their sin, and wrath came upon them to the uttermost; and they were destroyed, and cast out of Go" ******* END TEXT: "n North America. Without the presence of real Jews, antisemitism typically remained at the level of "
9780814726846 - page_144: "START TEXT: rhetoric aimed at the conceptual Jew. Thomas Curry describes the de facto establishment of Protestan" ******* END TEXT: "s Catholics or Jews did not impinge sufficiently on their lives to challenge that assumption.”123\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_145: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 7The American Revolution and Constitution\nTHE REVOLUTION AND ITS AFTERMATH\nThe American Revo" ******* END TEXT: "ng tensions between Great Britain and the colonies, particularly over the imposition and payment of "
9780814726846 - page_146: "START TEXT: taxes, Parliament passed a series of punitive enactments in 1774. These so-called Intolerable Acts (" ******* END TEXT: "onary-era colonists, the multiple establishments of the colonies protected religious liberty.8 Yet, "
9780814726846 - page_147: "START TEXT: colonial disagreement on this issue surfaced at the first Continental Congress in 1774. The New Engl" ******* END TEXT: "n Backus (predictably) viewed America as Christian, and he wanted to keep it that way. He praised a "
9780814726846 - page_148: "START TEXT: Massachusetts constitutional provision that stated: “No man can take a seat in our legislature till " ******* END TEXT: "” establishment,18 preachers in Massachusetts now maintained that “a legal provision’ for ministers "
9780814726846 - page_149: "START TEXT: according to an ‘equal and Liberal’ plan did not even approach a ‘political establishment’ to depriv" ******* END TEXT: " freedom of conscience and official establishment seemed entirely consistent. South Carolina merely "
9780814726846 - page_150: "START TEXT: reflected this Protestant viewpoint. And because of the many denominations, a single or unitary esta" ******* END TEXT: "hment or a multiple establishment.29 In fact, Virginia perhaps has received such enormous attention "
9780814726846 - page_151: "START TEXT: exactly because of its unusual history: there was greater debate about church establishment in Virgi" ******* END TEXT: "ocke’s Letter Concerning Toleration, and as I discussed in chapter 5, Locke’s views on religion and "
9780814726846 - page_152: "START TEXT: religious toleration were distinctly Calvinist. Specifically, Locke educed his views both on religio" ******* END TEXT: "ious liberty dampens the development of the religious hostilities that tend to destroy the state.42\n"
9780814726846 - page_153: "START TEXT: In the Memorial and Remonstrance, Madison emphasized protecting the religious realm as much as the p" ******* END TEXT: "stianity, he was not alone. He was joined by many others, including, of course, the long-protesting "
9780814726846 - page_154: "START TEXT: Baptists. Baptist petitions typically reiterated the Calvinist disjunction between the spiritual and" ******* END TEXT: " spread most effectively without official establishment, through the congregations of the faithful.\n"
9780814726846 - page_155: "START TEXT: All in all, the period of the Revolution and early nationhood was marked by a strong movement toward" ******* END TEXT: "ughout the social body. Moreover, the state constitutions expressly protected freedom of conscience "
9780814726846 - page_156: "START TEXT: (or some derivation of freedom of conscience, such as the free exercise of religion).54 Because the " ******* END TEXT: "ocratization of American Protestantism contributed to the early national commitment to some form of "
9780814726846 - page_157: "START TEXT: governmental democracy; Revolutionary-era Americans already had grown accustomed to democratic notio" ******* END TEXT: "ble with civic republicanism.66 That is, from Wood’s perspective, these Americans believed that the "
9780814726846 - page_158: "START TEXT: official establishment of Protestantism was required to bolster the Christian supports supposedly ne" ******* END TEXT: ". For that reason, a Bill of Rights, protecting those rights and liberties, was deemed essential to "
9780814726846 - page_159: "START TEXT: prevent governmental tyranny.71 The Federalists countered by arguing that the proposed federal gover" ******* END TEXT: "ifferences. For Madison, then, his defense of the proposed federal Constitution required him not to "
9780814726846 - page_160: "START TEXT: advocate for religious liberty but rather to explain that the Constitution would provide the best me" ******* END TEXT: " The similarities of the Protestant denominations were far more significant than their differences, "
9780814726846 - page_161: "START TEXT: which mattered little to a true religious outsider. With or without official establishment, America " ******* END TEXT: "ing to Thomas Curry, “that theirs was a Christian, i.e. Protestant, country [that would] uphold the "
9780814726846 - page_162: "START TEXT: commonly agreed on Protestant ethos and morality.”80 Like the early colonists, most Americans believ" ******* END TEXT: "shment of Christianity as assurance against such a threat: “But it is never to be supposed that the "
9780814726846 - page_163: "START TEXT: people of America will trust their dearest rights to persons who have no religion at all, or a relig" ******* END TEXT: " de facto establishment would continue, with state governments supplying various kinds of supports, "
9780814726846 - page_164: "START TEXT: sometimes even officially sustaining multiple establishments with public taxes. “The American future" ******* END TEXT: "m tyrannizing other sects. Now, in introducing the proposed Bill of Rights, he expanded his point:\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_165: "START TEXT: But I confess that I do conceive, that in a Government modified like this of the United States, the " ******* END TEXT: "roved its final version of the Bill of Rights, which contained the following on religion: “Congress "
9780814726846 - page_166: "START TEXT: shall make no law establishing religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, nor shall the righ" ******* END TEXT: "ions of freedom of conscience. They did not. For example, most citizens in Massachusetts apparently "
9780814726846 - page_167: "START TEXT: believed that a general assessment to support Christianity did not violate freedom of conscience, wh" ******* END TEXT: "st amendment was not intended to countenance or advance non-Christian religions such as Judaism.107\n"
9780814726846 - page_168: "START TEXT: Hence, in this context of de facto establishment, Congress predictably enacted legislation bolsterin" ******* END TEXT: " George Washington sent the following message to the Jewish congregation in Newport, Rhode Island:\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_169: "START TEXT: All [in the United States] possess alike liberty of conscience and immunities of citizenship. It is " ******* END TEXT: "roselytization. Moreover, these threats appeared even more pronounced in a society such as America, "
9780814726846 - page_170: "START TEXT: where evangelical fervor rippled through the social body, spreading the congregations of the faithfu" ******* END TEXT: "overlap (as the Opposition Ideology, which had influenced the revolutionaries, had underscored).121\n"
9780814726846 - page_171: "START TEXT: To the framers, sovereignty was grounded in the people, as Locke had argued, but the Lockean vision " ******* END TEXT: " liberty that stressed citizen participation in government, the framers were more wary of potential "
9780814726846 - page_172: "START TEXT: democratic excesses and governmental corruptions.127 Thus, the new Constitution shifted power from t" ******* END TEXT: "rington) thought that a properly constructed republic could escape the shifting fortunes of secular "
9780814726846 - page_173: "START TEXT: time. The United States, from this viewpoint, was “the righteous empire,” the Christian City of God " ******* END TEXT: "isted in a private realm that needed to remain free of federal governmental interference. Christian "
9780814726846 - page_174: "START TEXT: faith, in effect, can flourish only in a private sphere insulated from public (including national go" ******* END TEXT: "ristianity (though the national government could act occasionally to bolster Christian hegemony).\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_175: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 8The Fruits of the FramingChurch and State in Nineteenth-and Early-Twentieth-Century America" ******* END TEXT: "ns could have restrained the popular social forces unleashed by the Revolution.” The decades of the "
9780814726846 - page_176: "START TEXT: late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries saw “the rise of ordinary people.”2\nOne important fac" ******* END TEXT: "ret the franchises as little more than grants to compete against other grantees.6 More broadly, the "
9780814726846 - page_177: "START TEXT: state and federal courts developed other policies in the form of common law rules that sparked comme" ******* END TEXT: "rvices available to ordinary consumers increased strikingly,” and the economy expanded sufficiently "
9780814726846 - page_178: "START TEXT: so that the poor actually had greater purchasing power in 1860 than at the turn of the nineteenth ce" ******* END TEXT: "ates in the half century after independence did more to Christianize American society than anything "
9780814726846 - page_179: "START TEXT: before or since.”15 Indeed, by including African Americans and women, these religious movements surp" ******* END TEXT: "h of Jesus Christ. Conscience did not connote choice but rather conviction, so individual religious "
9780814726846 - page_180: "START TEXT: freedom entailed no more than following one’s convictions; it did not include any notion of choosing" ******* END TEXT: " camp meetings, for instance, were a successful instrument for recruiting large numbers of ordinary "
9780814726846 - page_181: "START TEXT: people.30 Revivalist preachers often sought to appeal to the raw religious emotions of their audienc" ******* END TEXT: "econd Awakening was Charles Grandison Finney. Finney initially brought the Awakening to upstate New "
9780814726846 - page_182: "START TEXT: York in the 1820s, starting the three decades of revivalism in the so-called burned-over district of" ******* END TEXT: "cing their competitors, and some groups even attacked and destroyed the meeting houses of others.42\n"
9780814726846 - page_183: "START TEXT: The significance of these Protestant sectarian divisions, however, can be easily misunderstood. Whil" ******* END TEXT: "ts developed a variety of techniques to advance the Christianization of America. Significantly, one "
9780814726846 - page_184: "START TEXT: technique that was not used was the official establishment of religion. To the contrary, the movemen" ******* END TEXT: "provision added, moreover, that the Christian denominations themselves could “tax” their members.51\n"
9780814726846 - page_185: "START TEXT: In New Hampshire, political advantage, not principled commitment to religious liberty and toleration" ******* END TEXT: " invitation to public devotion with the Christians! And to make that invitation acceptable to them, "
9780814726846 - page_186: "START TEXT: I must strike out the corner-stone of the Christian creed, and reduce the whole to entire conformity" ******* END TEXT: " an attempt to undervalue, and by so doing, to bring into popular contempt, the Christian religion. "
9780814726846 - page_187: "START TEXT: Preferring, as I do, Christianity to Judaism, Deism, Unitarianism, or any other sort of new fangled " ******* END TEXT: "66\n\nThe court then gratuitously added that religious freedom was due to Christian mercy and love.67\n"
9780814726846 - page_188: "START TEXT: State courts also consistently upheld laws prohibiting blasphemy against Christianity.68 In the New " ******* END TEXT: " acknowledged that “Christianity [is] a part of the common law of the state [of Pennsylvania in the "
9780814726846 - page_189: "START TEXT: sense] that its divine origin and truth are admitted, and therefore it is not to be maliciously and " ******* END TEXT: "th the eradication of Protestant vices, like gambling and the drinking of alcohol, which interfered "
9780814726846 - page_190: "START TEXT: with more worthy pursuits, such as the accumulation of wealth. Dwight L. Moody, a post-Civil War eva" ******* END TEXT: "oring day and night to undermine those interests which are dear to our hearts, shall we be idle?79\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_191: "START TEXT: The Civil War plainly had enormous consequences for the United States. Most obviously, the war resul" ******* END TEXT: "nday laws to symbolically underscore that Jesus Christ was “the nation’s ruler.” Significantly, the "
9780814726846 - page_192: "START TEXT: NRA was not a reactionary fringe group; its president, William Strong, was appointed to the Supreme " ******* END TEXT: "dams (then the secretary of state and a future U.S. president), Stephen Van Rensselaer (a member of "
9780814726846 - page_193: "START TEXT: Congress), the president of Yale College, the president of Queens College (Rutgers), a professor fro" ******* END TEXT: "ated, because the design of those forms was fulfilled, and therefore themselves of no further use.” "
9780814726846 - page_194: "START TEXT: Finney added: “The Jews accused [Jesus] of disregarding their forms. His object was to preach and te" ******* END TEXT: "ees, nor to read the precepts and lessons phylacteried on the garments of the Jewish priesthood.99\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_195: "START TEXT: Governmental officials occasionally acted upon their antisemitic notions. For instance, in 1840, in " ******* END TEXT: "fifty years after the Civil War, 35 million people moved to the United States, “the largest wave of "
9780814726846 - page_196: "START TEXT: immigration in American history.”104 Interestingly, despite this influx of immigrants, the percentag" ******* END TEXT: "cier Joseph Seligman, the most prominent American Jew of his era, arrived with his family for their "
9780814726846 - page_197: "START TEXT: annual vacation at the Grand Hotel in Saratoga Springs, New York. The Seligmans expected their usual" ******* END TEXT: "Protestantism seemed to flow together “in one undivided current.” More particularly, de Tocqueville "
9780814726846 - page_198: "START TEXT: ascribed the strength of Protestantism to the very fact that America lacked official establishments," ******* END TEXT: "vidualized, and individuals were the democratic subjects who could choose salvation for themselves, "
9780814726846 - page_199: "START TEXT: supposedly unfettered by educated clergy, traditions, or other authorities.118 From the perspective " ******* END TEXT: "ng alcohol, but the societies nonetheless sought to enforce them on the American public. The public "
9780814726846 - page_200: "START TEXT: nature of American Protestantism became even more explicit when some societies began to pursue a “So" ******* END TEXT: "estant hegemony, this century revealed that the combination in America of official disestablishment "
9780814726846 - page_201: "START TEXT: and the protection of freedom of conscience did not lead to religious or social equality for members" ******* END TEXT: ", the enforcement of the separation of church and state would tend to reinforce and even strengthen "
9780814726846 - page_202: "START TEXT: the Protestant status quo since the government could never prevent Protestant institutions from exer" ******* END TEXT: "tablishment. These constitutional notions (together with Protestant theology) prompted Americans to "
9780814726846 - page_203: "START TEXT: assert that the nation was devoted to religious liberty, yet simultaneously, a multitude of measures" ******* END TEXT: "th other races.’131 In line with this thinking, many Americans accepted the late-nineteenth-century "
9780814726846 - page_204: "START TEXT: argument that Jews constituted a distinctive and inferior race; antisemitism was thus recast as a un" ******* END TEXT: " communism, so the fight to further restrict immigration focused predominantly on Jews, mostly from "
9780814726846 - page_205: "START TEXT: eastern Europe. A House of Representatives committee report on immigration from 1920 thus lamented t" ******* END TEXT: "e Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of Evil. As a millennialist, he believed that true Christian faith "
9780814726846 - page_206: "START TEXT: would bring victory to the Kingdom of God. He urged Americans to “rally sufficient religious faith a" ******* END TEXT: "at extent, though, Progressivism reflected a Protestant reactionary fear of the mass immigration of "
9780814726846 - page_207: "START TEXT: the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. With so many immigrants settling in the growing c" ******* END TEXT: "1920, extending the right to vote to women, can thus be understood in part as an effort to maintain "
9780814726846 - page_208: "START TEXT: Protestant domination.146 America had become further democratized, but not necessarily for democrati" ******* END TEXT: "I, a “family in Chelsea, Massachusetts, was forced to go into hiding in a nearby community [and in] "
9780814726846 - page_209: "START TEXT: Hamden, Connecticut, there were swastikas, threats of boycotts, and a sign in the high school that r" ******* END TEXT: "f the Protocols perfectly suited Ford’s antisemitic paranoia: Ford apparently was comfortable about "
9780814726846 - page_210: "START TEXT: condemning Jews for being communists (Bolsheviks) and capitalists (elders taking over the world).\nDe" ******* END TEXT: "ing this era, the American Bar Association (ABA) and the Association of American Law Schools (AALS) "
9780814726846 - page_211: "START TEXT: introduced professional standards partly to maintain white Anglo-Saxon Protestant domination of the " ******* END TEXT: " the nineteenth century, the national and state governments together influenced and coordinated the "
9780814726846 - page_212: "START TEXT: development of the economy. During that time, though, many governmental regulations of the economy w" ******* END TEXT: "ic and social relations. The era of the national welfare state had arrived. Leuchtenburg observes:\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_213: "START TEXT: By the end of the Roosevelt years, few questioned the right of the government to pay the farmer mill" ******* END TEXT: "ity, American Jews were under enormous pressure to assimilate into the Christian culture. Moreover, "
9780814726846 - page_214: "START TEXT: from the Christian American viewpoint, Jews had freely chosen to come to America; thus, they ought t" ******* END TEXT: " the Roosevelt administration is that it remained largely indifferent to Jewish suffering and death "
9780814726846 - page_215: "START TEXT: during the Holocaust. To fully understand this charge, it is best to remember that Roosevelt and his" ******* END TEXT: " see the [Nazis’ antisemitic] Nuremberg Laws reenacted in this country and enforced with vigor.”186\n"
9780814726846 - page_216: "START TEXT: Unsurprisingly, then, the Roosevelt administration included many antisemites, especially (and tragic" ******* END TEXT: "resources from the haves to the have-nots. Rather, Roosevelt and others sincerely believed that the "
9780814726846 - page_217: "START TEXT: New Deal economic measures were necessary to save capitalism, or in Roosevelt’s words, “to energize " ******* END TEXT: "tate could control and reorder economic and social structures for the greater good of society.190\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_218: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 9The Fruits of the FramingChurch and State in Late-Twentieth-Century America\nTHE SUPREME COU" ******* END TEXT: "nt religious and cultural force in American society. Hence, emblematic of their continuing position "
9780814726846 - page_219: "START TEXT: of power, Protestant churches seeking to expand during the mid-twentieth century often agreed among " ******* END TEXT: "r numerical superiority has diminished to the point where Roman Catholics are the largest Christian "
9780814726846 - page_220: "START TEXT: group. And regardless of the proportional relations between Protestants and Catholics, because Prote" ******* END TEXT: ", “Adolf Hitler gave antisemitism a bad name.” The Germans thus were racist monsters, but Americans "
9780814726846 - page_221: "START TEXT: were different: Americans were exceptional. Americans were committed to equality and liberty for all" ******* END TEXT: "ticular, with regard to the major corporations, business often was done at elite country clubs, and "
9780814726846 - page_222: "START TEXT: these clubs continued to exclude or limit Jews. In 1966, an Anti-Defamation League survey reported t" ******* END TEXT: "d to leave their public school classes early if (and only if) they were to attend a religious class "
9780814726846 - page_223: "START TEXT: instead. The symbolic effect of these programs was to provide a governmental stamp of approval for C" ******* END TEXT: " rivals. Many Protestants were especially opposed to the public subsidization of the Roman Catholic "
9780814726846 - page_224: "START TEXT: educational mission; Protestants frequently favored religious practices in the public schools but op" ******* END TEXT: "dom of speech, freedom of the press, and equal protection, as well as religious liberty. Hence, the "
9780814726846 - page_225: "START TEXT: Court’s growing concern with the separation of church and state was part of a larger judicial trend " ******* END TEXT: "lture had produced “a basic consensus and community of beliefs”—that is, a commitment to democracy. "
9780814726846 - page_226: "START TEXT: Yet, Dewey queried, how can we ensure that democracy will not degenerate into totalitarianism, as it" ******* END TEXT: " gave increasing attention to it.35 Besides continually referring to democracy, the Court decided a "
9780814726846 - page_227: "START TEXT: number of cases that were explicitly intended to promote it—striking down, for example, some of the " ******* END TEXT: "we” all belong to the same Judeo-Christian tradition anyway? To become legitimate in America, then, "
9780814726846 - page_228: "START TEXT: Judaism had to be transformed (at least apparently) into a mere religion, a matter of individual cho" ******* END TEXT: "s, the Court—for protection from the state itself—that is, from the Christian masses acting through "
9780814726846 - page_229: "START TEXT: the instrumentality of the state. More precisely, Jews sought the protection of the state through th" ******* END TEXT: "ause—the governmental actions inevitably were upheld as constitutional. For example, in Reynolds v. "
9780814726846 - page_230: "START TEXT: United States, decided in 1878, Reynolds challenged his criminal conviction for committing polygamy " ******* END TEXT: " person to go to or to remain away from church against his will or force him to profess a belief or "
9780814726846 - page_231: "START TEXT: disbelief in any religion. No person can be punished for entertaining or professing religious belief" ******* END TEXT: "f public events to sectarian needs, it follows the best of our traditions. For it then respects the "
9780814726846 - page_232: "START TEXT: religious nature of our people and accommodates the public service to their spiritual needs.50\n\nThis" ******* END TEXT: "sale of works of art at exhibitions; the conducting of private trade expositions between 1 p.m. and "
9780814726846 - page_233: "START TEXT: 10 p.m. . . . Permission is granted by local option for the Sunday operation after 1 p.m. of amuseme" ******* END TEXT: "blished an “official religion,” even if the law did not coerce religious practices. Regardless, the "
9780814726846 - page_234: "START TEXT: Court recognized that coercion existed in this particular context, although the students were allowe" ******* END TEXT: "ble, recite the Lord’s Prayer, and then recite the Pledge of Allegiance. Children could participate "
9780814726846 - page_235: "START TEXT: “voluntarily” by joining in the Bible reading and prayer recitation; during the prayer and the Pledg" ******* END TEXT: "that she had refused to accept suitable work “without good cause.” The Court held this state action "
9780814726846 - page_236: "START TEXT: unconstitutional under the free exercise clause. In reaching this conclusion, the Court articulated " ******* END TEXT: "nued to claim that the compelling state interest test was presumptively the proper standard in free "
9780814726846 - page_237: "START TEXT: exercise cases. The Court would (at least nominally) apply the compelling state interest test unless" ******* END TEXT: "s were constitutional because they were rationally related to a legitimate governmental interest.80\n"
9780814726846 - page_238: "START TEXT: Finally, in Employment Division, Department of Human Resources v. Smith, decided in 1990, the Court " ******* END TEXT: "he constitutionality of a state statute that required the biblical Ten Commandments to be posted on "
9780814726846 - page_239: "START TEXT: public classroom walls. Reasoning that the statute violated the first prong of the Lemon test becaus" ******* END TEXT: "splay in a park in the heart of the shopping district. The Court described the display as follows:\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_240: "START TEXT: The display is essentially like those to be found in hundreds of towns or cities across the Nation—o" ******* END TEXT: "story. Specifically, the Court reasoned that if the governmental display of the crèche were to fail "
9780814726846 - page_241: "START TEXT: the primary effects prong of Lemon, then many other traditional forms of governmental support for re" ******* END TEXT: "e the City-County Building, next to a Christmas tree and a sign saluting liberty.”100 Apparently, a "
9780814726846 - page_242: "START TEXT: majority of justices could not agree on any one test or standard for determining the constitutionali" ******* END TEXT: "yers at the forthcoming graduation ceremony. After initially not responding to Weisman’s inquiries, "
9780814726846 - page_243: "START TEXT: Lee finally revealed that he had invited a rabbi to say the prayers. Lee and other school officials " ******* END TEXT: " issue of coercion: would the public school practice of having clergy deliver prayers at graduation "
9780814726846 - page_244: "START TEXT: coerce a student such as Deborah Weisman into participating in a religious exercise? In concluding t" ******* END TEXT: "nstead usually has emphasized a need for governmental neutrality in religious affairs. For example, "
9780814726846 - page_245: "START TEXT: in Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District, the Court held that a public school district can p" ******* END TEXT: "d be a person “who may not share the particular religious belief” symbolized in the disputed public "
9780814726846 - page_246: "START TEXT: display.123 Hence, Pinette did not clarify the doctrine for adjudicating establishment clause issues" ******* END TEXT: "he Yoder Court quoted the New Testament in reasoning that “the traditional way of life of the Amish "
9780814726846 - page_247: "START TEXT: is not merely a matter of personal preference, but one of deep religious conviction.” Because the Am" ******* END TEXT: "ly, the majority nevertheless could not grasp the meaning of this non-Christian religious practice.\n"
9780814726846 - page_248: "START TEXT: Finally, in Employment Division, Department of Human Resources v. Smith, the Court repudiated the st" ******* END TEXT: "Calvin by emphasizing that while the government cannot be allowed to coerce beliefs, the government "
9780814726846 - page_249: "START TEXT: must be able to regulate conduct to prevent social chaos or, in the Court’s words, to avoid “courtin" ******* END TEXT: "at religious faith is real, not imposed.”137 Similarly, in another apparently good case, Wallace v. "
9780814726846 - page_250: "START TEXT: Jaffree, holding unconstitutional a statute authorizing a period of silence for “meditation or volun" ******* END TEXT: "am arguing that the story is far more complex than the dominant story of church and state suggests.\n"
9780814726846 - page_251: "START TEXT: In fact, regardless of the Christian bias embedded in many of the Court’s opinions, a simple review " ******* END TEXT: "ties to registered student groups, including an evangelical Christian student group that focused on "
9780814726846 - page_252: "START TEXT: religious worship and discussion;157 a statute providing all parents with a tax deduction for certai" ******* END TEXT: "Thornton Court’s reasoning (once again) displayed a distinctly Christian conception of religion. In "
9780814726846 - page_253: "START TEXT: particular, the Court characterized an individual’s observance of the sabbath as a matter of mere ch" ******* END TEXT: "s never have been motivated, even in part, by a desire to follow their conception of the separation "
9780814726846 - page_254: "START TEXT: of church and state as a constitutional principle. Undoubtedly, some justices were so motivated (at " ******* END TEXT: "es not determine judicial outcomes in religion clause cases. The true story is much more complex.\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Contents\nPreface\n1. INTRODUCTION: DIFFERENT STORIES\nA Story about the Ways of Power\nA Dominant Story" ******* END TEXT: "EFORMATION IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE\nThe Renaissance\nThe Lutheran Reformation\nThe Calvinist Reformation\n"
9780814726846 - page_x: "START TEXT: 5. THE ENGLISH REFORMATION, CIVIL WAR, AND REVOLUTION\nThe English Reformation\nThe Civil War, Restora" ******* END TEXT: "olic and Structural Power\nFinal Thoughts: A Political Statement\nNotes\nSelected Bibliography\nIndex\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright ©1997 by New York UniversityAD rights reserve" ******* END TEXT: "sen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_v: "START TEXT: To my parents, Isaac and Frances,for the love and education they gave me" ******* END TEXT: "To my parents, Isaac and Frances,for the love and education they gave me"
9780814726846 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_ii: "START TEXT: CRITICAL AMERICA\nGeneral Editors: RICHARD DELGADO and JEAN STEFANCIC\nWhite by Law:The Legal Construc" ******* END TEXT: "hen M. Feldman\nTo Be an American:Cultural Pluralism and the Rhetoric of AssimilationBill Ong Hing\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus. . . . Alas, how dreary would be the world if there were no Sa" ******* END TEXT: " childhood fills the world would be extinguished.\n—Francis Church\nSpeak truth to power.\n—Elie Wiesel"
9780814726846 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_i: "START TEXT: PLEASE DON’T WISH ME A MERRY CHRISTMAS\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "PLEASE DON’T WISH ME A MERRY CHRISTMAS\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_389: "START TEXT: Index\nAbington School District v. Schempp, 234–35, 274, 363 n. 139\nAct for Establishing Religious Fr" ******* END TEXT: " 151\nBaird, Robert, 182, 193\nBaker, James, 269\nBaptists, 139–40, 147, 151, 153–54, 168, 179–82, 285\n"
9780814726846 - page_390: "START TEXT: Bartolus, 50\nBell, Derrick, 221, 273–74\nBellamy, Joseph, 142\nBerman, Harold, 35\nBernard, St., 39–40\n" ******* END TEXT: " Carolina, 136, 149, 338 n. 20\nVirginia, 136, 149, 338 n. 20. See also Great Awakening; Puritanism; "
9780814726846 - page_391: "START TEXT: state government; Stuyvesant, Peter; Williams, Roger; Winthrop, John\nCommittee for Public Education " ******* END TEXT: "ts\nEverson v. Board of Education, 230–31, 235, 363 n. 152\nFalwell Jerry, 269\nFaulkner, William, 215\n"
9780814726846 - page_392: "START TEXT: Federalists, 158–63\nField, David Dudley, 4, 287 n. 5\nfilioque clause, 31\nFilmer, Robert, 108–9\nFinne" ******* END TEXT: "–97, 201–2, 221–22, 227–28, 280–82\nJews in American colonies, 131–32\nJews and New Deal, 213–17, 228\n"
9780814726846 - page_393: "START TEXT: rulers protecting Jews from mobs, 47–48, 169, 228\nsabbath, 252–53\nTorah, 10, 15. See also antisemiti" ******* END TEXT: "per, Otto, 215\nPlato, 291 n. 39\nPocock, J. G. A., 67, 101, 104–5\npolitique position (in France), 74\n"
9780814726846 - page_394: "START TEXT: poll taxes, 227\npostmodernism, 5–7, 256\ncompared with modernism, 288 n. 10\npostmodernism and history" ******* END TEXT: "llion, 172\nSherbert v. Verner, 235–38\nSilver, Daniel, 227\nSkinner, Quentin, 76, 309 n. 2, 310 n. 11\n"
9780814726846 - page_395: "START TEXT: Social Gospel, 200, 205–6\nSolemn League and Covenant, 88–89\nstate, 41–49, 273–74, 296 n. 99\nin Ameri" ******* END TEXT: "hills School District, 245, 363 n. 162\nZorach v. Clauson, 231–32, 363 n. 153\nZwingli, Huldreich, 64\n"
9780814726846 - page_396: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_287: "START TEXT: Notes\nNOTES TO THE EPIGRAPH\n* Judith A. Boss, Is Santa Claus Corrupting Our Children’s Morals?, 11 F" ******* END TEXT: "sions of precedent to account for the cases decided after 1953. See Leo Pfeffer, Church, State, and "
9780814726846 - page_288: "START TEXT: Freedom (rev. ed. 1967). All subsequent citations to Pfeffer will be to his original 1953 edition.\n7" ******* END TEXT: "ir, History, Religion, and Antisemitism (1990); Harold E. Quinley & Charles Y. Glock, Anti-Semitism "
9780814726846 - page_289: "START TEXT: in America (1979); Robert S. Wistrich, Antisemitism: The Longest Hatred (1991). A book on the Jewish" ******* END TEXT: "atians 2:21 (attacks Jewish law); Acts 28:26–28 (Jews never understand God); Hebrews 8:6–13 (Jewish "
9780814726846 - page_290: "START TEXT: covenant is defective); see Ruether, supra note 3, at 70–73 (Jesus’ disciples searched the Hebrew Bi" ******* END TEXT: "kill [Jesus] and were not responsible for his death. He met his end on a Roman cross condemned by a "
9780814726846 - page_291: "START TEXT: Roman official for a Roman offense.” Nicholls, supra note 3, at xxvi. In 1965, the Second Vatican Co" ******* END TEXT: "973) (Anchor Books ed.); cf. Silver, supra note 2, at 184, 189–95 (on the dualism of Christianity).\n"
9780814726846 - page_292: "START TEXT: 40. Galatians 4:23; see Colossians 2:16–23 (Jewish practices are carnal).\n41. Galatians 5:16.\n42. Ro" ******* END TEXT: "arl Marx, On the Jewish Question (1843), in The Marx-Engels Reader 26, 49 (Robert C. Tucker ed., 2d "
9780814726846 - page_293: "START TEXT: ed. 1978) (blames Jews for causing Christians to become capitalists). Wistrich writes: “Austrian ‘an" ******* END TEXT: " definition, which tends to be more cognitive and intellectual. See Monk & Stamey, supra note 5, at "
9780814726846 - page_294: "START TEXT: 67–68, 142. Richard Tarnas defines Christian faith as follows: “[T]he soul’s active, freely willed e" ******* END TEXT: "ire 222 (2d ed. 1986).\n81. See Jacobs, supra note 2, at 347–48; Telushkin, supra note 2, at 643–44.\n"
9780814726846 - page_295: "START TEXT: 82. See Kertzer, supra note 2, at 8.\n83. The Tractate Avot 1:14, in The Talmud: Selected Writings 22" ******* END TEXT: "hristianity, but rather has introduced flexibility and thus resiliency into Christian social power. "
9780814726846 - page_296: "START TEXT: Significantly, the relation between the themes facilitates the Christian exercise of oppressive powe" ******* END TEXT: "e and aim—emperor or pope?\nUllmann, Growth, supra note 91, at 11; see Ehler, supra note 91, at 1–2.\n"
9780814726846 - page_297: "START TEXT: 101. See Ullmann, Growth, supra note 91, at 13–14; Ullmann, supra note 91, at 100.\n102. See Ehler, s" ******* END TEXT: "e (L.E.M. Lynch trans., 1960) [hereinafter Gilson, Augustine]; Etienne Gilson, History of Christian "
9780814726846 - page_298: "START TEXT: Philosophy in the Middle Ages 70–81 (1955) [hereinafter Gilson, Middle Ages]; Ernest L. Fortin, St. " ******* END TEXT: "”).\n146. Augustine, supra note 128, at bk. XV, § 1.\n147. Markus, Augustine, supra note 128, at 412.\n"
9780814726846 - page_299: "START TEXT: 148. Augustine, supra note 128, at bk. XV, § 1.\n149. Id.; see Fortin, supra note 128, at 195.\n150. S" ******* END TEXT: "]. General histories that provide useful information regarding the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages "
9780814726846 - page_300: "START TEXT: include the following: J.M. Roberts, The Penguin History of the World (1987); The Columbia History o" ******* END TEXT: "78.\n29. See id. at 105, 581 n.26; Marty, supra note 1, at 152–53.\n30. Berman, supra note 1, at 179.\n"
9780814726846 - page_301: "START TEXT: 31. See id. at 179, 521. For a discussion of the differences between the Eastern and Western Churche" ******* END TEXT: "n.5.\n47. Henry IV’s Answer to Gregory VII (Jan. 24, 1076), reprinted in Henderson, supra note 1, at\n"
9780814726846 - page_302: "START TEXT: 48. See Deanesly, supra note 1, at 102; Henderson, supra note 1, at 353–54; Walker, supra note 1, at" ******* END TEXT: "hey sought to achieve for secular law the cohesion and sophistication of the canon law.\nId. at 274.\n"
9780814726846 - page_303: "START TEXT: 62. Id. at 213.\n63. See id. at 213–14; Tierney, Religion, supra note 1, at 10–12.\n64. Tierney, Relig" ******* END TEXT: "rusade) with Chazan, European Jewry, supra note 67, at 169–79 (referring to anti-Jewish sentiment).\n"
9780814726846 - page_304: "START TEXT: 81. For example, Ephraim ben Jacob (who lived from 1132 to about 1200) reported that in France, a le" ******* END TEXT: "der them totally alien to the teaching of the Law and the prophets, fearing lest the Truth which is "
9780814726846 - page_305: "START TEXT: understood in the same Law and Prophets, bearing patent testimony to the only-begotten Son of God, w" ******* END TEXT: "ught of Thomas Aquinas (1992); Etienne Gilson, The Christian Philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas (L.K. "
9780814726846 - page_306: "START TEXT: Shook trans., 1956) [hereinafter Gilson, Aquinas]; Etienne Gilson, History of Christian Philosophy i" ******* END TEXT: "t 1, ch. 27 (condemns Judaism for holding that just men receive their rewards in bodily pleasures).\n"
9780814726846 - page_307: "START TEXT: 114. Thomas wrote:\n[The Jews] are by no means to be compelled to the faith, in order that they may b" ******* END TEXT: "hould be subject to him to whom pertains the care of the ultimate end, and be directed by his rule.\n"
9780814726846 - page_308: "START TEXT: Id. at bk. 2, ch. 3, ¶ 110; accord id. at bk. 2, ch. 4, ¶ 114; cf. Theologica, supra note 101, at pt" ******* END TEXT: "ws served as a buffer between society and political leaders throughout premodern European history); "
9780814726846 - page_309: "START TEXT: Stephen Holmes, Jean Bodin: The Paradox of Sovereignty and the Privatization of Religion, 30 Nomos 5" ******* END TEXT: "ristian humanist anti-Semitism.” Israel, supra note 4, at 14.\n7. See Israel, supra note 4, at 6–13.\n"
9780814726846 - page_310: "START TEXT: 8. Machiavelli’s major works include the following: Niccolo Machiavelli, Discourses on the First Ten" ******* END TEXT: "t the world would presently be without Christianity is, of course, a matter of hopeless conjecture.\n"
9780814726846 - page_311: "START TEXT: 23. See Machiavelli, Discourses, supra note 8, at bk. I, ch. 2.\n24. Id. (democracy fails when each i" ******* END TEXT: "518), in Martin Luther’s Basic Theological Writings 30, 30–31 (Timothy E Lull ed., 1989) (free will "
9780814726846 - page_312: "START TEXT: to do good works cannot gain grace, and thinking so is a sin) [hereinafter Luther, Heidelberg]; Mart" ******* END TEXT: "ing of Jesus, that the Jews nonetheless refused to believe Jesus because he lacked the trappings of "
9780814726846 - page_313: "START TEXT: this-worldly power, and that the Jews then committed deicide and therefore deserve to suffer. See id" ******* END TEXT: "s known as “consubstantiation” because the body and blood of Jesus coexist with the bread and wine.\n"
9780814726846 - page_314: "START TEXT: 78. See Jean Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion (Ford Lewis Battles trans., John T. McNeil" ******* END TEXT: "e Minor Prophets 202 (John Owen trans., 1950) (Jewish practices are “all hypocrisy and deception”).\n"
9780814726846 - page_315: "START TEXT: 98 Jean Calvin, Commentaries on the Epistles of Paul the Apostle to the Philippians, Colossians, and" ******* END TEXT: "g men, to cherish and protect the outward worship of God, to defend sound doctrine of piety and the "
9780814726846 - page_316: "START TEXT: position of the church, to adjust our life to the society of men, to form our social behavior to civ" ******* END TEXT: "onal History of England (1934 ed.) [hereinafter Adams, Constitutional History]; Sydney E. Ahlstrom, "
9780814726846 - page_317: "START TEXT: A Religious History of the American People (1972); A.G. Dickens, The English Reformation (1964); Chr" ******* END TEXT: ", at 296, 299; cf. Maitland, supra note 1, at 364–66, 514–16 (on religious oaths and declarations).\n"
9780814726846 - page_318: "START TEXT: 18. See The Act of Uniformity (1559), reprinted in Adams, Documents, supra note 1, at 302; Walker, s" ******* END TEXT: "who of course became queen, thus further offending the Puritans. See Ahlstrom, supra note 1, at 93.\n"
9780814726846 - page_319: "START TEXT: 34. The declaration stated: “[T]he Articles of the Church of England . . . do contain the true doctr" ******* END TEXT: "estminster Confession remain important, especially in the United States. He writes: “Nor were these "
9780814726846 - page_320: "START TEXT: formulations forgotten amid wars and violence; they remain normative in Scotland and their immense i" ******* END TEXT: "ll the ordinances of God duly settled, administered, and observed. For the better effecting whereof "
9780814726846 - page_321: "START TEXT: he hath power to call synods, to be present at them, and to provide that whatsoever is transacted in" ******* END TEXT: " Code, reprinted in Bettenson, supra note 1, at 293 (three acts aimed at abolishing nonconformity).\n"
9780814726846 - page_322: "START TEXT: 80. See Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People 27 (1990); Walker, s" ******* END TEXT: "1989); Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews 276–78 (1987); William Nicholls, Christian Antisemitism: "
9780814726846 - page_323: "START TEXT: A History of Hate 271–72 (1993); 14 Encyclopaedia Judaica 19–20 (1971); Roth, supra note 1, at 135–3" ******* END TEXT: "Tilly ed., 1975) (on the conceptions of state and sovereignty).\n110. Hobbes, supra note 96, at 478.\n"
9780814726846 - page_324: "START TEXT: 111. See id. at 478–79; see also Eisenach, supra note 96, at 49, 57; Mitchell, supra note 96, at 47." ******* END TEXT: "were more observers than participants in the Civil War. See Hill, Puritanism, supra note 1, at 300.\n"
9780814726846 - page_325: "START TEXT: 136. See Pocock, Introduction, supra note 96, at ix, xii, xv.\n137. Pocock writes: “Oceana is not a U" ******* END TEXT: "52. Harrington, Oceana, supra note 96, at 60.\n153. See Hill, Puritanism, supra note 1, at 300, 309.\n"
9780814726846 - page_326: "START TEXT: 154. Harrington, Oceana, supra note 96, at 64; see Zagorin, supra note 96, at 140; Blitzer, supra no" ******* END TEXT: "9. See Locke, Second Treatise, supra note 96, at 12–13; see also Goldwin, supra note 96, at 478–79.\n"
9780814726846 - page_327: "START TEXT: 180. Locke, Second Treatise, supra note 96, at 9, 70–71, 75; see id. at 6–7, 48–49, 54–55, 65, 79–80" ******* END TEXT: "nism combines Calvinist articles with more Catholic liturgies.\n193. Mitchell, supra note 96, at 82.\n"
9780814726846 - page_328: "START TEXT: 194. See Hill, Puritanism, supra note 1, at 298. Douglas Hay calls Locke the apologist for the deifi" ******* END TEXT: "itique theorists that, if there were to be any prospect of achieving civic peace, the powers of the "
9780814726846 - page_329: "START TEXT: State would have to be divorced from the duty to uphold any particular faith. With Bodin’s insistenc" ******* END TEXT: "troversial.\n218. See Tilly, supra note 109, at 27.\n219. See Pocock, supra note 1, at 424, 435–36.\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_330: "START TEXT: 4. The First Charter of Virginia (1606), reprinted in 2 Poore, supra note 1, at 1888 (emphasis in th" ******* END TEXT: "upporting Puritanism, see Erikson, supra note 1, at 62; Miller, Orthodoxy, supra note 1, at 233–34.\n"
9780814726846 - page_331: "START TEXT: 29. I quote this passage as modified by Sydney Ahlstrom to facilitate comprehension. Ahlstrom, supra" ******* END TEXT: "ng American Puritanism (1994).\n43 Erikson, supra note 1, at 86 (emphasis added); see id. at 71–107.\n"
9780814726846 - page_332: "START TEXT: 44. Id. at 93 (quoting John Winthrop) (emphasis added).\n45. See Ahlstrom, supra note 1, at 166; Mill" ******* END TEXT: "Research in Law & Sociology 3 (1980) (on the imagery of bounded spheres in American legal thought).\n"
9780814726846 - page_333: "START TEXT: 62. Roger Williams, Mr. Cottons Letter Lately Printed, Examined and Answered (1644), reprinted in Mi" ******* END TEXT: "nted in Miller & Johnson, supra note 1, at 257, 258–60, 263–64, 269; see id. at 265–69. Wise wrote:\n"
9780814726846 - page_334: "START TEXT: That it seems to me as though Wise and Provident Nature by the Dictates of Right Reason excited by t" ******* END TEXT: "eart answered O yes, yes, yes; before I could stir my tongue or lips. . . . When God appeared to me "
9780814726846 - page_335: "START TEXT: every thing vanished and was gone in the twinkling of an Eye, as quick as A flash of lightning; But " ******* END TEXT: "ew, Grace Defended (1744), reprinted in Bushman, supra note 1, at 136, 137, 143 (emphasis omitted).\n"
9780814726846 - page_336: "START TEXT: 112. Clyde A. Holbrook, Introduction, in Jonathan Edwards, Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758)," ******* END TEXT: " S. Morgan, Birth of the Republic, 1763–1789 (rev. ed. 1977) [hereinafter Morgan, Birth]; Edmund S. "
9780814726846 - page_337: "START TEXT: Morgan, Inventing the People (1988) [hereinafter Morgan, Inventing]; Leo Pfeffer, Church, State, and" ******* END TEXT: " No. 4 (Feb. 13, 1775), reprinted in Kurland, supra note 1, at 66.\n12. Curry, supra note 1, at 132.\n"
9780814726846 - page_338: "START TEXT: 13. Robert T. Handy, The Magna Charta of Religious Freedom in America, in Wilson & Drakeman, supra n" ******* END TEXT: "ccount of the New York dispute). See also Curry, supra note 1, at 161–62 (on the New York dispute).\n"
9780814726846 - page_339: "START TEXT: 29. Levy notes that some states switched from dual to (broader) multiple establishments. See Levy, s" ******* END TEXT: "rom the secular affairs of the public society ought not to be made the object of human legislation. "
9780814726846 - page_340: "START TEXT: For the discharge of the duties of religion every man is to account for himself as an individual in " ******* END TEXT: "note 1, at 462–552; Wood, Creation, supra note 1, at 46–90; Michelman, supra 1. In terms of English "
9780814726846 - page_341: "START TEXT: civic republican theory, commentators disagree about whether Harringtonian concepts (from the sevent" ******* END TEXT: " the legislative, executive nor judicial powers of the United States shall have authority to alter, "
9780814726846 - page_342: "START TEXT: abrogate, or infringe any part of the constitution of the several states, which provide for the pres" ******* END TEXT: "ntion to bar states from imposing political disabilities on Jews. See Letter from Jonas Phillips to "
9780814726846 - page_343: "START TEXT: the Federal Constitutional Convention (Sept. 7, 1787), reprinted in Schappes, supra note 1, at 68 (a" ******* END TEXT: "with the states, it affirmed a particular substantive religious world view (that of Protestantism).\n"
9780814726846 - page_344: "START TEXT: Philip B. Kurland writes: “De facto establishment was not an evil at which the first amendment was d" ******* END TEXT: "gly as to the motivations of the framers. Explanations range from a virtuous commitment to preserve "
9780814726846 - page_345: "START TEXT: democracy to a selfish attempt to preserve wealth in the face of democratic threats. Compare Charles" ******* END TEXT: "ught during this period was John Adams. See Christopher Hill, Puritanism and Revolution 311 (1958).\n"
9780814726846 - page_346: "START TEXT: 135. Recall that Locke had advocated only partial disestablishment. See supra Chapter 5, third secti" ******* END TEXT: "riedman, supra note 1, at 177–201 (discussing law and the economy in the early nineteenth century).\n"
9780814726846 - page_347: "START TEXT: 5. Gordon S. Wood, Faux Populism, New Republic, Oct. 23, 1995, at 39, 40 (reviewing Robert H. Wiebe," ******* END TEXT: "of the Reformed Episcopal Church in America (1875), reprinted in Schaff, supra note 1, at 814, 818.\n"
9780814726846 - page_348: "START TEXT: 27. Hatch, supra note 1, at 172–73 (quoting Barton W. Stone).\n28. Hatch, supra note 1, at 172; see H" ******* END TEXT: "atter of sound policy, as well as of revealed truth.” Id. at 724; see Borden, supra note 1, at 102.\n"
9780814726846 - page_349: "START TEXT: 49. Constitution of North Carolina (1776), reprinted in 2 Poore, supra note 1, at 1409, 1413–14.\n50." ******* END TEXT: "ommonwealth, 11 Serg. & Rawl. 393 (Pa. 1822) (cited and discussed in Berman, supra note 1, at 781).\n"
9780814726846 - page_350: "START TEXT: 67. See Borden, supra note 1, at 113–14 (discussing City Council of Charleston v. Benjamin (1846)); " ******* END TEXT: "Jaher, supra note 1, at 239 (quoting Harper’s Magazine, vol. 22, at 404 (1866)); see id. at 154–69.\n"
9780814726846 - page_351: "START TEXT: 98. Editorial, “The Jews as Citizens,” in Washington Sentinel, Washington, D.C. (May 21, 1854), repr" ******* END TEXT: "ty in America is similar to the established Church of England).\n122. Bryce, supra note 116, at 154.\n"
9780814726846 - page_352: "START TEXT: 123. See Eichhorn, supra note 1, at 141.\n124. Howe, supra note 1, at 251–52.\n125. Nicholls, supra no" ******* END TEXT: ", at 202–04; 2 Thernstrom, supra note 1, at 600–03.\n144. See Hofstadter, supra note 142, at 176–82.\n"
9780814726846 - page_353: "START TEXT: 145. Joseph R. Gusfield, Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement 7 (1" ******* END TEXT: "ohen, Property and Sovereignty, 13 Cornell L.Q. 8 (1927); Robert Hale, Coercion and Distribution in "
9780814726846 - page_354: "START TEXT: a Supposedly Non-Coercive State, 33 Pol. Sci. Q. 470 (1923). Roosevelt himself clearly subscribed to" ******* END TEXT: " basis); Feldman, From Modernism, supra note 1 (on the development of this component of modernism).\n"
9780814726846 - page_355: "START TEXT: NOTES TO CHAPTER 9\n1. See Jerold S. Auerbach, Unequal Justice: Lawyers and Social Change in Modern A" ******* END TEXT: "ovoked “widespread shame” among non-Jews, thus rendering overt antisemitism socially unacceptable); "
9780814726846 - page_356: "START TEXT: Marty, supra note 1, at 244–46 (the Holocaust built sympathy for Jews); Gerald N. Rosenberg, The Hol" ******* END TEXT: " recently, two more Jewish justices have been appointed: Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen G. Breyer.\n"
9780814726846 - page_357: "START TEXT: 26. See Cohen, supra note 1, at 129, 138–39, 222; Ira C. Lupu, The Lingering Death of Separationism," ******* END TEXT: " of Jews came to identify themselves as “just Jews” rather than as Jews in a deep religious sense).\n"
9780814726846 - page_358: "START TEXT: 42. 44 U.S. (3 How.) 589 (1845); see also Barron v. Baltimore, 32 U.S. (7 Pet.) 243 (1833) (the fift" ******* END TEXT: "d in Eastland, supra note 1, at 137 (supporting the decision despite the critical public reaction).\n"
9780814726846 - page_359: "START TEXT: 64. See Cohen, supra note 1, at 171–77, 211. Sachar writes: “In 1962 alone, a group of Southern and " ******* END TEXT: "illiams, supra note 1, at 847–48 (commenting on the Smith Court’s emphasis on governmental intent).\n"
9780814726846 - page_360: "START TEXT: 82. 494 U.S. at 890; see id. at 883.\n83. Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, Pub. L. 103–141," ******* END TEXT: "n Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578 (1987).\n95. See Lynch, 465 U.S. at 683–85.\n96. O’Connor wrote:\n"
9780814726846 - page_361: "START TEXT: The Establishment Clause prohibits government from making adherence to a religion relevant in any wa" ******* END TEXT: "vernment is endorsing or promoting religion.\nWeisman, 112 S.Ct. at 2664 (Blackmun, J., concurring).\n"
9780814726846 - page_362: "START TEXT: 114. Id. at 2683 (Scalia, J., dissenting).\n115. Id. at 2658; see id. at 2659 (discussing peer pressu" ******* END TEXT: "y opinion (Justice Scalia) and another member of the majority (Justice Kennedy) are Roman Catholic.\n"
9780814726846 - page_363: "START TEXT: 136. For example, the Court wrote:\nAssuming, as we must, that the prayers were offensive to the stud" ******* END TEXT: "right not to work on whatever day they designate as their Sabbath.” Id. at 708–09 (emphasis added).\n"
9780814726846 - page_364: "START TEXT: 169. Morris N. Kertzer, What Is a Jew? 151 (1953) (emphasis in the original); see Rosenberg, supra n" ******* END TEXT: "Modernism and Postmodernism, in Postmodernism and Society 46 (Roy Boyne & Ali Rattansi eds., 1990).\n"
9780814726846 - page_365: "START TEXT: 3. Fraser, supra note 1, at 26; see Stephen M. Feldman, Diagnosing Power: Postmodernism in Legal Sch" ******* END TEXT: "nce inherent in legal discourse: direct violence triggered by legal rhetoric and the destruction of "
9780814726846 - page_366: "START TEXT: meaning. See Adam Thurschwell, Reading the Law, in The Rhetoric of Law 275 (Austin Sarat & Thomas R." ******* END TEXT: " prevail—though never totally—in defining and constituting what counts as the public transcript and "
9780814726846 - page_367: "START TEXT: what as offstage is . . . no small measure of their power. The unremitting struggle over such bounda" ******* END TEXT: ".Ct. 2440, 2444–45, 2449 (1995) (emphasis added); see id. at 2447–49.\n29. 494 U.S. 872, 890 (1990).\n"
9780814726846 - page_368: "START TEXT: 30. In O’Connor’s Pinette concurrence, she at least recognizes the possibility of majority dominatio" ******* END TEXT: "dell, supra note 38, at 17–18, 39, 41, 46–47 (emphasizing that social roles or “positions” change).\n"
9780814726846 - page_369: "START TEXT: 40. See Sawicki, supra note 1, at 63; see also Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice (1982) (on the p" ******* END TEXT: "elief that American Jews are more loyal to Israel than to the United States].” Renae Cohen, What We "
9780814726846 - page_370: "START TEXT: Know, What We Don’t Know About Antisemitism: A Research Perspective, in Chanes, supra note 4, at 59," ******* END TEXT: "About Social Change? (1991) (the Supreme Court generally does not cause significant social change).\n"
9780814726846 - page_371: "START TEXT: 60. Peter Applebome, Prayer in Public Schools? It’s Nothing New for Many, New York Times, Nov. 22, 1" ******* END TEXT: "s, 22 Law & Soc’y Rev. 629, 629 (1988) (in Symposium on Law and Ideology).\n66. 494 U.S. 872 (1990).\n"
9780814726846 - page_372: "START TEXT: 67. Cf. Charles Lawrence, The Id, the Ego, and Equal Protection: Reckoning with Unconscious Racism, " ******* END TEXT: "for a Constitutional Principle of Religious Freedom 114–15 (1995).\n79. 114 S.Ct. 2481, 2485 (1994).\n"
9780814726846 - page_373: "START TEXT: 80. Aguilar v. Felton, 473 U.S. 402 (1985), and School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball, 473 U.S. 373 (" ******* END TEXT: "f self-interest. Individual motivations are much more complex. See Stephen M. Feldman, Whose Common "
9780814726846 - page_374: "START TEXT: Good? Racism in the Political Community, 80 Geo. L.J. 1835 (1992) (contrasting self-interest with ot" ******* END TEXT: "enthal, In a Speech, President Returns to Religious Themes, New York Times, Jan. 28, 1992, at A17).\n"
9780814726846 - page_375: "START TEXT: 112. Barghout v. Bureau of Kosher Meats and Food Control, 66 F.3d 1337 (4th Cir. 1995) (mislabeling " ******* END TEXT: "40 (criticizing the urge in traditional legal scholarship to provide a normative recommendation).\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Preface\nMany people have helped me in different ways during the writing of this book. I thank the nu" ******* END TEXT: "wonderful, loving, and supportive.\nAn earlier version of chapter 10 appeared in the Iowa Law Review."
9780814726846 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814726846 - page_iii: "START TEXT: PLEASE DON’TWISH MEA MERRY CHRISTMAS\nA Critical Historyof the Separationof Church and State\nStephen " ******* END TEXT: "SH MEA MERRY CHRISTMAS\nA Critical Historyof the Separationof Church and State\nStephen M. Feldman\n\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nI am grateful to numerous faculty members, students, and staff at the Georgetown Uni" ******* END TEXT: " Joe, and Becky, who know that the most valuable seminars are the ones we hold at the dinner table.\n"
9780814730911 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_233: "START TEXT: Bibliography\nAdair, Douglass, “That Politics May Be Reduced to a Science”: David Hume, James Madison" ******* END TEXT: ", SALVIO A., THE LIFE OF BENJAMIN BANNEKER (1972).\nBENDINI, SALVIO A., THINKERS AND TINKERS (1975).\n"
9780814730911 - page_234: "START TEXT: Berger, Peter L., Religion in a Revolutionary Society, in AMERICA’S CONTINUING REVOLUTION (1975).\nBE" ******* END TEXT: "nan, Allen E., The Limits of Proxy Decisionmaking for Incompetents, 29 U.C.L.A. L. REV. 386 (1981).\n"
9780814730911 - page_235: "START TEXT: Bue, Nancy L., Comment, in LAW AND SCIENCE IN COLLABORATION (J. Daniel Nyhart & Milton M. Carrow, ed" ******* END TEXT: "e Influence of Science on American Ideas: From 1775 to 1809, 35 TRANSACTIONS WIS. ACAD. 312 (1943).\n"
9780814730911 - page_236: "START TEXT: Clark, Harry H., To Promote the Progress of … Useful Arts, 43 N.Y.U. L. REV. 88 (1968).\nCLEAVELAND, " ******* END TEXT: ").\nDennett, Daniel C., Introduction to THE MIND’S I (D. R. Hofstadter & D. C. Dennett, eds., 1981).\n"
9780814730911 - page_237: "START TEXT: DE TOCQUEVILLE, ALEXIS, DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA (New York, Sever & Francis, 1862) (1841).\nDickson, John" ******* END TEXT: "1929).\nFeinberg, Lawrence, Colleges Bypass Agencies to Get Federal Funds, WASH. POST, June 5, 1984.\n"
9780814730911 - page_238: "START TEXT: Fenning, Karl, The Origin of the Patent and Copyright Clause of the Constitution, 17 GEO. L. J. 109 " ******* END TEXT: "z, Stanton A. & Albers, N. V., Department of Defense R&D in the University, 186 SCIENCE 706 (1974).\n"
9780814730911 - page_239: "START TEXT: Goldberg, Steven, The Central Dogmas of Law and Science, 36 J. LEGAL EDUC. 37 (1986).\nGoldberg, Stev" ******* END TEXT: "E INDIVIDUAL (expanded ed. 1975).\nHartt, Rollin L., What Lies Beyond Dayton, NATION, July 22, 1925.\n"
9780814730911 - page_240: "START TEXT: Hawkes, Nigel, Darwin Theory “Only Way to Explain Richness of the Brain,” TIMES [London], Sept. 8, 1" ******* END TEXT: "ITERS AND THE COURTS (1954).\nJAFFEE, LOUIS L. & NATHANSON, NATHANIEL L., ADMINISTRATIVE LAW (1976).\n"
9780814730911 - page_241: "START TEXT: Jaroff, Leon, Happy Birthday, Double Helix: Forty Years After Their Discovery of DNA’s Secret, Watso" ******* END TEXT: "., Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice, in THOMAS S. KUHN: THE ESSENTIAL TENSION (1977).\n"
9780814730911 - page_242: "START TEXT: KUHN, THOMAS S., THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS (1962).\nKwok, Abraham & Manson, Pamela, Nuc" ******* END TEXT: "ad Not Taken?, 55 FOREIGN AFF. 55 (1976).\nLucas, John R., The Godelian Argument, 2 TRUTH 64 (1988).\n"
9780814730911 - page_243: "START TEXT: LUGER, GEORGE F. & SUBBLEFIELD, WILLIAM A., ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: STRUCTURES AND STRATEGIES FOR C" ******* END TEXT: "Robert K., Science and the Social Order, in THE SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE (Norman W. Storer, ed., 1973).\n"
9780814730911 - page_244: "START TEXT: MERTON, ROBERT K., SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY IN SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ENGLAND (1970).\nMiller, Ho" ******* END TEXT: " L. REV. 767 (1978).\nNote, Sexual Freedom for Consenting Adults: Why Notf, 2 PAC. L. J. 206 (1971).\n"
9780814730911 - page_245: "START TEXT: Note, Sodomy Statutes: A Need for Change, 13 S.D. L. REV. 384 (1968).\nNotes and Questions on Medical" ******* END TEXT: "tific Establishment, 31 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 713 (1963).\nPRICE, DON K., THE SCIENTIFIC ESTATE (1965).\n"
9780814730911 - page_246: "START TEXT: PRINCE, THOMAS, EARTHQUAKES THE WORKS OF GOD AND TOKENS OF HIS JUST DISPLEASURE (Boston, D. Fowle & " ******* END TEXT: " 33 (1992).\nSchachter, Esther, Intellectual Property Takes Center Stage, 63 ELECTRONICS 108 (1990).\n"
9780814730911 - page_247: "START TEXT: Schlag, Pierre, Missing Pieces: A Cognitive Approach to Law, 67 TEX. L. REV. 1248 (1989).\nSchuck, Pe" ******* END TEXT: "Assimilation, Indoctrination, and the Paradox of a Liberal Education, 106 HARV. L. REV. 581 (1993).\n"
9780814730911 - page_248: "START TEXT: Stone, Christopher, Should Trees Have Standing? Revisited: How Far Will Law And Morals Reach? A Plur" ******* END TEXT: "WANTS, PUBLIC MEANS (1970).\nTuring, Alan, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, 59 MIND 236 (1950).\n"
9780814730911 - page_249: "START TEXT: TWEETEN, LUTHER G., FOUNDATIONS OF FARM POLICY (1970).\nUPDIKE, JOHN, RABBIT AT REST (1990).\nVARGA, A" ******* END TEXT: "ch, Daniel, Science and the Public Process: Why the Gap Must Close, 1 ISSUES SCI. & TECH. 6 (1984).\n"
9780814730911 - page_250: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_1: "START TEXT: ONEIntroduction\nAmerica’s relationship with science is paradoxical. On the one hand, we proudly supp" ******* END TEXT: " what measures could alleviate the current gap between promise and performance in American science.\n"
9780814730911 - page_2: "START TEXT: The book begins, in this chapter and the next, by looking at the dominant position of law and scienc" ******* END TEXT: "t of suggestions for strengthening the role of science counselors without imperiling pure research.\n"
9780814730911 - page_3: "START TEXT: Underlying our entire treatment is the reality that science and law are central features of the Amer" ******* END TEXT: " fragmentation of the American literary intelligentsia makes even this concern virtually impossible "
9780814730911 - page_4: "START TEXT: to satisfy. Poll any ten recent graduates from ten American colleges. If there are two serious liter" ******* END TEXT: "sues, even though those issues often involve technical factors. When a new power plant is proposed, "
9780814730911 - page_5: "START TEXT: citizens with different incomes, backgrounds, and places of residence can all adduce sophisticated a" ******* END TEXT: "h. Under the circumstances, we begin by looking at the ways of thought of lawyers and scientists.\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_10: "START TEXT: Kuhn has argued that a theory will be judged in part by whether it is fruitful in the sense of setti" ******* END TEXT: "iry. The scientific community will never persuade everyone that its approach is a sure route to any "
9780814730911 - page_11: "START TEXT: ultimate reality. Skeptics, from the ancient Greeks to the present, have asked whether science tells" ******* END TEXT: "ly supposes. The link between basic science and technology is often uncertain and indirect, and the "
9780814730911 - page_12: "START TEXT: technology that results is sometimes, from the scientists’ point of view, undesirable.\nThe uncertain" ******* END TEXT: "entists would oppose some of those uses, such as new weaponry, that society chooses. Thus, although "
9780814730911 - page_13: "START TEXT: scientists might defend their work on the ground that new discoveries are inevitable and there is no" ******* END TEXT: "der creates a substantive rule. But society has other rules and goals as well. The legal system and "
9780814730911 - page_14: "START TEXT: the legal profession are primarily concerned with accommodating the numerous social goals applicable" ******* END TEXT: "des, particular disputes must be resolved more quickly. The law does not have the luxury of waiting "
9780814730911 - page_15: "START TEXT: for all the relevant evidence to come in, because with public policy delay is a decision. While we w" ******* END TEXT: "right or wrong in scientific terms, are successful or unsuccessful depending on the extent to which "
9780814730911 - page_16: "START TEXT: they effectively draw on commonly held values to persuade the interested segments of the population." ******* END TEXT: "finders” wise in the ways of fingerprint analysis, eyewitness testimony, and the like. We would not "
9780814730911 - page_17: "START TEXT: expect to see what we presently have—a lay jury utterly inexperienced in the narrow task of factfind" ******* END TEXT: "legal principles are coupled with disputed facts. Under many statutes, for example, judgments on an "
9780814730911 - page_18: "START TEXT: appropriate level of environmental safety involve a variety of factors, including cost, emission lev" ******* END TEXT: "ity,” but at least it can earn “acquiescence” if the contending parties are given “a fair hearing.”\n"
9780814730911 - page_19: "START TEXT: Under the circumstances it is not surprising that a lawyer’s work rarely shows outward signs of bril" ******* END TEXT: "ance, or for the appearance of an abstract consistency, to bring about obviously unjust results.”34\n"
9780814730911 - page_20: "START TEXT: Now, of course, this depiction of scientists and lawyers as champions of progress and process is the" ******* END TEXT: "lly accepted in the scientific community” test that the lower courts had used, and, if so, what the "
9780814730911 - page_21: "START TEXT: new test should be for the admission of expert scientific testimony.36 But the case attracted consid" ******* END TEXT: "ether in a research laboratory or in a courtroom, is profoundly inimical to the search for truth.40\n"
9780814730911 - page_22: "START TEXT: The Supreme Court ultimately ruled that the old “generally accepted in the scientific community” tes" ******* END TEXT: "haustive search for cosmic understanding but for the particularized resolution of legal disputes.46\n"
9780814730911 - page_23: "START TEXT: In the end, all of the scientists in the Daubert case were preaching on behalf of scientific progres" ******* END TEXT: "eviously are based on the institution of pure science. Pure scientists pursue knowledge wherever it "
9780814730911 - page_24: "START TEXT: leads and for its own sake. Their work may, as we have seen, lead to practical applications, but tho" ******* END TEXT: "ations of science, I will be moving away from pure science and mission-oriented research and toward "
9780814730911 - page_25: "START TEXT: the production of new products for the marketplace. Here the emphasis will be on such developments a" ******* END TEXT: "As with much of American law the starting place is our fundamental charter—the U.S. Constitution.\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_6: "START TEXT: TWOLawyers and Scientists\nFor many years I have begun my law and science seminar by asking the stude" ******* END TEXT: "mething of an embarrassment to his admirers. Thus the biographer Edward Andrade, who regards Newton "
9780814730911 - page_7: "START TEXT: as “one of the greatest names in the history of human thought,” says of Newton’s Chronology of the A" ******* END TEXT: " eventually be accepted by other scientists. Thus, a side effect of this emphasis on progress is an "
9780814730911 - page_8: "START TEXT: emphasis on priority—the one who first makes a discovery is the one to be rewarded. The result is a " ******* END TEXT: "ext, not just the conclusions of an economist, but even the laboratory results of a scientist.7 But "
9780814730911 - page_9: "START TEXT: even from this perspective, science ends up appearing a good deal more progress oriented than other " ******* END TEXT: "introduces a “nagging subjectivity” into the decision as to what counts in favor of a hypothesis.14 "
9780814730911 - page_26: "START TEXT: THREEThe Constitutional Status of Basic Research\nBecause the U.S. Constitution says little about sci" ******* END TEXT: "tions of the heavenly bodies. Regarded by his fellow Americans as a scientist of the first rank, he "
9780814730911 - page_27: "START TEXT: was a member of Pennsylvania’s general assembly and of that state’s constitutional convention. He al" ******* END TEXT: "ws of motion, namely—‘that reaction must always be equal and contrary to action’ or there can never "
9780814730911 - page_28: "START TEXT: be any rest.”15 But the building of a clockwork constitution accounts for only half of the science-g" ******* END TEXT: "ss to the inhabitants of Quebec that described freedom of the press as important in part because it "
9780814730911 - page_29: "START TEXT: advanced “truth, science, morality, and arts in general.”22 Limiting free speech and press to narrow" ******* END TEXT: "in Miller that the “First Amendment protects works, which taken as whole, have serious … scientific "
9780814730911 - page_30: "START TEXT: value.”31 Indeed, in his opinion for the Court in Miller, Chief Justice Burger’s sole illustration o" ******* END TEXT: "ly known scientific truths cannot be suppressed merely on the ground that they can be used to build "
9780814730911 - page_31: "START TEXT: weapons. As the Supreme Court has stated, a state may not “prohibit possession of chemistry books on" ******* END TEXT: " create a federal university, although such a university was never created.50 The power to regulate "
9780814730911 - page_32: "START TEXT: commerce helped justify activities such as research on the causes of steamboat boiler explosions,51 " ******* END TEXT: " to health to nuclear physics.62\nThe only constitutional provision that arguably poses a barrier to "
9780814730911 - page_33: "START TEXT: the military-science relationship relates to the congressional power over military appropriations. A" ******* END TEXT: "ion of physical constants and the properties of material, when such data are of great importance to "
9780814730911 - page_34: "START TEXT: scientific or manufacturing interests.”74 Creation of the bureau was a major event for America’s phy" ******* END TEXT: "ess.84 Congress and the courts have been reasonably consistent in adhering to this limitation. Thus "
9780814730911 - page_35: "START TEXT: patents are not available for obvious developments, however valuable.85 Nor are they available for n" ******* END TEXT: "dison.90 But spending for science has been seductive throughout American history: there is evidence "
9780814730911 - page_36: "START TEXT: that even Madison took a broad view of congressional power when science was involved.\nWhen John Chur" ******* END TEXT: "lopments, federal scientific research in agriculture increased throughout the nineteenth century.99\n"
9780814730911 - page_37: "START TEXT: When the Supreme Court, in 1936, first delineated the scope of the federal spending power, it confir" ******* END TEXT: " to federal spending levels since the Civil War demonstrates that the federal commitment to science "
9780814730911 - page_38: "START TEXT: did not begin with the Manhattan Project. In 1884, when laissez-faire and states’ right philosophies" ******* END TEXT: "ican society.122 But the mainstream view throughout American politics is very much to the contrary.\n"
9780814730911 - page_39: "START TEXT: Thus the overall constitutional status of science is favorable indeed. On the one hand, scientists a" ******* END TEXT: "tween government and science. Questions are raised about whether the right scientists are receiving "
9780814730911 - page_40: "START TEXT: funding, but science in this country long ago crossed the bridge that the arts confront only in the " ******* END TEXT: "raises important First Amendment problems, even when the amount of money involved is small compared "
9780814730911 - page_41: "START TEXT: with the amounts spent on science. Thus, in Buckley two Supreme Court justices believed that federal" ******* END TEXT: "tice of his intent to publish preliminary findings. If the officer objected to publication, further "
9780814730911 - page_42: "START TEXT: review by the government was available. But ultimately the doctor would have to go to court if the g" ******* END TEXT: "e, that it was troubling to have a “non-scientist contracting officer” tell “Stanford University, a "
9780814730911 - page_43: "START TEXT: premier academic institution, engaged in significant scientific and medical research” what constitut" ******* END TEXT: "e must turn to the statutory controls on scientific research to understand that crucial question.\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_44: "START TEXT: FOURThe Statutory Framework for Basic Research\nAs we have seen, Congress possesses the constitutiona" ******* END TEXT: "es and the outside consultants they retain to evaluate grant and contract applications. The classic "
9780814730911 - page_45: "START TEXT: method used is a competitive peer review system in which experts evaluate and compare funding reques" ******* END TEXT: "s justify this practice by saying they want to spread out research money so that it does not all go "
9780814730911 - page_46: "START TEXT: to the same elite institutions, the notion being that good science takes place in many places. In pr" ******* END TEXT: "his approach nonelected officials are making key government decisions, an approach the Constitution "
9780814730911 - page_47: "START TEXT: does not appear to envision. But this sort of broad delegation of congressional power to administrat" ******* END TEXT: "dly surprising that today science policy of all types is made initially in the federal bureaucracy.\n"
9780814730911 - page_48: "START TEXT: The Absence of a Department of Science\nAs a consequence of this approach there is no unified federal" ******* END TEXT: "e National Aeronautics and Space Administration) for contracts, stems more from historical practice "
9780814730911 - page_49: "START TEXT: than from any substantive difference in the kind of work done.23 The central fact is that, whether t" ******* END TEXT: "have come up through the ranks.26\nWhen Congress considers science spending it faces similar limits. "
9780814730911 - page_50: "START TEXT: Because there is no single Department of Science, there is no single science budget. The various age" ******* END TEXT: " goal of scientific progress is supported, albeit for other reasons, by political and media forces. "
9780814730911 - page_51: "START TEXT: Indeed, scientists themselves are sometimes more cautious about whether a result is a “breakthrough”" ******* END TEXT: "desegregation plan in a local school district, indeed, a single proposed change in postal rates can "
9780814730911 - page_52: "START TEXT: provoke political and legal frenzies that can make an entire science program seem like a backwater.\n" ******* END TEXT: "ably involves a type of picking and choosing that would cause problems elsewhere. We simply are not "
9780814730911 - page_53: "START TEXT: willing to fund all individuals who call themselves scientists—judgments on the merits must be made." ******* END TEXT: " awards for wasteful government spending often went to relatively inexpensive science projects. For "
9780814730911 - page_54: "START TEXT: example, in “honoring” a study of aggression in primates, Proxmire focused on the scientist’s intere" ******* END TEXT: "ally to justify the results they reach. To enforce these rules, an agency decision is almost always "
9780814730911 - page_55: "START TEXT: reviewable in court. Whereas the availability and nature of judicial review is set forth in broad te" ******* END TEXT: "eutral on the merits of the agency decisions before them. Being human, they are more likely to look "
9780814730911 - page_56: "START TEXT: closely at a decision they would have made differently. But those instincts are limited by their pro" ******* END TEXT: "ers, some utilize more than one layer of review, in some a favorable peer review makes the award of "
9780814730911 - page_57: "START TEXT: the grant almost certain, whereas in others additional factors, such as conformance with an immediat" ******* END TEXT: "n (VA) a $20,000 grant for research into development of a plastic artificial heart. Before he could "
9780814730911 - page_58: "START TEXT: use the grant he was called to military service. When he returned in 1962, the VA refused to restore" ******* END TEXT: "e a court should review.\nIf slander does not give rise to a cause of action, perhaps discrimination "
9780814730911 - page_59: "START TEXT: does. That, at least, may have been the thinking of Dr. Julia Apter who, in 1972, challenged the den" ******* END TEXT: "ich he claimed could impede the spread of existing cancer. The agency believed, among other things, "
9780814730911 - page_60: "START TEXT: that the lack of detail in Grassetti’s application was “indicative of a lack of appreciation … for b" ******* END TEXT: "f the court’s statement: because Congress left it up to the agency, the court should leave it up to "
9780814730911 - page_61: "START TEXT: the agency. Thus, there can be no doubt about where the power has been delegated. Continuing in the " ******* END TEXT: "the United States or to the courts.75 In practice, if the protest is based on the argument that the "
9780814730911 - page_62: "START TEXT: agency wrongly evaluated the technical merits of a proposal, the chances of reversal are low.76\nThe " ******* END TEXT: "r projects were funded because of a personal vendetta against you, you would expect a court to make "
9780814730911 - page_63: "START TEXT: the NIH explain itself. You do not want the judges to be scientists, but only to assure that scienti" ******* END TEXT: "roblems and because he had difficulties holding objects in his right hand.79 The government, citing "
9780814730911 - page_64: "START TEXT: conflicting testimony from doctors and an ambiguous report from a vocational expert, denied benefits" ******* END TEXT: "e, but all have agreed that it applies only to a very narrow area of decisions. Simply as a logical "
9780814730911 - page_65: "START TEXT: matter, the fact that an agency is exercising discretion is hardly grounds for judicial abdication. " ******* END TEXT: "gate and then dismiss him if he could not prove that he had “exhausted administrative remedies” and "
9780814730911 - page_66: "START TEXT: then admit him again only to raise the problem of “mootness,” and so on.\nBut the labyrinthian ways o" ******* END TEXT: "o challenge science funding decisions. Disappointed applicants who bring suit may be reducing their "
9780814730911 - page_67: "START TEXT: chances for getting funding in the future. Few people want to be seen as marginal troublemakers when" ******* END TEXT: "ve law provides no workable way to challenge decisions of the science community. Thus the favorable "
9780814730911 - page_68: "START TEXT: statutory status of science meshes perfectly with its favorable constitutional status. The scientifi" ******* END TEXT: "all, one of science’s traditional rivals—religion—is also outflanked in American law and culture.\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_69: "START TEXT: FIVEScience versus Religion in American Law\nThe power of organized religion has waxed and waned dram" ******* END TEXT: "s repressed by scientific progress as it was in the Old. On the contrary, there emerged an American "
9780814730911 - page_70: "START TEXT: symbiosis of rationalism and Christianity, technological progress and moral challenge.… Franklin, Je" ******* END TEXT: "s well as federal government.10\nA religion-science skirmish in colonial America gives us a taste of "
9780814730911 - page_71: "START TEXT: the Enlightenment views that characterized Jefferson and Madison’s approach to nonestablishment.11 A" ******* END TEXT: "Dominican licensers thought.”23\nThus the Jeffersonian wall between church and state was designed in "
9780814730911 - page_72: "START TEXT: part to protect American Galileos. In this respect, the free exercise and establishment clauses are " ******* END TEXT: " advanced animal forms. In fact, Darwinism proved a support to the acceptance of Western science.29\n"
9780814730911 - page_73: "START TEXT: But when Darwin’s theories emerged in nineteenth-century America they presented an enormous shock to" ******* END TEXT: "it simply said that the judgment against Scopes had to be reversed because a judge, not a jury, had "
9780814730911 - page_74: "START TEXT: imposed the fine.37 The Court then went on to note that “the peace and dignity of the state” would b" ******* END TEXT: ", the teaching of a scientific theory or doctrine where that prohibition is based upon reasons that "
9780814730911 - page_75: "START TEXT: violate the First Amendment.”48 The Arkansas statute’s improper purpose was not to aid religion, but" ******* END TEXT: "at its very existence is an extraordinary demonstration of the role of science in American society. "
9780814730911 - page_76: "START TEXT: The notion that a religious account of reality depends upon scientific verification would come as a " ******* END TEXT: "ourt struck down the Louisiana law as an establishment of religion because they looked, as they had "
9780814730911 - page_77: "START TEXT: in Epperson, to the state’s purpose and found an improper religious infringement on science:\nIn this" ******* END TEXT: "th70 a three-judge federal court upheld Virginia’s right to prohibit private, consensual homosexual "
9780814730911 - page_78: "START TEXT: acts between adults. The court found that “the longevity of the Virginia Statute does testify to the" ******* END TEXT: "nt to note the reason. I would be distressed because I think it bad science—no more and no less.”76\n"
9780814730911 - page_79: "START TEXT: Finally, perhaps the sharpest blow to traditional religion in this area came when some Tennessee par" ******* END TEXT: "utherans, and Episcopalians—are in decline.82 Moreover, the content of these traditional religions, "
9780814730911 - page_80: "START TEXT: as well as others, has become increasingly secularized.83 Religions have sought to soften their dist" ******* END TEXT: "ce of animal sacrifice.90 The Court noted the ordinance had been supported by many Cuban immigrants "
9780814730911 - page_81: "START TEXT: who were familiar with Santeria from their native country, and who applauded the fact that, in Cuba," ******* END TEXT: "ment, progress embraced the idea of improvement throughout human affairs. In this century, however, "
9780814730911 - page_82: "START TEXT: world wars, totalitarian regimes, and the growth of relativistic philosophies have undermined that f" ******* END TEXT: "of those theories is perfectly appropriate and understandable—it would be odd indeed if science did "
9780814730911 - page_83: "START TEXT: not influence our thinking on nonscientific issues. But matters of morality, in the end, are not sub" ******* END TEXT: "to applying science to the real world through technology, the tables are turned with a vengeance.\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_100: "START TEXT: patentable? To a nonlawyer that might seem like a yes or no question. But it turns out to be a good " ******* END TEXT: "based on those variables; and (3) replace the old alarm limit with the updated value. The algorithm "
9780814730911 - page_101: "START TEXT: Flook devised for step 2 was designed to be used by a computer—it was, in effect, a computer program" ******* END TEXT: " in the rubber curing case, did not overrule the Flook case even though he had dissented there. The "
9780814730911 - page_102: "START TEXT: difference in the two cases, in terms of the attitudes of particular Justices, was that Justices Whi" ******* END TEXT: " well as its internal codes.47 Here, as with patents, uncertainty has bred litigation and delays.48\n"
9780814730911 - page_103: "START TEXT: Thus although the computer industry has moved fast, it has been slowed by legal disputes over intell" ******* END TEXT: "hing can remove the pinch of regulation entirely. Any new product alters rights in ways that create "
9780814730911 - page_104: "START TEXT: disputes, but the most wasteful outcomes can often be avoided. Scientific research need not produce " ******* END TEXT: "in building the atomic bomb.53\nThe visible scientists, so prominent on television and in other mass "
9780814730911 - page_105: "START TEXT: media today, tend to be senior figures in their fields, including Nobel laureates. They have often a" ******* END TEXT: "ience became known as cancer research. The science counselor is going a step beyond the traditional "
9780814730911 - page_106: "START TEXT: science manager who says “fund my lab—it will pay off.” Science counselors tell their lab not to fol" ******* END TEXT: " agnosticism. There must be progress if science is to be worthwhile. But the science counselor also "
9780814730911 - page_107: "START TEXT: rejects the traditional scientist’s notion of progress as simply the expansion of knowledge. For the" ******* END TEXT: "anizations, such as the congressional Office of Technology Assessment, typically have only advisory "
9780814730911 - page_108: "START TEXT: powers. They do valuable studies and aid public debate, but the vital public decisions are made else" ******* END TEXT: "uctivity are considerable. At present when electricity is transmitted, as much as 20 percent of the "
9780814730911 - page_109: "START TEXT: energy is lost in the form of heat generated by resistance in the wire. A superconductivity cable co" ******* END TEXT: "r example, are other possible components in commercial superconductors, and both are quite toxic.65\n"
9780814730911 - page_110: "START TEXT: So unless something changes, the regulatory gap will take its toll once again. Some scientists do no" ******* END TEXT: "ry. This is best done if the three institutions, university, industry and government, work together "
9780814730911 - page_111: "START TEXT: to develop goals and to jointly support them, manage them, and review them for progress.71\nSaying th" ******* END TEXT: "advances are shaping our values even as their practical consequences remain surprisingly distant.\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_84: "START TEXT: SIXLegal Restrictions on New Technology: The Regulatory Gap and the Emergence of the Science Counsel" ******* END TEXT: "en read so broadly that almost any form of technology is subject to regulation if Congress wishes.1\n"
9780814730911 - page_85: "START TEXT: The courts have read the commerce clause broadly because they have come to believe that in a modern " ******* END TEXT: "for the general welfare. But the power to fund includes the power to place lawful conditions on the "
9780814730911 - page_86: "START TEXT: receipt of funds, at least where the conditions are related to the funding.3 Thus, for example, when" ******* END TEXT: "w the government to practice censorship in the name of public safety. This is why the Supreme Court "
9780814730911 - page_87: "START TEXT: ruled, for example, that flag burning could not constitutionally be punished—the punishment was for " ******* END TEXT: "nology—such as the Environmental Protection Agency, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and the Food "
9780814730911 - page_88: "START TEXT: and Drug Administration—have the power to issue rules, which have the force and effect of law, and t" ******* END TEXT: " the same number of employees as the National Science Foundation, but the commission employs over a "
9780814730911 - page_89: "START TEXT: hundred attorneys, whereas the foundation employs fewer than fifteen.16 Within the regulatory agenci" ******* END TEXT: "ruit of research and technological success may lead to more research funding. But the validity of a "
9780814730911 - page_90: "START TEXT: regulatory policy is not a scientific question. Regulatory issues concern, in the end, value questio" ******* END TEXT: "cial review of agency action. When we looked at science spending, we were able to canvass virtually "
9780814730911 - page_91: "START TEXT: every judicial opinion handed down. There were, after all, only a handful of cases and every one uph" ******* END TEXT: ", will remand the case to the agency to enable the agency to change its mind or to provide a better "
9780814730911 - page_92: "START TEXT: justification for its first decision. Thus, the court is not directly resolving the matter. But in s" ******* END TEXT: "ouse…. And though both industry and its critics grumble about the burdens of litigation, especially "
9780814730911 - page_93: "START TEXT: when a decision goes against them, one suspects that each finds court appeals of regulatory decision" ******* END TEXT: "resistance. Nuclear energy provides an example. But the problem can arise in the other direction as "
9780814730911 - page_94: "START TEXT: well, when something viewed by the science community as pseudoscience (such as laetrile) gains publi" ******* END TEXT: "ward progress and technology. As we saw in our discussion of religion in American life, the unified "
9780814730911 - page_95: "START TEXT: Enlightenment ideal of progress has fragmented. Whereas science still appears to make progress, the " ******* END TEXT: "oduction never makes it on-line.\nOr consider zoning law. Zoning decisions, although they may affect "
9780814730911 - page_96: "START TEXT: the quality of life of many citizens, rarely have the broad, dramatic impact of, for example, a deve" ******* END TEXT: "entral power plants. State and federal regulation tightened in response to these public concerns.30\n"
9780814730911 - page_97: "START TEXT: The nuclear industry did not lose every courtroom or legislative battle, but at times it must have s" ******* END TEXT: "it is the proponents of a new technology, often supported by the dominant scientific community, who "
9780814730911 - page_98: "START TEXT: themselves face an endless course of regulatory obstacles, where surmounting one leads only to anoth" ******* END TEXT: "ally superior in social terms, were slighted.38 The breeder thus fell victim to the regulatory gap.\n"
9780814730911 - page_99: "START TEXT: Computers and Regulation\nIf nuclear energy is the most dramatic example of the regulatory gap it is " ******* END TEXT: "onopoly is good even against others who later come up with the same idea. Can a computer program be "
9780814730911 - page_112: "START TEXT: SEVENThe Human Genome Initiative and Human Responsibility\nThe Human Genome Initiative is a massive g" ******* END TEXT: "he bred tall and short, the offspring were all tall. But when these mixed ancestry tall plants were "
9780814730911 - page_113: "START TEXT: crossed, 75 percent of their offspring were tall and 25 percent were short. From these and similar r" ******* END TEXT: "would last exactly one generation. Yet Darwin, unaware of Mendel’s research, wrote that “[t]he laws "
9780814730911 - page_114: "START TEXT: governing inheritance are for the most part unknown. No one can say … why the child often reverts in" ******* END TEXT: "he Government, the right to be let alone—the most comprehensive of rights and the right most valued "
9780814730911 - page_115: "START TEXT: by civilized men.”5 Thus we associate Brandeis with “the right to be let alone.”\nCareful scholars ha" ******* END TEXT: "n. The mystery was solved by the 1953 publication of James Watson and Francis Crick’s paper setting "
9780814730911 - page_116: "START TEXT: forth the double helical structure of DNA. A rapid series of later discoveries filled in the precise" ******* END TEXT: " terms of their DNA. Criminals often leave behind hair follicles, blood stains, or other substances "
9780814730911 - page_117: "START TEXT: from which DNA can be extracted. A suspect’s DNA can then be compared with the crime scene evidence " ******* END TEXT: " genes. The DNA is a two-stranded chemical polymer with each strand composed of four nucleotides: A "
9780814730911 - page_118: "START TEXT: (adenine), G (guanine), C (cytosine), and T (thymine). DNA, as Watson and Crick found, is a double h" ******* END TEXT: "g, and that truth holds true here.\nThe political history of the Human Genome Initiative reveals the "
9780814730911 - page_119: "START TEXT: strengths and weaknesses of our decentralized approach to government science.21 As early as the 1970" ******* END TEXT: "e scientists who took the trouble to learn about the policy process and to interact with it—clearly "
9780814730911 - page_120: "START TEXT: had enormous influence. Watson was preeminent among these, but Hood, Gilbert, Bodmer, Baltimore, Ber" ******* END TEXT: " finished without unreasonable expense. Moreover, disparate funding sources provide some protection "
9780814730911 - page_121: "START TEXT: against sudden reductions in government support. Thus the Congressional Office of Technology Assessm" ******* END TEXT: "eth century has seen the growth of activities (such as the Manhattan Project and the space program) "
9780814730911 - page_122: "START TEXT: that involve hundreds, even thousands, of people and vast sums of money. The classic description and" ******* END TEXT: "fs will be slower in coming and more piecemeal than it appears when the basic research is underway, "
9780814730911 - page_123: "START TEXT: because it is here that the regulatory gap inevitably comes in. When science leads to technology—whe" ******* END TEXT: "lear experience was relevant. It pointed up the inevitable social consequences when science becomes "
9780814730911 - page_124: "START TEXT: technology and it dramatized the ways in which those consequences could be negative. Moreover, the d" ******* END TEXT: ", Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease). These discoveries "
9780814730911 - page_125: "START TEXT: are generally accompanied by the statement that genetic engineering may someday lead to therapies, e" ******* END TEXT: "y, where cells are removed from patient, the desired gene is inserted, and the gene-corrected cells "
9780814730911 - page_126: "START TEXT: are returned to the patient. This procedure is too dependent on specialized technologies, is too exp" ******* END TEXT: "o know.45 In general, with a variety of genetic ailments, researchers have found that revealing the "
9780814730911 - page_127: "START TEXT: existence of the ailment can cause anxiety, depression, and a feeling that one has been stigmatized." ******* END TEXT: "ion as our legal culture slowly works out an accommodation between privacy and efficiency concerns.\n"
9780814730911 - page_128: "START TEXT: Determinism and Human Values\nYet the Human Genome Initiative already has had an impact on our societ" ******* END TEXT: "play a role in countless cases.52 This is all the more true with personality traits, not to mention "
9780814730911 - page_129: "START TEXT: complex ideas like “intelligence.” One group of scientists and policymakers concluded that “[t]he nu" ******* END TEXT: "ns, and the related ideas of responsibility, praise, and blame remain as well. The public discourse "
9780814730911 - page_130: "START TEXT: about what it is to be human should not be restricted to the scientific world view.\nFrom a philosoph" ******* END TEXT: "n our value formation is wide open, but the pathway for other influences can be just as inviting.\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_131: "START TEXT: EIGHTNuclear Fusion: Boundless Optimism and Limited Energy\nThe front page of the Washington Post tru" ******* END TEXT: "gram that has been underway for forty years and is still more than forty years away from commercial "
9780814730911 - page_132: "START TEXT: reality. The ready availability of fuel and the possibility of safe and environmentally sound reacto" ******* END TEXT: "on. Fission served as the source of power for the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki as "
9780814730911 - page_133: "START TEXT: well as for the civilian nuclear reactors that now provide about 15 percent of the electricity in th" ******* END TEXT: "n. Some of the most promising results to date took place in late 1991 when the Joint European Torus "
9780814730911 - page_134: "START TEXT: facility in Great Britain put out about two million watts of energy, and in late 1993 when a Princet" ******* END TEXT: " which laboratories around the country took diverse approaches to the problem of controlling fusion "
9780814730911 - page_135: "START TEXT: reactions. In 1958, the United States, the former Soviet Union, and Great Britain simultaneously mad" ******* END TEXT: "reated by two sources in fusion reactors.21 First, neutrons produced in a fusion reaction will make "
9780814730911 - page_136: "START TEXT: reactor components radioactive. The extent of this problem will depend on the type of materials used" ******* END TEXT: " Sherwood in 1951. The most successful magnetic confinement systems to date are the Soviet-invented "
9780814730911 - page_137: "START TEXT: doughnut-shaped magnetic bottles called tokamaks, a word that comes from the Russian acronym for tor" ******* END TEXT: "able for public scrutiny.\nFirst of all, fusion research takes place, for all practical purposes, in "
9780814730911 - page_138: "START TEXT: one agency—the Department of Energy. As budgets have tightened, it has become impossible to fund eve" ******* END TEXT: "sion because they are not presently the leading approaches in the Department of Energy bureaucracy.\n"
9780814730911 - page_139: "START TEXT: The science counselors at work in that bureaucracy have made a difference. There is far more concern" ******* END TEXT: "nd discrete impact statements on individual facilities without ever evaluating the overall program.\n"
9780814730911 - page_140: "START TEXT: In the context of the fusion program, the issue plays out as follows: When the federal government bu" ******* END TEXT: "ration in about seven years, and an impact statement had been completed for that reactor. The court "
9780814730911 - page_141: "START TEXT: concluded that at some point an impact statement would also be needed for the entire breeder program" ******* END TEXT: "ositive or negative environmental effects will be if a technology does prove commercially feasible. "
9780814730911 - page_142: "START TEXT: There is no reason early analysis cannot provide a spur to certain areas of scientific research that" ******* END TEXT: "But the Court emphasized that ordinarily the question of whether an agency had to do a programmatic "
9780814730911 - page_143: "START TEXT: statement was up to it, because “[r]esolving these issues requires a high level of technical experti" ******* END TEXT: "societal judgment to leave policy decisions relating to basic research with the scientist-dominated "
9780814730911 - page_144: "START TEXT: agencies that conduct that research. Neither Congress nor the courts are likely to second-guess the " ******* END TEXT: "ttle science.” The Human Genome Initiative is big, in the sense of involving millions of dollars in "
9780814730911 - page_145: "START TEXT: the pursuit of a single goal, the mapping of the human genome. But the work is spread among many uni" ******* END TEXT: "icity to our homes remains very uncertain. But fusion has nonetheless already provided fuel for the "
9780814730911 - page_146: "START TEXT: formation of American values and expectations. Fusion is invariably presented as a potential godsend" ******* END TEXT: "rested in finding a way to generate electricity for telephone systems in remote areas not connected "
9780814730911 - page_147: "START TEXT: to power grids. It turned out that silicon solar cells were much more efficient than selenium. Still" ******* END TEXT: " to silicon dust, smoke, or fumes poses a health hazard. In particular, inhalation of silicon smoke "
9780814730911 - page_148: "START TEXT: leads to silicosis, a chronic lung disease. When silicon is present on a small scale, as in glass bl" ******* END TEXT: "lity of a “soft” path to our technological future, whereas nuclear takes us down the “hard” path.60\n"
9780814730911 - page_149: "START TEXT: Now to some, this is a distinction without a difference—they want reliable electricity at the lowest" ******* END TEXT: "adline stories on energy “breakthroughs.” Our sense of who we are should draw on human frailties as "
9780814730911 - page_150: "START TEXT: well as human potential. Keeping such ideas in mind has nothing to do with an establishment of relig" ******* END TEXT: " become easier in some ways. But, the human condition is not something to be cured by technology.\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_151: "START TEXT: NINEArtificial Intelligence and the Essence of Humanity\nSpectacular developments in the far reaches " ******* END TEXT: "ent of modern digital computers in this century. As the power of these machines grew and their size "
9780814730911 - page_152: "START TEXT: shrank, comparisons with the human brain became ubiquitous. The theoretical groundwork for thinking " ******* END TEXT: " intelligence has begun to challenge traditional AI. The artificial life movement is more concerned "
9780814730911 - page_153: "START TEXT: with computer programs that mimic birds in flight than with those that play chess. Although often de" ******* END TEXT: ", local rather than global control, simple rather than complex specifications, emergent rather than "
9780814730911 - page_154: "START TEXT: prespecified behavior, population rather than individual simulation, and so forth.”14\nAt another lev" ******* END TEXT: "urned out to be a good bit more subtle and context dependent than supposed, and machine translators "
9780814730911 - page_155: "START TEXT: have so far solved rather little. More recently, the U.S. Army’s prize AI project, the “Autonomous L" ******* END TEXT: "e can diminish an individual’s sense of uniqueness is hardly new. Sigmund Freud, for example, wrote "
9780814730911 - page_156: "START TEXT: that “[h]umanity has in the course of time had to endure from the hands of science two great outrage" ******* END TEXT: "lar in all relevant respects have a similar right to life—and mere membership in our own biological "
9780814730911 - page_157: "START TEXT: species cannot be a morally relevant criterion for this right. Within these limits we could still ho" ******* END TEXT: " powerful computer.35 Although Deep Thought has been defeated by the world champion, the program is "
9780814730911 - page_158: "START TEXT: better than all but about one hundred players in the world.36 Deep Thought plays much better than th" ******* END TEXT: "consciousness is not a safe harbor inaccessible to scientific progress. They have argued explicitly "
9780814730911 - page_159: "START TEXT: that digital computers cannot be assumed incapable of any mental activity:\nMinds exist in brains and" ******* END TEXT: "ogator.50 The interrogator puts questions to the computer and to the human with a mechanism such as "
9780814730911 - page_160: "START TEXT: a keyboard and screen. Any questions at all can be asked. The computer and the human answer through " ******* END TEXT: "ng in the wrong place indeed. To understand why this is so, we have to begin in the “Chinese room.”\n"
9780814730911 - page_161: "START TEXT: Imagine, says Searle, that programmers have written a program that enables a computer to “understand" ******* END TEXT: " stressed that the essence of the strong artificial intelligence position is that binary processing "
9780814730911 - page_162: "START TEXT: per se—breaking everything down into yes-no questions manageable by a digital computer—can give rise" ******* END TEXT: "ness and intentionality … constitute human thought.”77 When computers start beating grandmasters at "
9780814730911 - page_163: "START TEXT: chess, it is time to find a new discontinuity between man and machine. The subjective experience of " ******* END TEXT: "gues, the point is simply that the Chinese room offers no refuge for those who seek a special place "
9780814730911 - page_164: "START TEXT: for humanity. Viewing humans as “meat machines” and consciousness as a “biological phenomenon” is ha" ******* END TEXT: "y too large to be affected by the quantum behavior Penrose stresses.96 But whether Penrose is right "
9780814730911 - page_165: "START TEXT: or wrong, the crucial point from our perspective is that he is not someone who maintains that there " ******* END TEXT: "d, in Edelman’s view, to humans.\nReactions to Edelman’s book have emphasized the point that Edelman "
9780814730911 - page_166: "START TEXT: rejects the strong claims made by some in the artificial intelligence movement. Edelman, we are told" ******* END TEXT: "sation of medical treatment and the definition of death. As Robert Veatch notes, any concept of the "
9780814730911 - page_167: "START TEXT: death of a person depends directly on those qualities thought to make humans unique.108 By that stan" ******* END TEXT: "irst confronted with comatose individuals whose breathing and heartbeat were sustained by machines, "
9780814730911 - page_168: "START TEXT: it was not clear how to proceed; on the one hand, no one wanted to end the existence of someone who " ******* END TEXT: "h of a human being means death of his [her] brain—indeed of his [her] mind” an individual would not "
9780814730911 - page_169: "START TEXT: want his or her vegetative existence to be prolonged after his or her cortex was destroyed.132\nAn un" ******* END TEXT: "140 Moreover, they left the door open to the notion that individuals with higher brain death should "
9780814730911 - page_170: "START TEXT: be allowed to die by stressing that they were discussing the question “is he dead?,” not the questio" ******* END TEXT: "tent vegetative state, argued that in such cases “the burden of maintaining the corporeal existence "
9780814730911 - page_171: "START TEXT: degrades the very humanity it was meant to serve.”151 In 1988, the court in Gray v. Romeo, presented" ******* END TEXT: "ng that in practice, if not in our codes, we treat those with an irreversible loss of consciousness "
9780814730911 - page_172: "START TEXT: as dead. We do not immediately bury them, but immediate burial is not our practice in many cases. Wh" ******* END TEXT: "r social interaction as an essential human trait that is very different from mere consciousness.168 "
9780814730911 - page_173: "START TEXT: This capacity is central to one observer’s view of why playing chess with the grandmaster program De" ******* END TEXT: "at a “threshold … higher than minimal consciousness”: the standard supported is “a minimum capacity "
9780814730911 - page_174: "START TEXT: for interpersonal relationships.”170 When that capacity is irretrievably lost, life-sustaining treat" ******* END TEXT: "h people are entitled to expensive treatment. But when one begins to view the subjects of treatment "
9780814730911 - page_175: "START TEXT: not as people, but as indistinguishable from machines, the outcome of the debate is likely to be for" ******* END TEXT: "hose views change, our views of the proper legal standards for life and death could change as well.\n"
9780814730911 - page_176: "START TEXT: The impact of artificial intelligence on legal doctrine is not as obvious as the impact of a medical" ******* END TEXT: "not discussing legal and moral human obligations. It is not their fault if public silence elsewhere "
9780814730911 - page_177: "START TEXT: allows science to carry weight far from its appropriate jurisdiction. Let this be an early warning—i" ******* END TEXT: " device appears to be conscious. But, farfetched as it may seem, that is a risk we currently run.\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_178: "START TEXT: TENConclusion\nThe relationship between law and science in America can now be summarized. Basic resea" ******* END TEXT: " are incubated in a setting in which scientific norms dominate and born into a world in which legal "
9780814730911 - page_179: "START TEXT: norms reign, smooth transitions will be the exception rather than the rule.\nThe main force working t" ******* END TEXT: "art because of the astonishing diversity of religious beliefs in America, and in part because of an "
9780814730911 - page_180: "START TEXT: overgeneralization from judicial decisions limiting religious teachings in public schools.\nAt the sa" ******* END TEXT: " and there is simply too much of a chance that nonscientists would do worse from every perspective.\n"
9780814730911 - page_181: "START TEXT: This is why the science counselors are so important. Because they are part of the research establish" ******* END TEXT: " would science embody a belief in the progressive growth of knowledge that stands in sharp contrast "
9780814730911 - page_182: "START TEXT: with the law’s process-oriented belief in the peaceful resolution of social disputes. The science co" ******* END TEXT: " environmentalists or pacifists at the laboratory door. Legal restraints today come primarily after "
9780814730911 - page_183: "START TEXT: research leaves the laboratory. Law does not threaten science through the legal control of basic res" ******* END TEXT: "elopments can serve science.\nSo in the end, our imperfect reality can only be improved in imperfect "
9780814730911 - page_184: "START TEXT: ways. A heavier dose of social concern is coming into the scientific world, and, if that dose remain" ******* END TEXT: "understanding of law and science in American life makes steps in the right direction more likely.\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_ix: "START TEXT: 10. Conclusion\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex\n" ******* END TEXT: "10. Conclusion\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex\n"
9780814730911 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\n1. Introduction\n2. Lawyers and Scientists\nProgress in Science\nThe Kuhn Crit" ******* END TEXT: "e Control of Agencies\nThe Virtual Absence of Judicial Review\nThe Privileged Legal Status of Science\n"
9780814730911 - page_viii: "START TEXT: 5. Science versus Religion in American Law\nThe Framers’ Conception of Religion and Science\nThe Moder" ******* END TEXT: "over Computer Consciousness: Science versus Science\nConsciousness and the Legal Definition of Death\n"
9780814730911 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1994 by New York UniversityAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_v: "START TEXT: To Benjamin Goldberg\n" ******* END TEXT: "To Benjamin Goldberg\n"
9780814730911 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_i: "START TEXT: Culture Clash\n" ******* END TEXT: "Culture Clash\n"
9780814730911 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: Culture Clash\n" ******* END TEXT: "Culture Clash\n"
9780814730911 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_251: "START TEXT: Index\nAdams, John, 27\nAdams, John Quincy, 33\nAdministrative agencies: central role in science fundin" ******* END TEXT: "ooley, Thomas, 115\nCopyright, 102–3\nCounty of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union, 81 n. 93\n"
9780814730911 - page_252: "START TEXT: Courts: limited role in science funding decisions, 54–68\nmajor role in disability funding decisions," ******* END TEXT: "d free will, 128–31\ninsurance issues, 127\nprivacy issues, 124–27\nrole of science counselors, 123–26\n"
9780814730911 - page_253: "START TEXT: In re Conroy, 175\nInternational Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), 145 \nIn the Matter of Kar" ******* END TEXT: "s, 104, 116\nPeer review: central role in research funding decisions, 46, 56–57, 178, 180\nimportance "
9780814730911 - page_254: "START TEXT: of panel membership, 66\nlimited role in regulation of technology, 89\nPenrose, Roger, 159, 164–65, 17" ******* END TEXT: "osy v. Sullivan, 61\nUnited States Congress: access to science advice, 49–50\ndesire for payoffs from "
9780814730911 - page_255: "START TEXT: science, 50\noversight of Human Genome Initiative, 120\nrole in regulation of technology, 87\nrole in s" ******* END TEXT: " School District No. 122, 78 n. 73\nWeisskopf, Victor, 24\nWikler, Daniel, 171\nWilson, James Q., 92\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_185: "START TEXT: Notes\nNotes to Chapter 1\n1. See, e.g., DON K. PRICE, THE SCIENTIFIC ESTATE (1965).\n2. See., e.g., M." ******* END TEXT: "H. Schuck, Multi-Culturalism Redux: Science, Law and Politics, 11 YALE L. & POL’Y REV. 1, 2 (1993).\n"
9780814730911 - page_186: "START TEXT: 9. GERTRUDE HIMMELFARB, MARRIAGE AND MORALS AMONG THE VICTORIANS 92 (1986).\n10. ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILL" ******* END TEXT: "SSENTIAL TENSION 320 (1977).\n16. See I. BERNARD COHEN, REVOLUTION IN SCIENCE 25–28, 389–404 (1985).\n"
9780814730911 - page_187: "START TEXT: 17. THOMAS S. KUHN, THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS 165, 172 (1962).\n18. Id. at 167.\n19. See" ******* END TEXT: "ncy to excess. Id. at 764 n.23.\n35. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 113 S. Ct. 2786 (1993).\n"
9780814730911 - page_188: "START TEXT: 36. Id. at 2793. The “generally accepted” test came from Frye v. United States, 54 App. D.C. 46, 293" ******* END TEXT: "can Republic, 38 REV. POL. 359, 364–71 (1976); Richard Delgado & David R. Millen, God, Galileo, and "
9780814730911 - page_189: "START TEXT: Government: Toward Constitutional Protection for Scientific Inquiry, 53 WASH. L. REV. 349, 354–61 (1" ******* END TEXT: ". REV. 737, 741 (1977).\n16. Philip M. Freneau & H. H. Brackenridge, The Rising Glory of America, in "
9780814730911 - page_190: "START TEXT: POEMS OF FRENEAU 12–13 (Harry H. Clark, ed., 1929). Freneau embodied the love of science and politic" ******* END TEXT: "arative scale of value” by which it proposed First Amendment claims should be judged. Brief for the "
9780814730911 - page_191: "START TEXT: United States at 28, Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957)(No. 582). Science fares well under t" ******* END TEXT: "it if contained, inter alia, “scientific or technological developments vital to national security.” "
9780814730911 - page_192: "START TEXT: Knopf v. Colby, 509 F.2d 1362, 1368 (4th Cir.), cert, denied, 421 U.S. 992 (1975).\n41. Developments " ******* END TEXT: "nt he favored a constitutional amendment for that purpose. A. HUNTER DUPREE, SCIENCE IN THE FEDERAL "
9780814730911 - page_193: "START TEXT: GOVERNMENT: A HISTORY OF POLICIES AND ACTIVITIES TO 1940 14–15, 2.3–24 (1957). In other areas, parti" ******* END TEXT: "e Public Health Service. A. HUNTER DUPREE, SCIENCE IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT: A HISTORY OF POLICIES "
9780814730911 - page_194: "START TEXT: AND ACTIVITIES TO 1940 184–87, 256–70 (1957). The World War II Manhattan Project, which developed th" ******* END TEXT: "66–67 (1977).\n76. REXMOND C. COCHRANE, MEASURES FOR PROGRESS 559, 631–48 (1966).\n77. Id. at 624–30.\n"
9780814730911 - page_195: "START TEXT: 78. U.S. CONST, art. I, § 8, cl. 8.\n79. See, e.g., Karl B. Lutz, Patents and Science, 18 GEO. WASH. " ******* END TEXT: "973). See also John W. Oliver, Science and the “Founding Fathers,” 48 SCI. MONTHLY 256, 256 (1939).\n"
9780814730911 - page_196: "START TEXT: 88. Alexander Hamilton, Report on the Subject of Manufacturers, in 1 THE WORKS OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON" ******* END TEXT: "e and American Agriculture, in SCIENCE AND SOCIETY IN THE UNITED STATES 81, 94, 96–97 (David D. Van "
9780814730911 - page_197: "START TEXT: Tassel & Michael G. Hall, eds., 1966). Because Congress created the colleges by donating public land" ******* END TEXT: "ys, at times competed with the federal government for the services of leading scientists. A. HUNTER "
9780814730911 - page_198: "START TEXT: DUPREE, SCIENCE IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT: A HISTORY OF POLICIES AND ACTIVITIES TO 1940 92 (1957); H" ******* END TEXT: "mission showed, in 1884, spending of about $300,000 by the Interior Department’s Geological Survey, "
9780814730911 - page_199: "START TEXT: about $600,000 by the Treasury’s Coast and Geodetic Survey, and nearly $1 million by the Army Signal" ******* END TEXT: "ESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, BUDGET OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT: FISCAL YEAR 199443–44 (1993).\n"
9780814730911 - page_200: "START TEXT: 119. PRESIDENT’S COUNCIL OF ADVISORS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, RENEWING THE PROMISE: RESEARCH-INTEN" ******* END TEXT: "6).\n132. Id. at 26–27.\n133. Id. at 235, 246–52 (Burger, C. J., concurring in part and dissenting in "
9780814730911 - page_201: "START TEXT: part); id. at 290–94 (Rehnquist, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).\n134. Id. at 248; bu" ******* END TEXT: "ey on Fork-Barrel R&D, SCI. & GOV’T REP., Oct. 1, 1984, at 5 (describing exchange of correspondence "
9780814730911 - page_202: "START TEXT: wherein executive official alleged “narrowly based political considerations” used by Congress to det" ******* END TEXT: "ntract and letting research for “peaceful purposes” via grants a “somewhat synthetic” distinction).\n"
9780814730911 - page_203: "START TEXT: 24. Kornhauser, for example, reports that a government scientist, speaking of a private firm with wh" ******* END TEXT: "79 (1990).\n43. Id.\n44. Id. See also Charles McCutchen, Peer Review: Treacherous Servant, Disastrous "
9780814730911 - page_204: "START TEXT: Master, in 94 TECH. REV. 28 (1991); Rosemary Chalk, Impure Science: Fraud, Compromise, and Political" ******* END TEXT: "t 147.\n65. Id. at 150.\n66. Id.\n67. Grassetti v. Weinberger, 408 F. Supp. 142, 151 (N.D. Cal. 1976).\n"
9780814730911 - page_205: "START TEXT: 68. Marinoff v. HEW, 456 F. Supp. 1120 (S.D.N.Y. 1978), aff’d mem., 595 F.2d 1208, cert, denied, 442" ******* END TEXT: "A LIFE OF FRANZ KAFKA 188 (1984).\n85. See MICHAEL POLANYI, SCIENCE, FAITH AND SOCIETY 63–65 (1946).\n"
9780814730911 - page_206: "START TEXT: 86. Stephen Cole, et. al., Chance and Consensus in Peer Review, 214 SCIENCE 881 (1981).\nNotes to Cha" ******* END TEXT: "rthquake of 1755, 13 NEW ENG. Q. 85, 94 (1940). JOHN WINTHROP, TWO LECTURES ON COMETS 21–44 (1759).\n"
9780814730911 - page_207: "START TEXT: 15. 1 PETER GAY, THE ENLIGHTENMENT: AN INTERPRETATION 18 (1969); ERNST CASSIRER, THE PHILOSOPHY OF T" ******* END TEXT: "Philadelphia, 46 ISIS 243 (1955); see also ALAN D. BEYERCHEN, SCIENTISTS UNDER HITLER 27–39 (1977).\n"
9780814730911 - page_208: "START TEXT: 27. This analogy has been noted by many, including Freud in 1917. See BRUCE MAZLISH, THE FOURTH DISC" ******* END TEXT: "AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 229 n.10, 230, 592, 836–37, 867 (1978); Paul Brest, Palmer v. Thompson: "
9780814730911 - page_209: "START TEXT: An Approach to the Problem of Unconstitutional Legislative Motive, 1971 SUP. CT. REV. 95, 120 n.125 " ******* END TEXT: "61. Id. at 596, n.18.\n62. Id. at 593.\n63. STEPHEN L. CARTER, THE CULTURE OF DISBELIEF: HOW AMERICAN "
9780814730911 - page_210: "START TEXT: LAW AND POLITICS TRIVIALIZE RELIGIOUS DEVOTION 168–169 (1993).\n64. See Leviticus 18:22 (“Thou shalt " ******* END TEXT: "eter L. Berger, Religion in a Revolutionary Society, in AMERICA’S CONTINUING REVOLUTION 150 (1975).\n"
9780814730911 - page_211: "START TEXT: 84. Id. at 145–146. See also ROBERT N. BELLAH, THE BROKEN COVENANT: AMERICAN CIVIL RELIGION IN TIME " ******* END TEXT: " (1982).\n105. Paul L. Holmer, Evolution and Being Faithful, 84 CHRISTIAN CENTURY 1491, 1494 (1967).\n"
9780814730911 - page_212: "START TEXT: Notes to Chapter 6\n1. See, e.g., Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. III (1942).\n2. The drug regulation cas" ******* END TEXT: ".C. § 2605 (1982).\n15. See generally Richard B. Stewart, The Reformation of American Administrative "
9780814730911 - page_213: "START TEXT: Law, 88 HARV. L. REV. 1667 (1975); RICHARD J. PIERCE, JR., ET AL., ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND PROCESS 23" ******* END TEXT: "vation and Dev. Comm’n, 461 U.S. 190 (1983).\n32. Silkwood v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 464 U.S. 238 (1984).\n"
9780814730911 - page_214: "START TEXT: 33. Lawrence M. Lidsky, The Trouble with Fusion, TECH. REV. (1983), at 44.\n34. Lawrence M. Lidsky, T" ******* END TEXT: "ERS 6, et. seq. (1990).\n55. On Office of Management and Budget review of science research, see John "
9780814730911 - page_215: "START TEXT: Walsh & Barbara Culliton, Office of Management and Budget: Skeptical View of Scientific Advice, in S" ******* END TEXT: "RE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, WHITE HOUSE SCIENCE COUNCIL, HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY: PERSEVERANCE "
9780814730911 - page_216: "START TEXT: AND COOPERATION ON THE ROAD TO COMMERCIALIZATION 35 (1989).\nNotes to Chapter 7\n1. Excellent descript" ******* END TEXT: "ed for a Uniform and Workable Evidentiary Standard of Admissibility, 26 VAL. U. L. REV. 595 (1992).\n"
9780814730911 - page_217: "START TEXT: 14. Andrews v. State, 533 So. 2d 841 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1988).\n15. Christopher G. Shank, Note, DNA" ******* END TEXT: "licies in The United States, 1986–1990, in BIOMEDICAL POLITICS 99, 140 (Kathi E. Hanna, ed., 1991).\n"
9780814730911 - page_218: "START TEXT: 29. OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT, FEDERALLY FUNDED RESEARCH: DECISIONS FOR A DECADE 146–160 (1991" ******* END TEXT: "apy, 256 SCIENCE 808, 813 (1992).\n42. Id.\n43. JERRY E. BISHOP & MICHAEL WALDHOLZ, GENOME: THE STORY "
9780814730911 - page_219: "START TEXT: OF THE MOST ASTONISHING SCIENTIFIC ADVENTURE OF OUR TIME 31 (1990).\n44. Dennis S. Karjala, A Legal R" ******* END TEXT: " 20, 1983, at 166–67.\n3. 1992 Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Energy of the House of Representatives "
9780814730911 - page_220: "START TEXT: Comm. on Science, Space, and Technology, 102nd Cong., 2d Sess., 3 (1992) (statement of Chairman Brow" ******* END TEXT: " House of Representatives Comm. on Science, Space, and Technology, 102d Cong., 2d Sess., 17 (1992).\n"
9780814730911 - page_221: "START TEXT: 27. Mark Crawford, Hot Fusion: A Meltdown in Political Support, 241 SCIENCE 1534 (1990).\n28. John Ho" ******* END TEXT: ". JOAN L. BROMBERG, FUSION: SCIENCE, POLITICS, AND THE INVENTION OF A NEW ENERGY SOURCE 252 (1982).\n"
9780814730911 - page_222: "START TEXT: 48. See, e.g., John R. Gilleland, et al., Moving Ahead with Fusion, ISSUES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY" ******* END TEXT: "ERGY IN TRANSITION 1985–201047 (1979).\n65. E. F. SCHUMACHER, SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL 147, 156–58 (1973).\n"
9780814730911 - page_223: "START TEXT: Notes to Chapter 9\n1. HANS MORAVEC, MIND CHILDREN 8 (1988).\n2. GEORGE F. LUGER & WILLIAM A. SUBBLEFI" ******* END TEXT: "935) (Chapter 18) reprinted in 54 GREAT BOOKS OF THE WESTERN WORLD 562 (R. M. Hutchins, ed., 1952).\n"
9780814730911 - page_224: "START TEXT: 22. Id.\n23. Id. For a thorough analysis of Freud’s view that he stood in a line with Copernicus and " ******* END TEXT: "t Byrne, Chess-Playing Computer Closing in on Champions, N.Y. TIMES, Sept. 26, 1989, at C1, col. 6.\n"
9780814730911 - page_225: "START TEXT: 38. Id.\n39. John R. Searle, “The Emperor’s New Mind”: An Exchange, N. Y. REV. BOOKS, June 14, 1990, " ******* END TEXT: " Paul M. Churchland and Patricia Smith Churchland, Could a Machine Think?, 262 SCI. AM., Jan. 1990.\n"
9780814730911 - page_226: "START TEXT: 59. See, e.g., George Johnson, “Can Machines Learn to Think?”, N.Y. TIMES, May 15, 1988, Sec. 4, at " ******* END TEXT: " 102 HARV. L. REV. 375, 407, n.140 (1988).\n78. JOHN R. SEARLE, MINDS, BRAINS AND SCIENCE 35 (1984).\n"
9780814730911 - page_227: "START TEXT: 79. John R. Searle, Is the Brain’s Mind a Computer Program?, SCI. AM, Jan. 1990.\n80. Id.\n81. John R." ******* END TEXT: " 194–195.\n105. Id. at 195.\n106. Thomas Nagel, The Mind Wins!, N.Y. REV. BOOKS, Mar. 4, 1993, at 37.\n"
9780814730911 - page_228: "START TEXT: 107. JOHN UPDIKE, RABBIT AT REST 237 (1990).\n108. ROBERT M. VEATCH, DEATH, DYING AND THE BIOLOGICAL " ******* END TEXT: "ying note 67, infra.\n134. On the question of whether the provision of artificial feeding is in fact "
9780814730911 - page_229: "START TEXT: treatment, see ROBERT M. VEATCH, DEATH, DYING AND THE BIOLOGICAL REVOLUTION: OUR LAST QUEST FOR RESP" ******* END TEXT: "ersistent vegetative state, was able to breathe on her own, and thus, because no effort was made to "
9780814730911 - page_230: "START TEXT: remove her feeding tube, she survived for nine years after the respirator was removed. Cruzan v. Har" ******* END TEXT: "t robots and embryos, tribes and species, future generations and artifacts”, see Christopher Stone, "
9780814730911 - page_231: "START TEXT: Should Trees Have Standing? Revisited: How Far Will Law And Morals Reach? A Pluralist Perspective, 5" ******* END TEXT: "d.\n181. Id. at 1242–43.\n182. The inquiry into Ms. Conroy’s intent was described as the “subjective” "
9780814730911 - page_232: "START TEXT: test. Id. at 1229, 1242, 1243. The weighing of benefits and burdens, which comes into play when ther" ******* END TEXT: "Carter, The Bellman, the Snark, and the Biohazard Debate, 3 Yale L. & Pol’y Rev. 358, 393 (1985).\n\n\n"
9780814730911 - page_iii: "START TEXT: CULTURE CLASH\nLaw and Science in America\nSteven Goldberg\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "CULTURE CLASH\nLaw and Science in America\nSteven Goldberg\n\n\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_362: "START TEXT: About the Editor\nScott Douglas Gerber is Associate Professor at Florida Coastal School of Law in Jac" ******* END TEXT: "on of Independence and Constitutional Interpretation (1995), both from New York University Press.\n\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_353: "START TEXT: Contributors\nWilliam R. Casto is at the School of Law, Texas Tech University, Lubbock.\nDaniel A. Deg" ******* END TEXT: "e State University, Detroit.\nWillis P. Whichard is at the Supreme Court of North Carolina, Raleighv."
9780814731437 - page_354: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_351: "START TEXT: Editor’s Note\nTo preserve the multidisciplinary flavor of this collection, the contributors’ respect" ******* END TEXT: "ng styles have been retained so as to reflect the style that exists in their respective disciplines."
9780814731437 - page_352: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_355: "START TEXT: Index\nAbraham, Henry, on early Supreme Court appointment process, 5\nAckerman, Bruce, 275, 284\nAdams," ******* END TEXT: "iam Paterson, 121n. 46\non pre-Marshall Court, 3–4\nChandler v. Secretary of War (1794), 114, 124n.79\n"
9780814731437 - page_356: "START TEXT: Chisholm v. Georgia (1793), 3, 17, 47–50, 108–10, 112, 137–39, 176–78, 182–83, 192n. 31, 211–13, 215" ******* END TEXT: " Georgia (1793), 3, 17, 49–50, 122n. 47\nand sovereign immunity, 48–49\nand state drive toward, 49–50\n"
9780814731437 - page_357: "START TEXT: Equity jurisprudence, John Blair on, 171–72\nExecutive branch: and cooperation with judicial branch, " ******* END TEXT: "hn Rutledge, 84\nJay, Peter and Mary Van Cortlandt, 29\nJay, Stewart, 279–83, 285, 288n. 32, 291n. 89\n"
9780814731437 - page_358: "START TEXT: Jay Treaty: and Oliver Ellsworth, 301–4\nnegotiation of, 50–52\nand John Rutledge, 6, 85–87\nand Sixth " ******* END TEXT: "icance of, 1–4, 6, 117–18, 125n. 88\non suability of states, 211, 212\nand textualism, 113n.*\nBushrod "
9780814731437 - page_359: "START TEXT: Washington’s differences with, on bankruptcy law, 337–40\nBushrod Washington’s differences with, on i" ******* END TEXT: ", 130, 132, 136, 138–40\nPositivism, 159, 175–76, 184, 195n. 44\nPound, Roscoe, on James Iredell, 199\n"
9780814731437 - page_360: "START TEXT: Powell, H. Jefferson, 284, 291nn. 93, 95\nPresser, Stephen, on John Marshall’s apotheosis, 9\non pre-M" ******* END TEXT: "0\nUnited States v. Fisher (1803, 1805), 333–34\nUnited States v. Joseph Ravara (1794), 141, 152n. 94\n"
9780814731437 - page_361: "START TEXT: United States v. La Vengeance (1796), 305\nUnited States v. Peters (1791), 87\nUnited States v. Schoon" ******* END TEXT: "31\non John Marshall, 7\nWyoming valley case, 144n. 3\nWythe, George, 19, 157–62, 324\nXYZ Affair, 308\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Preface\nThe Founders of the American regime were truly remarkable men. George Washington, John Adams" ******* END TEXT: "s who served before John Marshall will help correct the impression that the Supreme Court ap-peared "
9780814731437 - page_x: "START TEXT: full-blown with Marshall like Athena from the forehead of Zeus. Certainly it should explode the myth" ******* END TEXT: "nce in helping this volume see the light of day, and my editor and friend Niko Pfund, the direc-tor "
9780814731437 - page_xi: "START TEXT: of New York University Press, for being so supportive of it. Finally, I would like to thank George A" ******* END TEXT: " were more people in it like “Mr. B.” I am proud to call him my mentor.\nS. D. G.Hampton, Virginia\n\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_1: "START TEXT: Chapter 1IntroductionThe Supreme Court before John Marshall\nScott Douglas Gerber\nThe Pre-Marshall Co" ******* END TEXT: "es will note, for example, the absence of the institutional voice Marshall’s leadership was able to "
9780814731437 - page_10: "START TEXT: Supreme Court’s power of judicial review—a power that is synonymous to this day with John Marshall’s" ******* END TEXT: " Justice William Cushing, on circuit, declared several states’ laws unconstitutional. There is also "
9780814731437 - page_11: "START TEXT: Ware v. Hylton (1796), in which Justices Chase, Cushing, Paterson, and Wilson, sitting together as t" ******* END TEXT: "ng and/or Paterson probably made Marshall aware of the early Court’s precedents on judicial review.\n"
9780814731437 - page_12: "START TEXT: An “Interdisciplinary Conversation”\nAll of this said, Seriatim is important not only because it prov" ******* END TEXT: "y essay on Cushing is more disparate still: It employs deconstruction as a methodological approach.\n"
9780814731437 - page_13: "START TEXT: In short, the contributors to Seriatim are engaged in an “interdisciplinary conversation” in the bes" ******* END TEXT: " Straussian orientation as well as from a Marxist orientation? We hope the reader will grapple with "
9780814731437 - page_14: "START TEXT: these questions. A brief preview of the essays that follow may provide some assistance in this regar" ******* END TEXT: "achieve a more effective central government. Rutledge’s most important contributions, Haw believes, "
9780814731437 - page_15: "START TEXT: were chairing the Committee of Detail, and helping to secure the enumeration of congressional powers" ******* END TEXT: "is contributions at the Constitutional Convention and on the Supreme Court fall readily into place.\n"
9780814731437 - page_16: "START TEXT: Hall makes clear that central among Wilson’s political ideas was his belief that all individuals pos" ******* END TEXT: "imosity, even though he was the only southern justice consistently to support Federalist positions.\n"
9780814731437 - page_17: "START TEXT: Willis Whichard explains that James Iredell came to America as a British official to be the comptrol" ******* END TEXT: "nal government in foreign affairs. The national power to tax, he believed, was not to be nar-1rowly "
9780814731437 - page_18: "START TEXT: constrained. State laws were to be tested by the new Constitution, as were state court decisions on " ******* END TEXT: " responds to his critics, and explores some of the tensions facing scholars writing legal history.*\n"
9780814731437 - page_19: "START TEXT: William Casto approaches his essay on Oliver Ellsworth as an assault upon anachronistic preconceptio" ******* END TEXT: "at although Washington is largely overlooked today, he was a highly respected judge in his own day.\n"
9780814731437 - page_2: "START TEXT: provide—an institutional voice that has been absent for much of the twentieth century as well.2 Thos" ******* END TEXT: "e, Alexander Hamilton, and Patrick Henry—significant statesmen in the 1790s—refused to be appointed "
9780814731437 - page_20: "START TEXT: A Word Is Worth a Thousand Pictures\nThis, then, is what is chronicled in the essays that follow. Bef" ******* END TEXT: "formed their important duties. To make the point even more directly, a good book title captures the "
9780814731437 - page_21: "START TEXT: essence of what the author endeavors to accomplish. The title Seriatim does that for us.\nNOTES\n1. Se" ******* END TEXT: "8-90, 344; vol. 3, 240.\n18. See Stephen B. Presser, The Original Misunderstanding: The English, the "
9780814731437 - page_22: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814731437 - page_23: "START TEXT: Americans and the Dialectic of Federalist Jurisprudence (Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 1991).\n19." ******* END TEXT: "he pre-Marshall Court justices played in the origins of judicial review has been largely overlooked."
9780814731437 - page_24: "START TEXT: \n29. See also William R. Casto, “James Iredell and the American Origins of Judicial Review,” Connect" ******* END TEXT: "ennikat, 1968), 89-120.\n36. This phrase was coined by historian Peter S. Onuf in a refreshing essay "
9780814731437 - page_25: "START TEXT: criticizing his fellow historians of the American Founding for attempting to defend history against " ******* END TEXT: "itiated during his chief justiceship. See Casto, The Supreme Court in the Early Republic, 110-11.\n\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_3: "START TEXT: to the Court, and several men who were appointed resigned to accept other positions. Most notable am" ******* END TEXT: "rth in this volume, makes an important contribution with his book by presenting a compelling theory "
9780814731437 - page_4: "START TEXT: as to why the pre-Marshall Court is often viewed negatively. As he puts it:\nSociety in the late twen" ******* END TEXT: ", and all served in state governments in some capacity. Two, Oliver Ellsworth and William Paterson, "
9780814731437 - page_5: "START TEXT: cowrote the Judiciary Act of 1789, which helped to shape the institution of the Court.\nAs the first " ******* END TEXT: "e—who had expressed a desire to return to the Supreme Court as chief justice—led to an embarrassing "
9780814731437 - page_6: "START TEXT: series of events. Rutledge’s was a recess appointment, and during the recess he attacked the Jay Tre" ******* END TEXT: "in the land, where their respective efforts in the founding of the American regime were tremendous.\n"
9780814731437 - page_7: "START TEXT: Scholars have long appreciated the value of studying individual Founders when trying to discern the " ******* END TEXT: " Marshall glorified? The answer to this question is not as clear as one might think. Hobson, editor "
9780814731437 - page_8: "START TEXT: of The Papers of John Marshall, wrote the following response to a query from me in which I speculate" ******* END TEXT: "g him as the epic hero of American nationalism. Warren’s history was more scholarly, more balanced, "
9780814731437 - page_9: "START TEXT: and more generous in spreading the glory to include Marshall’s colleagues but showed the same prefer" ******* END TEXT: " that virtually every member of the pre-Marshall Court played an important role in establishing the "
9780814731437 - page_292: "START TEXT: Chapter 10Oliver EllsworthI have sought the felicity and glory of your Administration”\nWilliam R. Ca" ******* END TEXT: "d with a national interest. Moreover, Ellsworth—like his fellow Federalist justices—used grand jury "
9780814731437 - page_293: "START TEXT: charges to deliver lectures on politics and to provide public advisory opinions on pressing issues o" ******* END TEXT: "cy of his home. Shortly after Ellsworth’s retirement from the federal bench, a young Daniel Webster "
9780814731437 - page_294: "START TEXT: noted with obvious respect that Ellsworth was “as eminent for piety as for talents” and that his pie" ******* END TEXT: "y and juries chosen by random ballot.7 At the Constitutional Convention, he favored the election of "
9780814731437 - page_295: "START TEXT: senators by state legislatures because “more wisdom [would] issue from the Legislatures; than from " ******* END TEXT: "od’s perfection and man’s imperfection. Only individuals who thoroughly understand their sinfulness "
9780814731437 - page_296: "START TEXT: are fit to be saved by God. Thus Bellamy’s basic message was optimistic. We should not be dishearten" ******* END TEXT: "s he climbed the ladder of political success in Connecticut’s New Light-dominated Standing Order.12\n"
9780814731437 - page_297: "START TEXT: Ellsworth’s Early Political Career and Service in the Senate\nAfter terminating his postgraduate reli" ******* END TEXT: "mmittee of Detail that wrote the working draft of the document finally adopted by the convention.15\n"
9780814731437 - page_298: "START TEXT: Ellsworth also played a significant role in brokering some of the convention’s most important compro" ******* END TEXT: "r whether there would also be a system of lower federal courts distributed throughout the nation.18\n"
9780814731437 - page_299: "START TEXT: In crafting the Judiciary Act, Ellsworth had to bring to bear the full extent of his remarkable abil" ******* END TEXT: "ncipal federal trial courts for civil and criminal litigation other than prize and revenue cases.21\n"
9780814731437 - page_300: "START TEXT: The circuit courts, which were to be located in each state, were to be staffed by the local federal " ******* END TEXT: "cial branch was launched with comparatively little controversy and a clear consensus of approval.25\n"
9780814731437 - page_301: "START TEXT: Ellsworth’s Appointment and Service as Chief Justice\nEllsworth continued to serve ably in the Senate" ******* END TEXT: "ominious affronts to Federalist policy came a hubbub in Charleston, South Carolina. Mobs rioted for "
9780814731437 - page_302: "START TEXT: two days in opposition to the treaty, and on the third day at a public meeting John Rutledge vehemen" ******* END TEXT: "learly was intended to be an advisory opinion. Senator Trumbull had discussed the treaty a few days "
9780814731437 - page_303: "START TEXT: earlier with President Washington, and after that discussion Trumbull asked Ellsworth for a legal an" ******* END TEXT: "ably considered the Senate to be “maturing and balancing” and the House to be subject to “momentary "
9780814731437 - page_304: "START TEXT: impulse, and . . . faction.” Notwithstanding his concern about the treaty’s fate, his private convic" ******* END TEXT: "th met this argument head-on and bluntly ruled, “It is justifiable and frequent, in the adjustments "
9780814731437 - page_305: "START TEXT: of national differences, to concede for the safety of the state, the rights of individuals.”36\nWhen " ******* END TEXT: "upreme Court was convened in early February, but Ellsworth could not attend because he was sick. He "
9780814731437 - page_306: "START TEXT: probably was suffering from gout and gravel. This extremely painful illness usually appears in middl" ******* END TEXT: " free government.” Even worse, this “disaffection opens a door to foreign [i.e., French] influence, "
9780814731437 - page_307: "START TEXT: that ‘destroying angel of republics.’” All in all, the charge verged upon disjointed hysteria.42\nA w" ******* END TEXT: "s April 1798, Ellsworth was contemplating vacating his position by resignation or possibly death.45\n"
9780814731437 - page_308: "START TEXT: There is no evidence that Ellsworth’s illness recurred in the winter of 1799, and that year he was a" ******* END TEXT: "rgument was unassailable, the opponents of the Sedition Act had to attack the argument’s underlying "
9780814731437 - page_309: "START TEXT: premise. The opposition could not deny the existence of common-law crimes without appearing foolish " ******* END TEXT: "deralists’ position was to consolidate virtually all state authority into the federal government.50\n"
9780814731437 - page_310: "START TEXT: Chief Justice Ellsworth almost immediately began writing another advisory opinion to counter this ne" ******* END TEXT: "ably. President Adams kept this overture secret because his secretaries of state, war, and treasury "
9780814731437 - page_311: "START TEXT: were High Federalists. They deferred to Alexander Hamilton, abhorred Adams’s moderation, and sought " ******* END TEXT: " they set sail for France, “but were 10 days in getting out of the harbour owing to contrary winds, "
9780814731437 - page_312: "START TEXT: and were afterward 25 days at sea in a succession of storms one of which lasted 8 days, and were aft" ******* END TEXT: "ristic. He resigned his chief justiceship. The traditional explanation for this resignation is that "
9780814731437 - page_313: "START TEXT: “the ministerial journey to the continent broke his health,” and undoubtedly his recurring sickness " ******* END TEXT: "t, his health was hardly broken. The illness, however, probably made him unusually susceptible to a "
9780814731437 - page_314: "START TEXT: growing suspicion that the federal government was no longer a milestone on the direct path to a grac" ******* END TEXT: "sworth regained his health. Shortly after writing about “rolling stones up hill,” he commented that\n"
9780814731437 - page_315: "START TEXT: Jefferson dare not run the ship aground, nor essentially deviate from that course which has hitherto" ******* END TEXT: "had emphasized that in a righteous or perfect nation “there are no sects, no parties, no division.” "
9780814731437 - page_316: "START TEXT: Likewise unrighteous nations are “all riot and confusion.” This same monolithic understanding of soc" ******* END TEXT: "w Divinity Calvinism. This New Divinity theology was heavily influenced by Jonathan Edwards but was "
9780814731437 - page_317: "START TEXT: founded and led by Joseph Bellamy, who was young Oliver Ellsworth’s teacher, and Samuel Hopkins. See" ******* END TEXT: ". 31 (1974), 369, 381-87.\n13. Ronald J. Lettieri, Connecticut’s Young Man of the Revolution: Oliver "
9780814731437 - page_318: "START TEXT: Ellsworth (Hartford, Conn.: American Revolution Bicentennial Commission of Connecticut, 1978), ch. " ******* END TEXT: "o Jonathan Trumbull, March 13, 1796, George Washington Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C."
9780814731437 - page_319: "START TEXT: \n32. Oliver Ellsworth to Abigail Ellsworth, March 20, 1796, in Supreme Court Documentary History, 3:" ******* END TEXT: " Oliver Ellsworth to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., May 29, 1797, in Supreme Court Documentary History, 3:182."
9780814731437 - page_320: "START TEXT: \n45. Frederick Wolcott to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., Jan. 23, 1798, in Supreme Court Documentary History, " ******* END TEXT: "iety, New London, Connecticut.\n59. Supreme Court Documentary History, 1:118; Michael Kraus, “Oliver "
9780814731437 - page_321: "START TEXT: Ellsworth,” in The Justices of the United States Supreme Court, 1789-1969: Their Lives and Major Opi" ******* END TEXT: ". Stephen B. Presser, The Original Misunderstanding (Durham, N.C: Carolina Academic Press, 1991).\n\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_322: "START TEXT: Chapter 11Heir ApparentBushrod Washington and Federal Justice in the Early Republic\nJames R. Stoner," ******* END TEXT: " noted even by his contemporaries, that was rather a virtue than a weakness. The tribute of Justice "
9780814731437 - page_323: "START TEXT: Joseph Story, his companion on the bench for seventeen years, is particularly vivid:\nThe author wish" ******* END TEXT: "e—even if to modern eyes his mark has faded and so is thought not to have been made. That, again in "
9780814731437 - page_324: "START TEXT: Story’s words, “he indulged not the rash desire to fashion the law to his own views; but to follow o" ******* END TEXT: "hile a student, as well as the latter’s financial straits.)5 In any event, between Wythe’s lectures "
9780814731437 - page_325: "START TEXT: and Wilson’s office, Bushrod Washington must have received the best legal education available in Ame" ******* END TEXT: "attention to their own interests, and of furnishing them with the sentiments and opinions of a few, "
9780814731437 - page_326: "START TEXT: which they may either reject or adopt.7 Here, in the process of formation, is the cast of mind that " ******* END TEXT: "e, now president, for the position of United States attorney in Virginia for fear of the appearance "
9780814731437 - page_327: "START TEXT: of nepotism, he moved again, this time to Richmond, now the state capital, around 1790. Here, in the" ******* END TEXT: " his permanent home and which he struggled to maintain. Responsible for George Washington’s papers, "
9780814731437 - page_328: "START TEXT: he commissioned John Marshall to write an authorized biography and later Jared Sparks to produce an " ******* END TEXT: "ers then appointed by the Court “to ascertain and report those boundaries.11 In The Eliza (or Bas v."
9780814731437 - page_329: "START TEXT: Tingy), decided the following year, the proportion of salvage awarded for the recapture of an Americ" ******* END TEXT: "itted in any Georgia county, that provision was not crossed by the confiscation. In other words, by "
9780814731437 - page_330: "START TEXT: reading constitutional protections strictly and construing the legislative power broadly, the presum" ******* END TEXT: "enied, and though his charges to the juries and to grand juries insisted upon the constitutionality "
9780814731437 - page_331: "START TEXT: of the act, his punishments were mild by comparison to the terms of the act, and in general his acti" ******* END TEXT: "ot to think or write, Paterson was a slow man and willingly declined the trouble, and the other two "
9780814731437 - page_332: "START TEXT: judges [Marshall and Washington] you know are commonly estimated as one judge.21\nWhatever the justic" ******* END TEXT: "Penington, or later, Pennington v. Coxe, a test case devised to determine the tax due on sugar that "
9780814731437 - page_333: "START TEXT: had been refined but not sold as of the time the tax was repealed. At the circuit level, Washington " ******* END TEXT: "e of the statute was “An Act to provide more effectually for the settlement of accounts between the "
9780814731437 - page_334: "START TEXT: United States and receivers of public money,” and since the other sections of the act concerned only" ******* END TEXT: " the laws, where the intent is doubtful, is a principle not to be controverted; but it is also true "
9780814731437 - page_335: "START TEXT: that it is a principle which must be applied with caution, and which has a degree of influence depen" ******* END TEXT: "bout the crisis of “confidence between man and man” should appear from the discussion that follows.\n"
9780814731437 - page_336: "START TEXT: The Contract Clause at the Crux of Federal Jurisprudence\nFor the remainder of his judicial career, t" ******* END TEXT: "s often called upon to offer the opinion of the Court in cases involving contract or commercial law "
9780814731437 - page_337: "START TEXT: that lacked a constitutional dimension.29 In the leading constitutional contract clause case of his " ******* END TEXT: "lied in this case, where the debt was incurred before passage of the act that purports to discharge "
9780814731437 - page_338: "START TEXT: the debtor, the act is an unconstitutional impairment of contract because it would have altered the " ******* END TEXT: "ptcy concurrent in the federal government and the states, so that Congress having chosen not to act "
9780814731437 - page_339: "START TEXT: on the subject of bankruptcy, power remains in the states to treat the matter in the first instance." ******* END TEXT: "contract is made. The obligation of a contract is colored in many ways, by the laws of evidence, or "
9780814731437 - page_340: "START TEXT: laws of remedies, or statutes of limitations, and the like. This amalgam of municipal laws “forms, i" ******* END TEXT: "eases the individual from his debts and, in this case, from prison. The Court finds the prison bond "
9780814731437 - page_341: "START TEXT: under which Haile was confined to have been “given subject to the ordinary and well-known practice i" ******* END TEXT: "as the late Justice Washington. It is impossible to conceive of a better judicial manner, and, when "
9780814731437 - page_342: "START TEXT: to that is added great legal acquirement, great perspicuity and great-mind-edness, exemplary self-po" ******* END TEXT: "m your minds all political considerations, all party feelings, and all federal or state prejudices. "
9780814731437 - page_343: "START TEXT: The questions involved in this case are in the highest degree momentous, and demand a cool and dispa" ******* END TEXT: "ealers. The press found out and an angry exchange followed, with Niles’ Weekly Register commenting, "
9780814731437 - page_344: "START TEXT: “[T]here is something excessively revolting in the fact that a herd of them should be driven from Mo" ******* END TEXT: "nforcement of the written law and his fidelity to the sanctity of contracts. Story’s observation of "
9780814731437 - page_345: "START TEXT: the marriage of mildness and firmness in his jurisprudence is apposite, for Washington was mild in d" ******* END TEXT: "ges and immunities which are, in their nature, fundamental; which belong, of right, to the citizens "
9780814731437 - page_346: "START TEXT: of all free governments; and which have, at all times, been enjoyed by the citizens of the several s" ******* END TEXT: "reen McCloskey, ed., The Works of James Wilson (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967), I: 76ff."
9780814731437 - page_347: "START TEXT: \n5. Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., The Writings of George Washington (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons" ******* END TEXT: "er 25, 1820) and Justice William Johnson (October 27, 1822, and June 12, 1823), in Thomas Jefferson,"
9780814731437 - page_348: "START TEXT: Writings, ed. Merrill D. Peterson (New York: Library of America, 1984), 1446-47, 1461-63, 1476-77.\n2" ******* END TEXT: " The Federalist Papers in his favor, Washington held that the states and the federal government had "
9780814731437 - page_349: "START TEXT: concurrent jurisdiction to punish federal crimes under federal law, unless Congress expressly provid" ******* END TEXT: "y, 2: 121-22.\n47. Corfield v. Coryell, 6 Fed. Cas. 546 (No. 3,230) (C.C.E.D.Pa. 1823, 1825), at 551."
9780814731437 - page_350: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_26: "START TEXT: Chapter 2“Honour, Justice, and Interest”John Jay’s Republican Politics and Statesmanship on the Fede" ******* END TEXT: "d into a relatively affable patriot and closet democrat roughly equal in stature to John Mar-shall, "
9780814731437 - page_27: "START TEXT: 2 Morris’s Jay steadily advanced the American cause by means of shrewd diplomacy and by presciently " ******* END TEXT: "Court as the Marshall Court writ small—a primitive, amorphous prelude to the durable consolidations "
9780814731437 - page_28: "START TEXT: pursued after Jefferson’s election. Within this Whiggish framework, Jay’s aspirations as chief justi" ******* END TEXT: "n, when measured against modern standards, such charges seem plausible. Jay produced no scholarship "
9780814731437 - page_29: "START TEXT: more extensive than grand jury charges and brief Federalist essays. His apprenticeship and private p" ******* END TEXT: "ors and took up an apprenticeship (again, as was customary) with the eminent New York City attorney "
9780814731437 - page_30: "START TEXT: Benjamin Kissam; as assistant to chief clerk Lindley Murray, he soon chafed under piles of tedious c" ******* END TEXT: "ion, for instance, as well as his strident support for nonimportation agreements as a member of New "
9780814731437 - page_31: "START TEXT: York’s radical Committee of Sixty, set him sharply apart from many of his friends. At the same time," ******* END TEXT: "cts, steadily rowed against the republican current, or at least against the democratizing, socially "
9780814731437 - page_32: "START TEXT: transformative part of that current. Jay was keenly aware of instabilities lurking in those “soft am" ******* END TEXT: "an unusually bleak and remarkably static assessment of human nature. His expressions of doubt about "
9780814731437 - page_33: "START TEXT: perfectibility, and then about the merits of voluntarism or adherence to the popular will, vacillate" ******* END TEXT: "ankind was guided more by “conveniences than by principles.” No longer would he entertain fantasies "
9780814731437 - page_34: "START TEXT: about an “age of reason, prior to the millennium”; nor would he “believe one word of” the “modern” s" ******* END TEXT: "s” would be contained for a time through the “strenuous efforts of the wise.” Only in another world "
9780814731437 - page_35: "START TEXT: might “all books and histories and errors ... be consumed,” and “truth . . . rise and prevail and be" ******* END TEXT: "at he would be “hurt” by the destruction of England and by loss of access to “the Prosperity of the "
9780814731437 - page_36: "START TEXT: Empire now rent by unnatural Convulsions.”27 A decade after independence, he still urged Americans t" ******* END TEXT: "y was basic and altogether critical; without it, property and persons might never be secure. At the "
9780814731437 - page_37: "START TEXT: same time, unity was only a first step onto the world stage, and so a penultimate object en route to" ******* END TEXT: "moaned “disappointment to our creditors [and] disgrace to our country”—conditions that spoke to the "
9780814731437 - page_38: "START TEXT: “want of good government to guard good faith and punish violations.”34\nThe origins of public apathy " ******* END TEXT: "e later explained, the “executive business of sovereignty” would be “but feebly done.”38 With other "
9780814731437 - page_39: "START TEXT: Federalists, Jay recommended a departmental system of government composed of three formal branches. " ******* END TEXT: "efficient ought their Governm[en]t to be; and for this plain Reason, that it is a more arduous Task "
9780814731437 - page_40: "START TEXT: to make and keep up the Fences of Law & Justice about twenty Rights than about five or six; because " ******* END TEXT: "oreign nations will know and view it exactly as it is; and they will act towards us accordingly[.]”\n"
9780814731437 - page_41: "START TEXT: If they see that our national government is efficient and well regulated . . . our resources and fin" ******* END TEXT: "private morality. Fraud, rudeness, and insolence, he counseled, would not only “degrade and disgrace"
9780814731437 - page_42: "START TEXT: nations & Individuals, but also expose them to Hostility & insult.” National “indiscretions,” he wr" ******* END TEXT: "of Congress’s regrettable disarray; Jay also assured Britain’s Lord Lansdowne, from whom Jay begged "
9780814731437 - page_43: "START TEXT: abundant “good nature,” that constitutional lethargy and the lack of “temper and liberality” among r" ******* END TEXT: "pendence “in the most extensive sense.” Americans could be “honest and grateful to our allies,” Jay "
9780814731437 - page_44: "START TEXT: noted wryly, “but . . . think for ourselves.”55 Early agreements with France, Spain, or Russia serve" ******* END TEXT: "he earth, they will refuse the scanty earnings which manufacturers . . . offer them. [Thus] exports "
9780814731437 - page_45: "START TEXT: from America will consist of raw materials which other nations will [process] at a cheaper rate . . " ******* END TEXT: "a peculiarly inviting forum for the cultivation of domestic unity, equitable trade relations, and a "
9780814731437 - page_46: "START TEXT: working alliance between executives and judges. The chief justice’s experience and prejudices had co" ******* END TEXT: "efended the separation of powers by refusing to allow federal courts to pass judgment, as an act of "
9780814731437 - page_47: "START TEXT: Congress seemed to require, on claims of invalid pensioners; the decision (reinforced in 1794, to gi" ******* END TEXT: "hisholm, a Carolinian and the executor of one Farquhar, sought state performance of a Revolutionary "
9780814731437 - page_48: "START TEXT: War contract through the Court’s original diversity jurisdiction—that is, the jurisdiction granted f" ******* END TEXT: "ace through permanent sequestration and renunciation. The attorney general, for instance, re-ferred "
9780814731437 - page_49: "START TEXT: suggestively in Chisholm to the fearsome implications of immunity for public safety. “The Federal he" ******* END TEXT: "g it impossible for federal marshals and judges to summon states as defendants. Virginia con-demned "
9780814731437 - page_50: "START TEXT: Jay for attacking state sovereignty; Georgians toyed with hanging federal officers, should they agai" ******* END TEXT: "owever, the high court was useless, especially when confronted with multiple or contrary visions of "
9780814731437 - page_51: "START TEXT: what the polity ought to look like—an eventuality for which Jay, unlike the author of Federalist No." ******* END TEXT: "capable of affording,” for a neutral commission could do “exactly what is right.” Anxiety and anger "
9780814731437 - page_52: "START TEXT: shared the stage with Jay’s conscience: as the contest over the Jay Treaty raged in Congress, and on" ******* END TEXT: "“Fence” between civilization and barbarism, a mighty engine capable of instilling a divine spark in "
9780814731437 - page_53: "START TEXT: ordinary men, a guarantor of liberty as entrepreneurs scrambled after wealth, and the scaffolding ar" ******* END TEXT: "ome, unification behind a supreme manmade law might suffice, but, in dealings with Europeans, where "
9780814731437 - page_54: "START TEXT: traders and politians might succumb to temptation or where public displays of dirty laundry might le" ******* END TEXT: " greatly our individual Prosperity depends on our national Prosperity; and how greatly our national "
9780814731437 - page_55: "START TEXT: Prosperity depends on a well organized vigorous Government, ruling by wise and equal Laws, faithfull" ******* END TEXT: "chief justice tried to solidify an alliance with the executive branch, fearing with Hamilton that a "
9780814731437 - page_56: "START TEXT: bench with “neither Force nor Will, but merely judgment” would soon collapse.93 He also explored the" ******* END TEXT: "he limitation on national power . . . essential to the maintenance of a democratic society.”95\nNOTES"
9780814731437 - page_57: "START TEXT: \n1. Quoted in Gordon Wood, The Creation of the American Republic (Chapel Hill 1969), 420.\n2. David H" ******* END TEXT: " 1923); Morris, Peacemakers; and Jerald Combs, The Jay Treaty (Berkeley 1970). Alexander De-Conde’s "
9780814731437 - page_58: "START TEXT: Entangling Alliances (Durham, N.C. 1958) supplies additional detail about Jay’s diplomatic career.\n5" ******* END TEXT: "w, 77 (Nov. 1963), 1-39.\n9. Goebel, History of the Supreme Court, 552 and 729-733, also credits Jay "
9780814731437 - page_59: "START TEXT: with initiating the “lamentable standards of American judicial historiography.” On Jay’s Federalist " ******* END TEXT: "., Morris, John Jay, 12, 86.\n19. Jay to Morris, July 21, 1777, Jay to Alexander McDougall, Dec. 23, "
9780814731437 - page_60: "START TEXT: 1775, in Morris, Unpublished Papers, I, 423, 213. In addition, see Jay to Wash-ington, Apr. 22, 1779" ******* END TEXT: "ke, Federalist, 23-24.\n29. Jay to Morris, Apr. 29, 1778, in Morris, Unpublished Papers, I, 475-476. "
9780814731437 - page_61: "START TEXT: Morris characterizes Jay more positively as a “prudent revolutionary”; John Jay, 3.\n30. See Wood, Cr" ******* END TEXT: "resumably to conserve wisdom and rout out demagoguery. On collaboration, advisory councils, and the "
9780814731437 - page_62: "START TEXT: royal prerogative, see Federalist No. 4, in Cooke, Federalist, 20; Address to the People of the Stat" ******* END TEXT: "n Wood, Creation, 96.\n46. Draft of John Jay’s Charge to the Grand Jury of the Circuit Court for the "
9780814731437 - page_63: "START TEXT: District of Virginia [before April 22, 1793], in Marcus, Documentary History, II, 362 (much of which" ******* END TEXT: " the arguments of the two men are striking, as is a shared belief that the law of nations em-bodied "
9780814731437 - page_64: "START TEXT: divinity. See Arnaud Leavelle, “James Wilson and the Relation of the Scottish Metaphysics to America" ******* END TEXT: "tionary America (Lawrence, Kans. 1990); and, for intersections between commercial and international "
9780814731437 - page_65: "START TEXT: law, Peter Onuf and Nicholas Onuf, Federal Union, Modern World: The Law of Nations in an Age of Revo" ******* END TEXT: "360.\n69. Jay to George Read, Dec. 12, 1786, an unpublished letter quoted in Morris, John Jay, 26-27."
9780814731437 - page_66: "START TEXT: \n70. Judge-made criminal law exercised at the federal level held obvious appeal for Jay, whose visio" ******* END TEXT: "ontinued Brailsford case reappeared on the Supreme Court docket in 1798 to be dismissed in light of "
9780814731437 - page_67: "START TEXT: the Eleventh Amendment; see note 77. On Brailsford as a struggle mainly against judicial nationalism" ******* END TEXT: " such as Wood, Creation; Bernard Bailyn, Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, "
9780814731437 - page_68: "START TEXT: Mass. 1967); the long introduction in Jack Greene, ed., Reinterpretation of the American Revolution " ******* END TEXT: "Sept. 1981), 337-350. For additional essays, see Kermit Hall, ed., United States Constitutional and "
9780814731437 - page_69: "START TEXT: Legal History, Vol. I, Main Themes in U.S. Constitutional and Legal History (New York 1987).\n92. Mor" ******* END TEXT: "he Supreme Court, passim.\n94. White, American Judicial Tradition, 2-3.\n95. Morris, John Jay, 102.\n\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_70: "START TEXT: Chapter 3John RutledgeDistinction and Declension\nJames Haw\nJohn Rutledge was a tall and imposing fig" ******* END TEXT: "ney described Rutledge’s speech as “strong and argumentative, and remarkable for close reasoning.”4\n"
9780814731437 - page_71: "START TEXT: If John Rutledge was a proud aristocrat, his gentility was of the freshly minted colonial variety. H" ******* END TEXT: "ke broad policy for the empire but should not tax the colonies or interfere in their local affairs.\n"
9780814731437 - page_72: "START TEXT: Rutledge considered the extension of vice-admiralty jurisdiction in the colonies “the most enormous " ******* END TEXT: "ections to democracy, he probably shared a common contemporary view that turbulence, injustice, and "
9780814731437 - page_73: "START TEXT: susceptibility to the wiles of demagogues had frequently resulted from that form of government in th" ******* END TEXT: "a for the next three and a half years. He declined congressional appointments to a special court to "
9780814731437 - page_74: "START TEXT: decide a Massachusetts-New York boundary dispute, and as minister to the Netherlands.21 Gout and a s" ******* END TEXT: "lave trade. Upcountry discontent, challenges to deferential politics and to lowcountry dominance in "
9780814731437 - page_75: "START TEXT: South Carolina, and paper-money and debt-relief schemes portended ill for the future of the republic" ******* END TEXT: "ge wanted in the national legislature was “Honesty” in the lower house, “Ability” and experience in "
9780814731437 - page_76: "START TEXT: the upper.28 That formula, as applied in state governments, generally implied popular election of at" ******* END TEXT: "th. That formula gave the low-country a majority in the legislature despite the upcountry’s growing "
9780814731437 - page_77: "START TEXT: majority in population. Not fully articulated as of 1787, this low-country view of representation ap" ******* END TEXT: "tion must go on. “Altho’ we could not do what we thought best, in itself, we ought to do something” "
9780814731437 - page_78: "START TEXT: rather than “abandon every thing to hazard.” Defects in the plan could be remedied later.34\nRutledge" ******* END TEXT: "e land. And, as chairman of the Committee of Detail, Rutledge had an important hand in substituting "
9780814731437 - page_79: "START TEXT: enumerated powers, plus the necessary and proper clause, for the virtually unlimited authority given" ******* END TEXT: "mpire, we ought to take a permanent view of the subject and not look at the present moment only.”40\n"
9780814731437 - page_80: "START TEXT: Rutledge also sought to advance his state’s interests by advocating appointment of a committee to co" ******* END TEXT: "tation in office was unnecessary and undesirable. The convention ratified by a vote of 149 to 73.43\n"
9780814731437 - page_81: "START TEXT: Later Life and Judicial Career\nWhen the Constitution took effect, President George Washington offere" ******* END TEXT: "uity proceedings as well. No cases were decided on the Southern Circuit during Rutledge’s tenure.47\n"
9780814731437 - page_82: "START TEXT: Rutledge was involved in one incident of potential importance during his brief stint on the Court. I" ******* END TEXT: "r in which the debts of an insolvent estate should be paid. Specifically, were notes of hand in the "
9780814731437 - page_83: "START TEXT: same category with bonds, or did they fall under the heading of other debts? Rutledge, delivering th" ******* END TEXT: "ter. Rutledge instructed the jury that the master had received the stipulated income from his slave "
9780814731437 - page_84: "START TEXT: woman. He was entitled to no more, and the jury should not “do such manifest violence to so singular" ******* END TEXT: "dest son, John Rutledge, Jr., and his brothers, Edward and Hugh Rutledge, became deeply involved by "
9780814731437 - page_85: "START TEXT: assuming obligations for his debts. Much of Rutledge’s property went to John Jr. and Edward in the 1" ******* END TEXT: "ate ratified the treaty that Jay had brought back from Britain earlier in the year. The vote was 20 "
9780814731437 - page_86: "START TEXT: to 10, following strict party lines. When the treaty’s previously secret terms became public, there " ******* END TEXT: "s about Rutledge’s personal fitness to serve were inseparably intertwined. Rutledge’s de-rangement, "
9780814731437 - page_87: "START TEXT: some Federalists thought, explained his Jay Treaty speech, and “the crazy speech” proved his mental " ******* END TEXT: "ndent on his brothers and eldest son, he faced the prospective loss of all of his property and with "
9780814731437 - page_88: "START TEXT: it the remnants of the personal independence that eighteenth-century gentlemen so highly valued. The" ******* END TEXT: "health reasons if there had been no opposition to his confirmation is, of course, another question.\n"
9780814731437 - page_89: "START TEXT: Rutledge remained rational after his 1795 suicide attempts. He lived in seclusion for more than two " ******* END TEXT: "important to liberty. Together with his role at the Federal Convention of 1787, Rutledge’s greatest "
9780814731437 - page_90: "START TEXT: services came in the Continental and Confederation Congresses, and in all three branches of colonial" ******* END TEXT: "-78, 291; “Journal of Josiah Quincy, Junior, 1773,” Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings 49 "
9780814731437 - page_91: "START TEXT: (1915-1916): 446-47; Mabel L. Webber, “Dr. John Rutledge and His Descendants,” South Carolina Histor" ******* END TEXT: "liam Edwin Hemphill, Wylma Anne Waites, and Nicholas Olsberg, eds., Journals of the General Assembly"
9780814731437 - page_92: "START TEXT: and House of Representatives, 1776-1780 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press for the South" ******* END TEXT: "nd History, 1979), 349, 370, 382-83, 396, 398; Nadelhaft, Disorders of War, 174; Charleston Evening "
9780814731437 - page_93: "START TEXT: Gazette, Oct. 5, 1785, Feb. 8, 1786; E. Rutledge to Jeremiah Wadsworth, Oct. 21, 1786, cited in Rich" ******* END TEXT: "tes, 1789-1800, 5 vols. to date (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985-), 1:20 (hereafter DHSC)."
9780814731437 - page_94: "START TEXT: \n45. Rutledge to Washington, Oct. 27, 1789, June 12, 1795, DHSC, 1:22, 94-95. For his resignation as" ******* END TEXT: " Family Correspondence, SCHS; J. Adams to Abigail Adams, Dec. 21, 1795, DHSC, 1:816; for references "
9780814731437 - page_95: "START TEXT: to presentments, John C. Meleney, The Public Life of Aedanus Burke: Revolutionary Republican in Post" ******* END TEXT: " Press, 1995), 77, 113.\n67. W Read to J. Read, Sep. 10, Nov. 25, 1795, Read Family Correspon-dence, "
9780814731437 - page_96: "START TEXT: SCHS; City Gazette, Nov. 6, 1795; Minutes, U.S. Circuit Court for S.C., Federal Record Center, East " ******* END TEXT: "rleston District Court of Common Pleas, SCAr; City Gazette, Dec. 10, 11, 12, 1798, July 24, 1800.\n\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_100: "START TEXT: 1822 letter to Thomas Jefferson that “Cushing was incompetent, Chase could not be got to think or wr" ******* END TEXT: "as John Adams and George Washington held William Cushing in high regard for nearly fifty years.13**\n"
9780814731437 - page_101: "START TEXT: Deconstruction: A Force in American Law and Politics\nRatifying the Constitution\nWilliam Cushing was " ******* END TEXT: "the interest of all classes of men ... is essentially afflicted from the ocean to the wilderness.16\n"
9780814731437 - page_102: "START TEXT: In short, Cushing, like most Federalists at the time, saw ratification of the Constitution as the be" ******* END TEXT: "tic role in which he had been cast: a stricken man rising from a sick bed, coming before a di-vided "
9780814731437 - page_103: "START TEXT: convention, with galleries packed, peacemaker and conciliator, the expectation of the Federalists, y" ******* END TEXT: "sed Constitution was of great concern to many delegates to the Massachusetts ratifying con-vention. "
9780814731437 - page_104: "START TEXT: Cushing’s speech indicates that he did not share this concern. In fact, the speech reveals that Cush" ******* END TEXT: "n office. More important, Cushing insisted that the people had the right to reelect representatives "
9780814731437 - page_105: "START TEXT: with whom they were satisfied, and that it was often in the best interests of the political communit" ******* END TEXT: "d depravity of mind—subversive of the first principles of justice, and the great ends of society.32\n"
9780814731437 - page_106: "START TEXT: As this quotation suggests, Cushing had the outlook of a classical liberal on government—one he arti" ******* END TEXT: "ts to characterize William Cushing as not much more than judicial deadwood are without foundation.*\n"
9780814731437 - page_107: "START TEXT: When one turns from the quantity of Cushing’s opinions to their quality, Cushing does not fare any b" ******* END TEXT: " rather than a vice. In fact, it is not unfair to say that Cushing was one of the earliest—and most "
9780814731437 - page_108: "START TEXT: consistent—proponents of a school of legal interpretation known today as “textualism.”42\nChisholm v." ******* END TEXT: " over history and the basic concepts of sovereignty, the state, and man’s relation to the state. He "
9780814731437 - page_109: "START TEXT: invoked Reid, Bacon, Cicero, William the Conqueror, the Ephori of Sparta, Homer, Demosthenes, Louis " ******* END TEXT: " read in conjunction with the clause that immediately preceded it, “to controversies between two or "
9780814731437 - page_110: "START TEXT: more states”—a clause that plainly envisioned the state as a defendant. If any exception was intende" ******* END TEXT: ", and Jay’s in Chisholm, however, much of Chase’s opinion was superfluous. For instance, he spent a "
9780814731437 - page_111: "START TEXT: good third of his opinion describing the elements of the defendants’ claim—and then declared that th" ******* END TEXT: " Cushing issued forgettable opinions confined almost entirely to the interpretation of the treaty,” "
9780814731437 - page_112: "START TEXT: Currie declares.62 What the critics fail to mention, however, is that the question before the Court " ******* END TEXT: "sm generally—evidences deference to the lawmakers who framed or legislated the particular law under "
9780814731437 - page_113: "START TEXT: consideration. Such deference was squarely within the jurisprudential mainstream of Cushing’s time.7" ******* END TEXT: "cial review, most often written by historians, continue to use Marbury as the point of departure.74\n"
9780814731437 - page_114: "START TEXT: Cushing’s contributions to the development of judicial review in America were considerable. For inst" ******* END TEXT: "is precedent by Cushing and/or Paterson, the only justices who served on the Court in both cases.79\n"
9780814731437 - page_115: "START TEXT: Abolishing Slavery\nNo assessment of William Cushing’s contributions to American law and politics wou" ******* END TEXT: " that in Massachusetts at the time all judicial cases, including appeals, were tried before a jury.\n"
9780814731437 - page_116: "START TEXT: In charging the jury, Cushing discussed “the doctrine of slavery and the right of Christians to hold" ******* END TEXT: "rge itself. Indeed, Cover aptly notes that the question of which case actually abolished slavery in "
9780814731437 - page_117: "START TEXT: Massachusetts “has become a historians’s perennial football.”83 At last count, there are no fewer th" ******* END TEXT: "merican legal and political history need not proceed by random doubt or generalized skepticism. The "
9780814731437 - page_118: "START TEXT: only thing I have aspired to “destroy” is the claim to unequivocal domination by John Marshall on ea" ******* END TEXT: "rvice is viewed negatively by John Cushing. See, for example, ibid., 327 (“As acting Chief Jus-tice "
9780814731437 - page_119: "START TEXT: Cushing did nothing to distinguish himself. Neither did he do anything to win lasting fame as an ass" ******* END TEXT: ", 313.\n19. O’Brien, “Justice Cushing’s Undelivered Speech,” 74-75.\n20. Ibid., 74.\n21. Ibid., 78-79.\n"
9780814731437 - page_120: "START TEXT: 22. Quoted in ibid., 80. Cushing’s speech is reprinted in Father O’Brien’s article. All references a" ******* END TEXT: "ss, 1985-), 491, 491-92.\n33. The grand jury charges Cushing delivered as a Massachusetts judge were "
9780814731437 - page_121: "START TEXT: similar in both style and substance to those he delivered as a U.S. Supreme Court justice. For insta" ******* END TEXT: "he Early Republic: The Chief Justiceships of John Jay and Oliver Ellsworth (Columbia: University of "
9780814731437 - page_122: "START TEXT: South Carolina Press, 1995), 250 (“Paterson and Iredell stood head and shoulders above their fellows" ******* END TEXT: "” 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) at 281.\n65. Philip Bobbitt, Constitutional Fate: Theory of the Constitution (New "
9780814731437 - page_123: "START TEXT: York: Oxford University Press, 1992). See also Michael J. Gerhardt and Thomas D. Rowe, Jr., Constitu" ******* END TEXT: " constitutional law[,] [b]ut Cushing had been interpreting the great constitution of Massachu-setts "
9780814731437 - page_124: "START TEXT: for nearly ten years before the Constitution of the United States was ratified”).\n76. The April 1791" ******* END TEXT: "rsity Press, 1975), 8, 43-50.\n81. Robert M. Spector, “The Quock Walker Cases (1781-83)—Slavery, Its "
9780814731437 - page_125: "START TEXT: Abolition and Negro Citizenship in Early Massachusetts,” Journal of Negro History 53 (January 1968):" ******* END TEXT: "ief Justiceship of John Marshall, 1801-1835 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997).\n\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_97: "START TEXT: Chapter 4Deconstructing William Cushing\nScott Douglas Gerber\nStructuralism: The Dan Quayle of the Ea" ******* END TEXT: "r Court of Judicature, the highest court in the province. Cushing graduated from Harvard College in "
9780814731437 - page_98: "START TEXT: 1751, studied law in the office of a distinguished Boston attorney, and was admitted to the bar in 1" ******* END TEXT: "en about William Cushing. In view of the significant contributions Cushing made to American law and "
9780814731437 - page_99: "START TEXT: politics throughout his many years of public life, the term “surprisingly little” is applicable.\nThe" ******* END TEXT: "out Cushing’s faculties are supported by little else than Justice William Johnson’s assertion in an "
9780814731437 - page_126: "START TEXT: Chapter 5James WilsonDemocratic Theorist and Supreme Court justice\nMark D. Hall\nJames Wilson (1742-1" ******* END TEXT: "itical theory that strongly influenced his significant role in the creation of the American regime.\n"
9780814731437 - page_127: "START TEXT: A Quick Rise to Prominence\nJames Wilson was born in Carskerdo, Scotland in 1742, the son of a lower-" ******* END TEXT: "ce until his appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1790, but from the start of the Revolutionary "
9780814731437 - page_128: "START TEXT: War until his death he spent the largest portion of his time engaged in affairs of state. In 1774 Wi" ******* END TEXT: "ns to the American republic were made in the Federal Convention of 1787. Among the few delegates to "
9780814731437 - page_129: "START TEXT: attend the convention from start to finish, Wilson participated in all of the most important proceed" ******* END TEXT: "erhaps, there stand millions: but right is weighed by principle; it is not estimated by numbers.”17\n"
9780814731437 - page_130: "START TEXT: What sort of government would best protect rights? Because Wilson believed that people could know na" ******* END TEXT: "ned that these mechanisms would divide power and make both minority and majority tyranny difficult.\n"
9780814731437 - page_131: "START TEXT: Wilson supported a number of devices that he thought would check the will of an errant majority. The" ******* END TEXT: "e; and yet not be so unconstitutional as to justify the judges in refusing to give them ef-feet.”36 "
9780814731437 - page_132: "START TEXT: He also argued for judicial self-restraint. A judge, Wilson contended, should “remember, that his du" ******* END TEXT: "operation to a particular State, ought to be subject to the separate governments of the States; but "
9780814731437 - page_133: "START TEXT: whatever in its nature and operation extended beyond a particular State, ought to be comprehended wi" ******* END TEXT: "ed this proposal not because he wanted Congress to examine every state law and strike down those it "
9780814731437 - page_134: "START TEXT: did not like. Rather, he considered the congressional veto to be primarily a form of self-defense ag" ******* END TEXT: "ated one of Wilson’s most important ideals when it applied the principle of one-person, one-vote to "
9780814731437 - page_135: "START TEXT: the U.S. House of Representatives. Indeed, Justice Hugo Black’s opinion for the Court cited Wilson’s" ******* END TEXT: "cation battles.55 It soon became, in Gordon Wood’s words, “the basis of all Federalist thinking.”56\n"
9780814731437 - page_136: "START TEXT: As his final act of constitution making, Wilson was pleased to lead Pennsylvania in disposing of its" ******* END TEXT: "s. The first case arose in the New York Circuit, where Chief Justice John Jay and Associate Justice "
9780814731437 - page_137: "START TEXT: William Cushing were presiding with District Judge James Duane. These judges informed Congress that " ******* END TEXT: "ereignty. This concern had been repeatedly raised by the Antifederalists, who had argued in many of "
9780814731437 - page_138: "START TEXT: the ratifying conventions that individuals would be able to sue states as states.67\nIn Chisholm the " ******* END TEXT: " Similarly, he pointed to several Greek and Spanish precedents that seemed to support his position.\n"
9780814731437 - page_139: "START TEXT: Given that the sovereign people can grant the national government whatever powers they choose, the o" ******* END TEXT: "circuit court arguments in the case, he told the government’s counsel that the justices were of the "
9780814731437 - page_140: "START TEXT: opinion that federal courts could strike down congressional legislation as unconstitutional.76\nIn Wa" ******* END TEXT: " common law is perfect. Wilson recognized that it contained errors, and he criticized aspects of it "
9780814731437 - page_141: "START TEXT: throughout his law lectures.86 But, like society, common law is in a state of progression because it" ******* END TEXT: "eral other persons, with a view to extort money.”94 Because this case was poorly reported, scholars "
9780814731437 - page_142: "START TEXT: long have debated the exact nature of the charges.95 Recent scholarship has shown that both the pros" ******* END TEXT: "isprudence were mastered, students then could learn what he termed “the retail business of law.”101\n"
9780814731437 - page_143: "START TEXT: This is not to say, however, that Wilson did not discuss mundane legal matters. His lectures progres" ******* END TEXT: "is final days hiding from creditors in a tavern in Edenton, North Carolina, the hometown of Justice "
9780814731437 - page_144: "START TEXT: Iredell. Here, with his wife by his side, Wilson contracted malaria and died on August 21, 1798.106 " ******* END TEXT: "er support for a strong federal judiciary. See Seed, James Wilson, 185; Smith, James Wilson, 170-76."
9780814731437 - page_145: "START TEXT: \n4. Bushrod Washington to Bird Wilson, 26 October 1822, in James Wilson Papers, Historical Society o" ******* END TEXT: "nd Major Opinions, ed. Leon Friedman and Fred Israel (New York: Chelsea House, 1969), 1:79; Clinton "
9780814731437 - page_146: "START TEXT: Rossiter, 1787: The Grand Convention (New York: W. W. Norton, 1966), 247-48.\n12. See Works, 123-25. " ******* END TEXT: " Political Thought,” Political Science Quarterly 57 (1942): 394-410. Morton White argues in Science "
9780814731437 - page_147: "START TEXT: and Sentiment in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972) that Wilson was primarily influen" ******* END TEXT: ", 96-140.\n26. Works, 158, 289-91.\n27. Farrand, Records, 1:94-100, 421, 426; Works, 328-30, 341, 391,"
9780814731437 - page_148: "START TEXT: 416-17. Wilson also played an important role in the creation of the contract and guarantee clauses.\n" ******* END TEXT: "January 1792, in Konkle MSS, VL326-27. See also Perry Miller, The Life of the Mind in America, From "
9780814731437 - page_149: "START TEXT: the Revolution to the Civil War (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1965), 239-49.\n47. Farrand, R" ******* END TEXT: "James Wilson, 304 (emphasis in original). Washington’s cool reply may be attributed to, at least in "
9780814731437 - page_150: "START TEXT: part, Wilson’s being a leader of Pennsylvania’s presidential electors. Perhaps Washington did not wa" ******* END TEXT: "iffith J. McRee (1857; repr., New York: Peter Smith, 1949), 11:382.\n75. 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) 171 (1796)."
9780814731437 - page_151: "START TEXT: \n76. See Casto, The Supreme Court, 215.\n77. 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) 199 (1796).\n78. Ibid., 281. Wilson join" ******* END TEXT: " begun to offer a new foundation for the common law. No longer seen to rest on the old nat-ural-law "
9780814731437 - page_152: "START TEXT: foundation, the common law was viewed as resting on consent expressed in the form of custom and cont" ******* END TEXT: "Many Lawyers,’ and a Federal Common Law Crime,” in Marcus, Origins of the Federal Judiciary, 106-72."
9780814731437 - page_153: "START TEXT: \n97. Presser, The Original Misunderstanding, 71. William Obering stressedthat Wilson’s conception of" ******* END TEXT: "nt, Wilson’s date of death is occasionally given as 28 August 1798. It actually was 21 August 1798, "
9780814731437 - page_154: "START TEXT: as recorded by Wilson’s friend James Iredell. James Iredell to Miss Gray, 25 Aug. 1798, ibid., 534.\n" ******* END TEXT: "avid W. Maxey, “The Translation of James Wilson,” Journal of Supreme Court History (1990): 29-43.\n\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_155: "START TEXT: Chapter 6John Blair“A Safe and Conscientious Judge”\nWythe Holt\n“John Blair,... while not a man of th" ******* END TEXT: "ignant phrasing to say nothing of punctuation diversity, so that I have not always been successful.\n"
9780814731437 - page_156: "START TEXT: Lawyer, Jurist, and Politician in Virginia’s Ruling Class\nEducation and Social Relations\nProsperity " ******* END TEXT: " county courts where the local gentry sat as justices of the peace; there old-style informality and "
9780814731437 - page_157: "START TEXT: gentry dignity prevailed over mercantile efficiency and, at times, mercantile justice. Only a few we" ******* END TEXT: "momentarily apparent when, upon the sudden flight of the royal Governor Dunmore to his ships in May "
9780814731437 - page_158: "START TEXT: 1775, Blair on behalf of the Council was compelled to reassure the common people that “odious distin" ******* END TEXT: "Revolution; both had long been leaders in Virginia politics; both had served with great distinction "
9780814731437 - page_159: "START TEXT: in a Continental Congress full of capable men; both were well known for their political philosophies" ******* END TEXT: "udge-made rules. Blair’s opinion epitomized the staid, natural-law position of the majority: “If it "
9780814731437 - page_160: "START TEXT: were a new case, I should be at no loss to decide in favor of the prisoner. But the decision in Powl" ******* END TEXT: "onal (and more creditor-oriented) upper-court Virginia judges ride circuit through the hinterlands. "
9780814731437 - page_161: "START TEXT: This produced much opposition from the powerful county courts during the depressed 1780s, but finall" ******* END TEXT: "nia, and Blair, as usual, accepted the views of his social peers and eminent judicial colleagues.17\n"
9780814731437 - page_162: "START TEXT: A Federalist National Security Court\nBlair as Constitution Maker\nJohn Blair served but a short time " ******* END TEXT: "he case of Great Britain, smarting under recent defeat, contemptuous, and hoping to give its former "
9780814731437 - page_163: "START TEXT: colonies a comeuppance. Internally, some poor crop years, a decadelong depression, plus the astonish" ******* END TEXT: "on of localism meant the establishment of independent federal courts with appropriate jurisdiction.\n"
9780814731437 - page_164: "START TEXT: The Constitutional Convention (as interpreted by William Casto) did precisely this, establishing a w" ******* END TEXT: "hesitated, for they were proponents of a system that they felt to be absolutely necessary for their "
9780814731437 - page_165: "START TEXT: own and the nation’s welfare. Moreover, their support for the Constitution meant conscious support f" ******* END TEXT: "nt, and his travel throughout the United States was as the living symbol of its presence and power.\n"
9780814731437 - page_166: "START TEXT: These traits and experiences kept his fires of devotion to the Federalist government and its policie" ******* END TEXT: "“ideas which never before occur-r’d” to him, and indeed it seems to have been the first time he had "
9780814731437 - page_167: "START TEXT: thought deeply about the extent to which the states were now subordinate to the federal government. " ******* END TEXT: "and their families. Complicated and brought to a boil by the permanent assignment of a feisty James "
9780814731437 - page_168: "START TEXT: Iredell to the sprawling Southern Circuit—he thought the assignment arbitrary and discriminatory, an" ******* END TEXT: "of Congress unconstitutional, in Hayburn’s Case. And in August 1792 they openly petitioned Congress "
9780814731437 - page_169: "START TEXT: for an end to circuit riding, in language emphasizing practical difficulties, not constitutional one" ******* END TEXT: "tor bitterly recounted that “all the declamatory talents of Patrick Henry were displayed to inflame "
9780814731437 - page_170: "START TEXT: Mens minds, prevent their Judgments & drive them to acts of Outrage.” It was Henry’s last great case" ******* END TEXT: "ary, thought that Georgia had an adequate remedy at law. Blair alone argued that the Court, sitting "
9780814731437 - page_171: "START TEXT: Blair, Judicial Review, and Natural Law Jurisprudence\nThe other important circuit ruling occurred in" ******* END TEXT: "s bold path during the February 1792 Supreme Court session. On April 12 Blair, Wilson, and District "
9780814731437 - page_172: "START TEXT: in equity, had to expand the equitable action in the nature of interpleader to take care of the situ" ******* END TEXT: "sible explanations ... to protect their property,” and were disbelieved by state prize juries], the "
9780814731437 - page_173: "START TEXT: [federal] judges restored the captured property.” Now New Hampshire appealed to Congress, and a comm" ******* END TEXT: "as a supporter both of the Federalist government and of the commercial ethos of “ruses” and profit.\n"
9780814731437 - page_174: "START TEXT: Judge Richard Peters refused to hear the pension claim of veteran William Hay burn, holding unconsti" ******* END TEXT: "judicial review by the Supreme Court has been engendered by several factors. Some originated in the "
9780814731437 - page_175: "START TEXT: 1790s: the lack of directness and lack of cohesion of the justices (who issued differing opinions in" ******* END TEXT: "ve their opinions on judicial review in the Caton case, or when, in 1793, Chief Justice Jay invited "
9780814731437 - page_176: "START TEXT: any member of the bar to speak on behalf of the absent state in Chisholm v. Georgia.44 Blair and the" ******* END TEXT: " Court held for the United States, invalidating all the actions of the judges as “commissioners.”46\n"
9780814731437 - page_177: "START TEXT: Chisholm and National Power\nThe controversy over Hayburn died down, and indeed Hayburn lessened fear" ******* END TEXT: " and B. is surely a dispute between B. and A.” The Constitution’s other grants of jurisdiction over "
9780814731437 - page_178: "START TEXT: “Controversies between two or more States” and between “a State and foreign States” were conclusive " ******* END TEXT: "es with and economic dependency upon Great Britain, and warned of the dangers of democratic excess. "
9780814731437 - page_179: "START TEXT: Jefferson and Hamilton agreed, however, that the weakness and vulnerability of the United States mad" ******* END TEXT: " up to the Supreme Court, so there were judicial avenues for the judges to render their opinions.53\n"
9780814731437 - page_180: "START TEXT: To the utter dismay of the Washington administration, four of the five federal district courts that " ******* END TEXT: " accused of treason and awaiting indictment by a grand jury, when the Court met in February 1795.54\n"
9780814731437 - page_181: "START TEXT: Blair was clearly alarmed by this event, and his two surviving grand jury charges, from the fall 179" ******* END TEXT: "ently while on the Court, John Blair was forced to leave the bench on circuit in South Carolina and "
9780814731437 - page_182: "START TEXT: to cancel the ensuing North Carolina circuit court in the spring of 1795. He described the malady as" ******* END TEXT: "orney general of Massachusetts was “much pleased with Judge Blair,” praising Blair’s “independence” "
9780814731437 - page_183: "START TEXT: when, on circuit, he openly if respectfully differed on a point of law from the Federalist-dominated" ******* END TEXT: "nuing relations rather than as disruptive and divisive. The proper criterion against which to judge "
9780814731437 - page_184: "START TEXT: the Supreme Court’s opinions in the perilous 1790s is their political effectiveness in persuasively " ******* END TEXT: "ols., 1967) (cited hereafter as Pendleton Papers), 2:554 (opinion of the Virginia Court of Appeals, "
9780814731437 - page_185: "START TEXT: written by Edmund Pendleton, joined by John Blair), dealt with at more length in text accompanying n" ******* END TEXT: "Blair (1732-1800), p. 338; Israel, “Blair,” 109-10; Earl Gregg Swem, “Williamsburg—The Old Colonial "
9780814731437 - page_186: "START TEXT: Capital,” W&MQ(lst), 16:307 (1907); Joseph A. Ernst, “The Robinson Scandal Redivivus: Money, Debts, " ******* END TEXT: "87); “Remonstrance of the Judges,” Va. Ct. App., May 12, 1788, Pendleton Papers 2:504; “Resignation "
9780814731437 - page_187: "START TEXT: of 1the Judges,” Va. Ct. App., March 11, 1789, ibid., 2:553. Call’s fourth volume of Virginia report" ******* END TEXT: " of1789: Exposing Myths, Challenging Premises, and Using New Evidence (1990), pp. 27-46, esp. 43-44."
9780814731437 - page_188: "START TEXT: \n17. “Pendleton’s Account of the ‘Case of the Prisoners,’” Pendleton Papers 2:422 (Pendleton worried" ******* END TEXT: " role of the judges and gives in detail the fluid and confusing constellation of political tensions "
9780814731437 - page_189: "START TEXT: and pressures constituting what I have here called the “tightrope” they had to walk. (Jay’s manuscri" ******* END TEXT: "untry Journal, June 16, 1792 (giving disposition upon retrial); James Iredell to George Washington, "
9780814731437 - page_190: "START TEXT: February 23,1792, Documentary History 2:239-41 (describing West and the troubles it did not solve; r" ******* END TEXT: "zing state-defendant jurisdiction); James Sullivan, “Observations upon the Government of the United "
9780814731437 - page_191: "START TEXT: States of America” (July 7, 1791), ibid., 5:21-32 (same); “A Citizen,” [Philadelphia] Dunlap’s Ameri" ******* END TEXT: "Loan Certificates, 1777-1801), Vi. (I am indebted to Brent Tarter for this information.) Virginians "
9780814731437 - page_192: "START TEXT: excused Blair’s nonattendance on grounds of his son’s death, see, e.g., [Secretary of State] Thomas " ******* END TEXT: " “aim[ing] at the cultivation of Southern popularity,” and that the members of the Court in general "
9780814731437 - page_193: "START TEXT: would “take a score of years to settle ... a regular course of Chancery.” Randolph also criticized I" ******* END TEXT: "2) (note containingthe opinions of Jay, Cushing, and the district judge of New York; Wilson, Blair, "
9780814731437 - page_194: "START TEXT: and Peters; and Iredell and the district judge of North Carolina, issued as letters dated respective" ******* END TEXT: "her chance to act. Congress repealed the 1792 act andgave the abusive duties to the district judges."
9780814731437 - page_195: "START TEXT: \n44. Mays, Pendleton 2:193-94; George Morgan to Alexander McKee, February [20], 1793, Documentary Hi" ******* END TEXT: "Am. J. Leg. Hist., 38:117-96 (1994). For John Jay’s quasi-cabinet status and his advisory opinions, "
9780814731437 - page_196: "START TEXT: see Jay, “Most Humble Servants,” pp. 69-92,114; Casto, Supreme Court, 72-75. Casto also details advi" ******* END TEXT: "Madison Papers 16:407; Grand Jury Presentment, May 22, 1797 (C.C.D.Va.), Documentary History 3:180; "
9780814731437 - page_197: "START TEXT: Henry Tazewell to [John Page?], June 3,1797, ibid., 3:189; Peregrine Fitzhugh to Thomas Jefferson, J" ******* END TEXT: "interested).\n62. The [Richmond] Virginia Argus, February 29, 1804; “Wickham Address,” pp. 5-6, 29.\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_198: "START TEXT: Chapter 7James IredellRevolutionist, Constitutionalist, Jurist\nWillis P. Whichard\nGeorge Washington " ******* END TEXT: "ed States senator from North Carolina, he rested the selection on the new justice’s reputation “for "
9780814731437 - page_199: "START TEXT: abilities, legal knowledge and respectability of character.” That North Carolina was “of some import" ******* END TEXT: "en inclement, and accommodations poor.13 The nomadic, often solitary existence produced desolation, "
9780814731437 - page_200: "START TEXT: and Iredell occasionally acknowledged outright homesickness.14 Considerable overhead was a further b" ******* END TEXT: "operty. This provision, it emphatically declared, “ought to remain sacred and inviolable [and] . . ."
9780814731437 - page_201: "START TEXT: never ... be violated on any pretense whatever.23 The palpable contrariety between this directive an" ******* END TEXT: " the constitution, had no effect.30 Iredell had said such a law was “void, and cannot be obeyed.”31\n"
9780814731437 - page_202: "START TEXT: In Bayard’s wake, Richard Dobbs Spaight, a delegate to the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention an" ******* END TEXT: "llwether for the Federalist forces in the North Carolina effort to ratify the federal Constitution.\n"
9780814731437 - page_203: "START TEXT: State Service\nFollowing adoption of the North Carolina constitution of 1776, Iredell served on a com" ******* END TEXT: " New York upon his appointment to the United States Supreme Court. He maintained an interest in the "
9780814731437 - page_204: "START TEXT: institution, however, and continued to promote it outside the state.47 His pedagogic commitment was " ******* END TEXT: "the concept of parliamentary sovereignty over America. If Parliament had absolute dominion, Iredell "
9780814731437 - page_205: "START TEXT: posited, the colonists had no liberty. Such a state was “the very definition of slavery,” and the cr" ******* END TEXT: "und justifications for the cleavage, however, postulating that it emanated from the king’s adoption "
9780814731437 - page_206: "START TEXT: of measures free men could not support. Submitting to such, he said, would have made Americans “the " ******* END TEXT: "thus assembled in Philadelphia in 1787, ostensibly to revise the Articles but, in fact, ultimately, "
9780814731437 - page_207: "START TEXT: to form a new constitution.\nIredell was not a member of the North Carolina contingent to the federal" ******* END TEXT: "ration of Rights”—as they decried the pace at which the Federalists were “hustling” ratification.69\n"
9780814731437 - page_208: "START TEXT: Iredell assumed the task of answering Mason, responding to each of his demurrers and concluding with" ******* END TEXT: "loquent words, as one Antifederalist delegate stated, went “in at one ear, and out at the other.”76\n"
9780814731437 - page_209: "START TEXT: From a personal standpoint, Iredell gained friends and benefited greatly from his role in the conven" ******* END TEXT: "that by which the first had defeated it.85 Several factors influenced the reversal, not least among "
9780814731437 - page_210: "START TEXT: them the educational efforts of leaders such as Iredell and Davie.86 In the immediate afterglow of t" ******* END TEXT: "rcuit, were seen as representatives or extensions of the Federalist administrations. It was largely "
9780814731437 - page_211: "START TEXT: through their contact with the judges sitting on the circuit courts that the American people became " ******* END TEXT: "eat stature, however—including Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Marshall—had effectively "
9780814731437 - page_212: "START TEXT: countered these charges and concerns. The majority opinions holding Georgia subject to the suit thus" ******* END TEXT: "ist thinkers of the period—notably Hamilton, Madison, and Marshall.110 Most important, it refleeted "
9780814731437 - page_213: "START TEXT: contemporary public opinion. As John Marshall wrote years later: “The alarm [over the majority opini" ******* END TEXT: "t of the world, are concluded by its sentences in cases clearly coming within its jurisdiction.”118\n"
9780814731437 - page_214: "START TEXT: Penhallow marked “[a] notable beginning ... in the assertion by judicial construction of national s" ******* END TEXT: "the Preamble to the Constitution and “certain vital principles in our free Republican governments,” "
9780814731437 - page_215: "START TEXT: posited that it was. It was “against all reason and justice,” he said, to treat legislative powers o" ******* END TEXT: "gether with the district court judge resident in the state or district where the court sat, composed"
9780814731437 - page_216: "START TEXT: the circuit court. Each justice thus traveled through one of the three circuits twice annually.140\nT" ******* END TEXT: "ver; and a near-century would pass before Supreme Court justices ceased to be regular riders of the "
9780814731437 - page_217: "START TEXT: circuits. They were, in Iredell’s words, “doomed ... to be wretched Drudges.”146\nIn addition to thei" ******* END TEXT: "ivility, cordiality, and generosity as he wended his way through the cities, towns, and countryside "
9780814731437 - page_218: "START TEXT: of an evolving nation.167 There were pleasant traveling companions,168 dinners,169 teas,170 dances,1" ******* END TEXT: "nd Williams, 1836), 10:34.\n2. George Washington to James Madison, August 10 (?), 1789, in ibid., 26."
9780814731437 - page_219: "START TEXT: \n3. Richard B. Bernstein and Kym S. Rice, Are We To Be a Nation? The Making of the Constitution (Cam" ******* END TEXT: "7, 39, 364 (Iredell to Hannah Iredell, May 2, 1777; March 12, 1778; July 2, 1778; December 2, 1782)."
9780814731437 - page_220: "START TEXT: \n14. Higginbotham, 1:445, 2:90 (Iredell to Hannah Iredell, April 28, 1777; June 14, 1779); Iredell t" ******* END TEXT: " Iredell, March 7,1785) (reference to Singleton’s having “silenced” Iredell and others); ibid., 489 "
9780814731437 - page_221: "START TEXT: (Iredell memorandum that he had “received a retaining fee in the case on behalf of the purchasers un" ******* END TEXT: "Iredell, 2:249-50 (Iredell to William Cumming, January 6, 1789); Waldrup, “Iredell and the Practice "
9780814731437 - page_222: "START TEXT: of Law in Revolutionary Era North Carolina,” 366 n.l (examples of legislators reporting to Iredell a" ******* END TEXT: "nsboro, N.C: Charles L. Van Noppen, 1908), 1:591-92 (Tory trials; urging patriotism); Higginbotham, "
9780814731437 - page_223: "START TEXT: Papers of Iredell, 2:45-48 (Iredell’s essay “To the Commissioners of the King of Great Britain for " ******* END TEXT: "eemen of the Town of Edenton, undated).\n72. Ibid., 224-25 (Thomas Iredell to Iredell, May 22, 1788)."
9780814731437 - page_224: "START TEXT: \n73. Ibid., 223-24 (William R. Davie to Iredell, May 1, 1788), 225-26 (Archibald Maclaine to Iredell" ******* END TEXT: "a’s Ratification of the Federal Constitution,” North Carolina Historical Review 17 (1940): 287, 297."
9780814731437 - page_225: "START TEXT: \n87. McRee, Life of Iredell, 2:272 (William Dawson to Iredell, November 22, 1789; Samuel Johnston to" ******* END TEXT: "titution, 3:523-27, 533, 555-56; Warren, Supreme Court in U.S. History, 1:96; Yarborough, “Chisholm "
9780814731437 - page_226: "START TEXT: v. Georgia: A Study,” 17, 30-31, 52-58,194-95; see also William A. Fletcher, “A Historical Interpret" ******* END TEXT: "ess, 1985), 9 n.29. In Colder v. Bull, Iredell stated that he had “not had an opportunity to reduce "
9780814731437 - page_227: "START TEXT: [his] opinion to writing.” 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) 386, 398 (1798). The statement was made in an opinion th" ******* END TEXT: "eview 37 (1923): 49, 95.\n142. See Holt, “Failure to Abolish Circuit-Riding,” 307-8; Wythe Holt, “To "
9780814731437 - page_228: "START TEXT: Establish Justice’: Politics, The Judiciary Act of 1789, and the Invention of the Federal Courts,” D" ******* END TEXT: "ork: Pharos Books, 1993), 41 (Iredell away from home eleven months in first year on Supreme Court).\n"
9780814731437 - page_229: "START TEXT: 154. Iredell to Helen Blair Tredwell (Hannah’s niece), May 27,1795, NCAH.\n155. Iredell to Hannah Ire" ******* END TEXT: "tober 13, 1792, NCAH.\n172. E.g., McRee, Life of Iredell, 2:439 (Iredell to Hannah Iredell, February "
9780814731437 - page_230: "START TEXT: 5, 1795), 456 (Iredell to Hannah Iredell, November 27, 1795), 494 (Iredell to Hannah Iredell, Februa" ******* END TEXT: "derson, North Carolina, 1:418.\n180. Marcus et al., Documentary History of U.S. Supreme Court 2:4.\n\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_231: "START TEXT: Chapter 8 William PatersonSmall States’ Nationalist\nDaniel A. Degnan, S.J.\nAppointed by George Washi" ******* END TEXT: "was born in Antrim, Ireland, in 1745. In 1747, his Scotch-Irish parents came to America. His father "
9780814731437 - page_232: "START TEXT: opened a general store in Princeton, across from Nassau Hall of the College of New Jersey. Paterson " ******* END TEXT: " set of consistent principles and great opportunities. Property and political stability were sacred "
9780814731437 - page_233: "START TEXT: to him.13 As a lawyer, Paterson sued debtors, and as attorney general during the Revolution, he purs" ******* END TEXT: "n in Paterson’s home state. New Jersey, having no major ports, had to import and export through New "
9780814731437 - page_234: "START TEXT: York and Philadelphia, both of which laid duties on New Jersey’s commerce. Paterson’s home state was" ******* END TEXT: " reduced of confederating among themselves, by a refusal of the others to concur. Let them unite if "
9780814731437 - page_235: "START TEXT: they please, but let them remember that they have no authority to compel the others to unite. New Je" ******* END TEXT: "oving for equality and expressing doubt that any state north of Pennsylvania, except Massachusetts, "
9780814731437 - page_236: "START TEXT: would consent to anything other than equal representation.45 A tie vote ensued on July 2, and a spec" ******* END TEXT: " 7, it seems clear that Paterson supported the Great Compromise.60 Above all, he was satisfied with "
9780814731437 - page_237: "START TEXT: the work of the convention. In the letter of July 17 to his wife, Paterson also wrote, “The business" ******* END TEXT: "the rights of property. Paterson also stressed the people’s compact, a principle apparently derived "
9780814731437 - page_238: "START TEXT: from John Locke, and a theory of sovereignty that bore echoes of Thomas Hobbes and may have owed muc" ******* END TEXT: "d States.’“69 Paterson was appointed to this committee, which produced the Judiciary Act of 1789.70\n"
9780814731437 - page_239: "START TEXT: The first nine sections of the Judiciary Act of 1789 were in William Paterson’s handwriting.71 Almos" ******* END TEXT: " review by the Supreme Court, through writs of error, of the judgments of the highest courts of the "
9780814731437 - page_240: "START TEXT: states in law or equity when federal questions were involved.85 It was Paterson who had introduced t" ******* END TEXT: "her evidence of his position and influence in the new nation. In 1795, Washington, who had presided "
9780814731437 - page_241: "START TEXT: at the Constitutional Convention, offered Paterson the office of secretary of state, but he declined" ******* END TEXT: "Term of 1795.106 In 1777, Congress formed a standing committee of five members to hear appeals from "
9780814731437 - page_242: "START TEXT: the state admiralty courts in cases of capture.107 That same year, the brig M’Clary captured the bri" ******* END TEXT: "ptain of the M’Clary had been commissioned as a privateer by Congress.120 Therefore, “[the captain] "
9780814731437 - page_243: "START TEXT: must ultimately be responsible to Congress, or their constituted authority.121\nThe other justices ex" ******* END TEXT: "res? Creatures of the Constitution; they owe their existence to the Constitution; they derive their "
9780814731437 - page_244: "START TEXT: powers from the Constitution; It is their commission; and, therefore, all their acts must be conform" ******* END TEXT: " expatriation and concluded that Ballard had not lost his United States citizenship.148 One section "
9780814731437 - page_245: "START TEXT: of Paterson’s opinion is noteworthy for the picture of the federal system that it presents. In rejec" ******* END TEXT: "ect taxes are circuitous modes of reaching the revenue of individuals, who generally live according "
9780814731437 - page_246: "START TEXT: to their income. In many cases of this nature the individual may be said to tax himself. I shall clo" ******* END TEXT: "te legislation on a writ of error to a state court. Ware, which had declared a state law invalid as "
9780814731437 - page_247: "START TEXT: in conflict with the treaty power, and Fletcher v. Peck,178 which was to be the first decision in wh" ******* END TEXT: " France qualified her as an enemy and that therefore a “limited” war was being conducted at sea.191\n"
9780814731437 - page_248: "START TEXT: John Marshall joined the Supreme Court as chief justice in the August Term, 1801.192 His practice of" ******* END TEXT: "cient to observe, that practice and acquiescence under it for a period of several years, commencing "
9780814731437 - page_249: "START TEXT: with the organization of the judicial system, affords an irresistible answer, and has indeed fixed t" ******* END TEXT: "rson asked the jury in Vanhorne’s Lessee214 “It is the form of government, delineated by the mighty "
9780814731437 - page_250: "START TEXT: hand of the people, in which certain first principles of fundamental laws are established.”215\nPater" ******* END TEXT: "ey 218-46 (1973) (explaining social and political atmosphere in New Jersey prior to the Revolution)."
9780814731437 - page_251: "START TEXT: \n19. See generally C. Rossiter, supra note 2, at 159-81; C. Warren, supra note 2, at 134-200.\n20. Se" ******* END TEXT: " Records, supra note 31, at 516; C. Rossiter, supra note 2, at 187; C. Warren, supra note 2, at 264."
9780814731437 - page_252: "START TEXT: \n49. M. Farrand, supra note 2, at 99; 1 Records, supra note 31, at 526.\n50. See generally C. Warren," ******* END TEXT: "es).\n66. C. Warren, supra note 2, at 768.\n67. J. O’Connor, supra note 1, at 167-68.\n68. Id. at 168.\n"
9780814731437 - page_253: "START TEXT: 69. Id. at 168.\n70. Id.\n71. Id. at 170.\n72. See Warren, “New Light on the History of the Federal Jud" ******* END TEXT: "a note 1, at xii, 185.\n93. Id. at 223. As governor and chancellor of New Jersey, Paterson undertook "
9780814731437 - page_254: "START TEXT: a complete compilation and revision of New Jersey statutory law; he completed the work while on the " ******* END TEXT: "ring that Term.\n107. Penhallow, 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) at 60.\n108. Id. at 60-61.\n109. Id. at 61.\n110. Id.\n"
9780814731437 - page_255: "START TEXT: 111. Id. at 62.\n112. Id.\n113. Id. at 64.\n114. Id.\n115. See id. at 54-66.\n116. See id. at 79-89 (opin" ******* END TEXT: "ts to the upper Susquehanna.” Boyd, “William Paterson, Forerunner of John Marshall,” in The Lives of"
9780814731437 - page_256: "START TEXT: Eighteen from Princeton 16 (W. Thorp ed. 1946). The dispute had been dragging on for twenty-five yea" ******* END TEXT: "n of Paterson, J.).\n163. Id. at 180-81 (opinion of Paterson, J.). “Paterson had been present at the "
9780814731437 - page_257: "START TEXT: Federal Convention when the rule of apportionment of taxes as well as representation was decided. He" ******* END TEXT: "\n181. Calder, 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) at 399 (opinion of Iredell, J.).\n182. 14 U.S. (1 Wheat.) 304 (1816).\n"
9780814731437 - page_258: "START TEXT: 183. 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 264 (1821).\n184. See supra notes 85-89 and accompanying text. Paterson’s coa" ******* END TEXT: " O’Connor, supra note 1, at 278.\n213. Id. at xiii.\n214. Van Home’s Lessee, 2 U.S. (2 Dall.) at 308.\n"
9780814731437 - page_259: "START TEXT: 215. Id.\n216. Id.\n217. See 2 G. Haskins & H. Johnson, supra note 102, at 650.Marbury v. Madison and " ******* END TEXT: "ect for the primacy of legislative power as well as for the concept of separation of powers.” Id.\n\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_260: "START TEXT: Chapter 9The Verdict on Samuel Chase and His “Apologist”\nStephen B. Presser\nWas the appointment of S" ******* END TEXT: "revisionist work. I finally published the book-length work in 1991, The Original Misunder-standing: "
9780814731437 - page_261: "START TEXT: The English, The Americans, and the Dialectic of Federalist Jurisprudence, and, as befits a revision" ******* END TEXT: "nce being perhaps that he was a strong and vocal opponent of the federal Constitution, but, once the"
9780814731437 - page_262: "START TEXT: document had been approved, he quickly sought appointment to the new federal government.\nIt was not" ******* END TEXT: "irginia loan office and was now liable to pay a second time, to the British creditor), but that the "
9780814731437 - page_263: "START TEXT: debtor had a claim for just compensation under the Constitution. Chase’s opinion was a “tour de forc" ******* END TEXT: "e to reject this theory of the “federal common law of crimes.” The argument of the champions of the "
9780814731437 - page_264: "START TEXT: federal common law of crimes was that any government had a sort of natural right to self-defense, an" ******* END TEXT: "ective was to forestall the defense from using English abuses to discredit the federal prosecutors’ "
9780814731437 - page_265: "START TEXT: attempt to construe American treason law to include armed resistance to federal tax officials. Their" ******* END TEXT: " at least insofar as it suggests Chase demanded that no Jeffersonian sympathizers be allowed on the "
9780814731437 - page_266: "START TEXT: grand jury,22 but it was Chase’s conduct at the trial itself, of which we have a clear record, that " ******* END TEXT: "d in the waning hours of the Adams administration)25 should be ruled unconstitutional and reversed. "
9780814731437 - page_267: "START TEXT: The final event that triggered his impeachment, however, happened during the early years of Jefferso" ******* END TEXT: "iew, that perhaps Congress ought to be the only arbiter of the constitutionality of its own acts.26\n"
9780814731437 - page_268: "START TEXT: The failure of the Senate to remove Chase is usually pointed to by historians as a victory for judic" ******* END TEXT: "hase indicated in Calder, no government could make an act criminal and then proceed to punish those "
9780814731437 - page_269: "START TEXT: who committed the act before the legislation was passed. Similarly, as he again stated in Calder, no" ******* END TEXT: " in legislation or constitution. That, for Chase, would be to betray nothing less than the American "
9780814731437 - page_270: "START TEXT: ideal of popular sovereignty itself. Because Chase feared the possibility of arbitrary and prejudici" ******* END TEXT: "Country” variant, which owed much to the thought of British theorists Harrington, Sidney, Trenchard "
9780814731437 - page_271: "START TEXT: and Gordon, and others. I tried to draw a parallel between the battles in late-eighteenth-century En" ******* END TEXT: " had something to do with the current American academy’s preference for liberal democratic politics "
9780814731437 - page_272: "START TEXT: (which regards Jefferson as its avatar)28 and its antipathy to Jefferson’s critics, such as Hamilton" ******* END TEXT: "inction between the law of nations and ... a federal common law,” while all I was doing was stating "
9780814731437 - page_273: "START TEXT: what is increasingly becoming the orthodox understanding that for early Americans (at least those of" ******* END TEXT: "vism in this country may be facing an uncertain future, examination of the past is vital in finding "
9780814731437 - page_274: "START TEXT: a substitute, and our natural-law tradition is clearly a good framework within which to search. I th" ******* END TEXT: "nse when applied to the judiciary? The question still becomes, localism or centralism to accomplish "
9780814731437 - page_275: "START TEXT: what? Why is local control better? What values are thereby promoted or discouraged? I thought that b" ******* END TEXT: "e rule that once you move to hard covers (where you can reach an audience greater than you can with "
9780814731437 - page_276: "START TEXT: law reviews or specialized historical journals), you must plow “fresh ground”?\nWhile VanBurkleo adop" ******* END TEXT: "e Kent Newmyer’s approach of a “matrix or set of ideological choices.” Instead of trying to situate "
9780814731437 - page_277: "START TEXT: Chase within a bipolar construct of liberals and republicans, I should have examined him as a propon" ******* END TEXT: "I think she too quickly reaches the conclusion that he was “(occasionally) no friend of liberty.”57\n"
9780814731437 - page_278: "START TEXT: What Chase and his Federalist fellows understood, if they understood anything, was that for liberty " ******* END TEXT: " her evaluation of what I had to say about Chase (and the Federalists generally)? Dismissing Chase, "
9780814731437 - page_279: "START TEXT: and a fellow Federalist who held similar views, Associate Justice William Paterson, who cautioned gr" ******* END TEXT: " major debts”;71 that the proponents of the Constitution were hypocritical in their claims that the "
9780814731437 - page_280: "START TEXT: Constitution was based on popular sovereignty;72 that there was “a lack of an original understanding" ******* END TEXT: "tors sought to punish him—that does suggest that principle rather than advantage motivated Chase.77\n"
9780814731437 - page_281: "START TEXT: I suppose that Jay could conclude that Chase’s Baltimore grand jury charge (in which he criticized t" ******* END TEXT: "ave personal habits that led him to suffer from the gout, Jay declares that Chase’s 1803 grand jury "
9780814731437 - page_282: "START TEXT: charge (of which I make so much) “is the bitter lament of a man whose declining health promised a br" ******* END TEXT: "ns include whether hierarchy and aristocracy were inescapable components of any regime committed to "
9780814731437 - page_283: "START TEXT: the rule of law,89 and whether juries ought to be free to disregard the law in the service of consci" ******* END TEXT: "ars began to view Chase as more than a rabid partisan, he might be placed in the judicial pantheon, "
9780814731437 - page_284: "START TEXT: very possibly at the level of Marshall himself. I now think that if it ever happens I won’t live to " ******* END TEXT: "on of obliterating these two titans of American history but merely sought to redress the balance by "
9780814731437 - page_285: "START TEXT: rescuing Chase from utter obloquy.94 I wanted to save Chase from being perceived as only a loon; I w" ******* END TEXT: "rom office, among biographers in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Chase appears to have "
9780814731437 - page_286: "START TEXT: been uniformly highly regarded. See, e.g., the sources cited in Stephen B. Presser, The Original Mis" ******* END TEXT: "1971) (hereafter, Goebel).\n14. See generally Casto, at 98-101, 187, 252; Charles F. Hobson, Ware v. "
9780814731437 - page_287: "START TEXT: Hylton, in Hall, at 910-911. Julius Goebel observed, “For what the Justices (Paterson, Wilson, and " ******* END TEXT: "tice Samuel Chase (1980).\n28. Stephen B. Presser, Recapturing the Constitution: Race, Religion, and "
9780814731437 - page_288: "START TEXT: Abortion Reconsidered 5-8 (1994) (hereafter, Presser, Recapturing the Constitution).\n29. Eugene D. " ******* END TEXT: " on the Judiciary Act of 1789 173, 185 (1992) (hereafter, Preyer).\n41. Newmyer, Dusting Off, at 491."
9780814731437 - page_289: "START TEXT: \n42. For the extended elaboration of this assertion, see generally Presser, Recapturing the Constitu" ******* END TEXT: "ry on its own terms, without being blinded by our preconceptions. Especially valuable here is Casto."
9780814731437 - page_290: "START TEXT: \n60. See, e.g., Stephen B. Presser, Testimony Before the United States House of Representatives Judi" ******* END TEXT: "and Materials, at 243-244.\n87. Basing his comments in part on Wythe Holt’s work suggesting that the "
9780814731437 - page_291: "START TEXT: early judiciary’s conduct can be explained by the “practical politics” of the moment, Wythe Holt, “T" ******* END TEXT: "dress (March 4, 1801), in Thomas Jefferson, Writings 492, 493 (Library of America edition, 1984).\n\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nPreface\n1 Introduction: The Supreme Court before John Marshall\nScott Douglas Gerber\n2 “Hono" ******* END TEXT: "onalist\nDaniel A. Degnan, S.J.\n9 The Verdict on Samuel Chase and His “Apologist”\nStephen B. Presser\n"
9780814731437 - page_viii: "START TEXT: 10 Oliver Ellsworth: “I have sought the felicity and glory of your Administration”\nWilliam R. Casto\n" ******* END TEXT: "tice in the Early Republic\nJames R. Stoner, Jr.\nEditor’s Note\nContributors\nIndex\nAbout the Editor\n\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1998 by New York UniversityAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_v: "START TEXT: For George Athan Billias,who represents what the professionis supposed to be about. " ******* END TEXT: "For George Athan Billias,who represents what the professionis supposed to be about. "
9780814731437 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_i: "START TEXT: Seriatim " ******* END TEXT: "Seriatim "
9780814731437 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814731437 - page_iii: "START TEXT: Seriatim\nThe Supreme Court beforeJohn Marshall\nEDITED BYScott Douglas Gerber\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Seriatim\nThe Supreme Court beforeJohn Marshall\nEDITED BYScott Douglas Gerber\n\n\n\n"
9780814735053 - page_102: "START TEXT: Samaria was lost to the world. “The teacher said, Leave the room. She was mad at me. I walked, it sq" ******* END TEXT: "uld stop being a woman. What they said, a woman. That’s why I am here, in spite of it, and not in a "
9780814735053 - page_103: "START TEXT: cage, like the rest of them, in a freak show. I am a lover, not a woman.” Samaria hurried upstairs t" ******* END TEXT: "gles, parrots, myna birds, rooks, ravens …”\n“Thank you, girls,” said Flynn. “You talk mighty big to "
9780814735053 - page_104: "START TEXT: be only twelve years old. As our mother might remark, What are you saving for marriage?”\n“We are now" ******* END TEXT: " minds. It felt weird; it did not fit—but this aspect of the idea they never discussed—there seemed "
9780814735053 - page_105: "START TEXT: no way to arrange the alphabet around the feeling and say words about it. This problem led them to r" ******* END TEXT: "e) went wrong. They tried fire on it. They tried knives on it. They used a power saw. Nothing about "
9780814735053 - page_106: "START TEXT: it would become round, as it should be, no matter how hard they labored.\nThey had a temper tantrum, " ******* END TEXT: "me with Niagara Falls. They were forced to hurry. If they hurried, they could have both; they could "
9780814735053 - page_107: "START TEXT: have everything. There was only winter left before their spring time plunge, before fame on two fron" ******* END TEXT: " faster; the old confusions of shapes and fears vanished; they felt better. They felt businesslike. "
9780814735053 - page_108: "START TEXT: Now, nothing could prevent their getting what was coming to them.\n\nVenerated for ordinariness, plain" ******* END TEXT: "lls the truth (her index finger landing on a single azure spot on the map: Yes, here the sharks are "
9780814735053 - page_109: "START TEXT: hungry). Afterwards, my leftovers will wash ashore and the government of the country will package th" ******* END TEXT: "” Flynn interrupted; “like mother, like daughter. I know that. I am busy. Veronica has done it all, "
9780814735053 - page_110: "START TEXT: from Tanagra to Snider; from Piero to Fishman. Now she is a belles-lettrist, she is writing a novel " ******* END TEXT: "hopeless task, so she changed the subject.\n“I saw a man leave here a little while ago,” Flynn said. "
9780814735053 - page_111: "START TEXT: He wore a harris tweed jacket with leather patches on the elbows. He wore scuffed moccasins, and a b" ******* END TEXT: " downtown to a picture show she said was about love. She used the last of the money in the house to "
9780814735053 - page_112: "START TEXT: take us to a picture about love. She spent the money on the picture show instead of on Kotex, which " ******* END TEXT: "laxed suddenly; and laughed. “I’m glad Veronica insisted on cash. The picture we saw about love was "
9780814735053 - page_113: "START TEXT: called The Red Shoes. On our way back home, her hair came loose in the wind and got tangled. She tol" ******* END TEXT: " of the brief case said NIAGARA OR BUST.\n“I believe that’s Veronica out there,” Flynn said. She let "
9780814735053 - page_114: "START TEXT: the blind drop. “That’s Veronica and she’s on her way to Bogart and Boatwright.”\n“Then I’ll go and m" ******* END TEXT: "other was afraid that the hospital would discover how it all had happened; and she herself, the one "
9780814735053 - page_115: "START TEXT: time she tried to go alone, fainted before she was past the front gate. Anyway, her mother said, he’" ******* END TEXT: "m and silver-tongued wit. Suspicious rumors were also cast abroad regarding the successive untimely "
9780814735053 - page_116: "START TEXT: deaths of five wealthy husbands. She endured her enemies’ spite, however, with cheerful forebearance" ******* END TEXT: "ms I have just before I wake up always start inside some extraordinary piece of scenery—some places "
9780814735053 - page_117: "START TEXT: I’ve visited, some I have not. The Grand Canyon, the coast of Cornwall, the canals of Venice, the Go" ******* END TEXT: " a delicious meal. This morning I smelled pork roast and applesauce sprinkled with fresh cinammon.”\n"
9780814735053 - page_118: "START TEXT: Samaria found a window sill good for tomatoes. She began to unwind a bolt of blue velvet. She was go" ******* END TEXT: "klas and I will immediately move into the new house you’ve built for us.” I panicked. I was covered "
9780814735053 - page_119: "START TEXT: with wet paint—but I was not a forger of houses. I had no house for her. But she stood there and end" ******* END TEXT: "long-bladed scissors and slashed the air above the cloth. The earth turned; sun flashed all at once "
9780814735053 - page_120: "START TEXT: through the window glass and blinded both of them. “And then you went back to sleep. And then what?”" ******* END TEXT: "the seeds from that food and then the seeds from those foods. I will plant all there is to eat, and "
9780814735053 - page_121: "START TEXT: you will eat it. And I’ll keep pigs, I’ll cut their throats with a long knife, and you will have ham" ******* END TEXT: "ed real enough,” she whispered, “would you answer to them?”\n“I am willing to listen,” said Samaria.\n"
9780814735053 - page_122: "START TEXT: \nCalled the “Wonderworker” for her ability to cause the death of new-born boys by casting a glance a" ******* END TEXT: "cold: they were devastating, like the hair.\n“Well—I am famous, but I don’t bite,” said the stranger "
9780814735053 - page_123: "START TEXT: bitterly. “I happen to know you don’t even go to the movies, not since The Red Shoes—so what do you " ******* END TEXT: "s them all they need; and they do not burst but multiply and Flynn increases. Eventually Flynn must "
9780814735053 - page_124: "START TEXT: choose a queen, but there is plenty of time. A vagina is a long, deep swoon.\nThe stranger has put an" ******* END TEXT: " from one who’ll always love her, her secret love’—you remember by recalling what they were playing "
9780814735053 - page_125: "START TEXT: on the radio that summertime or that winter.\n“It was ‘Heartbreak Hotel’—remember?—that time at Gino’" ******* END TEXT: "talking about turning on to a woman in men’s clothes. I will have a little whiskey in this coffee.”\n"
9780814735053 - page_126: "START TEXT: The visitor put her feet up and waited for the whiskey.\n“She was the one— not you; I’d forgotten, it" ******* END TEXT: "nly inside the Baron’s head. It isn’t a real waltz, except inside the Baron’s head—but we hear it!”\n"
9780814735053 - page_127: "START TEXT: “No, it was not a waltz. It was the Fish—her leg between mine, and grind. I smelled starch in her sh" ******* END TEXT: "n crooned, dead drunk now, “Gold and silver…”\n“You’re dead drunk, Miss Whiskey. Sweet Miss Whiskey, "
9780814735053 - page_128: "START TEXT: you’re drunk and where’s that cucumber of mine!”\n“Ha, ha.”\n“It’s funny, how things happen—she was th" ******* END TEXT: "ama said, ‘It was good riddance.’ My mama is outspoken at all times—but Mary Theresa was a relative "
9780814735053 - page_129: "START TEXT: we’d not seen much of, and such bluntness, I could tell, struck her hard; she didn’t know what to sa" ******* END TEXT: " different. I remember it differently every time …”\n“… so maybe it could be like you say. If it had "
9780814735053 - page_130: "START TEXT: kept on forever, what was between them, then I could tell what would be real from what might be real" ******* END TEXT: "e I was still asleep—to go back home. Driving off to work before light so as not to break my heart.\n"
9780814735053 - page_131: "START TEXT: “But there’s another reason why it stopped—I’m remembering that reason now. Mary Theresa had a mothe" ******* END TEXT: " outspoken woman, a woman serious to the touch.\n“The minute my mother knew Mary Theresa wasn’t ever "
9780814735053 - page_132: "START TEXT: coming back again she fell fainting to the floor, then stayed sick in bed three days—and I know that" ******* END TEXT: " love to keep me warm, but can’t say that— my love is an unrequited love and my insides hurt me all "
9780814735053 - page_133: "START TEXT: day long. Sleep doesn’t come anymore. But when I woke up this morning, it was two whole minutes of p" ******* END TEXT: "o say before—but forgot—that Mary Theresa didn’t have Veronica because she was straight or anything "
9780814735053 - page_134: "START TEXT: before she got to be a dyke. She was always a dyke. She got pregnant and had the baby because the me" ******* END TEXT: "learned, is the point of the lesbian urge.\nTonight is the great backdrop to Nelly’s leavetaking: we "
9780814735053 - page_135: "START TEXT: have all gathered on Mulberry Street—Nelly (in a state of rational calm), the woman I love, and Metr" ******* END TEXT: "p it to myself. We pack the trunk while Nelly watches her last television show of the summer. Hours "
9780814735053 - page_136: "START TEXT: pass. Errands are accomplished in jabbering, jittering trips in and out of traffic. Nelly practices " ******* END TEXT: "t to stay because of Nelly?” (No! I shall scream. I want to stay so I can sneak under the covers in "
9780814735053 - page_137: "START TEXT: the night and eat her thighs apart while you soundly sleep!)\n“Of course, my God!”\n(And which of us i" ******* END TEXT: "to me. It is entitled “One Hundred and Forty-Seven Cunts.” Much of it she painted with her fingers. "
9780814735053 - page_138: "START TEXT: It is still rolled up, the three panels of it, and wrapped in plastic at the bottom of a cardboard b" ******* END TEXT: " Princess Royal of Transylvania and caused World War Four. Meanwhile, she dresses in white trousers "
9780814735053 - page_139: "START TEXT: and gallops her stallion through the Bois every morning and does not answer letters. At nineteen, sh" ******* END TEXT: "say we did, and don’t. And you can call me Harold, like in Harold in Italy, like when I was a poet. "
9780814735053 - page_140: "START TEXT: I said, call me Harold.”\n“That’s wonderful, Harold. You’re wonderful, Harold!”\n“None a that, you hea" ******* END TEXT: "re taps on the heels and toes of her Florsheims. Then she held her arms above her head in a victory "
9780814735053 - page_141: "START TEXT: salute. “Idea!” she shouted. “This’s gonna be the hottest thing since Betty Grable!”\nBoatwright move" ******* END TEXT: "in her arms and began to waltz (her left hand easily guiding Doll from the waist; smiling down into "
9780814735053 - page_142: "START TEXT: Doll’s eyes). The boys were not sure they were seeing what they were seeing: they couldn’t believe t" ******* END TEXT: " getting later and later, and it’s up to you!”\n“What’re you gonna do with our doll, Harold?” One of "
9780814735053 - page_143: "START TEXT: them finally spoke. The other shuffled fearfully away. There was the sound of a second shot.\nAs she " ******* END TEXT: "ricia Rabutin took charge of an unusually large number of her son’s petite amies and organized them "
9780814735053 - page_144: "START TEXT: into a community which she called the Order of the Visitation. Although delightfully understated and" ******* END TEXT: "ells; but is out of the movie star’s body in a second, rolling over the floor; is back in the hall.\n"
9780814735053 - page_145: "START TEXT: “Speaking!” Flynn shouts.\n“Who’s speaking?”\n“Nobody’s home!”\n“Is this Flynn? This is mama!” Flynn dr" ******* END TEXT: "tle bud was gone, you get it? And these two wires … I was supposed to connect them and fit you back "
9780814735053 - page_146: "START TEXT: together. Then the dream was over.”\n“That’s one hell of a way to talk to your own daughter,” Flynn s" ******* END TEXT: "an of the sixth century, after fleeing home for sound reasons, began to excite, shortly afterwards, "
9780814735053 - page_147: "START TEXT: considerable attention; and several very surprising miracles are attributed to her, some of them hav" ******* END TEXT: " three Manhattan telephone directories; and some books: Orlando, Slang Today and Yesterday, Earthly "
9780814735053 - page_148: "START TEXT: Paradise, S.C.U.M. Manifesto, Mystery and Manners, Epilogomena to the Greek Religion; but it is the " ******* END TEXT: "st whose head is coiled in hissing snakes.\n“I was coming home from work. It wasn’t even dark yet… “\n"
9780814735053 - page_149: "START TEXT: Who asked her? The next time I piss I will piss a spray of sulphuric acid. I will shit hand grenades" ******* END TEXT: "hilarious. They’re crazy.” “You’re so sweet,” she answers. “You ever been to California?” she asks.\n"
9780814735053 - page_150: "START TEXT: Back on Grand Street, I dial WNCN. Dennis Brain plays the Mozart Horn Concerti, but not entirely for" ******* END TEXT: "fellas. This gun is real, but it’s really just a joke. You fellas know I wouldn’t hurt you, not for "
9780814735053 - page_151: "START TEXT: nothin’!”\nOne of them turns to another. “This is just like in the movies—or it’s gonna be just like " ******* END TEXT: "ometimes it makes her vomit, even thinking of approaching her work. Her large hands, full of silver "
9780814735053 - page_152: "START TEXT: rings, move in arcs, angles, circles, showing silver as she talks.\n\nAfter her husband’s untimely dea" ******* END TEXT: "a, whose skin looked new as morning, said she’d made them all herself, and all within the last five "
9780814735053 - page_153: "START TEXT: years. Portraits of sharp-nosed, high-bosomed ladies; madonnas; merchants in purple. Diptychs, tript" ******* END TEXT: " as Joni. All hail to Joni!”\nThe paintings were beginning to darken. The sun was quitting the room.\n"
9780814735053 - page_154: "START TEXT: “They are only fakes, Samaria. They are not the real thing, Samaria. Do you understand?”\n“They are r" ******* END TEXT: "back to the sea. For a moment I stand still and watch her breasts rise and fall, then I say to her, "
9780814735053 - page_155: "START TEXT: Help me or I’ll fail.\n“She doesn’t speak—she makes some gesture which I must accept as the only resp" ******* END TEXT: "I like,” Flynn’s friend answered.\n“Exactly,” said Flynn; and pulled the shades and locked the door.\n"
9780814735053 - page_156: "START TEXT: \nA young woman named Mary was sitting alone one day stitching herself a new blue dress when a white " ******* END TEXT: "pital crime.”\n“She’s a movie star,” said Flynn.\n“She told me she was a Jew from Philadelphia,” said "
9780814735053 - page_157: "START TEXT: Samaria. “And all of us saw her first.”\n“That’s true,” said Rose, “and we do not have our periods an" ******* END TEXT: "ge spoonful of apricot jam on toast, at last getting enough to eat. “It’s my impression,” she said, "
9780814735053 - page_158: "START TEXT: with a great grin of sticky self-appeasement, “she’s on the lam from the feds.”\n“You are blessed wit" ******* END TEXT: "hless voice, very soft and very clear but speaking (although spectacularly) the usual: the story of "
9780814735053 - page_159: "START TEXT: my life. Flynn waited nearby with the brandy, like a butler on call for more, intent upon the call f" ******* END TEXT: "rly fainted. She quickly crossed her thighs.\n“I’ll have you know,” said Rose-lima, “that we went to "
9780814735053 - page_160: "START TEXT: Niagara Falls and saw the two B’s go over it in twin barrels. The barrels were painted blue, for boy" ******* END TEXT: "ly. “It is all very interesting and reminds me of that opera by Richard Strauss Veronica composed.”\n"
9780814735053 - page_161: "START TEXT: “So we like you a lot,” said Flynn. (First, she would suck every toe, from cold to hot.)\n“The usual " ******* END TEXT: "he’d thrown back the covers and in that couple of seconds before she got in bed with me and covered "
9780814735053 - page_162: "START TEXT: us both up, I’d had a dream about being a mastadon frozen deep inside a glacier for a million years." ******* END TEXT: "ering and pumping and—should it care to do so—revealing all knowledge. It was showing itself to her "
9780814735053 - page_163: "START TEXT: one last time before it disappeared forever. YOU COULD HAVE BEEN A BRAIN MACHINE! said the words wri" ******* END TEXT: "d, Listen, Loretta Somerleyton—if that’s who you really are—child molestation is a serious offence. "
9780814735053 - page_164: "START TEXT: People get sent to jail. And she said, I should hope so!’ And that was the end of that!”\n“She skippe" ******* END TEXT: "r, I’ve been reading “Can This Marriage Be Saved?” and this time it’s about some lady’s hubby who’s "
9780814735053 - page_165: "START TEXT: committed the worst crime a man can do and get away with—this particular hubby had molested (that’s " ******* END TEXT: "n, you got to do something with yourself when you can’t be Loretta Horoscope walking across Niagara "
9780814735053 - page_166: "START TEXT: anymore!”\n“You understand!” And she curled like a yellow butterball (despite the blue denim) all the" ******* END TEXT: "nt discounts and old ladies identifying themselves as the Lion of Judah … anything anybody wants …”\n"
9780814735053 - page_167: "START TEXT: “Bearded Jewish neurotics carrying bags from Zabar’s and The New York Review of Books” Flynn added. " ******* END TEXT: "ar motors. It was a noisy middle-of-the-night.\n“Charles Atlas graduates kicking sand …” said Flynn.\n"
9780814735053 - page_168: "START TEXT: “That stuff was on the back page of the comic book, but I know what you mean. I asked her one time, " ******* END TEXT: " look like against a white face, I ask you? Death! is the answer. And wore a purple sequinned dress "
9780814735053 - page_169: "START TEXT: and carried an oversize silver mesh handbag with a bottle of tabasco in it—to go with the butterfly " ******* END TEXT: " yell again, Hey, fatso! I didn’t hear you! You say you sell everything that swims? and Yes, Ma’am, "
9780814735053 - page_170: "START TEXT: my old man would finally answer. THEN GIVE ME A COUPLA SLICES OF ESTHER WILLIAMS! And then start lau" ******* END TEXT: "led up her sleeves, clenched her arms into giant L’s to show how strong she had had to be to do it.\n"
9780814735053 - page_171: "START TEXT: But then the electricity first wavered, next struggled; next gave up to the dark, all power gone. A " ******* END TEXT: "man-sized, wooden X, decorated—every inch of it— by an expensive German pornographic wood-carver (a "
9780814735053 - page_172: "START TEXT: Catherine wheel); a Loretta wheel, custom-carpentered to Loretta’s new size and engineered with silv" ******* END TEXT: "ed beside the Shal-i-mar! To look at something in the dark, do not look directly at it. Look to the "
9780814735053 - page_173: "START TEXT: right of Samaria, or a little to the left; then you’ll see her. Flynn did that, but still could not " ******* END TEXT: "me a lion, was nearly eaten; attempting flight, shattered her arms and legs; attempting love, broke "
9780814735053 - page_174: "START TEXT: her heart. But she survived all vicissitudes until, at the age of thirty-six, she was captured, orde" ******* END TEXT: "e forever. The two little girls who used to come there, suck cunt, climb willows, eat raw tomatoes, "
9780814735053 - page_175: "START TEXT: could swim like fish. He closed his eyes; he experienced a few seconds of dream: two little girls we" ******* END TEXT: "use they were shy and a little excited. Rose and Rose-lima, after all, could not—probably—be wrong; "
9780814735053 - page_176: "START TEXT: they had, after all, taught them the words to “Paper Doll.” Who knew? The girls might have made all " ******* END TEXT: "en heard of since—you never hear of that happening to women.”\n“It all adds up, doesn’t it, fellas?”\n"
9780814735053 - page_177: "START TEXT: “How could those women be there across the lake— doing that— night after night all our lives and we " ******* END TEXT: "ed real blood. Or they could have been lions, with long golden manes, who had no right to be there.\n"
9780814735053 - page_178: "START TEXT: \nEuphrosyne of Polotsk, a twelfth century recluse, from early age refused to leave her room. Much la" ******* END TEXT: "n she walked, like the jaw of the Hamlet skull.\nAs soon as she sat, someone banged on the door. The "
9780814735053 - page_179: "START TEXT: wide-awake voice of Rose calling, “Don’t take it so hard, Flynn, there’s always more where that came" ******* END TEXT: "—the same table where her brain had once meant to live. She began to go through the Lydia pictures, "
9780814735053 - page_180: "START TEXT: her numb fingers looking for some secret message which would cancel the mistaken letters.\nThey were " ******* END TEXT: "side the little red car and be driven to the ocean. “The ocean is nearly three hundred miles away,” "
9780814735053 - page_181: "START TEXT: Flynn had said; and Flynn could think of better ways to spend their time. But in the next hour Lydia" ******* END TEXT: " in no mood to be a lover. Two terrible things have happened to me today. So I feed the cat, I feed "
9780814735053 - page_182: "START TEXT: Nelly. I pull the bedspread over me and lie down. I get up and take the phone off the hook, then I c" ******* END TEXT: " did shout, but not that. Between beats, she shouted, “Filthy woman, sexy woman, filthy woman, sexy "
9780814735053 - page_183: "START TEXT: woman!” It came through the wood sounding like some highly specialized Caribbean calypso. Indeed, I " ******* END TEXT: "ute now I am going crazy; but it won’t be my fault. Since it is spring, floods will happen I cannot "
9780814735053 - page_184: "START TEXT: stop. The reservon dam is cracking wide apart, the blue water rising and bursting into falls. Forty " ******* END TEXT: "n.’ “ Organic Gardening, August, 1974. I stole it from a table on my way out of the fullsome lobby.\n"
9780814735053 - page_185: "START TEXT: Daisy is twenty minutes late; and it was her idea to meet me here, not mine. I can’t afford it; but " ******* END TEXT: "t the last sentence. The writer has overextended himself; and when I had raised my voice to declare "
9780814735053 - page_186: "START TEXT: “feeding the compost” had driven away the hairbrusher. Her departure had been a swish, a moan, a cla" ******* END TEXT: "al are you, dear madam, and what do you do around here?’ And the pig says, ‘Oh, I’m a pig. And when "
9780814735053 - page_187: "START TEXT: I get big and fat and the weather turns cold, they will kill me and turn me into pork chops and saus" ******* END TEXT: "en wearing white linen beneath Emba mink; and gold had been hanging from parts of her body. I don’t "
9780814735053 - page_188: "START TEXT: know what she was wearing on her feet. Once I was sitting in the lobby of the Plaza Hotel, giving my" ******* END TEXT: "et back inside their house. New people will be living inside the house; and, even from the outside, "
9780814735053 - page_189: "START TEXT: they will hardly be able to recognize the place. A little red car will be parked outside. The garden" ******* END TEXT: "ss the place to make it well?/My mother.’ Ann Taylor, Original Poems for Infant Minds, stanza six.”\n"
9780814735053 - page_190: "START TEXT: “ ‘I like little pussy, her coat is so warm;/ And if I don’t hurt her she’ll do me no harm.’ Jane Ta" ******* END TEXT: "nized you.” Bogart and Boatwright’s business associates take the empty chairs and smile approvingly "
9780814735053 - page_191: "START TEXT: at the hand down the shirt.\n“We have a business proposition for this famous lady Maryann Evans,” the" ******* END TEXT: "he most wholesome-looking ladies I ever set eyes on. You’re wholesome, that means Doll’s wholesome. "
9780814735053 - page_192: "START TEXT: Look over there—our inventors are waving at you. They know!”\nMaryann graciously returns the bows. Th" ******* END TEXT: "ld beasts. Returned to their cell, Perpetua had two dreams which present problems of interpretation "
9780814735053 - page_193: "START TEXT: (Felicity, being a slave-girl, did not dream); and, upon waking, had a vision of herself wrestling w" ******* END TEXT: "but if nobody knows it happened then it might as well not have happened. The New York Times was not "
9780814735053 - page_194: "START TEXT: there. The Village Voice was not there—you name it, it wasn’t there. Even The Furies, from D. C., Ma" ******* END TEXT: "Rose-lima. “The story of the event always takes longer than the truth of the matter. Look at Lover. "
9780814735053 - page_195: "START TEXT: Look at how long Veronica’s novel takes. The story makes the truth seem like a dream—something that " ******* END TEXT: "ho would buy a fake Saint Ursula with Angels and Donor must have been a figment of my imagination.”\n"
9780814735053 - page_196: "START TEXT: “Your fevered, sex-starved imagination!” Rose-lima produced the workshop vodka. “We don’t need ice; " ******* END TEXT: "g bunioned feet stomping down on town and village, demolishing little red cars with their big toes, "
9780814735053 - page_197: "START TEXT: inciting tidal waves when they squat to rest. Behind them now flows a river of blood: the whole worl" ******* END TEXT: "his question, then you will understand,” said Rose-lima. She crouched against Flynn and stroked her "
9780814735053 - page_198: "START TEXT: hair. “The question is, would anybody in their right minds make a movie about Bogart and Boatwright " ******* END TEXT: " could turn men into women, then into murder victims, and herself into a wild beast. She understood "
9780814735053 - page_199: "START TEXT: that everything was done with mirrors, that a thing—if performed—is its own duplicate.\n“I see,” said" ******* END TEXT: "rm of wormholed gargoyles unfixed, free-floating.\n“On location?” Flynn asked. “In a swimming pool?”\n"
9780814735053 - page_200: "START TEXT: The gargoyle stuck out its long pointy tongue. “Let me remind you, Flynn,” said Rose-lima. “Let me r" ******* END TEXT: "er head. We reflect blinding light. All is radiance.”\n“And a sound of singing coming from nowhere.”\n"
9780814735053 - page_201: "START TEXT: “But what about the blood?” The ceiling has begun to spin again. Flynn takes another drink. “All tha" ******* END TEXT: "d water has become a river of blood. Those on shore leap—they dive like the famous Esther Williams— "
9780814735053 - page_202: "START TEXT: and swim to Rose and Rose-lima. Using all their arms, they lift us up.”\n“Everyone ascends into Heave" ******* END TEXT: "g from the Lucky being taken. When Veronica painted, she was silent. The twins shuffled through the "
9780814735053 - page_203: "START TEXT: cooling grass, worn out to the bone, never noticing the absence of the noise that should have been t" ******* END TEXT: " his closed windows like water, forcing him to remember water. He should move back in the direction "
9780814735053 - page_204: "START TEXT: he had come from, if he could remember that direction. Then he would be on the highway and then he w" ******* END TEXT: "r get out and walk home across the water. But she was doing reasonably well; but the urgency to get "
9780814735053 - page_205: "START TEXT: there and to get there fast was unreasonable; and reason could not assuage it. Someday, when it was " ******* END TEXT: "t: there had been none at the orphanage. This time, if she chose, she could drink herself to death.\n"
9780814735053 - page_206: "START TEXT: She had clenched her teeth (preventing trembling) choosing the books to take: although they meant no" ******* END TEXT: "evered head was ease; it was rest. It took on the light of her working concentration: watching, she "
9780814735053 - page_207: "START TEXT: sighed. Something had happened, then she—like work—had begun to happen to the first thing. Without n" ******* END TEXT: " the beloved; and the nature of all kinds of rapture, including this, is that it must clothe itself "
9780814735053 - page_208: "START TEXT: in disguise—the god in swan’s feathers, the mother in sheaves of wheat; the act of love a magic-lant" ******* END TEXT: "t as before, even fatter (but when Veronica inhales, clearing the glass a little, Daisy is thinner; "
9780814735053 - page_209: "START TEXT: in fact bone-thin). Exhaling, Veronica sees Daisy wearing something that could be a ball gown volumi" ******* END TEXT: "led, Daisy, Rose, and Rose-lima stand up still and straight and look down at what they have brought "
9780814735053 - page_210: "START TEXT: home. After a while, when nothing else happens, Veronica drops the curtain and returns to her desk. " ******* END TEXT: "water, then shoot. I had hoped you’d find my body floating in the water lilies. I heard a noise—the "
9780814735053 - page_211: "START TEXT: way a cat hisses before it bites. He was stumbling between me and my mother, confused with a knife i" ******* END TEXT: "ing at the edge of a lake with my feet in the water. Or you can remember how I was—I remember how I "
9780814735053 - page_212: "START TEXT: was! A young girl in a porch swing on Valentine’s Day eating candy hearts from a paper sack— Be Mine" ******* END TEXT: "old me they menstruate now, and I cried a little. They are old enough now to go alone to Hollywood, "
9780814735053 - page_213: "START TEXT: and that’s where they say they’re going. Then I saw my daughter Flynn. Flynn was in your workshop. S" ******* END TEXT: " old wood, turpentine, colors. Before she moves, she breathes. It is as if she breathes the colors— "
9780814735053 - page_214: "START TEXT: yellow to blue, brown to green to purple. Then she is into the light and gone, nearly across before " ******* END TEXT: "en she is into the light and gone, nearly across before she has even begun, Veronica wrote, the end."
9780814735053 - page_215: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814735053 - page_216: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735053 - page_1: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814735053 - page_10: "START TEXT: to arrive at (on public transportation) stretched out in white latex beside the diving board. When F" ******* END TEXT: "ip gnawing lower lip. Icy fingers up and down her spine to snap the little hooks and eyes together.\n"
9780814735053 - page_100: "START TEXT: of the body that we think with,’ ” Flynn said. “ ‘No one knows why it works as it does, but scientis" ******* END TEXT: " are using your gray matter. With the cerebral cortex or gray matter of the brain we do the complex "
9780814735053 - page_101: "START TEXT: things that are called perceiving, thinking, learning, and forming judgments which add up to what we" ******* END TEXT: "lood. It means that you’ll never be yourself again any more, not ever.”\n“And then what happened?”\n\n\n"
9780814735053 - page_11: "START TEXT: The fire behind Daisy, my mother, snaps and clicks, eating through another coal. It wants to get out" ******* END TEXT: " hunt and bring home a dead squirrel to lay across someone’s pillow. Someone will see the squirrel, "
9780814735053 - page_12: "START TEXT: but not the cat who caught it. Nobody loves them; there is no question of loving them. But a sense o" ******* END TEXT: " cushions, on Grand Street, remembering women:\nI met this one as middle age came creeping up behind "
9780814735053 - page_13: "START TEXT: her for a last embrace, for a final struggle: up all day, all night for long-legged advancing and re" ******* END TEXT: "ther be a sky-diver, if you weren’t so scared of heights. Long tumbles through space; the parachute "
9780814735053 - page_14: "START TEXT: gone (unopened) with the wind is what the dream is really saying. Waking, believes that what she rea" ******* END TEXT: "am the Conqueror back to Nefertiti. Her facts are only what she deserves; and they serve her right.\n"
9780814735053 - page_15: "START TEXT: Her first lover was big, fat, gloomy, hairy; is presently married (to her male first cousin) and rai" ******* END TEXT: "s a denim jacket with “Lesbians Unite” embroidered, like a merit badge, in a red circle on the left "
9780814735053 - page_16: "START TEXT: arm. I know they are doing sex together and that presently they will turn off into the trees, out of" ******* END TEXT: "ets herself float in it until her eyes remember vision; like an empty boat, a stick, a bleached-out "
9780814735053 - page_17: "START TEXT: piece of bone.\nShe feels herself with her hands. All the flesh burned away, a bag of bones. She is e" ******* END TEXT: " to her right now hung dead quiet from their nails. They were pictures of children Daisy would tell "
9780814735053 - page_18: "START TEXT: lies about when she was at home, unmarried; while she was undressing for bed. She would tell the sto" ******* END TEXT: " sound of Daisy being married to her husband. It was a vast and freezing sound: and if it had words "
9780814735053 - page_19: "START TEXT: to it, they were foreign, and were always shouted, never spoken. Flynn heard a huge rubber hammer be" ******* END TEXT: "erve them anyway. You must take your hand off her, Rose. You might catch the disease that makes you "
9780814735053 - page_2: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814735053 - page_20: "START TEXT: bleed and then you get sick when your mother gets married, and you vomit in your own hair.”\n“We’re g" ******* END TEXT: " eyes seemed brown, were really yellowish. Their chests moved more quickly than seemed normal, even "
9780814735053 - page_21: "START TEXT: when they were still.\nNow, they linked arms and strolled in a procession step to the door, arousing " ******* END TEXT: "to a brothel. She was, however, unmolested. After she was executed, her books were publicly burned.\n"
9780814735053 - page_22: "START TEXT: Third, fourth, and fifth lovers attained in rapid succession, exploded into tiny pieces just as quic" ******* END TEXT: "hite Lake. They consider changing the name to something symbolic, but never get around to doing it. "
9780814735053 - page_23: "START TEXT: Maryann is terrified out there alone at night when the rest of us, beginning Mondays, go back to the" ******* END TEXT: "f. On Times Square, it was only for money.\nOne day, a big, blonde Irish dyke falls in love with one "
9780814735053 - page_24: "START TEXT: of his little women—the one he refers to as “my Grand Concourse Jew.” And she with her, apparently. " ******* END TEXT: "ed making love with the best friend’s second wife—and then you took your hands out of the dishwater "
9780814735053 - page_25: "START TEXT: and made love to the best friend’s girl friend. “I hear,” she whispers to Grandview, “that he’s marr" ******* END TEXT: "ith the rise and fall of the story. The next day, however, his wife feels better, and Daisy smiles.\n"
9780814735053 - page_26: "START TEXT: \n“I don’t know what name I was born with. I was baptized Samaria in the orphanage. The Woman of Sama" ******* END TEXT: "d anyway—though they pretended otherwise. A woman’s mouth seems safer to men than a woman’s inside.\n"
9780814735053 - page_27: "START TEXT: “I opened my eyes the first time between my mother and my aunt, and it was warm and bright. I know a" ******* END TEXT: "girl; my mother and Mary Theresa were grown women. But we would wake up together in the bed anyway, "
9780814735053 - page_28: "START TEXT: and there would be bright light through all the windows— I’m recalling it like it’s just a play I’ve" ******* END TEXT: "re seventeen, and could leave and get a job.\n“We served behind the cafe counter at the bus station. "
9780814735053 - page_29: "START TEXT: When Mary Theresa got off the bus one night, it had been nine years since I’d seen her. She still ha" ******* END TEXT: "scared to death on the other, of how I’m carrying on. I couldn’t explain to her. I know now that my "
9780814735053 - page_3: "START TEXT: \nThe lights go down, the curtain opens: the first thing we see is the Marschallin von Werdenberg (pl" ******* END TEXT: "s her sword and wounds him in the hand. Sophia declares she will never marry the Baron. Her father, "
9780814735053 - page_30: "START TEXT: heart was broken—but I didn’t know that then to tell it to her. She held her face in the roses and k" ******* END TEXT: "hy. People have the right to leave an eight-year-old in charge of the house. A big girl eight years "
9780814735053 - page_31: "START TEXT: old can be all right. No complaints.”\n“Then tell me why.”\n“Just because.”\n“Because, just because.”\nT" ******* END TEXT: "be a scarlet woman? Answer me that. But as long as we let her go on talking, that’s what she said.”\n"
9780814735053 - page_32: "START TEXT: “That was not my mother. That was her sister in the overalls. You didn’t listen closely. There were " ******* END TEXT: " pinned at the waist. The man was strapped to a little wooden platform, and he pushed himself along "
9780814735053 - page_33: "START TEXT: with little paddles. Why would her mother want to put a man’s leg into her mouth?\nSamaria gets a new" ******* END TEXT: "r a season of fornication and conning the Farmer’s Almanac, Flynn Burns’s grandfather was killed in "
9780814735053 - page_34: "START TEXT: a railroad accident—crushed inside the engine he had so expertly fired his whole career. Because dea" ******* END TEXT: " He could write his own name and the names of his two wives which were … ?”\n“Samaria and Veronica!”\n"
9780814735053 - page_35: "START TEXT: “ … and he had memorized the names of the ten station stops it took to get from one to the other of " ******* END TEXT: " waiting for the last child to run home. She did it in the fields, the woods, beneath parked pickup "
9780814735053 - page_36: "START TEXT: trucks. She did it in the choirloft. Once, with her skirts hiked up, she did it against the wall of " ******* END TEXT: "d marriage, Agnes was placed naked in a brothel by the father of her suitor. But hair grew until it "
9780814735053 - page_37: "START TEXT: covered her entire body. Next, she was tied to a stake. But the fire went out. She died by a sword t" ******* END TEXT: "ng for children to execute. The order to kill comes from a war lord who resides on high. But if any "
9780814735053 - page_38: "START TEXT: children are killed, it will be her fault.\nThere is a faint rapping on the door behind her. She surr" ******* END TEXT: "g the footsteps in the corridor were his. He was back from World War II, and I had to run and hide.\n"
9780814735053 - page_39: "START TEXT: \nTeresa of Avila, of a noble family, underwent, in 1555, a “second conversion.” After that, she expe" ******* END TEXT: "t Veronica. Sometimes we would do things like shell peas or pare apples while I told her, but other "
9780814735053 - page_4: "START TEXT: of course, rages: Sophia will either marry the Baron or become a nun. Sophia’s father wants to link " ******* END TEXT: "Der Rosenkavalier, a comedy in three acts.\nMusic by Richard Strauss,\nwords by Hugo von Hofmannsthal\n"
9780814735053 - page_40: "START TEXT: times we would just sit while I talked, with our hands uselessly in our laps. She drank the words in" ******* END TEXT: "flowers the smartest girl put on the head of their Virgin statue every first of May. And when I was "
9780814735053 - page_41: "START TEXT: gone—and I was gone for a long time—Daisy took a lover. She carried on in broad daylight it was so b" ******* END TEXT: " of night, I think, Flynn was conceived, but in Daisy, not in me. Daisy put me on the train wearing "
9780814735053 - page_42: "START TEXT: her navy-blue school uniform and her Girl Scout shoes. When I got back to her, her belly was swollen" ******* END TEXT: "getting ready to tease a mouse to death. The tunnel curved, then I caught sight of the house again. "
9780814735053 - page_43: "START TEXT: I stood in the dark, the house stood in light. It was like the time I went to a theatre.\n“I imagined" ******* END TEXT: "ese at the top of the 82nd Street walkup, gnawing my way through five mysteries a night, abandoning "
9780814735053 - page_44: "START TEXT: my cat because it’s either him or me. Up there, I will stumble over a dog squatting to shit; and the" ******* END TEXT: "lectric, hundred-watt, much illumination and little heat. There are no troublesome ashes to dispose "
9780814735053 - page_45: "START TEXT: of. In North Carolina, mother still works as a telephone operator and lives, for the most part, on p" ******* END TEXT: "than I think I do. But this whole place seems full of women shivering with anxiety as they tick off "
9780814735053 - page_46: "START TEXT: the number of years they have remained together in pairs— the next Ark will have to multiply into a " ******* END TEXT: "ded her. But on the ground where her head fell, a new spring opened up and its waters were healing.\n"
9780814735053 - page_47: "START TEXT: The arrangement with the bank seems to work; the mortgage gets paid. We took possession in the sprin" ******* END TEXT: "ppears, turns out to be what we imagine Swan Lake could be: Zeus, disguised to catch Leda unawares. "
9780814735053 - page_48: "START TEXT: But some say it was Nemesis—a thoughtful maiden, occasionally represented with measuring rod, bridle" ******* END TEXT: "t might have been three hours ago—of ten minutes ago—that the twins left her at last, revolving out "
9780814735053 - page_49: "START TEXT: of the room, snapping out their last bits of dialogue: “We will go—get help—for Flynn—from a grownup" ******* END TEXT: "n; and she is never prepared when it happens. Forewarned-is-forearmed is not for people like Flynn.\n"
9780814735053 - page_5: "START TEXT: \nTo save herself from marriage, Lucy gouged out her own eyes; but Agatha appeared to her and declare" ******* END TEXT: "rue. Really, she is pretending to be St. Sebastian offering his body to the arrows of the assasins.\n"
9780814735053 - page_50: "START TEXT: For instance, now, stretched out beneath her are two green acres of oak, elm, water oak, judas, dogw" ******* END TEXT: " nature, and that is why her husbands leave her.)\nQuestion: How did Greensleeves get green? Answer: "
9780814735053 - page_51: "START TEXT: From rolling on the grass. Flynn was sick to death, but even the twins were doing it, and it made a " ******* END TEXT: "am and intellectualize. Although the bodiless scientist would not agree with her, Flynn regards his "
9780814735053 - page_52: "START TEXT: fate as wonderful and begins, from that time on, to want it for herself. The evil scientist, accordi" ******* END TEXT: "haircut—all black curls that have posed for Veronica’s cherubs-made-blond shorn, shaved away, until "
9780814735053 - page_53: "START TEXT: the skull is as clean of hair as the shiny behind. Then off with her head. Ready the tubes—input, ou" ******* END TEXT: "ow. Somebody said, Writers write for three reasons: fame, fortune, and the love of beautiful women— "
9780814735053 - page_54: "START TEXT: which, Flynn agrees, is indeed the case. But if the glove wears, fight it. She wipes herself, she te" ******* END TEXT: "ll not trouble Miss Jane Austen. The twins will be wearing posy-sprigged Empire gowns, chintz, with "
9780814735053 - page_55: "START TEXT: (stuffed) low fronts. The vicar will create an opportunity to take a peek.\nSo Flynn goes downstairs," ******* END TEXT: " place neat. I said to my mother, Why do you let him get away with that? Why don’t you do something "
9780814735053 - page_56: "START TEXT: to make him stop? My mother sat down, with her back to the open door. ‘What can I do? He cuts my bus" ******* END TEXT: "oned myself and spent the darkening hours stiffening into stone on the steps of the British Museum. "
9780814735053 - page_57: "START TEXT: When she finally came to get me and take me home, it was too late. I did, however, achieve a poem fr" ******* END TEXT: " into stone. She found the body of a horse-fly and occupied herself poking at its jewel-blue shell.\n"
9780814735053 - page_58: "START TEXT: Samaria seemed so small from a distance, and was so fast-moving, that had Veronica not looked up fro" ******* END TEXT: "nd which was the face on the veil.”\n“Certainly not.”\n“Will you mind if I sit down?”\n“I never mind.”\n"
9780814735053 - page_59: "START TEXT: “It’s been a long walk from the station.” (Sitting, folding herself against me).\n“And a longer night" ******* END TEXT: "l a little girl, like Daisy, what would you want to be when you grew up?”\n“You, I guess. Like you.”\n"
9780814735053 - page_6: "START TEXT: In December, near the date of her thirty-sixth birthday, she buys herself a little white china monke" ******* END TEXT: " a bush, an empty street, and an empty sidewalk. To her left, there is a toy piano the photographer "
9780814735053 - page_60: "START TEXT: “Why is that, when the right answer is Samaria?”\n“It seems to me, then, that there’re no right answe" ******* END TEXT: " lover. She is a lover—that’s what she adds up to.\n“Her movements, for example. A chronology of her "
9780814735053 - page_61: "START TEXT: movements from the beginning to the end of an evening. The sequence of events she executes to just g" ******* END TEXT: "ue collects the eyelid, then the mouth’s first corner, then its second, then all its insides—teeth, "
9780814735053 - page_62: "START TEXT: tongue, gums, palate; while the hands go up and hold tight underneath the arms and the two thumbs pr" ******* END TEXT: "she go all the way uptown for Cuban. She straggles back and forth through her three rooms, dressing "
9780814735053 - page_63: "START TEXT: with one hand, drinking her martini with the other. It is hard to dress because she doesn’t know who" ******* END TEXT: "lthy Roman, was married to Valerian; but persuaded him to join her in a vow of chastity. It was not "
9780814735053 - page_64: "START TEXT: long before the governor tried to force her to perform an act of idolatry. Because she refused, atte" ******* END TEXT: "ace is very small. I think it belongs to my grandmother. It has a dirt floor. Its walls are nothing "
9780814735053 - page_65: "START TEXT: but vine and leaf grown up invisible stilts. To do it there to her. There is nothing inside the summ" ******* END TEXT: "e rocking chair and apologize. It was not my fault. The rocking chair was one hundred years old and "
9780814735053 - page_66: "START TEXT: had never once been outside New Hampshire. Outside, I lie flat on my back stoking up enough oxygen t" ******* END TEXT: "e phone. The cook would cook it and I’d serve it. That was eight years ago and now I am thirty-one.\n"
9780814735053 - page_67: "START TEXT: \nFaith’s sisters were named Hope and Charity, and their mother’s name was Sophia. All three girls, h" ******* END TEXT: "ashed in the blood of the lambchop presently turning the trick in her stomach, effortlessly besting "
9780814735053 - page_68: "START TEXT: the brain’s resistance to turning turgid as a sleepy old cow. Roast leg of lamb rare; new potatoes, " ******* END TEXT: "lates, she began to assign motives of envy to Veronica. Veronica in her sleazy Jap robe was envious "
9780814735053 - page_69: "START TEXT: of Samaria’s grip on literature. Veronica, she understood, wanted art all to herself. She wanted eac" ******* END TEXT: "e indecent, than Mademoiselle D’Eon in skirts.’ “\n“I understand. The … chevaliere. Forced to become "
9780814735053 - page_7: "START TEXT: has borrowed to add interest to the scene. It is unbearably hot, and everything in the picture is as" ******* END TEXT: "ndeed, she has already been. The wife of Theophilus was the wife of a railroad engineer. Theophilus "
9780814735053 - page_70: "START TEXT: royalty’s freak in skirts. Both Royalist and revolutionary and a career eventually injured beyond re" ******* END TEXT: "ble to avoid laboring over Vermeer forgeries for the homes of Texans. I could spend the cold months "
9780814735053 - page_71: "START TEXT: with my feet up. There is enough left for us both to have another drink. The marvel of the martini, " ******* END TEXT: "nilla, who did not wish to marry Flacco, obtained the grace to die; and was buried before his eyes.\n"
9780814735053 - page_72: "START TEXT: On Nelly’s tenth birthday, it is so hot I am being fried; in deep fat turned to crackling. It is, ho" ******* END TEXT: "t second round of love-nesting. She is on one elbow. She says, “You are so beautiful.” But they all "
9780814735053 - page_73: "START TEXT: say that. What else can they say?\nAm I? What do I look like? I expect eyes like stars, lips like che" ******* END TEXT: "ent wrong. It is possible that she could learn all my secrets, especially in this fashion; and when "
9780814735053 - page_74: "START TEXT: she does, every word out of her mouth will be the truth: angels, kings, queens, spies, gods, a woman" ******* END TEXT: "to the basket I carried, then we would walk on.\nWe would stop, too, to look at what happened behind "
9780814735053 - page_75: "START TEXT: unshaded windows. Once, we watched a woman pull a dress over her head, then stand there, above our h" ******* END TEXT: "ure and to let the dog, who is another woman’s, shit. I tell her some of this about my grandmother.\n"
9780814735053 - page_76: "START TEXT: \nEugenia spent much of her life in male attire serving as abbot of a monastery in Egypt. Upon her re" ******* END TEXT: "p kids; they pretend they are going to run over the pink-nyloned car hops, who scream at them. They "
9780814735053 - page_77: "START TEXT: eventually park and eat. No girls will get into the car with them. But they are only pretending to a" ******* END TEXT: " and possessed with hidden woven nooses to snatch them up like rabbits and dangle them in thin air.\n"
9780814735053 - page_78: "START TEXT: They more or less spend their lives waiting for a solution to this problem; and avoid the company li" ******* END TEXT: "r shapes, but most of them inaccurately formed. The foam makes itself into a chair, with arm rests, "
9780814735053 - page_79: "START TEXT: around her. She lights up a Lucky. Her form and colors settle: she is still too tall, but her shirt " ******* END TEXT: " No, I am not your mother.” Outside, Flynn runs, crossing the path of Veronica’s peripheral vision, "
9780814735053 - page_8: "START TEXT: engineered the trains of the Southern Railroad back and forth over short distances. Although Theophi" ******* END TEXT: "oris in the hand worth one in the mouth; a pistol to point at the horizon of the Atlantic Ocean one "
9780814735053 - page_80: "START TEXT: running to go swimming.\n“We have to have a mother, and you have to be it.” Boatwright was shivering " ******* END TEXT: "lynn. She would be Gertrude and the ghost. Flynn would dance Hamlet. And Samaria would die tonight, "
9780814735053 - page_81: "START TEXT: of Flynn’s dagger. Samaria, Polonious?\n“But,” she continued, “I don’t come without suggestions. Are " ******* END TEXT: ", crossing back and forth over a bridge that is presently being built directly above the Falls—just "
9780814735053 - page_82: "START TEXT: for you. They will show themselves to you, sing and dance for you, then you will judge them. You wil" ******* END TEXT: "It puzzled them for a long time: no one had ever heard of bears before in that part of the country.\n"
9780814735053 - page_83: "START TEXT: \nMarina, who lived disguised as a monk in Bithynia, was accused of fathering the child of an innkeep" ******* END TEXT: "ng.”) I am like a cheap off-season holiday for her, but I don’t turn out the way I should. It isn’t "
9780814735053 - page_84: "START TEXT: cold and rainy; the museums, the dark abbeys, the heavy dinners have all been canceled. She had inte" ******* END TEXT: "d willows, an elaborate game in which only they are the survivors of the holocaust and must perform "
9780814735053 - page_85: "START TEXT: heroically at sex so that the race may be renewed. At night, viewed from that place, the house seems" ******* END TEXT: ". For nearly two years, he has blundered through the country in a series of spasmodic crisscrossing "
9780814735053 - page_86: "START TEXT: false starts. The women have kept him fed and satisfied while he prepared for glory. He will hold up" ******* END TEXT: "rgets, splitting one arrow with the next. Veronica experiences herself as ocean, full of storms and "
9780814735053 - page_87: "START TEXT: monsters but still the containing element, and one that cannot be drunk or eaten away. Gradually, th" ******* END TEXT: "y is in December. Samaria is coughing. Somebody, someday, is going to die; and that will come true.\n"
9780814735053 - page_88: "START TEXT: \nPelagia of Tarsus was a beautiful girl unwillingly affianced to the son of the Emperor Diocletian. " ******* END TEXT: "s Flynn, to a certain extent, to live like a woman, in the service of love. She introduces her (she "
9780814735053 - page_89: "START TEXT: imagines) to cartwheeling orgasm. She performs, for Flynn’s edification, the pretty rites of courtsh" ******* END TEXT: "cked. The rats are rattling the sewers. It is a gangster’s hideout. People who live for art in such "
9780814735053 - page_9: "START TEXT: autumn afternoon; a lover as fantastic as a loony bin; a cat, two turtles, old baby pictures of Vero" ******* END TEXT: "to do it til dawn—rhumba superbly, fox-trot unflinchingly; every possibility of love it is possible "
9780814735053 - page_90: "START TEXT: neighborhoods are stealthy people and will someday be apprehended and committed to the electric chai" ******* END TEXT: "ove is not the same as being an artist? Or being a mother? But Flynn is both. Augusta sleeps in bed "
9780814735053 - page_91: "START TEXT: with a man, like Daisy. But Augusta has dreams she tells that are in the service of Fred Astaire. Sh" ******* END TEXT: "ed the baby its ounce of water. Squeeze the baby’s stomach, belly to spine. Then the baby wets, all "
9780814735053 - page_92: "START TEXT: over the palm of the hand; wets rubber-scented water. When the baby is bad and wets the palm of the " ******* END TEXT: " on the front steps, fanning herself in the noonday sun and reading her book. To anyone who crossed "
9780814735053 - page_93: "START TEXT: her path she spoke of Charlotte Bronte as “autumnal.” She read aloud, whether listened to or not, “ " ******* END TEXT: "really cold”—if anyone is left, she added.\nWhen that was settled, she dug around in the hall closet "
9780814735053 - page_94: "START TEXT: and emerged with a typewriter and showed it to Flynn. “We have a lot of paper. Here is the typewrite" ******* END TEXT: "d, as Flynn opened her mouth. “I don’t want to have to wait on you once you’re in the midst of it.”\n"
9780814735053 - page_95: "START TEXT: “Chapter One” Flynn read. “Rejection by Father, no good at baseball, seduction by horny rustic grand" ******* END TEXT: " no good at baseball. Go away.”\n“What’s the name of this book?”\n“Lover, I told you already, Lover.”\n"
9780814735053 - page_96: "START TEXT: \nNicknamed Margarito because of the splendor of her pearls, she was famous in Antioch for the lewd f" ******* END TEXT: "way from her face into a hundred differences between that which is light and that which is voltage.\n"
9780814735053 - page_97: "START TEXT: Samaria, deep inside Charlotte Bronte’s grief over Ellen Nussey, assumed nothing. But she set anothe" ******* END TEXT: "ed into storm formations. Inside, the stained glass Lamb of God darkened; and it was going to rain. "
9780814735053 - page_98: "START TEXT: Flynn at once remembers the snares set in the woods for rabbits for the first simple experiments. As" ******* END TEXT: " in disgusting detail—but never about the part that was the brain. Sometimes an author would write, "
9780814735053 - page_99: "START TEXT: “he thought” or “she thought,” but the thought would be nothing more than the substance of a tongue " ******* END TEXT: " She walked out of the woods reciting it. The cats yowled, the bag jumped. “ ‘The brain is the part "
9780814735053 - page_lxxix: "START TEXT: LOVER" ******* END TEXT: "LOVER"
9780814735053 - page_lxxx: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814735053 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Contents\nForeword by Karla Jay\nIntroduction by Bertha Harris\nLover " ******* END TEXT: "Contents\nForeword by Karla Jay\nIntroduction by Bertha Harris\nLover "
9780814735053 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735053 - page_ii: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1976, 1993 by Bertha HarrisAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: " chosen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 4 3 2\n\n\n"
9780814735053 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Lover is for Louise Fishman.\n“Never lift a foot till you see the money in your hand.”\n    —Advice fr" ******* END TEXT: "ice from my father,        John Holmes Harris,        regarding the art of tap-dancing and survival."
9780814735053 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735053 - page_iii: "START TEXT: PRAISE FOR LOVER\n“Violent, funny, beautiful, intelligent.”\n —Jane Rule\n“Lover is that rare thing, an" ******* END TEXT: "— smart, unpredictable, witty, provocative—and sexy.”\n—Carolyn Allen\n    University of Washington\n\n\n"
9780814735053 - page_iv: "START TEXT: The Cutting Edge:Lesbian Life and Literature \nSeries Editor: Karla Jay\nLadies Almanack by Djuna Barn" ******* END TEXT: "A WHITBREAD\nNo Priest But Love: The Journals of Anne Lister, 1824-1826 EDITED BY HELENA WHITBREAD\n\n\n"
9780814735053 - page_v: "START TEXT: Editorial Board\nJudith ButlerHumanities CenterThe Johns Hopkins University\nBlanche Wiesen CookHistor" ******* END TEXT: "bian and Gay StudiesSarah Lawrence College\nBonnie ZimmermanWomen’s StudiesSan Diego State University"
9780814735053 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735053 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Foreword\nDespite the efforts of lesbian and feminist publishing houses and a few university presses," ******* END TEXT: "ept their books out of print, and influential archivists locked up their ideas far from sympathetic "
9780814735053 - page_xii: "START TEXT: eyes. Yet some dedicated scholars and readers still knew who they were, made pilgrimages to the citi" ******* END TEXT: "t for several decades or even centuries. However, although it is one of the newest disciplines, gay "
9780814735053 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: studies may also be the fastest-growing one—at least in North America. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual st" ******* END TEXT: "eaks from and about a certain moment of time, and few would argue that being a lesbian today is the "
9780814735053 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: same as it was for Sappho or Anne Lister. Thus no attempt has been made to homogenize that diversity" ******* END TEXT: " invite readers of all persuasions to join us by venturing into this and other books in the series.\n"
9780814735053 - page_xv: "START TEXT: When I queried the board of “The Cutting Edge” series about which books they thought worthy of repri" ******* END TEXT: "r the perfect sequel to Ladies Almanack in our reprint of lesbian classics.\nKarla JayPace University"
9780814735053 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735053 - page_l: "START TEXT: embryonic poor judgment in not getting oneself born an heiress, or some perverse refusal to grab hol" ******* END TEXT: "und, one rather more like hers or Parke’s.\nJune’s politics were by and large for public consumption "
9780814735053 - page_li: "START TEXT: only. She swore, for example, by one of the most fundamental tenets of the women’s movement, the one" ******* END TEXT: "thought of myself as incredibly lucky. I’d escaped, I’d survived; I was therefore undamaged: wasn’t "
9780814735053 - page_lii: "START TEXT: I? If anything, I had embellished my childhood for June and Parke to make it seem reasonably “normal" ******* END TEXT: " I couldn’t bring myself to commit a version of suicide on June’s behalf. I clung to the identity I "
9780814735053 - page_liii: "START TEXT: had disclosed; it wasn’t much, but it was all mine. June never stopped disbelieving it.\nAside from t" ******* END TEXT: "reenwich Village to serve as company headquarters; the Charles Street house also gave Parke a place "
9780814735053 - page_liv: "START TEXT: absolutely hers to escape to when the fights with June, which were usually over June’s involvement w" ******* END TEXT: "cial rank and discontinued any immoderate personal use of her wealth once she became a feminist and "
9780814735053 - page_lix: "START TEXT: (or the unreconstructed daughter of my mother); I was vulnerable to bullying, I would do nearly anyt" ******* END TEXT: "he company’s lifetime, June commissioned a novel from a woman in San Franciso, and, I suppose, gave "
9780814735053 - page_lv: "START TEXT: a lesbian-feminist and a publisher of books by women: as if she had pulled herself down by the boots" ******* END TEXT: "ding Vassar was June’s first attempt to gain status in the Northeast: where status counted. Leaving "
9780814735053 - page_lvi: "START TEXT: Vassar was her first flight back to established, albeit provincial, status. June had all the well-kn" ******* END TEXT: "ap murderous schemes she came up with to punish June’s first husband for ever laying a hand on her.\n"
9780814735053 - page_lvii: "START TEXT: I often felt that June, after the honeymoon wore off, was not at all happy with Parke sexually. Park" ******* END TEXT: " men you’d gone to bed with, the more lesbian you were. But June was not so much regretting Parke’s "
9780814735053 - page_lviii: "START TEXT: lack of heterosexual experience as she was marshaling a defense against possible movement charges th" ******* END TEXT: "ith Daughters, Inc., as very agreeable, evasive, and diplomatic. I was the unreconstructed feminine "
9780814735053 - page_lx: "START TEXT: her an advance. When the completed novel arrived, neither partner thought it was any good. I wasn’t " ******* END TEXT: " (and everybody knew it) could afford TV.\nThe letter Parke had dictated was sent, with my signature "
9780814735053 - page_lxi: "START TEXT: only. Amnesia has mercifully erased all memories of the responses I got for that letter.\nAnother boo" ******* END TEXT: "ssly repeated: Susan Sontag wasn’t a feminist, so she didn’t deserve any pity; if Susan Sontag were "
9780814735053 - page_lxii: "START TEXT: the literary genius she thought she was, she would have long ago said a few good words about Daughte" ******* END TEXT: "shed half a chance. June made it impossible for Parke to stay absolutely nailed in the closet. When "
9780814735053 - page_lxiii: "START TEXT: June was addressing women’s groups, or giving readings, Parke kept herself in the deep background: s" ******* END TEXT: "June spoke of her own upbringing, and she did, frequently and nostalgically, it sounded to me as if "
9780814735053 - page_lxiv: "START TEXT: she enjoyed endless love and spoiling, especially from her mother.\nThe first writer Daughters publis" ******* END TEXT: "and the Carpenter —but not fast enough and never, in June’s view, sufficiently. Nor did the “right” "
9780814735053 - page_lxix: "START TEXT: had earned little more than a small succès d’estime —and that, only when she was talking to the righ" ******* END TEXT: "look at some eighteenth-century “chewed paper” chairs, so I hated the thought of a Girl Scout camp. "
9780814735053 - page_lxv: "START TEXT: women (the poet Adrienne Rich, for example, and Susan Sontag) ever respond appropriately, or, perhap" ******* END TEXT: "gh to be Rita Mae’s mother. June had, in middle age, the body of a teenage athlete (but so did Rita "
9780814735053 - page_lxvi: "START TEXT: Mae) but only Parke got to see it. At last a lesbian, June was confined (it was as bad as being a wi" ******* END TEXT: "I presented them with M. F. Beal’s Angel Dance. It was late in the life of Daughters, which was, by "
9780814735053 - page_lxvii: "START TEXT: 1977, becoming more of a armed camp than a publishing company. The screws were tightening on Parke’s" ******* END TEXT: "g to be a bestseller just because I loved it, they let me go ahead and write M. F. Beal a letter of "
9780814735053 - page_lxviii: "START TEXT: acceptance. Working with M. F. Beal was an interesting change from the usual. As soon as M. F. Beal " ******* END TEXT: "h) to do the same. But, in her view, she had failed; “Random House” had won. Daughters, Parke felt, "
9780814735053 - page_lxx: "START TEXT: But the Women in Print Conference was June’s most ambitious stab at achieving movement esteem. A Neb" ******* END TEXT: "irl Scout camp, but they’d take June and her first because they were the most important—and because "
9780814735053 - page_lxxi: "START TEXT: June was a well-known “ringleader.” She and June were going to the slammer, they’d be locked in sepa" ******* END TEXT: "d to achieve immortality in those days by becoming a martyr to the cause—and June wasn’t the first.\n"
9780814735053 - page_lxxii: "START TEXT: I went and scored some speed (I didn’t inhale) from a San Francisco sister, then told Parke that if " ******* END TEXT: "Gin), the less the older woman had to lose; therefore the older the woman, the more the older woman "
9780814735053 - page_lxxiii: "START TEXT: was inclined to embrace lesbianism, which is what the older woman had wanted to do all along but whe" ******* END TEXT: " of the political. What they saw in fact—on my part—was a purely theatrical gesture, a professional "
9780814735053 - page_lxxiv: "START TEXT: move deeply instilled in me by my interesting childhood.\nOne Christmas at the state asylum for the i" ******* END TEXT: "he university that one of her ancestors had been the state’s attorney general, and then to Atlanta, "
9780814735053 - page_lxxv: "START TEXT: where, June told me, she was going to offer Emory University some sort of deal. After Atlanta, we ca" ******* END TEXT: "she half-suspected she might not live to write; Baby Houston had to be her unqualified masterpiece. "
9780814735053 - page_lxxvi: "START TEXT: I did my best; June argued against every change and cut I urged.\nAfter June’s death, Baby Houston we" ******* END TEXT: " friend might say no, and then despise her for being a lesbian. About a year before Parke died, she "
9780814735053 - page_lxxvii: "START TEXT: returned to Key West alone, and I visited her there. She seemed lifeless and physically frail. She s" ******* END TEXT: "ance by M. F. Beal; Rubyfruit Jungle and In Her Day by Rita Mae Brown; Early Losses by Pat Burch; A "
9780814735053 - page_lxxviii: "START TEXT: True Story of a Drunken Mother by Nancy Lee Hall; Born to Struggle by May Hobbs; The Treasure by Sel" ******* END TEXT: "choreographed. It works.\nI became a bowerbird. I wrote Lover to seduce Louise Fishman. It worked.\n\n\n"
9780814735053 - page_xix: "START TEXT: missed a single broadcast. The kid across the street sneaked off to the movies one Saturday afternoo" ******* END TEXT: "on would eventually worm its way into Lover.\nIn my father’s day, and before, vaudeville dancing was "
9780814735053 - page_xl: "START TEXT: professional opinion dainty pinks-on-pinks was a good cure for what ailed her patients. She wore a l" ******* END TEXT: "y being in service to Daughters, I ignored the symptoms. When others suggested to me that something "
9780814735053 - page_xli: "START TEXT: might be seriously wrong with Parke and June, and therefore with the company, I became their apologi" ******* END TEXT: "sts, so-called, who did exactly that with their books. Parke said that Daughters was not a feminist "
9780814735053 - page_xlii: "START TEXT: house, that it had no political definition whatsoever beyond “Publishers of Fiction by Women.” June " ******* END TEXT: "ture of the company promising in-print eternity?\nParke and June laughed my questions off. I was too "
9780814735053 - page_xliii: "START TEXT: unworldly, they told me; I didn’t understand how businesses operated. They were right. I was unworld" ******* END TEXT: " a movement bar on West Third Street, to recover and celebrate. After a few hours, we realized that "
9780814735053 - page_xliv: "START TEXT: we didn’t have Lover; one of us had left the only complete copy of the manuscript under the restaura" ******* END TEXT: "writing and publishing) for which I was most suited. I thought how lucky I was that they wanted me.\n"
9780814735053 - page_xlix: "START TEXT: The truth was that I didn’t want them to become acquainted with my friends any more than they wanted" ******* END TEXT: "g poor into adulthood, she felt, demonstrated either an annoying weakness of intellect, or some pre "
9780814735053 - page_xlv: "START TEXT: Since 1972, I’d had full-time employment at Richmond College of the City University of New York, whe" ******* END TEXT: "ry reason to do so, such as a salary equal to what the City University paid me, health insurance, a "
9780814735053 - page_xlvi: "START TEXT: pension—nor even an extraordinary reason. I was supposed to do it simply because they wanted me to d" ******* END TEXT: "the exigencies of ordinary women’s lives, ever fully understood that, for most, buying books was an "
9780814735053 - page_xlvii: "START TEXT: unconsidered luxury; although both June and Parke knew the facts of life—that women were (and still " ******* END TEXT: "artners over their growing enemies list. The “enemies” I knew of were those who had disappointed or "
9780814735053 - page_xlviii: "START TEXT: frustrated the partners by not buying June’s lesbian-feminist party line—and then, having been offen" ******* END TEXT: "more often than not, when words failed to score the point she wanted to make, Parke used her fists.\n"
9780814735053 - page_xvii: "START TEXT: Introduction\nHow Lover Happened in the First Place: 1\nI grew up in an excessively hick town in the S" ******* END TEXT: " the rest of the troop deep into some piny woods to heat up beef stew over damp sticks: I turned in "
9780814735053 - page_xviii: "START TEXT: my uniform. Within the year, I would fail to construct a chandelier out of the only available materi" ******* END TEXT: "ence of art. I lay on the floor next to the plant stand’s bowed legs and let it convert me. I never "
9780814735053 - page_xx: "START TEXT: done exclusively by men. In Lover, replications are perversions and effeminitizations of originals. " ******* END TEXT: "how liberation initially worked. But pleasure frightened many women; so did the displeasure of men. "
9780814735053 - page_xxi: "START TEXT: Betty Friedan, a social reformer from Peoria and the author of The Feminine Mystique —a primitive an" ******* END TEXT: "fter I was born, my mother moved in across the street with a beauty parlor operator. Their ordinary "
9780814735053 - page_xxii: "START TEXT: routines centered on hard work and the double bed they bought on layaway. Their “hobby” (but it was " ******* END TEXT: "irlhood, every one of them a femme fatale like Salome, who single-mindedly pursued any extreme, the "
9780814735053 - page_xxiii: "START TEXT: more implausible the better, to escape the destiny of their gender. At St. Patrick’s Academy, holy c" ******* END TEXT: "e” and I were collaborating in a sort of workshop production of the gay sensibility, whose practice "
9780814735053 - page_xxiv: "START TEXT: hinges, like the arts, very much on decisively choosing as if over is. I recall saying this to one d" ******* END TEXT: " Millett, Louise Fishman, and myself. Books by Virginia Woolf, Gertrude Stein, Jane Ellen Harrison, "
9780814735053 - page_xxix: "START TEXT: animal in the early seventies because, most particularly, I didn’t want to disappoint Kate Millett, " ******* END TEXT: "y need they saw for “politicized” women’s writing by publishing the work of white feminists dealing "
9780814735053 - page_xxv: "START TEXT: and Valerie Solanas show up on a bookshelf in Lover as my own objets de virtu.\nIt does not flatter t" ******* END TEXT: "xpected, indicate that Lover is meant to be an aesthetic rather than a useful entity. My subversive "
9780814735053 - page_xxvi: "START TEXT: elite are recluses from usefulness and meaning: they are objets d’art.\nWhen Lover’s character Veroni" ******* END TEXT: " to an in-public exposure of her own life. Jill Johnston became her own subject: the “dance” of her "
9780814735053 - page_xxvii: "START TEXT: column became Jill’s illuminating dance through the details of her own life and mind.\nShortly after " ******* END TEXT: "they unlike Italian opera. Both genres tend to be soaked in booze, blood, and tears; both are thick "
9780814735053 - page_xxviii: "START TEXT: with madness, violence, suicide, and love’s tragic finales. I was perversely laboring to apply, perf" ******* END TEXT: "ith me. Politics are where you find them.\nI became, sort of, to the best of my ability, a political "
9780814735053 - page_xxx: "START TEXT: with the politics of heterosexual love and romance (Erica Jong, Marilyn French, et al.) and the work" ******* END TEXT: " That it worked, to some extent, is history.\nBut there was considerable talent giving good literary "
9780814735053 - page_xxxi: "START TEXT: and journalistic value attached to some of the presses. In Washington, D.C., Diana Press published W" ******* END TEXT: "ur reissues of lesbian and gay classics dating from 1811 to 1975. Jonathan Ned Katz was the editor.\n"
9780814735053 - page_xxxii: "START TEXT: Lover Gets Published: 7\nParke Bowman wanted nothing to do with the presses. The radical politics, th" ******* END TEXT: "s and nonfiction of the presses: deep-thinking personal revelations about the nature of oppression.\n"
9780814735053 - page_xxxiii: "START TEXT: In 1972, June believed wholeheartedly that a full-scale feminist revolution was at hand. With the pa" ******* END TEXT: "the third side of a triangle that rivaled the old Lesbian Gothicks in terms of booze, blood, tears, "
9780814735053 - page_xxxiv: "START TEXT: madness, violence, and operatic grand passions—so much so, I often wonder if Daughters wasn’t someth" ******* END TEXT: "han the next day, my lease notwithstanding. The person I was in bed with, she announced, was an FBI "
9780814735053 - page_xxxix: "START TEXT: I gave her money for the next meal. I don’t keep score; I’d rather be ripped off. And I was, as ever" ******* END TEXT: "airdo. She was so white she looked like an Easter bunny. Her clothing led me to believe that in her "
9780814735053 - page_xxxv: "START TEXT: agent who was sleeping with me for the sole purpose of gaining access to Daughters in order to destr" ******* END TEXT: " visit? I said yes. My nearest and dearest suggested that I was out of my mind to go near Parke and "
9780814735053 - page_xxxvi: "START TEXT: June again. I replied that I was certain that Parke and June must want to apologize, heal old wounds" ******* END TEXT: "ily-livered pacifists. They believed in their country. They were one hundred percent behind any war "
9780814735053 - page_xxxvii: "START TEXT: their president cared to wage. Young women as well as young men should be prepared to die for their " ******* END TEXT: "appropriately accessorized sackcloth and ashes. Parke’s threads were as upscale as June’s, but were "
9780814735053 - page_xxxviii: "START TEXT: still in Parke’s favorite understated color, merde. I was still in my basics—basically my only basic" ******* END TEXT: "loitation of an employee by impressing on hand-to-mouth me that she had to save up for her old age.\n"
9780814735053 - page_i: "START TEXT: LOVER\nBertha Harris\nwith a new Introduction by the author\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "LOVER\nBertha Harris\nwith a new Introduction by the author\n\n\n\n"
9780814735084 - page_i: "START TEXT: NACHMAN KROCHMAL\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "NACHMAN KROCHMAL\n\n\n"
9780814735084 - page_ii: "START TEXT: MODERN JEWISH MASTERS SERIESGeneral Editor: Steven T. Katz\n1. SHLOMO AVINERIMoses Hess: Prophet of C" ******* END TEXT: "lutionary Traditionalist\n4. JAY M. HARRISNachman Krochmal: Guiding the Perplexed of the Modern Age\n\n"
9780814735084 - page_iii: "START TEXT: NACHMAN KROCHMAL\nGUIDING THE PERPLEXĖD OF THE MODERN AGE\nJay M. Harris\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "NACHMAN KROCHMAL\nGUIDING THE PERPLEXĖD OF THE MODERN AGE\nJay M. Harris\n\n\n\n"
9780814735084 - page_iv: "START TEXT: Copyright © 1991 by New York UniversityAll rights reservedManufactured in the United States of Ameri" ******* END TEXT: "are printed on acid-free paper,and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability.\n\n"
9780814735084 - page_v: "START TEXT: To Cheryl Song of Songs 2:2 " ******* END TEXT: "To Cheryl Song of Songs 2:2 "
9780814735084 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814735084 - page_ix: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 7CONCLUSION\nKrochmal and the Modern Intellect\nKrochmal and Modern Judaism\nThe Question of In" ******* END TEXT: "LUSION\nKrochmal and the Modern Intellect\nKrochmal and Modern Judaism\nThe Question of Influence\nIndex"
9780814735084 - page_vii: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nAcknowledgments\nList of Abbreviations\nCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION\nKrochmal’s Life\nThe Guide of th" ******* END TEXT: "APTER 2METAPHYSICS AND JEWISH FAITH\nTeleology, Intention and the Existence of God\nThe Nature of God\n"
9780814735084 - page_viii: "START TEXT: God as Spirit\nAbsolute Spirit and Jewish Religious Consciousness\nThe Commandments\nCHAPTER 3KROCHMAL’" ******* END TEXT: "ER 6THE PERPLEXITIES OF THE AGGADAH\nThe Problem of Aggadah in the Modern Period\nKrochmal’s Response\n"
9780814735084 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814735084 - page_xi: "START TEXT: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\nIT IS A a distinct pleasure to finally be able to acknowledge the many people who ha" ******* END TEXT: "ni, erstwhile colleague and ever teacher and friend, has, over the years, been far more generous in "
9780814735084 - page_xii: "START TEXT: sharing his time and impressive learning than I had any right to expect. I can never repay his kindn" ******* END TEXT: "r Steven T. Katz, the editor of this series.\nMoving on to the financial side, I wish to record with "
9780814735084 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: gratitude the aid of the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture, and the Columbia University Council" ******* END TEXT: "er, she too wanted computer time, and she too has been a delight. Finally, there is David, who came "
9780814735084 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: along as I was finishing this book. Unlike his sisters, he has not helped with the typing; he has, i" ******* END TEXT: " is but a mere token of the deep respect and affection I feel.\nErev Shavuot, 5750\nCambridge, Mass.\n\n"
9780814735084 - page_xv: "START TEXT: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS\n\n\nIn Text:\n \n\n\nCJ\nImmanuel Kant, Critique of Judgment, Hafner, 1951.\n\n\nE\nBaruc" ******* END TEXT: "\nShils\nEdward Shils, “Tradition” in Comparative Studies in Society and History, 13 (1971): 122—59\n\n\n"
9780814735084 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: Van Seters\nJohn Van Seters, In Search of History, Yale University Press, 1983.\n\n\nWE\nJ. G. Herder, Sä" ******* END TEXT: "aftliche Zeitschrift der Jüdische Theologie\n\n\nZWJ\nZeitschrift für die Wissenschaft des Judentums\n\n\n\n"
9780814735084 - page_1: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION\nTHERE ARE at least two different approaches one can take in writing the biogra" ******* END TEXT: "roach to writing Krochmal’s biography.\nThis book takes the second approach; although I will present "
9780814735084 - page_10: "START TEXT: understanding and knowledge flourished within me, and I was practically transformed into a new man” " ******* END TEXT: "no longer deathly ill, but his health was quite fragile and apparently was to remain so the rest of "
9780814735084 - page_11: "START TEXT: his life. According to the report of Letteris, the pious of Zolkiev saw in Krochmal’s weakened healt" ******* END TEXT: " letters was found a missive from Krochmal in which he assured the [Karaite] scholar of his lasting "
9780814735084 - page_12: "START TEXT: friendship, and offered him hope for a future reward, despite his rejection of the rabbinic traditio" ******* END TEXT: "Krochmal achieved this position in spite of the opposition to his intellectual pursuits, because he "
9780814735084 - page_13: "START TEXT: was universally acknowledged to be fair and honest. Be that as it may, the position of head of the c" ******* END TEXT: "es took a turn for the worse; by 1836, when he left Zolkiev to return to Brody, Krochmal appears to "
9780814735084 - page_14: "START TEXT: have been destitute. His life was made more difficult yet by the awareness that many of his students" ******* END TEXT: "various issues is promised but never delivered. The exact sequence of chapters was not established, "
9780814735084 - page_15: "START TEXT: and many aspects of the work’s intended form were unknown. This mass of inchoate material was sent, " ******* END TEXT: "h. Chapter 15 is a fragment devoted to early Jewish gnosticism; chapter 16 is a fragment devoted to "
9780814735084 - page_16: "START TEXT: culling from Hegel’s work those concepts and definitions necessary for an understanding of Jewish me" ******* END TEXT: "ke Schleiermacher, claims that religious life has descended into an extremism that causes continued "
9780814735084 - page_17: "START TEXT: adherence to appear ridiculous. Those who live within the traditions have displayed marked tendencie" ******* END TEXT: " are sufficient for all phenomena, including emotional and intellectual states. There can be little "
9780814735084 - page_18: "START TEXT: doubt that here Krochmal is referring to the argument of Spinoza’s Ethics, and the highly mechanisti" ******* END TEXT: "itional Jew, equally problematic. The response came in the form of a supposedly new discipline, the "
9780814735084 - page_19: "START TEXT: philosophy of religion. This discipline attempted to isolate the essential elements of the human rel" ******* END TEXT: "ion was enhanced. However, “as with the Spanish commentators, and how much more so in our day, this "
9780814735084 - page_2: "START TEXT: some of the more pertinent biographical details, this book aims to present the story of Krochmal’s t" ******* END TEXT: "ry I seek to tell is the life of the mind drawn against the backdrop of his time and his tradition.\n"
9780814735084 - page_20: "START TEXT: view is as unconvincing to a knowledgeable audience, particularly the young, given the state of our " ******* END TEXT: "e times. Neither were they Judaism’s “cultured despisers”; that is, unlike Schleiermacher, Krochmal "
9780814735084 - page_21: "START TEXT: was not writing for those who had abandoned their religious commitments in favor of atheistic, deist" ******* END TEXT: "o be limited to Galician, Bohemian, Moravian and Italian maskilim, for whom Hebrew was the language "
9780814735084 - page_22: "START TEXT: of choice, and more traditionally oriented scholars in Germany, who could be expected to read this w" ******* END TEXT: "his treatment of the patterns of Jewish history makes sense only if the readership is assumed to be "
9780814735084 - page_23: "START TEXT: troubled by the works of Lessing, Herder and Hegel, among others.\n“The perplexed,” then, are those w" ******* END TEXT: " called in Krochmal’s day the philosophy of nature. Thorough knowledge of this branch would prevent "
9780814735084 - page_24: "START TEXT: the onset of the second pair of distortions, Aberglauben and the loss of faith in the basic principl" ******* END TEXT: ", and the critical scholar’s way, which is that of empirical demonstration. For Krochmal the middle "
9780814735084 - page_25: "START TEXT: path means the kind of research into Judaism, in all its variegated forms, which will discover the o" ******* END TEXT: " Krochmal, while religions always communicate representationally, they are nevertheless focusing on "
9780814735084 - page_26: "START TEXT: speculative concerns, and convey no less truth than the abstract formulations favored by philosophy." ******* END TEXT: "ionship between representation and idea is like that of a metaphor to that which it represents. For "
9780814735084 - page_27: "START TEXT: Krochmal metaphors are not expressions of poetic genius and creativity; rather, they are rooted in t" ******* END TEXT: "cessary for obedience; those beliefs are far inferior to the insights of speculative philosophy, or "
9780814735084 - page_28: "START TEXT: intuitive knowledge. Thus, for Spinoza, there is no truth to be sought in Scripture.46\nKrochmal’s po" ******* END TEXT: "ithin the Jewish tradition, Krochmal presents an argument that is universal in scope, claiming that "
9780814735084 - page_29: "START TEXT: one cannot grasp the true message of Judaism without discerning the abstract meaning of all its teac" ******* END TEXT: "th than were those Maimonides confronted. He seems quite convinced that his Guide would be equal to "
9780814735084 - page_3: "START TEXT: Krochmal’s Life\nThe epoch in which Nachman Krochmal lived was a most decisive one in the life of Isr" ******* END TEXT: " Jews were allowed to settle only in certain areas, and, in some of these, ghettos were introduced.\n"
9780814735084 - page_30: "START TEXT: the task. On the other hand, the first claim—that Maimonides is now outdated—is never advanced expli" ******* END TEXT: " for a comfortable reorientation in the face of modern challenges. His perhaps inflated view of the "
9780814735084 - page_31: "START TEXT: success of Maimonides in his pursuit of this same goal provided the inspiration and hope that it cou" ******* END TEXT: "e and in strictly theoretical way. In any event, the adoption of the Maimonidean model in many ways "
9780814735084 - page_32: "START TEXT: ensured that Krochmal’s project could not succeed in its entirety.52\nOn the other hand, his consciou" ******* END TEXT: "ent of its speculative message. For this reason, Krochmal’s Guide must take account of all kinds of "
9780814735084 - page_33: "START TEXT: Jewish texts, from those of the rabbis, medieval philosophers and mystics, to Philo, Jewish Gnostics" ******* END TEXT: "te” of modern Idealist philosophy. It is Judaism whose history has attained unprecedented spiritual "
9780814735084 - page_34: "START TEXT: heights long ago; it is only now that the rest of the world is beginning to catch up. It is in Jewis" ******* END TEXT: "those various challenges are not founded on deep knowledge of Jewish history or metaphysics, but on "
9780814735084 - page_35: "START TEXT: the self-confidence of German Protestants that their world is the world. Krochmal calls on his reade" ******* END TEXT: "Josef II in issuing his various edicts; he seems to have been truly committed to the integration of "
9780814735084 - page_36: "START TEXT: his Jews into the corresponding gentile social classes. I am simply suggesting that these inclinatio" ******* END TEXT: "ces and Humanities, 1977), which was written in 1816. Perl bitterly complained about the attachment "
9780814735084 - page_37: "START TEXT: of this sect to its leaders, its zaddikim, defining its fundamental principle as “Blinder Glauben un" ******* END TEXT: "e at the time, unless, of course, this list was put together by Richard Daley’s machine in Chicago.\n"
9780814735084 - page_38: "START TEXT: 14. For further discussion of the haskalah in Brody, see N. M. Gelber, Toledot Yehude Brody, in the " ******* END TEXT: "r the first time.\n25. Krochmal’s report of the incident denies that he maintained a correspondence, "
9780814735084 - page_39: "START TEXT: although he proudly acknowledges acquaintance with two Karaite scholars; also, he provides the name " ******* END TEXT: " see my “Rabbinic Judaism in Confrontation with Modern Scholarship: Nachman Krochmal’s Guide of the "
9780814735084 - page_4: "START TEXT: In addition, many taxes specific to Jews were retained from earlier times or were newly imposed. A s" ******* END TEXT: "ere forced to ask themselves what role—if any—their ancestral faith was to play in their lives. The "
9780814735084 - page_40: "START TEXT: Perplexed of the Time” (Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1985), pp. 21-25.\n32. It is importa" ******* END TEXT: "sde malkhut tzafon, can have pejorative connotations. In particular, Krochmal generally referred to "
9780814735084 - page_41: "START TEXT: the Hasidim as mitchasdim, perhaps translatable as the “self-righteous ones.”\n36. See the discussion" ******* END TEXT: "umans and their weaknesses. See Kant, Religion, Within the Limits of Reason Alone (New York: Harper "
9780814735084 - page_42: "START TEXT: Torchbooks, 1960) throughout, and esp. pp. 50-72, 145-55; Hegel, LPR, vol 3, pp. 301-4, 322-47.\n44. " ******* END TEXT: "l address the issue of Krochmal’s “success” and his continuing relevance in the concluding chapter.\n"
9780814735084 - page_43: "START TEXT: 53. From this perspective the second part of Mendelssohn’s Jerusalem may also be considered as inext" ******* END TEXT: "d Judaism as the Religion of Sublimity,” Tarbiz, vol. 45, nos. 3-4 (April-Sept. 1976), pp. 303-26.\n\n"
9780814735084 - page_5: "START TEXT: theories of Judaism produced by the Germans, from Mendelssohn on, were designed to deal with this qu" ******* END TEXT: " in Germany. The scholarship produced by the Galician maskilim never had the sometimes unmistakable "
9780814735084 - page_6: "START TEXT: political edge of that produced by the Wissenschaft des Judentums movement in Germany.8\nThe haskalah" ******* END TEXT: "rk on a new path, he, and no one else, shall blaze it himself. After he has found it there are many "
9780814735084 - page_7: "START TEXT: stumbling blocks on all sides, and many impediments from acquaintances and relatives to frighten him" ******* END TEXT: "luence on Krochmal’s reading of the Bible.14\nKrochmal’s education appears to have been the standard "
9780814735084 - page_8: "START TEXT: one for Jewish children at the time: Talmud and codes and little else.15 Yet, as Rawidowicz relates," ******* END TEXT: "ate that he studied continuously, and indeed he must have, as he also learned French, Latin, Arabic "
9780814735084 - page_9: "START TEXT: and Syriac during his years in Zolkiev; with his newly developed ability to read French, Krochmal re" ******* END TEXT: "In Lemberg, he befriended Shlomu Yehudah Rapoport, who testifies “when I spoke with him a spirit of "
9780814735084 - page_100: "START TEXT: serve as a good corrective to the view that the Jewish God remains fully transcendent. This caricatu" ******* END TEXT: "ord on Krochmal’s relationship to Mendelssohn is in order here. Solomon Schechter long ago asserted "
9780814735084 - page_101: "START TEXT: that Krochmal was a strong admirer of Mendelssohn; Simon Rawidowicz, correctly, challenged this view" ******* END TEXT: "out all of Kant’s later writings dealing with morality. As it pertains to Judaism in particular the "
9780814735084 - page_102: "START TEXT: position is most developed in his Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone, pp. 116-17.\n59. Among " ******* END TEXT: "Gershom Scholem: Kabbalah and Counter-History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979), p. 137.\n\n"
9780814735084 - page_44: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 2METAPHYSICS AND JEWISH FAITH\nCONSISTENT WITH the method outlined above, in chapters 5, 6, 7" ******* END TEXT: "sustain belief in God as a willing, intending creator. The moral content of Jewish law was attacked "
9780814735084 - page_45: "START TEXT: by Spinoza and Kant alike; the simple belief in God as a creator and communicator with humans paled " ******* END TEXT: " Abraham material, Krochmal, following Maimonides’ lead (Moreh, 2:19, p. 311), cites Isaiah 40:26 a "
9780814735084 - page_46: "START TEXT: proof text, designed to show that the argument from design is a part of the earlier prophetic world " ******* END TEXT: "sarily have anything to do with one another. That is, the teleological vision is often expressed as "
9780814735084 - page_47: "START TEXT: something like this: the world exhibits order which is visible in the hierarchy of being, in that pl" ******* END TEXT: "ore, why God or Nature acts and the reason why He exists are one and the same. Since, therefore, He "
9780814735084 - page_48: "START TEXT: exists for no end, He acts for no end; and since He has no principle or end of existence, He has no " ******* END TEXT: "ity of assertions of final causality. He argues that to establish something as a purpose of nature:\n"
9780814735084 - page_49: "START TEXT: It is necessary that its parts mutually depend upon one another both as to their form and their comb" ******* END TEXT: " in turn allows us to return to earlier conceptions of an overall system of final causes in nature.\n"
9780814735084 - page_50: "START TEXT: What Kant specifically denies, however, is that we can progress from the claim of a system of purpos" ******* END TEXT: "r, the argument in this form is not sufficient, Krochmal tells us, insofar as it merely establishes "
9780814735084 - page_51: "START TEXT: an external final cause, which is not inherent in the effect, and without which the existence of the" ******* END TEXT: "d. The teleological principle being invoked here is internal, because the various parts of the body "
9780814735084 - page_52: "START TEXT: are not explicable, either in terms of their existence or their function, without the notion of the " ******* END TEXT: "he issue on the highest level of philosophical discourse, the Idea. This he has not accomplished in "
9780814735084 - page_53: "START TEXT: this chapter, but promises that he will do it at some later time. Unfortunately, this promise was ne" ******* END TEXT: "ll seek to identify the new philosophical trends that serve to challenge traditional understanding, "
9780814735084 - page_54: "START TEXT: and to combat them philosophically. Here he has, to his satisfaction, restored to Jewish thought the" ******* END TEXT: "ust first look at their own work on theology and metaphysics, and then outline Krochmal’s response.\n"
9780814735084 - page_55: "START TEXT: I. Hegel. Perhaps the most philosophically sophisticated critique of Jewish theology is that found i" ******* END TEXT: "haracter that the natural or worldly is negated as unbefitting the subjective …” (ibid., p. 677).16\n"
9780814735084 - page_56: "START TEXT: As a result of this transcendent vision, God is conceived as the Lord, who is to be approached throu" ******* END TEXT: "ill quite critical.20 For Hegel, it is a severe limitation of Jewish thought that it never achieved "
9780814735084 - page_57: "START TEXT: the universality of scope that would permit it to contribute more fully to world history and the mov" ******* END TEXT: "vercome, and is communicated through the representations of the Trinity. The act of creation is now "
9780814735084 - page_58: "START TEXT: understood as an essential moment in the divine life itself, in which God is not merely producer but" ******* END TEXT: " that we find an understanding of God that sublates the opposition between finitude and infinitude.\n"
9780814735084 - page_59: "START TEXT: It is true that only philosophy, as speculative reason, is capable of discerning this element of God" ******* END TEXT: "tionship. For Schelling, the nature of the absolute may be divided into two elements, “essence” and "
9780814735084 - page_60: "START TEXT: “form.” Essence is beyond all distinctions and may not be described by any predicate. The form of th" ******* END TEXT: "mer does one arrive at the latter, and the former’s teaching [Lehre] is the same as the latter’s.26 "
9780814735084 - page_61: "START TEXT: The Trinitarian imagery here is pervasive and unmistakable. Through it Schelling offers the claim th" ******* END TEXT: "rehensive and clear presentation. He will further give thanks and praise to the moderns for opening "
9780814735084 - page_62: "START TEXT: our eyes to the existence of those ideas in the earlier thinkers who saw them in their totality with" ******* END TEXT: "with the number one the situation is different. To be sure, “1 × 1 = 1.” The final one in this equa "
9780814735084 - page_63: "START TEXT: tion is like any other number, the product of an equation. The second one in the equation represents" ******* END TEXT: "ce too is necessarily conceptually prior to all existing things that have form and shape, and of it "
9780814735084 - page_64: "START TEXT: nothing may be said other than that it exists. The second component of the metaphysical triad is the" ******* END TEXT: "ake on form out of necessity, and the form it chooses to take on is not identical with it. That is, "
9780814735084 - page_65: "START TEXT: the essence contains within it the potentiality to take on form; however, the form it takes on is no" ******* END TEXT: "is no existence without form) come from God and emanate from him, in such a way that their essences "
9780814735084 - page_66: "START TEXT: exist within the primordial essence, which is infinitely unknowable, and their forms, which are fini" ******* END TEXT: "s, thus, no imputation of corporeality. The issue is, rather, that God, as essence, is pure subject "
9780814735084 - page_67: "START TEXT: incapable of bearing any predicate and thus incapable of meaningful self-knowledge. By “defining” hi" ******* END TEXT: "comes, if, for Ibn Ezra, the world was not created from absolute nothingness, from what then was it "
9780814735084 - page_68: "START TEXT: created? The usual response to this question regarding Ibn Ezra and other Jewish Neoplatonists is th" ******* END TEXT: "ne will readily recognize that this reconstruction of Ibn Ezra’s thought actually stands far closer "
9780814735084 - page_69: "START TEXT: to that of later Kabbalists, but this is of secondary importance. Of greater importance is Krochmal’" ******* END TEXT: "an beings live. This world is finite, but is no less the product of the infinite wisdom of God, and "
9780814735084 - page_70: "START TEXT: emerges from him, as do the other worlds (ibid.). Thus, all finitude and infinitude is genetically r" ******* END TEXT: "s worship, there can be no comparison between Judaism and pagan religions. While the latter involve "
9780814735084 - page_71: "START TEXT: recognition of spiritual forces, these forces are comprehended solely through sensual perception. Ho" ******* END TEXT: "not achieve full awareness of this until their return from the Babylonian exile.40 Jews confronting "
9780814735084 - page_72: "START TEXT: Hegelian thought need to understand that, and to be brought closer to, rather than distanced from, t" ******* END TEXT: "re merely “instruments trained for the purpose of transmitting what is in one mind to another mind” "
9780814735084 - page_73: "START TEXT: (Guide, p. 31). The human mind has already transcended the need for them with the development of a s" ******* END TEXT: "usness a third, but that it is of the very essence of the spiritual being to become known to itself "
9780814735084 - page_74: "START TEXT: and to reveal itself to another spiritual being with one action, just as physical light reveals and " ******* END TEXT: "s inherently rooted in the nature of the beings involved. Thus, if God exists (and chapter 5 of the "
9780814735084 - page_75: "START TEXT: Guide establishes that he does), he must “speak” to humans in some way.\nIn piecing together the disp" ******* END TEXT: "t the ages. Thus, he moves from the theological implications of creation to the larger issue of the "
9780814735084 - page_76: "START TEXT: place of God in Jewish life, culture and history. The move is from theology to sociology; Krochmal w" ******* END TEXT: "nic remark, “when the people [of Israel] were exiled to Babylon the shekhinah accompanied them” can "
9780814735084 - page_77: "START TEXT: only be understood as yet another indication of this aspect of Jewish faith (Guide, p. 38; BT Megill" ******* END TEXT: " in their discussion of the concept of sar-ha-umah (the celestial ministers assigned to each of the "
9780814735084 - page_78: "START TEXT: peoples). In ascribing such ministering figures to each of the peoples of antiquity, the rabbis are " ******* END TEXT: "evelopment of human culture. We must note that Krochmal speaks of nations rather than states as the "
9780814735084 - page_79: "START TEXT: bearers of culture, religious and otherwise. The state is an earlier stage of development, and appar" ******* END TEXT: "istic idea in its ethical purity, which had outgrown the national identification that characterized "
9780814735084 - page_80: "START TEXT: its early stages. The former position, that of Mendelssohn,54 ignored the historical development of " ******* END TEXT: " reality is unified, cannot maintain the Jews had outgrown their national culture; with the loss of "
9780814735084 - page_81: "START TEXT: national culture comes the loss of the motivating spirit of that culture. It is through the awarenes" ******* END TEXT: "mething and yet freely accept that this desired action not be realized; we would have to accept the "
9780814735084 - page_82: "START TEXT: notion that God can compromise on the realization of that which he knows to be right. For Spinoza, s" ******* END TEXT: "re precise, as source of instruction.55\nThere is yet another issue at work in Krochmal’s discussion "
9780814735084 - page_83: "START TEXT: of the commandments; he insists that they are to be understood as symbols designed to arouse the min" ******* END TEXT: "seventeenth century onward, there developed a philosophical tradition which regarded the ceremonial "
9780814735084 - page_84: "START TEXT: laws of the “Old Testament” extremely negatively, and in post-Christian terms. That is, the discussi" ******* END TEXT: "ing spiritual heights. The commandments carry out their spiritual purpose by “purifying thought and "
9780814735084 - page_85: "START TEXT: instructing in faith.” As is to be expected, Krochmal cites a passage from rabbinic literature that " ******* END TEXT: "ous posture and may not be compromised.\nFurther, the commandments, by constantly reinforcing faith, "
9780814735084 - page_86: "START TEXT: in turn contribute to the survival of the people, and thus to the maintenance of their unique spirit" ******* END TEXT: "he essentially argues that the answer for modern Jews seduced by Idealistic metaphysics is a return "
9780814735084 - page_87: "START TEXT: to a demythologized kabbalism—which he creatively locates in the work of Ibn Ezra—that insists on th" ******* END TEXT: "w on that narrow path between the extremes.\nThere were, however, other issues perplexing the modern "
9780814735084 - page_88: "START TEXT: Jew, the philosophy of history in particular, and it is to his treatment of this area that we now re" ******* END TEXT: "ant place in Jewish thought, and, when invoked, served as the handmaiden of the cosmological proof. "
9780814735084 - page_89: "START TEXT: It seems to me that Wolfson exaggerates somewhat here in that the two proofs often function together" ******* END TEXT: "ity, Krochmal merely used the structured organism, for which, he claimed, an efficient cause is not "
9780814735084 - page_90: "START TEXT: sufficiently explanatory, as a proof for the existence of final causes; once final causes have been " ******* END TEXT: "; see his Meḥkare ha-Yahadut (Warsaw: 1913; repr. Jerusalem: 1970), pt. 1, pp. 198-22, esp. 218-22.\n"
9780814735084 - page_91: "START TEXT: 13. I ignore the Early Theological Writings completely, as they were not published in Hegel’s or Kro" ******* END TEXT: "ered in 1827, Hegel acknowledges that Christians too understand their God in terms of a family—that "
9780814735084 - page_92: "START TEXT: is, in a restricted way, despite the ideal of a universal Christendom. In this version Hegel seems h" ******* END TEXT: " rational investigation, and after many generations, and many scholars, had passed” (Guide, p. 29).\n"
9780814735084 - page_93: "START TEXT: 28. Almost all scholars who have discussed this chapter, whether from the perspective of Krochmal sc" ******* END TEXT: "point to be there. Finally, it should be said that Krochmal’s attachment to Ibn Ezra may be related "
9780814735084 - page_94: "START TEXT: to the latter’s reputation among Jewish maskilim and gentile scholars alike. On this, see my “Ibn Ez" ******* END TEXT: "olute nothingness in contradistinction to b’limah, which I have translated as relative nothingness. "
9780814735084 - page_95: "START TEXT: It is relative because it is nothing only due to the fact that it is hidden from perception, and the" ******* END TEXT: "ch he defines it as a geistiges Wesen (Jacob Klatzkin, Thesaurus Philosophicus [New York: Feldheim, "
9780814735084 - page_96: "START TEXT: 1968], vol. 4, pp. 29-30). It seems then, that in medieval Hebrew philosophy, ruḥani is used to desi" ******* END TEXT: " p. 180; J. Landau, Nachman Krochmal: Ein Hegelianer p. 26). Yet, his purpose here is not merely to "
9780814735084 - page_97: "START TEXT: register his agreement with the German philosopher on this point, but rather to demonstrate that thi" ******* END TEXT: ". In addition to the passage cited above (see note 36), Krochmal supports his claim by reference to "
9780814735084 - page_98: "START TEXT: various rabbinic passages, such as those that attribute to each nation a sar ha-umah, or (celestial)" ******* END TEXT: "ng the view that stands behind these doctrines, the Lurianic materials are far too mythological for "
9780814735084 - page_99: "START TEXT: Krochmal’s taste. (As we saw above, his rejection of Hasidism was grounded in similar concerns.) Tha" ******* END TEXT: "phasize the immanent strand in traditional rabbinic thought. Nevertheless, his position does indeed "
9780814735084 - page_103: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 3KROCHMAL’S THEORY OF HISTORY\nKROCHMAL CLAIMED that his metaphysical speculation represents " ******* END TEXT: "more fully appreciate what is at stake here it will first be necessary to look at the philosophical "
9780814735084 - page_104: "START TEXT: and historiographical issues that raise the question of Jewish survival in the first place. This req" ******* END TEXT: "are often the frames of reference for the subsequent events. There are a limited number of possible "
9780814735084 - page_105: "START TEXT: destinies, all grounded in the sacralized events of a sacred past. This is perhaps best illustrated " ******* END TEXT: "7). The remainder of the book serves to indicate the deep-seated nature of Manasseh’s corruption of "
9780814735084 - page_106: "START TEXT: the common wealth, and the inability of his successors, save Josiah, to break out of the pattern, so" ******* END TEXT: "at we are in some inscrutable way the products of our past, that our pasts contribute to our being. "
9780814735084 - page_107: "START TEXT: The view I am insisting upon here goes well beyond that to suggest that in the biblical histories th" ******* END TEXT: "tends to the hope for the future after the catastrophes of destruction and exile. Thus, we find the "
9780814735084 - page_108: "START TEXT: prophet Isaiah promising those exiled by the Assyrians that they shall be redeemed from the hands of" ******* END TEXT: "e world, deceived by the more strident outward rhythms of power, could recognize …. Ironically, the "
9780814735084 - page_109: "START TEXT: very absence of historical writing among the rabbis may itself have been due in good measure to thei" ******* END TEXT: " tradition (BT Pesahim 117a), the Israelites did upon being redeemed. This is closed by a blessing:\n"
9780814735084 - page_110: "START TEXT: Rabbi Tarfon [second century] says [the blessing is as follows]: He that redeemed us and redeemed ou" ******* END TEXT: "lso accentuate the connection between the redemption from the Egyptians and the expected redemption "
9780814735084 - page_111: "START TEXT: in the messianic age. Thus, while there were other rabbinic views regarding the messiah and his age," ******* END TEXT: "er to adhere to it in a coherent way.\nNow, in rabbinic documents we see that many rabbis apparently "
9780814735084 - page_112: "START TEXT: found least dissonance in the proposition that adherence to the dictates of the past is grounded in " ******* END TEXT: " Once again, we see here a vision of a completed past, which must be allowed to inform the present.\n"
9780814735084 - page_113: "START TEXT: Modern Historiosophy and Judaism\nAgainst this vision of a completed past that reverberates throughou" ******* END TEXT: "g’s work, “The Education of the Human Race,” for example, we find the conviction that human history "
9780814735084 - page_114: "START TEXT: can be understood as a process of providential education, and, reflecting a rather clear Protestant " ******* END TEXT: "tional” value of the first period has been superseded by the later periods. Since, after all, human "
9780814735084 - page_115: "START TEXT: history is nothing more than a lengthy educational process, this supersession of the Old Testament b" ******* END TEXT: "ts culmination in the development of the culture of modern Europe. Thus, he concludes his work with "
9780814735084 - page_116: "START TEXT: an answer to the question, “How, therefore, did Europe achieve its culture, and the rank it thereby " ******* END TEXT: "their land, and reestablish their commonwealth, matters did not improve; legalism remained endemic:\n"
9780814735084 - page_117: "START TEXT: Their religion was Pharisaism; their learning, a minute nibbling at syllables, and this confined to " ******* END TEXT: "nity, and their continued maintenance of a separate religious and national identity has no value.15\n"
9780814735084 - page_118: "START TEXT: Finally, describing the lessons to be learned from the study of civilization’s Near Eastern beginnin" ******* END TEXT: "rld-historical era, and the rules of the game are that no people experience more than one such era.\n"
9780814735084 - page_119: "START TEXT: It is further of note that for Hegel only nations that are constituted as states can contribute to t" ******* END TEXT: "nian exile as a cultural watershed.18\nFurther, despite the fact that there is much in such theories "
9780814735084 - page_120: "START TEXT: that can be seen as having a strong link to the traditional Christian reading of world events, becau" ******* END TEXT: " of importance to an understanding of Krochmal, we find that they are irreconcilably opposed to one "
9780814735084 - page_121: "START TEXT: another; the traditional manner of thinking about time insists that the (selected) past—as it is sac" ******* END TEXT: " insist that, in fact, there is minimal disjunction between traditional and modern historiosophies, "
9780814735084 - page_122: "START TEXT: as the two views converge in the eschatological commitments of “Judeo-Christian” thinking. That is, " ******* END TEXT: "ould grant them. In the process he demonstrates that the concept of progress is, for the most part, "
9780814735084 - page_123: "START TEXT: irrelevant to a comprehension of Jewish history. Thus, his treatment of Jewish history is carried ou" ******* END TEXT: "o material and sensual things we too are subject to this natural order—it is as our sages, may they "
9780814735084 - page_124: "START TEXT: be blessed, have said, “when they were exiled to Babylon, the divine presence was with them, when th" ******* END TEXT: "ewish history recapitulates the organismic patterns per se, as this is taken for granted, both with "
9780814735084 - page_125: "START TEXT: respect to Jewish history, and general history as well. While his historical chapters do—en passant—" ******* END TEXT: "l discussion is mandatory if we are to understand what this ostensibly novel view demands. In fact, "
9780814735084 - page_126: "START TEXT: in no way should this position be seen as a “philosophy of history,” for there is no philosophy here" ******* END TEXT: " forces animating their culture and religion was only partial.30 He acknowledges that the externals "
9780814735084 - page_127: "START TEXT: of Jewish culture do indeed develop within history, and are therefore subject to the normal pattern " ******* END TEXT: " understanding of the course of human history found in Herder and Hegel, in particular, is actually "
9780814735084 - page_128: "START TEXT: quite correct. They are in error, however, in believing that Jewish culture was only a lower rung on" ******* END TEXT: "cond C. E.) was at least as vital and creative as that of the First Commonwealth will suffice. Were "
9780814735084 - page_129: "START TEXT: he attempting to construct an overarching theory of Jewish history, Krochmal would have to present e" ******* END TEXT: "cle, and attempt to demonstrate the vitality of Jewish spirituality during this time. In all, there "
9780814735084 - page_130: "START TEXT: are 290 pages in the Guide (out of a total of 334 pages) that deal with topics that are chronologica" ******* END TEXT: "no survival or salvation for Israel other than by cleaving to the Lord their God, and by preserving "
9780814735084 - page_131: "START TEXT: the principle of monotheism as it was handed down to them, free of all idolatry and any semblance of" ******* END TEXT: "uite different, as historical failure is not grounded in God’s wrath but in the inevitable immanent "
9780814735084 - page_132: "START TEXT: forces of decay that result from religious and cultural degradation. Thus, Israel’s idolatry does no" ******* END TEXT: "e second cycle was highlighted by the prophecies of the second Isaiah, Haggai and Zechariah, by the "
9780814735084 - page_133: "START TEXT: work of Ezra, who was comparable to Moses in his time, and the establishment of the Great Assembly, " ******* END TEXT: "hasis added).38 In Judea, there emerged a “Great Assembly” whose activities in developing Judaism’s "
9780814735084 - page_134: "START TEXT: sacred texts and traditions continued unabated for over a century. (We will discuss this more fully " ******* END TEXT: "cidal zealotry carried the day. As a result, the institutions that tended to the spiritual needs of "
9780814735084 - page_135: "START TEXT: the people—Temple, priesthood, house of study—were no longer able to do so properly; the spiritual s" ******* END TEXT: " modern sensibilities. What Krochmal retains is a view of a completed past, a past rooted in divine "
9780814735084 - page_136: "START TEXT: providence, in which the Jewish people achieved a level of religious sophistication that could not b" ******* END TEXT: "gelian terms for a different view of Jewish history, a view that sees this history as existing in a "
9780814735084 - page_137: "START TEXT: state of being rather than becoming, having arrived at the telos toward which general human history " ******* END TEXT: "er, still seemed to demand that Judaism undergo its own internal movement forward. Needless to say, "
9780814735084 - page_138: "START TEXT: such a theoretical demand was antithetical to traditional patterns of thought. Thus, at this point f" ******* END TEXT: "owever, came to a halt with the second cycle, when the Jews achieved full awareness of the absolute "
9780814735084 - page_139: "START TEXT: spirit, for a people cannot progress beyond this level of consciousness, the telos of the historical" ******* END TEXT: "inic tradition, the great bearer of Jewish spirituality, will ultimately prove inadequate and merit "
9780814735084 - page_140: "START TEXT: supersession; the whole point of Krochmal’s Guide, however, is to prove that rabbinic tradition rema" ******* END TEXT: "ted in no uncertain terms by Moses Mendelssohn in his Jerusalem. Responding to Lessing, Mendelssohn "
9780814735084 - page_141: "START TEXT: claims that he can see no basis whatsoever for the claim that humanity is progressing. Alexander Alt" ******* END TEXT: "o its central doctrine of progressive development, actually produced a vision of tradition that was "
9780814735084 - page_142: "START TEXT: quite untraditional. In attempting to defend the vitality of Jewish life beyond the First Commonweal" ******* END TEXT: "Mekilta passage is scarcely normative, and may merely represent a rabbi drawing connections between "
9780814735084 - page_143: "START TEXT: verses in Scripture without necessarily intending to state anything at all regarding the course of J" ******* END TEXT: " modern Protestant and/or secular ways of ordering reality. He concedes much to the latter, always, "
9780814735084 - page_144: "START TEXT: in his own mind anyway, in the service of the former. It is from this perspective that the treatment" ******* END TEXT: "chapters 1 and 2, which also contain stories pertaining to the Hadrianic persecutions, esp. at 2:2. "
9780814735084 - page_145: "START TEXT: The assimilation of the destruction of the Second Temple is to be found in the earlier documents as " ******* END TEXT: "sponsible for his tarrying, etc. It is, thus, in my view impossible to speak of a messianic idea in "
9780814735084 - page_146: "START TEXT: rabbinic Judaism as Scholem does, although his basic typological distinction between Utopian and res" ******* END TEXT: " in Researches in Talmudic Literature (Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1983), "
9780814735084 - page_147: "START TEXT: p. 170, n. 98. Havlin’s claim that the doctrine of generational decline does not adequately explain " ******* END TEXT: "man history, points which seem to me to have shaped the way that Krochmal viewed the development of "
9780814735084 - page_148: "START TEXT: human history, and which certainly played a role in Hegel’s thought as well.\n16. See the section ent" ******* END TEXT: "llowing story regarding Moses Moser, another founder of the Verein. “Allein er [Hegel] bezog Wollen "
9780814735084 - page_149: "START TEXT: und Handeln auf den Staat als die ‘Wirklichkeit der sittlichen Idee.’ Die Idee des Staats erhielt da" ******* END TEXT: "ate the dispute between Löwith and Blumenberg—actually to save Löwith from Blumenberg—see Panajotis "
9780814735084 - page_150: "START TEXT: Kondylis, Die Auf klärung (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1981), pp. 56—57, n. 10.\n26. Thus, he does not de" ******* END TEXT: " times, and it always knew the absolute spirit within it. For this is the great principle; although "
9780814735084 - page_151: "START TEXT: a certain spirituality manifests itself within a particular nation, this is not sufficient until it " ******* END TEXT: " eternality as established, and in any event, his attachment to this most traditional of notions is "
9780814735084 - page_152: "START TEXT: hardly dependent on Vico’s articulation of it. For example, see another Catholic philosopher of hist" ******* END TEXT: "al is grounded in the immanent forces of history as they would have been recognized in his own day.\n"
9780814735084 - page_153: "START TEXT: 32. This essence is, however, discernible in history. In a celebrated passage, Krochmal writes:\nAnd " ******* END TEXT: "tion of Herder, for whom a literature and especially a language are determining factors in culture.\n"
9780814735084 - page_154: "START TEXT: 36. It should be noted that this verse, viewed in its original context as traditionally understood, " ******* END TEXT: "had progressed spiritually from the first cycle to the second; interpreters, such as Schwarzschild, "
9780814735084 - page_155: "START TEXT: simply assume that this pattern is carried forward. It is clear, I hope, that this approach is simpl" ******* END TEXT: "s being the product of a much lengthier process, in which the implicit is made manifest over time.\n\n"
9780814735084 - page_156: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 4BIBLICAL STUDIES\nTHE ONSET of historical thought and scholarship touched on virtually all a" ******* END TEXT: " in peace, wrote the entire Torah from’ In the beginning’ to ‘before all Israel’ (the last verse in "
9780814735084 - page_157: "START TEXT: Deuteronomy), including the last eight verses from ‘And Moses died’ to the end …” Further, “we, the " ******* END TEXT: "red the second part of the book bearing his name, beginning with chapter 40. This had been noted by "
9780814735084 - page_158: "START TEXT: others earlier, but now received its most complete expression in the work of J. G. Eichhorn (1752-18" ******* END TEXT: "32, advanced daring new theses regarding the books of Chronicles, and the Psalter, the former based "
9780814735084 - page_159: "START TEXT: partially on researches of his teacher W. M. L. de Wette (1780-1849). Isaac Samuel Reggio (1784-1855" ******* END TEXT: "s. He writes that seeing this book as the product of this time provides us with a unique historical "
9780814735084 - page_160: "START TEXT: source for a period for which we have virtually no other sources, and it “casts light and knowledge " ******* END TEXT: "e together over a much longer period than was previously assumed, the historical claims grounded in "
9780814735084 - page_161: "START TEXT: earlier assumptions must fall. By focusing on these books, and accentuating their post-exilic proven" ******* END TEXT: " possess; therefore, they make the words of Torah as a breached wall, each will ascend it according "
9780814735084 - page_162: "START TEXT: to his strength and will do with it what he wishes. They add and delete and change the Torah of God," ******* END TEXT: "adition he demands carries over to his understanding of the other books of the Bible as well. It is "
9780814735084 - page_163: "START TEXT: reasonable that gentile scholars should engage in this enterprise; their religious orientation is no" ******* END TEXT: "th, represent an attempt to shield the tradition from any of the potentially deleterious effects of "
9780814735084 - page_164: "START TEXT: modern biblical criticism, so that its influence on Jewish self-understanding in the modern period w" ******* END TEXT: "ents of the Bible—with all the negative results this impression would bring—was the primary goal of "
9780814735084 - page_165: "START TEXT: Krochmal’s biblical studies. For not even the historiographical benefits of critical conclusions wou" ******* END TEXT: "uthored by one person, or group of persons, living in close proximity to the eighth-century prophet "
9780814735084 - page_166: "START TEXT: Isaiah ben Amoẓ. This tradition would seem to have been firmly established; for this reason, when co" ******* END TEXT: " that was yet to occur; rather, if the background envisioned by these prophecies was the Babylonian "
9780814735084 - page_167: "START TEXT: exile and its aftermath, then the prophecies must date from this time (sixth century B. C. E.) and n" ******* END TEXT: "fs of “recent scholars” whose ideas on the subject are already well known through all the “books of "
9780814735084 - page_168: "START TEXT: introduction,” and “do not require repeating” (Guide, p. 114).22 In all likelihood, Krochmal is refe" ******* END TEXT: "at this information is in fact not new at all; he proposes that the esoteric tradition incorporated "
9780814735084 - page_169: "START TEXT: hints to indicate to the initiated that not all prophecies included in the book of Isaiah were actua" ******* END TEXT: " two verses comprise the only prophecy of Be’ari, and were not sufficient for a separate book. This "
9780814735084 - page_170: "START TEXT: “proof” seems to be intended in a more general way to show that the rabbis knew that the title of a " ******* END TEXT: " or, as we have yet to see, could not be readily assimilated by them (and, therefore, by openminded "
9780814735084 - page_171: "START TEXT: adherents of their tradition). Thus, their messianic reading of the latter part of Isaiah was develo" ******* END TEXT: "f the tradition is left largely intact, while the freedom to search for the truth is also affirmed.\n"
9780814735084 - page_172: "START TEXT: Qohelet and Psalms\n1. Qohelet. As we saw above, the baraita in BT Baba Batra attributes the book of " ******* END TEXT: "In the longest, and probably most significant, of the studies in the eleventh chapter of his Guide,\n"
9780814735084 - page_173: "START TEXT: Krochmal begins by endorsing Eichhorn’s conclusions, at times practically verbatim. At the same time" ******* END TEXT: " must then suspect that the rabbis were also aware of this fact, and indeed, Krochmal undertakes an "
9780814735084 - page_174: "START TEXT: examination of rabbinic sources to divine what it is that the rabbis must have really thought.\nKroch" ******* END TEXT: "ferences to Solomon’s career agree that he reigned until his death, and thus this view could hardly "
9780814735084 - page_175: "START TEXT: have been the accepted rabbinic opinion on the subject. Rather, the author(s) of this enigmatic rema" ******* END TEXT: "considered “merely” the wisdom of Solomon.\nFor Krochmal the issue cannot stop here. For all that he "
9780814735084 - page_176: "START TEXT: has proven at this point is that there were those who did not regard the book as canonical, and that" ******* END TEXT: "compatible with the true faith.36 This apparently means that they had no choice but to attribute it "
9780814735084 - page_177: "START TEXT: to Solomon so that its readers would realize that this work was the product of one of Israel’s heroe" ******* END TEXT: " scholarly research, on the other hand, will result in a tradition that appears stubborn and indeed "
9780814735084 - page_178: "START TEXT: foolish, for it insists on that which others have effectively disproven.\nKrochmal is much less confi" ******* END TEXT: "mal’s study of some of the Psalms differs from the pattern somewhat in that some of his conclusions "
9780814735084 - page_179: "START TEXT: were the subject of much scholarly controversy in his own day, although some of them are to be found" ******* END TEXT: "ls the Greek Hallel (song of praise), which is modeled after the Egyptian Hallel (Psalms 113-18).43\n"
9780814735084 - page_180: "START TEXT: Here again, Krochmal is concerned lest he be judged as damaging the tradition, and thus justifies hi" ******* END TEXT: " teachings which were reserved for certain students, but which now must be revealed for all to see.\n"
9780814735084 - page_181: "START TEXT: 3. The Problem of Pseudepigraphy. In Krochmal’s study of Qohelet and Psalms, there is little departu" ******* END TEXT: "orn already pointed out, he has done a very poor job of disguising himself; further, if it were the "
9780814735084 - page_182: "START TEXT: author’s intention to identify himself as Solomon, he would have used that name rather than “Qohelet" ******* END TEXT: ", and does not involve any attempt at deception. Descent from David would not have been a difficult "
9780814735084 - page_183: "START TEXT: fact to establish, for the author of the book would have lived a mere four or five generations after" ******* END TEXT: "m presented itself with regard to the late Psalms. The problem with the claim that these Psalms are "
9780814735084 - page_184: "START TEXT: from the Hasmonean era is that five of them carry superscriptions; two are ascribed to the sons of K" ******* END TEXT: "id, when a particular event [from David’s life] resembled that which occurred to them at that time.\n"
9780814735084 - page_185: "START TEXT: And with this [assumption} we have opened the door to solving a great difficulty that accompanies th" ******* END TEXT: "ercising control over a limited domain within Jerusalem. Similarly, Jews of the second century were "
9780814735084 - page_186: "START TEXT: certainly able to distinguish between their own time and circumstances and eight centuries earlier. " ******* END TEXT: "al judgment, and to treat pseudepigraphy as just another literary form used by biblical writers. As "
9780814735084 - page_187: "START TEXT: we have seen, this rather tolerant view of the practice was not in vogue a century and a half ago. I" ******* END TEXT: "us, the apparent conflict between traditional and modern ways of looking at the Bible is dissolved.\n"
9780814735084 - page_188: "START TEXT: This position is grounded, I believe, in the theory of history presented in the previous chapter. Th" ******* END TEXT: "lightened, but traditional, perspective.\nSecond, Krochmal’s acceptance of the conclusions of modern "
9780814735084 - page_189: "START TEXT: scholarship was by no means reluctant, for, in his mind, Judaism had much to gain—and little, if any" ******* END TEXT: "rochmal claims to have found are quite far-fetched; one would not, under ordinary circumstances, be "
9780814735084 - page_190: "START TEXT: inclined to interpret these phrases as Krochmal does. Yet, it is precisely this fact that illuminate" ******* END TEXT: "ophisticated understanding of that tradition would lead to its demise, given the advent of critical "
9780814735084 - page_191: "START TEXT: philosophy and historiography. His biblical studies are an attempt to enhance that tradition by help" ******* END TEXT: "h the imprimatur of Moses, even in the third edition of Eichhorn’s Einleitung (on which see below).\n"
9780814735084 - page_192: "START TEXT: 5. Indeed, Hitzig argued that the entire second half of the book dates from the post-exilic period.\n" ******* END TEXT: "ews who did deal critically with the Pentateuch, among them Isaak Marcus Jost, who was a devotee of "
9780814735084 - page_193: "START TEXT: the so-called “fragmentary hypothesis,” particularly for Genesis; see his “Anhang zum Zehnten Buch” " ******* END TEXT: " them. See also Zvi Hirsh Chajes’s Imre Binah, in Kol Sifrei MHRZ Chajes, (Jerusalem: 1958) p. 872b\n"
9780814735084 - page_194: "START TEXT: 13. Franz Delitzsch, Biblischer Commentar über den Prophet Jesaia (Leipzig: 1866), pp. 22-25. See th" ******* END TEXT: "ho lived, presumably, in the time of Hillel and Shammai (see Schorr, He-Ḥalutz, vol. 1, pp. 98-99).\n"
9780814735084 - page_195: "START TEXT: 18. See the comments of Rashi and Kimḥi on the first verse of chapter 40.\n19. In this Spinoza was pr" ******* END TEXT: "esh (Vienna: 1810), repr. 1967, pp. 29b-32 b. Krochmal would seem to be referring to Ben Ze’ev when "
9780814735084 - page_196: "START TEXT: he states that the scholars refer to the rabbinic statement regarding the order of the prophets (cit" ******* END TEXT: "d while it is possible for a poet to imagine himself in another place and time, he cannot achieve a "
9780814735084 - page_197: "START TEXT: literary creation that does not betray his own time. Further, the images in such a vision must be ge" ******* END TEXT: "ssue of whether this rabbinic passage, or any rabbinic passage, can provide evidence for the claims "
9780814735084 - page_198: "START TEXT: advanced here, because this issue is irrelevant, since for Krochmal and Luzzatto there can be no dou" ******* END TEXT: "h world that would not permit the intermingling of critical research techniques and Holy Scripture.\n"
9780814735084 - page_199: "START TEXT: 31. See Tosefta Yadayim 2:14, Shir ha-Shirim Rabbah 1:12, the Targum to Kohelet 1:1, inter alia.\n32." ******* END TEXT: "askilim who attempted to maintain this rabbinic tradition and explicitly took issue with Krochmal’s "
9780814735084 - page_200: "START TEXT: discussion. See Binyamin Ze’ev Weiler, “Al Sefer Qohelet,” in Ozarha-Sifrut (1888), pp. 95-103.\n38. " ******* END TEXT: "the BT, B’rakhot 56a, and seems to be based on the position, accepted in BT P’saḥim 117a that these "
9780814735084 - page_201: "START TEXT: Psalms were recited by Moses and the Israelites upon their miraculous rescue at the Red Sea.\n44. The" ******* END TEXT: "e it is true that Eichhorn perhaps mitigated the harshness of this judgment with his question, “Und "
9780814735084 - page_202: "START TEXT: warum hätte der Verfasser dieses Kleid nicht sollen wählen dürfen, da sich doch offenbar mehrere Sch" ******* END TEXT: "ls caused in the time of the remnants of the Assembly. There is thus no possibility of error on the "
9780814735084 - page_203: "START TEXT: part of the Assembly in accepting Qohelet into the canon. The contradiction between this claim and h" ******* END TEXT: " might have caused” (Philosophical Dictionary, p. 459). Krochmal argues that these verses (12:9-14) "
9780814735084 - page_204: "START TEXT: were in fact added by those responsible for closing the canon, not for the purpose of making the boo" ******* END TEXT: "te Jahrhundert vor Chr. gehöre: es muss in die Pharisäischen Zeiten herabgerückt werden, auch damit "
9780814735084 - page_205: "START TEXT: die Pharisäer in Bausch und Bogen als die vortrefflichsten aller Menschengerühmt werden können. (Fro" ******* END TEXT: "e the issues animating Jewish biblical and Talmudic histories produced in the nineteenth century.\n\n\n"
9780814735084 - page_206: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 5THE RABBINIC TRADITION\nIN TRADITIONAL Jewish self-understanding, the Torah, the basis of Ju" ******* END TEXT: " most of the material comprising oral Torah came into existence at one time, more than a millennium "
9780814735084 - page_207: "START TEXT: before the Christian era; such a claim is inherently subject to the scrutiny of historical verificat" ******* END TEXT: "ted its content throughout the ages. Both presuppose that there is a basic, organic continuity that "
9780814735084 - page_208: "START TEXT: obtains in the relationship between the two Torahs, as they each, in one way or another, derive from" ******* END TEXT: "nor the other “Protestant” groups succeeded in creating a sufficient historical hermeneutic to make "
9780814735084 - page_209: "START TEXT: their rejection of rabbinic tradition overwhelm the rabbinite communities. The many defenders of rab" ******* END TEXT: "flection—indeed, the history of rabbinic tradition dominates Jewish historiography up to the modern "
9780814735084 - page_210: "START TEXT: period—and certainly the repeated efforts to combat it suggest that Karaism and Jewish Protestantism" ******* END TEXT: " tractate Avot. To medieval historians, its credibility was beyond question. Indeed, as Abraham ibn "
9780814735084 - page_211: "START TEXT: Daud asserts in a different but related context, the traditions of the Mishnah and Talmud must be de" ******* END TEXT: " (c. 630 B.C.E.). From this Bendavid concludes that the “Mosaic teaching was cultivated only orally "
9780814735084 - page_212: "START TEXT: in the 460 years between Samuel and Josiah, that is for virtually the entire duration of the First T" ******* END TEXT: "n of these terms. According to Jewish tradition, as Bendavid understands it, the written law refers "
9780814735084 - page_213: "START TEXT: to the Pentateuch, while the oral law includes those laws that were transmitted by Moses orally, whi" ******* END TEXT: " of the rabbinic tradition. Thus, what was produced by the rabbis was not part of any tradition and "
9780814735084 - page_214: "START TEXT: represented a gross misuse of the notion of an oral law. What the rabbis produced was designed to en" ******* END TEXT: "eople could find consolation for their suffering, and hope in the destruction.”11 The rabbis became "
9780814735084 - page_215: "START TEXT: distant from the people to the point that “they comprised a guild, into which could enter only those" ******* END TEXT: " was read, and taken quite seriously, by many Jewish scholars. In any event, there is, in addition, "
9780814735084 - page_216: "START TEXT: another side to Jost’s work, directly related to our issue, that indeed deserved, and deserves, to b" ******* END TEXT: ". L. de Wette. The latter took for granted that later generations sought legitimacy by retrojecting "
9780814735084 - page_217: "START TEXT: their ideas into their own antiquity. It was this awareness that allowed him to identify the book of" ******* END TEXT: "abbinism was Eduard Gans, whom we met in chapter 3. It will be recalled that Gans, a founder of the "
9780814735084 - page_218: "START TEXT: Verein, stated that one of its main objectives was the destruction of rabbinism.16 This attitude of " ******* END TEXT: "supporting his programmatic commitment to rabbinism’s elimination from contemporary religious life.\n"
9780814735084 - page_219: "START TEXT: The treatment of Gans as an important contributor to the discussion requires some justification. Aft" ******* END TEXT: "be seen as the product of an unbroken tradition deriving from long before the Roman era. Of course, "
9780814735084 - page_220: "START TEXT: along the way the traditional legal-philosophical argument is deflected as well, since none of these" ******* END TEXT: "d not need to be communicated in the text of the Pentateuch, for it was well-known to the people.24\n"
9780814735084 - page_221: "START TEXT: Creizenach acknowledges there must have been some details too trivial to be written with the laws, a" ******* END TEXT: "slau in 1826, carried the Hebrew title Edut l’Yisrael and the German title Wort zu seiner Zeit oder "
9780814735084 - page_222: "START TEXT: die Autorität der jüdischen Traditionslehre, als des mündlichen Gesetzes: Sendschreiben an seine Gla" ******* END TEXT: "ting than the existence of this work is the reaction to it of Rabbi Akiba Eger of Posen, one of the "
9780814735084 - page_223: "START TEXT: leading rabbinic figures in Europe at the time. While acknowledging that the work is superfluous for" ******* END TEXT: "dence in the historical veracity of their tradition. It was this perplexing loss of confidence that "
9780814735084 - page_224: "START TEXT: Krochmal sought to address. In doing so, he acknowledged the difficulties outlined above in broad te" ******* END TEXT: "not be viewed as some minor, esoteric debate. Rather, this disagreement strikes at the very core of "
9780814735084 - page_225: "START TEXT: the rabbinic system. For the modern and skeptical mind it is crucial that the system of classificati" ******* END TEXT: "hich is very dubious with that which is totally clear, and perhaps even falsehood with truth. There "
9780814735084 - page_226: "START TEXT: is nothing more damaging than to confuse the times and events so that there is no distinction among " ******* END TEXT: "s rejection of the Hegelian model of legal development was his rejection of the belief in sustained "
9780814735084 - page_227: "START TEXT: albeit dialectical progress that was the heart and soul of Hegelian philosophy of history. Explainin" ******* END TEXT: " rabbinic tradition was his discussion of the origins of positive law in his famous polemic “On the "
9780814735084 - page_228: "START TEXT: Vocation of our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence.” Here Savigny developed the notion that law d" ******* END TEXT: " slow, organic process by which law is produced proved most useful to traditionalists in the Jewish "
9780814735084 - page_229: "START TEXT: community because it provided a model that not only justified the notion of a lengthy oral tradition" ******* END TEXT: "ied by an oral tradition. This is so because all written codes—when they do exist—cannot be totally "
9780814735084 - page_230: "START TEXT: self-contained or else would not be able to move through time. Reason demands that every law that is" ******* END TEXT: "f the language); they must compare the general rules and the particular circumstances, and know how "
9780814735084 - page_231: "START TEXT: to make allowances for the changes in historical conditions (Guide, p. 190).\nTo Krochmal it was a un" ******* END TEXT: "times almost verbatim—from Savigny’s understanding of the movement of legal materials through time, "
9780814735084 - page_232: "START TEXT: although, unlike Savigny, who skips the first step, Krochmal begins with an existing code that is in" ******* END TEXT: "o the claims of Bendavid and Gans. Implicit in the claim that the Torah must, by the very nature of "
9780814735084 - page_233: "START TEXT: things, have been accompanied by an oral tradition means that the Bible cannot be considered the exc" ******* END TEXT: "es is naive, in that there is no recognition that the particular source in question may have had an "
9780814735084 - page_234: "START TEXT: agenda that did not entail the transmission of historical truth. To be sure, Krochmal is aware that " ******* END TEXT: "introduction to Maimonides’ Mishneh Torah. Josephus’s works are cited for background information.42\n"
9780814735084 - page_235: "START TEXT: The Period of the Soferim\nKrochmal begins his analysis of rabbinism’s history in earnest with the pe" ******* END TEXT: "entic tradition, ascribed a number of laws to them; these laws are described as divrei soferim (the "
9780814735084 - page_236: "START TEXT: words of the Soferim). Perhaps more important, a logical and rational analysis of rabbinic sources d" ******* END TEXT: "uite ingenious.48 What is important for our purposes is his proposal that the canonical text of the "
9780814735084 - page_237: "START TEXT: Bible, whose antiquity was acknowledged by almost all, actually reflects important interpretive acti" ******* END TEXT: "entiles alike. This was particularly necessary in regard to the role of the Soferim as many saw the "
9780814735084 - page_238: "START TEXT: changes and discrepancies on the text as evidence of the unreliability of the Jews as caretakers of " ******* END TEXT: "ich began approximately in the year 210 B.C.E. His description of this period is actually a partial "
9780814735084 - page_239: "START TEXT: phenomenology of rabbinic learning, dedicated as it is to defining categories and modes of learning " ******* END TEXT: "laws and limitations which did not correspond to the simple meaning of the scriptural text. Rather, "
9780814735084 - page_240: "START TEXT: they were derived on the basis of reasoning from the text, or, on the basis of one of the accepted h" ******* END TEXT: " is, the halakhah was always based on a derivation from Scripture, except for certain civil laws.54\n"
9780814735084 - page_241: "START TEXT: Krochmal’s discussion of the different forms leads to his interesting reflections on the relationshi" ******* END TEXT: "thout concomitantly relativizing. He grants that the texts have a history in respect of one another "
9780814735084 - page_242: "START TEXT: —indeed, with the Mishnah and Gemara, at least, one could hardly deny it—but argues that despite thi" ******* END TEXT: "d wise, at times arbitrary and capricious.\nThe traditional sources themselves show awareness of the "
9780814735084 - page_243: "START TEXT: problem, and the Mishnah records a question regarding the transmission of rejected opinions.57 But t" ******* END TEXT: "majority. Krochmal’s assumption here seems to be that the majority decision of the premier scholars "
9780814735084 - page_244: "START TEXT: and logicians of the day was sufficient to establish the rational and true meaning of the Torah.60\nT" ******* END TEXT: "xed form cannot be dated earlier than the tannaitic period. In articulating this position, Krochmal "
9780814735084 - page_245: "START TEXT: is undoubtedly guided by what he considers the needs of his own day, given the prevailing attitude t" ******* END TEXT: "to the Mishnah, and thus, the halakhot found in the Mishnah could not have been formulated prior to "
9780814735084 - page_246: "START TEXT: the Second Commonwealth period.63 As for the traditional attributions of certain halakhot to First C" ******* END TEXT: "econd Commonwealth. After a time some of them were rediscovered incidentally, while their midrashic "
9780814735084 - page_247: "START TEXT: source remained lost, so that the scriptural sources which the law undoubtedly had was unknown. They" ******* END TEXT: "ne them carefully for the essential message, it being understood that one cannot accept such claims "
9780814735084 - page_248: "START TEXT: at face value. This in turn leads him to a philosophical discussion of the core of rabbinic self-und" ******* END TEXT: "at will eventually be derived from it—provided that the derivations are achieved in accordance with "
9780814735084 - page_249: "START TEXT: reason—and it is therefore legitimate to say that everything that will be innovated, through reason," ******* END TEXT: "r formulation, however, merely makes manifest what had been latent all along. They are thus part of "
9780814735084 - page_250: "START TEXT: Torah, no less than are the laws of Exodus and Leviticus. To claim otherwise is to succumb to a phil" ******* END TEXT: "ochmal’s treatment of the subject. For Krochmal’s history of the Mishnah is designed to support the "
9780814735084 - page_251: "START TEXT: overall claim of the antiquity of, and the continuity within, the oral tradition. In Krochmal’s vers" ******* END TEXT: "khot. Within each order, however, the tractates were not fixed; their order was determined by Rabbi "
9780814735084 - page_252: "START TEXT: (= Yehudah ha-Nasi). As established by Hillel, the original tractates were filled with laws that wer" ******* END TEXT: "on in which certain halakhot were learned in one center, but were unknown in another; halakhot were "
9780814735084 - page_253: "START TEXT: taught as the accepted opinion, when they were actually the minority opinion; additions to halakhot " ******* END TEXT: "ections, in order to melt down and dissolve all the halakhic material into parts and pour out a new "
9780814735084 - page_254: "START TEXT: arrangement in consistent and clear language, even if it included the distinction between what is un" ******* END TEXT: "heir tradition. Thus, the peculiar nature of the Mishnah in no way indicates lack of sophistication "
9780814735084 - page_255: "START TEXT: on the part of the rabbis, but rather, a deep-seated and laudable respect for history. Establishing " ******* END TEXT: "s nonsense; too late, as modern scholarship tried to do, challenged the very notion of a tradition.\n"
9780814735084 - page_256: "START TEXT: The only way that rabbinic Judaism could be maintained, and the authenticity and antiquity of its tr" ******* END TEXT: "ither disputes nor Roman ordinances diminish the essential grandeur of the rabbinic accomplishment.\n"
9780814735084 - page_257: "START TEXT: When we combine the results of Krochmal’s study of rabbinism with those of his biblical studies, we " ******* END TEXT: "s a tradition from Moses, while Samuel states that it is a customary law. Similarly Rashi takes the "
9780814735084 - page_258: "START TEXT: term halakhah, or the Aramaic equivalent, hilkheta, to mean a tradition from Moses, while Maimonides" ******* END TEXT: "cation Society, 1967), p. 21.\n7. To be sure, many chroniclers of tradition attempted to fill in the "
9780814735084 - page_259: "START TEXT: lacunae in the mishnah’s chain, from Maimonides to Zadok ha-Cohen of Lublin in this century. All wor" ******* END TEXT: "Rawdowicz), with the sentence in which Gans’s name appears quoted verbatim except for the reference "
9780814735084 - page_260: "START TEXT: to Gans. Why Zunz deleted the reference to Gans is a matter of speculation. Certainly, the latter’s " ******* END TEXT: "ure on Roman law makes clear that, for Gans, Roman law reached the pinnacle of legal development in "
9780814735084 - page_261: "START TEXT: the ancient world. In the notes to this lecture rabbinic law is nowhere mentioned. See Eduard Gans, " ******* END TEXT: "tions into languages Krochmal could read appeared, it is most unlikely that this work exercised any "
9780814735084 - page_262: "START TEXT: influence on Krochmal’s sense of urgency in dealing with the question. Still, such influence is not " ******* END TEXT: "3 precepts. The variations occurred because there was some doubt as to whether this number included "
9780814735084 - page_263: "START TEXT: only Torahitic laws or also some rabbinic ordinances. It was the contention of Maimonides that rabbi" ******* END TEXT: "ed on the basis of an argument a fortiori, which is one of the basic hermeneutical principles—which "
9780814735084 - page_264: "START TEXT: Epstein claims is actually a dispute between the schools of R. Ishmael and R. Akiva (see his Mavo’ot" ******* END TEXT: ". For a discussion of the consequences of this confusion in Maimonides work, see Kafih, pp. 250-52.\n"
9780814735084 - page_265: "START TEXT: 35. Guide, p. 211. Krochmal is discussing claims that it was Samuel the prophet who taught that the " ******* END TEXT: "act specific laws from the general principles contained in the original legal code, or to appeal to "
9780814735084 - page_266: "START TEXT: God for answers. Among these are the laws of inheritance in a case in which a man dies leaving no ma" ******* END TEXT: "ed in favor of the severe alternative, and corporal or capital punishment may be imposed. Thus, one "
9780814735084 - page_267: "START TEXT: who carries on the Sabbath has violated a biblical commandment, and may be so punished. Similarly, t" ******* END TEXT: "said to be valid in all your dwellings are valid everywhere, and for all generations; or whether it "
9780814735084 - page_268: "START TEXT: refers to the period after the process of inhabiting the land of Israel, in which case the laws vali" ******* END TEXT: " in his Monatsschrift in 1851.\n52. Yehezkel Kaufmann; Toledot ha-Emunah ha-Yisraelit (Jerusalem and "
9780814735084 - page_269: "START TEXT: Tel Aviv: Mossad Bialik and Dvir, 5736), vol. 4 (section eight), pp. 481-85.\n53. Guide, p. 205, note" ******* END TEXT: "araita.\n62. BT Temurah 16a.\n63. That the term halakhah is of Aramaic origin was first suggested, to "
9780814735084 - page_270: "START TEXT: the best of my knowledge, by Binyamin Musaifia in his addenda to the Arukh. He cites the Targum of O" ******* END TEXT: "e attributions are not to be dismissed as mere rabbinic fancy, but rather the rabbis, for heuristic "
9780814735084 - page_271: "START TEXT: purposes, deliberately retrojected them to the time at which they could first have been applicable. " ******* END TEXT: "us of the derivations is Torahitic, while agreeing with Maimonides that one cannot consider them as "
9780814735084 - page_272: "START TEXT: actually being from Sinai, except in the specific philosophical sense, outlined in the quotation abo" ******* END TEXT: "pproach. For him, laws taught prior to Hillel were “recorded” anonymously; it is only after Hillel, "
9780814735084 - page_273: "START TEXT: and the development of different, and competing schools, that halakhot were repeated with the names " ******* END TEXT: "is is a good example of Rawidowicz’s tendency to see Krochmal as far less traditional than he was.\n\n"
9780814735084 - page_274: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 6THE PERPLEXITIES OF THE AGGADAH\n“If you wish to recognize Him who spoke and the world came " ******* END TEXT: " finds much rabbinic reflection on the nature of God and providence; it is, thus, an indispensable, "
9780814735084 - page_275: "START TEXT: if problematic, resource for the construction of rabbinic theology. On the other hand, the aggadah i" ******* END TEXT: " import of aggadic statements as they see fit. To this position as well, Krochmal is somewhat sympa "
9780814735084 - page_276: "START TEXT: thetic.4 As far as the historical and scientific errors in the aggadah are concerned, the issue had " ******* END TEXT: "hes deals sufficiently with the historical questions regarding the aggadot they explain away. Where "
9780814735084 - page_277: "START TEXT: did they come from? What purpose did they serve? Among the tasks Krochmal sets for himself is to exp" ******* END TEXT: "ous respectability in the modern world.7\nThe establishment of the confused and chaotic world of the "
9780814735084 - page_278: "START TEXT: aggadah as the yardstick by which to measure the rabbinic intellect was already a commonplace of Enl" ******* END TEXT: " Aaron Wolfssohn in particular, who strove to distance themselves and their religious heritage from "
9780814735084 - page_279: "START TEXT: the more offensive aspects of rabbinic aggadah. Finally, Chiarini is of interest here because the st" ******* END TEXT: "same people and institutions as does the halakhah. Further, the aggadah is used to support the same "
9780814735084 - page_280: "START TEXT: goals as is the legal material, and, in fact, is sometimes used as the basis of, or support for, a l" ******* END TEXT: "ed as opposed to the authority of the aggadah, all the others have recognized and do recognize that "
9780814735084 - page_281: "START TEXT: authority as prevalent, and belong, consequently, in this first class [of believers in the simple, l" ******* END TEXT: "ni, the fact that there were those who understood the aggadot allegorically could not be culturally "
9780814735084 - page_282: "START TEXT: influential, for these allegorists offer interpretations that seem arbitrary, each commentator inter" ******* END TEXT: "credibility of his portrait of rabbinic Judaism as a profound and theologically advanced tradition. "
9780814735084 - page_283: "START TEXT: The first step in executing this task is to define aggadah, as opposed to halakhah, by noting the me" ******* END TEXT: "nt is overtly polemical. As he put it, the distinction between halakhah and aggadah is obvious, and\n"
9780814735084 - page_284: "START TEXT: has been said many times; it needs, however, to be said many more times, given the emergence of thos" ******* END TEXT: "jection incorrect. That is, according to Krochmal, the majority of aggadot did not originate in the "
9780814735084 - page_285: "START TEXT: rabbinic academies, but rather in the synagogue. They are records of sermons, sometimes delivered by" ******* END TEXT: "e are created to instruct in more mundane areas. In pursuing the matter in greater detail, Krochmal "
9780814735084 - page_286: "START TEXT: discerns four different types of aggadot, only the most important of which are intended to instruct " ******* END TEXT: " exaggeration to make his point. The specific device used will depend on the audience and the time.\n"
9780814735084 - page_287: "START TEXT: Krochmal has presented and defended all these types, and described their original locus and publicat" ******* END TEXT: "Krochmal feels compelled to explain why it is that the previous sages who deny the authority of the "
9780814735084 - page_288: "START TEXT: aggadah saw fit to conceal the manner in which these aggadot found their way into the collections, w" ******* END TEXT: "peace I will not delve further and show by example the great, terrible damage to the purified faith "
9780814735084 - page_289: "START TEXT: that sprouts from such people. On the other side there are those scholars in various fields from amo" ******* END TEXT: "se sermons were designed to teach halakhah through the aggadah, and many such sermons are preserved "
9780814735084 - page_290: "START TEXT: in the collections known as Numbers Rabbah and Deuteronomy Rabbah. As we saw above, Krochmal believe" ******* END TEXT: "y. The entire legitimacy of Krochmal’s project is based on the claim that the rabbis engaged in the "
9780814735084 - page_291: "START TEXT: study of physics and metaphysics, albeit in a nonphilosophical form. It is therefore impossible for " ******* END TEXT: "at there existed, already at the time of R. Yohanan (third century), books of aggadot.26 The reason "
9780814735084 - page_292: "START TEXT: that the aggadot could be written at a time when the halakhot could not is probably due to the fact " ******* END TEXT: "thin the collections of the rabble that one finds these strange aggadot, not within the collections "
9780814735084 - page_293: "START TEXT: of the scholars. Krochmal “proves” this by a citation of a talmudic passage which seems to indicate " ******* END TEXT: "ensuing seventy-three years (or until the death of Ravina II) some additions were made, and perhaps "
9780814735084 - page_294: "START TEXT: some small changes in order. Thus, with the exception of a few additions of later scholars, called S" ******* END TEXT: "inherit the unacceptable aggadot are completely without foundation, and represent nothing less than "
9780814735084 - page_295: "START TEXT: a deus ex machina. In general, his theories regarding the aggadah did little to advance the discussi" ******* END TEXT: "amples of those who denigrate Judaism on account of its aggadic teachings. Levinson juxtaposes them "
9780814735084 - page_296: "START TEXT: to other non-Jewish works that are more sympathetic to the aggadah and to the Talmud more generally." ******* END TEXT: "chmal’s discussion remains interesting is that it illuminates the limits of the ostensible romantic "
9780814735084 - page_297: "START TEXT: attachment to the irrational, as perceived by one of the age’s more perspicacious students.33 That i" ******* END TEXT: "ed to the extent that its irrationality could be dissolved—that is, to the extent that hermeneutics "
9780814735084 - page_298: "START TEXT: emerged that allowed for myths to be deciphered in ways that impressed the modern soul. Numerous exa" ******* END TEXT: "ng of the world that is primitive and theologically offensive. In such an environment, hermeneutics "
9780814735084 - page_299: "START TEXT: that dissolve the irrational character of demons and supernatural evildoers remain elusive.38\nThe li" ******* END TEXT: "f traditional Jewish life, a passionate believer in the religious genius of the rabbinic tradition.\n"
9780814735084 - page_300: "START TEXT: NOTES\n1. The first passage is from Sifre Deuteronomy, an early rabbinic commentary on Deut., par 49." ******* END TEXT: "’s responsum, and a review of the literature on this issue, see the comments of Reuben Margoliot in "
9780814735084 - page_301: "START TEXT: note 18 to his edition of Abraham Maimonides’ “Ma’amar al Odot D’rashot Chazal”, appended to his edi" ******* END TEXT: "le society. He recommends that teachers not teach the Ein Ya’aqob, the most important collection of "
9780814735084 - page_302: "START TEXT: aggadot, to the youth for they interpret the aggadot literally, and treat them as representative of " ******* END TEXT: "aux Rabbins eux-memes, quoiqu’ils en soient les auteurs …. Cette troisieme espece d’Agadas reparaît "
9780814735084 - page_303: "START TEXT: à chaqué instant dans la Thalmud, et même les deux premieres dont nous venons de parler, et qui, dan" ******* END TEXT: " to the ame ha’aretz (the common folk). These are reviewed by Levinson in Zerubabbel, pt. 1, p. 50.\n"
9780814735084 - page_304: "START TEXT: 23. Ibid., p. 243. It is not insignificant that Krochmal presents the Pharisees as Jesus’ model, imi" ******* END TEXT: "t more radical scholarly positions in the hope of preserving the modern relevance of the tradition.\n"
9780814735084 - page_305: "START TEXT: 26. This too follows Zunz Vorträge, p. 182. Krochmal’s claim, as Zunz’s, is based primarily on BT Gi" ******* END TEXT: "n aus Gehässigkeit und Parteisucht, sämmtliche Talmudisten für den Abschaum der Menschheiterklären, "
9780814735084 - page_306: "START TEXT: und ihnen alle Vernunft und alien Sinn für Moralität absprechen.” He responds to the charge, “Man fi" ******* END TEXT: " understood the contours of the discussion better than Beer in recognizing the limited relevance of "
9780814735084 - page_307: "START TEXT: Herder’s work to resolving the problem, and in recognizing the limited contribution his work made to" ******* END TEXT: " each other; only in the hands of foolsdoes it become an embarrassing abortion of the imagination.\n\n"
9780814735084 - page_308: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 7CONCLUSION\nKROCHMAL’S WORK remains of interest for at least three reasons. It represents an" ******* END TEXT: "ill aid in our understanding of the general conservative attempt to deal with historical criticism.\n"
9780814735084 - page_309: "START TEXT: Krochmal and the Modern Intellect\nThroughout this book, I have shown that Krochmal’s work must be se" ******* END TEXT: "t once more the extent of the cultural imperialism of modern philosophical and historical thinking. "
9780814735084 - page_310: "START TEXT: For the underlying polemic of Krochmal’s Guide indicates the way in which a Jewish scholar understoo" ******* END TEXT: "gical stance. What Krochmal’s work does bring into sharp focus is the enormous self-confidence that "
9780814735084 - page_311: "START TEXT: allows them to embed these views within an ostensibly impartial consideration of the universal pheno" ******* END TEXT: "roduced Schiller’s famous remark, “die Weltgeschichte ist das Weltgericht.” I do not understand the "
9780814735084 - page_312: "START TEXT: adaptation of this remark by Hegel as merely a theodicy, but also as reflecting a position that worl" ******* END TEXT: "ran apologetic and used to illuminate the sources of Judaism. Thus does Krochmal call on his reader "
9780814735084 - page_313: "START TEXT: to adapt modern scholarship to interpreting Judaism’s essential message, confident that such an adap" ******* END TEXT: "nextricably linked to hopes of acculturation and emancipation. The hopelessness of such aspirations "
9780814735084 - page_314: "START TEXT: in Galicia meant that the desire for religious accommodation would scarcely resemble Western attempt" ******* END TEXT: "t is a scholarly response to a scholarly set of challenges. In this respect, it provides us with an "
9780814735084 - page_315: "START TEXT: important picture of the intellectual disorientation wrought by modernity.\nIf we bring together all " ******* END TEXT: "eir business to comprehend the infinite, the absolute, and to understand its relation to the finite "
9780814735084 - page_316: "START TEXT: —a task that must take account of history to be complete. Making sense of all this is more readily a" ******* END TEXT: "’s attempt to historicize without relativizing. In response to the claims of Spinoza—that otherwise "
9780814735084 - page_317: "START TEXT: most unhistorical of thinkers—that the Bible must be read literally and historically, that is, as th" ******* END TEXT: "ing that rabbinic Judaism represented an important cultural achievement in its day, but its day has "
9780814735084 - page_318: "START TEXT: passed, and its laws and values may be rejected. Combating this position is a central goal of the Gu" ******* END TEXT: "d many of his disciples.7 Krochmal, of course, would be greatly distressed by this unwillingness to "
9780814735084 - page_319: "START TEXT: confront historical consciousness and to adapt Jewish self-understanding to it.\nHe would, I think, b" ******* END TEXT: "gain to Krochmal’s debt to modern philosophy, we can see that in addition to providing a compelling "
9780814735084 - page_320: "START TEXT: metaphysical vision, modern philosophy provided Krochmal with a new branch of hermeneutics with whic" ******* END TEXT: "wish survival, and seeks to turn them upside down. He articulates the foundations of modern thought "
9780814735084 - page_321: "START TEXT: drawing from Jewish sources, thereby ensuring Jewish survival.\nThe Question of Influence\nSomewhere t" ******* END TEXT: "rochmal’s positive evaluation of Jewish mysticism, a position not shared by most of his colleagues.\n"
9780814735084 - page_322: "START TEXT: Adopting Schechter’s broader perspective, we must still allow for considerable hyperbole on his part" ******* END TEXT: "erge in Zechariah Fränkel’s Darkhe ha-Mish-nah, in which the former’s vision of the Soferim and his "
9780814735084 - page_323: "START TEXT: understanding of the halakhah I’Moshe mi-sinai are rehearsed and developed. Similarly, Krochmal’s in" ******* END TEXT: "to articulate a compelling Jewish metaphysics, something severely lacking in modern Jewish thought.\n"
9780814735084 - page_324: "START TEXT: As a biblical scholar, Krochmal’s work was simultaneously too timid for modern critics and too radic" ******* END TEXT: "e early in Schorr’s life, that clearly left an impression on the younger man. Whatever the cause of "
9780814735084 - page_325: "START TEXT: Schorr’s uncharacteristic admiration for Krochmal, it is clear that the former saw the latter as a s" ******* END TEXT: "of Jewish modernity. No longer were Jews to be perplexed by modernity because of their ignorance of "
9780814735084 - page_326: "START TEXT: Judaism. The creative power of their minds was to reinterpret Judaism and its history in modern term" ******* END TEXT: " essentially by Protestantism can be developed in terms of the experience of the Jewish tradition.” "
9780814735084 - page_327: "START TEXT: Further on he writes, “The Kantian rationalism of the Marburg School stripped away the specific path" ******* END TEXT: "ho have addressed the question. See above, chapter 2, note 28. Rawidowicz insisted that it was more "
9780814735084 - page_328: "START TEXT: influential than generally acknowledged. See his “Rabi Avraham Ibn Ezra b’Ha’arato shel Rabi Nachman" ******* END TEXT: "itz and Krochmal, see Stanley Nash’s In Search of Hebraism (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1980), pp. 72-87.\n\n"
9780814735084 - page_329: "START TEXT: INDEX\nAbraham, 45, 144\nAbravanel, Isaac, 193, 197\nAbsolute spirit, 69, 70, 75–78, 139\nAesop’s fables" ******* END TEXT: "in, 104–8\nmodern scholars of, 119\nBloch, Samson, 10, 325\nBlumenberg, Hans, 122, 149\nBrody, 7, 8, 13\n"
9780814735084 - page_330: "START TEXT: Burke, Edmund, 146\nBuxtorf, Johannes, 222\nCalvin, John, 192\nChajes, Zvi Hirsh, 193, 325\nChiarini, Lu" ******* END TEXT: "y, Peter, 147\nGeiger, Abraham, 41, 220, 304\nGeist, 74, 95\nGelber, N. M., 37, 38\nGemara, 241–42, 285\n"
9780814735084 - page_331: "START TEXT: Gentile history, 78\nGermany, Jewish scholarship in, 21–22\nGeshichte der Israeliten, 10\nGinzberg, Dov" ******* END TEXT: ", 264\nHeyne, C. G., 297, 306\nHezekiah, 165, 172, 174\nHillel, 244, 251, 252–53, 272\nHouse of, 175–76\n"
9780814735084 - page_332: "START TEXT: Hirsch, Samson Raphael, 318\nHistoriography, 30\nHitzig, Ferdinand, 179, 191\nHobbes, Thomas, 156, 191," ******* END TEXT: "183–85\non pseudepigraphy, 181–86\non Qohelet, 172–78, 181–83\non rabbinic tradition, 229–57\non second "
9780814735084 - page_333: "START TEXT: Isaiah, 167–71\nand Talmudic education, 36\non teleology and intention, 47, 50–53\nKrochmalnik, Shalom," ******* END TEXT: "ses, 9, 30, 83, 86, 224–25, 263, 264, 271–72, 275, 300\nNationality and culture, 78–81\nNehemiah, 183\n"
9780814735084 - page_334: "START TEXT: Neieh, Baruch Zvi, 8\nNeoplatonism, 9, 16, 30\nNew Testament, 114–15\nNisbet, Robert, 138\nOne, the simp" ******* END TEXT: ", 264\nRosenberg, Shalom, 208, 258\nRosenzweig, Franz, 318\nRotenstreich, Nathan, 26, 41, 43, 101, 152\n"
9780814735084 - page_335: "START TEXT: Ruḥani, ruḥani’im, 70, 74\ndefined, 95–96\nSadducees, 244, 258\nSaid, Edward, 327\nSamuel, 211\nSamuel b." ******* END TEXT: "hn, 105, 106, 144\nVater, Michael G., 92\nVerein für Kultur und Wissenschaft der Juden, 120, 148, 211\n"
9780814735084 - page_336: "START TEXT: Vico, Giambattista, 125, 151\nVolk, Volksgeist, 80, 309\nVoltaire, 101, 156, 192, 202, 203, 295, 306\nV" ******* END TEXT: "ohar, 9\nZolkiev, 8–14\nZunz, Leopold, 11, 15, 38, 39, 158, 179, 200, 259–60, 278, 295, 302, 303, 305 "
9780814735084 - page_337: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814735084 - page_338: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814735084 - page_339: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nIn the fall of 1993, the Poetics Institute and the Center for French Civilization at" ******* END TEXT: "ds for his help in completing the manuscript, and to Jane B. Malmo for her dedicated editorial work."
9780814735190 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_41: "START TEXT: 1Deconstruction and the Lyric\nJonathan Culler\nIt seems thoroughly appropriate for a conference on De" ******* END TEXT: " what calls forth a democracy, in the most open (and doubtless itself to come) sense of democracy.1\n"
9780814735190 - page_42: "START TEXT: Here is another passage from the same text; an interview with Derek Attridge in Acts of Literature (" ******* END TEXT: "tion between literature and democracy: is it a metonymical relationship (where literature is linked "
9780814735190 - page_43: "START TEXT: to what gives rise to democracy), or a metaphorical relation (where literature’s performativity is a" ******* END TEXT: "ture—this modern institution, with its possibility of tout dire—and something else: poetry (or some "
9780814735190 - page_44: "START TEXT: times belles lettres). And so it is in this context, where literature is linked with democracy and d" ******* END TEXT: "the performative efficacy of poetic rhetoric itself. So as Baudelaire’s “Ciel Brouillé” concludes,\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_45: "START TEXT: O femme dangereuse, O séduisants climats!\nAdorerai-je aussi ta neige et vos frimas,\nEt saurai-je tir" ******* END TEXT: "t we have come to call “the heart.”\nThis locating of lyric value in performativity is, perhaps, the "
9780814735190 - page_46: "START TEXT: contemporary deconstructive version of Heidegger’s poetic aletheia, poetry as the happening of truth" ******* END TEXT: "ing you assimilate—that is, when you remember novels you recall, in your own words, as we say, what "
9780814735190 - page_47: "START TEXT: happens, what they are about—lyrics, on the contrary, retain an irreducible otherness: to remember t" ******* END TEXT: "for lyric the juridico-political productive power that literature is here said to share, lyric does "
9780814735190 - page_48: "START TEXT: partake in that excess of fictionalized foundational performatives, as it posits conditions in poeti" ******* END TEXT: "ns in memory. This second account might stress, as Derrida does in “Che cos’é la poesia?,” that the "
9780814735190 - page_49: "START TEXT: poem, vulnerable like the hedgehog rolled into a ball, makes you want to protect it, learn it by hea" ******* END TEXT: "hism. The lyric is not a genre, but one name among several to designate a defensive motion of under "
9780814735190 - page_50: "START TEXT: standing, the possibility of a future hermeneutics. From this point of view there is no significant " ******* END TEXT: "with Derek Attridge, in Derrida, Acts of Literature, ed. Attridge (New York: Routledge, 1992), p.37\n"
9780814735190 - page_51: "START TEXT: 2. Ibid.p.55.\n3. Jacques Derrida, seminar on “Future Deconstructions,” University of California Juma" ******* END TEXT: "153–154.\n21. de Man, The Rhetoric of Romanticism, p.261.\n22. Ibid., p.261.\n23. Ibid., pp.261–262.\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_52: "START TEXT: 2Reading Epitaphs\nCynthia Chase\nYou haven’t really read something until you’ve read it as an epitaph" ******* END TEXT: "he road of life by the voice of the departed person. Such chiasmic figures, crossing the conditions "
9780814735190 - page_53: "START TEXT: of death and of life with the attributes of speech and of silence are, says Wordsworth, “too poignan" ******* END TEXT: "al,” but a chance. “Slow reading,” Barbara Johnson calls it in a recent paper on some of these same "
9780814735190 - page_54: "START TEXT: texts. It gives the chance of unwinding the words from the meanings they (in phrases, in sentences, " ******* END TEXT: "ts to the words. And no answers are excluded, including “from things.” To say “from things” doesn’t "
9780814735190 - page_55: "START TEXT: necessarily put you in empiricism or positivism, especially, in “our” traditions, if the things in q" ******* END TEXT: "ore insidious or more important. But is such power, read—Is such power, when designated, explained, "
9780814735190 - page_56: "START TEXT: as it is in Wordsworth’s text—or even when exercised (say this passage is “merely an exercise”); is " ******* END TEXT: "al virtue, I’d argue, of noting that connection; of noting that a certain kind of writing, the kind "
9780814735190 - page_57: "START TEXT: we value, the “permanent” kind, takes its authority from a certain—very particular and peculiar—way " ******* END TEXT: "inguistic,” namely “critical philosophy, literary theory, history.” “They are all intralinguistic,” "
9780814735190 - page_58: "START TEXT: writes de Man, “they relate to what in the original belongs to language, and not to meaning as an ex" ******* END TEXT: "on you cannot translate it any more. You can translate only an original. The translation canonizes, "
9780814735190 - page_59: "START TEXT: freezes, an original and shows in the original a mobility, an instability, which at first one did no" ******* END TEXT: "er Maria Rilke, Die Sonette an Orpheus, I. vi (Frankfurt am Main: Insel Taschenbuch, 1980), p.54.\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_60: "START TEXT: 3Upping the Ante: Deconstruction as Parodic Practice\nSamuel Weber\nAs the Introduction of Du Droit à " ******* END TEXT: "en, going even further to ask what founds or rather engages the value of critical questioning so as "
9780814735190 - page_61: "START TEXT: to make it inseparable [from responsibility?]. And to know how to think about the provenance of such" ******* END TEXT: "ce and its deconstructible precariousness, its continuous, interminable, terminable death, (p. 101)\n"
9780814735190 - page_62: "START TEXT: Hardly astonishing that a university used to legitimating itself towards society and towards itself " ******* END TEXT: "rida and others, on the curious logic of exemplarity, in the light of Kant and Hegel in particular. "
9780814735190 - page_63: "START TEXT: Without being able to dwell on these extremely complex discussions here, it may be sufficient to poi" ******* END TEXT: "ly recalling the past. As potentiality and possibility of the future, remembering “ahead” opens the "
9780814735190 - page_64: "START TEXT: way to the return of what has never been present as such and which therefore, in a certain sense, re" ******* END TEXT: ".” The problem had thus paralyzed him: he could move neither forward nor back. In this situation of "
9780814735190 - page_65: "START TEXT: total blockage, he describes how the idea to go back to Berlin “came to my mind suddenly.”\nIn short," ******* END TEXT: "here does not deny that parody can “effectively deconstruct.” But he insists that this notion presup"
9780814735190 - page_66: "START TEXT: poses that such parody “effectively mark the body politic” and that it successfully avoid becoming a" ******* END TEXT: " affirmative response should repeat itself, or at least be capable of repetition, this iterability, "
9780814735190 - page_67: "START TEXT: which is indispensable to the valorization of every element—here, the affirmation of the yes—bears i" ******* END TEXT: "rchive. On the other hand, this very same movement of recording confirms, qua repetition, and hence "
9780814735190 - page_68: "START TEXT: separation, the “fatality” that it seeks to ward off. As is well known, the motif of writing draws i" ******* END TEXT: "extricably bound, the parodic can mark a text all the more effectively for not being named in it or "
9780814735190 - page_69: "START TEXT: mentioned explicitly. Like the yes: “I say the yes and not the word yes? for there can be yes withou" ******* END TEXT: "hat it was expected to produce: which is to say, laughter. In repeating the work that served as its "
9780814735190 - page_70: "START TEXT: object, parody removed it not only from its origin, but from its finality qua work. Parodied, the wo" ******* END TEXT: "ust what does this left-over mean? Why does this meaning want to laugh? Qu’est-ce que ça veut dire? "
9780814735190 - page_71: "START TEXT: Qu’est-ce que ça veut rire? Ca—what is left when everything has been said—is precisely, the oui-rire" ******* END TEXT: "ronism is singular because it is an event that must be thought as an event out of which time itself "
9780814735190 - page_72: "START TEXT: ensues, and thus, paradoxically enough, as happening prior to anteriority as such. The other gives t" ******* END TEXT: "e itself, slightly off, pealing away and turning into laughter. Into that other yes-laughing, which\n"
9780814735190 - page_73: "START TEXT: only displays or names the cycle of reappropriation and domestication ... in order to delimit the fa" ******* END TEXT: "lares that he is by no means the sole incompetent in the room. Everyone else is equally involved in "
9780814735190 - page_74: "START TEXT: the “swindle”—and above all, those who consider themselves to be specialists in Joyce. In view of th" ******* END TEXT: "ously be noted that this text was initially written in French; hence, the reflection on répétition.\n"
9780814735190 - page_75: "START TEXT: 4. This paper was originally written for and presented at a Colloquium on the work of Derrida held i" ******* END TEXT: "mpossible, to render in English: “Qu’est-ce que ça veut dire, le rire? Qu’est-ce que ça veut rire?” "
9780814735190 - page_76: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_79: "START TEXT: 4The Disputed Ground: Deconstruction and Literary Studies\nJ. Hillis Miller\nAn ideological story is m" ******* END TEXT: "t is asserted repeatedly in the invidious form of claiming that Derrida and de Man do not provide a "
9780814735190 - page_80: "START TEXT: “method” for reading works of literature. “Method” is not at all the same thing as “exemplary acts o" ******* END TEXT: "uestion, at least in the cases of Derrrida and de Man, are detailed accounts of passages from these "
9780814735190 - page_81: "START TEXT: writers or of artworks by the artists. And Pater’s essays, though in a different mode, clearly inten" ******* END TEXT: "ry? A superficial answer would be to say that Loesberg is deeply influenced, as he acknowledges, by "
9780814735190 - page_82: "START TEXT: Rodolphe Gasché’s distinguished and important The Tain of the Mirror (1986) and by other well-known " ******* END TEXT: " were read in relation to the later.\nThat left Derrida. To argue, as Loesberg does, that Derrida is "
9780814735190 - page_83: "START TEXT: really a philosopher, with little or no relevance to literary studies, is to recuperate him from the" ******* END TEXT: "er democracy by cultural studies, women’s studies, ethnic studies, studies in “minority discourse,” "
9780814735190 - page_84: "START TEXT: and so on. The disabling might be defined by saying that the left, whenever it (perhaps unconsciousl" ******* END TEXT: "tives, they are not the objects of a possible certain cognition. They must remain a matter of “if.”\n"
9780814735190 - page_85: "START TEXT: De Man’s way of putting this was to say that the performative force of language, its power to make s" ******* END TEXT: "der of cognition. Nevertheless, a purely mimetic, cognitive, referential view of cultural artifacts "
9780814735190 - page_86: "START TEXT: will reaffirm precisely that same conservative ideology which cultural studies, women’s studies, and" ******* END TEXT: " York: Schocken, 1969); Walter Benjamin, Illuminationen (Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 1955), p.278.\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_87: "START TEXT: 5Une drôle de classe de philo\nMichel Beaujour\nThe education of French literary scholars has traditio" ******* END TEXT: "quality of their students, at any rate—there occurred encounters of the third kind between a couple "
9780814735190 - page_88: "START TEXT: of extraordinarily persuasive teachers steeped in Continental philosophy and a few philosophy-starve" ******* END TEXT: "pated that this context would entail for deconstruction a risk of rapid and massive trivialization. "
9780814735190 - page_89: "START TEXT: Such a paradoxical, such a counterintuitive approach to philosophical and poetic issues as is decons" ******* END TEXT: " give up the study of literature for that of history when he walked by chance into some comparative "
9780814735190 - page_90: "START TEXT: literature class. Once there, he was soon “given to understand that what was at stake in the study o" ******* END TEXT: "studies. The philosophical texts they read, as well as the literary texts about which philosophical "
9780814735190 - page_91: "START TEXT: issues were raised, had to be mainly the ones which de Man or Derrida discussed in their courses, no" ******* END TEXT: "ate courses, as it attempted to hold on to an audience in the academic marketplace of diversity and "
9780814735190 - page_92: "START TEXT: multiculturalism. And since there wasn’t any extra-academic audience left for either philosophical A" ******* END TEXT: "some length. But, near the end of his demurral, Derrida goes on record with at least the following:\n"
9780814735190 - page_93: "START TEXT: And finally, a disclosure. Perhaps I did simply intend to disclose or confirm my liking (probably an" ******* END TEXT: "nt about our passions. A democratic and totalitarian university may not be the best place to do so.\n"
9780814735190 - page_94: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nI am grateful to Philip Lewis for challenging the accuracy of this potted narrative." ******* END TEXT: " of Jacques Ehrmann”).\nNotes\n1. Jacques Derrida, Passions (Paris: Éditions Galilée, 1993), 63–64.\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_100: "START TEXT: in respectful tones to the state, which is thereby implored to take the rightful needs of the people" ******* END TEXT: "only a first and more or less superficial reason to recall Kant’s analysis of public instruction in "
9780814735190 - page_101: "START TEXT: an age of enlightenment (which he distinguishes from an enlightened age; “we have a long way to go,”" ******* END TEXT: "ces racism and racists.”5 Here destination is very broadly figured in general terms: the university "
9780814735190 - page_102: "START TEXT: transformed “into a center of multicultural learning.” Whether or not George Will read this “Stateme" ******* END TEXT: "or simply outside it, but along the edge where the two divide? To call it a space, of course, is to "
9780814735190 - page_103: "START TEXT: have recourse to a figure and to the very figure of a bordered extension that is being dis-closed. T" ******* END TEXT: "n that institution, but also that can be excluded from this defined enclosure. What is interesting, "
9780814735190 - page_104: "START TEXT: however, is less the imaginable reasons for this kind of positioning and opposing of names, than the" ******* END TEXT: "erature with the single name, deconstructionism, which Professor Ryals reports, perhaps not without "
9780814735190 - page_105: "START TEXT: some pride, is totally absent from their ranks. But for whatever reason Ryals may be riled up over t" ******* END TEXT: "nright harmful. This denomination is justified in Woodward’s view because deconstruction’s rhetoric "
9780814735190 - page_106: "START TEXT: “helped smooth the path” for these innovations (which, let it be said in passing, is hardly a discri" ******* END TEXT: "appeal to the “mission” and “purpose” of the university as well as for its exceptional incoherence:\n"
9780814735190 - page_107: "START TEXT: We desperately need to go beyond the defensive to the positive, to what we have in common. We must s" ******* END TEXT: " left by this circle’s failure to close completely on itself, or, in this case, even to come close.\n"
9780814735190 - page_108: "START TEXT: I have attempted to make several points with this example. In conclusion, I will reiterate what they" ******* END TEXT: " examples as well) can be read on one level as a dispute about referential value, which is possible "
9780814735190 - page_109: "START TEXT: only because each assumes the indisputably referential value of his own use of a term. Beyond this l" ******* END TEXT: "tructures it. An instituted difference cannot, in other words, exclude what it is meant to exclude.\n"
9780814735190 - page_110: "START TEXT: 4) If, like any institution, the university is in deconstruction, it has also been a place, particul" ******* END TEXT: ". In Kant’s Political Writings, ed. Hans Reiss (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), p.55.\n"
9780814735190 - page_111: "START TEXT: 2. That the use of reason according to Kant is never unrestricted or uncensored has been argued in d" ******* END TEXT: " arises from American liberalism’s encounter with the iceberg of French cynicism” (op. cit., p.24). "
9780814735190 - page_112: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_95: "START TEXT: 6Going Public: The University in Deconstruction\nPeggy Kamuf\nAs Jacques Derrida illustrated, the titl" ******* END TEXT: "versity and the intellectual work that is supposed to go on there public? Who or what is the public "
9780814735190 - page_96: "START TEXT: addressed by the work of the university? Is there or can there be a sense in which that work is not " ******* END TEXT: "public. What I term the private use of reason is that which a person may make of it in a particular "
9780814735190 - page_97: "START TEXT: civil post or office with which he is entrusted.”1 The public use of reason must never be restricted" ******* END TEXT: "itution of the university would be the institution of publicness itself, which means an institution "
9780814735190 - page_98: "START TEXT: in which internal (private or intra-institutional) interest cannot or should not be disjoined from e" ******* END TEXT: "sity, on the model of the French philosophes. The fact that Kant remarks that these free professors "
9780814735190 - page_99: "START TEXT: are “given the appellation of ‘enlighteners’ [Aufklärer], and decried as a menace to the state” woul" ******* END TEXT: "iliar tones to the people (who themselves take little or no notice of them and their writings), but "
9780814735190 - page_115: "START TEXT: 7Possibilizations, in the Singular\nRodolphe Gasché\nUndoubtedly, deconstruction has invited us to rec" ******* END TEXT: "ht of the relation of philosophy to an Other such as literature does not even get a chance to begin "
9780814735190 - page_116: "START TEXT: to address that relation according to the terms that come with the notion of Otherness.\nFor a number" ******* END TEXT: " inevitable invention also means that no being can ever be taken for granted, for being what it is.\n"
9780814735190 - page_117: "START TEXT: There are still other reasons to be evoked here that explain the difficulties of a deconstructive as" ******* END TEXT: " discussed by Derrida in this text is whether Kafka’s story belongs to literature, and what such be "
9780814735190 - page_118: "START TEXT: longing implies and means. After having evoked in his concluding remarks, the peculiar relation betw" ******* END TEXT: "re practical reason, as well as the role of the “as if” in the second formulation of the categorial "
9780814735190 - page_119: "START TEXT: imperative. Derrida evokes the seminar in the following passage: “I tried to show how it [the “as if" ******* END TEXT: "iterature we cannot speak of a work belonging to a field or class, that there is no such thing as a "
9780814735190 - page_120: "START TEXT: literary essence”(187). Essential reasons prohibit that the question be answered in general, univers" ******* END TEXT: "to be before its universality in such a mode that it is a singular law, a law that is singular, the "
9780814735190 - page_121: "START TEXT: law for a singularity as well. As Derrida’s invocation of the Greek term ainigma reveals, the confli" ******* END TEXT: ". He writes: “What if the law, without being itself transfixed by literature, shared the conditions "
9780814735190 - page_122: "START TEXT: of its possibility with the literary object”(191). In making the specificity of the literary depende" ******* END TEXT: "gorial thought—mind you, not a narrative or positive fiction, but the “fiction of narration as well "
9780814735190 - page_123: "START TEXT: as fiction as narration: fictive narration as the simulacrum of narration and not only as the narrat" ******* END TEXT: " something like the Second Critique.\nA pure story, or the fiction of narration, is the condition of "
9780814735190 - page_124: "START TEXT: possiblity that literature and philosophy (philosophy as moral philosophy, more precisely), share. T" ******* END TEXT: "ure, ed. D. Attridge (New York: Routledge, 1992), pp.181–220. All references are to this edition.\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_125: "START TEXT: 8Writing Resistances\nElisabeth Weber\n\n“Tout écrivain qui, par le fait mêmed’écrire, n’est pas condui" ******* END TEXT: "thinkable without these resistances that earlier produced and now protect repression, then an “essen"
9780814735190 - page_126: "START TEXT: tial censorship … binds the writer to his own writing” and imposes its authority on him or her.4 In " ******* END TEXT: "omies of silence, of desire, of lack.\nIf writing emerges from the “navel” of the “unknown,” of what "
9780814735190 - page_127: "START TEXT: resists analysis (possibly at the same time mobilizing, that is, amplifying or weakening resistance)" ******* END TEXT: " potential or latent but lacking sense). To write is perhaps to bring to the surface something like "
9780814735190 - page_128: "START TEXT: absent sense, to welcome the passive pressure which is not yet what we call thought, for it is alrea" ******* END TEXT: "oussée au-delà de la perte], the pressure of dying [poussée de mourir] that bears loss off with it. "
9780814735190 - page_129: "START TEXT: Lost loss.” The affirmation of an “absent,” but not “lacking sense” which would be brought to the su" ******* END TEXT: "nd, the space kept open that allows us to desire beyond the Oedipus-complex, since “Oedipus” means, "
9780814735190 - page_130: "START TEXT: in the end, always a love for myself, the fight for mom’s or dad’s exclusive love for me, my love ex" ******* END TEXT: "istances, they literally write on resistances; and nothing can guarantee that these—our—resistances "
9780814735190 - page_131: "START TEXT: will not, some day, explode and suddenly expose a “burning tomb in the middle of grass.”22\nAccording" ******* END TEXT: " p. 295–6). Many other examples could be given. An even more important point remains to be made. In "
9780814735190 - page_132: "START TEXT: “The Unconscious” (SE XIV, loc. cit.), Freud writes (p. 173): “... the rigorous censorship exercises" ******* END TEXT: "e Disaster, trans, by Ann Smock, Lincoln & London: University of Nebraska Press, 1986, p. 41.1 trans"
9780814735190 - page_133: "START TEXT: late “sens absent” with “absent sense” and not as Ann Smock with “absent meaning”. Smock however cho" ******* END TEXT: "on, p. 73.\n23. Stéphane Mallarmé, quoted by Blanchot, The Writing of the Disaster, op. cit., p. 7.\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_134: "START TEXT: 9Presentness and the “Being-Only-Once” of Architecture\nPeter Eisenman\nIn her book, The Optical Uncon" ******* END TEXT: "h things as walls and floors. Jacques Derrida even points out that we must be wary of the idea that "
9780814735190 - page_135: "START TEXT: architecture “is destined for habitation,” that the concept of architecture is “a heritage which com" ******* END TEXT: "rchitecture there will always be the presence of walls, walls that are both icon and instrument. It "
9780814735190 - page_136: "START TEXT: is this unique linkage that becomes problematic, because in order to “deconstruct” the meaning of ar" ******* END TEXT: "e. The use of the plate and the collection of the plate—whether plates are destroyed or not—defines "
9780814735190 - page_137: "START TEXT: the problematic of originality in the era of mechanical reproduction.\nWhen one moves from the mechan" ******* END TEXT: " the idea of the being-only-once as the idea of the original or the authentic, and second, the role "
9780814735190 - page_138: "START TEXT: of the hand of the author, which formerly was a distinguishing characteristic between an objectifyin" ******* END TEXT: "ense the built work, in its site and programmatic specificity, is always a unique instance, this is "
9780814735190 - page_139: "START TEXT: again an overly determined answer, one that does not speak to a condition that can be considered uni" ******* END TEXT: "on can be properly called presentness.\nPresentness can be defined in several different ways. First, "
9780814735190 - page_140: "START TEXT: the term should not be confused with Michael Fried’s use of a term with the same name. According to " ******* END TEXT: "sformation, which, it is argued here, is a necessary condition of architecture. It is precisely the "
9780814735190 - page_141: "START TEXT: subversion of the type and the norm, of the thought to be natural relationship between icon and inst" ******* END TEXT: " conventional instrumentality of architecture.\n\nFigure 1. Le Corbusier, Chapel at Ronchamp, France.\n"
9780814735190 - page_142: "START TEXT: This idea of presentness as a being-only-once unique to architecture, that is, as a subversion of ty" ******* END TEXT: "enance of type), and therefore will be less articulate in the future as a condition of presentness.\n"
9780814735190 - page_143: "START TEXT: \nFigure 2. Le Corbusier, La Tourette Monastery at Arbresle, France.\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nFigure 2. Le Corbusier, La Tourette Monastery at Arbresle, France.\n"
9780814735190 - page_144: "START TEXT: \nFigure 3. Peter Eisenman, Wexner Center for the Visual Arts, Columbus, Ohio.\nIf architecture is a u" ******* END TEXT: "iterature, or painting that could be an effective means for deconstruction to rethink itself today.\n"
9780814735190 - page_145: "START TEXT: \nFigure 4. Peter Eisenman, Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio." ******* END TEXT: "\nFigure 4. Peter Eisenman, Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio."
9780814735190 - page_146: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_149: "START TEXT: 10Burning Acts: Injurious Speech1\nJudith Butler\nThe title of J. L. Austin’s How to Do Things With Wo" ******* END TEXT: "performing becomes a thing done; the pronouncement is the act of speech at the same time that it is "
9780814735190 - page_150: "START TEXT: the speaking of an act. Of such an act, one cannot reasonably ask for a “referent,” since the effect" ******* END TEXT: "ility for the painful effects of a certain action. A being is hurt, and the vocabulary that emerges "
9780814735190 - page_151: "START TEXT: to moralize that pain is one which isolates a subject as the intentional originator of an injurious " ******* END TEXT: "f paranoid fabrication and efficiency. The question, then, of who is accountable for a given injury "
9780814735190 - page_152: "START TEXT: precedes and initiates the subject, and the subject itself is formed through being nominated to inha" ******* END TEXT: " of a subject, and this privileging of the juridical domain as the site to negotiate social injury, "
9780814735190 - page_153: "START TEXT: does this not unwittingly stall the analysis of how precisely discourse produces injury by taking th" ******* END TEXT: "iolence enacted by nation-states and toward the violence enacted by citizen-subjects toward members "
9780814735190 - page_154: "START TEXT: of minority groups. In this shift, it is not simply that citizens are said to act like states, but t" ******* END TEXT: "s with the Althusserian notion of interpellation, although interpellation is never quite as “happy” "
9780814735190 - page_155: "START TEXT: or “effective” as the performative is sometimes figured in Austin. In Althusser, it is the police wh" ******* END TEXT: "elated metalepsis by which that invoked legacy of interpellations is dissimulated as the subject as "
9780814735190 - page_156: "START TEXT: “origin” of its utterance. If the utterance is to be prosecuted, where and when would that prosecuti" ******* END TEXT: "ars that by virtue of the power of a subject or its will a phenomenon is named into being. Although "
9780814735190 - page_157: "START TEXT: the sentence is delivered in the subjunctive, it qualifies as a ‘masquerading’ performative in the A" ******* END TEXT: "t slur, making linguistic community with a history of speakers. What this might mean, then, is that "
9780814735190 - page_158: "START TEXT: precisely the iterability by which a performative enacts its injury establishes a permanent difficul" ******* END TEXT: ".A.V., 464 N.W.2d 507, 510 (Minn. 1991).\nThe United States Supreme Court reversed the State Supreme "
9780814735190 - page_159: "START TEXT: Court decision, reasoning first that the burning cross was not an instance of “fighting words,” but " ******* END TEXT: "ll not count as protected speech will itself be a kind of speech, one which implicates the state in "
9780814735190 - page_160: "START TEXT: the very problem of discursive power that it is vested within the authority to regulate, sanction, a" ******* END TEXT: " Ct. at 2550, 120 L. Ed. 2d at 326.\nSignificantly, Scalia here aligns the act of cross-burning with "
9780814735190 - page_161: "START TEXT: those who defend the ordinance, since both are producing fires, but whereas the cross-burner’s fire " ******* END TEXT: "y exposition of ideas, and are of such slight social value as a step to truth that any benefit that "
9780814735190 - page_162: "START TEXT: may be derived from them is clearly outweighed by the social interest in order and morality.” Scalia" ******* END TEXT: "the site of the house or the family; the historical correlation between cross-burning and marking a "
9780814735190 - page_163: "START TEXT: community, a family, or an individual for further violence is also ignored. How much of that burning" ******* END TEXT: "upport of a particular athletic team. R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 112 S. Ct. at 2561, 120 L. Ed. 2d at 340.\n"
9780814735190 - page_164: "START TEXT: Absent from the list of fires above is the burning of the cross in question. In the place of that pr" ******* END TEXT: "of the state’s right to circumscribe conduct to protect itself against a racially motivated riot.16\n"
9780814735190 - page_165: "START TEXT: The circumscription of content explicitly discussed in the decision appears to emerge through a prod" ******* END TEXT: "flections and reversals of the injurious action at hand; indeed, the original scene is successively "
9780814735190 - page_166: "START TEXT: reversed in the metonymic relation between figures such that the fire is lit by the ordinance, carri" ******* END TEXT: " workers (two white and one black) who are murdered by Klansmen who regularly threaten with burning "
9780814735190 - page_167: "START TEXT: crosses and firebombs any townspeople who appear to help the Justice Department in their search for " ******* END TEXT: "nd the attribution of racially selective motives to them—reverses the “charges” that the film makes "
9780814735190 - page_168: "START TEXT: against the court. In R.A.V. v. St. Paul, the court makes a cameo appearance in the decision as well" ******* END TEXT: " the thematic. Although it seems that one must be able to recognize the genre of child pornography, "
9780814735190 - page_169: "START TEXT: to identify and delimit it in order to exempt it from the categorical protection of content, the ide" ******* END TEXT: "s the burning of the cross, to the extent that it communicates a message of racial hatred, might be "
9780814735190 - page_170: "START TEXT: construed as a sanctioned point in a public debate over admittedly controversial issues suggests tha" ******* END TEXT: "According to this policy, the act of coming out is effectively construed as fighting words. Here it "
9780814735190 - page_171: "START TEXT: seems that one must be reminded that the prosecution of hate speech in a court runs the risk of givi" ******* END TEXT: "eates a social reality of its own, the social reality of pornography. This self-fulfilling capacity "
9780814735190 - page_172: "START TEXT: of pornography is, for her, what gives sense to the claim that pornography is its own social context" ******* END TEXT: " of “construction” needs to be read in light of the above two transpositions: for that construetion "
9780814735190 - page_173: "START TEXT: can be said to work, that is, “to produce the social reality of what a woman is,” only if the visual" ******* END TEXT: "g: “pornography establish[es] … what women are said to exist as, are seen as, are treated as . . .” "
9780814735190 - page_174: "START TEXT: Then, the sentence continues: “constructing the social reality of what a woman is”; here to be treat" ******* END TEXT: "ed to repeat without resolution.\nIn this sense, it makes little sense to figure the visual field of "
9780814735190 - page_175: "START TEXT: pornography as a subject who speaks and, in speaking, brings about what it names; its authority is d" ******* END TEXT: "Graff, tr. Samuel Weber and Jeffrey Mehlman (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1988), p. 18.\n"
9780814735190 - page_176: "START TEXT: 9. St. Paul Bias Motivated Crime Ordinance, Section 292.02 Minn. Legis. Code (1990).\n10. Charles R. " ******* END TEXT: " speech, and not a separable “content” that is at issue. As he continues, however, Stevens is quick "
9780814735190 - page_177: "START TEXT: to point out that whether or not an expression is injurious is a matter of determining the force of " ******* END TEXT: "t propositional claims that are delivered as the conclusions of the argumentation. In a sense, I am "
9780814735190 - page_178: "START TEXT: raising two kinds of rhetorical questions here, one has to do with the “content” of the decision, an" ******* END TEXT: "he claims that only the semantically empty part of speech, its pure sound, is unprotected, but that "
9780814735190 - page_179: "START TEXT: the “ideas” which are sounded in speech most definitely are protected. This loud street noise, then," ******* END TEXT: "Jacques, “Signature, Event, Context,” Limited, Inc., Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1977.\n"
9780814735190 - page_180: "START TEXT: Gunther, Gerald and Lawrence, Charles, “Speech that Harms: An Exchange,” Academe, bulletin of the AA" ******* END TEXT: "erspectives on Group Defamation.” Buffalo Law Review, Vol. 37, no. 2, Spring 1988/89, pp. 337–373.\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_181: "START TEXT: 11Republic, Rhetoric, and Sexual Difference1\nBarbara Vinken\nThe feminism of the last four decades sp" ******* END TEXT: "te of self-alienation that should in principle be overcome. Women have to be freed so as to be able "
9780814735190 - page_182: "START TEXT: to function in the given society like men. Irigaray on the contrary has a stake in an essential modi" ******* END TEXT: "emy is therefore not the foreign military forces, but an intimate ennemy that resides within. It is "
9780814735190 - page_183: "START TEXT: femininity, which does not destroy with arms, but which, corrupted by sweet talk, corrupts through f" ******* END TEXT: "ty along with the Roman republic.\nThe highest republican virtue is a clean separation of the sexes; "
9780814735190 - page_184: "START TEXT: women, “restrained by manners,” as Montesquieu says, are banned from the political, public sphere an" ******* END TEXT: "ies in the fact that with women rhetoric reigns so absolutely that the very distinction between the "
9780814735190 - page_185: "START TEXT: improper and the proper, between being and appearance collapses. Masculinity, virtus, depends on the" ******* END TEXT: "reer latitude to her inclinations; no man, however, would want to be a woman” (221).6 And since she "
9780814735190 - page_186: "START TEXT: does not manage to become a man, she turns men into women. Women bring about the collapse of the ord" ******* END TEXT: "to Joy, “all men became brothers.”\nIn this rhetorical context, Rousseau’s strong tendencies towards "
9780814735190 - page_187: "START TEXT: regression fantasies, centering around a unisex society, can be put into perspective. His groundbrea" ******* END TEXT: "was the most determined exponent of the concept of the complementarity of the sexes. And while most "
9780814735190 - page_188: "START TEXT: of his male interpretors have not wasted a word on this idea, he has been critized for this construc" ******* END TEXT: "wn forces, his self-conscious freedom from amour propre, his independence based on amour de soi—all "
9780814735190 - page_189: "START TEXT: these are effects of a gigantic staging, where the mentor, invisible like God, pulls the strings and" ******* END TEXT: "ove the world, she must use her tongue.\nIt is not within female nature to be autonomous, immediate, "
9780814735190 - page_190: "START TEXT: proper and without rhetoric—that would, on the contrary put man’s life—due to her unlimited lustfuln" ******* END TEXT: "ngs, which are much more significant than in other women. Up to this point, everything is fine. The "
9780814735190 - page_191: "START TEXT: problem with the Parisians is, however, that they do not conceal the process of making themselves up" ******* END TEXT: " these others are always the same: men.\nThe self-erasure of feminity, which should function only as "
9780814735190 - page_192: "START TEXT: medium, as pure performative, should turn man into a good citizen. As soon as his passion is directe" ******* END TEXT: "women are talked about, the less you see of them, the better it is for the people. Women remain for "
9780814735190 - page_193: "START TEXT: the people of men an agent of corruption, of decomposition, of subversion—some kind of drug, whose d" ******* END TEXT: " paradox à la Rousseau that men turned into women do not counterfeit women, but men. The most devas "
9780814735190 - page_194: "START TEXT: tating effect consists of the exposure of femininity, of a reflection of rhetoric. This happens in t" ******* END TEXT: "rtion. While it claims “man” to be natural, it discloses him as a rhetorical figure. While Rousseau "
9780814735190 - page_195: "START TEXT: pretends to protect “man” against the perverse decomposition that theater accomplishes, his text wor" ******* END TEXT: "ell remain a Roman; he is the only one on his side; all the spectators have married Bêrênice” (53).\n"
9780814735190 - page_196: "START TEXT: Even if the individual fates are as similar as two peas, the male collective is nevertheless destroy" ******* END TEXT: "at our republics—democracies that claim their republicain heritage with pride—are still informed by "
9780814735190 - page_197: "START TEXT: the background-metaphor of a male body politic. This male bond is no longer grounded in the willingn" ******* END TEXT: "of the sexes in which both parts play their role with greater distance, more self-irony, and in the "
9780814735190 - page_198: "START TEXT: end with more power for women and, for both sexes, more pleasure.\nThe emphasis on pleasure and play " ******* END TEXT: "racterization, 2 part, p. 216.\n6. See Sarah Kofman, Le respect des femmes: Kant et Rousseau (Paris: "
9780814735190 - page_199: "START TEXT: Galilée, 1982); Kofman sees as the true motive for gender anxiety, especially in Rousseau, a desire " ******* END TEXT: "sity Press, 1979), p.275.\n15. Judith Butler, Bodies That Matter (New York: Routledge, 1993), 222.\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_200: "START TEXT: 12The Test Drive\nAvital Ronell\n\nWasted a fair bit of patriotic young flesh inorder to test some new " ******* END TEXT: "t. In fact, Nietzsche’s science has eluded commentators not only because of the unprecedented leaps "
9780814735190 - page_201: "START TEXT: and bounds on which his writing prides itself thematically, but also because of the strange terms of" ******* END TEXT: "est of time, which is to say, it must be tried and proven, and ever provisional, it is structurally "
9780814735190 - page_202: "START TEXT: regulated by the destruction of a hypothesis that holds it together. (If it weren’t too sudden, one " ******* END TEXT: "like of which no age has yet seen or dreamed of … the oldest, the newest, losses, hopes, conquests, "
9780814735190 - page_203: "START TEXT: and the victories of humanity . . .”—a paradoxical feeling that includes both aristocratic obligatio" ******* END TEXT: "ience. This represents one of the very few swipes that Nietzsche takes at Goethe. It is somewhat of "
9780814735190 - page_204: "START TEXT: a strange moment, for Nietzsche attacks the literary Goethe for a scientific error. At the same time" ******* END TEXT: " Gay Science, sets up a lab in which he performs “the countless experiments on which later theories "
9780814735190 - page_205: "START TEXT: might be built” (70). Each aphorism is set up as an experiment to be tested, observed and, at times," ******* END TEXT: "s our security—whether or not you are prepared to admit this—based on testability? We want everyone "
9780814735190 - page_206: "START TEXT: and everything tested, and I am not unaware of the sinister resonance of this observation. But since" ******* END TEXT: "of truthfulness that was understood ever more rigorously” (GS:307). As it became more refined, Chris"
9780814735190 - page_207: "START TEXT: tianity forced intellectual cleanliness upon us; it came clean by pushing science as the sublimation" ******* END TEXT: "was the Lord who put him to this test. All was now surely lost!” (Fear and Trembling, 53). Abraham, "
9780814735190 - page_208: "START TEXT: for his part, must not know it is a test, for this would eliminate the paradox of Abraham’s total fa" ******* END TEXT: "hatter of a New World Order, the Gulf War was, strictly speaking (in terms of the essence of technol"
9780814735190 - page_209: "START TEXT: ogy that is pushing these buttons), little more than a field test. While the unstoppable relation of" ******* END TEXT: " life; we still know only how to leave the test site uninhabitable, mapping ever more deserts as eco"
9780814735190 - page_210: "START TEXT: wasteland, unexploded arsenal, littered terrain, the “third world.” The question that Nietzsche pres" ******* END TEXT: ", where experimental life can be affirmed. What does Nietzsche say about the age of the experiment?\n"
9780814735190 - page_211: "START TEXT: The capacity to experiment, and its considerable implications, is clearly something of a gift for Ni" ******* END TEXT: "om the relative innocence, it was thought, of the experiments in free love to animal testing or the "
9780814735190 - page_212: "START TEXT: genome project. In fact every form of testing is open to ethical anxiety and, in many areas, has con" ******* END TEXT: "estiny, his distress, and his greatest happiness, or an ‘impersonal’ one, meaning that he can do no "
9780814735190 - page_213: "START TEXT: better than to touch them and grasp them with the antennae of cold, curious thought.” Once again, th" ******* END TEXT: " or proves decadent; when a result is “arrived” at, the experimental imagination suspends it in its "
9780814735190 - page_214: "START TEXT: provisional pose of hypothesis. The hypothetical statement submitted to critique does not belong to " ******* END TEXT: "a.” If I say “development,” it is also because Nietzsche for once offers thanks to Hegel for having "
9780814735190 - page_215: "START TEXT: introduced the decisive concept of development into science. The gratitude is shortlived because we " ******* END TEXT: "rt of improv and experimentation, including performance art and jazz (music was always with science "
9780814735190 - page_216: "START TEXT: on this point, from at least Bach’s Inventions to computer synthesizers). Nietzsche’s focus is on th" ******* END TEXT: "ifice, and to that end he must be solid first of all, a ‘stone’—and above all not an actor!” (303).\n"
9780814735190 - page_217: "START TEXT: By this passage of paradoxical reversal, experimenting gradually becomes associated with America and" ******* END TEXT: "ry will be just right, and that this will be the last time. That is what happens to me with dishes, "
9780814735190 - page_218: "START TEXT: ideas, human beings, cities, poems, music, doctrines, ways of arranging the day, and life styles”(23" ******* END TEXT: "ate knowledge but confirms it. Yet testing, even at it sets its limits strictly, in accordance with "
9780814735190 - page_219: "START TEXT: specific codes or conventions, always checks for the unknown loop which takes it beyond mere passing" ******* END TEXT: "n difference in Blade Runner.) If we were able to get through to the other side of these questions, "
9780814735190 - page_220: "START TEXT: beyond the ambivalence that the test appears at every juncture to restore, and supposing we decided " ******* END TEXT: "ments. For this is the age of experimentation, and we have not yet learned to read its protocols.\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_223: "START TEXT: 13Ghost Writing\nDerek Attridge\nI saw a ghost last night. More important, I heard a ghost, I was addr" ******* END TEXT: " reminded us that we already know one answer—if we know the best-known work in English literature).\n"
9780814735190 - page_224: "START TEXT: Responsibility comes from a ghost, or the ghost; the revenant which is also an arrivant.4 The ghost " ******* END TEXT: "ears alone (like the door before which the man from the country waits in Kafka’s “Before the Law”).\n"
9780814735190 - page_225: "START TEXT: The otherness of the ghost, so powerfully conveyed in the play, is not opposed to its familiarity. T" ******* END TEXT: "” says Hamlet to Horatio after hearing about the ghost’s appearance, but Horatio is in no doubt: “I "
9780814735190 - page_226: "START TEXT: warr’nt it will” (I.ii.242). If we fail to remember it, it will remember us. And as we cannot not fo" ******* END TEXT: "e. Ed. Drucilla Cornell, Michel Rosenfeld, and David Gray Carlson. New York: Routledge, 1992. 3–67.\n"
9780814735190 - page_227: "START TEXT: ———. “The Politics of Friendship.” The Journal of Philosophy 85 (1988): 632–645.\n———. Spectres de Ma" ******* END TEXT: "osinelli, C. Marengo Vaglio, and Chr. van Boheemen. Philadelphia/Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1992.\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_228: "START TEXT: 14The Form of Politics\nPerry Meisel\nI\nIt is, of course, a deconstructive commonplace to observe that" ******* END TEXT: "ritize the historically repressed or marginalized side of an opposition. Deconstruction is a highly "
9780814735190 - page_229: "START TEXT: exact mode of reading designed, not to throw texts or the world into chaos, but to show how the worl" ******* END TEXT: "zo School of Law sponsored a conference with Jacques Derrida that allowed me to address the problem "
9780814735190 - page_230: "START TEXT: then. The Greek ethnos, I argued at that time, emerges in the Septuagint as a means of translating t" ******* END TEXT: "rence that structures what is included.\nIf a narrative were to be constructed from this play of the "
9780814735190 - page_231: "START TEXT: trope’s senses, it would find its telos in the scientific racism and eugenics of the Nazi era, even " ******* END TEXT: "way,” says Ronnell, linking Kant with Feud and Lacan, and linking epistemology with psychoanalysis.\n"
9780814735190 - page_232: "START TEXT: The conference’s second chief notion, ideology, is well described by Barbara Johnson without being n" ******* END TEXT: "er the pressure of Woolf’s language, Orlando’s presumably central notion of gender splits its husk.\n"
9780814735190 - page_233: "START TEXT: The key to the novel, as the saying goes, lies in the sometimes odd structure of Woolf’s prose, whic" ******* END TEXT: "l illusionism. Orlando is at one and the same time the same person despite her change of sex midway "
9780814735190 - page_234: "START TEXT: through the book—her subjectivity is essential behind even gender. And yet Orlando is also a functio" ******* END TEXT: "is is a fair estimate of the semiotic rhythm the novel employs to have its way with us. The play of "
9780814735190 - page_235: "START TEXT: expectation and disappointment on the reader’s part is necessary for any horizon or circumference—an" ******* END TEXT: "e genders must be different. Gender is a difference, not an essential characteristic, an elementary "
9780814735190 - page_236: "START TEXT: semiotic activity in all cultures that, in one way or another, is part of the basis upon which a giv" ******* END TEXT: "es\n1. All references are to Virginia Woolf, Orlando, rpt. (New York: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1973).\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_237: "START TEXT: 15At the Planchette of Deconstruction is/in America\nGayatri Chakravorty Spivak\nI missed the first fl" ******* END TEXT: "ying that too, though. In the summer of 1993, travelling far away from the house of deconstruction, "
9780814735190 - page_238: "START TEXT: I wrote painstakingly for what I thought might be something of an in-house journal.3 This is how I d" ******* END TEXT: " general is good? And as for the other, does one not, given the current demand for thejustification "
9780814735190 - page_239: "START TEXT: of an interest in “deconstructive philosophical speculation” in a politically inclined female immigr" ******* END TEXT: " would agree with this. How do you act? You cannot avoid performativity. In order for this decision "
9780814735190 - page_240: "START TEXT: you have to be free. Then we have to say what next? Whatever you do next you sign with your own idio" ******* END TEXT: " I.13 I believe further that I have heard Derrida expand the messianic, by way of the Resurrection, "
9780814735190 - page_241: "START TEXT: into metempsychosis, thus stepping out of the strictly monotheistic enclosure. I believe he performs" ******* END TEXT: "tism, whose ruins Derrida correctly deplores? Who is the “we” here? Who prays for haunting, by what "
9780814735190 - page_242: "START TEXT: ghost? For what it is worth, I point at “globe-girdling movements,” where the subject has shifted to" ******* END TEXT: "companying sonic fallout. The United States gives itself the right to the proper name “America,”—tac"
9780814735190 - page_243: "START TEXT: itly recognized in our title and our traffic with it—by way of a “but of course,” close to the galli" ******* END TEXT: "ically flies toward capitalism) has something like a relationship to this habit (Specters, p. 174).\n"
9780814735190 - page_244: "START TEXT: J. Hillis Miller’s complaint about Cultural Studies does not take into account the critique of liber" ******* END TEXT: "on of this essay and to Forest Pyle for giving a fine first reading to the version for publication.\n"
9780814735190 - page_245: "START TEXT: Notes\n1. Jacques Derrida, De la grammatalogie (Paris: Seuil, 1967).\n2. Derrida, The Other Heading: R" ******* END TEXT: " Alan Schrift ed. The Logic of the Gift). Where does one’s idiomatic signature or paraphrase begin?\n"
9780814735190 - page_246: "START TEXT: 14. Here, too, I may be contaminating the reading with the idiom and emphasis of my own interests: a" ******* END TEXT: "munism always lurks in the background, for Miller it is more a question of sixties children playing "
9780814735190 - page_247: "START TEXT: with fire. Miller would shame them into recognizing that cultural studies is too old fashioned a poi" ******* END TEXT: "h convention requires me to lay at the door of Arjun Appadurai, “Patriotism and Its Future,” Public "
9780814735190 - page_248: "START TEXT: Culture vol. 5, no. 3, Spring 93, p. 411–429, and the Public culture collective in general). As rega" ******* END TEXT: "k and scholarship,” he would have to enter the protocols of cultural studies with critical intimacy "
9780814735190 - page_249: "START TEXT: that produces deconstruction, whatever it may be. We forget at our peril that it was deconstructive " ******* END TEXT: " Reason,” pp. 1819. For the reference to the following quoted passage, see note 5; emphasis mine.\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_250: "START TEXT: 16Jaded in America\nDavid Wills\nThe question of deconstruction in America devolves not upon the possi" ******* END TEXT: "en to the appearance of Spectres de Marx (1993)1 in France is any indication, and if, as I shall do "
9780814735190 - page_251: "START TEXT: here, we take deconstruction to be synonymous with the work of Jacques Derrida, then it is clear tha" ******* END TEXT: "ad, and we must—that is the pedagogical imperative of deconstruction that I seek, if only by the dif"
9780814735190 - page_252: "START TEXT: ferance of a repetition, to reinforce here—we cannot, I repeat, allow such utterances to be installe" ******* END TEXT: " a form of mystagogy, a will-to-power that has not been sufficiently avowed, that would threaten to "
9780814735190 - page_253: "START TEXT: appear now that its supposed hegemony is challenged by competing discourses.\nThe “what isin” of deco" ******* END TEXT: "damage, the work of a wrecking crew; deconstruction is so often reduced to destruction. What is over"
9780814735190 - page_254: "START TEXT: looked in such characterizations is what might be imperfectly described as the radically conservativ" ******* END TEXT: "mplary, modelled as they are on texts that as a general rule conform to canonical traditions, might "
9780814735190 - page_255: "START TEXT: sound defensive, conservative, even reactionary in the light of the critical interest in a wider var" ******* END TEXT: "tates, and more particularly by the facility with which it seems to have moved from its home within "
9780814735190 - page_256: "START TEXT: philosophy to the strange accommodation it has made with departments of English in the American acad" ******* END TEXT: "imacy partly derives from their embodiment of a nationality (and hence of an intellectual tradition "
9780814735190 - page_257: "START TEXT: and so on), can lead to a view of deconstruction in America, like political correctness in America, " ******* END TEXT: "4). Saying that “I do not know what it is,” (ibid.) he develops the sense of viens as a function of "
9780814735190 - page_258: "START TEXT: difference of tone. If then we were to translate the tone of viens to the accent producing the unpro" ******* END TEXT: "monplace the affirmations I have just recounted, they should not amount to platitudes, to simple pro"
9780814735190 - page_259: "START TEXT: nouncements. There is also in America much that is inhospitable in the extreme, especially to one wh" ******* END TEXT: "an that, there is the haunting I referred to earlier of a darker side to deconstruction, the notion "
9780814735190 - page_260: "START TEXT: that it profits from its complexities to obfuscate and so exercises a mystagogic power that can be i" ******* END TEXT: "idea” of deconstruction, it is at work, most often explicitly, in all the essays published over the "
9780814735190 - page_261: "START TEXT: last twenty years ...” (Spectres de Marx, p24n, my translation). The recalcitrance resides in the am" ******* END TEXT: " from (mostly) American English (“Appel. L’avenir de la langue française.” Le Monde, 11 July 1992).\n"
9780814735190 - page_262: "START TEXT: 8. “Of an Apocalyptic Tone Recently Adopted in Philosophy.” Trans. John P. Leavey. Oxford Literary R" ******* END TEXT: "ensée du don (Paris: Transition, 1992), translation forthcoming from University of Chicago Press.\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Contributors\nDerek Attridge is the author of Peculiar Language: Literature as Difference from the Re" ******* END TEXT: "t: The Uses of Uncertainty (1985), and Framing the Sign (1988).\nJacques Derrida is Jacques Derrida.\n"
9780814735190 - page_x: "START TEXT: Peter Eisenman is the Irwin S. Chanin Distinguished Professor of Achitecture at Cooper Union and pri" ******* END TEXT: " with Ranajit Guha, and authored In Other Worlds (1989) and Outside in the Teaching Machine (1993).\n"
9780814735190 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Barbara Vinken has been a Visiting Professor in the Department of French and the Department of Compa" ******* END TEXT: "2), Screen/play: Derrida and Film Theory (with Peter Brunette, 1989), and the forthcoming Prothesis."
9780814735190 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1995 by New York UniversityAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: "rength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_i: "START TEXT: Deconstruction is/in America" ******* END TEXT: "Deconstruction is/in America"
9780814735190 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_1: "START TEXT: Deconstruction is/as Neopragmatism?: Preliminary Remarks on Deconstruction in America\nAnselm Haverka" ******* END TEXT: " two decades would have to take into account the particular role of America for deconstruction: not "
9780814735190 - page_10: "START TEXT: those who overlook in this review the pragmatics of the caesura— a pragmatics involved in the applic" ******* END TEXT: "ifferences inscribed therein. “The challenge of deconstruction,” Rodolphe Gasché emphasizes, is the "
9780814735190 - page_11: "START TEXT: paradoxical necessity of taking the other as the other, other than me (and not just: the other me); " ******* END TEXT: "s shortly after the film was completed. Likewise the quotation of Paris stands for no burning other "
9780814735190 - page_12: "START TEXT: than the urgency of the performative. Nowhere else in America (and certainly not in the literal burn" ******* END TEXT: "errida,” Consequences of Pragmatism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982), pp.90, 109.\n"
9780814735190 - page_13: "START TEXT: 9. See, paradigmatically, Jacques Derrida, “Force de Loi” (The Force of Law), Cardozo Law Review 11 " ******* END TEXT: "cher, 1993), pp.45–47; Judith Butler, Bodies That Matter (New York: Routledge, 1993), pp.129–137.\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_2: "START TEXT: only for the development of deconstruction’s philosophical and critical arguments, but for its polit" ******* END TEXT: "e form of a metahistory of bygone possibilities, remaining resistances, or persisting side effects.\n"
9780814735190 - page_3: "START TEXT: When Derrida delivered the 1985 Wellek Library Lectures at Irvine, he discarded the title of Deconst" ******* END TEXT: "ch seems indifferent to what it has left behind, and keeps leaving behind, in This New—I quote from "
9780814735190 - page_4: "START TEXT: Stanley Cavell’s reading of Emerson—Yet Unapproachable America.5 Yet the hope against lost hopes, th" ******* END TEXT: " to be said for the exemplary role of justice in the American “drama of consent.”10 After the first "
9780814735190 - page_5: "START TEXT: and, so to speak, primal difference that America had promised to accomplish with respect to the diff" ******* END TEXT: " this ground, as a homeground, would have lent itself to deconstruction. In displacing the “Western "
9780814735190 - page_6: "START TEXT: Canon,” American literature and philosophy not only reproduced what they attempted to rewrite, but r" ******* END TEXT: "s failure to come to terms with what is, nor for skepticism’s desperation about what is to be done.\n"
9780814735190 - page_7: "START TEXT: Rather, the skeptic’s acknowledgement of the possibilities of transgression asks for an ethics of re" ******* END TEXT: "ect and outcome, in which reading—the reading of difference—arrived at working results far from the "
9780814735190 - page_8: "START TEXT: alleged effects of mere irony and mere play. As it turns out, the terms “irony” and “play” are not w" ******* END TEXT: "s—the gift, for example, or the crypt, or the secret. As far as inventiveness is concerned in these "
9780814735190 - page_9: "START TEXT: matters, poietic imagination in the precise sense, I see nobody to whom we owe as much as we owe to " ******* END TEXT: "on a new sense of the political is to be refound, remade and regained. This may not seem enough for "
9780814735190 - page_14: "START TEXT: The Time is Out of Joint\nJacques Derrida\n\n“So long? ...”\n(Hamlet)\n\nI\nForgive me for thanking you in " ******* END TEXT: "y of tirelessly reminding us of disjointment itself, the possibility of any disjunction. Since I am "
9780814735190 - page_15: "START TEXT: speaking in my language, I underscore here that “disjoncter,” in a kind of modern slang, can also me" ******* END TEXT: "fulness of thanking. On the one hand, it is the most thankless thing in the world, a kind of ethics "
9780814735190 - page_16: "START TEXT: of ingratitude (elsewhere and at length, I have tried to justify this, if one may still say that), a" ******* END TEXT: "ey are both quotations—at the disjointed juncture, at the crossroads or the crossing of this little "
9780814735190 - page_17: "START TEXT: “is”? Should we also inscribe it under some erasure in the form of a cross?\nThese are, we were sayin" ******* END TEXT: " thus because it cannot think the event of this so unnatural death, because it is not a memory that "
9780814735190 - page_18: "START TEXT: is sure of being able to situate, date, determine, objectify the event that the son must account for" ******* END TEXT: "able trip to Verona, I wrote an essay on Romeo and Juliet, “Aphorism Countertime.” Like Specters of "
9780814735190 - page_19: "START TEXT: Marx, it crossed the themes of anachrony, mourning, haunting, oath, survival, and the name—which in " ******* END TEXT: "y encouraging himself to cut short this time of mourning and to take advantage of time: “Though yet "
9780814735190 - page_20: "START TEXT: of Hamlet our dear brother’s death/The memory be green, and that it us befitted/To bear our hearts i" ******* END TEXT: " is always the moment of a murder. But Hamlet, and everyone in Hamlet, seems to be wandering around "
9780814735190 - page_21: "START TEXT: in confusion on this subject. Now, when and if one does not know when an event took place, one has t" ******* END TEXT: "on the other hand, remains that “legal fiction” that Stephen talks about in Ulysses, not far from a "
9780814735190 - page_22: "START TEXT: meditation on Hamlet. A legal fiction, yes, especially when a father is the father in the figure of " ******* END TEXT: "her, there where the father is irreplaceable, and of conducting itself like a beast, that is, in an "
9780814735190 - page_23: "START TEXT: inhuman fashion. Mourning is human, only beasts do not wear mourning and know nothing of dates. And " ******* END TEXT: " pretended to want to put Hamlet’s head between her legs, as if to mimic penetration or birth—which "
9780814735190 - page_24: "START TEXT: would have made of his beloved his surrogate mother, his replacement mother, his virgin mother—to Op" ******* END TEXT: "ed, and with so much difficulty, by the third person singular present indicative of the verb to be.\n"
9780814735190 - page_25: "START TEXT: Two quotations therefore. Two reported sentences neither of which (because I am quoting them) is, as" ******* END TEXT: "in a preliminary fashion, that I in fact pronounced it but without assuming it, without subscribing "
9780814735190 - page_26: "START TEXT: to it, without ever believing it. It was in 1984; in America, at the University of California, Irvin" ******* END TEXT: "tion the very thing that confers its title on the present conference. The history of deconstruction "
9780814735190 - page_27: "START TEXT: or the deconstruction of history perhaps roams around the disjointed pivot of this copula “is,” this" ******* END TEXT: "oduce singular effects. I said that this American radiation or hegemony must be interrogated, which "
9780814735190 - page_28: "START TEXT: sometimes means contested, in all its dimensions (political, technical, economic, linguistic, academ" ******* END TEXT: ", that if deconstruction is in America, “in” can indicate inclusion as well as provisional passage, "
9780814735190 - page_29: "START TEXT: the being-in-transit of the visitor (Deconstruction is just visiting—and from visitation one passes " ******* END TEXT: "struction, then the good and the wicked fairies that for more than thirty years have been following "
9780814735190 - page_30: "START TEXT: its destiny, proliferating teleological verdicts, eschatological prognoses, or organicist diagnoses " ******* END TEXT: ", and to everything about deconstruction, except, in all certitude and in the mode of a determinant "
9780814735190 - page_31: "START TEXT: knowledge, to that which in it begins by questioning, displacing, and dislocating the machine of thi" ******* END TEXT: "e United States, on the other side, on the other coast, on the occasion of a keynote address that I "
9780814735190 - page_32: "START TEXT: was generously invited to deliver at a large colloquium, “Whither Marxism” at the University of Cali" ******* END TEXT: "weave together the eschatological motifs of interpretation, the last word, testimony, and the work.\n"
9780814735190 - page_33: "START TEXT: Bearing witness for itself, but no less for all the shoahs of history, “Aschenglorie,” the poem by C" ******* END TEXT: " we considered the impossibility of measuring time and thus of measuring the measure of all things.\n"
9780814735190 - page_34: "START TEXT: Measurelessness thus becomes the law. The law of the law is what measurelessness will always have be" ******* END TEXT: " widow, the political disorder that accompanies all this and perverts all the reasons of family and "
9780814735190 - page_35: "START TEXT: state, etc.), but also because he perhaps saw, through all of this, something that he cannot even sa" ******* END TEXT: "mlet and of the experience of being “out of joint” could not be dissociated from the theory of art, "
9780814735190 - page_36: "START TEXT: of salvation through art, of the sublime and the comic that Nietzsche nevertheless manifestly attemp" ******* END TEXT: "w: It is against the background of this disaster, it is only in the gaping and chaotic, howling and "
9780814735190 - page_37: "START TEXT: famished opening, it is out of the bottomless bottom of this open mouth, from the cry of this khaein" ******* END TEXT: "istory” (Memoires for Paul de Man, rev. ed. [New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), pp. 17–18.\n"
9780814735190 - page_38: "START TEXT: 3. Since then, this reading has become a book. It will appear this year in France and next year in t" ******* END TEXT: "ich Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy, trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Random House, 1967), p.60.\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_39: "START TEXT: IThe Time of Analysis" ******* END TEXT: "IThe Time of Analysis"
9780814735190 - page_40: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_77: "START TEXT: IIThe Point of Teaching" ******* END TEXT: "IIThe Point of Teaching"
9780814735190 - page_78: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_113: "START TEXT: IIIThe Politics of Singularity" ******* END TEXT: "IIIThe Politics of Singularity"
9780814735190 - page_114: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_147: "START TEXT: IVThe Performance of Difference" ******* END TEXT: "IVThe Performance of Difference"
9780814735190 - page_148: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_221: "START TEXT: VA New Sense of the Political" ******* END TEXT: "VA New Sense of the Political"
9780814735190 - page_222: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_iii: "START TEXT: Deconstruction is/in America\nA New Sense of the Political\nEdited by Anselm Haverkamp\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Deconstruction is/in America\nA New Sense of the Political\nEdited by Anselm Haverkamp\n\n\n\n"
9780814735190 - page_v: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\nContributors\nIntroduction\nDeconstruction is/as Neopragmatism? Preliminary R" ******* END TEXT: "econstruction and Literary Studies J. Hillis Miller\n5. Une drôle de classe de philo Michel Beaujour\n"
9780814735190 - page_vi: "START TEXT: 6. Going Public: The University in Deconstruction Peggy Kamuf\nIII. The Politics of Singularity\n7. Po" ******* END TEXT: "hette of Deconstruction is/in America Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak\n16. Jaded in America David Wills\n\n\n"
9780814735206 - page_i: "START TEXT: Christianity and the Holocaust of Hungarian Jewry\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Christianity and the Holocaust of Hungarian Jewry\n\n"
9780814735206 - page_ii: "START TEXT: Other Books by the Author\nThe Struggle of Man—Religious and Social—as a Central Motive in the Writin" ******* END TEXT: " and Customs)\nThe Great Divide: A Jewish Answer to Christian Missionary Activity (with M. E. Katz)\n\n"
9780814735206 - page_iii: "START TEXT: Christianity and the Holocaust of Hungarian Jewry\nMoshe Y. Herczl\nTranslated by Joel Lerner\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Christianity and the Holocaust of Hungarian Jewry\nMoshe Y. Herczl\nTranslated by Joel Lerner\n\n\n"
9780814735206 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1993 by New York UniversityAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: "nd durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10   9   8   7   6   5   4   3   2   1\n\n"
9780814735206 - page_v: "START TEXT: To the memory of Shimon Herczl, his children—Fradi, Ceri, Malka, Bluma, Jocheved Miriam, and Avraham" ******* END TEXT: "n 1944.\nTo the memory of Sarah Rivka Herczl, who died in 1938.\nAnd to the memory of the six million."
9780814735206 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814735206 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nPreface and Acknowledgments\n1. The Preparatory Years\nIntroduction\nBackground\nThe Blood Libe" ******* END TEXT: "Estates Expropriation Act\nThe Kallay Proposal for the Expulsion of the Jews from Hungary\nConclusion\n"
9780814735206 - page_viii: "START TEXT: 3. 1944\nIntroduction\nThe Expulsion\nWho Carried Out the Expulsion?\nPriestly Activity\nThe Shepherds’ E" ******* END TEXT: "Epistles\nA Quarter of a Million Budapest Jews—Trapped\nHungarian Initiatives\nConclusion\nNotes\nIndex\n\n"
9780814735206 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Preface and Acknowledgments\nAfter the Holocaust, my late husband felt that it was his duty as a surv" ******* END TEXT: "aluable assistance in publishing Moshe’s contribution to Holocaust research.\nJerusalem\nRACHEL HERCZL"
9780814735206 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814735206 - page_1: "START TEXT: 1The Preparatory Years" ******* END TEXT: "1The Preparatory Years"
9780814735206 - page_10: "START TEXT: Bary believed the blood libel. This belief accompanied him in his role as judicial investigator, and" ******* END TEXT: "cipation by sacrificing Christian blood to their god. And the Jewish population is already at work: "
9780814735206 - page_11: "START TEXT: they have already begun their noble campaign to have this matter put to rest in a speedy and desirab" ******* END TEXT: "ssassination is not merely an invention … If the newspapers follow this topic attentively, this may "
9780814735206 - page_12: "START TEXT: influence the judges investigating the affair to ensure that the guilty are punished most severely, " ******* END TEXT: " where they refuted the confessions they had made under duress and torture when first interrogated. "
9780814735206 - page_13: "START TEXT: The testimony given by the accused in court did not match the expectations of those circles favoring" ******* END TEXT: "ly thing to be learned from the acquittal is that once again Jewish money did its job … Everyone is "
9780814735206 - page_14: "START TEXT: convinced in the depths of his heart that the poor girl from Tisza Eszlar came to a sorry end there " ******* END TEXT: "be forbidden.\n[3] Members of the Jewish race must be forbidden to acquire real estate in Hungary.45\n"
9780814735206 - page_15: "START TEXT: The petition, bearing the signatures of 2,174 citizens of Zala, was presented to Parliament.46 Work " ******* END TEXT: "accepted the suspicions against the Jews as if they were proven facts. Bary enjoyed telling how the "
9780814735206 - page_16: "START TEXT: population punished the prime minister for taking a liberal stand in this affair:\nWhen the verdict w" ******* END TEXT: "h halo, whose life was ended by murderers, enemies of Christianity. Her image even played a respect "
9780814735206 - page_17: "START TEXT: able role in the antisemitic propaganda of later decades. In 1943, sixty years after the trial and a" ******* END TEXT: "statuses to different religions. The great Christian religions were defined as “accepted religions” "
9780814735206 - page_18: "START TEXT: (Bevett Vallas), whereas the Jewish religion was defined as a “recognized religion” (Elismert Vallas" ******* END TEXT: "gion and religious freedom was soon to be presented to Parliament. The heads of the Catholic church "
9780814735206 - page_19: "START TEXT: reacted swiftly. On December 15, 1892, a conference of Catholic bishops—both Roman Catholic and Gree" ******* END TEXT: " party was soundly defeated, no more than six of its representatives being elected to Parliament:60\n"
9780814735206 - page_2: "START TEXT: \n \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n \n"
9780814735206 - page_20: "START TEXT: The Catholics realized that they would lose a parliamentary struggle as long as no party enjoying pu" ******* END TEXT: "tional body based on the hierarchy of the Catholic church. Its leadership at its various levels was "
9780814735206 - page_21: "START TEXT: made up of church leaders and religious and lay activists. A newspaper article that appeared in mid-" ******* END TEXT: "o amass property, and to accomplish their goal they have to resort to all kinds of tricks, cunning, "
9780814735206 - page_22: "START TEXT: and misrepresentation—limitless and shameless. The Jew has become the master, the Hungarian—the begg" ******* END TEXT: "as the product of a Jewish Weltanschauung was well suited to the needs of aristocratic and priestly "
9780814735206 - page_23: "START TEXT: circles, especially since liberalism had appeared in Hungary at the same time as the granting of rig" ******* END TEXT: "st homogeneous, and aside from a group of German speakers, the approximately half-million Jews were "
9780814735206 - page_24: "START TEXT: the only large minority in Hungary. The idea of a merger of peoples had vanished, to be replaced by " ******* END TEXT: " decisiveness necessary to carry out an agrarian reform. And as if their internal problems were not "
9780814735206 - page_25: "START TEXT: enough, Karolyi had to face difficulties caused by external factors as well. A chain of occurrences " ******* END TEXT: "ity identified in the main with the previous regime, and had no expectations of advancement when it "
9780814735206 - page_26: "START TEXT: fell and was replaced by a regime dedicated to aiding those social strata with which the Jews, by an" ******* END TEXT: "d, “they got off with light punishmen…. When the same courts dealt with… offenses by the right, the "
9780814735206 - page_27: "START TEXT: ‘extenuating circumstance of patriotic motives’ was always taken into consideration. Sentences … wer" ******* END TEXT: "ed the public conscience and aroused recognition of Christian self-value. Christian organization is "
9780814735206 - page_28: "START TEXT: progressing at a rapid rate, for only on the basis of Christian morality can we hope to stabilize th" ******* END TEXT: "stle, in light of the note in the protocol about causing “the Jews to panic,” there is no doubt who "
9780814735206 - page_29: "START TEXT: was referred to, especially since the Christian public to whom it was distributed was aware of the o" ******* END TEXT: "e priest Janos Gyarmathy, who was the confessor of the wife of Admiral Horthy and was also a member "
9780814735206 - page_3: "START TEXT: Introduction\nThe tragedy of Hungarian Jewry reached its climax between May 15 and July 7, 1944. Duri" ******* END TEXT: "rian War of Liberation. In the 1880s, the community bore the brunt of a blood libel that stirred up "
9780814735206 - page_30: "START TEXT: of the committee that received Pronay, the commander of the “officers’ unit,” as a member of Eksz an" ******* END TEXT: "ous sources. Some elements were derived from nineteenth-century Hungarian antisemitism, others were "
9780814735206 - page_31: "START TEXT: new, and bore the imprint of contemporary developments … Another motif… was the base morals of the J" ******* END TEXT: "accordance with the relative weight to be attributed to their occupations in the various fields.103\n"
9780814735206 - page_32: "START TEXT: The Awakening Hungarians invited the public to a mass rally in Budapest. A flier distributed in the " ******* END TEXT: "mass rally in one of the large auditoriums of Budapest. The central speakers were men of the cloth. "
9780814735206 - page_33: "START TEXT: Bishop Raffay spoke in the name of the Evangelical church, while two priests who were members of the" ******* END TEXT: " of the Catholic People’s party founded in 1895 by the Catholic church.111 However, contrary to the "
9780814735206 - page_34: "START TEXT: oppositional stand adopted by the mother party toward the liberal governments of Hungary until World" ******* END TEXT: "who viewed the resolution as an invitation for cooperation between the two bodies. The basis for co "
9780814735206 - page_35: "START TEXT: operation between government and the Synod of Bishops was laid, cooperation that lasted twenty-five " ******* END TEXT: "etween these bodies bore fruit in another field as well. A newspaper report from that period reads,\n"
9780814735206 - page_36: "START TEXT: We have been informed that there has been strong and effective activity in the towns of Trans-Danubi" ******* END TEXT: "rs appealed in various ways to the public at large, making use, among other tactics, of placards in "
9780814735206 - page_37: "START TEXT: city streets. During the election campaign of January 1920 the United National Christian League, whi" ******* END TEXT: "be assured officially so that we will be able to prevent in advance the danger of future infection.\n"
9780814735206 - page_38: "START TEXT: We shall fight stubbornly, untiringly, with strong means which will get ever stronger, until the las" ******* END TEXT: "“Ga-lician Jewry” from Hungary or, alternately, their immediate transfer to concentration camps.123\n"
9780814735206 - page_39: "START TEXT: The United National Christian party received fifty-nine seats in the elections, and came in second a" ******* END TEXT: "is continued to serve the aims of both sides during the entire period of counterrevolutionary rule.\n"
9780814735206 - page_4: "START TEXT: antisemitism throughout the state. After World War I, bloody pogroms were waged against the Jews, an" ******* END TEXT: "reating Turkish army was joined by most of the Jews living at the time in Hungary. The conquest and "
9780814735206 - page_40: "START TEXT: The Catholic Press\nThe high-level Catholic priesthood was aware of the potential influence of a guid" ******* END TEXT: "he triumph of the National Christian outlook. It will, however, be erroneous to think that with the "
9780814735206 - page_41: "START TEXT: end of the political struggle everything will be the way it should be. Not at all! Only after the co" ******* END TEXT: "n in his hand … He himself is the rot which consumes everything. Even if we defeat him, our victory "
9780814735206 - page_42: "START TEXT: will only be a despicable victory, whereas if he defeats us, we shall never rise again.\nWhile we wer" ******* END TEXT: " a curse of fire and brimstone if you walk in the ways of God and if you lift up your eyes unto the "
9780814735206 - page_43: "START TEXT: Cross and to Him who was crucified. Take care, be cautious, do not fall into the net of those whose " ******* END TEXT: "t is not surprising that in the fall of 1919, while preparing for the opening of the academic year, "
9780814735206 - page_44: "START TEXT: strident protests by Christian students took place against the participation of Jewish students in u" ******* END TEXT: "latter strove to limit the number of Jewish students, but not to prohibit their studies altogether, "
9780814735206 - page_45: "START TEXT: whereas the university faculty and students demanded that the gates to their institution be shut to " ******* END TEXT: "ohaszka also spoke out in favor of the bill, declaring that he viewed it as a self-defense measure:\n"
9780814735206 - page_46: "START TEXT: We have reached a situation where Jewry has become a factor limiting our steps … Christianity senses" ******* END TEXT: "Jews of Hungary, these organizations feared the law might be construed as a precedent to be applied "
9780814735206 - page_47: "START TEXT: by other governments. Central Jewish associations in England and France appealed to the League of Na" ******* END TEXT: "ars—from 1895 to 1920. In both of these years the church was active in causing the Jews discomfort.\n"
9780814735206 - page_48: "START TEXT: The Consolidation of the Twenties and the Christian Antisemitism of the Thirties\nThe 1920s saw a mea" ******* END TEXT: "of 1929–1930 he was compelled to resign in 1931 and was replaced as prime minister by Gyula Gombos.\n"
9780814735206 - page_49: "START TEXT: Gombos was one of the men of Szeged and was a confidant of Hor-thy’s. He had an extensive network of" ******* END TEXT: ", took the lead in making contributions, announcing his donation of two hundred thousand crowns.158\n"
9780814735206 - page_5: "START TEXT: ensuing wars laid Hungary to waste and decimated its population.4 In order to restore the land, the " ******* END TEXT: "ation.10\nFrom statistical data relating to the first decade of the twentieth century, it seems that\n"
9780814735206 - page_50: "START TEXT: In October 1925 a ranking priest, Prelate Sandor Ernszt, appeared before the Synod of Bishops and ma" ******* END TEXT: "ehalf of the Socialist Movement of Christian Workers over the past two years of difficult struggle. "
9780814735206 - page_51: "START TEXT: We are prepared to continue eagerly with this work in the future, yet without this financial support" ******* END TEXT: "e Urban Christian party of Budapest, held at the same time as the convention of the national party, "
9780814735206 - page_52: "START TEXT: the chairman warned, “In light of the fact that liberal politics are once again beginning to lift up" ******* END TEXT: "ulture, but a one-sided, racist culture and not an absolute, universal one like Christian culture … "
9780814735206 - page_53: "START TEXT: It is not possible to base New Hungary upon elements of treachery, insincerity, and the expectations" ******* END TEXT: " hands upon our most sacred of values. They have contaminated our literature, and the ghetto spirit "
9780814735206 - page_54: "START TEXT: predominates upon the stages of our theatre. Even in the economic realm we are no longer our own mas" ******* END TEXT: "opinions favored by the Synod of Bishops, and they rewarded him accordingly. The instance described "
9780814735206 - page_55: "START TEXT: below involves a bishop who was not in need of any outside assistance in expressing his views.\nJanos" ******* END TEXT: " Wolf lasted for years, and they continued their support of his organizations even after his death.\n"
9780814735206 - page_56: "START TEXT: Popular Antisemitism of the Thirties\nHungarian Jewry experienced the 1930s in the shadow of renewed " ******* END TEXT: " company in the town of Miskolc, published fliers in which he appealed to the Christian population:\n"
9780814735206 - page_57: "START TEXT: Please open your eyes, the eyes which have been blinded by ghetto dust, and see how the Jews plan to" ******* END TEXT: "ies. They even published a petition asserting their demands, which was intended for the government:\n"
9780814735206 - page_58: "START TEXT: Christian friends! The struggle being waged by Christian youth for fourteen years for the supremacy " ******* END TEXT: "position. The bishop expressed his wish that in the future, employees would be engaged according to "
9780814735206 - page_59: "START TEXT: their suitability alone, whether they were Catholic, Evangelical, or Reformed. Yet he added, “Of cou" ******* END TEXT: "ic Life,” where the writer urges his readers to act so as to bring about a change in the situation:\n"
9780814735206 - page_6: "START TEXT: the two main sectors from which most of the Jews make their living are trading and credit. Out of th" ******* END TEXT: " Gorgey, said of the Jewish soldiers: “In their discipline, their personal courage, their devotion, "
9780814735206 - page_60: "START TEXT: Our very national survival and independence are endangered. The present situation is intolerable, it" ******* END TEXT: "tisemitic leader, Karoly Wolf,196 Cardinal Seredi, and Premier Kalman Daranyi.197 At the ceremonial "
9780814735206 - page_61: "START TEXT: awarding of the Baross Golden Chain to the cardinal and the prime minister, the chairman of the orga" ******* END TEXT: "associations noted above, the Actio Catholica was active in Hungary from 1932 on. This organization "
9780814735206 - page_62: "START TEXT: was different from the other organizations mainly in that the Synod of Bishops founded it in accorda" ******* END TEXT: " in covering up subjects the publication of which may prove to be of use to the Catholic populace … "
9780814735206 - page_63: "START TEXT: If it happens that the rabbi of the Dohany Street Synagogue [the central synagogue of the Jewish com" ******* END TEXT: "me ruler of the Roman Empire, and the persecuted Christians were able to come out of the Catacombs, "
9780814735206 - page_64: "START TEXT: the popes and church councils, year after year, generation after generation, have engaged in legisla" ******* END TEXT: "e—out of this heavy spiritual unconsciousness—this terrible danger. The time which has passed since "
9780814735206 - page_65: "START TEXT: then has justified the stand taken by the Catholics as well as their ambitions.212\nWhile the period " ******* END TEXT: " “Christian” in its various names.\nAfter World War I the cross itself found its way into use by the "
9780814735206 - page_66: "START TEXT: antisemitic parties, who added it to the expression “Christian” already in their names, in their log" ******* END TEXT: "opied from church towers to store windows—is not in a place which gives due honor to its status.219\n"
9780814735206 - page_67: "START TEXT: The Christian Hungarian population did not share the opinion of the Jewish weekly. During that perio" ******* END TEXT: "t out roots in the soil of the homeland—it is destructive…. There is no way to resolve our struggle "
9780814735206 - page_68: "START TEXT: against the old-fashioned capitalistic system without first solving the Jewish question.\nOf the Hung" ******* END TEXT: "ss party offered by some of the priests must be studied carefully in light of Szalasi’s utterances.\n"
9780814735206 - page_69: "START TEXT: A U.S. army intelligence officer in charge of the initial interrogation of the Hungarian war crimina" ******* END TEXT: "following is an excerpt from the dialogue between the president of the panel of judges and Szalasi.\n"
9780814735206 - page_7: "START TEXT: and in every positive military characteristic, they performed honorably together with the other sold" ******* END TEXT: "o that of the Christian churches.\nThe adoption of the Equal Rights foy Jews Bill was followed by an "
9780814735206 - page_70: "START TEXT: Szalasi: The carrying out of the ideas of socialism and nationalism fits in with Jesus’ doctrines … " ******* END TEXT: "d to “all Christian Hungarians whose emotions are dedicated to their nation and their race.”231 The "
9780814735206 - page_71: "START TEXT: tone binding the ideas of the Arrow-Cross party with its members’ Christianity prevailed at party ra" ******* END TEXT: "ic church, Jozsef Grosz of Szombathely. Here are extracts from his speeches as quoted in the media:\n"
9780814735206 - page_72: "START TEXT: Our ambition is for the younger generation to be a generation of believers and not one of heretics. " ******* END TEXT: "you still believe in it, and you were indeed right. Without your prodding, the government would not "
9780814735206 - page_73: "START TEXT: have responded to the demands of the Arrow-Cross party. The government’s proper legislative program " ******* END TEXT: "joyed the cardinal’s encouragement. While thousands of Jews were being murdered in Hungary, and the "
9780814735206 - page_74: "START TEXT: death marches were leaving Budapest one after the other for the Austrian border, Szalasi, the leader" ******* END TEXT: "ready hated Jesus before they began to hate us (John 15:18).\nHungarian National-Socialist Brethren!\n"
9780814735206 - page_75: "START TEXT: Who stand in our way?… Those who fight us are those who curse Jesus (Epistle of Jacob 2:6–7). Those " ******* END TEXT: "ed by the Arrow-Cross party, reached the hearts of the masses, and the latter flocked to the party.\n"
9780814735206 - page_76: "START TEXT: Conclusion\nAbout 250 years passed between the beginning of Jewish immigration into Hungary and the 1" ******* END TEXT: "invited citizens who were undesired in Hungary and in various Hungarian walks of life. This concept "
9780814735206 - page_77: "START TEXT: was the basis for the antisemitic propaganda that grew stronger during the 1930s.\nAt that time the r" ******* END TEXT: " formal framework. The circumstances were well suited for the beginning of anti-Jewish legislation. "
9780814735206 - page_78: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814735206 - page_8: "START TEXT: antisemitic awakening, organized antisemitic activity, and even the appearance of an antisemitic par" ******* END TEXT: "ver. The day she vanished was “Shabbat Ha-Gadol,” the Saturday before Passover, and on that day the "
9780814735206 - page_9: "START TEXT: village was host to three candidates for the twofold position of the Jewish community’s cantor and r" ******* END TEXT: "sidered evil … They kept coming, more and more. They came by tens, by hundreds, and by thousands.22\n"
9780814735206 - page_100: "START TEXT: a green light to continue with the legislation, as well as encouragement from the highest spiritual " ******* END TEXT: "origins. The ministerial explanation attached to the bill stated, “A person belonging to the Jewish "
9780814735206 - page_101: "START TEXT: denomination is at the same time a member of the Jewish racial community and it is natural that the " ******* END TEXT: "aw that the vast majority of those who were opposed to some paragraph or other of the proposed bill—"
9780814735206 - page_102: "START TEXT: mainly concerning the converts to Christianity—did not avoid expressing their antisemitic opinions. " ******* END TEXT: "o accept the verdict and resign.52\nIn Imredi’s stead the regent appointed Count Pal Teleki as prime "
9780814735206 - page_103: "START TEXT: minister on February 16, 1939. He had served as minister of culture and education in Imredi’s govern" ******* END TEXT: "on. This is not a matter of mere religion, but rather one combining religious and national aspects.\n"
9780814735206 - page_104: "START TEXT: The religion is merely one of the components of the entirety, and though their religion may change, " ******* END TEXT: "is as follows: to persevere in our struggle for the Christian idea, and in the end we will triumph!\n"
9780814735206 - page_105: "START TEXT: Our hopes for victory are especially bolstered up here in our capital city, for this is where our st" ******* END TEXT: "resent legislation. I also note the founding in 1895 of the parliamentary People’s party. Among the "
9780814735206 - page_106: "START TEXT: important goals of that party the idea of limiting the activity of the Jewish spirit and the desire " ******* END TEXT: "e proposed bill.” The cardinal stressed that he was making his comments in the name of the Synod of "
9780814735206 - page_107: "START TEXT: Catholic Bishops, a body that had no desire to cause the government and the state any difficulties w" ******* END TEXT: "han those of the Galician mob [Jews who had migrated during the last few generations from Galicia].\n"
9780814735206 - page_108: "START TEXT: The bishop stressed once again that he had searched in vain for recognition of the influence and sup" ******* END TEXT: " against the stipulation of the proposed law, according to which even after conversion, the convert "
9780814735206 - page_109: "START TEXT: might still be regarded as a Jew. He repeated Glattfelder’s suggestion that outstanding intellectual" ******* END TEXT: "nor anyone else of those who brought the proposed bill before the legislature was influenced by any "
9780814735206 - page_110: "START TEXT: negative feelings or by hatred. On the contrary, he feels the pain of all those hurt, but the confro" ******* END TEXT: "ation by the joint committee. The atmosphere prevalent at the renewed sessions of the committee was "
9780814735206 - page_111: "START TEXT: similar to that which had dominated the discussions of the same committee two weeks earlier. Once ag" ******* END TEXT: "spite the constant protests of Catholic Hungarians.” Seredi accepted the proposed law in general.79\n"
9780814735206 - page_112: "START TEXT: Bishop Raffay, too, spoke at that session. He stated that life had dictated the need for the propose" ******* END TEXT: "erves merely as a remedy to prevent the poisoning of the body of the nation. The change perpetrated "
9780814735206 - page_113: "START TEXT: by Judaism in the body, the character, and the thought processes of the Hungarian nation involves th" ******* END TEXT: "t on the part of the Jews against all those states which adopt anti-Jewish laws, including Hungary. "
9780814735206 - page_114: "START TEXT: I ascribe considerable significance to the fact that Hungarian Jewry will reject this defense of its" ******* END TEXT: "ol, our boy scout garb—it is a spiritual renewal, revelation, Jesus’ mystic mercies, and thus it is "
9780814735206 - page_115: "START TEXT: immeasurable mathematically; it must be believed in.” He said that the committee’s amendments satisf" ******* END TEXT: "th Jewish ancestors is a Jew.”\nThe Parliament voted to reject the alterations proposed by the Upper "
9780814735206 - page_116: "START TEXT: House to paragraph 1 of the proposed law, adopting in their stead a few amendments of lesser signifi" ******* END TEXT: "ewish problem. The stand of the Upper House contradicts this view, and views assimilation and inter "
9780814735206 - page_117: "START TEXT: mingling in a positive light.” In his opinion, it was important to adopt the proposed bill as prepar" ******* END TEXT: "the second anti-Jewish law. Including their families, some two hundred thousand people were harmed.\n"
9780814735206 - page_118: "START TEXT: The law caused other damage, as well: to the right of the Jews to vote, to their employment in the c" ******* END TEXT: " in full agreement all along. The only area in which they disagreed was with regard to the converts "
9780814735206 - page_119: "START TEXT: to Christianity and the time period during which their Christianity held validity.\nThe link between " ******* END TEXT: "mpletion of the anti-Jewish legislation, for otherwise the Christian masses will be so disappointed "
9780814735206 - page_120: "START TEXT: that there is no way today of foretelling the possible outcome of such a disappointment.98\nThis spee" ******* END TEXT: "World to Come, and from this point of view the Old Testament is incomplete, for it does not include "
9780814735206 - page_121: "START TEXT: the revelation in its entirety. It is unfit to include it, for we only received the entire truth and" ******* END TEXT: "ht bloc platform was the removal of the Jews from the municipal power centers that were controlled, "
9780814735206 - page_122: "START TEXT: as it were, by the Jews. The press column reporting the success of the antisemitic bloc bears the he" ******* END TEXT: "pelled to recognize the fact that has been clear for a long time to any intelligent person: Judaism "
9780814735206 - page_123: "START TEXT: is not a simple religion, it is a race! Blood! Blood which will never be able to deny itself, even i" ******* END TEXT: "ire to be accepted into the church because of the soul-felt religious convictions they profess.”109\n"
9780814735206 - page_124: "START TEXT: This suspicious treatment of the would-be converts was a direct result of the general attitude towar" ******* END TEXT: "olitical identity card. He defined himself as “right-wing.” Definition of the term “right-wing,” as "
9780814735206 - page_125: "START TEXT: it was understood at the time, is offered by an expert, Prime Minister Teleki:\nOur party has borne t" ******* END TEXT: "ajority of 187 seats out of 260. The elections were characterized by a clear electoral shift to the "
9780814735206 - page_126: "START TEXT: right. The strength of the Social-Democratic party dropped from eleven seats to five. This party, to" ******* END TEXT: "re we to remove the rose from Jesus’ Cross, it would surely wither. Similarly, the rose of glorious "
9780814735206 - page_127: "START TEXT: Hungarian life cannot come to full bloom if it is removed from the Cross of Jesus.120\nEvery year the" ******* END TEXT: "ugh representative selection of utterances made by secular public figures and by priests concerning "
9780814735206 - page_128: "START TEXT: the nature of the Jews. The resemblance between the various utterances is so great that no further d" ******* END TEXT: "s party, Karoly Marothy, urged the final solution of the Jewish problem and asked the government to "
9780814735206 - page_129: "START TEXT: make the appropriate preparations for the expulsion of the Jews from Hungary. Another representative" ******* END TEXT: "lations, and in this way we shall speed up the trade Christianizing process to a very great extent.\n"
9780814735206 - page_130: "START TEXT: The minister also told of the large loans that had been made to Christian storekeepers and of the go" ******* END TEXT: " I myself have to translate them if I want the speech to appear in its original meaning. Thus we in "
9780814735206 - page_131: "START TEXT: Pester Lloyd have to employ Jewish newspapermen who know German. On the other hand, in such places o" ******* END TEXT: "convention were the minister of agriculture, who represented the prime minister, and Bishop Ravasz, "
9780814735206 - page_132: "START TEXT: head of the Reformed church in Hungary. Bishop Vasarhelyi thanked Horthy, the regent of Hungary, for" ******* END TEXT: "imacy of the negative treatment afforded the Jews are to be found in the historical Hungarian past.\n"
9780814735206 - page_133: "START TEXT: Raffay’s statement to the effect that the Jews were different from the other citizens of Hungary was" ******* END TEXT: " the prime minister was able to draw the conclusion that even if the paragraph in the proposed bill "
9780814735206 - page_134: "START TEXT: encountered church opposition, the bill itself was guaranteed, in general and on principle, not to c" ******* END TEXT: "f the possibility that “people who behaved as radical antisemites will be driven back to Jewry.”148\n"
9780814735206 - page_135: "START TEXT: The bill was adopted by the Parliament on July 2, 1941, and was placed before the Upper House. The f" ******* END TEXT: "is bill is merely a tool in the hands of the Jewish-missionary concept, for those Christians harmed "
9780814735206 - page_136: "START TEXT: by the bill will have no choice but to fall back among those people from whom they had already detac" ******* END TEXT: "t distinguish between real Jews and those Jews who have already become Christians. This bill, which "
9780814735206 - page_137: "START TEXT: is presented to the Christian legislature of Christian Hungary, harms mainly Christians of Jewish or" ******* END TEXT: "annot be resolved with the doctrines of Jesus, as they do not serve the interests of the nation.155\n"
9780814735206 - page_138: "START TEXT: Bishop Kapi, the representative of the Evangelical church, spoke in a similar vein:\nThis law limits " ******* END TEXT: "xed marriage who was born a Christian and whose parents were Christians when they married, will not "
9780814735206 - page_139: "START TEXT: be considered a Jew. Nevertheless, we must protect ourselves from any further blood dilution.\nIt wou" ******* END TEXT: "cles on many occasions, and in this way the concept came to enjoy wide popularity and distribution.\n"
9780814735206 - page_140: "START TEXT: Thus historians view the act:\nKarsai:\nThe Race Protection Law had only a little influence on the mat" ******* END TEXT: " from the late 1930s on hardly contributed to the creation of a situation where Jews would be armed "
9780814735206 - page_141: "START TEXT: and serve in the army. On December 2,1940, the Jews who were serving in the army were expelled from " ******* END TEXT: "ebate on the bill once again provided an opportunity to deliver antisemitic speeches in Parliament. "
9780814735206 - page_142: "START TEXT: While the debate was in progress, a proposal was made to concentrate all Jewish women, children, and" ******* END TEXT: "stianity as Jews insults them.\nThe bill also dealt with the premilitary service of the youth, known "
9780814735206 - page_143: "START TEXT: as Levente. The bill proposed that the authorities separate the Christians from the Jews in these pr" ******* END TEXT: "ited by previous legislation enjoys the status of a preferred religious community. The presentation "
9780814735206 - page_144: "START TEXT: of this bill to Parliament is merely the natural conclusion to which the anti-Jewish legislation mus" ******* END TEXT: "he status of an “accepted religion” at the close of the nineteenth century had been a fundamentally "
9780814735206 - page_145: "START TEXT: mistaken act. It should be recalled that while the debate was raging on the proposed second anti-Jew" ******* END TEXT: " out the internal and external policies of his government. With regard to foreign policy he stated:\n"
9780814735206 - page_146: "START TEXT: The first thing I must say is that the government I hereby present is a cabinet of war, for we are p" ******* END TEXT: "f the estates belonging to Jews. As in the past, today, too, I want to make it clear that I have no "
9780814735206 - page_147: "START TEXT: intention of touching any land, even a single parcel of land owned by a Hungarian, as long as it is " ******* END TEXT: " negotiations take place, at the negotiation table where the decisions for the future will be made.\n"
9780814735206 - page_148: "START TEXT: We have come into this war with our full might, with all the military power at our disposal. We shal" ******* END TEXT: "nd nationalism known as “the Szeged idea.” …. The various governments recognized the unique justice "
9780814735206 - page_149: "START TEXT: of this concept, upon which this party is based and this government relies, and which has always bel" ******* END TEXT: "tionalistic concepts.”180\nOn the following day, the representative of the Christian party expressed "
9780814735206 - page_150: "START TEXT: his admiration of Hungary’s prime ministers, past and present, saying that “the people must work tog" ******* END TEXT: "t of protecting the race. He declared his position while he was still governor of our district.”182\n"
9780814735206 - page_151: "START TEXT: About a month after the debate in Parliament the enlarged national council of the ruling party conve" ******* END TEXT: "ises with regard to his practical approach to solving the Jewish problem, and was warmly applauded.\n"
9780814735206 - page_152: "START TEXT: I permit myself to say, that of all those who have held the position I hold today none has treated t" ******* END TEXT: ", even ahead of the Germans.\nAs part of the debate on the bill expropriating the estates, which was "
9780814735206 - page_153: "START TEXT: held at the end of May, a deputy representing the ruling party referred to the idea of exiling the J" ******* END TEXT: "xiling the Jews was deliberated outside of Parliament as well. The Hungarian ambassador to Germany, "
9780814735206 - page_154: "START TEXT: Dome Sztojay—who was to become Hungarian prime minister after the German invasion of March 1944—expr" ******* END TEXT: "tution has been the procedure whereby in every case of expropriation, the recompense has been deter "
9780814735206 - page_155: "START TEXT: mined by an independent court of law. This deviation from the accepted procedure arouses anxiety tha" ******* END TEXT: "fter the events of 1918-1920 the leaders of Hungary realized that it was necessary to find a way to "
9780814735206 - page_156: "START TEXT: improve the conditions of this population stratum. Plans were laid for a necessary agrarian reform, " ******* END TEXT: "holic interests. They knew how to word their stipulations in order to ensure their ownership of the "
9780814735206 - page_157: "START TEXT: lands even after they were leased—in return for appropriate compensation, the responsibility for the" ******* END TEXT: "al land to millions of landless agricultural workers for cultivation, it also aroused more hope and "
9780814735206 - page_158: "START TEXT: expectation in public opinion. The government, with a considerable degree of justification, expected" ******* END TEXT: "r homeland, too, is entitled to legislate obligatory laws, and indeed has such laws. The law of the "
9780814735206 - page_159: "START TEXT: church has been clear since its very founding, ruling that the rulers of nations are entitled to pas" ******* END TEXT: "aged to capture the hearts of his audience. It will be recalled that in his speech in Parliament of "
9780814735206 - page_160: "START TEXT: March 19, 1942—less than two months before Seredi’s speech—Kallay referred to Hungary’s war against " ******* END TEXT: " the logical result of the decrees, in the twentieth century the aim of taking over Jewish land was "
9780814735206 - page_161: "START TEXT: not even disguised. Seredi recommended that his believers “follow the examples set for us by the anc" ******* END TEXT: "e subject “Catholicism and Public Life.” He spoke of the roles of the leader and the led, and said:\n"
9780814735206 - page_162: "START TEXT: The leaders must remember at all times that they are to exercise the power entrusted to them accordi" ******* END TEXT: "the glory of victory will belong to the eternal King of all generations: the Lord Jesus Christ.”217\n"
9780814735206 - page_163: "START TEXT: With regard to the Jews the message was clear: they have no place in that “new world and new society" ******* END TEXT: "the permits of 3,748 Jews and of 79 Christians were canceled….. It is a wonderful fact that so many "
9780814735206 - page_164: "START TEXT: Christian tradesmen and craftsmen have been so rapidly integrated into our economy, after removing s" ******* END TEXT: "Orthodox church, Jeno Ortulay, spoke in the name of the local population after the prime minister’s "
9780814735206 - page_165: "START TEXT: speech. In the name of the hosts the Greek Orthodox Bishop Sandor Sztojka thanked the prime minister" ******* END TEXT: "bute to the war effort so as to defend Christian values did not go unheeded. In the very same issue "
9780814735206 - page_166: "START TEXT: of the newspaper that carried the Kallay speech cited here, there appeared an article that emphasize" ******* END TEXT: "nd upon the work which would be carried out within its walls.”225\nThe minister of propaganda spoke:\n"
9780814735206 - page_167: "START TEXT: Hungarian propaganda bases its methods upon the ideal contained in the concept of Jesus and upon the" ******* END TEXT: "e expelled from Hungary, into the Kamenets-Podolsk region of the Ukraine, where they were murdered.\n"
9780814735206 - page_168: "START TEXT: In the town of Ujvidek, in the area annexed to Hungary from Yugoslavia, the Hungarian security force" ******* END TEXT: "way solidarity. All three expressed at every opportunity opinions identical in their support of the "
9780814735206 - page_169: "START TEXT: steps proposed by the regime. Therefore, the awarding of this medal of excellence to the leader of t" ******* END TEXT: " in its history of hundreds of years, the day of the German invasion of Hungary, March 19, 1944.    "
9780814735206 - page_170: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735206 - page_79: "START TEXT: 2 Anti-Jewish Legislation" ******* END TEXT: "2 Anti-Jewish Legislation"
9780814735206 - page_80: "START TEXT: \n \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n \n"
9780814735206 - page_81: "START TEXT: Introduction\nThe anti-Jewish legislative process began in the spring of 1938 and lasted for some six" ******* END TEXT: "d below. The church joining this axis, representing the people and their leaders, added yet another "
9780814735206 - page_82: "START TEXT: dimension to the anti-Jewish campaign, and created a triangle that was to play a significant role du" ******* END TEXT: "ways square with the vital requirements of the Hungarian people….A solution should be found whereby "
9780814735206 - page_83: "START TEXT: Jewish influence in cultural and other domains of national life will be reduced. Such a solution wil" ******* END TEXT: "n the town of Pecs on January 16, 1938, “The desire is growing among Hungarian Christians to occupy "
9780814735206 - page_84: "START TEXT: those posts in industry and commerce which they had for so many years been content to leave to other" ******* END TEXT: "ee of a Balanced Social and Economic Life.” The preamble to the bill strives to give it a dimension "
9780814735206 - page_85: "START TEXT: of historical depth and links it with the Clerical People’s party, which had struggled at the close " ******* END TEXT: " Jews even those converts to Christianity who had converted after August 1, 1919, upon the collapse "
9780814735206 - page_86: "START TEXT: of the Bela Kun Communist regime. The church delegates would not accept this definition, claiming th" ******* END TEXT: "is intended to put in order economic issues such as providing employment opportunities and a fairer "
9780814735206 - page_87: "START TEXT: division of revenues, I should like to believe that this is merely the first step in a broader, gene" ******* END TEXT: "ructiveness is the basic characteristic of this race,16 for it seeks to live, and if we do not want "
9780814735206 - page_88: "START TEXT: its life to be destructive, as at present, we have to work for a change in the relations between Jew" ******* END TEXT: "cent is a particularly suitable backdrop for atoning and acting well.\nI accept the proposed bill.17\n"
9780814735206 - page_89: "START TEXT: The subject of anti-Jewish legislation was put on the agenda of the Synod of Catholic Bishops. Cardi" ******* END TEXT: " their Hungarian patriotism while presenting them as undesirable aliens whose presence on Hungarian "
9780814735206 - page_90: "START TEXT: soil was barely tolerated—all this in addition to imposing legal limitations upon them.\nThe Eucharis" ******* END TEXT: "l sang the most sublime hymn and in the name of which we strive for our rebirth. Love is an eternal "
9780814735206 - page_91: "START TEXT: concept and a practical platform, our task being to build with it a strong, unconquerable fortress o" ******* END TEXT: "d of the Jews on the other—might have generated a certain degree of confusion concerning the nature "
9780814735206 - page_92: "START TEXT: of the concepts of love and hate. But, even if confusion did arise to any extent in the hearts of th" ******* END TEXT: "eadquarters of the Arrow-Cross party, dipped their flags in honor of the residents of the building.\n"
9780814735206 - page_93: "START TEXT: The concluding speech at the eucharistic convention was delivered by Cardinal Seredi. He, too, spoke" ******* END TEXT: "n of the raging problems of social distress, and we shall be worthy of it only if our encouragement "
9780814735206 - page_94: "START TEXT: of love is from now on the alpha and omega of our entire existence.24\nPacelli made no attempt to cla" ******* END TEXT: " result in the solution of “the Jewish problem,” it did not remove the Jewish topic from the public "
9780814735206 - page_95: "START TEXT: agenda, and it had no noticeable tranquilizing effect. The atmosphere was saturated with antisemitic" ******* END TEXT: " the same indivisible concept.28\nWell aware of this problem, one Bela Papp, a spiritual leader from "
9780814735206 - page_96: "START TEXT: the town of Vac, spoke up at the convention: “With regard to our desire that the Jews become good Ch" ******* END TEXT: "wo Protestant churches were similar. Their reference to “understanding brotherly love” was aimed at "
9780814735206 - page_97: "START TEXT: converts only. The head of the Evangelical church had no good words to say of the Jews except for th" ******* END TEXT: " the realms of economics and society, while on the other, he must not harm people who have for many "
9780814735206 - page_98: "START TEXT: years now been following innocently and truthfully in the footsteps of Jesus.35\nAn impressive expres" ******* END TEXT: "f the treatment of Jews in our homeland is applied to people of other races as well, or to those of "
9780814735206 - page_99: "START TEXT: other religious communities…. Nevertheless, it is necessary to take additional measures against the " ******* END TEXT: "iven a clear signal of approval for their past activities. With regard to the future, they received "
9780814735206 - page_171: "START TEXT: 31944" ******* END TEXT: "31944"
9780814735206 - page_172: "START TEXT: \n \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n \n"
9780814735206 - page_173: "START TEXT: Introduction\nThe German invasion of Hungary on March 19, 1944, aroused no opposition among the Hunga" ******* END TEXT: "hening the vital link between the two nations. As a newspaper put it a few days after the invasion:\n"
9780814735206 - page_174: "START TEXT: The Hungarian nation has been living for hundreds of years in the Danube Basin, sharing the fate of " ******* END TEXT: "ctor of the interior ministry after the German invasion and was directly responsible for organizing "
9780814735206 - page_175: "START TEXT: the expulsion of Hungarian Jewry, reflected the approach of the Hungarians toward the Jews. A report" ******* END TEXT: "icies would be carried out in actual practice in Hungary as well. Despite this stand of theirs, the "
9780814735206 - page_176: "START TEXT: invading Germans did not enable them to participate in the government in any role at all.7 However, " ******* END TEXT: " prime minister announced that the regent had “guaranteed the government a free hand concerning the "
9780814735206 - page_177: "START TEXT: anti-Jewish regulations and that he is not interested in bringing any influence to bear on this subj" ******* END TEXT: "urchase animal fat and were required to make do with three hundred grams of sesame oil per month.11\n"
9780814735206 - page_178: "START TEXT: Incidentally, in this context the director of the interior ministry, Endre, commented piously, “From" ******* END TEXT: " Jewish problem once and for all according to a uniform and comprehensive program…. The steps taken "
9780814735206 - page_179: "START TEXT: until now are only the beginning of the final solution of this problem in Hungary…. The special desi" ******* END TEXT: "d deportation of the Jews moved on from one district to another according to a preplanned schedule, "
9780814735206 - page_180: "START TEXT: in which Budapest was to be the last district from which the Jews were to be expelled.\nA description" ******* END TEXT: "erred to “the spirit of Christianity”: “The general principle in connection with the transportation "
9780814735206 - page_181: "START TEXT: to camps and the deportations was that everything should be done in a humane way and in accordance w" ******* END TEXT: " future for Hungarian history as long as Stalin’s bolshevik empire is perched on the eastern slopes "
9780814735206 - page_182: "START TEXT: of the Carpathian mountains…. We shall also close accounts with our internal enemy, if once again he" ******* END TEXT: "his opinion—of the outbreak of World War I and of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy:\n"
9780814735206 - page_183: "START TEXT: Judaism made special efforts to replace Christianity and to upset the foundations of the central Chr" ******* END TEXT: "he deportation of the Jews to the Germans is thus understandable. In various Hungarian publications "
9780814735206 - page_184: "START TEXT: on this topic that have recently been printed, mention is made of the “expulsion of the Jews by the " ******* END TEXT: ". They received detailed instructions either from Director-General of the Interior Ministry Baky or "
9780814735206 - page_185: "START TEXT: from me. A representative of the German security police regularly took part in these meetings as wel" ******* END TEXT: "ent was written on May 26, 1944, by a German described in the document itself as “a special expert” "
9780814735206 - page_186: "START TEXT: sent to Budapest to report from there to Berlin on the progress in carrying out the deportation prog" ******* END TEXT: "e glorious project of the Hungarian gendarmerie?\nA: It was our job to carry out the instructions.41\n"
9780814735206 - page_187: "START TEXT: On this topic we also have the testimony of the two Germans who headed the German occupation apparat" ******* END TEXT: "ourselves. Why were you unable to do the very same thing in Hungary as well, with its smaller area?\n"
9780814735206 - page_188: "START TEXT: A: 1944 is considered to have been a year of crisis.\nQ: In other words, at that time you did not hav" ******* END TEXT: "d themselves as the vanguard of Christendom: so they were taught in the school and in the church.47\n"
9780814735206 - page_189: "START TEXT: A Hungarian priest, too, was of the opinion that the churches could have restrained the gendarmerie " ******* END TEXT: "riate for the national good.49 [The emphasis above and in the following three paragraphs is added.]\n"
9780814735206 - page_190: "START TEXT: The wording of the bill regarding the removal of the Jews from the various walks of life is an almos" ******* END TEXT: "n the plans and activities of the government on the Jewish question. They approached the government "
9780814735206 - page_191: "START TEXT: at various dates during the summer of 1944 and made their opinions known on the steps adopted by the" ******* END TEXT: "nown also as the Auschwitz Report.\nThe report is named after its compiler, a young Jew named Walter "
9780814735206 - page_192: "START TEXT: Rosenberg, who had been expelled from Slovakia to Auschwitz and who had escaped from there after a s" ******* END TEXT: "mmercial uses the Germans found for the corpses of the murdered. To his report he added sketches.57\n"
9780814735206 - page_193: "START TEXT: The report was immediately sent to Hungary to be distributed, and was handed over to an employee of " ******* END TEXT: " to forbid the representatives of the church to wear the six-pointed star. Were they to do so, this "
9780814735206 - page_194: "START TEXT: would have to be regarded as a renunciation of faith and cannot on this account be permitted. I am s" ******* END TEXT: "he importance of the morality of the regime, Seredi summed up his practical demands in five points:\n"
9780814735206 - page_195: "START TEXT: I herewith insistently request the Royal Hungarian Government of Christian Hungary, a government con" ******* END TEXT: "ics involving the converts. Sztojay agreed that the converts need not be represented by the Jews in "
9780814735206 - page_196: "START TEXT: their council. He promised that the minister of the interior would prepare appropriate legislation t" ******* END TEXT: "e, they have to be assured of freedom of religion. It must be made possible for them to leave their "
9780814735206 - page_197: "START TEXT: domiciles in order to fulfill their religious obligations and, should the need arise, priests must b" ******* END TEXT: "tter when I rose to defend righteousness and, in particular, the rights of our Catholic brethren.71\n"
9780814735206 - page_198: "START TEXT: Seredi thus concludes this stage of his treatment of the subject by professing innocence of any guil" ******* END TEXT: "aith. Since this memorandum remained unanswered, the church presidency sent yet another memorandum, "
9780814735206 - page_199: "START TEXT: on May 26, to the head of the Royal Hungarian Government, in which it adopted the following position" ******* END TEXT: "re not dealing with politics now. The execution of this solution is a great work of administration. "
9780814735206 - page_200: "START TEXT: We are not experts on that…. We do not wish to aggravate Your Excellency’s political position; we ev" ******* END TEXT: "e fact that persons are persecuted because of their racial origin is in itself a breach of the laws "
9780814735206 - page_201: "START TEXT: of nature… but to pass anti-Jewish laws without taking into consideration that many Jews have, throu" ******* END TEXT: "ced at the disposal of the German government. The fact that these laborers took their families with "
9780814735206 - page_202: "START TEXT: them to Germany was due to the consideration that it would be better not to part these families, as " ******* END TEXT: "er occasions that he was carrying out the deportation while guided by the “spirit of Christianity.”\n"
9780814735206 - page_203: "START TEXT: As already noted, the nuncio was especially interested in the fate of the converts. The nuncio’s att" ******* END TEXT: "e converted and joined us are suffering from an approach which not only contradicts our Evangelical "
9780814735206 - page_204: "START TEXT: outlook, but also opposes our 900-year-old Hungarian-Christian past…. Until now they lived in the gh" ******* END TEXT: "n behalf of the converts only. Cardinal Seredi requested that they be exempted from the obligations "
9780814735206 - page_205: "START TEXT: of the anti-Jewish legislation, while Reformed Bishop Ravasz himself, in a speech delivered in the C" ******* END TEXT: "gical guideline to the Shepherds’ Epistle of the Catholic church, as it was later worded by Seredi:\n"
9780814735206 - page_206: "START TEXT: We must mention the deprivation of the rights of the Jews only in a general fashion. While it is tru" ******* END TEXT: "uman dignity, freedom of religion, the right to possess property, and so on. All this is done while "
9780814735206 - page_207: "START TEXT: quoting freely from the Bible and mentioning the humane approach adopted by various popes.\nIn dealin" ******* END TEXT: "sible steps to achieve our aim.\nNevertheless, we now perceive in amazement that despite our efforts "
9780814735206 - page_208: "START TEXT: and all our discussions, our pressure on extremely important matters has been almost fruitless. For " ******* END TEXT: "f the term success in describing the events of those days is a clear sign of a lack of sensitivity.\n"
9780814735206 - page_209: "START TEXT: As noted above, in contrast with the obscure language employed throughout most of the epistle, Sered" ******* END TEXT: "ng the leaders of their churches.\nWhat did the Shepherds’ Epistle omit? It omitted any reference to "
9780814735206 - page_210: "START TEXT: accepted moral standards; it omitted any call for an examination of current events and contemporary " ******* END TEXT: "aithful, but the government learned of it nevertheless.99 The postal system was instructed to delay "
9780814735206 - page_211: "START TEXT: the dispatch of Seredi’s epistles, but some of these were packed in parcels and so reached their des" ******* END TEXT: "of the converts, to lighten their burden. The prime minister summed up his position in five points:\n"
9780814735206 - page_212: "START TEXT: 1. The government had set up a council to protect Christians of Jewish origin. This council would fu" ******* END TEXT: "he converts and refraining from reading the epistle. It should be noted that the prime minister met "
9780814735206 - page_213: "START TEXT: with Seredi in Gerecse a mere two days after he met with the nuncio in Budapest.101 The impression h" ******* END TEXT: "g the church leaders, and made use of various devices to have the letters shelved. Had they reached "
9780814735206 - page_214: "START TEXT: their destinations, it is doubtful if they would have attracted much attention, and it is almost cer" ******* END TEXT: "Church.\nThe local branch office of the Arrow-Cross party signed the fliers and distributed them.106\n"
9780814735206 - page_215: "START TEXT: The German ambassador, Veesenmayer, reported the thanksgiving prayer service at the Franciscan churc" ******* END TEXT: "ing ahead rapidly on all fronts. And in the west, the allies had liberated Cherbourg on June 26.109\n"
9780814735206 - page_216: "START TEXT: The new situation encouraged Horthy to reconsider the passive approach he had adopted ever since the" ******* END TEXT: "s of seventy Hungarians and Germans described as the main parties responsible for the deportations.\n"
9780814735206 - page_217: "START TEXT: Sztojay attempted to make an impression upon me, and so explained to me that this threat does not fr" ******* END TEXT: "impossible task, despite the efforts made by the Jewish leadership to assist and to guide those who "
9780814735206 - page_218: "START TEXT: had been evicted from their homes. Wagon and truck drivers took advantage of the opportunity they we" ******* END TEXT: "proposal both practical and indirect, which would facilitate the continued deportation of the Jews:\n"
9780814735206 - page_219: "START TEXT: There are at present in Budapest approximately 280,000 Jews…. The number of converts to Christianity" ******* END TEXT: "osal of the German Reich, from August 28, 1944, all those Jews: [a] serving in the labor battalions "
9780814735206 - page_220: "START TEXT: and whose families are already in Germany (some 50,000—60,000 persons);[b] with a criminal record or" ******* END TEXT: " arrangement the government proposed in its August 10 session as well as from his conversation with "
9780814735206 - page_221: "START TEXT: Baky. It has already been shown that this distinction was paramount in the government’s discussions " ******* END TEXT: "d request the government’s consent to renew action against the Jews. He expressed his hope that the "
9780814735206 - page_222: "START TEXT: separation of those whom he called Christian Jews—those who had converted prior to January 1, 1941—w" ******* END TEXT: "ing the German presence; to put an immediate end to all persecution of the Jews; and to prepare for "
9780814735206 - page_223: "START TEXT: Hungary an armistice agreement to be put into effect at the appropriate time.\nThe first and third as" ******* END TEXT: "in the event that the Jews of Budapest were to be deported. As we have noted, these rumors had some "
9780814735206 - page_224: "START TEXT: basis in fact. And so, while between early January and March 19, 1944, the offices of the Jewish com" ******* END TEXT: ", thus enabling church authorities to extend their protection to those fleeing for their lives. But "
9780814735206 - page_225: "START TEXT: the church leaders did not choose to act in this fashion. Not only did they not extend a helping han" ******* END TEXT: " in the press, drawing the attention of those in charge, for the betrayal of Christianity will lead "
9780814735206 - page_226: "START TEXT: both to the church being punished and to strong reprisals by the state authorities.\nAllow me to add " ******* END TEXT: "g even more than half a year.”140\nThe period required for the conversion of Jews was treated by the "
9780814735206 - page_227: "START TEXT: churches as if those who sought sanctuary with the church had all the time in the world at their dis" ******* END TEXT: "t any obstacles in their path and settled for more convenient conditions. The Catholic church takes "
9780814735206 - page_228: "START TEXT: a liberal approach on this matter; nevertheless, ten days ago a directive of the Catholic church cam" ******* END TEXT: "ed churches, as showing mercy to Jews. The consideration of the allegation occupied the Evangelical "
9780814735206 - page_229: "START TEXT: church and reached the desk of its leader. A final memorandum dated October 3, 1944, of over a thous" ******* END TEXT: "pest in the summer of 1944 is not to be attributed to the churches. These were at best indifferent.\n"
9780814735206 - page_230: "START TEXT: Hungarian Initiatives\nIn setting out to execute its anti-Jewish policies, the Hungarian government e" ******* END TEXT: "re the local population assisted in furthering the actions taken by the authorities. In most places "
9780814735206 - page_231: "START TEXT: the people placed at the disposal of the authorities, and at no cost whatever, vehicles to speed up " ******* END TEXT: "early May, a local newspaper raised the question whether the Jews were to be permitted to own dogs:\n"
9780814735206 - page_232: "START TEXT: The eight hundred thousand Hungarian dogs are of considerable national economic value…. The pedigree" ******* END TEXT: "ce, a much smaller number of Hungarians will be harmed and many more Jews will perish. After all is "
9780814735206 - page_233: "START TEXT: said and done, every Hungarian is duty-bound to strive to attain these goals.152\nSupport for this ki" ******* END TEXT: "liberated us from our sufferings in order to maintain forever in our hands our national revival.156\n"
9780814735206 - page_234: "START TEXT: Here is a fitting place to recall that in Szeged, under the flag of the Holy Virgin, Horthy and his " ******* END TEXT: "Prohaszka Ottokar, who had been active at the beginning of the century until his death in 1927, and "
9780814735206 - page_235: "START TEXT: was considered one of the founding fathers of clerical antisemitism. With regard to the Jews he free" ******* END TEXT: "which Jewish greed managed to accumulate during the liberal period has ceased to be their property.\n"
9780814735206 - page_236: "START TEXT: All this now belongs to the Hungarian nation…. This property must benefit the entire Hungarian natio" ******* END TEXT: "iest from the mission of the town of Kiskunhalas found a way to proceed that won Raffay’s approval.\n"
9780814735206 - page_237: "START TEXT: In his letter of August 16, 1944, to those in charge of the mission in Kiskunhalas, he wrote,\nBlesse" ******* END TEXT: "at owned equipment suited to his own needs and those of his business. The applicant also added that "
9780814735206 - page_238: "START TEXT: those firms were now shut down, and he requested that they be transferred to him with all their equi" ******* END TEXT: "xamination was to be carried out, and stated who had to be examined. He based his instructions on a "
9780814735206 - page_239: "START TEXT: government directive that appeared in March 1944.168 However, the document he was referring to, ME 1" ******* END TEXT: "our educational institutions.”171\nIt may be assumed that among the 13 million Hungarians there were "
9780814735206 - page_240: "START TEXT: those with human feelings who took pity on their neighbors when they saw what was done to them, and " ******* END TEXT: " many proposals to render the system more efficient, in addition to making the thirty-five thousand "
9780814735206 - page_241: "START TEXT: denouncements mentioned at the outset of this chapter. The Germans proposed two deportation trains p" ******* END TEXT: " by watching the torments of suffering human beings was the train allowed to proceed on its way.175\n"
9780814735206 - page_242: "START TEXT: Conclusion\nThe last chords in the symphony of antisemitic hatred that had begun to be heard decades " ******* END TEXT: "tation period as well. The priests did nothing to save the Jews. Even if we assume that the priests "
9780814735206 - page_243: "START TEXT: were convinced that their secret correspondence with the government on behalf of the converts and th" ******* END TEXT: "lows: “These papal decrees and synod resolutions have never been abrogated. Consequently, all these "
9780814735206 - page_244: "START TEXT: decrees are valid to this day.”181 Even if there were priests who did not fully agree with the conte" ******* END TEXT: "resent throughout the delegitimizing process, and the Hungarian legislators enjoyed their support.\n\n"
9780814735206 - page_245: "START TEXT: Notes\nI. The Preparatory Years\n1.Jacob Katz, “The Unique Character of Hungarian Jewry,” in Hungarian" ******* END TEXT: "Antisemitism in Hungary, 1867–1914, Tel Aviv, 1967, 253. In Hebrew.\n7. Ibid.\n8. Ibid.\n9. Ibid., 12.\n"
9780814735206 - page_246: "START TEXT: 10. Ibid., 14–15.\n11. Ibid., 16–17.\n12. From the introduction compiled by the Hungarian author Mor J" ******* END TEXT: "icule that occupation and, by association, those who have need of it. Both Bary and the antisemitic "
9780814735206 - page_247: "START TEXT: periodicals, including the clerical one, made consistent and sole use of the term sakter throughout " ******* END TEXT: "; the Protestant sects had 13 representatives.” See also Venetianer, Zsidosag, 424.\n60. Ibid., 442.\n"
9780814735206 - page_248: "START TEXT: 61. Katzburg, Struggle, 140–41.\n62. Venetianer, Zsidosag, 446–47.\n63. Ibid., 447.\n64. Ibid., 450–52." ******* END TEXT: "1981, 33–34; M. Nagy-Talavera, The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and "
9780814735206 - page_249: "START TEXT: Rumania (hereafter Nagy-Talavera, Green Shirts), Stanford, 1970, 24–25; Encyclopedia Judaica, vol. 1" ******* END TEXT: "n River delta. According to a Hungarian legend, the Hungarian tribes sealed a blood pact among them "
9780814735206 - page_250: "START TEXT: selves. The seven tribal leaders let a little of their blood into a basin, stirred the blood mixture" ******* END TEXT: "direct intervention and influence of church functionaries. See also Nemes, Ellenforradalom, 151–54.\n"
9780814735206 - page_251: "START TEXT: 114. Nemzeti Ujsag, December 30, 1919, 3. See also Nemes, Ellenforradalom, 154.\n115. Ibid., 150.\n116" ******* END TEXT: "Ibid., 67–68.\n141. Ibid., 83.\n142. For Father Zakany’s attitude toward the Jews, see part 1, p. 31.\n"
9780814735206 - page_252: "START TEXT: 143. Haller, Numerus Clausus, 98–106.\n144. Ibid., 106–18, 122–23.\n145. Ibid., 134.\n146. Katzburg, Hu" ******* END TEXT: "the Redeemer and the Liberator.” Fuggetlenseg, August 13, 1940, 5.\n167. Magyarsag, May 10, 1933, 4.\n"
9780814735206 - page_253: "START TEXT: 168. Ibid., June 25, 1933, 5.\n169. Ibid., July 2, 1933, 4.\n170. Ibid., November 4, 1933, 1–2.\n171. I" ******* END TEXT: "arsag, November 19, 1933, 4. See also Gergely, PPK, 153–54.\n190. Zsido Szemle, December 1, 1934, 5.\n"
9780814735206 - page_254: "START TEXT: 191. Pesti Hirlap, May 15, 1934, 8.\n192. Uj Magyar sag, October 6, 1936, 3.\n193. Korunk Szava (The V" ******* END TEXT: "the second anti-Jewish bill in the Upper House, during which Bishop Glattfelder spoke admiringly of "
9780814735206 - page_255: "START TEXT: former popes and church leaders who enacted numerous anti-Jewish laws. Nemzeti Ujsag, April 1, 1939," ******* END TEXT: "s as the insect in the apple, as the serpent in the breast…They have already begun to gnaw like the "
9780814735206 - page_256: "START TEXT: rat.” James Morton Freeman, Centuries of Intolerance: The Record of the Roman Catholic Church and An" ******* END TEXT: "the Catholic periodical Vigilia, 1975, vol. 3, 184.\n245. Macartney, October Fifteenth, vol. 2, 448.\n"
9780814735206 - page_257: "START TEXT: 246. Kurir, April 15, 1938, 1.\n247. Lacko, Nyilasok, 126.\n248. Ibid., 127.\n249. Levai, Horogkereszt," ******* END TEXT: "umerical relationship among the churches, it may be assumed that the Protestant churches were repre "
9780814735206 - page_258: "START TEXT: sented in the Upper House by about half the number of representatives the Catholics had.\n14. Dr. Hen" ******* END TEXT: "led its banners—church banners—in honor of the building and its occupants. Levai, Horogkereszt, 70.\n"
9780814735206 - page_259: "START TEXT: 26. See part 1, 75, for the impressive increase in the number of Arrow-Cross party members during th" ******* END TEXT: "ish poison. The hate-filled articles were often written by church functionaries. One of the writers "
9780814735206 - page_260: "START TEXT: of articles in the Catholic publication, Magyar Kultura, which was, incidentally, the periodical rea" ******* END TEXT: "ican army intelligence officer, Imredi claimed that he was “a Hungarian nobleman.” The interrogator "
9780814735206 - page_261: "START TEXT: commented on that: “And as a nobleman, you are not ashamed to be carrying around a collection of doc" ******* END TEXT: " Christian spirit—and not only with politics. We want to burn out with fire the corrupting features "
9780814735206 - page_262: "START TEXT: of our theater and press.” Norman Baynes, Hitler: Speeches, 1922—1934 (hereafter Baynes, Hitler: Spe" ******* END TEXT: "w which does not harmonize fully with the laws of God and the church. They also will not accept the "
9780814735206 - page_263: "START TEXT: existence of such a law, and will not act according to its provisions.” Magyarsag, March 6, 1934, 2." ******* END TEXT: "the second anti-Jewish law: “The integration of Hungarian Christian elements in mercantile life has "
9780814735206 - page_264: "START TEXT: taken giant steps forward during the past year. In the immediate future the reorganization of the ma" ******* END TEXT: "getlenseg, May 16, 1939, 5.\n112. Pesti Hirlap, May 17, 1939, 8.\n113. Fuggetlenseg, May 20, 1939, 1.\n"
9780814735206 - page_265: "START TEXT: 114. Hungary joined the three-way alliance, Germany-Italy-Japan, about two weeks after the Teleki sp" ******* END TEXT: "e did not begin with this war. It has been going on since Judaism appeared on the stage of history, "
9780814735206 - page_266: "START TEXT: and ever since, we and the Jews have been living in two different worlds.” Uj Nemzedek, June 26, 194" ******* END TEXT: " Minister Teleki, in which he complained that Jews drafted into the work units were making advances "
9780814735206 - page_267: "START TEXT: to innocent Hungarian girls who were living under difficult economic conditions, and were persuading" ******* END TEXT: "phecy which foresaw the Jews joining the destructive and revolutionary extremist movements, and the "
9780814735206 - page_268: "START TEXT: prophecy of the destruction of the royal houses is taking place right now before us.” Nemzeti Ujsag," ******* END TEXT: "42 figured that “the eastern barbarism,” which Kallay attacked vehemently and against which Hungary "
9780814735206 - page_269: "START TEXT: went to war, was nothing but “Nazi heresy.” In his numerous speeches Kallay repeats again and again " ******* END TEXT: "2. The report appeared in a paper distributed nationally, Reggeli Ma-gyarorszag, March 31, 1942, 5.\n"
9780814735206 - page_270: "START TEXT: 183. Nemzeti Ujsag, April 21, 1942, 1–3. In his book, mentioned above in n. 177, Kallay devoted a si" ******* END TEXT: "d of land. Nearly 90 percent of this was owned by the Catholic church. Gergely, PPK, 373. It should "
9780814735206 - page_271: "START TEXT: be noted that the Reformed church—which at the time was in possession of some one hundred thousand h" ******* END TEXT: "ws have maneuvered the British Empire into a most hazardous crisis. The Jews have been the carriers "
9780814735206 - page_272: "START TEXT: of the bacteria of the Bolshevik plague which threatens Europe with oblivion.” Nemzeti Ujsag, April " ******* END TEXT: "ag, January 9, 1942.\n220. Reggeli Magyarorszag, July 17,1942, 3. Even the Organization of Christian "
9780814735206 - page_273: "START TEXT: Merchants, “Baross,” encouraged its members to exhibit a crucifix in their shops.\n221. Ibid., Octobe" ******* END TEXT: " in a similar vein: “In the western democracies people are being unrestrainedly incited against the "
9780814735206 - page_274: "START TEXT: states which enacted laws against the Jews, including Hungary…Local Jewry must vehemently reject suc" ******* END TEXT: " of the Persecution of the Jews in Hungary; hereafter Karsai, Vadirat), vol. 1, Budapest, 1958, 38.\n"
9780814735206 - page_275: "START TEXT: 3. Moshe Zandberg, Year without End, Jerusalem, 1966, 9 (in Hebrew). See also The Diary of Eva Heima" ******* END TEXT: "Attorney-General against Adolf Eichmann, Testimony (hereafter Attorney-General), vol. 2, Jerusalem, "
9780814735206 - page_276: "START TEXT: 1963, 795. Considerable cynicism was thus necessary to describe the appearance of the ghetto after i" ******* END TEXT: "of which the government has deemed it fitting to table this bill.” Nemzeti Ujsag, April 1, 1939, 1.\n"
9780814735206 - page_277: "START TEXT: 26. Nemzedek, May 18, 1944, 5.\n27. Uj Nemzetor, April 7, 1944; quoted by Karsai, Itel A Nep (The Peo" ******* END TEXT: " Gerald Reitlinger, The Final Solution (hereafter Reitlinger, Final Solution), New York, 1953, 431.\n"
9780814735206 - page_278: "START TEXT: 47. R. Major, The Churches and the Jews in Hungary, Chicago, 1966, 378–79.\n48. Father Jozsef Elias m" ******* END TEXT: "s in public office were prohibited, “since it is quite absurd that any who blaspheme against Christ "
9780814735206 - page_279: "START TEXT: should have power over Christians…We forbid that Jews be given preferment in public office since thi" ******* END TEXT: ", Vadirat, vol. 3, 7.\n78. Levai, Black Book, 197. The nuncio stressed that the struggle against the "
9780814735206 - page_280: "START TEXT: Jews not be waged “beyond the borders dictated by the laws of nature,” i.e., that as long as the str" ******* END TEXT: "ia, May-June 1966, 69.\n89. The writer’s conversation with Rabbi Professor Meir Weiss in his home in "
9780814735206 - page_281: "START TEXT: Jerusalem on April 23, 1985. The bishops quoted expressed an opinion acceptable in Christian theolog" ******* END TEXT: "di writes that even without this intrachurch cooperation, “we are succeeding in achieving our aim.”\n"
9780814735206 - page_282: "START TEXT: 98. Levai, Black Book, 221–22.\n99. The rules of censorship did not apply to church publications, and" ******* END TEXT: "asons why the Hungarian government decided to put an end to the deportations. Ibid., vol. 3, 81–82.\n"
9780814735206 - page_283: "START TEXT: 110. Ibid., vol. 3, 4–5.\n111. Ibid., vol. 3, 81–82. It is a reasonable assumption that the decoded t" ******* END TEXT: ", and were permitted to take with them only a minimal amount of vital clothing. Ibid., vol. 2, 164.\n"
9780814735206 - page_284: "START TEXT: 115. Ibid., vol. 2, 316–17.\n116. Ibid., vol. 3, 114.\n117. Ibid., vol. 3, 329. Separating the convert" ******* END TEXT: "efer to the fact that in my time I was the first to raise my voice against the destructive attitude "
9780814735206 - page_285: "START TEXT: of the Jews and since then appropriate measures were taken by me to force back their influence.” Ibi" ******* END TEXT: "aham does not make this claim explicitly, but the text paints just such a picture. According to Dr. "
9780814735206 - page_286: "START TEXT: Sandor Torok’s testimony, Ravasz, too, referred to what was happening to the Jews, saying, “I didn’t" ******* END TEXT: " Ibid., vol. 3, 179 ff.\n147. Uj Magyarsag, May 12, 1944, 5. A newspaper interview with Laszlo Endre "
9780814735206 - page_287: "START TEXT: after he flew to visit thirty-four towns to supervise the deportations personally.\n148. Magyarorszag" ******* END TEXT: "ho the relevant anti-Jewish laws apply to. See also ibid., vol. 2, 355.\n169. Ibid., vol. 3, 381–89.\n"
9780814735206 - page_288: "START TEXT: 170. Ibid., vol. 3, 447.\n171. Ibid., vol. 3, 501. The instructions of the Catholic education inspect" ******* END TEXT: "len Mult, 87.\n183. Nagy-Talavera, Green Shirts, 230. This event took place after October 15, 1944.\n\n"
9780814735206 - page_289: "START TEXT: Index\nAcademic professionals, 164\nAccepted religions, 17–18, 143, 144–45\nActio Catholica, 58, 61–65," ******* END TEXT: "ss party, 65–75, 92, 102, 122, 140, 144, 221\nand anti-Jewish legislation, 126, 128–30\nand explusion "
9780814735206 - page_290: "START TEXT: of Jews, 214, 215\nGermans and, 175, 176, 211\nmembership, 258–59n 26\nArthony-Jungerth (deputy foreign" ******* END TEXT: "5–86, 94\nantisemitism, 81–82\nand explusion of Jews, 158–63, 190–205\nfailure to protect Jews, 203–5. "
9780814735206 - page_291: "START TEXT: See also Catholic church; Protestant churches\nChristian Economic party, 47\nChristian Executive Commi" ******* END TEXT: "05\nDecrees imposed on Jews, 132, 143, 160, 163, 177–78, 218, 223\nexemption of\nconverts from, 211–12\n"
9780814735206 - page_292: "START TEXT: Decsey, Geza, 121\nDehumanization of Jews, 244\nDeportation of Jews. See Expulsion of Jews\n“Determinin" ******* END TEXT: "on with churches, 168–69 (see also Church/state relations)\ncooperation with Synod of Bishops, 34–35\n"
9780814735206 - page_293: "START TEXT: and German invasion, 175–77\ninitiatives in deportation of Budapest Jews, 230–41\nand Jewish property," ******* END TEXT: "Jewish Estates Law\nJewish organizations: Western Europe, 46–47\nJewish problem, 85, 86–87, 108, 114, "
9780814735206 - page_294: "START TEXT: 132\nanti-Jewish legislation and, 94–95\nassimilation as solution to, 116–17\ndistinction between conve" ******* END TEXT: "1–42. See also\nParliament; Upper House Lehar, Antal, 27\nLevai, Eugene (Jeno), 184, 193\nLevente, 143\n"
9780814735206 - page_295: "START TEXT: Liberal party, 126\nLiberal press, 62–63\nLiberal regime, 23, 48\nLiberalism, 21, 22–23, 39\nLocal autho" ******* END TEXT: "n of Jews, 152, 153, 154\nand Jewish Religion Status-Lowering Act, 144\nand Labor Battalions Act, 142\n"
9780814735206 - page_296: "START TEXT: Party Union of Hungarian Christian Women, 53\nPatriotic organizations, 29–30\nPatriotism, 6–7, 89\nPecs" ******* END TEXT: "s, 244\nGeneral Reformed Convent Congress, 161–62\nland ownership, 271n. 198\nand mixed marriages, 135\n"
9780814735206 - page_297: "START TEXT: Regime(s): cooperation with churches, 39, 40\ncounterrevolutionary, 39, 40, 43\nliberal, 23, 48\nRegula" ******* END TEXT: ", Sandor, 243\nSzijjarto, Gabor, 72–73\nSzorenyi, Andor, 120–21\nSztojay, Dome, 154, 175\nand expulsion "
9780814735206 - page_298: "START TEXT: of Jews, 193–96, 198, 200–202, 203, 216–17, 221–22\nSztojay government, 191, 260n. 52\nSztojka, Sandor" ******* END TEXT: "party\nWolf, Karoly, 34, 48, 49, 51–54, 55, 60, 65, 67, 105, 124, 261n. 59\n“Wolf’s Secret Group,” 49\n"
9780814735206 - page_299: "START TEXT: World War I, 23, 76, 142, 182\nWorld War II, 152, 215\nYear without End, A (Zandberg), 269n. 177\n“Year" ******* END TEXT: ", 174, 269n. 177\nZichy, Janos, 101\nZichy, Nandor, 19\nZicsy, Gyula, 133, 143\nZoldi, Marton, 276n. 19 "
9780814735206 - page_300: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nThe countless immigrant clients and families with whom I have worked over the past 2" ******* END TEXT: "called Pancho, Pedro, Leonardo, Maria, and Reynaldo, whose birth certificates bore the names Frank, "
9780814735237 - page_x: "START TEXT: Peter, Leonard, Mary, and Ray. Although my birth certificate reads “Billy,” my parents, like all Chi" ******* END TEXT: "John Hart Ely, Ed Epstein, Lawrence Friedman, Tom Grey, J. D. Hokoyama, Kevin Johnson, Jerry López, "
9780814735237 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Shauna Marshall, Bill McGowan, Joyce Hing McGowan, Miguel Méndez, Mary Morgan, Rose Matsui Ochi, Jos" ******* END TEXT: "and Julianne. They are my spirit, bringing perspective, balance, sanity, and sustenance to my life.\n"
9780814735237 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_10: "START TEXT: things were all right. The mine-mill labor union was active. My parents extended grocery store credi" ******* END TEXT: "name first—as Ong Chun Hing. The clueless immigration official wrote down Hing as the family name.)\n"
9780814735237 - page_11: "START TEXT: Many of my high school classmates went to college. Others stayed in Superior and mined copper like t" ******* END TEXT: "munity activities, spouse, and parent—has reinforced the values I began to develop in Superior. How "
9780814735237 - page_12: "START TEXT: could I not be influenced by my African American college roommate from Texas, the jazz band we forme" ******* END TEXT: "a multiracial society, I continue to try to make sense of how that past affects my thinking today.\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_6: "START TEXT: chapter 1A Superior Multicultural Experience\nOur experiences, from childhood through adolescence, yo" ******* END TEXT: "merican culture growing up in Superior. I spent a good deal of time at my friend Leonard Martinez’s "
9780814735237 - page_7: "START TEXT: house, eating and talking with Leonard and his grandmother, who was from Mexico. I learned about hun" ******* END TEXT: "ed in Louisville, the family that was assigned to him was chuckling on the drive to their house. He "
9780814735237 - page_8: "START TEXT: asked them why, and they explained that with a name like “Billy Joe,” they were expecting him to be " ******* END TEXT: "o present an oral presentation in class, he absolutely blew everyone away. He read a moving passage "
9780814735237 - page_9: "START TEXT: from the book as part of his presentation, and acted out another scene. In the end, the entire class" ******* END TEXT: "hat particular shift looked relieved; the others could not calm down until they went home to see if "
9780814735237 - page_13: "START TEXT: chapter 2A Nation of Immigrants, a History of Nativism\n“We are a nation of immigrants.” How many tim" ******* END TEXT: " are costly, the non-English speakers make life complicated, new immigrants don’t have our values.”\n"
9780814735237 - page_14: "START TEXT: As early as 1751, Benjamin Franklin opposed the influx of German immigrants, warning that “Pennsylva" ******* END TEXT: " to $2.00 a day. The Chinese had frequently been politically exploited on labor issues. Mine owners "
9780814735237 - page_15: "START TEXT: threatened to let the Chinese take over the entire industry because white miners demanded $3 a day w" ******* END TEXT: "ays. The alternative was total exclusion of culturally distant groups. American opinion leaders may "
9780814735237 - page_16: "START TEXT: have had a real melting pot in mind prior to the arrival of the Chinese, albeit one which already ex" ******* END TEXT: "ed against the brown, black, and yellow foreigners in the mines. This racial prejudice, exacerbated "
9780814735237 - page_17: "START TEXT: by fear of competition from aliens, prompted calls for restrictive federal immigration laws.\nCalifor" ******* END TEXT: "amor, the forty-seventh Congress enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act on May 6, 1882. The law excluded "
9780814735237 - page_18: "START TEXT: laborers for ten years. But leaders of the anti-Chinese movement were not satisfied. After pressing " ******* END TEXT: " recruitment of Mexican immigrants through the late 1800s, nativist sentiment was also conspicuous. "
9780814735237 - page_19: "START TEXT: Mexican immigrants may have been welcomed as workers, but they occupied an inferior position in the " ******* END TEXT: "ome was considered important so that Mexican women could fill the labor need for domestic servants, "
9780814735237 - page_20: "START TEXT: seamstresses, laundresses, and service workers in the Southwest; it would also contribute to “‘curin" ******* END TEXT: "le by emulating superior white civilization and striving for agrarian self-sufficiency. But many of "
9780814735237 - page_21: "START TEXT: the methods used constituted more of “a systemic policy of cultural annihilation.”18\nAssimilation so" ******* END TEXT: "e Americans disoriented and ostracized. Sent out into the white world, they were spurned because of "
9780814735237 - page_22: "START TEXT: their facial features and class status, notwithstanding their “Americanization.” Those who returned " ******* END TEXT: " which remains the decade that witnessed the greatest immigration to the United States, 1.5 million "
9780814735237 - page_23: "START TEXT: immigrants entered from Russia and another 2 million from Italy and Austria-Hungary. The constant fl" ******* END TEXT: " employer sanction law that was referred to as the Rodino Bill. Exclusionists constantly complained "
9780814735237 - page_24: "START TEXT: about undocumented workers coming across the U.S.-Mexico border, and the Commissioner of the INS rou" ******* END TEXT: "eparture. Because of the public outrage, as of August 20, 1982, the INS ceased to enforce departure "
9780814735237 - page_25: "START TEXT: in cases involving former Silva letter recipients subject to deportation or exclusion proceedings. H" ******* END TEXT: "unity, while providing no jobs for native-born citizens.33 Curiously, “Operation Jobs” was launched "
9780814735237 - page_26: "START TEXT: during the same week that restrictive legislation (the Simpson-Mazzoli Bill) was being marked up in " ******* END TEXT: " of law in Connecticut was invalidated, and in Sugarman v. Dougall,40 a New York law providing that "
9780814735237 - page_27: "START TEXT: only U.S. citizens could hold permanent state civil service positions was struck down. However, the " ******* END TEXT: "e Parole Programs authorized by the attorney general. Following the tightening of Vietnam’s grip on "
9780814735237 - page_28: "START TEXT: Cambodia, several hundred thousand “boat people” and many Cambodian and Laotian refugees entered. In" ******* END TEXT: " to be reunited with siblings. He persisted in his efforts to abolish the category until he retired "
9780814735237 - page_29: "START TEXT: in 1996. These efforts have constituted a rather transparent attack on Asian and Mexican immigrants." ******* END TEXT: "testing students at Tiennanmen Square in 1989. It was the nature of these claims that exclusionists "
9780814735237 - page_30: "START TEXT: labeled outrageous, citing the Chinese as perfect examples of how the asylum system was being exploi" ******* END TEXT: "h notions of diversity and change.\nRefugees, immigrants, and their advocates have come to rely upon "
9780814735237 - page_31: "START TEXT: the final and most famous lines of the American Jewish poet Emma Lazarus’s sonnet engraved at the ba" ******* END TEXT: "at-be have once more become uncomfortable with what is becoming of the definition of an American.\n\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_32: "START TEXT: chapter 3Mi Cliente y Amigo Rodolfo Martinez Padilla\nI am often asked by students and friends, espec" ******* END TEXT: "pertained to landlord-tenant disputes or consumer issues. The work was so rewarding and stimulating "
9780814735237 - page_33: "START TEXT: that I continued to clerk there until I graduated in 1974. Clearly, law school would have been a mis" ******* END TEXT: "d a messy picture to say the least.\nBefore my mother could reenter the United States in 1926 as the "
9780814735237 - page_34: "START TEXT: spouse of a U.S. citizen, she had to pass inspection at Angel Island in San Francisco Bay. Between 1" ******* END TEXT: "They were Geen Hong Go (Uncle Art) and Cherng Goo Cherng (Uncle Charlie). Having entered the United "
9780814735237 - page_35: "START TEXT: States with false papers, they were always introduced to the townspeople as my father’s brothers. Al" ******* END TEXT: "a matters. But over the years I have represented several hundred clients—of myriad nationalities—in "
9780814735237 - page_36: "START TEXT: deportation proceedings. In the late 1970s, part of my function as a legal services attorney was to " ******* END TEXT: "ir strongest advocate for resisting deportation. How in the world, she asked, could they be hurting "
9780814735237 - page_37: "START TEXT: anyone; and why in the world would the INS want to deport such a decent family? After a struggle tha" ******* END TEXT: "form and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA). Rodolfo is married and has two U.S. citizen children (one from "
9780814735237 - page_38: "START TEXT: a prior relationship); he sees and cares for both of them regularly. He acts as a constant mentor an" ******* END TEXT: "f the owner of Le Lumiere owned another restaurant, Carol’s, and she asked Rodolfo to work there as "
9780814735237 - page_39: "START TEXT: well. Rodolfo would work at Carol’s in the morning and Le Lumiere in the afternoons and evening. Rod" ******* END TEXT: "at the Elks Club part-time as a janitor. The Elks Club paid $4.50 an hour. Rodolfo’s brother worked "
9780814735237 - page_40: "START TEXT: at the Elks Club for eleven years as a janitor. His brother got the job through a friend. His brothe" ******* END TEXT: "visor submitted a letter of support.\n8. Rodolfo got his current job at Star Products, where he is a "
9780814735237 - page_41: "START TEXT: machine operator assembling electronic and computer parts, through his sister-in-law who works there" ******* END TEXT: "or to provide the company with janitorial services. The way this came about is that Rodolfo noticed "
9780814735237 - page_42: "START TEXT: that the president often complained about the regular janitorial service. Apparently, they are very " ******* END TEXT: "o’s job history reveals, they may take low-paying jobs, but they keep an eye open for better-paying "
9780814735237 - page_43: "START TEXT: positions. The twin economic arguments—job and wage displacement, and net fiscal burdens in the publ" ******* END TEXT: "approach centered around the experiences of one individual, I now turn to hard economic realities.\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_44: "START TEXT: chapter 4Searching for the Truth about Immigrants and Jobs\nWe are young and we come to the United St" ******* END TEXT: "ticularly low-income, low-skill citizens, is that they lose jobs and their wages are depressed as a "
9780814735237 - page_45: "START TEXT: result.”1 Consider also the views of Daniel A. Stein, executive director of the Federation for Ameri" ******* END TEXT: "and the labor market, a theoretical framework—developed from observations of the market—is helpful.\n"
9780814735237 - page_46: "START TEXT: THINKING ABOUT JOBS AND WAGES\nIMMIGRANTS AND JOB CREATION\nOne concern about immigrants is that every" ******* END TEXT: "s easily perceived.4 This may help account for much of the public suspicion of immigrants and jobs.\n"
9780814735237 - page_47: "START TEXT: IMMIGRANTS ARE COMPLEMENTARY WORKERS\nThe notion that increases in immigration correspond to losses i" ******* END TEXT: "omic effect is troubling even if such an approach does help us understand that immigrants generally "
9780814735237 - page_48: "START TEXT: do not take jobs that native workers desire. (These concerns are more fully addressed in chapter 7.)" ******* END TEXT: "se machines or cut back.9 Immigrants who fill such positions pose no direct harm to native workers.\n"
9780814735237 - page_49: "START TEXT: THE IMPACT OF IMMIGRANTS ON WAGES\nAssuming little substitution of native workers and the stimulation" ******* END TEXT: "example, if a native worker sees that her wage is being depressed by immigrant competition, she can "
9780814735237 - page_50: "START TEXT: contribute a little less to the pension fund to compensate for that lower wage, but still take solac" ******* END TEXT: "he foreign-born in Florida are Cuban, in Texas Mexican, in California Mexican and Asian, and in New "
9780814735237 - page_51: "START TEXT: York a small percentage of each. The majority of Asian Indians reside in a single state, New Jersey." ******* END TEXT: "ion of certain plant facilities to a different country. In the latter situation, the unavailability "
9780814735237 - page_52: "START TEXT: of immigrant workers would not necessarily open up jobs for native workers.\nRegional studies are con" ******* END TEXT: "is completely undefended in the paper, other than a brief mention of an unpublished piece by Huddle "
9780814735237 - page_53: "START TEXT: entitled “Immigration and Jobs: The Process of Displacement.”15 In light of theoretical and empirica" ******* END TEXT: "efined as foreign-born) in the high unemployment states was much lower than in the low unemployment "
9780814735237 - page_54: "START TEXT: states. Then they looked at the ten states with the largest proportion of immigrants, compared their" ******* END TEXT: "alternatives exist. Immigrants have been credited with the continued viability of the traditionally "
9780814735237 - page_55: "START TEXT: labor-intensive garment and printing industries, although capital improvements were possibly avoided" ******* END TEXT: "ed joblessness among young or less educated African Americans, the presence of immigrants increased "
9780814735237 - page_56: "START TEXT: the earnings and opportunities of African Americans who were employed.25\nThus, immigrants may create" ******* END TEXT: "ves from coming to Miami. For some twenty years prior to the boatlift, Miami had received thousands "
9780814735237 - page_57: "START TEXT: of Cuban émigrés, making Miami especially prepared for the influx. Miami’s strong textile and clothi" ******* END TEXT: "out high school diplomas were compared. Median wages for Mexicans were about the same as for Puerto "
9780814735237 - page_58: "START TEXT: Ricans, but higher than for African Americans, contradicting the theory that Mexicans are favored by" ******* END TEXT: "this is the “problem” with simply looking at regional studies: anecdotes get lost as things average "
9780814735237 - page_59: "START TEXT: out, and the aggregate view distances the observer from an important area of impact.\nOf course secto" ******* END TEXT: "the success of the textile industry over time.34 A story about Colombian immigrants in the industry "
9780814735237 - page_60: "START TEXT: illustrates the complementary and job-creating potential of immigrants.\nThe textile industry was onc" ******* END TEXT: "s). Since assembly plants were closing, only suppliers who could shift to the aftermarket survived.\n"
9780814735237 - page_61: "START TEXT: Survival strategies were influenced by several factors. Those companies that were subsidiaries of la" ******* END TEXT: "bsidiaries were more likely than independent firms to hire undocumented aliens. During expansionary "
9780814735237 - page_62: "START TEXT: periods, legal immigrants are absorbed into the economy. But during a decline, they become redundant" ******* END TEXT: " production without having to maintain a large permanent workforce. For small firms, subcontracting "
9780814735237 - page_63: "START TEXT: helps to keep costs down; for large firms, subcontracting provides flexibility. And the availability" ******* END TEXT: "ive and divided along the lines of product, quality, and price, and especially between menswear and "
9780814735237 - page_64: "START TEXT: womenswear, where competition is most keen. Skilled tailors in small shops produce most of the high-" ******* END TEXT: "anufacturers to survive, the continuous availability of new immigrants is likely to be necessary.43\n"
9780814735237 - page_65: "START TEXT: b. Service Industries\nService-based industries have a set of characteristics that distinguish them f" ******* END TEXT: " more in line with supporting a family. Some on-the-job training is necessary, and regular turnover "
9780814735237 - page_66: "START TEXT: undesirable. In New York, this sector has turned to adult women as the preferred worker.\nIn contrast" ******* END TEXT: "ssible to Mexican workers in non-Mexican restaurants was experienced by Rodolfo (recall chapter 3). "
9780814735237 - page_67: "START TEXT: While he was able to work his way up from dishwashing to kitchen work, he did not feel that he could" ******* END TEXT: "rastically changed during this period. Turnover is even higher now, as nonunion firms hire and fire "
9780814735237 - page_68: "START TEXT: workers depending on building contract needs. And certainly, the faded picture of a unionized worker" ******* END TEXT: "African American companies often rely on government (minority) contract work, while immigrant-owned "
9780814735237 - page_69: "START TEXT: companies specialize in residential additions and rehabilitation work.\nBecause of historical exclusi" ******* END TEXT: "rk for unskilled European immigrants, urban African Americans, and winter work for Midwest farmers.\n"
9780814735237 - page_70: "START TEXT: At the turn of the century, refrigerated freight trains facilitated centralization of beef packing i" ******* END TEXT: "rtion of poultry jobs. On ranches, where chickens and turkeys are raised and eggs collected, except "
9780814735237 - page_71: "START TEXT: for management positions, the workforce is almost all Mexican. Processing plants also hire many Mexi" ******* END TEXT: "dismissed to suit the growers’ needs. In order to work year-round, a worker might have to commit to "
9780814735237 - page_72: "START TEXT: eighteen separate jobs during the year. Individuals come to rely on crew leaders or contractors for " ******* END TEXT: "Unions often find these jobs in the hands of the undocumented. Rather than point to these newcomers "
9780814735237 - page_73: "START TEXT: as the problem, a number of unions instituted radically new organizational strategies focusing on br" ******* END TEXT: "ts—particularly undocumented ones—may be used to reduce costs and wages, and undercut unions (i.e., "
9780814735237 - page_74: "START TEXT: the automobile parts industry, electronics, the furniture industry, and janitorial work). For exampl" ******* END TEXT: " to remain competitive and survive (i.e., the automobile parts, electronics, furniture, and garment "
9780814735237 - page_75: "START TEXT: industries); working in sectors complementary to and not competitive with ones dominated by native w" ******* END TEXT: "h reap large benefits for workers and the economy and occur because of the presence of immigrants.\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_100: "START TEXT: “lawful permanent residents,” but the GAO was using the term to include refugees, lawful permanent r" ******* END TEXT: "el, but do so at a much lower rate than headlines trumpeting the LA Study or Huddle Report findings "
9780814735237 - page_101: "START TEXT: would have us believe. Likewise, the weight of the evidence demonstrates that immigrants are no more" ******* END TEXT: "rom most cash assistance programs during their first five years in the United States because during "
9780814735237 - page_102: "START TEXT: this period their sponsor’s income was “deemed” to be theirs when determining eligibility for public" ******* END TEXT: " jobs preclude this possibility.\nIn terms of demographic capital associated with the public sector, "
9780814735237 - page_103: "START TEXT: much of public capital’s costs have already been expended or “sunk.” Therefore immigrants’ use of th" ******* END TEXT: "oughnut stores and manicure shops, Asian Pacific American entrepreneurs have played an instrumental "
9780814735237 - page_104: "START TEXT: role in the success of Silicon Valley’s high-tech industry. Their background has also helped to attr" ******* END TEXT: "tensive country—a type of international trade between countries that subverts tariffs. This clearly "
9780814735237 - page_105: "START TEXT: benefits the host country, benefits the immigrants, and probably hurts the labor-abundant country un" ******* END TEXT: "U.S. firms are often pressured to employ low-wage immigrant workers in order to remain competitive. "
9780814735237 - page_106: "START TEXT: Price competition in the international economy makes the use of low-wage workers attractive to those" ******* END TEXT: "es have been largely influenced by the role of the U.S. market in the regional and global domains.\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_76: "START TEXT: chapter 5How Much Do Immigrants Cost? The Methodology Wars\nCOMMON SENSE OR POPULAR IMAGE\nTwo competi" ******* END TEXT: "ts for violating U.S. law? We don’t have to speculate about this. The results are painfully clear …\n"
9780814735237 - page_77: "START TEXT: • Because federal law requires it, California state and federal taxpayers pay over a billion dollars" ******* END TEXT: "rs, including that of the Urban Institute, questions the methodology and findings of these reports.\n"
9780814735237 - page_78: "START TEXT: The popular image of immigrants as a drain on our public coffers does not agree with the way many ec" ******* END TEXT: "an Pacific American contributions, the precarious Social Security system would be even more shaky.9\n"
9780814735237 - page_79: "START TEXT: IMMIGRANTS: THE NATION’S BENEFACTORS\nBefore launching into a description of recent methodology wars," ******* END TEXT: "he greater the potential for increased productivity. Recent studies of Silicon Valley show that our "
9780814735237 - page_80: "START TEXT: nation’s leadership in the high-tech industry is directly related to the creativity and ingenuity of" ******* END TEXT: "artment was asked to study the effects of four groups: recent legal immigrants, amnesty immigrants, "
9780814735237 - page_81: "START TEXT: undocumented workers, and the citizen children of the undocumented. The purpose of the study was to " ******* END TEXT: "ives 5.94 million. See table 3. Data were broken down (microdata) rather than combined (aggregate).\n"
9780814735237 - page_82: "START TEXT: TABLE 1. LOS ANGELES STUDY\n\nFirst, the Urban Institute researchers found that immigrants within LA C" ******* END TEXT: "lion, representing 10 percent of the taxes for a group comprising 17 percent of the population, and "
9780814735237 - page_83: "START TEXT: long-term immigrants pay the remaining $6.9 billion, representing 18.1 percent of the taxes for a gr" ******* END TEXT: "nd public social services is three times as high for recent immigrants as for long-term immigrants, "
9780814735237 - page_84: "START TEXT: the Urban Institute calculation of the costs of recent immigrants still comes out almost 23 percent " ******* END TEXT: " one could come up with a measure of indirect benefits by deriving some type of “multiplier” on the "
9780814735237 - page_85: "START TEXT: taxes paid by immigrants to estimate their total contribution to the economy.\nSecond, the LA Study’s" ******* END TEXT: ", including a package of ten county welfare and health services open to legal immigrants, refugees, "
9780814735237 - page_86: "START TEXT: asylees, and amnestied aliens, and fourteen programs open to undocumented aliens. He (1) calculated " ******* END TEXT: "n legal and illegal immigrants who have settled in the United States since 1970, compared to $20.20 "
9780814735237 - page_87: "START TEXT: billion in taxes contributed. See table 2. The biggest expense was for primary and secondary public " ******* END TEXT: " revenue framework, the Urban Institute finds that immigrants contribute an additional $50 billion.\n"
9780814735237 - page_88: "START TEXT: TABLE 2. HUDDLE REPORT\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "TABLE 2. HUDDLE REPORT\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_89: "START TEXT: TABLE 3. URBAN INSTITUTE STUDY\n\nThe Urban Institute finds that Huddle overstates immigrant costs by " ******* END TEXT: "TABLE 3. URBAN INSTITUTE STUDY\n\nThe Urban Institute finds that Huddle overstates immigrant costs by "
9780814735237 - page_90: "START TEXT: relying on the LA Study’s overestimate of per capita service costs for recent legal immigrants (maki" ******* END TEXT: "years or so, a similar deficit between consumption and taxes would be found for any group. Thus, if "
9780814735237 - page_91: "START TEXT: we take any group, for example middle-class white Americans, and do a similar comparison as Huddle d" ******* END TEXT: "into the analysis, some of the generalizations in these reports may be put into proper perspective.\n"
9780814735237 - page_92: "START TEXT: By way of comparison, the U.S. Department of Justice specifically asked researchers at the Urban Ins" ******* END TEXT: "stimate of total educational costs.42\nSeveral problems can be raised with respect to the LA Study’s "
9780814735237 - page_93: "START TEXT: schooling costs. (1) The study’s estimates of schooling costs (public facilities costs) does not tak" ******* END TEXT: "a right to public education. The Court found it “difficult to understand what would be accomplished "
9780814735237 - page_94: "START TEXT: by creating and perpetuating a subclass of illiterates within our borders, adding to problems and co" ******* END TEXT: "ulation in his conclusion that immigrants as a group are 13.5 percent more likely to receive public "
9780814735237 - page_95: "START TEXT: assistance, and after adjusting for the amount received, are 44.2 percent more likely. He finds that" ******* END TEXT: "old was foreign-born.\nOn balance, Jensen concluded that immigrant families are not disproportionate "
9780814735237 - page_96: "START TEXT: users of welfare benefits, either with respect to their propensity to receive them or the amount of " ******* END TEXT: "vided little support for the contention that recent immigrants in 1979 were disproportionately more "
9780814735237 - page_97: "START TEXT: likely than their counterparts in 1969 to receive assistance. There were a few exceptions to this ge" ******* END TEXT: " of the United States. Households headed by immigrants entering before 1980 have average incomes of "
9780814735237 - page_98: "START TEXT: about $40,900, which is about 10 percent greater than native households. Recent immigrant households" ******* END TEXT: "gs by George Borjas of higher-than-average welfare use among immigrants can be placed into context. "
9780814735237 - page_99: "START TEXT: When his data were broken down by country of origin, those from Vietnam had a high rate, but the rat" ******* END TEXT: " the casual reader or listener, the GAO’s use of the term “all immigrants” might be synonymous with "
9780814735237 - page_107: "START TEXT: chapter 6Contextualizing Immigration\nWhether intentionally or not, many who subscribe to restriction" ******* END TEXT: "-related services. But beyond the fact that the evidence with which to accuse immigrants of hurting "
9780814735237 - page_108: "START TEXT: the economy is simply not there, we really should ask ourselves whether restrictive immigration poli" ******* END TEXT: "ports that jobs lost during the recession will soon be recovered, the unemployment rate is falling, "
9780814735237 - page_109: "START TEXT: state revenues are expected to produce a $1 billion surplus in 1996, sales of homes are on the rise," ******* END TEXT: "d to make adequate infrastructural investments over the past thirty years. Today, Californians must "
9780814735237 - page_110: "START TEXT: make do with an infrastructure—roads, bridges, sewers, other utilities, and schools—that ranks in th" ******* END TEXT: "ude poorly controlled spending buried in the tax code, which has lowered the revenues available for "
9780814735237 - page_111: "START TEXT: other priorities; a sales tax limited to tangible goods that covers a shrinking proportion of consum" ******* END TEXT: "hrough personal and corporate income tax codes grew at an estimated annual rate of 7.8 percent. Had "
9780814735237 - page_112: "START TEXT: tax expenditures been held to the rate of growth of on-budget spending since 1986, California would " ******* END TEXT: "ficant gap is largely because the sales tax applies only to a narrow—and declining—segment of total "
9780814735237 - page_113: "START TEXT: consumption, namely, tangible goods, to the exclusion of most services. Between 1960 and 1990, the s" ******* END TEXT: "ontributing taxes, stimulating the economy, and providing a cheap, largely complementary workforce.\n"
9780814735237 - page_114: "START TEXT: UNDERSTANDING THE LOSS OF JOBS\nMeet Craig Miller. He was a sheet-metal worker for TWA making $15.65 " ******* END TEXT: "ly more than people can buy.\nIn the 1980s, the last era of job shedding, Rust Belt factories closed "
9780814735237 - page_115: "START TEXT: or modernized so companies could make the same number of cars, steel, appliances, machinery, and oth" ******* END TEXT: "sized employers are more likely to occupy obscure suburban business parks than to blaze their names "
9780814735237 - page_116: "START TEXT: atop skyscrapers. Divining exactly what niche a company fills means looking at trade magazines, read" ******* END TEXT: "tion in Germany is $26 an hour, while in the United States it is $16. Europe has comfortable social "
9780814735237 - page_117: "START TEXT: safety nets, which have left many workers preferring to stay on welfare rather than take the sort of" ******* END TEXT: "ly half in 1980. But the growth of low-paid, low-skilled jobs outpaces the growth of higher-skilled "
9780814735237 - page_118: "START TEXT: jobs in fields like health care and data processing. At the same time, industry is eliminating middl" ******* END TEXT: "machinists 15 percent in 1994 to $15.62 an hour. The local bank created additional full-time teller "
9780814735237 - page_119: "START TEXT: positions paying $8 or more an hour; part-timers had been receiving $6. Across the nation, service s" ******* END TEXT: "markets than from changes in domestic unemployment or production demands, or changes in immigration "
9780814735237 - page_120: "START TEXT: legislation. The structure of the U.S. economy and labor market also influences the demand for labor" ******* END TEXT: "lead to a workforce problem in Mexico and only exacerbate the local Mexican agricultural problem.22\n"
9780814735237 - page_121: "START TEXT: Global competition and trade policies also have implications for the movement of peoples across bord" ******* END TEXT: "lace, Key Tronic Corporation, a manufacturer of computer keyboards in Spokane, Washington, laid off "
9780814735237 - page_122: "START TEXT: 277 workers and moved the jobs to a plant in Mexico, where wages were a fourth less. But the decreas" ******* END TEXT: "a world in which quality, flexibility, and speed are essential. These failures put American jobs at "
9780814735237 - page_123: "START TEXT: risk. With broader vision, the United States can attract industry here, and our available workers ca" ******* END TEXT: "ssary to our economy, restrictionists such as Peter Brimelow offer Japan as the counterexample of a "
9780814735237 - page_124: "START TEXT: country that has achieved economic viability without immigrant workers.\nThe {???} factor is the expl" ******* END TEXT: "ferent from the United States. The prevailing view among economists is that capital innovations are "
9780814735237 - page_125: "START TEXT: more likely to be optimal in Japan because it has historically had lower capital costs than the Unit" ******* END TEXT: "apan has traditionally not faced many export barriers in sending intermediate goods to be assembled "
9780814735237 - page_126: "START TEXT: abroad (despite Japan’s significant import barriers). Thus, in this sense, offshore assembly substit" ******* END TEXT: "d. Among the key elements are “continual improvement, teamwork, elimination of waste, and efficient "
9780814735237 - page_127: "START TEXT: use of resources, all bound together by a communication system that extends from the design center, " ******* END TEXT: "chest for competition overseas. When the yen doubled in value against the dollar from 1985 to 1988, "
9780814735237 - page_128: "START TEXT: retail prices in Japan should have fallen significantly—but they barely budged. Japanese corporation" ******* END TEXT: "e weakness of a nation’s productive base.39\nIn short, we are not Japan. And we may not want to be.\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_129: "START TEXT: chapter 7Low-Wage Immigrants and African Americans\nDuring the fall of 1994, I opposed Proposition 18" ******* END TEXT: "ally an African American in a public or talk show audience would voice support for Proposition 187.\n"
9780814735237 - page_130: "START TEXT: In spite of the fact that exit polls revealed that most African Americans opposed Proposition 187 an" ******* END TEXT: "ates. But pointing to immigrants as a major source of the problems is an error and runs the serious "
9780814735237 - page_131: "START TEXT: risk of diverting attention away from the real causes and from the work to be done. Whatever negativ" ******* END TEXT: "n American job applicants even when their qualifications are superior to those of white applicants.\n"
9780814735237 - page_132: "START TEXT: The experiences of African American workers are debilitating and humiliating. They endure the daily " ******* END TEXT: "the rest of the retail workforce.10\nOther policies and phenomena at work beyond Los Angeles and its "
9780814735237 - page_133: "START TEXT: specific industries reveal much of the problem African Americans face. Corporate downsizing—which, a" ******* END TEXT: "rban areas where low-skilled, entry-level jobs are plentiful, while inner-city jobless rates remain "
9780814735237 - page_134: "START TEXT: alarmingly high—up to 30 percent or worse for African American teenagers. Eighty-seven percent of th" ******* END TEXT: "oblems of the country’s citizens of color a priority. Thus from East Los Angeles to East St. Louis, "
9780814735237 - page_135: "START TEXT: from Chicago to New York, the stories of outdated books, teacher shortages, unhealthy conditions, li" ******* END TEXT: "mally seasonal employers, and educational institutions often have reduced needs for service workers "
9780814735237 - page_136: "START TEXT: in the summertime. This means that periods of unemployment and nonparticipation in the labor force a" ******* END TEXT: "d because of the economic recession or structural adjustments in major industries are generally not "
9780814735237 - page_137: "START TEXT: in competition with immigrants. So the low-wage, unstable, menial jobs held by most immigrants are n" ******* END TEXT: "ricted to places with large numbers of immigrants. And as we saw in chapter 4, in places with large "
9780814735237 - page_138: "START TEXT: numbers of immigrants such as New York and Los Angeles, African Americans have not lost jobs but hav" ******* END TEXT: " and Puerto Ricans in Chicago. Assuming that most of the Mexicans were immigrants, economist Robert "
9780814735237 - page_139: "START TEXT: Aponte sought an explanation for why they had lower poverty rates than Puerto Ricans and African Ame" ******* END TEXT: " to rising expectations. For example, some employers perceive that African American employees “just "
9780814735237 - page_140: "START TEXT: expected more.” In more pejorative terms, one employer noted, “They either have an attitude you owe " ******* END TEXT: "milarly, were it not for nonunion immigrant construction, union firms that employ African Americans "
9780814735237 - page_141: "START TEXT: would have more opportunities. Although immigrant workers often do not compete with African American" ******* END TEXT: "t of possibilities could be played out with hotels or even landscaping. The point is that we cannot "
9780814735237 - page_142: "START TEXT: assume that the decision on the part of a manager to hire low-wage immigrant workers is not healthy " ******* END TEXT: "articularly in the primary sector. Better public schools and job training for all workers must be a "
9780814735237 - page_143: "START TEXT: top priority. And to guard against managerial decisions to simply exploit low-wage workers, insistin" ******* END TEXT: " thus available to those who tout a conservative worldview (i.e., “immigrants make this country the "
9780814735237 - page_144: "START TEXT: strongest country in the world”) as well as those who hold a liberal worldview (i.e., “immigrants ha" ******* END TEXT: " in the position of promoting immigration as “the best thing since child labor.”34 The challenge is "
9780814735237 - page_145: "START TEXT: to generate lucid and nuanced arguments about the economic impact of immigration that do not trade a" ******* END TEXT: "now how this conclusion is reached, and whether elements of its side effects need more attention.\n\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_146: "START TEXT: chapter 8Beyond the Economic Debate: The Cultural Complaint\nI think God made all people good, but if" ******* END TEXT: "is country in recent decades represent a challenge to their conception of America itself. For these "
9780814735237 - page_147: "START TEXT: critics, such as Republican presidential candidate Patrick Buchanan and journalist Peter Brimelow, c" ******* END TEXT: "sed to private ethnic culture.”4\nSimilarly, consider the Federation for American Immigration Reform "
9780814735237 - page_148: "START TEXT: (FAIR), touted as the nation’s “main restrictionist lobbying group.”5 The organization is calling fo" ******* END TEXT: "e in Burundi? Because they are white people. That’s who we are. That’s where America comes from.”12\n"
9780814735237 - page_149: "START TEXT: Central to Buchanan and Duke’s assertions is the premise that white Christians alone founded and bui" ******* END TEXT: "s and dilutes American culture.18\nEven the presidential candidate and former Senate majority leader "
9780814735237 - page_150: "START TEXT: Bob Dole, often identified as a moderate Republican, indicated his support for English as the domina" ******* END TEXT: "rs. Or that holidays like Columbus Day or Thanksgiving celebrate genocide and slavery and should be "
9780814735237 - page_151: "START TEXT: banned … [or] that they are descendants of the European “ice people” whose lack of skin color identi" ******* END TEXT: "milationist positions are flawed in two important ways. The first flaw is the essentially normative "
9780814735237 - page_152: "START TEXT: premise that America has a strictly white, Christian, European heritage. The second is their misguid" ******* END TEXT: "“time-out” that will allow the nation to “Americanize and assimilate the people who [have] come.”29\n"
9780814735237 - page_153: "START TEXT: Study after study demonstrates, however, that the vast majority of immigrants take on cultural trait" ******* END TEXT: " much as our culture affects them. To describe this process as a dilution shows an ignorance of how "
9780814735237 - page_154: "START TEXT: culture in America has developed throughout our history: not as some monolith unmoved by the waves o" ******* END TEXT: "age, religion, and culture. Promoting an early version of bilingualism and biculturalism, they felt "
9780814735237 - page_155: "START TEXT: that both immigrants and minority groups had a right to preserve their primary identities, and they " ******* END TEXT: "omote their own ethnic culture.\nThese traditional liberal principles suggest that government should "
9780814735237 - page_156: "START TEXT: not demand that immigrants subscribe to any particular language or cultural norm any more than to an" ******* END TEXT: "nterdependent global economy.\nEven casual attention to current events of the last decade has taught "
9780814735237 - page_157: "START TEXT: us that political and economic developments all over the world—in Europe, Latin America, Africa, Asi" ******* END TEXT: "h the cultivation of a staff that can develop a rapport with the new customers. Thus, more and more "
9780814735237 - page_158: "START TEXT: employers are coming to view diversity as good business as well as good public relations.\nFor exampl" ******* END TEXT: "me severe obstacles. All have had to demonstrate the courage and fortitude needed to follow through "
9780814735237 - page_159: "START TEXT: on the difficult decision of uprooting themselves and often their families, by winding their way thr" ******* END TEXT: " the foundation for a peaceful, productive pluralism that must be fostered throughout the world.54\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_160: "START TEXT: chapter 9The Challenge to Cultural Pluralists: Interethnic Group Conflict and Separatism\nSome nation" ******* END TEXT: "at racial and ethnic conflicts have resulted from changes in the racial and ethnic character of the "
9780814735237 - page_161: "START TEXT: country, since the amendments to the immigration laws in 1965 permitted so many non-European immigra" ******* END TEXT: "nest reflection beyond the simplistic viewpoint that “a rambunctious America is a strong America.”5\n"
9780814735237 - page_162: "START TEXT: INTERETHNIC GROUP CONFLICT\nConflicts involving immigrant groups attract banner headlines today. The " ******* END TEXT: "to be a racial conflict may actually be a class dispute, or a mixture of racial and class elements.\n"
9780814735237 - page_163: "START TEXT: Yet racial difference has played a role throughout the United States: in San Francisco housing proje" ******* END TEXT: "deological separatism can result in physical separation, but it can also simply be a state of mind.\n"
9780814735237 - page_164: "START TEXT: The sociological version arises from those who find comfort in a neighborhood with people of the sam" ******* END TEXT: "rs are there for comfort and serenity, preferring to socialize and interact with friends and family "
9780814735237 - page_165: "START TEXT: rather than shoulder the burden of educating non-African Americans about African American culture, l" ******* END TEXT: "ressure for restrictive immigration laws directed at Asians, Latinos, and Haitians. In the process, "
9780814735237 - page_166: "START TEXT: the underlying basis and rationale for the strong separatist sentiment among immigrants of color, as" ******* END TEXT: "e, tension, or pressure led to something positive, including a better understanding of our society.\n"
9780814735237 - page_167: "START TEXT: 1. UNDERSTANDING SEPARATISM\nTreatment of interethnic group conflict and separatism may affect the de" ******* END TEXT: "similation was limited. This was particularly true for newer immigrants and racial minorities, such "
9780814735237 - page_168: "START TEXT: as Italians, Poles, Mexicans, African Americans, and Puerto Ricans. Gordon attributed the retardatio" ******* END TEXT: "States has grown even more diverse with increased immigration, contributing to greater diversity of "
9780814735237 - page_169: "START TEXT: opinion even within Latino and Asian American communities. Meanwhile, two new generations have emerg" ******* END TEXT: "utside the Chinatown, and whites threatened violence against those who passed certain boundaries.22\n"
9780814735237 - page_170: "START TEXT: The white mainstream and the Chinese understood this forced migration to Chinatowns in two quite con" ******* END TEXT: "o live together, then we might begin to understand a similar sentiment among other groups of color.\n"
9780814735237 - page_171: "START TEXT: 2. RACISM, LACK OF CONTROL, IDENTITY, AND DIVERSITY\nAdvocates of conventional cultural pluralism dis" ******* END TEXT: "of social acceptance, in particular, plagues new immigrants of color and contributes to separatism.\n"
9780814735237 - page_172: "START TEXT: A desire for self-determination is particularly understandable given the continuing economic struggl" ******* END TEXT: "race or ethnicity, such as anti-Asian sentiment or anti-Semitism. At this point, separatism becomes "
9780814735237 - page_173: "START TEXT: indefensible. However, apart from this, a philosophy of separatism that is based on self-help should" ******* END TEXT: "cultural pluralism that recognizes the validity of even the most ideological separatist sentiment.\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_174: "START TEXT: chapter 10A New Way of Looking at America\nEach generation of Americans must define what it means to " ******* END TEXT: "conomic development, ideological segments of ethnic and racial minorities in the United States have "
9780814735237 - page_175: "START TEXT: moved away from the dream of a cultural plurality, toward separatism.2 Most of these separatists are" ******* END TEXT: "rities who did not fit the assimilationists’ mold for being an American become angry and frustrated "
9780814735237 - page_176: "START TEXT: by their exclusion in society. Since we are becoming an increasingly multiracial and multicultural n" ******* END TEXT: "cess of Americanization has evolved from one of Anglo-conformity to Euro-conformity, it is evolving "
9780814735237 - page_177: "START TEXT: now and in the future into a multicultural-conformity that requires us to look at our society in bro" ******* END TEXT: "olklore and labor of Mexican farmworkers is an American experience. It recognizes that the American "
9780814735237 - page_178: "START TEXT: experience is broad and diverse. In short, it recognizes not only that being an American can mean di" ******* END TEXT: "taneously urges some form of common American political identity, is not impossible or inconsistent. "
9780814735237 - page_179: "START TEXT: Diversity of opinion runs deep. Even among separatists, significant differences arise concerning the" ******* END TEXT: "erican and also 100 percent loyal to the United States and its political and economic institutions.\n"
9780814735237 - page_180: "START TEXT: FINDING CORE VALUES\nEven a multicultural society must share a core of values, or a culture, to provi" ******* END TEXT: " the highest levels of government and society, by political leaders, government officials, business "
9780814735237 - page_181: "START TEXT: executives, educators, community representatives, and public figures. Their example through words an" ******* END TEXT: "d of broad-based endorsement of a common core by those at the margin may be impossible to realize.\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_182: "START TEXT: chapter 11Back to Superior\nModern-day advocates of immigration restrictions often advance popular, b" ******* END TEXT: "t of immigrants is not a negative one.\nLabor market reports about New York, Los Angeles, Miami, and "
9780814735237 - page_183: "START TEXT: Texas consistently find that immigrants do not negatively impact the jobs and wages of native worker" ******* END TEXT: "nt by immigrant workers a clear sign of injury at the hands of immigrants? On the other hand, is it "
9780814735237 - page_184: "START TEXT: not important to recognize that immigration restrictions are not necessarily the most direct way to " ******* END TEXT: " cannot be used to support an image of inordinate welfare use by lawful permanent residents either.\n"
9780814735237 - page_185: "START TEXT: As with empirical work on the labor market, these cost studies raise important questions. That immig" ******* END TEXT: "sion, as welfare-dependent burdens, or as inflicting inordinate costs on the public sector. Indeed, "
9780814735237 - page_186: "START TEXT: the evidence suggests that restrictions on immigration or immigrants’ participation in the economy a" ******* END TEXT: " are directed at undocumenteds, while others are aimed at legal immigrants. Certain individuals are "
9780814735237 - page_187: "START TEXT: motivated by economic concerns related to jobs, wages, and burdens on public coffers. This may well " ******* END TEXT: "ted until years from now when future generations of Americans look back on this era. Will they look "
9780814735237 - page_188: "START TEXT: back with pride, or will this era be regarded as a shameful period of scapegoating?\nIn this book I h" ******* END TEXT: "munities of color directed at other communities cannot be ignored. There is much room for improving "
9780814735237 - page_189: "START TEXT: racial understanding in communities of color as well as across all communities and classes. Every co" ******* END TEXT: "but we are foolish to stand by idly.\nIn contrast, Buchanan’s and Brimelow’s proposals, and those of "
9780814735237 - page_190: "START TEXT: Euro-immigrationists who call for severe immigration restrictions, do little to address the issues o" ******* END TEXT: "d ethnicities thrive. There were political and sociological separatists among the Chinese, Navajos, "
9780814735237 - page_191: "START TEXT: Apaches, and Mexican Americans. At the same time, however, they were bicultural: they accepted the p" ******* END TEXT: "r and control, how that power is used, and who has been subordinated and oppressed by that power.\n\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\nIntroduction\n1 A Superior Multicultural Experience\n2 A Nation of Immigrants" ******* END TEXT: "ic Group Conflict and Separatism\n10 A New Way of Looking at America\n11 Back to Superior\nNotes\nIndex\n"
9780814735237 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \nCopyright © 1997 by New York University\nAll rights reserved\nLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publi" ******* END TEXT: "sen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_v: "START TEXT: For my children, Eric, Sharon, and Julianne\n" ******* END TEXT: "For my children, Eric, Sharon, and Julianne\n"
9780814735237 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_i: "START TEXT: TO BE AN AMERICAN\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "TO BE AN AMERICAN\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_237: "START TEXT: Index\nAbbey, Edward, 219 n. 15\nAcculturation, 152–54, 167\nAct of February 5, 1917, 23\nAffirmative ac" ******* END TEXT: "\nand culture-based arguments, 150\ndemographics, 2, 3, 51\nand discrimination, 172\nemployment, 51, 69\n"
9780814735237 - page_238: "START TEXT: and separatism, 163\nand Silicon Valley industries, 104\nand Social Security, 78\nand welfare, 98\nAsian" ******* END TEXT: "ti-Chinese crusade of 1800s, 15\n“Demographic” capital, 102\nDepartment of Labor, 115\non construction "
9780814735237 - page_239: "START TEXT: industry, 69\non electronics manufacturing, 62\non impact of NAFTA on jobs, 122\non janitorial industry" ******* END TEXT: "GAO report, 99–101, 184\nimpact on labor market, 38–43\nand international trade, 104\nand relationship "
9780814735237 - page_240: "START TEXT: to maintaining viability of certain industries, 54–55\nstereotypes, 42–44\nand trade agreements, 74\nan" ******* END TEXT: ", 102\nLattimer, Robert L., 225 n. 51\nLawful permanent residents, 100\nand proposed benefits cuts, 30\n"
9780814735237 - page_241: "START TEXT: Lazarus, Emma, 31\nLee, Yuan-tse, 225 n. 53\nLeGates, Richard, 233 n. 4\nLiberalism, 165\nLos Angeles: e" ******* END TEXT: "n Institute study, 98\nuse by undocumented workers, 102. See also Welfare\nPublic Use Sample Data, 95\n"
9780814735237 - page_242: "START TEXT: Pueblos, 22\nPuerto Rican, 57, 183\nQuayle, Vice President Dan, 229 n. 20\nRace, 3, 178\nand anti-Chines" ******* END TEXT: " 98, 99\nSupreme Court, 156\nSurvey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 99\nSykes, Alan, 104–5\n"
9780814735237 - page_243: "START TEXT: Taira, Esther, 236 n. 2\n“Tax expenditures,” 111\nTemporary Protected Status, 101\nTexas, effect of imm" ******* END TEXT: " (program), 101\nWorkingman’s Party, as force against Chinese, 15\nWorld Bank, 123\n“Yellow Peril,” 35\n"
9780814735237 - page_244: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\nProposition 187, an initiative to exclude undocumented children from public schools and" ******* END TEXT: "listen closely, today’s fears echo those of other eras: job loss, shrinking resources, a fracturing "
9780814735237 - page_2: "START TEXT: national culture, all due to a flood of immigrants. Much of the public as well as policymakers are l" ******* END TEXT: "ince the first decade of the twentieth century—when southern and eastern Europeans entered in large "
9780814735237 - page_3: "START TEXT: numbers for the first time—has there been such a dramatic change in the ethnic composition of the na" ******* END TEXT: "nce many restrictionists, including the proponents of Proposition 187,3. argue that efforts to curb "
9780814735237 - page_4: "START TEXT: immigration should be supported because immigrants compete directly for jobs with African Americans," ******* END TEXT: "ersity must be the basis for an “American” identity. Ethnic communities are critical to providing a "
9780814735237 - page_5: "START TEXT: sense of identity, fulfillment, and self-confidence for many. Society should respect those who hold " ******* END TEXT: "a defining moment in the nation’s history. The course we choose will tell us much about ourselves.\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_192: "START TEXT: Notes\nNOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION\n1. See chapter 2.\n2. A total of 4,326,335 immigrants entered from As" ******* END TEXT: "avis, speech delivered to the Convention to Revise the Constitution of Kentucky, December 15, 1849.\n"
9780814735237 - page_193: "START TEXT: 3. SHIH-SHAN H. TSAI, THE CHINESE EXPERIENCE IN AMERICA 60 (1986); R. J. Mooney, Matthew Keady and t" ******* END TEXT: "g by Chinese and Chinese supporters such as the Yale College faculty. TSAI, supra note 3, at 45–48.\n"
9780814735237 - page_194: "START TEXT: One commentator of the time described the Chinese in this manner:\nThe Chinaman, it is claimed, and a" ******* END TEXT: "niversity academics, religious social workers, government bureaucrats, and middle-class volunteers.\n"
9780814735237 - page_195: "START TEXT: Id. at 254.\n14. Id. at 256–59.\n15. Id. at 255–57.\n16. Id. at 259–61.\n17. See John W. Ragsdale, Jr.," ******* END TEXT: " Sureck, 681 F.2d (9th Cir. 1982); Illinois Council v. Pilliod, 531 F. Supp. 1011 (N.D. 111. 1982).\n"
9780814735237 - page_196: "START TEXT: 35. IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, 1977 ANNUAL REPORT 14 (1978).\n36. 422 U.S. 873 (1975).\n3" ******* END TEXT: " janitorial contracting business, which he will put to use as he starts his own janitorial service.\n"
9780814735237 - page_197: "START TEXT: NOTES TO CHAPTER 4\n1. Charles Bierbauer, Transcript No. 164–10, CNN NEWS 1, Sept. 27, 1995.\n2. Rick " ******* END TEXT: "illed natives using 1970 and 1980 census data, Joseph Altonji and David Card found “little evidence "
9780814735237 - page_198: "START TEXT: that inflows of immigrants are associated with large or systematic effects on the employment or unem" ******* END TEXT: " Island, Connecticut, District of Columbia, and Illinois. The ten states with the lowest proportion "
9780814735237 - page_199: "START TEXT: of immigrants were Mississippi, Kentucky, West Virginia, Alabama, Arkansas, Tennessee, South Dakota," ******* END TEXT: "). This is consistent with the findings of researchers that looked at 1970 and 1980 census data who "
9780814735237 - page_200: "START TEXT: found that, depending on the method of calculation, a 1 percentage point increase in the fraction of" ******* END TEXT: "ote 12, at 106–7.\n39. Id. at 107; Edward Jang-Woo Park, Asians Matter: Asian American Entrepreneurs "
9780814735237 - page_201: "START TEXT: in the Silicon Valley High Technology Industry, in BILL ONG HING AND RONALD LEE, EDS., REFRAMING THE" ******* END TEXT: "a third in 1955. Carl Horowitz, New Militancy at the AFL-CIO? INVESTOR’S BUS. DAILY, Nov. 14, 1995.\n"
9780814735237 - page_202: "START TEXT: 55. Bob Baker, Unions Try Bilingual Recruiting, L.A. TIMES, Mar. 25, 1991.\n56. Id.; Steven Lerner, L" ******* END TEXT: "ery beneficiary. Today, for each of the 41 million individuals collecting Social Security benefits, "
9780814735237 - page_203: "START TEXT: only three workers are contributing. By the time the “baby boomers”—those born from 1946 to 1964—beg" ******* END TEXT: "the supermarket manager who finds a way to display more merchandise in a given space; the clerk who "
9780814735237 - page_204: "START TEXT: finds a quicker way to stamp prices on cans. A larger population of scientific workers could also fa" ******* END TEXT: "y (CPS). TRIM2, a microsimulation computer program, applies tax rules based on detailed information "
9780814735237 - page_205: "START TEXT: from federal and state tax codes to individuals, families, or households to determine their tax liab" ******* END TEXT: "ver, note two factors in response to this argument. First, immigrants still have to subsist in this "
9780814735237 - page_206: "START TEXT: country, and therefore must spend a substantial amount of their wages domestically (especially since" ******* END TEXT: "by 5.2 percent annually.\n32. Huddle calculated that public education (K-12) was 25.9 percent of all "
9780814735237 - page_207: "START TEXT: outlays on immigrants. Medicaid consumed 16.8 percent, while county social and health services, incl" ******* END TEXT: " units enumerated in the U.S. census that contain sociodemographic information on housing units and "
9780814735237 - page_208: "START TEXT: each person residing within them. From these samples, special household-level data files were constr" ******* END TEXT: "nted to 6 percent of all immigrants. Id. at 6. An algebraic calculation [1.4 million = 0.06x, where "
9780814735237 - page_209: "START TEXT: x is the total number of immigrants] means that x = 23.3 million total immigrants, but GAO does not " ******* END TEXT: "13–27.\n76. Sykes, supra note 11, at 175.\n77. Id. at 109; PRESIDENT’S COUNCIL, supra note 6, at 222.\n"
9780814735237 - page_210: "START TEXT: 78. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, THE EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION ON THE U.S. ECONOMY AND LABOR MARKET 11–12 " ******* END TEXT: "bs Issue, N.Y. TIMES, Mar, 14, 1994, at C1, C4 (citing Secretary of Labor Robert B. Reich).\n13. Id.\n"
9780814735237 - page_211: "START TEXT: 14. Peter T. Kilborn, For High School Graduates, A Job Market of Dead Ends, N.Y. TIMES, May 30, 1994" ******* END TEXT: "that its workers are better educated and have the job skills that manufacturers require. Protecting "
9780814735237 - page_212: "START TEXT: the jobs of underskilled workers through political means is an equation for long-term economic disas" ******* END TEXT: "nship with one or two banks characterized by cross-shareholding arrangements, board representation, "
9780814735237 - page_213: "START TEXT: and quick intervention in the event of financial distress. The bank has extensive, reliable informat" ******* END TEXT: "80’s: A Decade of Limited Progress, in NATIONAL URBAN LEAGUE, THE STATE OF BLACK AMERICA 29 (1990).\n"
9780814735237 - page_214: "START TEXT: 5. The percentage of black families living below the poverty level has risen from 33 percent in 1970" ******* END TEXT: "p complaining,” empirical proof to the contrary is significant. Work also discovered that corporate "
9780814735237 - page_215: "START TEXT: America has created a “caste” system that perpetuates the notion of certain jobs being “Negro jobs.”" ******* END TEXT: " Migration be Controlled? in SUSAN POZO, ED., ESSAYS ON LEGAL AND ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION 38–39 (1986).\n"
9780814735237 - page_216: "START TEXT: 24. David Card, The Impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market, 40 INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR" ******* END TEXT: "Man Bites Town: Our Teeming Shore, L.A. TIMES, Jan. 5, 1992, (Magazine), at 8 (quoting David Duke).\n"
9780814735237 - page_217: "START TEXT: 3. PETER BRIMELOW, ALIEN NATION (1995), at 221, 232.\n4. Alan K. Simpson, Foreword, 20 SAN DIEGO L. R" ******* END TEXT: "age.” Bouvier and Gardner, supra, at 33 (quoting Horace Kallen); see also Gordon, supra, at 277–78.\n"
9780814735237 - page_218: "START TEXT: The traditional strict assimilationist sentiments merged racial and nonracial issues and embodied ra" ******* END TEXT: " Immigration, WASHINGTON TIMES, Dec. 10, 1991, at F1 (quoting David Duke); Robert Shogan, Duke Will "
9780814735237 - page_219: "START TEXT: Run Against Bush in Primaries, L.A. TIMES, Dec. 5, 1991, at A1, A34 (quoting David Duke); Judy Keen," ******* END TEXT: "tion, in JAMES CRAWFORD, ED., LANGUAGE LOYALTIES: A SOURCE BOOK ON THE OFFICIAL ENGLISH CONTROVERSY "
9780814735237 - page_220: "START TEXT: 13–18 (1992); BILL ONG HING, MAKING AND REMAKING ASIAN AMERICA THROUGH IMMIGRATION POLICY 1850–1990 " ******* END TEXT: "ajority subscribed to Korean newspapers regardless of the length of residence. Hurh and Kim, supra, "
9780814735237 - page_221: "START TEXT: at 192–200. Thus, Korean immigrants demonstrated that the two cultures, American and Korean, were no" ******* END TEXT: "er, Parent & Child, N.Y. TIMES, Nov. 19, 1992, at C12, describing an Armenian immigrant’s bilingual "
9780814735237 - page_222: "START TEXT: childhood, and pointing out that “many children who were raised speaking a different language often " ******* END TEXT: " studying Western artists, yet each has pioneered the construction of a distinctly African-American "
9780814735237 - page_223: "START TEXT: visual art. And in literature, of course, the most formally complex and compelling black writers—suc" ******* END TEXT: "ing previously assembled. And if we are wise, we will choose to make that a virtue. We will realize "
9780814735237 - page_224: "START TEXT: that the differences various groups bring to the table represent a potential gold mine of fresh idea" ******* END TEXT: "77) (asserting that “over no conceivable subject is the legislative power of Congress more complete "
9780814735237 - page_225: "START TEXT: than it is over the admission of aliens”) (citations omitted). However, modern commentators regard t" ******* END TEXT: "onsider, too, the following citizenship lesson provided by less well-known immigrants and refugees:\n"
9780814735237 - page_226: "START TEXT: Immigrants are not only interested in their own success. They also give us valuable lessons in respo" ******* END TEXT: "GEE POL’Y, supra note 1, at 417 (statement of Commissioner Alan K. Simpson, United States Senator).\n"
9780814735237 - page_227: "START TEXT: 5. Tom Peters, On Excellence—Give U.S. Chaos or Give It Stagnation, CHI. TRIB., Apr. 9, 1990, at B11" ******* END TEXT: "26, 1992, at A1; Patrick Lee, Not Business as Usual, L.A. TIMES, Aug. 21, 1992, at D1; Seth Mydans, "
9780814735237 - page_228: "START TEXT: Accused Looters Are Varied as Greatly as Things Stolen, N.Y. TIMES, May 7, 1992, at A1.\n8. The Emerg" ******* END TEXT: "sed concerns that because of conspicuous color or cultural heritage, immigrants were being targeted "
9780814735237 - page_229: "START TEXT: as outsiders. See, e.g., E. S. Bogardus, Anti-Filipino Race Riots (Report to the Ingram Institute of" ******* END TEXT: "EGAL HIST. 139, 141 (1989).\n23. LEE, supra note 22, at 142–52; HARRY H.L. KITANO AND ROGER DANIELS, "
9780814735237 - page_230: "START TEXT: ASIAN AMERICANS: EMERGING MINORITIES 25–26 (1988); VICTOR G. NEE AND BRETT DE BARY NEE, LONGTIME CAL" ******* END TEXT: "1–12 (footnotes omitted).\nThe media does occasionally portray people of color more positively. When "
9780814735237 - page_231: "START TEXT: M.I.T. admitted several Mexican American students from a high school in Texas one year, one newspape" ******* END TEXT: "oking to the Bottom: Critical Legal Studies and Reparations, 22 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV. 323 (1987).\n"
9780814735237 - page_232: "START TEXT: 3. On more than one occasion, white acquaintances, friends, and students have confided that they gre" ******* END TEXT: "nce was acknowledged. That was all.\nI am not suggesting a twilight stroll through the walkways of a "
9780814735237 - page_233: "START TEXT: public housing project. The danger is not so much black hostility as a stray bullet fired by one bla" ******* END TEXT: "etween how people feel about newspapers and bottles versus race relations. Interaction and dealings "
9780814735237 - page_234: "START TEXT: with real people are obviously far more complex. For many, less emotion and volatility attach to alu" ******* END TEXT: "ON DREAMS 126–28 (1995).\n11. Of course, filtering the media through cultural representatives can be "
9780814735237 - page_235: "START TEXT: dangerous if it leads those outside the community to identify the entire community by the standard o" ******* END TEXT: "t friends and relatives to learn English, respect the environment, and attend school or find a job.\n"
9780814735237 - page_236: "START TEXT: NOTES TO CHAPTER 11\n1. Reports indicate that in spite of lagging wages, the economic situation of th" ******* END TEXT: " manner that values and respects their cultures, but also teaches them our nation’s common values.\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_ii: "START TEXT: CRITICAL AMERICAGeneral Editors: Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic\nWhite by Law:The Legal Construct" ******* END TEXT: "PHEN M. FELDMAN\nTo Be an American:Cultural Pluralism and the Rhetoric of AssimilationBILL ONG HING\n\n"
9780814735237 - page_iii: "START TEXT: TO BE AN AMERICAN\n\nCultural Pluralism and the Rhetoric of Assimilation\nBill Ong Hing\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "TO BE AN AMERICAN\n\nCultural Pluralism and the Rhetoric of Assimilation\nBill Ong Hing\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_177: "START TEXT: Bibliography\nPsychology and Philosophy\nBowlby, John. Attachment and Loss. London, 1969.\n—. Child Car" ******* END TEXT: ". Philadelphia, 1981.\nUlanov, Ann, and Barry Ulanov. The Witch and the Clown. Wilmette, 111., 1987.\n"
9780814735282 - page_178: "START TEXT: Winnicott, D. W. Collected Papers: Through Pediatrics to Psychoanalysis. London, 1958.\n—. The Matura" ******* END TEXT: " and Daughter. London, 1939.\nThompson, E. P. The Making of the English Working Class. London, 1963.\n"
9780814735282 - page_179: "START TEXT: Tomalin, Claire. The Invisible Woman: The Story of Nelly Ternan and Charles Dickens. New York, 1990." ******* END TEXT: "nd Experiences. London, 1884.\nZwerdling, Alex. “Esther Summerson Rehabilitated.” PMLA 88 (1973): 429"
9780814735282 - page_180: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_27: "START TEXT: CHAPTER ONEBleak House: The Dead Baby and the Psychic Inheritance\nBleak House is in one perspective " ******* END TEXT: "n told her that her mother was her shame, is deprived of her emotional inheritance, while Lady Ded´ "
9780814735282 - page_28: "START TEXT: lock has been denied her motherly role. Parting from Esther for the last time, she says of herself t" ******* END TEXT: "r without deep misgivings. But there were other problems, of course, that belong to the whole tenor "
9780814735282 - page_29: "START TEXT: of his time: his readership pressed upon him an idea of woman that he felt bound to give them back i" ******* END TEXT: "way? That she could believe it was Baby Jesus? That a hardened heart could be susceptible of change "
9780814735282 - page_30: "START TEXT: by such an experience? Mrs. Frances Hodgson Burnett’s Little Lord Faun-tleroy, of course, depends fo" ******* END TEXT: "orn with Heavenly compassion in your hearts. And dying thus around us every day. (Bleak House, 649)\n"
9780814735282 - page_31: "START TEXT: The scene is very moving, despite the elements of Victorian sentimentality in it, because Jo is a co" ******* END TEXT: " So the image of woman, in this dimension, is the focus of a deep existential perplexity; and if we "
9780814735282 - page_32: "START TEXT: attend carefully to his work, we find it leads us to a strong current of guilt around these themes a" ******* END TEXT: "this further in examining Dickens’s attitudes, and those of his public, to illegitimacy and illicit "
9780814735282 - page_33: "START TEXT: passion, and so to the dark side of woman—including man’s darker attitudes to woman, and Dickens’s o" ******* END TEXT: "uch people can invoke the words of Jesus at the critical moment—as here, or as when Jo is dying and "
9780814735282 - page_34: "START TEXT: Alan Woodcourt makes him repeat the Lord’s prayer at the end. Clearly, Dickens believed in the urgen" ******* END TEXT: "votional beliefs were a matter of intense interest, as the periodical literature of the time shows.\n"
9780814735282 - page_35: "START TEXT: But, for my purposes, such episodes give the clues to Dickens’s unconscious preoccupations. Esther h" ******* END TEXT: "l they are beyond forgiveness.\nOne recurring theme is that of the baby that is born of some illicit "
9780814735282 - page_36: "START TEXT: passion and is then handed over to a near relation, who raises the children in the severest possible" ******* END TEXT: "r as completely unbending from her usual “haughty self-restraint” but is also “rendered motionless”\n"
9780814735282 - page_37: "START TEXT: by a something in her face that I had pined for and dreamed of when I was a little child; something " ******* END TEXT: "er in this fashionable lady, whom ... I perfectly well knew I had never seen until that hour. (250)\n"
9780814735282 - page_38: "START TEXT: What Esther is yearning for is that unique recognition of the existential being that only the mother" ******* END TEXT: "implication, all of us are born from sinful passion, which is like wrath. “Wrath” presumably refers "
9780814735282 - page_39: "START TEXT: to the doom cast on Eve when she was cast out from Eden, but its menacing implication also distantly" ******* END TEXT: " who cannot. The worst thing is to deny the capacity for love in oneself: this is Mr. Dombey’s sin, "
9780814735282 - page_40: "START TEXT: Miss Havisham’s error, Estella’s predicament, Mr. Murdstone’s offense, and the social and philosophi" ******* END TEXT: "the heroine who has to draw upon and develop her deepest resources of being in order to cope with a "
9780814735282 - page_41: "START TEXT: difficult and often menacing world and to realize her integrity. Mrs. Gaskell is more realistic than" ******* END TEXT: "n writing from his own experience, to link the problem of money with self-fulfillment. What Dickens "
9780814735282 - page_42: "START TEXT: seeks, I believe, may be called real reparation. To explain more what this means I shall turn again " ******* END TEXT: "fer her allegiance as housekeeper from him to Alan Woodcourt, who loves her as a potential husband.\n"
9780814735282 - page_43: "START TEXT: Whenever he is reminded of painful suffering, or whenever he is reminded of his own generosity, John" ******* END TEXT: "itants of Tom All Alone's, and the wanderers about the globe, like Alan Woodcourt and Jo: all these "
9780814735282 - page_44: "START TEXT: are households or people roaming between households—and the question is whether within the house, an" ******* END TEXT: "works for Coavinses, and who comes to deal with Harold Skimpole. Skimpole is a deadly caricature of "
9780814735282 - page_45: "START TEXT: the egoist who asserts his childishness as a means to sustain his infant monism: the world, in Skimp" ******* END TEXT: "playing at washing, and imitating a poor working-woman with a quick observation of the truth. (209)\n"
9780814735282 - page_46: "START TEXT: The episode is moving because the child has no time for play—play with the mother being the child’s " ******* END TEXT: " courage, and by her childish importance in being able to work, and by her bustling busy way. (211)\n"
9780814735282 - page_47: "START TEXT: The community has helped: Mrs. Blinder has “forgiven” the children the rent; but Mr. Jarndyce is abl" ******* END TEXT: ", he came to be so small and weak.\nEsther I have seen described as a “rather insipid heroine” while "
9780814735282 - page_48: "START TEXT: G. H. Lewes found her a, monstrous failure: many critics have followed.5 But I agree with Alex Zwerd" ******* END TEXT: "r guardian, John Jarndyce. He stands in total contrast to the miserable and short-sighted obsession "
9780814735282 - page_49: "START TEXT: with his own interests of poor Richard, whose existence is eaten away by the lure of the lawsuit (eg" ******* END TEXT: "’s inheritance (among other things from one’s parents' sexuality) is the existential center of Bleak"
9780814735282 - page_50: "START TEXT: House. And while Bleak House is in some ways something of a thriller, its solutions to the problems" ******* END TEXT: " novels by Dickens in which an original terrible deprivation is gradually made up for by detachment "
9780814735282 - page_51: "START TEXT: and the gain of satisfaction from other sources: this is Pip’s progress, and Esther's, Nicholas Nick" ******* END TEXT: "ttacks this breast; but if he is being gratified by this breast, he loves it and has fantasies of a "
9780814735282 - page_52: "START TEXT: pleasant kind in relation to it. In his aggressive fantasies he wishes to bite up and to tear up his" ******* END TEXT: "stery and singularity of one’s own existence. Melanie Klein writes thus about reparation and guilt:\n"
9780814735282 - page_53: "START TEXT: Feelings of guilt give rise to the fear of being dependent upon this loved person whom the child is " ******* END TEXT: "ation to sounds and music. The whole dynamic of “being for” and the role of the mother in “creative "
9780814735282 - page_54: "START TEXT: reflection” is discussed in the present author’s Sylvia Plath: Poetry and Existence and elsewhere, i" ******* END TEXT: ", see Ian D. Suttie, The Origins of Love and Hate, and also my Human Hope and the Death Instinct.\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_55: "START TEXT: CHAPTER TWOReligion, Sin, and Shame\nWe need now to turn back to the sexual theme, for we cannot disc" ******* END TEXT: "moveable” face. “To the very last, and even afterwards, her frown remained unsoftened” (19). Later, "
9780814735282 - page_56: "START TEXT: Miss Barbary’s religion is called “distorted.” This woman it was who found signs of life in Esther a" ******* END TEXT: "rs. Gaskell came to know of a distressing case in which a woman was seduced by her surgeon, and out "
9780814735282 - page_57: "START TEXT: of this wrote her novel Ruth, which was published in 1853. It was greeted by an outcry, not against " ******* END TEXT: "ven to forgive her, which it never can!” Why should Lady Dedlock believe that even heaven would not "
9780814735282 - page_58: "START TEXT: forgive her? Dickens and Mrs. Gaskell are actually caught on the horns of a dilemma: is the breaking" ******* END TEXT: " price: therefore glorify God in your body, and in your spirit, which are God's. (1 Corinthians, 6)\n"
9780814735282 - page_59: "START TEXT: In this kind of exhortation, the theme is that we are bought with a price: Christ died for us, so th" ******* END TEXT: "and Hunt lived on good terms together until Lewes entered into an unmarried relationship with George"
9780814735282 - page_60: "START TEXT: Eliot. John Chapman had a wife, but also a mistress living in the same house who was governess to h" ******* END TEXT: "er the dangerous and unsettled process of intrigue and strife that it was in the more fluid earlier "
9780814735282 - page_61: "START TEXT: centuries of rapid social change. A woman who married into the aristocracy or into the mercantile cl" ******* END TEXT: "oys of sexual love (a concern that is delicately satirized in Henry James’s novel The Awkward Age). "
9780814735282 - page_62: "START TEXT: (What they might have heard, may we suspect, is of some of the pains, shocks, and horrors of married" ******* END TEXT: "ativity the Victorian unconscious would find the deepest fears of the animal, or “witch,” in woman, "
9780814735282 - page_63: "START TEXT: that surfaces so violently in George MacDonald. Lewis Carroll loved little girls of the prepuberty p" ******* END TEXT: "r prison (The Blue Closet) for the man to come to release them. But, as in The Blue Closet, when he "
9780814735282 - page_64: "START TEXT: does come, he seems to be dead, or death itself. Many novels of the century are about the failure of" ******* END TEXT: "ed Women’s Property Act of 1882).\n“Compartmentalization” is the more helpful word, because it draws "
9780814735282 - page_65: "START TEXT: attention to the unreal way in which the Victorians kept certain aspects of moral behavior separate " ******* END TEXT: "y the status of nursing was raised, and slowly and surely, through such professions, women began to "
9780814735282 - page_66: "START TEXT: clamor for professional and business opportunities. Interestingly and remarkably, especially since w" ******* END TEXT: "airness. When John Stuart Mill looked at the laws of marriage in The Subjection of Women (1869), he "
9780814735282 - page_67: "START TEXT: concluded that “the wife is the actual bond-servant of her husband, no less so as far as legal oblig" ******* END TEXT: "Stopes, a zoology student and doctor in botany who only realized six months after her marriage that "
9780814735282 - page_68: "START TEXT: it had never been consummated (she found the clues to sexual reality, apparently, in the British Mus" ******* END TEXT: "with death and murder, symbolizing their fear of some dark and terrible force in the female spirit.\n"
9780814735282 - page_69: "START TEXT: Notes\n1. St. Mark, 13: 35.\n2. Dickens’s attitude to the women in his home for the fallen was authori" ******* END TEXT: " society in New York at the turn of the century: The Age of Innocence is a bitterly ironic title.\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_70: "START TEXT: CHAPTER THREELittle Dorrit; Little Doormat\nLittle Dorrit which was published in 1856, is another nov" ******* END TEXT: "as to do with inheritance. Mrs. Clennam, who is not Arthur’s mother even though she brought him up, "
9780814735282 - page_71: "START TEXT: has cheated Little Dorrit out of a thousand guineas.* This “secret” lies at the heart of the intense" ******* END TEXT: " gone abroad and later died, too.\nThe uncle, Gilbert Clennam, has meanwhile come to learn about Ar´ "
9780814735282 - page_72: "START TEXT: thur’s real mother: he has heard only that she was a girl his nephew had loved but then abandoned i" ******* END TEXT: " to devise, once more, an inheritance that threatens to blight the lives of the protagonists. Little"
9780814735282 - page_73: "START TEXT: Dorrit, who slaves at needlework in obscurity for the haughty Mrs. Clennam, has been cheated by her" ******* END TEXT: "ter. Has Mrs. Clennam’s mode of bringing up Arthur been beneficial or not? She tells Little Dorrit,\n"
9780814735282 - page_74: "START TEXT: “I kept over him as a child, in the days of his first remembrance, my restraining and correcting han" ******* END TEXT: " Dorrit, because she loves Arthur, in protecting her from Arthur’s wrath by concealing her offense.\n"
9780814735282 - page_75: "START TEXT: “Let me never feel, while I am still alive, that I die before his face, and utterly perish away from" ******* END TEXT: " the house, the edifice falls.\nWe suppose the point is that, to be truly Christian, one must extend "
9780814735282 - page_76: "START TEXT: compassion not only to sinners but also to those who have misguidedly castigated and punished sinner" ******* END TEXT: ", as true love partners, despite all the vicissitudes of fate that have tossed them here and there, "
9780814735282 - page_77: "START TEXT: and despite the unpromising inheritance of each. In the moral of the book, money, riches, ambition, " ******* END TEXT: "d mode susceptible to volition.\nThere can be no moral development until we accept, in ourselves and "
9780814735282 - page_78: "START TEXT: others, capacities to be mean, spiteful, envious, or destructive, as well as capacities to be genero" ******* END TEXT: "ng a submissive child-wife-daughter to her own father toward another father figure, Arthur Clennam, "
9780814735282 - page_79: "START TEXT: who earlier in the book speaks of her as “poor-child” and “little creature,” and who regards himself" ******* END TEXT: "William Dorrit the bitterness is deeper, and the man more corrupt—but his cruelties go unchallenged "
9780814735282 - page_80: "START TEXT: by those who love him. Of course, one might say that this is a kind of corruption any penal institut" ******* END TEXT: " devotion. Little Dorrit connives at the old man’s false pride; she compounds his absurd gentility:\n"
9780814735282 - page_81: "START TEXT: “It would be a new distress to him even to know that I earn a little money, and that Fanny earns a l" ******* END TEXT: "her. For the creative writer, this means developing the ability to find the ambivalence in himself.\n"
9780814735282 - page_82: "START TEXT: Strangely enough, the Marshalsea itself also seems to put a limit on this process. Little Dorrit mak" ******* END TEXT: "that no real woman is—and that certainly one’s own inner phantom woman of the unconscious is not.\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_100: "START TEXT: sensitivity and denseness. The last sentence is hilarious, making her a kind of extinguished lamp, w" ******* END TEXT: " to the mere varnishings.    Little Dorrit doggedly persists in sticking to her affections—and it is"
9780814735282 - page_101: "START TEXT: this Cordelia element in her that we must admire. Her letter to Arthur Clennam from Venice has its " ******* END TEXT: "ompared the Rialto, greatly to its disadvantage, with Westminster and Black´ friars bridges. . . .”\n"
9780814735282 - page_102: "START TEXT: “You will find it serviceable, in the formation of a demeanor, if you sometimes say to yourself in c" ******* END TEXT: " cruelty and tyranny:\n“Amy” he returned, turning short upon her. “You—ha—habitually hurt me.” (478)\n"
9780814735282 - page_103: "START TEXT: What this is is understood by every person of “delicacy and sensitiveness” except her. She constantl" ******* END TEXT: "r. In this chapter, since Dorrit has broken down and is dying, Amy’s total devotion is appropriate.\n"
9780814735282 - page_104: "START TEXT: The chapter begins outside the walls of Rome, with Dorrit galloping in a carriage across the Campagn" ******* END TEXT: "n elegantly impressive manner, “my services.”“Of your services alone, dear madam?” said Mr. Dorrit.\n"
9780814735282 - page_105: "START TEXT: “I presume,” retorted Mrs. General in her former impressive manner, “of my services alone. For to wh" ******* END TEXT: "of the old times. He does not now know Mrs. General, but as for Amy, “he loved her in his old way.”\n"
9780814735282 - page_106: "START TEXT: They were in the jail again, and she tended him, and he had constant need of her, and could not turn" ******* END TEXT: "some magical solution, as the image of the young and lively Ellen intensified in his consciousness.\n"
9780814735282 - page_107: "START TEXT: I am weary of rest and have no satisfaction but fatigue. Realities and idealities are always appeari" ******* END TEXT: "ckenzies) sounded like something from a sensational novel. He also wrote a letter to the manager of "
9780814735282 - page_108: "START TEXT: his public readings, saying of his wife that it would be “better for her to go away and live apart” " ******* END TEXT: "m smoldering resentments, and felt that his home might have collapsed were it not that he shored it "
9780814735282 - page_109: "START TEXT: up by his self-sacrificing efforts: in many ways, that is, he was like William Dorrit.\nThe relations" ******* END TEXT: "er, and hopes that her parents will come to terms with her marriage to Gowan, and Dickens exclaims,\n"
9780814735282 - page_110: "START TEXT: When were such changes ever made in men’s natural relations to one another: when was such reconcilem" ******* END TEXT: "iling and much gratified. But when the attendants withdraw and they are alone, Dorrit turns on him:\n"
9780814735282 - page_111: "START TEXT: “Now, sir,” said Mr. Dorrit, turning round upon him and seizing him by the collar when they were saf" ******* END TEXT: ". (632)\nMr. Dorrit becomes ashamed, and is seen later to be wiping his eyes, looking tired and ill.\n"
9780814735282 - page_112: "START TEXT: “Young John, I am very sorry to have been hasty with you, but—ha—some remembrances are not happy rem" ******* END TEXT: "elationship between Little Dorrit and Arthur Clennam must surely be seen as belonging to the false?\n"
9780814735282 - page_113: "START TEXT: It seems to me, by contrast, quite awful. Of course, I take the general point that the discovery of " ******* END TEXT: " act is not quite clear, since Arthur’s mother was not his mother, is dead, and so cannot be pained "
9780814735282 - page_114: "START TEXT: by the recovery of the codicil, while the questions arise as to where the money was, where it is now" ******* END TEXT: "thing, the very prosperity of Victorian industrialism was creating riches that, among other things, "
9780814735282 - page_115: "START TEXT: had made Dickens and his readership possible. It was also producing that prosperity of which women w" ******* END TEXT: "stic virtues that went with them), and how much did he simply reserve them for public presentation?\n"
9780814735282 - page_116: "START TEXT: The appearance of Little Dorrit to Arthur after his illness is like a sickly Victorian oleograph: he" ******* END TEXT: "o shine on significant personages, and it belongs to the utter unreality of Dickens’s idealization. "
9780814735282 - page_117: "START TEXT: What do we see when we are told a star might be a woman’s heart shining in the sky?\nArthur declares " ******* END TEXT: "way (Tattycoram having had a serious struggle to come home to face the music). Meagles’s tone makes "
9780814735282 - page_118: "START TEXT: one feel there was a good deal in Tattycoram’s rebelliousness: “Tattycoram, come to me a moment, my " ******* END TEXT: "ically very unsatisfactory—the clumsy attempt to introduce comedy with a substantial chunk of Flora;"
9780814735282 - page_119: "START TEXT: the religiosity (“they were married, with the sun shining on them through the painted figure of Our" ******* END TEXT: " at all like Pip), and both are so dreary, weepy, and grey? They lack the dynamic of the libidinal.\n"
9780814735282 - page_120: "START TEXT: Clennam (as Leavis says) may ask the questions, “what shall I do? What can I do? What are the possib" ******* END TEXT: " Jane Austen never side-steps it).\nLeavis claims that Little Dorrit is “utterly unlike Little Nell” "
9780814735282 - page_121: "START TEXT: (1970, 225). This is not to “shy away from goodness as Little Dorrit evokes it.” I do not balk at wh" ******* END TEXT: "on her, as Pip is. It is not true, as Leavis claims, that “she can bring her father to the point of "
9780814735282 - page_122: "START TEXT: glimpsing from time to time the reality of what he is and in doing so make him for us something of a" ******* END TEXT: "that the qualities and energies not represented by Little Dorrit are indispensable too. (1970, 246)\n"
9780814735282 - page_123: "START TEXT: No, alas, Little Dorrit is not sufficiently subject to critical examination. Dickens’s insight and i" ******* END TEXT: "e knew he did not belong to himself”).\nDiscussing a reference to St. Paul’s Cathedral, Leavis says,\n"
9780814735282 - page_124: "START TEXT: It invokes institutional religion, of course, but not in the spirit of satiric irony. The institutio" ******* END TEXT: "blem is that of consciousness and meaning. We may admit Dickens’s engagement with the tragic themes "
9780814735282 - page_125: "START TEXT: of death and meaning, and his upholding of existential needs against the failings of his time and it" ******* END TEXT: "of Victorian religiosity, in its dread of maturity in equality and freedom between men and women.\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_83: "START TEXT: CHAPTER FOURAt the Heart of the Marshalsea\nOne of the crucial scenes in Little Dorrit is that betwee" ******* END TEXT: "f in those days, though it was ever so ill done, you would be proud of it, you would be proud of it”"
9780814735282 - page_84: "START TEXT: (227). They will only see this true face, perhaps, in his death (which is the “awful time”): “Unles" ******* END TEXT: "                       The good years shall devour them, flesh and fell,Ere they shall make us weep\n"
9780814735282 - page_85: "START TEXT: Dickens must have had Lear in mind in writing Little Dorrit; and it is this theme, insofar as it is " ******* END TEXT: "he daughter is fraught with guilt. So Dickens ^oes on to desexualize the image. Little Dorrit is of "
9780814735282 - page_86: "START TEXT: “unheroic modern stock” and is “mere English,” yet she does “much more.” Hers is not to be a physica" ******* END TEXT: " commits. This is not to say that she ought not to go on loving him—members of a family often do go "
9780814735282 - page_87: "START TEXT: on loving one another, despite outrages, which are forgiven—but what we are examining is the author’" ******* END TEXT: "g him for his false postures.\nLittle Dorrit, in her devotion, is shown accepting deprivation as she "
9780814735282 - page_88: "START TEXT: spends her night out at her “party” in the cold night, though this seems to come about because of he" ******* END TEXT: "ot heave my heart unto my mouth”\nIncidentally, I am indicating in what way Shakespeare made Dickens "
9780814735282 - page_89: "START TEXT: possible; and (as Q. D. Leavis has pointed out*) the greatest achievements of the English novel woul" ******* END TEXT: " their infants, and blessed those young Insolvents with a benignity that was highly edifying. (221)\n"
9780814735282 - page_90: "START TEXT: One calls it “Jonsonian,” but it is in fact centrally “English” in a much wider way: it could be com" ******* END TEXT: "y good Frederick; you want to be roused.”     “Yes, William, yes. No doubt,” returned the other....\n"
9780814735282 - page_91: "START TEXT: “But I am not like you.”    ... “Oh! You might be like me, my dear Frederick; you might be, if you c" ******* END TEXT: "a “touch of shame” in the air, and it seems to be prompted by a pious admonition from Amy, unspoken "
9780814735282 - page_92: "START TEXT: of course, combined with that kind of totally forbearing forgiveness “that has even a minatory quali" ******* END TEXT: " matter whether such a blighted life as mine comes to an end, now, next week, or next year? What am "
9780814735282 - page_93: "START TEXT: I worth to any one? A poor prisoner, fed on alms and broken victuals; a squalid, disgraced wretch!” " ******* END TEXT: "stand against it. I am not quite trodden down. Go out and ask who is the chief person in the place.\n"
9780814735282 - page_94: "START TEXT: They'll tell you it’s your father. Go out and ask who is never trifled with and who is always treate" ******* END TEXT: "lsification here, as Dickens presents Little Dorrit totally devoid of irritation—of ambivalence—and "
9780814735282 - page_95: "START TEXT: Dorrit himself so easily cured of his “shame” by her attentions, and yet so incapable of love in his" ******* END TEXT: "ible and hypocritical father.\nFor a father is not Christ or God the Father and does not deserve such"
9780814735282 - page_96: "START TEXT: worship, while a daughter is not a mother to him, as to a baby, who must worship and pardon everyth" ******* END TEXT: "his compassion, and in his habit of considering her a child apart from the rest of the rough world, "
9780814735282 - page_97: "START TEXT: as if he would have been glad to take her up in his arms and carry her to her journey’s end. (173)\nH" ******* END TEXT: " one may hear something of the author’s own voice, “any one in connection with me” and “never shine "
9780814735282 - page_98: "START TEXT: again” being phrases that might have come from a letter from Dickens at the time.\nBut Little Dorrit," ******* END TEXT: "d at the next moment be penetratingly sophisticated and insightful, deeply critical of his society.\n"
9780814735282 - page_99: "START TEXT: By contrast with the awful melodrama of Arthur and Amy is his marvelous portrayal of Mrs. General. A" ******* END TEXT: "ble depth, and is bitingly observant of a kind of emptiness that belongs to a comfortable kind of in"
9780814735282 - page_126: "START TEXT: CHAPTER FIVEGreat Expectations: A Radical Ambiguity about What One May Expect\nI found myself startle" ******* END TEXT: "rows in work” (1979, 331). In 1861 Bulwer-Lytton suggested that the readers would dislike this end. "
9780814735282 - page_127: "START TEXT: Dickens rewrote it to make Pip seem likely to find comfort with Estella in middle age, after a passa" ******* END TEXT: "yson and Magwitch and a general feeling of doom and dread—from the convict hulks to the old brewery "
9780814735282 - page_128: "START TEXT: and the fatal River Thames. (It is followed, we may note, by two other novels about murder and attem" ******* END TEXT: "rds the river, still hugging himself in both arms, and picking his way with his sore feet among the "
9780814735282 - page_129: "START TEXT: great stones dropped into the marshes here and there, for stepping'places when the rains were heavy," ******* END TEXT: "inful anyway—even the sign that makes navigation possible is ugly. The other landmark is uglier—the "
9780814735282 - page_130: "START TEXT: gallows that has held the body of an executed criminal, which has rotted away and toward which the e" ******* END TEXT: "ch person’s “condition” (in Sartre’s sense)—and, ultimately, each person’s biological existence, on "
9780814735282 - page_131: "START TEXT: earth, in time. What is the relation of love to a meaning in the whole life, to man (and woman) as “" ******* END TEXT: "urder of the old woman. Dostoevskyan too is Orlick’s torture of Pip himself and also the ordeals of "
9780814735282 - page_132: "START TEXT: Magwitch and the death of Miss Havisham. In these, I believe we may say, Dickens himself, by violent" ******* END TEXT: "o Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment gives us the clue. The need to fantasy such symbolic attacks on "
9780814735282 - page_133: "START TEXT: the image of woman reveals a need to reexperience the earliest of infant perplexities about self and" ******* END TEXT: "’s death is dreadful, being a consequence of his impulse to remake a “proper” identity through Pip.\n"
9780814735282 - page_134: "START TEXT: We may link the paranoid-schizoid element with that of inheritance, and with Dickens’s own predicame" ******* END TEXT: "ure in his love for Estella.\nThis progress we may link with the problem of finding love to be safe. "
9780814735282 - page_135: "START TEXT: The schizoid problem is the fear of love, whose (oral) voraciousness is felt to be dangerous, liable" ******* END TEXT: " the murder of Nancy is the “primal scene,” any more than I was trying to reduce Mahler when I said "
9780814735282 - page_136: "START TEXT: that the anguish he suffers from episode to episode in the Ninth Symphony has to do with the dread h" ******* END TEXT: "m it, and then ran towards it. And my terror was greatest of all when I found no figure there. (59)\n"
9780814735282 - page_137: "START TEXT: This is just the kind of nightmare fantasy one might expect a sensitive and imaginative child like P" ******* END TEXT: "hrown much together, you had better believe it at once. No!” imperiously stopping me as I opened my "
9780814735282 - page_138: "START TEXT: lips. “I have not bestowed my tenderness anywhere. I have never had any such thing.”\nIn another mome" ******* END TEXT: "o a fundamental (and valid) criticism of nineteenth-century industrial society, and utilitarianism.\n"
9780814735282 - page_139: "START TEXT: Pip, brought up by Mrs. Gargery, who is also cruel and cold, has been brought up, we might say, by t" ******* END TEXT: "r imaginative, loving, meaning redemption that he is so dedicated to Christ’s example and teaching.\n"
9780814735282 - page_140: "START TEXT: Love is called out by one person from another, as the mother calls it out in her infant (a process h" ******* END TEXT: ", in the sea, in the streets. You have been the embodiment of every graceful fancy that my mind had "
9780814735282 - page_141: "START TEXT: ever become acquainted with. The stone of which the strongest London buildings are made, are not mor" ******* END TEXT: "isis of the imagination freeing itself to perceive a shocking truth. When Pip speaks of the marshes "
9780814735282 - page_142: "START TEXT: in the passage quoted below, he speaks as much of the marshes, the darkness, and evil, as he does of" ******* END TEXT: "in that was faded and not gone; that, it should in this new way pervade my fortune and advancement. "
9780814735282 - page_143: "START TEXT: While my mind was thus engaged, I thought of the beautiful young Estella, proud and refined, coming " ******* END TEXT: "derness of Pip to Magwitch as he is dying is that of homosexual love, in this sense. In the pattern "
9780814735282 - page_144: "START TEXT: of intrapsychic dynamics, we may speak of Dickens learning to love his maleness, which one might say" ******* END TEXT: "hopeless to attempt to disguise him. The more I dressed him, and the better I dressed him, the more "
9780814735282 - page_145: "START TEXT: he looked like the slouching fugitive on the marshes. This effect on my anxious fancy was partly ref" ******* END TEXT: "ich he does not know the nature. Yet at the same time, clearly, from the description itself, he sym "
9780814735282 - page_146: "START TEXT: pathizes deeply with the harshness to which the felon has been subjected by a punitive society. The " ******* END TEXT: "th Dickens’s existential themes and the realization that the way he uses language makes possible.\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_147: "START TEXT: CHAPTER SIXFinding One Another’s Reality: Lizzie Hexam and Her Love Story in Our Mutual Friend\nIt wa" ******* END TEXT: "en, and Eugene Wrayburn, although he is to a degree the Steerforth type, is to be redeemed from the "
9780814735282 - page_148: "START TEXT: carnal and unthinking involvement of the playboy. Steerforth occasionally voices regrets in the pres" ******* END TEXT: " the Mississippi River and so a strong moral power (the pilot who was not committed and responsible "
9780814735282 - page_149: "START TEXT: would perish), and Conrad drew his existential vision from the merchant navy and the exigencies of s" ******* END TEXT: "s which it had probably acquired in warehousing), and damp, alike had a look of decomposition. (21)\n"
9780814735282 - page_150: "START TEXT: There could be no less prepossessing setting for the discovery of a heroine. Lizzie is barely litera" ******* END TEXT: "d falling of the fire. (163)\nHe sees the bills posted up around the room respecting drowned people:\n"
9780814735282 - page_151: "START TEXT: But he glanced slightly at them, though he looked long and steadily at her. A deep rich piece of col" ******* END TEXT: "s not). Her real name is Fanny Cleaver; the appellation Jenny Wren was one she bestowed on herself. "
9780814735282 - page_152: "START TEXT: She has shrewdness, intelligence, and (like Miss Mowcher, who is badly hurt capturing Littimer) a pr" ******* END TEXT: "rtain moments than its concentration upon any subject for any short time ever was, elsewhere. (235)\n"
9780814735282 - page_153: "START TEXT: Lizzie is turning Eugene, despite himself, into a serious person. He is trying with Lightwood to cle" ******* END TEXT: "eal man in all his complexity and a real woman. There is great depth in the exchanges, because Wray "
9780814735282 - page_154: "START TEXT: burn is taking Lizzie seriously to a degree he does not realize, which is a new capacity drawn out b" ******* END TEXT: "g choices of integrity, in commitment. To a Victorian consciousness there seemed something terrible "
9780814735282 - page_155: "START TEXT: about this, and Wrayburn’s near-destruction seems almost a baptism or a rite of passion, rather than" ******* END TEXT: "o become fit to marry Lizzie. And on her part she has to make an extreme reparation to become ready "
9780814735282 - page_156: "START TEXT: to commit herself to this man. For both, I believe we may say, phenome-nologically, these experience" ******* END TEXT: "n than Lizzie Hexam. There is no better among my people at home; no better among your people.”(294)\n"
9780814735282 - page_157: "START TEXT: But when Lightwood asks, “What follows?” Wrayburn has no answer, because it is still a riddle to him" ******* END TEXT: "ares himself; when repulsed, Headstone menaces Wrayburn, and she tells him that Wrayburn has merely "
9780814735282 - page_158: "START TEXT: been most considerate, in connection with the death and with the memory of her poor father.\n“He is n" ******* END TEXT: "this reply, and of course it relates to the riches versus integrity theme of the rest of the novel. "
9780814735282 - page_159: "START TEXT: Lizzie’s love is a hopeless and gainless one. What would she lose, if she came out of hiding?\n“I sho" ******* END TEXT: "ust before the attempted murder.\nHe has at last found Lizzie, and they meet as equal man and woman. "
9780814735282 - page_160: "START TEXT: She is solemn and her eyes are downcast: “He put her hand to his lips, and she quietly drew it away." ******* END TEXT: ".” (692)\nThe words are ominous in the circumstances; but at last she has made him a serious person.\n"
9780814735282 - page_161: "START TEXT: She had not been prepared for such passionate expressions, and they awakened some natural sparks of " ******* END TEXT: "at the level of ego, he is surprised: “Can I even believe it myself?” He even finds, “in the appeal "
9780814735282 - page_162: "START TEXT: and in the confession of weakness, a little fear” (696). Dickens realizes the painfullness of commit" ******* END TEXT: " presence of death, takes nothing from melodrama or that kind of morbidity. Deeply moved, we follow "
9780814735282 - page_163: "START TEXT: the ceremony, “So rarely associated with the shadow of death; so inseparable in the mind from a flus" ******* END TEXT: "tangible lovers who discover their possibilities for freedom and equality in their mutual plight.\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_164: "START TEXT: CHAPTER SEVENDickens’s Own Relationships with Women\nToward the end of his life, Dickens was a rich m" ******* END TEXT: "on a scarecrow, the woman’s form remaining clear and fine. He spoke of the “terrible impression” of\n"
9780814735282 - page_165: "START TEXT: “the two forms dangling on top of the entrance gateway—the man's, a limp, loose suit of clothes as i" ******* END TEXT: "Harness wrote that “I had an almost irresistible impulse upon me to scream, and that, if anyone had "
9780814735282 - page_166: "START TEXT: cried out, I am certain I should have followed” (Quoted in Mackenzie, 374).\nWhen he invited the pain" ******* END TEXT: " involving the possibility of annihilation. Murder lurks behind sexuality in the later novels, as I "
9780814735282 - page_167: "START TEXT: have shown. Sexuality can only be exorcised of this threat by prodigious suffering and reparation, b" ******* END TEXT: "misery to live in some fatal atmosphere which slays everyone to whom she should be dearest.” If, as "
9780814735282 - page_168: "START TEXT: some psychotherapists believe, in marriage “psychopathology plays a part on both sides,” there was a" ******* END TEXT: " Ellen Ternan, who belonged to his stage world and with whom he acted the scenes of an older man in "
9780814735282 - page_169: "START TEXT: relation to a girl, and whom he later kept in the fairy tale house in Slough, totally apart from his" ******* END TEXT: "an important symbolism: it is surely the desire to be merged with another, in that eternal ultimate "
9780814735282 - page_170: "START TEXT: way the infant is merged, or desires to be merged, with the mother in the “oceanic feeling” of baby-" ******* END TEXT: "to hanker after adult versions of child relationships, based on a concept of “childhood innocence.”\n"
9780814735282 - page_171: "START TEXT: It is valuable to see Oliver Twist as the victim both of a harsh society and of the new poor laws in" ******* END TEXT: "spectives of childhood—and by a wishful desire to return to the childhood state of innocence before "
9780814735282 - page_172: "START TEXT: the development of adult sexuality, because adult sexuality (the primal scene) threatens death.*\nI h" ******* END TEXT: "oncept of fulfillment and authenticity into man-woman relationships, into the realm of sexual love?\n"
9780814735282 - page_173: "START TEXT: Here Dickens had an intense personal problem. Just at the age when the world began to unfold to him " ******* END TEXT: ") or deadens them (Dombey, Lady Dedlock, Merdle), though some can both have money and be loving and "
9780814735282 - page_174: "START TEXT: generous (Mr. Jarndyce, the Cheeryble brothers). The problem of money was again clearly central in D" ******* END TEXT: "man in Dickens had to be kept under severe control, because she was so dangerous. The dread of this "
9780814735282 - page_175: "START TEXT: dangerousness prompts his attention to the punishment that follows any unacceptable indulgence of th" ******* END TEXT: "ly righteous feelings they induce, which are nearly sadistic. The reader is too often involved in a "
9780814735282 - page_176: "START TEXT: perverse enjoyment of a sense of outrage, in which one is all too likely to fail to give the victim " ******* END TEXT: "rder attempt on her lover, the capacity to act and deal with reality on equal terms with any man.\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_vi: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1993 by New York UniversityAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: "gth and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\nc  10  9  8  7  6  5  4  2  3  1\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_vii: "START TEXT: To the memory of my mother, who loved Dickens’s novels and named me after David Copperfield, whose s" ******* END TEXT: " the Arts Council of Great Britain, and the Leverhulme Trust for help with the writing of this book."
9780814735282 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_ii: "START TEXT: Also by David Holbrook\nPOETRY\nImaginingsAgainst the Cruel FrostObject RelationsOld World, New WorldC" ******* END TEXT: "a NowEducation, Hihilism, and SurvivalEnglish for MeaningEducation and Philosophical Anthropology\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_iii: "START TEXT: NOVELS\nFlesh WoundsA Play of PassionNothing Larger Than LifeWorlds ApartA Little AthensJenniferThe G" ******* END TEXT: "yImages of Woman in LiteratureThe Skeleton in the WardrobeWhere D. H. Lawrence Was Wrong about Woman"
9780814735282 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_ix: "START TEXT: “ ... But Wooman, lovely Wooman,” said Mr. Turveydrop, with very disagreeable gallantry, “what a sex" ******* END TEXT: "y Wooman,” said Mr. Turveydrop, with very disagreeable gallantry, “what a sex you are!”\n—Bleak House"
9780814735282 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_i: "START TEXT: Charles Dickens and the Image of Woman\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Charles Dickens and the Image of Woman\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: Charles Dickens and the Image of Woman\n" ******* END TEXT: "Charles Dickens and the Image of Woman\n"
9780814735282 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_181: "START TEXT: Index\nAdult sexuality: Dicken’s difficulties with, 17, 21, 136\nmenace of, 170, 172\nAffect, failure o" ******* END TEXT: "ward Age, The (James), 61\nBabies: Dickens’s attitude toward, 30\n“cultural”\nthinking of, 50\nsentimen-"
9780814735282 - page_182: "START TEXT: taliped, 32\nsexual themes behind, 32, 33, 35. See also Dead babies\nBarrie, Sir James, 1\nBeadnell, Ma" ******* END TEXT: "mple and teaching of, in Dickens, 139, 148\nlove of, 114\nChristian, Mrs., 18\nChristian mythology, 30\n"
9780814735282 - page_183: "START TEXT: Christian principle, 124\nChristianity, 41\nin Dickens, 30–31, 33–34, 40\nillegitimacy in, 55–56\nsexual" ******* END TEXT: "disturbance in, 172\ndivision between art and life in, 172\nemotional life of, 115\nexternalization of\n"
9780814735282 - page_184: "START TEXT: unconscious dynamics of, in image of woman in his works, 128, 132–33, 134\nfamily life, 118, 164, 169" ******* END TEXT: "tion, 43\n“False solutions,” 142\nFalsification, 44\nin Bleak House, 81\nDickens’s defense of humanness "
9780814735282 - page_185: "START TEXT: against, 123\nin Great Expectations, 129, 136\nin Little Dorrit, 80, 86, 87, 88, 93, 94–95, 99, 100, 1" ******* END TEXT: "n Wolfgang von, 141\nGood breast, 85\n“Good father,” 7, 11, 80\n“Good mother,” 38\nGood Sister, the, 17\n"
9780814735282 - page_186: "START TEXT: Goodness, 53, 113\nfeminine, 121, 123, 124\nprimary, 51\nGreat Expectations (Dickens), 3–4, 8, 36, 38, " ******* END TEXT: "2\nInfantile experiences, adult problems originate in, 16\nInfantile fantasies, 1, 4, 51–52, 141, 144\n"
9780814735282 - page_187: "START TEXT: of breast, 23\nDickens’s need to reexperience, 4\ndisturbance at level of, 155\nof primal scene, 2, 135" ******* END TEXT: "l, 87\nas cure for falsification, 87\nas dangerous, 133\ndenial of, 40\nin Dickens, 4, 41, 42\nDickens’s "
9780814735282 - page_188: "START TEXT: belief in, 108, 172\nDickens’s insights into, 125\nfaith in, 44\nin father-daughter relationship, 96\nfi" ******* END TEXT: "2\nin life of Dickens, 174\nand self-fulfillment, 41–42\nas symbol in Dickens, 173–74. See also Riches\n"
9780814735282 - page_189: "START TEXT: Moral capacity, 40, 140\nMoral development, 112\nambivalence in, 77–78\nMoral didacticism, 31, 34, 35, " ******* END TEXT: "acking and emptying, 5\nfinding, 131\nfinding reality of, 135\nOther’s being, love and reality of, 131\n"
9780814735282 - page_190: "START TEXT: Our Mutual Friend (Dickens), 4, 127, 135, 147–63, 167\nguilt in, 6\norphan theme in, 15–16\nplot of, 14" ******* END TEXT: "y: Dickens’s problems with, 132\nfinding one another's, 147–63\nin Little Dorrit, 112, 121–22, 123\nin "
9780814735282 - page_191: "START TEXT: man-woman relationship, 159–60, 161–62, 163, 176\nmother introducing infant to, 23–24\nReality of woma" ******* END TEXT: "59–60\nSexual fulfillment, 29, 63–64\nlacking in works of Dickens, 174\nin Our Mutual Friend, 156, 163\n"
9780814735282 - page_192: "START TEXT: Sexual hang-ups, 2\nSexual instinct, 1\nSexual intercourse: dangers of, 3\nas voracious eating, 135. Se" ******* END TEXT: "\nlearned at mother’s breast, 3\nin Little Dorrit, 70, 71\nof Marshalsea, 83\nin Our Mutual Friend, 149\n"
9780814735282 - page_193: "START TEXT: psychoanalytical analysis of, 143\nin Shakespeare, 115\nstar, 116–17\nof woman in Dickens, 3–4, 132–33\n" ******* END TEXT: "s Fear to Tread (Forster), 99\nWholeness, 131, 132\nsexual and emotional, 143, 144\nWhore, woman as, 3\n"
9780814735282 - page_194: "START TEXT: Wickedness, Dickens’s fascination with, 113\n“Wiglomeration,” 41, 51\nWilliams, Merryn, 147\nWinnicott," ******* END TEXT: "also Image of woman\nWuthering Heights (Bronte), 5, 140\nYates, Edmund, 165\nZwerdling, Alex, 25, 48\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\nIn previous studies I have dealt with the image of woman as she haunts the work of crea" ******* END TEXT: "tion of Dreams, were phenom¬enological. That is, they had to do with the phenomena of consciousness—"
9780814735282 - page_10: "START TEXT: draw her out of her compromise with her father’s cruelty: he offers radical criticism of her submiss" ******* END TEXT: "there, and it had come so swiftly upon my words that I felt as if they had given him a shock. . . .\n"
9780814735282 - page_11: "START TEXT: “Take a fatherly good-night, my dear,” said he, kissing me on the forehead, “and so to rest. These a" ******* END TEXT: "is head in a waggish manner for ten minutes, as though he were remonstrating with himself for being "
9780814735282 - page_12: "START TEXT: such a pleasant dog; and then, he took a view of his legs in profile with much seeming pleasure and " ******* END TEXT: "ought ... it might be that the insects brought to mind, some painful passage in his own life. (267)\n"
9780814735282 - page_13: "START TEXT: Mr. Bumble is no longer a beadle, but is now master of the workhouse, and reflects woefully that he " ******* END TEXT: "is perhaps what Dickens is most revered for: yet, as we shall see, in his dealings with woman he is "
9780814735282 - page_14: "START TEXT: sometimes unable to confront reality, while in some of his vacillations around the theme of what wom" ******* END TEXT: "r Twist has to do with his being an orphan, while later he is redeemed by a beautiful angelic woman "
9780814735282 - page_15: "START TEXT: who is his mother’s sister (or, we might say, her substitute or reincarnation). The theme of the red" ******* END TEXT: "his mother and brother. Lizzie Hexam is orphaned early in Our Mutual Friend, while Caddy Jellaby is "
9780814735282 - page_16: "START TEXT: virtually an orphan because of the neglect of her household by her campaigning mother; Peepy feels v" ******* END TEXT: "bout his own strong sexual responsiveness” (356). He “could not include the turbulence and sensuous "
9780814735282 - page_17: "START TEXT: delights of sexuality” in the domestic setting, along with childhood and angels. His women tend to b" ******* END TEXT: "r, Mrs. Corney [Mrs. Bumble]). But we must surely take note of Kate, his daughter (Mrs. Perrugini), "
9780814735282 - page_18: "START TEXT: who declared that “my father did not understand women,” “he was not a good man,” and “my father was " ******* END TEXT: " which she is given to Alan Woodcourt by a kind of magic switch, on Mr. Jarndyce’s part, in a ploy, "
9780814735282 - page_19: "START TEXT: of course, that deprives Esther of any authentic choice in the matter—and as if Dickens could not en" ******* END TEXT: "figures and bosoms are neglected. There is a tendency for the more admired women to be somewhat ethe"
9780814735282 - page_2: "START TEXT: and, of course, unconsciousness. He saw that dreams, symptoms, sexual perversions, and sexual hang-u" ******* END TEXT: "r mate and, as the Jungians believe, in their analysis of symbolism, our grave, in Mother Earth. All"
9780814735282 - page_20: "START TEXT: real—bodiless, angelic figures. Agnes is like a figure in a church window; Esther Summerson has a my" ******* END TEXT: "se his own fantasies, and this may be linked with the whole question of the humiliation and neglect "
9780814735282 - page_21: "START TEXT: Dickens felt as a child, when the father was arrested for debt, the mother followed him into the Mar" ******* END TEXT: "d: it has to be shown (to the self) that one may survive murder in order to endure adult sexuality.\n"
9780814735282 - page_22: "START TEXT: To return to Steven Marcus: he points out the intensity of the writing about eyes, in the way Nancy’" ******* END TEXT: "hand on a bread knife which was on the table, started furiously up. (Oliver Twist, 59; Marcus, 371)\n"
9780814735282 - page_23: "START TEXT: The scene ends inconsequentially, but Marcus links it with his diagnosis of the “primal scene” fanta" ******* END TEXT: " infant being involved, over his feeding, in his fantasy, in a “cannibalistic attack.” There is the "
9780814735282 - page_24: "START TEXT: question of what D. W. Winnicott calls the way mother and child “live as experience together”:\nThe m" ******* END TEXT: "ind the very source of his being.\nSo, while Dickens had a deep respect for woman, he also found her "
9780814735282 - page_25: "START TEXT: associated with dread. In Dombey and Son, writing about Polly Toodles, he says that she was a typica" ******* END TEXT: "elves like corpses in the river. The thoughts of seduction directed toward Lizzie seem here to have "
9780814735282 - page_26: "START TEXT: an apocalyptic quality, associated with sexual love, that brings him near to death, and this associa" ******* END TEXT: "ns’s work we need to go on pondering, for it reveals a fundamental duplicity in his view of them.\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_3: "START TEXT: that I am saying, of course, I am saying phenomenologically—in terms of the meanings of the psyche;" ******* END TEXT: "edicament of a deprived child.\nPip in Great Expectations is surrounded by hints of murder: we never "
9780814735282 - page_4: "START TEXT: know what Compeyson or Magwitch has done, but murder is in the air; Orlick makes a murderous assault" ******* END TEXT: " love and hate, he is investigating the ultimate meaning of being, as Shakespeare was in King Lear.\n"
9780814735282 - page_5: "START TEXT: Dickens’s dealings with hate are startling: Quilp’s treatment of his wife, for instance, and his gen" ******* END TEXT: " evil.” To such schizoid individuals, who have been deprived of love, love seems the most dangerous "
9780814735282 - page_6: "START TEXT: thing in the world, so (by infant logic) it is better to hate. It may be better to give up love and " ******* END TEXT: "a false attempt to remedy the sense of harm caused by others—or true reparation, which is a genuine "
9780814735282 - page_7: "START TEXT: engagement with the suffering caused by concern. There is plenty of both in Dickens, and the differe" ******* END TEXT: " secret love for David.\nThese vast ordeals of reparation bring changes in the hearts of characters, "
9780814735282 - page_8: "START TEXT: and they often move us deeply because we watch with bated breath to see whether the reparative effor" ******* END TEXT: " power of love in a woman: “the mother knows” as Winnicott puts it. This useful phrase, despite its "
9780814735282 - page_9: "START TEXT: oddness, seems a completely convincing one to convey the tacit power woman has to do the right thing" ******* END TEXT: "essmaker perhaps deals most realistically with her “child” (her father), while Lizzie has Eugene to "
9780814735282 - page_v: "START TEXT: Charles Dickens and the Image of Woman\nDavid Holbrook\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Charles Dickens and the Image of Woman\nDavid Holbrook\n\n\n\n"
9780814735282 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Contents\nIntroduction\n1. Bleak House: The Dead Baby and the Psychic Inheritance\n2. Religion, Sin, an" ******* END TEXT: "and Her Love Story in Our Mutual Friend\n7. Dickens’s Own Relationships with Women\nBibliography\nIndex"
9780814735282 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_ix: "START TEXT: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\nYou never know just how grateful you are until time comes to thank everyone who ough" ******* END TEXT: "the first place; without his leadership in including sexual identity in national political polling, "
9780814735305 - page_x: "START TEXT: this book would not exist. Bob, Murray, and Ken Sherrill taught me as much as I could learn about ex" ******* END TEXT: "wlers within, they are my own fault. I hope you find that the rest of the book makes up for them.\n\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_233: "START TEXT: Appendix: Methods\nBecause this study is the first of its kind on this group of voters, the source ma" ******* END TEXT: "mbly district), precincts were selected at random. Every Nth voter leaving the polling place at the "
9780814735305 - page_234: "START TEXT: selected precinct was handed a form by an employee or volunteer for the polling organization; the vo" ******* END TEXT: "bases from the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (Ann Arbor, Michigan). "
9780814735305 - page_235: "START TEXT: In addition to the usual demographic weighting, all VRS-connected data sets at the state level were " ******* END TEXT: "the grab bag questions, including the gay/lesbian self-identifier. Additional questions, broken out "
9780814735305 - page_236: "START TEXT: by the specific survey in which they were asked, will be set forth later in this appendix.\nThe 1990 " ******* END TEXT: "ore than half the respondents, 8,277; Version Y had an N of 4,089; and Version P had an N of 2,934.\n"
9780814735305 - page_237: "START TEXT: The Glick poll. The Glick poll is discussed in detail in chapter 5. Total sample N was 516, of whom " ******* END TEXT: "nd CBS data sets were compared to determine consistency of results. The results from the twenty-one "
9780814735305 - page_238: "START TEXT: state-level data sets from 1990 were added together, with breakdown by sex and by region of the coun" ******* END TEXT: "ch state (see chapter 4).\nIn the case of the Glick poll, all respondents were registered Democrats, "
9780814735305 - page_239: "START TEXT: almost all gay and lesbian respondents were white, and no feminism indicator was included; therefore" ******* END TEXT: "ndividual contests included in the three state-level exit polls from 1990 that were examined. These "
9780814735305 - page_240: "START TEXT: were designed specifically to confirm or refute the results found in the aggregated national polls o" ******* END TEXT: "es at least once a month”), and whether the respondent was a first-time voter. The state exit polls "
9780814735305 - page_241: "START TEXT: and the 1990 VRS national poll form additionally asked about the respondent’s education and househol" ******* END TEXT: "ife of the mother.” VRS asked whether the country was “right” to be in the Persian Gulf at present, "
9780814735305 - page_242: "START TEXT: whereas CBS asked whether we should stay there even at the risk of U.S. lives. CBS asked whether “mo" ******* END TEXT: "pondents their vote choice, by party (not by name), for U.S. representative and, in the appropriate "
9780814735305 - page_243: "START TEXT: states, for U.S. senator and/or state governor. The 1992 vote choice for president was asked by name" ******* END TEXT: "ncumbent, a Republican incumbent, or no incumbent was seeking reelection to the office in question.\n"
9780814735305 - page_244: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_iii: "START TEXT: THE LAVENDER VOTE\nLesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals in American Electoral Politics\nMARK HERTZOG\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "THE LAVENDER VOTE\nLesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals in American Electoral Politics\nMARK HERTZOG\n\n\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_1: "START TEXT: ONEVirgin Ground\nOn election night 1992, as Bill Clinton savored his victory, a minority of American" ******* END TEXT: "easingly are making direct appeals for these votes. Now, so has the president of the United States.\n"
9780814735305 - page_10: "START TEXT: These tasks imply a number of essential questions that must be answered if we are to construct an LG" ******* END TEXT: "f partisan divisions within the community, and to determining the existence and extent of a “gender "
9780814735305 - page_11: "START TEXT: gap,” divisions based on race, and distinctions within the group caused by identification with femin" ******* END TEXT: "residential election—and self-identified bisexuals were included for the first time (Edelman 1993).\n"
9780814735305 - page_12: "START TEXT: Before the Exit Polls\nPrior to the exit polls of 1988, 1990, and 1992, information on LGB political " ******* END TEXT: "o vote for Bill Clinton, and LGB activists touted this figure. The sample, however, was culled from "
9780814735305 - page_13: "START TEXT: lists of patrons of LGB bookstores and subscribers to LGB-oriented magazines and catalogs, necessari" ******* END TEXT: "e of the forty-two separate state-level exit polls conducted on behalf of the four networks by VRS.\n"
9780814735305 - page_14: "START TEXT: The self-identification question, now amended to read “gay, lesbian or bisexual,” was included in se" ******* END TEXT: "of the samples or subsamples discussed in this study are rather small. This is particularly true of "
9780814735305 - page_15: "START TEXT: the state-level exit polls. Of the 21 states in which the self-identifier question was asked in the " ******* END TEXT: "e sound data necessary to begin work on this topic. That being the case, let us delay no further.\n\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_2: "START TEXT: The pages that follow report the results of the first detailed examination of self-identified lesbia" ******* END TEXT: "paid little heed to LGBs as a political force, the politicians and the popular media have put great "
9780814735305 - page_3: "START TEXT: stock in a “gay vote” and, in like manner, an “antigay vote” comprising mainly older voters and reli" ******* END TEXT: " as “abnormal,” while Vice President Dan Quayle averred that homosexuality was “a choice, and a bad "
9780814735305 - page_4: "START TEXT: choice” (De Witt 1992). The GOP convention, in the midst of a long economic recession, focused on “f" ******* END TEXT: "Services Committees and a long-planned march on Washington in April by hundreds of thousands of LGB "
9780814735305 - page_5: "START TEXT: people and their supporters,7 Clinton agreed to a policy forbidding LGB servicepeople to be open abo" ******* END TEXT: "as broadly as permitted both by the need to gain majority support and by the eventual Supreme Court "
9780814735305 - page_6: "START TEXT: decision on Amendment 2. President Bush managed to ignore these initiatives in 1992, but the eventua" ******* END TEXT: "n the ROTC. They are forbidden to teach in most public school districts. They are forbidden in most "
9780814735305 - page_7: "START TEXT: places, by statute or policy, to adopt children or even to provide foster care. They are forbidden t" ******* END TEXT: " or lesbian would find such conditions intolerable, and would be expected to band together in order "
9780814735305 - page_8: "START TEXT: to change these conditions through unified action employing, among other means, the electoral proces" ******* END TEXT: "ay possibly be treated as synonymous with group consciousness. If true, we should expect that those "
9780814735305 - page_9: "START TEXT: who do self-identify would tend to be much more politically liberal and partisan than those who do n" ******* END TEXT: " such organizations are relatively quite strong, in influencing the voters they claim to represent.\n"
9780814735305 - page_16: "START TEXT: TWOFrom “Lavender” People to “Lavender” Voters\nThe case of lesbians, bisexuals, and gay men bears pa" ******* END TEXT: "r homosexual can avoid most, perhaps all, legal and social difficulties if she or he pretends to be "
9780814735305 - page_17: "START TEXT: heterosexual, at least so far as the family, the people at work, and heterosexual friends are concer" ******* END TEXT: ". Several factors will increase or decrease group distinctiveness. Strength of identification among "
9780814735305 - page_18: "START TEXT: group members increases distinctiveness; that is, those who identify strongly with the group will vo" ******* END TEXT: " political participation.\nThe fourth section defines and discusses “group consciousness” (Verba and "
9780814735305 - page_19: "START TEXT: Nie 1972; Miller et al. 1981; Shingles 1981), a concept that marries group identification to a set o" ******* END TEXT: "tween objective group membership and group identification is found in the attitudes of persons who, "
9780814735305 - page_20: "START TEXT: by their income levels and job status, clearly belong objectively to the working class. A sizable pe" ******* END TEXT: " wanted to meet, socialize with, and discuss issues of common interest with other gay men in peace.\n"
9780814735305 - page_21: "START TEXT: “They didn’t want to be part of an oppressed cultural minority,” Rowland recalled, and they argued t" ******* END TEXT: "exual activity is “always wrong” (Bowman and Ladd 1993).\nWho/What Is “Gay”? The Measurement Problem\n"
9780814735305 - page_22: "START TEXT: There is considerable ambiguity in the term “homosexuality.” First, we must distinguish among three " ******* END TEXT: "ed in discussions of those who are either attracted to or have sex with persons of the same sex, or "
9780814735305 - page_23: "START TEXT: both, or those who identify themselves as homosexual or bisexual. For purposes of the law, the three" ******* END TEXT: "t of Health and Human Services in 1989 estimated that as many as 30 percent of teenage suicides and "
9780814735305 - page_24: "START TEXT: suicide attempts were related to an inability to accept one’s sexual orientation, that half of gay a" ******* END TEXT: "ly, however, the law reinforces the fears noted above (see Editors of the Harvard Law Review 1990).\n"
9780814735305 - page_25: "START TEXT: “Sodomy” laws. As noted earlier, in twenty-two states, sex between consenting adults of the same gen" ******* END TEXT: "erm same-sex relationships with regard to property rights, insurance, health care, and inheritance.\n"
9780814735305 - page_26: "START TEXT: Even where laws exist protecting the jobs and homes of lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals, large numbe" ******* END TEXT: " external appearance, most LGBs are not, and in the context of the disabilities discussed here, the "
9780814735305 - page_27: "START TEXT: optimal pragmatic solution might appear to the casual observer to be to “pass” for heterosexual in c" ******* END TEXT: "ct of “humanistic” factors — actions taken based on a conscious direction adopted by the individual "
9780814735305 - page_28: "START TEXT: (to become a good baseball player or to go to law school, for instance)—on subsequent adjustment and" ******* END TEXT: "g children; this awareness is inculcated, directly and indirectly, by adults and by older children. "
9780814735305 - page_29: "START TEXT: The studies above show that young children, after becoming conscious of these differences, then ofte" ******* END TEXT: "eterosexual, and consciously so. If the assessment is negative, the individual is likely to keep to "
9780814735305 - page_30: "START TEXT: limited encounters with the gay world when necessary and to maintain the heterosexual facade.\n\n3. Id" ******* END TEXT: "rd the “oppressor” group. In the second, one withdraws from contact with members of the “oppressor” "
9780814735305 - page_31: "START TEXT: group and immerses oneself with other women or blacks, developing a sense of pride and affirmation, " ******* END TEXT: "excluded groups look to participation in the “mainstream” political process, rather than separatism "
9780814735305 - page_32: "START TEXT: or rebellion—be it violent or not—as a means of achieving relief from their isolation and suffering?" ******* END TEXT: "re taught American history filled with examples of groups overcoming poverty, hardship, oppression, "
9780814735305 - page_33: "START TEXT: and degradation, if only by degrees and only after a long, hard struggle against entrenched power, t" ******* END TEXT: "lacks classifiable as holding “subject” rather than “participatory” political mores nearly vanished "
9780814735305 - page_34: "START TEXT: within a few years (Abramowitz in Almond and Verba 1980). The mere accessibility of the ballot, comb" ******* END TEXT: "uses: the use of politics for the externalization of unresolved inner problems, and, more important "
9780814735305 - page_35: "START TEXT: to us, the use of politics as a means of social adjustment. In this last context, the mere act of ma" ******* END TEXT: "n is likely to provoke confrontation. It appears then that in the case of LGBs, acceptance of one’s "
9780814735305 - page_36: "START TEXT: identity is insufficient to prompt one to behave politically as an open LGB. Public self-identificat" ******* END TEXT: "ican Americans, but a few studies also have been done on the factors leading to group consciousness "
9780814735305 - page_37: "START TEXT: among women, the poor, different age groups, and even within dominant groups such as whites and busi" ******* END TEXT: "efficacy,” the degree to which environmental or systemic factors impede the individual in achieving "
9780814735305 - page_38: "START TEXT: political goals, and “internal efficacy,” the degree to which the individual believes in her or his " ******* END TEXT: "period since World War II. These are discussed in especially good detail by Marotta (1981) and Adam "
9780814735305 - page_39: "START TEXT: (1987), and also by D’Emilio (1983), Timmons (1990), and Marcus (1992). A brief review of these move" ******* END TEXT: " was, through public education and occasional protest and lobbying, to convince straight society to "
9780814735305 - page_40: "START TEXT: remove the barriers to assimilation. There was, at this point, no talk of “gay pride,” much less of " ******* END TEXT: " the fundamental goal, eschewed political game playing, and stressed making all LGB people welcome, "
9780814735305 - page_41: "START TEXT: accepted, and visible, including drag queens, leatherfolk, prostitutes, and others excluded from the" ******* END TEXT: "ctice often is underestimated. All feminist thinkers sought means to undo the cultural conditioning "
9780814735305 - page_42: "START TEXT: that kept women in psychological as well as material subjection. One of the distinctive contribution" ******* END TEXT: "ts practice was to have two co-executive directors, one a woman, one a man (Marcus 1992). The NGTF— "
9780814735305 - page_43: "START TEXT: later renamed the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF)—together with other movement groups he" ******* END TEXT: "e deficiency syndrome.\nInitial efforts to educate the public to avoid behavior associated with AIDS "
9780814735305 - page_44: "START TEXT: were stymied by strong reluctance among social conservatives to have the government advertise ways t" ******* END TEXT: "round that his angry, belligerent style was alienating potential benefactors and damaging the group "
9780814735305 - page_45: "START TEXT: internally—once again organized a group of New Yorkers into the first chapter of the AIDS Coalition " ******* END TEXT: "d to it!” members conducted “queer-ins” in shopping malls, government offices, and public gathering "
9780814735305 - page_46: "START TEXT: places, as well as outside meetings of antigay organizations and the offices of antigay businesses a" ******* END TEXT: "Liebman, a longtime “movement conservative” ally of William F. Buckley who came out as gay in 1990.\n"
9780814735305 - page_47: "START TEXT: Expositions of this “new assimilationist” viewpoint are found in the work of Kirk and Madsen (1989) " ******* END TEXT: "the succeeding chapters.\nIn doing this, I must note again the inherent disadvantages of the absence "
9780814735305 - page_48: "START TEXT: of empirical data on LGBs up to now. First, there is no group of nonvoters who self-identify as LGBs" ******* END TEXT: "efore will be more likely to vote for Democrats than are gay and bisexual men. In addition, lesbian "
9780814735305 - page_49: "START TEXT: feminists will hold different issue priorities from LGB men and women who do not identify with femin" ******* END TEXT: "ce between the candidates on LGB issues, substantive issue differences will be of greater concern.\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_50: "START TEXT: Hypothesis 9: Role of Political Leadership\n\nThe extent of LGB voting cohesion in any given contest w" ******* END TEXT: " its manifestation in the voting booth, I proceed to test that theory in the succeeding chapters.\n\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_51: "START TEXT: THREEThe Sexuality Gap: The 1990 National Exit Polls\nThis is the first of four chapters presenting t" ******* END TEXT: "lude bisexuals; I shall be discussing in those chapters only the voting behavior of self-identified "
9780814735305 - page_52: "START TEXT: lesbians and gay men.1 In those chapters, therefore, I will usually not refer to “LGBs.” Second, all" ******* END TEXT: "phic data, then comparative attitudinal and voting behavior data. As this study is the first of its "
9780814735305 - page_53: "START TEXT: kind of this group of voters, I necessarily shall devote a substantial portion of the chapter to the" ******* END TEXT: "nymous and self-administered, although not completed in absolute privacy. These findings conform to "
9780814735305 - page_54: "START TEXT: Hypothesis 1; self-identification falls in the range between 1.0 and 1.5 percent found in other rand" ******* END TEXT: "that the predominant age for “coming out” is not eighteen or nineteen but sometime in the twenties.\n"
9780814735305 - page_55: "START TEXT: Education. Another significant correlate with high levels of group consciousness is education, and t" ******* END TEXT: " lack of total privacy.6\nAn additional hypothesis that may be worthy of investigation was generated "
9780814735305 - page_56: "START TEXT: by the finding of considerable “lesbian bisexuality” in the Glick poll (see chapters 5 and 7 for fur" ******* END TEXT: "ates in the continental West had statewide civil rights laws protecting sexual minorities in 1990.7\n"
9780814735305 - page_57: "START TEXT: Significant differences also were found in the size of localities in which lesbian and gay responden" ******* END TEXT: "hemselves Catholics today. A somewhat larger share of the gay sample (16 percent versus 11 percent) "
9780814735305 - page_58: "START TEXT: said it was raised in “other Christian” denominations; only 9 percent, however, identified with such" ******* END TEXT: "32 percent of non-self-identifiers)—had children under eighteen living with them at the time of the "
9780814735305 - page_59: "START TEXT: survey. More notable is that 10 percent of the gay sample stated they were presently married!\nIt is " ******* END TEXT: "B voters will be liberal or leftist and Democratic, in keeping with the pattern found among African "
9780814735305 - page_60: "START TEXT: Americans, feminists, and non-Cuban Latinos, and will be highly distinctive from that of non-LGB ide" ******* END TEXT: "e gay sample versus 34 percent of the nongay sample reported a Republican affiliation). The rate of "
9780814735305 - page_61: "START TEXT: identification with neither major party is equivalent for both groups (33 percent of gay men and les" ******* END TEXT: "rats, to make substantial cuts in what were then more than $200 billion annual deficits. After much "
9780814735305 - page_62: "START TEXT: public and private wrangling, the parties agreed on a deficit reduction package, as part of which Bu" ******* END TEXT: "ersus 72 percent) thought an answer was to limit the number of years members of Congress may serve.\n"
9780814735305 - page_63: "START TEXT: The important issues. The most notable divergence between straight and gay was the evaluation of the" ******* END TEXT: " 66 percent or more of homosexual voters essentially supported abortion on demand, as against 43—45 "
9780814735305 - page_64: "START TEXT: percent of nongays. With the question worded somewhat differently, 77 percent in the VRS version, an" ******* END TEXT: "rs suggest that a substantial majority of lesbians and gay men, perhaps three out of five, probably "
9780814735305 - page_65: "START TEXT: supported the war when it came to pass, but not the overwhelming majorities of three, four, or five " ******* END TEXT: "trong support of legal abortion. His principal concern, after the economy, was the environment, and "
9780814735305 - page_66: "START TEXT: he strongly favored the ecology over economic growth when the two conflict. He favored life without " ******* END TEXT: "ngays said they had voted for Bush; only 33 percent admitted to having voted for Michael Dukakis.13 "
9780814735305 - page_67: "START TEXT: Among self-identified gay men and lesbians, these numbers were almost reversed: 60 percent said they" ******* END TEXT: "ur, moderate-to-conservative Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen, Dukakis’s 1988 running mate, garnered the "
9780814735305 - page_68: "START TEXT: support of one out of six nongay Democrats and independents, putting him second; Jackson ran third, " ******* END TEXT: " passed bipartisan deficit reduction plan, only a third as many women as men named the deficit plan "
9780814735305 - page_69: "START TEXT: as a top issue, and other indicators relating to the economy showed little or no gender differences." ******* END TEXT: "n who held this position.\nIt is of interest that feminism appeared to have an independent effect on "
9780814735305 - page_70: "START TEXT: one’s economic perceptions as well: twice as many lesbian feminists as gay men or nonfeminist lesbia" ******* END TEXT: "he LGB movement should be and the best means for achieving them, LGB voters will not be monolithic; "
9780814735305 - page_71: "START TEXT: although the large majority will vote for Democrats, significant minorities will support Republicans" ******* END TEXT: "ng the military force in the Persian Gulf (73 percent supported it, versus 31 percent of Democrats) "
9780814735305 - page_72: "START TEXT: and on defense spending (59 percent opposed cuts, versus 25 percent of Democrats). In addition, 57 p" ******* END TEXT: "d gave two or three such responses. They are as liberal as the Democrats on abortion, environmental "
9780814735305 - page_73: "START TEXT: protection, and drugs, but unlike the Democrats they split down the middle on defense spending, the " ******* END TEXT: "reater importance, no significant differences were found between the Democratic and third candidate "
9780814735305 - page_74: "START TEXT: voters on issue priorities that would account for a splitting away from the Democratic candidate. Fi" ******* END TEXT: "oomers as well, but the reasons for this are not readily discernible. Those forty-five and older in "
9780814735305 - page_75: "START TEXT: 1990 include the largest share of self-identifiers without college educations—and the largest share " ******* END TEXT: "ntinues, the distinctiveness of gay and lesbian voting may decrease as the years go on, even as the "
9780814735305 - page_76: "START TEXT: share of the population that openly identifies as lesbian and gay is likely to increase.\nHypothesis " ******* END TEXT: "est of the population.\n3. Sexual self-identification has an independent effect on vote choice after "
9780814735305 - page_77: "START TEXT: controlling for these demographic variables, plus party identification and the party of the incumben" ******* END TEXT: "me demographic characteristics. In the House races, it also is evident that the self-identified gay "
9780814735305 - page_78: "START TEXT: or lesbian voter differs in the booth from the heterosexual neighbor who shares not only demographic" ******* END TEXT: "e Michigan model is its discovery that short-term forces are manifested principally in presidential "
9780814735305 - page_79: "START TEXT: performance ratings and, interestingly, in retrospective evaluations of economic performance. Initia" ******* END TEXT: "an or her advisers is, of course, whether this small number of voters really matters. The answer is "
9780814735305 - page_80: "START TEXT: yes. Although gay and lesbian self-identification did not have a direct independent effect on voting" ******* END TEXT: "olitics. Homosexual self-identification correlates with and augments liberalism and feminism. These "
9780814735305 - page_81: "START TEXT: two variables, in turn, affect voting behavior and positions on external affairs issues. Further, as" ******* END TEXT: " from generally liberal gay and lesbian voters, there is a liberal gay and lesbian vote in America.\n"
9780814735305 - page_82: "START TEXT: TABLE 3.1.Demographic comparison of gay and lesbian voters with other voters, 1990 U.S. general elec" ******* END TEXT: "3.1.Demographic comparison of gay and lesbian voters with other voters, 1990 U.S. general election\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_83: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814735305 - page_84: "START TEXT: TABLE 3.2.Comparison of political attitudes of gay and lesbian voters with other voters, 1990 U.S. g" ******* END TEXT: "son of political attitudes of gay and lesbian voters with other voters, 1990 U.S. general election\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_85: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814735305 - page_86: "START TEXT: TABLE 3.3.Voting behavior and 1992 presidential preferences of gay and lesbian voters compared with " ******* END TEXT: "ntial preferences of gay and lesbian voters compared with other voters, 1990 U.S. general election\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_87: "START TEXT: TABLE 3.4.Significant differences between lesbians and gay men, 1990 national exit polls\n\nTABLE 3.5." ******* END TEXT: " differences among gay men and feminist and nonfeminist lesbians, 1990 VRS national exit poll form\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_88: "START TEXT: TABLE 3.6.Differences among self-identified lesbian and gay respondents, based on revised age cluste" ******* END TEXT: "LE 3.6.Differences among self-identified lesbian and gay respondents, based on revised age cluster\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_89: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814735305 - page_90: "START TEXT: TABLE 3.7.Logistic regression of factors with significant relationship to self-identification as gay" ******* END TEXT: "istic regression of factors with significant relationship to self-identification as gay or lesbian\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_91: "START TEXT: TABLE 3.8.Logistic regression of effect of self-identification as gay or lesbian, after its demograp" ******* END TEXT: " lesbian, after its demographic correlates are controlled for, on self-identification as a liberal\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_92: "START TEXT: TABLE 3.9.Logistic regression of effect of self-identification as gay or lesbian, after its demograp" ******* END TEXT: ", after its demographic correlates are controlled for, on self-identification as a strong feminist\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_93: "START TEXT: TABLE 3.10.Logistic regression analysis of effect of gay/lesbian self-identification on voting behav" ******* END TEXT: "iables, party affiliation and incumbent’s party, and ideology and feminism, 1990 general elections\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_94: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814735305 - page_95: "START TEXT: TABLE 3.11.Logistic regression of vote for U.S. House according to the retrospective model, adding t" ******* END TEXT: " variables of incumbent party, evaluation of Congress, and self-identification as gay or lesbian\n\n\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_100: "START TEXT: Elazar’s Typology\nThe American states, of course, are hardly identical, and as a preface to the exam" ******* END TEXT: "se of government is to preserve existing social arrangements, and government tends to be run by and "
9780814735305 - page_101: "START TEXT: for the benefit of a long-standing elite or squirearchy. Traditionalistic cultures tend to be concen" ******* END TEXT: " past thirty years, both from within the United States and from Mexico and Central America, and the "
9780814735305 - page_102: "START TEXT: voting rights revolution together have accentuated the rise of the “individualistic” element in Texa" ******* END TEXT: "is draconian measure, had responded by proposing a limit of twelve years’ service in each house and "
9780814735305 - page_103: "START TEXT: public financing of state legislative elections. Although this was a response to voter concerns abou" ******* END TEXT: " states, Massachusetts voters have some access to the initiative and referendum; placing initiative "
9780814735305 - page_104: "START TEXT: measures on the statewide ballot is rather more difficult than in California, but not impossible. Si" ******* END TEXT: "epudiated by voters of his own state as Michael Dukakis’s were in Massachusetts in September 1990.”\n"
9780814735305 - page_105: "START TEXT: The Republicans, meanwhile, nominated William Weld, a former U.S. assistant attorney general in the " ******* END TEXT: " financed significant overbuilding during the “oil boom” of the early 1980s. Clements’s retirement, "
9780814735305 - page_106: "START TEXT: and that of longtime Democratic Lieutenant Governor Bill Hobby, set off an office-clearing in Texas " ******* END TEXT: "congressman) of the Gramm-Latta budget cut packages embraced by President Reagan early in his term.\n"
9780814735305 - page_107: "START TEXT: Hypotheses 7 and 8: Results in Specific Contests and Symbolic versus Substantive Voting\n\nLesbian and" ******* END TEXT: "ay men was more along the lines expected. Although pluralities of both groups named the environment "
9780814735305 - page_108: "START TEXT: as the most important issue in the campaign for governor, almost half of the gay/lesbian self-identi" ******* END TEXT: "reported voting for Bellotti, and an absolute majority of gay/lesbian moderates said they had voted "
9780814735305 - page_109: "START TEXT: for Weld in the primary. A breakdown of general election vote by primary support shows that all but " ******* END TEXT: "as than has been seen heretofore. One notes as well President Bush’s positive approval rating among "
9780814735305 - page_110: "START TEXT: Texas gays, and the fact that a plurality of gay respondents in the president’s adopted home state r" ******* END TEXT: "stein, whereas gay/lesbian Republicans voted just as heavily for Pete Wilson. This finding supports "
9780814735305 - page_111: "START TEXT: Hypothesis 8, in that substantive differences determined vote choice in a high-salience contest in w" ******* END TEXT: ". The relatively low salience of the contests for lieutenant governor and attorney general is shown "
9780814735305 - page_112: "START TEXT: in the drop-off in the number of respondents who report voting in these contests. In the race for li" ******* END TEXT: "y younger than the nongay identifiers; ideology, each state’s gay and lesbian voters being far more "
9780814735305 - page_113: "START TEXT: liberal than their nongay cohorts; and greatly augmented rates of strong feminism. In California, th" ******* END TEXT: "gnificant differences, but these cut different ways. In California, feminist lesbians were far more "
9780814735305 - page_114: "START TEXT: inclined to call the candidate’s sex an important factor in their vote choice, and these backed Fein" ******* END TEXT: "ere the interest is highest.\nIn Massachusetts there is only one gay respondent of color, so one can "
9780814735305 - page_115: "START TEXT: fruitfully compare only the differences among whites and the differences based on feminist identific" ******* END TEXT: "minorities that put Ann Richards in the governor’s office and now forms the base of the progressive "
9780814735305 - page_116: "START TEXT: wing of the Texas Democratic Party. The preternatural conservatism of some lesbians and gay men cont" ******* END TEXT: " Golden State were twice as likely to vote for the Democratic nominee as were their nongay cohorts.\n"
9780814735305 - page_117: "START TEXT: As shown in the findings for Massachusetts in table 4.10, the results in the Senate race are closer " ******* END TEXT: "except Texas. However, approval of George Bush’s performance as president had a strong effect above "
9780814735305 - page_118: "START TEXT: and beyond party identification in California and Texas, and a less potent but still significant eff" ******* END TEXT: "ctive in their choice of candidates as are feminists, Latinos, and African Americans. Third, and of "
9780814735305 - page_119: "START TEXT: greatest importance to the practical politician, the gay and lesbian vote is not wedded to any one p" ******* END TEXT: "and not convincing at all with respect to California; the last had a sample size (N = 86) nearly as "
9780814735305 - page_120: "START TEXT: great as did the VRS or CBS national data sets discussed in chapter 3. The other explanation is that" ******* END TEXT: "onclusions. One confirms Hypothesis 8. The gubernatorial results in Massachusetts and Texas confirm "
9780814735305 - page_121: "START TEXT: the first half of this hypothesis, that given a choice between clearly “progay” and “antigay” candid" ******* END TEXT: "ly “traditionalistic” culture and the pressure from that culture on feminists and minorities not to "
9780814735305 - page_122: "START TEXT: admit lesbians and gay men into their coalition. Yet cohesion among the self-identifiers and distinc" ******* END TEXT: "d gay and lesbian voters in twenty-one states, VRS state general election exit polls, November 1990\n"
9780814735305 - page_123: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814735305 - page_124: "START TEXT: TABLE 4.2.Comparison of pooled data on self-identified lesbians and gay men from twenty-one state ex" ******* END TEXT: "ans and gay men from twenty-one state exit polls to findings of national exit polls, November 1990\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_125: "START TEXT: TABLE 4.3.Self-identified gay and lesbian voters compared with other voters, 1990 California general" ******* END TEXT: "elf-identified gay and lesbian voters compared with other voters, 1990 California general election\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_126: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814735305 - page_127: "START TEXT: TABLE 4.4.Self-identified gay and lesbian voters compared with other voters, 1990 Massachusetts gene" ******* END TEXT: "identified gay and lesbian voters compared with other voters, 1990 Massachusetts generale election\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_128: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814735305 - page_129: "START TEXT: TABLE 4.5.Self-identified gay and lesbian voters compared with other voters, 1990 Texas general elec" ******* END TEXT: "4.5.Self-identified gay and lesbian voters compared with other voters, 1990 Texas general election\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_130: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814735305 - page_131: "START TEXT: TABLE 4.6.Significant differences in attitudes and voting behavior in three states among self-identi" ******* END TEXT: " and gay men, based on sex, strong feminism, and party affiliation, November 1990 general election\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_132: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814735305 - page_133: "START TEXT: TABLE 4.7.Vote choke comparison of gay and lesbian self-identifiers with nonidentifiers, after race " ******* END TEXT: "ce and self-identification as a strong feminist are controlled for, in three states, November 1990\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_134: "START TEXT: TABLE 4.8.Logistic regression of three state surveys of factors correlation with gay or lesbion self" ******* END TEXT: "ors correlation with gay or lesbion self-identification, 1990 national general election exit polls\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_135: "START TEXT: TABLE 4.9.Effect of gay or lesbian self-identification on voting behavior in 1990 gubernatorial cont" ******* END TEXT: "controlled, in succession, for demographic variables, party affiliation, and ideology and feminism\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_136: "START TEXT: TABLE 4.10.Effect of gay or lesbian self-identification on voting behavior in 1990 gubernatorial and" ******* END TEXT: "controlled, in succession, for demographic variables, party affiliation, and ideology and feminism\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_137: "START TEXT: TABLE 4.11.Effect of gay or lesbian self-identification on voting behavior in 1990 statewide contest" ******* END TEXT: "controlled, in succession, for demographic variables, party affiliation, and ideology and feminism\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_138: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814735305 - page_139: "START TEXT: TABLE 4.12.Logistic regression of retrospective voting model and gay or lesbian self-identification " ******* END TEXT: "f-identification as factors in the vote for Democratic nominees for governor in three states, 1990\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_140: "START TEXT: TABLE 4.13.Logistic regression of retrospective voting model and gay or lesbian self-identification " ******* END TEXT: "on as factors in the vote for Democratic nominees for U.S. Senate, Massachusetts and Texas, 1990\n\n\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_96: "START TEXT: FOURA View from the States\nIt was established in the preceding chapter that in November 1990 there w" ******* END TEXT: "found in the national polls) and the extent to which results differ given the relative closeness or "
9780814735305 - page_97: "START TEXT: polarization of candidates in high-salience contests on LGB issues. In addition, I seek to determine" ******* END TEXT: "level in chapter 3.\nOnce this has been done for all three states, I then will assess, both state by "
9780814735305 - page_98: "START TEXT: state and comparatively among the three of them, how the conclusions initially reached using the nat" ******* END TEXT: "nd gay men in weighted national data). These pooled results are consistent with the findings of the "
9780814735305 - page_99: "START TEXT: national random samples, and therefore confirm the first three hypotheses in several respects.\nTable" ******* END TEXT: "ographics, attitudes, and voting behavior of self-identified lesbians and gay men in November 1990.\n"
9780814735305 - page_141: "START TEXT: FIVECan the Activists Turn Out the Vote? The Case of Deborah Glick\nIn the exit polls discussed in th" ******* END TEXT: "didate organizations had reached them personally in the last days before the primary, two questions "
9780814735305 - page_142: "START TEXT: indicating sexual self-identification, and a factual question bearing on name recognition about the " ******* END TEXT: "ghborhoods, including SoHo, TriBeCa, and the East Village also were included in the district, which "
9780814735305 - page_143: "START TEXT: had a total population of approximately 120,000. Like most of Manhattan, the district was overwhelmi" ******* END TEXT: "the Village Voice has already been mentioned. The daily newspaper of choice was the New York Times, "
9780814735305 - page_144: "START TEXT: the city’s only broadsheet, in strong preference to New York’s three daily tabloids. Two weekly New " ******* END TEXT: "he expected endorsement from GLID. Beyond the LGB community, she was endorsed by the Village Voice. "
9780814735305 - page_145: "START TEXT: However, the strain between the pro-Koch and anti-Koch Democratic activists in the LGB community was" ******* END TEXT: "rcle of individuals including John Leitner and Edward Baca, devised an exit poll on the Sixty-first "
9780814735305 - page_146: "START TEXT: District primary, with the specific aims of determining how large the self-identified gay and lesbia" ******* END TEXT: "d the cause of gay rights.\nThe only primary contest other than the assembly race asked about on the "
9780814735305 - page_147: "START TEXT: survey was the contest for surrogate judge, which we shall leave aside. Two indicators of past votin" ******* END TEXT: "n voting behavior and factors thought to contribute to vote choice. A similar comparative breakdown "
9780814735305 - page_148: "START TEXT: then was done to determine differences, if any, between self-identified gay men and lesbians. (Regre" ******* END TEXT: "l basis for inclusion, these will be included in an initial logistic regression model. From this, a "
9780814735305 - page_149: "START TEXT: refined logit model will remove those variables from the initial one that give no additive explanato" ******* END TEXT: "dent, out of confusion or whimsy, claimed to be both “exclusively heterosexual” and “gay/lesbian.”)\n"
9780814735305 - page_150: "START TEXT: Students of bisexual voting behavior should be aware that, of fourteen self-described bisexuals on t" ******* END TEXT: "ng less frequently, even when one controls for the widespread secularism of the nongay respondents.\n"
9780814735305 - page_151: "START TEXT: Attitudes\nThe Glick poll contained a relatively small battery of issue-related questions. The princi" ******* END TEXT: " there was little organized activity by the lesbian and gay community, there was no significant gap "
9780814735305 - page_152: "START TEXT: between the gay/lesbian self-identifiers and the rest of the respondents (data not shown).\nNearly al" ******* END TEXT: " at the feet of the five assembly campaigns, which among them contacted an absolute majority of the "
9780814735305 - page_153: "START TEXT: respondents in the “few days” (not specified in the poll) leading up to the primary. Glick’s campaig" ******* END TEXT: "res of gay men named both.\nLesbian self-identifiers did differ in two important respects from their "
9780814735305 - page_154: "START TEXT: nonlesbian sisters: many more lesbians said the election of a woman was of great importance, and the" ******* END TEXT: "Thus, we must approach the causes of gay-straight religious differences with somewhat more caution.\n"
9780814735305 - page_155: "START TEXT: The Effect of Endorsements\nTable 5.5 recapitulates the endorsements of the political clubs in the di" ******* END TEXT: "d nongay primary voters except for age, the religion variables, a slight disproportion of students, "
9780814735305 - page_156: "START TEXT: and (as expected) the marital status variables. The greater share of differences was found in the is" ******* END TEXT: "t activism had not helped the cause of gay and lesbian rights gave only half its votes to Glick, as "
9780814735305 - page_157: "START TEXT: against five-sixths of those who thought otherwise. A larger number (N = 26) who said that knowing t" ******* END TEXT: "bs, and fully half named only nongay endorsement sources. In contrast, fewer than one in ten nongay "
9780814735305 - page_158: "START TEXT: identifiers who indicated that at least one endorsement was important named any LGB-oriented endorse" ******* END TEXT: "lf-identification variable removed) with the seventy-four lesbian and gay respondents in isolation.\n"
9780814735305 - page_159: "START TEXT: The results of the all-voter regression, side by side with those of the gay/lesbian-only regression," ******* END TEXT: "ariable. Given that models to date attempting to predict turnout or voting behavior in presidential "
9780814735305 - page_160: "START TEXT: primaries correctly predict only about 60 percent of the cases, an 80 or 85 percent figure in a five" ******* END TEXT: " gay and lesbian community.\nThe most interesting findings, perhaps, were the absence of independent "
9780814735305 - page_161: "START TEXT: effects of Glick’s endorsements by LGB publications and by GLID, and indeed the considerable lack of" ******* END TEXT: "more basic desire for representation. The sexuality gap has some roots in issue differences, and in "
9780814735305 - page_162: "START TEXT: contests in which no gay or lesbian candidate is on the ballot these issue differences, stemming fro" ******* END TEXT: "a cohesive “lavender vote.”\nOne other tendency should be noted: the minority of the lesbian and gay "
9780814735305 - page_163: "START TEXT: subsample that appeared to be concerned that Glick was too concentrated on LGB rights. About three i" ******* END TEXT: "f lesbians and gay men with a strong appeal for gay rights and gay representation, in order to win.\n"
9780814735305 - page_164: "START TEXT: So far we have examined races for Congress and for state governorships and, in this chapter, a conte" ******* END TEXT: "dentified lesbians and gay men? The answers to these final questions are found in the next chapter.\n"
9780814735305 - page_165: "START TEXT: TABLE 5.1.Frequency distribution of demographic indicators, and comparison between self-identified l" ******* END TEXT: "other voters, Democratic primary for New York State Assembly, Sixty-first District, September 1990\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_166: "START TEXT: TABLE 5.2.Frequency distribution of attitudinal indicators, and comparison between self-identified l" ******* END TEXT: "other voters, Democratic primary for New York State Assembly, Sixty-first District, September 1990\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_167: "START TEXT: TABLE 5.3.Frequency distribution of indicators of voting behavior and hypothesized intervening varia" ******* END TEXT: "other voters, Democratic primary for New York State Assembly, Sixty-first District, September 1990\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_168: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814735305 - page_169: "START TEXT: TABLE 5.4.Significant differences between lesbian and gay male respondents, Democratic primary for N" ******* END TEXT: " respondents, Democratic primary for New York State Assembly, Sixty-first District, September 1990\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_170: "START TEXT: TABLE 5.5.Frequency distribution of endorsements cited by respondents as having an important effect " ******* END TEXT: "other voters, Democratic primary for New York State Assembly, Sixty-first District, September 1990\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_171: "START TEXT: TABLE 5.6.Percentages of lesbian and gay respondents voting for Deborah Glick, after demographic, at" ******* END TEXT: "emocratic primary for New York State Assembly, Sixty-first District, September 1990 (Total N = 74)\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_172: "START TEXT: TABLE 5.7.Sources of endorsements important to respondents, Democratic primary for New York State As" ******* END TEXT: " respondents, Democratic primary for New York State Assembly, Sixty-first District, September 1990\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_173: "START TEXT: TABLE 5.8.Logistic regression of initial model of support for Deborah Glick, Democratic primary for " ******* END TEXT: "eborah Glick, Democratic primary for New York State Assembly, Sixty-first District, September 1990\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_174: "START TEXT: TABLE 5.9.Logistic regression of refined model of support for Deborah Glick, Democratic primary for " ******* END TEXT: "orah Glick, Democratic primary for New York State Assembly, Sixty-first District, September 1990\n\n\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_175: "START TEXT: SIXInto the Mainstream: The Lavender Vote Helps Elect a President\nThere is no serious question but t" ******* END TEXT: "fidentifiers in 1992 voted pretty much the same as did the gay and lesbian selfidentifiers in 1990.\n"
9780814735305 - page_176: "START TEXT: Aside from the inclusion of bisexuals, the format of the 1992 VRS national exit poll creates some di" ******* END TEXT: "nia state-level data from 1992 for that reason. We are left only with the aggregated national data.\n"
9780814735305 - page_177: "START TEXT: With these changes in mind, let us look at these national results in light of the 1990 findings repo" ******* END TEXT: " Americans—youth, high education levels, and strong partisanship—should be disproportionately great "
9780814735305 - page_178: "START TEXT: among self-identified LGBs. Also, given the results of prior sex surveys, men may significantly outn" ******* END TEXT: "her than in 1990.\nThere appear, therefore, to be distinct “comfort levels” with self-identification "
9780814735305 - page_179: "START TEXT: that relate directly to age. As a general rule, the younger one is, the less one is inclined to hide" ******* END TEXT: "st of America with respect to region of residence. Although there remained a significant preference "
9780814735305 - page_180: "START TEXT: for the West, as well as for the East (not noted in 1990), over the Midwest and the South, there was" ******* END TEXT: "that there is no evidence of, and no theoretical reason to suspect, a huge influx of open lesbians, "
9780814735305 - page_181: "START TEXT: gay men, and bisexuals into the teaching profession in the last two years of the Bush administration" ******* END TEXT: "y as gay men to have children at home), in 1992 there was no significant difference between LGB men "
9780814735305 - page_182: "START TEXT: and women in this regard, although in raw figures lesbian and bisexual women continued to outnumber " ******* END TEXT: "and a quarter of all LGB voters in 1992 said they were voting for the first time—including onesixth "
9780814735305 - page_183: "START TEXT: of those aged thirty and older. This, again, was more than double the proportion of the rest of the " ******* END TEXT: "approval of the president or of Congress in the 1992 survey. However, the one “institutional trust” "
9780814735305 - page_184: "START TEXT: question in the 1992 battery is of interest: a (small) majority of respondents, including nearly two" ******* END TEXT: "est lines on issues were drawn in three questions relating to the government’s role in promoting or "
9780814735305 - page_185: "START TEXT: encouraging traditional social structures and morality (sometimes iterated as “family values”). Thes" ******* END TEXT: "years before, nearly half of the LGB respondents said they personally were worse off. In 1990 there "
9780814735305 - page_186: "START TEXT: was no significant difference in personal economic evaluations between selfidentified gay men and le" ******* END TEXT: "op priority for the next president should be. Among the three options of cutting taxes, cutting the "
9780814735305 - page_187: "START TEXT: federal deficit, and expanding domestic programs, 59 percent of non-LGBs opted for cutting the defic" ******* END TEXT: " 74.2 and 78.3 percent.\nThe role of Ross Perot is worthy of note. Virtually identical shares of LGB "
9780814735305 - page_188: "START TEXT: voters (42 percent) and non-LGB voters (39 percent) indicated that during the campaign they once tho" ******* END TEXT: "(13 versus 25 percent), more than a third of LGB voters did not make up their minds until after the "
9780814735305 - page_189: "START TEXT: presidential debates in October. A large number of these apparently were prospective Perot voters wh" ******* END TEXT: "ces in sex in and of themselves, the 1992 data give us no basis on which to reconfirm Hypothesis 4.\n"
9780814735305 - page_190: "START TEXT: Hypothesis 5: Voting Blocs within the Community\nGiven the divergent concepts of group identity among" ******* END TEXT: "blicans a disproportion of homemakers, and independents disproportions of part-time workers and the "
9780814735305 - page_191: "START TEXT: unemployed. Oddly, the disproportion of schoolteachers in the LGB sample noted previously appears to" ******* END TEXT: "y; they thus gave a retrospective reward to the president, just as the models say they should have.\n"
9780814735305 - page_192: "START TEXT: Third, they were uniformly negative about Bill Clinton personally, all saying they would be either “" ******* END TEXT: "work. In addition, 10 percent of “boomers” and 14 percent of “busters” were employed only parttime. "
9780814735305 - page_193: "START TEXT: Given that full-time students fell into a separate category (nearly a quarter of the eighteen to twe" ******* END TEXT: "half of the LGBs from the “Vietnam generation” believed Clinton had been entirely forthcoming about "
9780814735305 - page_194: "START TEXT: this, although it did not affect his level of support among this group.) In a related demographic di" ******* END TEXT: "e gubernatorial contests. Retrospective modeling was designed, however, specifically to explain and "
9780814735305 - page_195: "START TEXT: predict voting in presidential elections. But the data base in 1992 again hinders us, in that there " ******* END TEXT: "affected. This less wealthy, less educated, less urban, less politically interested, less male, and "
9780814735305 - page_196: "START TEXT: more family-oriented set of LGB voters, who by self-identification were somewhat less liberal as wel" ******* END TEXT: "l all this information together and, in the last chapter, say what it all means and why it matters.\n"
9780814735305 - page_197: "START TEXT: TABLE 6.1.Demographic comparison of gay, lesbian, and bisexual voters with other voters, 1992 U.S. g" ******* END TEXT: "phic comparison of gay, lesbian, and bisexual voters with other voters, 1992 U.S. general election\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_198: "START TEXT: TABLE 6.2.Differences in age clusters between gay or lesbian self-identifiers, 1990, and gay, lesbia" ******* END TEXT: "tween gay or lesbian self-identifiers, 1990, and gay, lesbian, and bisexual self-identifiers, 1992\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_199: "START TEXT: TABLE 6.3.Political attitudes of gay, lesbian, and bisexual voters compared with other voters, 1992 " ******* END TEXT: "itudes of gay, lesbian, and bisexual voters compared with other voters, 1992 U.S. general election\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_200: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814735305 - page_201: "START TEXT: TABLE 6.4.Voting behavior and rationales of gay, lesbian, and bisexual voters compared with other vo" ******* END TEXT: "onales of gay, lesbian, and bisexual voters compared with other voters, 1992 U.S. general election\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_202: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814735305 - page_203: "START TEXT: TABLE 6.5.Differences among self-identified gay, lesbian, and bisexual respondents based on party id" ******* END TEXT: "erences among self-identified gay, lesbian, and bisexual respondents based on party identification\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_204: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_205: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814735305 - page_206: "START TEXT: TABLE 6.6.Differences among self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual respondents based on age coho" ******* END TEXT: "Differences among self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual respondents based on age cohort, 1992\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_207: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814735305 - page_208: "START TEXT: TABLE 6.7.Logistic regression analysis of effect of gay, lesbian, and bisexual self-identification o" ******* END TEXT: "in succession, for demographic variables, party affiliation, and ideology, 1992 general election\n\n\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_209: "START TEXT: SEVENWhat It All Means and Why It Matters\nThis study was undertaken to find out whether we have over" ******* END TEXT: "ed, the share of self-identifiers will increase by an additional 2 to 3 percent. Confirmed in part.\n"
9780814735305 - page_210: "START TEXT: The discussion that follows must be tempered by the simple fact that the share of the total electora" ******* END TEXT: " evidence at hand that the increase in self-identification results from an increase in comfort with "
9780814735305 - page_211: "START TEXT: LGB self-identification among the young, which appears to have resulted from the activity of the LGB" ******* END TEXT: "as a valid substitute indicator for levels of group consciousness—that the fact of self-identifying "
9780814735305 - page_212: "START TEXT: demonstrated that one was possessed of “gay consciousness”—was considerably limited. The sole indica" ******* END TEXT: "e demographic correlates of group consciousness can be found among LGB self-identifiers. Additional "
9780814735305 - page_213: "START TEXT: work on this line of research, employing indicators of actual elements of group consciousness on pre" ******* END TEXT: "orted the Democrats, versus a near-even split among nongay identifiers in this category, two-thirds "
9780814735305 - page_214: "START TEXT: of voters, straight and gay alike, split their tickets in states with simultaneous contests for the " ******* END TEXT: "t. Interestingly, however, the lesbians were significantly more skeptical about the economy and the "
9780814735305 - page_215: "START TEXT: overall direction of the country, and were far less inclined to approve of the deficit compromise th" ******* END TEXT: "plit away in gubernatorial contests. In 1992, about two in five split from their Senate candidates, "
9780814735305 - page_216: "START TEXT: although a large majority stuck with GOP nominees for the House. (Too few LGB Republicans voted in t" ******* END TEXT: "he rest of the sample in 1990. It therefore could be postulated that those lesbians and gay men who "
9780814735305 - page_217: "START TEXT: were “out of the closet” were those who started off with less conventional opinions and practices, a" ******* END TEXT: "epresentative.\nThe central question for practical politicians is whether there is a “lavender vote” "
9780814735305 - page_218: "START TEXT: that can be mobilized in favor of candidates supportive of LGB issues, or in opposition to candidate" ******* END TEXT: "us is how selfidentified LGBs will vote in an election in which there is no such clear bifurcation.\n"
9780814735305 - page_219: "START TEXT: There is only one individual contest we could examine in which the public attitudes of both major ca" ******* END TEXT: "tion among LGBs would correlate strongly with group consciousness, I opined that the LGB vote would "
9780814735305 - page_220: "START TEXT: be mobilized by LGB political actors, without reference to the endorsements (or lack thereof) of het" ******* END TEXT: "se might not have voted? We cannot know at present, but this may be an explanation for the anomaly.\n"
9780814735305 - page_221: "START TEXT: Additional Findings\nBeyond the specific hypotheses, three unexpected findings are of interest and sh" ******* END TEXT: "e for coalition building and even internal cohesion among lesbians and gay men would seem to be the "
9780814735305 - page_222: "START TEXT: worst, “Anglo” and nonfeminist self-identifiers voted Democratic in the highsalience contests at rat" ******* END TEXT: " by voters with liberal or leftist views to third candidates as opposed to “mainstream” major party "
9780814735305 - page_223: "START TEXT: nominees. As previously noted, one lesbian or gay voter in six supported a nonmajor party candidate " ******* END TEXT: "In conclusion, then, here is what practical politicians and the media who cover them ought to know:\n"
9780814735305 - page_224: "START TEXT: There is a “lavender vote” in America, as opposed merely to gay, lesbian, and bisexual voters. It is" ******* END TEXT: "didacy by non-LGB-oriented media and/or organizations in order to consider the candidate “serious.”\n"
9780814735305 - page_225: "START TEXT: What We Do Not Know\nThe most essential question left in the air is precisely how many homosexual and" ******* END TEXT: "d between LGB voters and other groups in the population. These too must be left to future research.\n"
9780814735305 - page_226: "START TEXT: Prospects for 1996\nAtthis writing no data were yet available from the 1994 general election exit pol" ******* END TEXT: "nt of a lesbian couple who had opened a women’s retreat center there. Yet Reno’s Justice Department "
9780814735305 - page_227: "START TEXT: continued its vigorous appeals of federal trial court decisions holding the military ban unconstitut" ******* END TEXT: "s, Specter too withdrew early.\nMany LGB Republicans could comfortably have supported Specter in the "
9780814735305 - page_228: "START TEXT: primaries. But he was never likely to win the party’s presidential nomination, given the preponderan" ******* END TEXT: " Gingrich’s colorful phrase), who nonetheless has a weak personal character, lacking the courage of "
9780814735305 - page_229: "START TEXT: his convictions and retreating at the first sign of opposition. If he reaches out to his LGB constit" ******* END TEXT: " in their campaigns, as have New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani and Los Angeles Mayor Richard Riordan.\n"
9780814735305 - page_230: "START TEXT: Midway between the two stand the “tolerant” (but not accepting) conservatives. This preponderant str" ******* END TEXT: "ters in their electoral coalitions will depend largely on two factors: the extent to which the 1996 "
9780814735305 - page_231: "START TEXT: congressional elections become national rather than local in nature, and the extent to which the GOP" ******* END TEXT: "is, other than mere concern about respondent objections: it was not certain that enough respondents "
9780814735305 - page_232: "START TEXT: would indicate a homosexual or bisexual identity to make the question worth asking. It is likely tha" ******* END TEXT: "uth wherever it may lead, nor to tolerate any error so long as reason is left free to combat it.”\n\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_vii: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nAcknowledgments\nONEVirgin Ground\nTWOFrom “Lavender” People to “Lavender” Voters\nTHREEThe Se" ******* END TEXT: "lect a President\nSEVENWhat It All Means and Why It Matters\nAppendix: Methods\nNotes\nReferences\nIndex\n"
9780814735305 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\n© 1996 by Mark Wm. HertzogAll rights reserved\nLibrary o" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_v: "START TEXT: FOR CHRIS\n" ******* END TEXT: "FOR CHRIS\n"
9780814735305 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_i: "START TEXT: THE LAVENDER VOTE\n" ******* END TEXT: "THE LAVENDER VOTE\n"
9780814735305 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_275: "START TEXT: INDEX\nACT UP (AIDS Coalition To Unleash Power), 44–46, 166, 250, 257\nAdam, Barry: establishes hypoth" ******* END TEXT: "47, 233–34, 237\nFalwell, Jerry, 3, 44\n“Family values” issues in 1992 election, 184–85, 199–200, 216\n"
9780814735305 - page_276: "START TEXT: Feinstein, Dianne, 103, 107, 110–11, 114, 116, 121, 125–26, 133, 135, 139, 219, 253–54\nFeminism: amo" ******* END TEXT: "); Log Cabin Federation (LGB Republicans): Mattachine Society: Stonewall Democratic Club (New York)\n"
9780814735305 - page_277: "START TEXT: Liberalism: LGB self-identification as factor in, 76, 91, 213\nrate of, among LGB voters, 84, 183, 21" ******* END TEXT: "newall riots (1969), 1, 142, 255\nSullivan, Louis: rejects HHS report on gay teen suicide, 23–24, 45\n"
9780814735305 - page_278: "START TEXT: Symbolic politics, 32, 34–35\nand desire for LGB representation as factor in Glick victory, 152, 160," ******* END TEXT: ", 121, 129–30, 133, 137, 139, 255\nWilson, Pete, 103, 110–11, 121, 125–26, 133, 135, 139, 229, 255\n\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_245: "START TEXT: NOTES\nNotes to Chapter One\n1. This dubious number had its basis in the 1992 VRS national exit poll, " ******* END TEXT: "ted either same-sex desire, same-sex sexual behavior, or homosexual or bisexual selfidentification, "
9780814735305 - page_246: "START TEXT: or some combination of the three. Interestingly, only 2.6 percent of the men and 1.3 percent of the " ******* END TEXT: " for the latter—in other words, it may be that fear by researchers of being associated with a study "
9780814735305 - page_247: "START TEXT: of homosexuals is the reason for the absence of any such study up to now. I hope that, the ground no" ******* END TEXT: "ican Party were “enterprisers,” voters most concerned with maintaining free enterprise and limiting "
9780814735305 - page_248: "START TEXT: government intervention in the economy, and “moralists,” those most concerned with using government " ******* END TEXT: "rule was applied in 1993 in Henrico County, Virginia (suburban Richmond), in the well-known case of "
9780814735305 - page_249: "START TEXT: Sharon Bottoms, a divorced woman living with her female lover. Custody of her two-year-old son was t" ******* END TEXT: " Psychological Association followed suit in 1975, and the World Health Organization did so in 1990.\n"
9780814735305 - page_250: "START TEXT: It is well to note that Kameny was a particularly militant “homophile,” organizing the first gay pic" ******* END TEXT: "ffered distinctively from the self-identification format in the other polls, and, in addition, only "
9780814735305 - page_251: "START TEXT: fourteen persons self-identified as bisexual, three of whom also called themselves “gay or lesbian” " ******* END TEXT: "ing, opposing restrictions on legal abortion, favoring education and treatment over law enforcement "
9780814735305 - page_252: "START TEXT: in dealing with the drug problem, supporting protection of the environment over preserving jobs when" ******* END TEXT: "iversity of Michigan, where the four coauthors of The American Voter taught and did their research.\n"
9780814735305 - page_253: "START TEXT: 24. Race sometimes is included as a fourth independent variable in retrospective models.\n25. In the " ******* END TEXT: "y and lesbian people go back many years. In 1975, only a few weeks before facing voters citywide in "
9780814735305 - page_254: "START TEXT: her bid for reelection to the Board of Supervisors, Feinstein, at her own insistence, hosted a lesbi" ******* END TEXT: "this sample size.\n12. Massachusetts has a “semi-closed” primary system; registered independents may "
9780814735305 - page_255: "START TEXT: vote in the primary of either party, but registered Democrats or Republicans may not cross over. Amo" ******* END TEXT: "ation, and Ryan had been involved with the organization for many years.\n5. Ryan and Morrison, ibid.\n"
9780814735305 - page_256: "START TEXT: 6. To “out” people is to disclose their homosexuality or bisexuality without their permission, parti" ******* END TEXT: "ptember 1990, A26.\n14. The Times gave its blessing in 1989 to Tom Duane, the openly gay opponent of "
9780814735305 - page_257: "START TEXT: downtown Manhattan council member Carol Greitzer, who as previously noted had offended the LGB commu" ******* END TEXT: " that these voters may not have turned out, or may have voted for a different candidate, absent the "
9780814735305 - page_258: "START TEXT: good word from the Times. The one way to test these differing interpretations would have been to ask" ******* END TEXT: "dentified gay men and lesbians accounted for 6.1 percent of the voting population in November 1990. "
9780814735305 - page_259: "START TEXT: This was the highest figure for any region or size/type of locality. (Source: Combined 1990 national" ******* END TEXT: "“Midwest” was chosen as the baseline for region, “Protestant” for religious background and religion "
9780814735305 - page_260: "START TEXT: today, and “rural” for size of locality in the national data sets; in the three state data sets ther" ******* END TEXT: "nia Governor Douglas Wilder; an additional box allowed the respondent to indicate “someone else.”\n\n\n"
9780814735305 - page_261: "START TEXT: REFERENCES\nWorks Cited\nAdam, Barry D. 1987. The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement. Social Movements" ******* END TEXT: "ruce. 1993. A Place at the Table: The Gay Individual in American Society. New York: Poseidon Press.\n"
9780814735305 - page_262: "START TEXT: Bell, Alan P., and Martin S. Weinberg. 1978. Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity among Men and Wom" ******* END TEXT: " 20 (9): 13–27.\nCrossen, Cynthia. 1989. “Shock troops: AIDS activist group harasses and provokes to "
9780814735305 - page_263: "START TEXT: make its point; ‘ACT-UP,’ gay and yuppie, uses raids, phone ‘zaps’ to spotlight health crisis.” Wall" ******* END TEXT: "n: A comprehensive model of presidential approval.” American Journal of Political Science 32:19–49.\n"
9780814735305 - page_264: "START TEXT: Goldstein, Anne B. 1988. “History, homosexuality, and political values: Searching for the hidden det" ******* END TEXT: " 130 (1): 61–69.\nLaumann, Edward O., Robert Michael, John Gagnon, and Gina Kolata. 1994. The Social "
9780814735305 - page_265: "START TEXT: Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Pre" ******* END TEXT: "eview 78:459–575.\nPowell, Jenifer L., and Quinn Mitrovich. 1992. “Experiences of discrimination and "
9780814735305 - page_266: "START TEXT: harassment of gay men, lesbians and bisexuals in Charlottesville.” Unpublished term paper, Sexual Mi" ******* END TEXT: " 1982. The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk. New York: St. Martin’s Press.\n"
9780814735305 - page_267: "START TEXT: ———. 1987. And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic. New York: St. Martin’s P" ******* END TEXT: "78. The Survival of Dominance: Inferiorization and Everyday Life. New York: Elsevier North-Holland.\n"
9780814735305 - page_268: "START TEXT: ———. 1985. “Structural foundations of the gay world.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 27" ******* END TEXT: "f.: Tangent Group.\nCrew, Louie, ed. 1978. The Gay Academic. Palm Springs, Calif.: ETC Publications.\n"
9780814735305 - page_269: "START TEXT: Davidson, Chandler. 1972. Biracial Politics: Conflict and Coalition in the Metropolitan South. Baton" ******* END TEXT: "lison and Busby.\nGeis, Gilbert, Richard Wright, Thomas Garrett, and Paul R. Wilson. 1976. “Reported "
9780814735305 - page_270: "START TEXT: consequences of decriminalization of consensual adult homosexuality in seven American states.” Journ" ******* END TEXT: "David, Michael Lerner, and Craig Pyes. 1972. Counterculture and Revolution. New York: Random House.\n"
9780814735305 - page_271: "START TEXT: Hudson, Walter W., and Wendell A. Ricketts. 1980. “A strategy for the measurement of homophobia. “Jo" ******* END TEXT: "ber): 12–15.\nMarshall, Eliot. 1991. “Sullivan overrules NIH on sex survey.” Science, n.s., 253:502.\n"
9780814735305 - page_272: "START TEXT: Martin, John L., and Laura Dean. 1990. “Developing a community sample of gay men for an epidemiologi" ******* END TEXT: ".” Public Opinion 7 (2): 16–20.\nShafer, Byron E. 1985. “The new cultural politics.” P.S. 18:221–31.\n"
9780814735305 - page_273: "START TEXT: Shively, Michael G., Christopher Jones, and John P. De Cecco. 1984. “Research on sexual orientation:" ******* END TEXT: "llenging sexual preference discrimination in private employment.” Ohio State Law Journal 41:501–31.\n"
9780814735305 - page_274: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_371: "START TEXT: An EpilogueThe Next Reconstruction\nThere may be a story within the story here, and it will be the la" ******* END TEXT: "e time. Lawyers, they say, are argumentative; lawyers are coldly deductive; lawyers make big issues "
9780814735336 - page_372: "START TEXT: out of little words; lawyers talk in circles; lawyers look for loopholes; lawyers always obfuscate; " ******* END TEXT: "nique, and uniquely valuable, perspective? Of course they do, and so do other minorities of “race,” "
9780814735336 - page_373: "START TEXT: and so do poor folks, and so do folks with disabilities, and so do all the uniquely gifted people we" ******* END TEXT: " would never make sense to him. The fuss over affirmative action might be one. It might not be easy "
9780814735336 - page_374: "START TEXT: to explain why we got into this business of labeling people, or why we could not use those labels to" ******* END TEXT: "ee me holding down a regular job and doing all kinds of things. I bet they wouldn’t believe it.”1\n\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_375: "START TEXT: Notes\nExcept where otherwise indicated, quotations from congressional debates are from the CONGRESSI" ******* END TEXT: "an Constitutionalism, in Winton U. Solberg, ed., THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION AND THE FORMATION OF "
9780814735336 - page_376: "START TEXT: THE UNION xliv (2d ed. 1990); The Federal Convention: Madison’s Notes of Debates, in id. at 67, 166," ******* END TEXT: "& Seymour Drescher, eds., ANTI-SLAVERY, RELIGION, AND REFORM: ESSAYS IN MEMORY OF ROGER ANSTEY 207, "
9780814735336 - page_377: "START TEXT: 211–16 (1980); Louis S. Gerteis, MORALITY AND UTILITY IN AMERICAN ANTISLAVERY REFORM 148 (1987).\n16." ******* END TEXT: "LITY (1975).\n26. Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948).\n27. Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950).\n"
9780814735336 - page_378: "START TEXT: 28. Brown v. Board of Education ofTopeka(Brown I), 347 U.S. 483 (1954).\n29. Brown v. Board of Educat" ******* END TEXT: "eton, Reconstructing Sexual Equality, 75 CALIFORNIA LAW REVIEW 1279 (1987); see generally Robert L. "
9780814735336 - page_379: "START TEXT: Hayman, Jr., & Nancy Levit, JURISPRUDENCE: CONTEMPORARY READINGS, PROBLEMS, AND NARRATIVES 325–82 (1" ******* END TEXT: " OF HISTORIES (1996); Ronald Takaki, A DIFFERENT MIRROR: A HISTORY OF MULTICULTURAL AMERICA (1993).\n"
9780814735336 - page_380: "START TEXT: 16. M. Annette Jaimes, American Racism: The Impact on American-IndianIdentity and Survival, in Grego" ******* END TEXT: " 371–79; C. Vann Woodward, The Antislavery Myth, in THE FUTURE OF THE PAST, 265, 268–71 (1989). 27.\n"
9780814735336 - page_381: "START TEXT: 29. Pieterse, supra, note 1, at 60; Litwack, supra, note 27, at 147–53, 156, 179; Felix Haywood et a" ******* END TEXT: " 163 U.S. 537 (1896); Egerton, supra, note 30, at 37.\n42. Boas, supra, note 7, at 64–65, 71, 78–79.\n"
9780814735336 - page_382: "START TEXT: 43. Fredrickson, supra, note 2, at 32–35; Hannaford, supra, note 1, at 341; Myrdal, supra, note 33, " ******* END TEXT: "ted Argument: Du Bois and the Illusion ofRace, in Henry Louis Gates, Jr., ed., “RACE,” WRITING, AND "
9780814735336 - page_383: "START TEXT: DIFFERENCE 35 (1985); Cameron McCarthy & Warren Crichlow, eds., RACE, IDENTITY, AND REPRESENTATION I" ******* END TEXT: "n the State of Virginia, in THOMAS JEFFERSON: WRITINGS 123, 264–70 (Merrill D. Peterson, ed. 1984).\n"
9780814735336 - page_384: "START TEXT: 2. William Lee Miller, ARGUING ABOUT SLAVERY: THE GREAT BATTLE IN THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS 139, 36" ******* END TEXT: ", supra, note 4, at 80–123; Kamin, supra, note 12, at 20.\n20. Gould, supra, note 4, at 231, 271–74.\n"
9780814735336 - page_385: "START TEXT: 21. McPherson, supra, note 4, at 348; Degler, supra, note 5, at 173–81.\nCHAPTER 6: THE SMART CULTURE" ******* END TEXT: "68 (July 31, 1997); Anthony J. McMichael et al., Port Pirie Cohort Study: Environmental Exposure to "
9780814735336 - page_386: "START TEXT: Lead and Children s Abilities at the Age of Four Years, 319 NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 468 (198" ******* END TEXT: " Why Now? in Fräser, supra, note 2, at 94, 96; House Committee on Education and Labor, 101st Cong., "
9780814735336 - page_387: "START TEXT: 2d sess., A Report on Shortchanging Children: The Impact of Fiscal Inequity on the Education of Stud" ******* END TEXT: "ssouri v. Jenkins, 115 S. Ct. 2038 (1995).\n2. Adarand Constructors v. Pena, 115 S. Ct. 2097 (1995).\n"
9780814735336 - page_388: "START TEXT: 3. Miller v. Johnson, 115 S. Ct. 2475 (1995).\n4. In re Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883).\n5. C. " ******* END TEXT: "isricting: Drawing Constitutional Lines after Shaw v. Reno, 92 MICHIGAN LAW REVIEW 588, 639 (1993).\n"
9780814735336 - page_389: "START TEXT: 24. Williams, supra, note 22, at 2139.\n25. Richard Delgado, Rodrigo’s Eighth Chronicle: Black Crime," ******* END TEXT: "phy quoted in R. Bogdan & S. Taylor, INSIDE OUT: THE SOCIAL MEANING OF MENTAL RETARDATION 92 (1982)."
9780814735336 - page_390: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_391: "START TEXT: Index\nAckerman, Phillip L., 271–72\nAdams, Abigail, 45\nAdams, John, 39–40, 286\nAdams, John Quincy, 23" ******* END TEXT: "86\nBrooks, James, 327\nBroomall, John H., 179, 338–39\nBrown, Albert G., 56\nBrown, Henry Billings, 79\n"
9780814735336 - page_392: "START TEXT: Brown v. Board of Education (I), 84–87, 316, 363\nBrown v. Board of Education (II), 85–87\nBrowning, O" ******* END TEXT: "ion: of free blacks, 145–46\nof slaves, 143–44\nracial inequalities in, 17–18, 151–52, 155–57, 295–96\n"
9780814735336 - page_393: "START TEXT: Egerton, John, 149\nEisenhower, Dwight D., 86–88, 211\nEldridge, Charles A., 333\nElkins, Stanley, 234\n" ******* END TEXT: "–81, 85, 149–50, 159, 235, 360\nHastie, William, 233\nHayes, Rutherford B., 73–74\nHealy, William, 243\n"
9780814735336 - page_394: "START TEXT: Hedges, Larry, 283\nHelms, Jesse, 163\nHenderson, John B., 337\nHendricks, Thomas A., 66, 67, 177, 178," ******* END TEXT: "twack, Leon, 143, 146, 148, 180\nLocke, John, 37, 40, 41, 43\nLombardo, Paul, 6\nLombroso, Cesare, 245\n"
9780814735336 - page_395: "START TEXT: Loving v. Virginia, 90–91, 363\nLowe, David P., 344, 345\nLynch, John Roy, 347\nlynchings, 78–79\nLynn, " ******* END TEXT: "son, Orlando, 260, 273\nPatterson, William, 45\nPearl, Raymond, 244\nPersonnel Adm’r v. Feeney, 186–88\n"
9780814735336 - page_396: "START TEXT: Phillips, Ulrich B., 230\nPhillips, Wendell, 50\nPieterse, Jan Nederween, 116–18\nPinckney, Charles, 37" ******* END TEXT: "0\nSmith, John A., 337\nSnowden, Frank, 116, 118\nSowell, Thomas, 300\nSpearman, Charles, 249, 270, 274\n"
9780814735336 - page_397: "START TEXT: Stampp, Kenneth, 234\nstandardized tests: biases, 286–88, 300–301\n“Test 21,” 13–17, 185, 207, 212–14\n" ******* END TEXT: "dge, Frederick E., 339\nWoodson, Carter, 153, 234\nWoodward, C. Vann, 71, 79\nWoodward, George W., 226\n"
9780814735336 - page_398: "START TEXT: Wright, J. Skelly, 86\nWright, Joseph A., 108\nWyatt, Gail E., 129\nYates, Richard, 54, 347\nYee, Albert" ******* END TEXT: "tt, Gail E., 129\nYates, Richard, 54, 347\nYee, Albert H., 129\nYerkes, R. M., 246–48, 250, 286–8 295\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_i: "START TEXT: The Smart Culture" ******* END TEXT: "The Smart Culture"
9780814735336 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_iii: "START TEXT: Critical America\nGeneral Editors: RICHARD DELGADO and JEAN STEFANCIC\nWhite by Law: The Legal Constru" ******* END TEXT: "ck and Brown in America: The Case for CooperationBILL PIATT\nBlack Rage Confronts the LawPAUL HARRIS\n"
9780814735336 - page_iv: "START TEXT: Selling Words: Free Speech in a Commercial CultureR. GEORGE WRIGHT\nThe Color of Crime: Racial Hoaxes" ******* END TEXT: "ATHERYN K. RUSSELL\nWas Blind, But Now I See: White Race Consciousness and the LawBARBARA J. FLAGG\n\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_v: "START TEXT: The Smart Culture\nSociety, Intelligence, and Law\nRobert L. Hayman, Jr.\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "The Smart Culture\nSociety, Intelligence, and Law\nRobert L. Hayman, Jr.\n\n\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_vi: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright ® 1998 by New York UniversityAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the Unites States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_vii: "START TEXT: For my family,who taught me to know better" ******* END TEXT: "For my family,who taught me to know better"
9780814735336 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Do nothing from selfish ambition or conceit, but in humility regard others as better than yourselves" ******* END TEXT: "in. These are the days of exile, of desiccated life, of dead souls.\n— Albert Camus, RETURN TO TlPASA"
9780814735336 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\n1 Introduction: Smart People\n2 The First Object of Government: Creation Myt" ******* END TEXT: "onstitution Is Powerless: Myths of Equality under Law\nEpilogue: The Next Reconstruction\nNotes\nIndex\n"
9780814735336 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nI am indebted to many people who, in various ways, made this book possible.\nThis is," ******* END TEXT: "o learn and appreciate history; I am grateful as well to the History Department at Davidson College "
9780814735336 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: for requiring all history majors to take a course in historiography (I am grateful too that they all" ******* END TEXT: "y for giving me most of the stories, but also for their assistance, their support, their tolerance, "
9780814735336 - page_xv: "START TEXT: and their affection: Patricia Eakin, Albert Griffiths, Alma Griffiths, Cynthia Hayman, Tom Hayman, S" ******* END TEXT: "e provided the words when I needed them, and the ideas, and the muse—-and a whole world of kindness."
9780814735336 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_1: "START TEXT: 1IntroductionSmart People\nI’m not sure when I found out that some kids had high IQs. When I did find" ******* END TEXT: "liberal in constructing synonyms: “reject” was thought to convey the same message, as were the more "
9780814735336 - page_10: "START TEXT: Smart people succeed. From this simple empirical proposition emerged a counterrevolutionary policy p" ******* END TEXT: "t for the life of me, I just could not master the cursive style. The disorder persists to this day.\n"
9780814735336 - page_11: "START TEXT: When I was eleven my mom remarried, and we moved from our brick rowhouse into a completely detached " ******* END TEXT: "ctures of numbers, then added anatomical features to convert them into animals or people. Precisely "
9780814735336 - page_12: "START TEXT: how the kids of section C were expected to contribute to the war against communism I do not know, bu" ******* END TEXT: "e like the ones I took in the principal’s office, multiple-choice tests with separate answer sheets "
9780814735336 - page_13: "START TEXT: where you had to be careful not to mark outside the little circles with your number 2 pencil. Someti" ******* END TEXT: "event complete destruction of certain kinds of animals\ne. preserve certain game for eating purposes\n"
9780814735336 - page_14: "START TEXT: BECAUSE is related to REASON as THEREFORE is related to\na. result\nb. heretofore\nc. instinct\nd. logic" ******* END TEXT: " they were not the only black applicants to “fail” Test 21. From 1968 to 1971, the failure rate for "
9780814735336 - page_15: "START TEXT: black applicants was 57 percent; in the same time frame, by contrast, 13 percent of the white applic" ******* END TEXT: ",” the court noted, “is the result of the long history of educational deprivation, primarily due to "
9780814735336 - page_16: "START TEXT: segregated schools, for blacks. Until arrival of the day when the effects of that deprivation have b" ******* END TEXT: "class of 1938 at the University of Colorado, a Rhodes scholar, and a graduate with high honors from "
9780814735336 - page_17: "START TEXT: Yale Law School. He was—and is—a very smart man. But Harley and Sellers’s claim, he wrote, left him " ******* END TEXT: " depth of the curricula, was both pervasive and effective. As to the latter, a relentless scheme of "
9780814735336 - page_18: "START TEXT: orchestrated violence, directed principally at educated black Americans, achieved for white supremac" ******* END TEXT: "he myths of biology, the myths of merit, and the myths of equality under law. It is about the myths "
9780814735336 - page_19: "START TEXT: that persuade us, over our better moral judgment, that not all people—and maybe only very few—are sm" ******* END TEXT: "ity of inequality in the face of professed equality, we make recourse still to the same old myths:\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_2: "START TEXT: elaborate “mental retard,” “mental reject,” or, less elaborately, “mental.” All we knew about any of" ******* END TEXT: "re gullible or more lazy than most, so when we told him that it was physical fitness week, and that "
9780814735336 - page_20: "START TEXT: • The myth of identity: that the salient differences among groups of people—race, gender, disability" ******* END TEXT: "” for all the critiques of the “natural order” and all the appeals to equality, isn’t it undeniably "
9780814735336 - page_21: "START TEXT: true that some people—and perhaps some groups of people—are just plain smarter than others?\nThe answ" ******* END TEXT: "ch qualities will correlate with cultural achievement. It is for us to decide which aptitudes—which "
9780814735336 - page_22: "START TEXT: skills and knowledge, talents and abilities, cognitive and affective traits—are valuable and which o" ******* END TEXT: "hosen. So the suggestion that smartness is “made” strikes us as, well, a not-very-smart suggestion.\n"
9780814735336 - page_23: "START TEXT: But then again, we know that people disagree about smartness, about whether a student or a teacher o" ******* END TEXT: "who- or whatever is in charge here—figure pretty heavily in the determination whether a person with "
9780814735336 - page_24: "START TEXT: mental retardation, or anyone else for that matter, can be a nuclear physicist. Consider:\nBeing a nu" ******* END TEXT: "tionalized them, and sterilized them, to prevent our being swamped with incompetence. In each case, "
9780814735336 - page_25: "START TEXT: arguments against the conventional wisdom seemed too altruistic, too utopian.\nIt seems the conceit o" ******* END TEXT: "d teachers; and any of them—but not necessarily all of them—can be really good mothers and fathers.\n"
9780814735336 - page_26: "START TEXT: Here too we have made the decisions: to ignore the different kinds of smartness; to collapse it all " ******* END TEXT: "a lived condition. It is a vision of a truly smart culture, one in which “smart” means all of us.\n\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_3: "START TEXT: instead of geography we were having extended recess in the morning, he dutifully took us outside to " ******* END TEXT: "a word about them to any of my friends, or hearing a word about them from anybody. It was as if the "
9780814735336 - page_4: "START TEXT: whole day never happened. Except for one thing: after that day, for some reason, none of us ever cal" ******* END TEXT: " First, it had to appear that the “inmate is insane, idiotic, imbecile, feeble-minded or epileptic” "
9780814735336 - page_5: "START TEXT: and, second, that the inmate “by the laws of heredity is the probable potential parent of socially i" ******* END TEXT: "it could not call upon those who already sap the strength of the State for these lesser sacrifices, "
9780814735336 - page_6: "START TEXT: often not felt to be such by those concerned, in order to prevent our being swamped with incompetenc" ******* END TEXT: "ves, was a former member of the Board of Directors of the Virginia Colony for the Feeble-minded and "
9780814735336 - page_7: "START TEXT: a long time associate of Strode and Priddy’s. Indeed, a building at the Colony named in Irving White" ******* END TEXT: " disenfranchisement—but we have added to their lot the unique horrors of involuntary sterilizations "
9780814735336 - page_8: "START TEXT: and psychosurgery. In our words and in our deeds we have been relentless in our efforts to diminish " ******* END TEXT: "it was this reading that generated some of the most heated debate. For Herrnstein and Murray, there "
9780814735336 - page_9: "START TEXT: were clear policy implications to their findings. If smart people get ahead, almost no matter what, " ******* END TEXT: ", it seems, were not created equal after all; it is only the law that pursues this quixotic vision.\n"
9780814735336 - page_27: "START TEXT: 2The First Object of GovernmentCreation Myths\nIt is the central contradiction of American life: the " ******* END TEXT: " that is just. The laws of nature have thus become our rules of law: both represent the same order.\n"
9780814735336 - page_28: "START TEXT: Some are, by nature, smarter; they should get, it is only natural, more. These are the myths of our " ******* END TEXT: "s and fell to the floor: “Fall down,” I shouted helpfully, to my mom and all concerned riders, “and "
9780814735336 - page_29: "START TEXT: bust the ass!” For this, I had to wash my mouth out with soap, and my grandfather had to wash our ne" ******* END TEXT: "ads of my grandparents, who could not understand why I kept saying that I was a Catholic when, they "
9780814735336 - page_30: "START TEXT: insisted, I was hardly even a Methodist. My grandparents and I eventually reached an understanding o" ******* END TEXT: "er than it sounds, thanks to my grandparents’ rain gutter, which, we discovered one day, caused the "
9780814735336 - page_31: "START TEXT: ball to hop at impossible heights and angles. You got a hit if the fielder missed the ball, were “ou" ******* END TEXT: "the rhubarbs were mostly just an excuse to practice cussing. Double Play usually went the full nine "
9780814735336 - page_32: "START TEXT: innings, the exceptions occurring only when games were suspended on account of the adults overhearin" ******* END TEXT: "announcer for the Phillies, and who explained, as Huey and I listened intently to what was probably "
9780814735336 - page_33: "START TEXT: another Phillies loss, that some hapless Phillie player had been tagged out at first even though he " ******* END TEXT: "asn’t really on him, or even on Huey and me: it was really our joke—it belonged to all three of us.\n"
9780814735336 - page_34: "START TEXT: For a brief while, Huey and I tried our rules outside my grandparents’ backyard. We played baseball " ******* END TEXT: "na. They filled the tank and looked for somebody to give their money to, but as the witnesses later "
9780814735336 - page_35: "START TEXT: explained, there appeared to be no one there. So Huey and his friend got tired of looking and waitin" ******* END TEXT: "placent belief” that the founding fathers presented us with a finished product two centuries ago, a "
9780814735336 - page_36: "START TEXT: completed text with a meaning permanently fixed. For Marshall, the Constitution was and remained a l" ******* END TEXT: "re—naturally—the rules of a rigged game: for those born to lose, it would be very difficult to win.\n"
9780814735336 - page_37: "START TEXT: The Spirit of the Nation\nThe framers of the Constitution of 1787 had choices to make, some theoretic" ******* END TEXT: "ges the public can bestow: hence arises a greater equality, than is to be found among the people of "
9780814735336 - page_38: "START TEXT: any other country, and an equality which is more likely to continue . . . because in a new country ." ******* END TEXT: "the respective proprietors, ensues a division of the society into different interests and parties.\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_39: "START TEXT: “The latent causes of faction,” Madison concluded, “are thus sown in the nature of man.” Hamilton ag" ******* END TEXT: ",” insisted that “[t]he first and almost only principle that governs men, is interest” (emphasis in "
9780814735336 - page_40: "START TEXT: original). There was no altruism in this conception of humanity; “men are,” as Hamilton summarized i" ******* END TEXT: "erlies Madison’s “first object of government”; the social compact cannot embrace limitations on the "
9780814735336 - page_41: "START TEXT: pursuits of men because liberty is, a priori, essential to political life. Distinctions of property," ******* END TEXT: " problem, in part because it did not begin as a distinctive condition. The line between servant and "
9780814735336 - page_42: "START TEXT: slave was hazy in the early colonies; in fact, the defining features of slavery would be contested c" ******* END TEXT: "rical counterpoint. At the convention, then, Luther Martin could protest the proposed congressional "
9780814735336 - page_43: "START TEXT: electoral schemes by insisting that the smaller states would be “enslaved,” while in a radically dif" ******* END TEXT: "is State to vote agst their Report.” Pinckney, of course, did not have to make good on his threat.8\n"
9780814735336 - page_44: "START TEXT: Slavery made possible the universal grant of liberty to freemen by removing from the body politic th" ******* END TEXT: "indentured servant had this in common: they were not slaves. They were, relatively, equal, and they "
9780814735336 - page_45: "START TEXT: were, as opposed to black Americans, all free; it was true in fact and theory. By the nineteenth cen" ******* END TEXT: "l be more dishonorable to the National character than to say nothing about it in the Constitution.”\n"
9780814735336 - page_46: "START TEXT: In the end, they followed Madison’s lead, at least in form. The slave trade provision remained, and " ******* END TEXT: "istent with the constitutional proclamation that “all men are born free and equal.” The rest of New "
9780814735336 - page_47: "START TEXT: England abolished slavery, and Pennsylvania, long a home to the antislavery Quakers, did as well. Ne" ******* END TEXT: "mission of Slaves; Hamilton was the second. Hamilton advocated abolition on utilitarian grounds; he "
9780814735336 - page_48: "START TEXT: believed slavery was unproductive. Franklin urged the same result for reasons that were both scienti" ******* END TEXT: "ion akin in some ways to slavery’s . . . free labor for some rested on dependent labor for others.”\n"
9780814735336 - page_49: "START TEXT: Still, the defining political issue of the nineteenth century was slavery. The South’s peculiar inst" ******* END TEXT: " was substantially rooted in religious evangelicalism, and it was a remarkably egalitarian one. The "
9780814735336 - page_50: "START TEXT: evangelical message was derived from the Puritan and Anglican traditions, but, significantly, it dep" ******* END TEXT: "ecessarily return their support. Some abolitionists—Wendell Phillips, for example, and Nathaniel P. "
9780814735336 - page_51: "START TEXT: Rogers—did join labor reformers in urging cooperation as an antidote to unfair competition. But most" ******* END TEXT: "’s paradox, and they found it in the color of their bondsmen’s skin. Africans—the black “race”—were "
9780814735336 - page_52: "START TEXT: lawfully subordinated because they were naturally subordinates. All men, it was well settled, were n" ******* END TEXT: "in the civilized nations of Europe or in this country, should induce the court to give to the words "
9780814735336 - page_53: "START TEXT: of the Constitution a more liberal construction in their favor than they were intended to bear when " ******* END TEXT: "n; moreover, it violated the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution by depriving slaveholders of their "
9780814735336 - page_54: "START TEXT: liberty and property without “due process of law.” The Garrisonian view of the Constitution had rece" ******* END TEXT: "imed, “subordinate,” but not all slaves were African, and not all subordinated peoples were slaves: "
9780814735336 - page_55: "START TEXT: women were subordinate, and minors, and men without property, and no one would suggest that they wer" ******* END TEXT: "level they endured, and in some fashion they would be redeemed. Congressman John A. Bingham of Ohio "
9780814735336 - page_56: "START TEXT: addressed the House of Representatives in January 1857: “It must be apparent that the absolute equal" ******* END TEXT: "tion which proposes to mingle the negro and the white child in the same school.” Brown was willing, "
9780814735336 - page_57: "START TEXT: however, to allow the black and white communities to be separately taxed to fund separate schools; “" ******* END TEXT: "in the District of Columbia an experimental establishment to disprove the inequality of the races?\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_58: "START TEXT: Bayard concurred, and thus prompted another inquiry from Harlan: “If the negro population were all a" ******* END TEXT: "se poor colored children, and enable them, as far as possible, to improve their condition in life.”\n"
9780814735336 - page_59: "START TEXT: What followed is an early version of a colloquy that would be replayed countless times over the next" ******* END TEXT: " Senator from Massachusetts has stated. I inquired as to their social and their political equality.\n"
9780814735336 - page_60: "START TEXT: Davis: Their political equality, I stated, exists, unless it is lost by the commission of crime, or " ******* END TEXT: " equality. But precisely what that meant, and how it was to be realized, remained far from certain.\n"
9780814735336 - page_61: "START TEXT: The Contradictions Reconstructed: The Conundrum of Formal Equality\nA review of the Reconstruction de" ******* END TEXT: ", are all overthrown by this simple statement.” But Lyman Trumbull of Illinois, chair of the Senate "
9780814735336 - page_62: "START TEXT: Judiciary Committee, favored the principal amendment; abolish slavery, he reasoned, and equality inv" ******* END TEXT: "mply implicit, not explicit. The Civil Rights Act made this protection a part of the expressed law.\n"
9780814735336 - page_63: "START TEXT: But protection by statute was insecure: hostile courts or subsequent congresses could nullify or rep" ******* END TEXT: "ntransigence of the former master class, and the philosophical limitations inherent in the ideology "
9780814735336 - page_64: "START TEXT: of the natural order. They were, in general, committed to some vision of equality, but it was a visi" ******* END TEXT: "of Republicans. But in June 1864, Stevens was moved to address Democratic Congressman Samuel S. Cox "
9780814735336 - page_65: "START TEXT: of Ohio: “The gentleman will allow me to say that I never held to the doctrine of negro equality.”\n“" ******* END TEXT: "w, the right to serve as jurors (a “legal” right in some eyes)—could be limited by the terms of the "
9780814735336 - page_66: "START TEXT: democratic compact, as it had been in America, the home of the “white man’s government.” The questio" ******* END TEXT: " from the Army, and with him two colored men, and they were forced to ride in a cattle car while he "
9780814735336 - page_67: "START TEXT: rode alone in a freight car . . . In this case these persons were forced into the cattle car, and th" ******* END TEXT: "rious shapes for the past three years, culminating in this grand plunder scheme of a department for "
9780814735336 - page_68: "START TEXT: freedmen, ought to convince us that that party is moving steadily forward to perfect social equality" ******* END TEXT: "ht to make a contract of marriage with a white woman that a white man has with a black woman.” Laws "
9780814735336 - page_69: "START TEXT: prohibiting all interracial marriages would thus operate equally, and would be valid.\nIt was impossi" ******* END TEXT: "id that they provided the greatest measure of redress possible within the constraints of their day, "
9780814735336 - page_70: "START TEXT: that they crafted mandates broad enough to serve the visions of future generations, generations unen" ******* END TEXT: "legal measures that segregated and subordinated black Americans, a scheme known widely as Jim Crow.\n"
9780814735336 - page_71: "START TEXT: Jim Crow had, as C. Vann Woodward famously put it, a “strange career,” and harbored some contradicti" ******* END TEXT: "r example, and the schools—the white struggle against equality was eventually lost. So-called legal "
9780814735336 - page_72: "START TEXT: equality and political equality were explicitly guaranteed by the Reconstruction amendments; but sin" ******* END TEXT: "f “race or color,” the “full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and "
9780814735336 - page_73: "START TEXT: privileges of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusem" ******* END TEXT: "ities in funding. Attempts by the black community itself to equalize were met by violence: churches "
9780814735336 - page_74: "START TEXT: and schools were burned; pastors, teachers, and successful businessmen or professionals were threate" ******* END TEXT: "l acts of individuals, unsupported by state authority in the shape of laws, customs, or judicial or "
9780814735336 - page_75: "START TEXT: executive proceedings. . . . The wrongful act of an individual, unsupported by any such authority, i" ******* END TEXT: " amendment, and since that institution rested wholly upon the inferiority, as a race, of those held "
9780814735336 - page_76: "START TEXT: in bondage, their freedom necessarily involved immunity from, and protection against, all discrimina" ******* END TEXT: "he character of the one enacted the right end would come in time. This because most men are readily "
9780814735336 - page_77: "START TEXT: affected by the conservative influences of time, while the many not thus affected yield, more or les" ******* END TEXT: " exercised affirmatively in the face of state inaction, consider this view, also recorded in 1871:\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_78: "START TEXT: [The Fourteenth Amendment] not only prohibits the making or enforcing of laws which shall abridge th" ******* END TEXT: "r black victims, lynching meant not merely a rope, but fire, torture, and dismemberment, often in a "
9780814735336 - page_79: "START TEXT: festive atmosphere, with tickets sold, and body parts of the victims distributed as souvenirs. All o" ******* END TEXT: " in the nature of things, it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, "
9780814735336 - page_80: "START TEXT: or to enforce social, as distinguished from political, equality, or a commingling of the two races u" ******* END TEXT: "ied by blacks, as to exclude colored people from coaches occupied by or assigned to white persons.\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_81: "START TEXT: The message behind the Louisiana law was unmistakable, and it was these laws and their implicit less" ******* END TEXT: "erful.”\nHarlan concluded his opinion by pointing out the lingering contradiction of American life:\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_82: "START TEXT: We boast of the freedom enjoyed by our people above all other peoples. But it is difficult to reconc" ******* END TEXT: " was pervasive throughout the country. The NAACP targeted both: it sought a declaration that racial "
9780814735336 - page_83: "START TEXT: segregation, in schools and in housing, violated the equal protection guarantee of the Fourteenth Am" ******* END TEXT: "s, the argument went, would enforce all racially restrictive covenants, separately but equally. But "
9780814735336 - page_84: "START TEXT: Chief Justice Vinson refused to be lured into the conundrum. There was, first of all, no real eviden" ******* END TEXT: "ere not restrictive covenants or law schools; these were public schools, primary and secondary, and "
9780814735336 - page_85: "START TEXT: changes here would be far-reaching. And these were not revolutionary times: Rosa Parks refused to gi" ******* END TEXT: "te speed.” It seemed a recipe for disaster. The local federal judges were, after all, a part of the "
9780814735336 - page_86: "START TEXT: segregated community—“steeped in the same traditions that I am” rejoiced Georgia Lieutenant Governor" ******* END TEXT: " that when America came to its most progressive moment of creative fulfillment in the area of human "
9780814735336 - page_87: "START TEXT: relations, it was temporarily held back by a chief executive who refused to make a strong positive s" ******* END TEXT: "nto the principal’s office, and there was great fear that we would not get out of this building. We "
9780814735336 - page_88: "START TEXT: were trapped. And I thought, Okay, so I’m going to die here, in school. And I remember thinking back" ******* END TEXT: "t of state action. Races were not created unequal, they were re-created that way by discrimination.\n"
9780814735336 - page_89: "START TEXT: So the argument, of necessity, was modified: it was not so much that the Constitution cannot secure " ******* END TEXT: " was necessitated not by its misconduct, but by private actions: private threats, private violence, "
9780814735336 - page_90: "START TEXT: private unrest, private uncertainty. But, the Court responded, those conditions were directly tracea" ******* END TEXT: "ying white ones neither more nor less than it prohibited white Virginians from marrying black ones. "
9780814735336 - page_91: "START TEXT: True, Warren conceded, demurring to the conundrum of formal equality, but that made the law no less " ******* END TEXT: "e forward with a plan that promises realistically to work, and promises realistically to work now.”\n"
9780814735336 - page_92: "START TEXT: Little was left now of the old formalism. “Race” had been reconstructed: racial inferiority and supr" ******* END TEXT: "amined state school funding schemes through which wealthy districts received much more funding than "
9780814735336 - page_93: "START TEXT: poor ones. “The need is apparent for reform,” Justice Lewis F. Powell wrote for the Court; the syste" ******* END TEXT: "neutral principles of law. In the short run, it may seem to be the easier course to allow our great "
9780814735336 - page_94: "START TEXT: metropolitan areas to be divided up each into two cities—one white, the other black—but it is a cour" ******* END TEXT: "rom the debasing effects of egalitarianism. The political sphere was in fact the exclusive province "
9780814735336 - page_95: "START TEXT: of a distinct minority: the body politic conceived by the founding fathers comprised, in the main, o" ******* END TEXT: " same time seem to grant such works an undeniable legitimacy: this is, by most reckonings, a rather "
9780814735336 - page_96: "START TEXT: noble lineage these works are following. But it is not quite that simple. The founders of the Republ" ******* END TEXT: "han in their politics that Murray and Herrnstein and their various allies can make an uncontestable "
9780814735336 - page_97: "START TEXT: claim to the intellectual legacy of the two generations of founders. The framers of 1787 and the rec" ******* END TEXT: " day; the modern “natural order” crowd ought to know better. The rest of this book aims to show why."
9780814735336 - page_98: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_100: "START TEXT: Prologue\nI grew up in an integrated neighborhood. Some of the kids were Irish, some were Polish, som" ******* END TEXT: "n features; and a Japanese G.I. Joe, who had distinctly Asian features; and an Australian G.I. Joe, "
9780814735336 - page_101: "START TEXT: who looked, to all accounts, just like an American G.I. Joe, except in shorts. There was also a “bla" ******* END TEXT: "cated table, with our milk and our lunch—usually a bologna sandwich with potato chips, each wrapped "
9780814735336 - page_102: "START TEXT: in wax paper, separated by our moms, but shortly to be combined by us, and all contained in a second" ******* END TEXT: "look.\n“No, Bobby. You don’t want to sit there.” Louis took a drink of chocolate milk. “He’s a Jew.”\n"
9780814735336 - page_103: "START TEXT: I continued to look blankly at Louis. Then I looked at the kid. I grabbed my lunch. And I moved.\nNob" ******* END TEXT: "ot be within the reading of some learned Senators, and yet it belongs to demonstrated science, that "
9780814735336 - page_104: "START TEXT: the African race and the Europeans are different, and I here now say it as a fact established by sci" ******* END TEXT: "r of the Senate Judiciary Committee, found some irony in the sixty-five-year-old Davis’s protests:\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_105: "START TEXT: He also brings up the question of marriage between whites and negroes. He is troubled about amalgama" ******* END TEXT: "iterate the legal distinctions between the races, distinctions that were in turn rooted in nature:\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_106: "START TEXT: Now, the negro race in this country constitutes such a class which is easily and well defined . . . " ******* END TEXT: "olor of the skin. That is only one of the indications and marks by which you distinguish the race.\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_107: "START TEXT: Vickers’s subsequent exposition of the differences between the races was just one among many in the " ******* END TEXT: "y philosophical inquiry whether nature has or has not made the negro inferior to the Caucasian. The "
9780814735336 - page_108: "START TEXT: belief is indelibly fixed upon the public mind that such inequality does exist. There are irreconcil" ******* END TEXT: "er can have here. There are repugnances between the two races that forbid, and will forever forbid, "
9780814735336 - page_109: "START TEXT: their admission to social equality; and without social equality they never can attain to a full deve" ******* END TEXT: "ces here together; and I tell you, sir, that here together they have got to work out this destiny.\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_110: "START TEXT: Hale’s view ultimately prevailed. The slaves of the nation’s capital were emancipated, and by 1863, " ******* END TEXT: "ed the white people and the black, two distinct and antagonistic races, should be copartners in the "
9780814735336 - page_111: "START TEXT: management of civil government. . . . It is useless for man to attempt to accomplish what nature has" ******* END TEXT: "h Amendment erred in conferring citizenship upon the inferior races. Citizenship, Cowan explained,\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_112: "START TEXT: depends upon the inherent character of the men. Why, sir, there are nations of people with whom thef" ******* END TEXT: " by slaveholders.\n\nSenator Waitman Willey of West Virginia mocked the complaints of the Democrats:\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_113: "START TEXT: “Will you place the white man under the domination and government of the negro?” That is the cry. Wh" ******* END TEXT: "comprehensible one. Until quite recently, the notion of “race,” as we understand it, simply did not "
9780814735336 - page_114: "START TEXT: exist; the specific notion that individuals were of some biologically determinable “race” is no more" ******* END TEXT: "ll the same. And it is “race”-ism that denies this truth: there is nothing natural about any of it.\n"
9780814735336 - page_115: "START TEXT: The Concept of Race\nThat “race” and “racism” are natural creations seems to be a given, a statement " ******* END TEXT: "ing.” Subsequent scholarship has confirmed his assessment. As Bernard Crick puts it in the foreword "
9780814735336 - page_116: "START TEXT: to Ivan Hannaford’s recent study of “race,” “racial conditioning is not part of the human condition." ******* END TEXT: "hite imagery. . . . In sum, in the early church blacks found equality in both theory and practice.\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_117: "START TEXT: And in Western Christendom, the attitude seems to have endured well beyond. Western European Christi" ******* END TEXT: "ultimately, “race” achieved the highest status in post-Enlightenment ideology: it became “science.”\n"
9780814735336 - page_118: "START TEXT: The science of race developed in Western Europe roughly between 1790 and 1840. Physical anthropologi" ******* END TEXT: "nd German Honour was taking effect, Huxley and A. C. Haddon published We Europeans. Their text used "
9780814735336 - page_119: "START TEXT: genetics to demonstrate the fallacies of hereditarianism, and to debunk the concept of a biological " ******* END TEXT: "’t know, they showed they could learn. It became clear to nearly everyone that they would try hard, "
9780814735336 - page_120: "START TEXT: because they cared so very much. They loved their baby boy; their tears, not the tests, proved that." ******* END TEXT: "rplay between the individual’s perceived limitations and the societal responses they evoke, and the "
9780814735336 - page_121: "START TEXT: proper role of the state is to limit or eliminate the disabling societal restrictions that confront " ******* END TEXT: "utility more than it values compassion, communality, and equality—the mentally retarded label tends "
9780814735336 - page_122: "START TEXT: ultimately to diminish the person who receives it. To be mentally retarded is to be inferior.\nThe la" ******* END TEXT: "e significance except in a cultural context. There is, to illustrate, an ongoing and highly visible "
9780814735336 - page_123: "START TEXT: debate about gender differences in the human brain: are the differences really important, and are th" ******* END TEXT: "ions of cultural forces.” But these answers all assume that there is a real gendered individual who "
9780814735336 - page_124: "START TEXT: lives outside culture, and that the differences are “real” only if they are located in this independ" ******* END TEXT: " easy to imagine a truck stop—it is not easy to imagine a world—designed equally by and for women.5\n"
9780814735336 - page_125: "START TEXT: Disability and gender are pretty much the same. We are created with some meaningless variations; ove" ******* END TEXT: "ially mutable; maintained that individual Africans “differ from other Africans as much as Europeans "
9780814735336 - page_126: "START TEXT: differ from Europeans, or even more so”; and denied that physical differences could be interpreted a" ******* END TEXT: "ping is reenforced by the outer appearance of the individuals and each is at once and automatically "
9780814735336 - page_127: "START TEXT: assigned to his own group.” It was a process facilitated by America’s historical experience: the pre" ******* END TEXT: " the critique. The concept of “race” has, in truth, little integrity as a biological phenomenon. In "
9780814735336 - page_128: "START TEXT: most communities, any attempt to identify discrete “races” will be instantly confounded by the obvio" ******* END TEXT: "cal description of geographical variation, Gould observes, “we need no longer to construct names to "
9780814735336 - page_129: "START TEXT: describe differences that are, by definition, fleeting and changeable. Therefore, the practice of na" ******* END TEXT: "ts are highly critical toward the spurious use of and tolerance for the term race in psychology.”10\n"
9780814735336 - page_130: "START TEXT: A Political History of Race in America: Part 1\nThe meaning of “race” has not been constant throughou" ******* END TEXT: " and it was felt principally by northern white labor. In the South, the “low, menial” work was done "
9780814735336 - page_131: "START TEXT: by slaves; in the North, the comparable work of an increasingly industrial economy was done principa" ******* END TEXT: "ntury. In 1892, Thomas E. Watson of the People’s Party campaigned for an end to the racial divide:\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_132: "START TEXT: The white tenant lives adjoining the colored tenant. Their houses are almost equally destitute of co" ******* END TEXT: "t of the country’s wealth; the poorest Americans—65 percent of the population—owned just 5 percent.\n"
9780814735336 - page_133: "START TEXT: The steady influx of immigrant labor and the massive black migration during the World War I labor sh" ******* END TEXT: " immigrants has been an opportunity to share ‘race’ with whites with whom we do not share ‘class.’”\n"
9780814735336 - page_134: "START TEXT: As Sanjek suggests, assimilation was not readily available to all. Throughout the period of twentiet" ******* END TEXT: "ages here. But for reasons that may soon be clear, the story—at least part of it—demands retelling.\n"
9780814735336 - page_135: "START TEXT: This section will principally examine the story—that is, the construction—of the “black race.” This " ******* END TEXT: "ed that “slavery was not born of racism; rather racism was the consequence of slavery”; while Oscar "
9780814735336 - page_136: "START TEXT: Handlin and Mary Handlin maintained, in an influential 1950 article in the William and Mary Quarterl" ******* END TEXT: "t Columbia, contends that Fields misreads the evidence, that in fact racial ideology, if not racial "
9780814735336 - page_137: "START TEXT: rhetoric, preceded independence by over a century. Vaughn maintains that\n\nwhite Virginians made perm" ******* END TEXT: "d that of 5,500 slaves, 1,400 (or more than one-fourth) were Indians. Within a generation, however, "
9780814735336 - page_138: "START TEXT: Britain would secure complete dominion over the slave trade, ensuring a regular supply of comparativ" ******* END TEXT: "ctitious slave owner Frank Meriwether, captures much of the ambivalence of its region and its day:\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_139: "START TEXT: [A]ll organized slavery is inevitably but a temporary phase of human condition. Interest, necessity " ******* END TEXT: "ve ways, and “black” served the same purpose for English-speaking colonists. There is some evidence "
9780814735336 - page_140: "START TEXT: that at least some English colonists viewed the Africans uneasily, and perhaps with prejudice. But t" ******* END TEXT: " this was the initial response, at least, in the upper South, where slavery was assumed to be but a "
9780814735336 - page_141: "START TEXT: passing phase. A third way was to modify the ideology to incorporate what was by then a racial slave" ******* END TEXT: "cannot compete with northern manufacturers, due principally to the disabilities of slave labor. And "
9780814735336 - page_142: "START TEXT: even this racial disability is not “natural”; it is simply that “[t]he circumstance of its degradati" ******* END TEXT: "e with the idea, what history was made for—and within constraints, by— the “black race” in America.\n"
9780814735336 - page_143: "START TEXT: The account offered here is pathetically short of comprehensive. It intentionally omits the more wel" ******* END TEXT: "onation, the techniques by which feelings and emotions were marked, and the occasions that demanded "
9780814735336 - page_144: "START TEXT: the flattering of white egos and the placating of white fears.” Most slaves were illiterate, but alm" ******* END TEXT: "ondsmen’s own efforts, as they manumitted themselves informally by escaping, as well as formally by "
9780814735336 - page_145: "START TEXT: spending their modest savings to purchase the freedom of their loved ones. By 1810 there were over o" ******* END TEXT: "s there were the exception, not the rule: only three states permitted black suffrage on terms equal "
9780814735336 - page_146: "START TEXT: with whites, and only one state, Massachusetts, permitted black jurors. The discrimination not accom" ******* END TEXT: "sies that were as old as slavery itself.” White slave owners, distressed by the wartime behavior of "
9780814735336 - page_147: "START TEXT: slaves, decried the “numerous instances of ingratitude evinced in the African character”; “those we " ******* END TEXT: "reedmen was as much the rule as the exception. The precise numbers “beaten, flogged, mutilated, and "
9780814735336 - page_148: "START TEXT: murdered in the first years of emancipation will never be known,” Litwack reports. “Nor could any ac" ******* END TEXT: "trolled by Bourbon Democrats. The old order would be shortly “redeemed”; the color line was secure.\n"
9780814735336 - page_149: "START TEXT: Jim Crow: 1877-1941\nIn 1877 the Republicans traded the freedmen’s security for the White House; sout" ******* END TEXT: "subject to whatever conditions the state should impose. Kentuckian John Marshall Harlan dissented:\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_150: "START TEXT: If pupils, of whatever race . . . choose, with the consent of their parents, or voluntarily, to sit " ******* END TEXT: " can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to human progress.”\n"
9780814735336 - page_151: "START TEXT: Washington became, by white acclamation, the “voice of his people.” Behind the scenes, his reform ef" ******* END TEXT: "t as that of the black schools. As late as 1946, the state was spending three times as much for the "
9780814735336 - page_152: "START TEXT: education of its white children as it spent on the education of its black children.\nThe “black” scho" ******* END TEXT: "ist, working with a research team of over one hundred scholars (including Ralph Bunche, E. Franklin "
9780814735336 - page_153: "START TEXT: Frazier, Guy Johnson, and, as a consultant, Du Bois), painstakingly documented the details of Americ" ******* END TEXT: "egation, the report concluded, “contravenes the equalitarian spirit of the American heritage.” Just "
9780814735336 - page_154: "START TEXT: three of the twenty-seven members dissented: the efforts to ensure equality, they insisted, must “be" ******* END TEXT: " gap was reduced 25 to 40 percent during the seventies and eighties alone, the science gap 15 to 25 "
9780814735336 - page_155: "START TEXT: percent, and the reading gap by half. Regional analyses suggest that the achievement gap has seen pa" ******* END TEXT: "ust 1.5 percent of all pilots; 21 percent of all janitors but just 2.1 percent of all architects.36\n"
9780814735336 - page_156: "START TEXT: Part of the gap may be due to an emerging college barrier. The percentage of black high school gradu" ******* END TEXT: "ack Americans are employed in the public sector than are whites, and black Americans encounter less "
9780814735336 - page_157: "START TEXT: discrimination—and thus higher pay—in government jobs than they do in the private sector.\nPart of th" ******* END TEXT: "tudy of the “Black Liberation” movements in South Africa and the United States concludes this way:\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_158: "START TEXT: Despite the problems that remain, black South Africans have thrown off the shackles of white dominat" ******* END TEXT: "has yielded to a rhetoric of “color blindness” and “race-neutrality,” but these separate assertions "
9780814735336 - page_159: "START TEXT: are equally deluded, equally unrealistic, and equally harmful. Both explicitly deny what “race” is, " ******* END TEXT: "he real problem is not the negro,” Bailey wrote, “but the white man’s attitude toward the negro.”41\n"
9780814735336 - page_160: "START TEXT: And this was not natural either. Franz Boas made this clear: in undermining the concept of “race,” B" ******* END TEXT: " easy to establish such groups. Nevertheless, cultural cooperation cannot be reached without it.42\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_161: "START TEXT: Boas’s work was in fact part of an evolving tradition. The abolitionists had argued that prejudice w" ******* END TEXT: "ition’s bias, to see the color of tradition. But some could see it, even then: “The Negro problem,” "
9780814735336 - page_162: "START TEXT: Myrdal concluded, echoing Thomas Pearce Bailey, “is primarily a white man’s problem.”43\nRejecting th" ******* END TEXT: "er of the construction. Strom Thurmond avoided references to “race” in his presidential campaign of "
9780814735336 - page_163: "START TEXT: 1948, but the meaning of “states’ rights” and “tradition” were clear enough. Richard Nixon could be " ******* END TEXT: "vidence suggests that racism can be “unlearned” through the meaningful engagement of countervailing "
9780814735336 - page_164: "START TEXT: truths. The epistemological premises for racist behavior, for example, can be refuted, as Boas predi" ******* END TEXT: "ognize the behavior as racist, can and does reject the behavior in favor of the egalitarian norm.45\n"
9780814735336 - page_165: "START TEXT: It is worth reiterating, however, that the norm and its applications must be unambiguous. The most s" ******* END TEXT: "mes irrelevant, and the sense of relief is compounded by the realization that the otherwise painful "
9780814735336 - page_166: "START TEXT: history is not one of “our” making: it just happened, it’s nobody’s fault, and it’s nobody’s respons" ******* END TEXT: "merely “natural” differences, but “neutral” valuations of human worth. That is the myth of merit.\n\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_99: "START TEXT: 3In the Nature of ThingsMyths of Race and Racism\nThe natural order presupposes natural differences, " ******* END TEXT: " of reconstituting difference without hierarchy, of creating a community without a “natural” order.\n"
9780814735336 - page_167: "START TEXT: 4A Neutral QualificationMyths of the Market\nTwo explanations are typically offered for the extraordi" ******* END TEXT: "al, economic, and political life. It is about the “official” myth of merit, the myth of the market.\n"
9780814735336 - page_168: "START TEXT: Prologue\nWe used to play whiffle ball in the alley behind the row houses on my block. Everybody play" ******* END TEXT: "nd the stunned opposition and began running back toward the other goal. Still the kids didn’t move. "
9780814735336 - page_169: "START TEXT: I was lost. I kept running, past my motionless classmates, searching each face for some clue. But th" ******* END TEXT: "irls again said, “Yea!”\nThen the teacher got to me.\n“Bobby, who do you think will win the pennant?”\n"
9780814735336 - page_170: "START TEXT: I had not said a word since I had arrived there, whether I had been called on or not, and I was not " ******* END TEXT: "t, and I heard the teacher say something about how he hadn’t figured me to be much of a ballplayer.\n"
9780814735336 - page_171: "START TEXT: The next spring when we formed our official team for the sixth-grade Softball competition, I was pic" ******* END TEXT: "ition—legally, politically, socially—with white Americans. They opposed liberation for that reason.\n"
9780814735336 - page_172: "START TEXT: Others argued that it would not, that even complete liberation would leave black Americans in an inf" ******* END TEXT: "ican Henry Wilson of Massachusetts responded to Davis with the evidence from the nation’s capital:\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_173: "START TEXT: As a class, the free colored people of this District are not worthless, vicious, thriftless, indolen" ******* END TEXT: "ar that equal access would lead to “social equality.” “If there were not a slave within our state,” "
9780814735336 - page_174: "START TEXT: declared Senator Eli Saulsbury of Delaware, “I still should want a slave code to keep out your inter" ******* END TEXT: "ament than the black, then he will conquer in this legitimate conflict, and will gradually push the "
9780814735336 - page_175: "START TEXT: weaker race from the continent, leaving the heritage of liberties to our children after us to the la" ******* END TEXT: " are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States . . . and such citizens, of every race and "
9780814735336 - page_176: "START TEXT: color, and without regard to any previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude . . . shall " ******* END TEXT: "y; nature had already decreed the black man’s status, and she should now run her inevitable course.\n"
9780814735336 - page_177: "START TEXT: Subsequent debates often focused on the critical predicates to equal opportunity. For many, educatio" ******* END TEXT: "e election recently the negro vote was larger than the white vote. . . . It is a very different and "
9780814735336 - page_178: "START TEXT: important question in the District of Columbia whether the negroes shall have the political power th" ******* END TEXT: "are of themselves; especially when their numbers were equal and certainly when they were superior.\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_179: "START TEXT: Congressman John H. Broomall of Pennsylvania was, in a sense, more sympathetic to the claims of the " ******* END TEXT: "uality, for reparations, or redistributions of wealth. Equality of opportunity appeared sufficient.\n"
9780814735336 - page_180: "START TEXT: Perhaps this reflected only the political realities. “Social equality” was the Democrats’ bogeyman: " ******* END TEXT: "hing we know he’ll be ahead of us.”1\nSo white America made sure he’d never really get the chance.\n*\n"
9780814735336 - page_181: "START TEXT: A century and a half later, the debate over equal opportunity is fully resolved: we are committed to" ******* END TEXT: " natural inferiority: the official understanding reflected in our public discourse, which professes "
9780814735336 - page_182: "START TEXT: unequivocally to reject all such notions, and the unofficial version that in fact constitutes our cu" ******* END TEXT: " conscious deliberation of hardly any of us; our meritocracy, in short, is not truly “ours” at all.\n"
9780814735336 - page_183: "START TEXT: This is why neither the official nor the unofficial version offers an adequate account of our existi" ******* END TEXT: "ensured that this was so. Needless to say, dropping the formal barriers to the marketplace does not "
9780814735336 - page_184: "START TEXT: automatically remove these disadvantages: in a competitive game, the newcomer might not even get pic" ******* END TEXT: "ed to be police officers in the District of Columbia. But they failed to attain a score of forty, a "
9780814735336 - page_185: "START TEXT: passing score, on Test 21, the civil service exam used to screen applicants to the D.C. Police Depar" ******* END TEXT: "crimination that was “intentional”—or more accurately, only the discrimination that the complaining "
9780814735336 - page_186: "START TEXT: party might somehow prove was “intentional.” Subsequent cases made clear precisely how difficult thi" ******* END TEXT: "as the second highest in 1971 and the third highest in 1973. Each time, however, she was bumped way "
9780814735336 - page_187: "START TEXT: down the eligibility list, replaced in each case by male applicants. The reason: a Massachusetts law" ******* END TEXT: "fects upon an identifiable group.” That was not the case here, he concluded: “nothing in the record "
9780814735336 - page_188: "START TEXT: demonstrates that this preference for veterans was originally devised or subsequently re-enacted bec" ******* END TEXT: "ving black defendants and white victims, but just 3 percent of the cases involving white defendants "
9780814735336 - page_189: "START TEXT: and black victims. Overall, the study revealed that those convicted of killing white victims were el" ******* END TEXT: "y selection-process system and that race was the decisive factor in some decisions. Moreover, it is "
9780814735336 - page_190: "START TEXT: possible with the McCleskey data to estimate how many fewer death sentences would have been imposed " ******* END TEXT: "Cleskey’s claim would open the door to widespread challenges to all aspects of criminal sentencing. "
9780814735336 - page_191: "START TEXT: Taken on its face, such a statement seems to suggest a fear of too much justice.”\nBrennan’s dissenti" ******* END TEXT: "Supreme Court ruled, by a vote of six to three, that McCleskey’s arguments could be properly raised "
9780814735336 - page_192: "START TEXT: only in an initial habeas corpus petition. “In refusing to grant a stay to fully review McCleskey’s " ******* END TEXT: "ven where our employer over and over, again and again, hires white able-bodied men, explaining each "
9780814735336 - page_193: "START TEXT: time that they are the “best qualified for the job.” The statistical disparities would not matter; w" ******* END TEXT: "s the nature of contemporary discrimination: it is more unconscious than conscious, more structural "
9780814735336 - page_194: "START TEXT: than individual. People—including state actors—generally don’t “intend” to discriminate, at least no" ******* END TEXT: "to those people’s perspective? Should it be so utterly absorbed with the psyches of those in power?\n"
9780814735336 - page_195: "START TEXT: They may be good, bad, or indifferent—it does not change what they have done, it does not change wha" ******* END TEXT: "es! Now I aks ya, would ya give a fuck what kinda pants the sonovabitch who shot ya was wearin’?!6\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_196: "START TEXT: That’s about it. When you’re always under the gun, and somebody keeps pulling the trigger, you don’t" ******* END TEXT: " want from the Binky Fairy, Stephen?”\n“Something.”\n“Well what kind of something, Stephen?”\n“A gun.”\n"
9780814735336 - page_197: "START TEXT: “A Power Ranger’s morphing gun?” My mom knows the lingo.\n“No.”\n“A water gun?”\n“No.”\n“What kind of gu" ******* END TEXT: ", Stephen politely asks my mother if he may be excused from the table. My sister surveys his plate.\n"
9780814735336 - page_198: "START TEXT: “Stephen, you didn’t eat any of your lima beans.”\nStephen looks down at his plate, as if to verify. " ******* END TEXT: "than to say such foolish things. And we credit their alternative explanations because we don’t find "
9780814735336 - page_199: "START TEXT: them incredible. When someone keeps saying that the white man is the “most qualified,” we, sadly, ac" ******* END TEXT: "es, he pulled the trigger; but no, he did not intend to shoot the other person. He swears that this "
9780814735336 - page_200: "START TEXT: is so, swears it on a stack of Bibles. How do we prove that he is lying?\nThere is more. We learn tha" ******* END TEXT: "ssumption behind the idea is wrong. “Intentional discrimination” assumes a neutral free marketplace "
9780814735336 - page_201: "START TEXT: distorted only by the occasional malicious, conscious discrimination of individual actors. That is n" ******* END TEXT: " individuals resisting the effort. It is rather because our systems of reward and punishment, after "
9780814735336 - page_202: "START TEXT: centuries, perhaps millennia, of cultural domination, are premised on some decidedly non-neutral ass" ******* END TEXT: "ybe our ancestors were right all along about group 2, and our bosses tell us they need a few people "
9780814735336 - page_203: "START TEXT: with talent A and a bunch more with talent F, and we set out to find them, and we know right where t" ******* END TEXT: " save. The part was eventually landed by actress, singer, and former Miss America Vanessa Williams. "
9780814735336 - page_204: "START TEXT: The choice actually surprised the man who made it, the movie’s producer, Arnold Kopelson. As Kopelso" ******* END TEXT: "and the real world are one and the same: their assumptions are identical; indeed, they are mutually "
9780814735336 - page_205: "START TEXT: reconstitutive. The Hollywood image of hero and heroine, of lawyer and doctor, of prostitute and thi" ******* END TEXT: "omeone who fit the mold. They are doing what had always been done. They aren’t ready to “go black.”\n"
9780814735336 - page_206: "START TEXT: The Reality of Structural Bias\nSometimes—rarely—discrimination results from a malicious prejudice bu" ******* END TEXT: "ative action plan for city contracting. The Supreme Court invalidated that plan; Justice Sandra Day "
9780814735336 - page_207: "START TEXT: O’Connor insisted that the city of Richmond could not demonstrate a need for the plan, since it did " ******* END TEXT: "ectly willing to tell me that an entrance examination to get into a course seems altogether unfair; "
9780814735336 - page_208: "START TEXT: perhaps, they suggest, it is precisely the students who are failing the entrance exam who would most" ******* END TEXT: "not with the grading of the exam, but with the examination itself. Maybe the examination is biased.\n"
9780814735336 - page_209: "START TEXT: I assure them that it is not.\nSome persistent souls want proof.\nI offer them this: I have run a sepa" ******* END TEXT: "ublicans are disproportionately failing my exams because they are disproportionately unintelligent.\n"
9780814735336 - page_210: "START TEXT: Even in jest, it makes me uncomfortable to talk like this. And although we laugh, there is a bit of " ******* END TEXT: "sferability of the skills tested on my history exam, and the general aptitudes that are captured by "
9780814735336 - page_211: "START TEXT: this specific measurement scheme. But the point is unavoidable: in the final analysis, what my entra" ******* END TEXT: " presupposing as universally known or believed that which is in fact not universally “true” at all.\n"
9780814735336 - page_212: "START TEXT: I always ask, as the penultimate question, whether anyone still believes that Republicans are dumb. " ******* END TEXT: " is fair enough as a general proposition. But the dispositive role played by Test 21 in the case of "
9780814735336 - page_213: "START TEXT: the D.C. police department presupposes something more: it assumes not merely that “verbal ability” i" ******* END TEXT: "ruth; it is a choice. It is a choice that works to the distinct disadvantage of cultures and people "
9780814735336 - page_214: "START TEXT: who have not been indoctrinated in the value of the specified words and phrases. This is not merely " ******* END TEXT: " the truths of Test 21. But sometimes they are very large truths, like the truth of intelligence.\n\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_215: "START TEXT: 5Creating the Smart CultureMyths of Inferiority\nThe official explanation for America’s inequality is" ******* END TEXT: " though to no great effect. “Come here, Spike,” I’d say, “let’s go, Spike . . . now, Spike,” and he "
9780814735336 - page_216: "START TEXT: wouldn’t do a damned thing. “Aw, c’mon, buddy, please,” I would say in mild exasperation, and at tha" ******* END TEXT: "unded by a plastic bowl that was in itself eminently chewable. It apparently did not occur to Buddy "
9780814735336 - page_217: "START TEXT: that the ingestion of food was related quite directly to his health, but fortunately, it did occur t" ******* END TEXT: "g” intelligence, if anybody cares), and the “Canine IQ” test was an hours-long ordeal that ended up "
9780814735336 - page_218: "START TEXT: measuring only one measly kind of intelligence, and even then, that test had to be supplemented by a" ******* END TEXT: "had been born with a congenital hip defect, and as his sixth birthday approached, the dysplasia was "
9780814735336 - page_219: "START TEXT: already so severe that nonintrusive therapies like drugs and rest were of no use. Surgery was his on" ******* END TEXT: "to the floor. It was a painful reminder that Buddy was not quite an ordinary dog. So we got carpet, "
9780814735336 - page_220: "START TEXT: and were never reminded of it again. And “let’s go frolic,” once more, meant nothing but joy.\nSo tha" ******* END TEXT: "hesis.\nIt is plagued by only two shortcomings: part of it is false; and the rest of it is nonsense.\n"
9780814735336 - page_221: "START TEXT: Because, it turns out, not all kinds of smart people get to be in charge—just some kinds.\nAnd, it tu" ******* END TEXT: ", as Jefferson exalts the “superior beauty” of whites, insisting that the “fine mixtures of red and "
9780814735336 - page_222: "START TEXT: white,” permitting the “expressions of every passion,” are “preferable to that eternal monotony, whi" ******* END TEXT: "heel of fortune, an exchange of situation, is among possible events: that it may become probable by "
9780814735336 - page_223: "START TEXT: supernatural interference! The Almighty has no attribute which can take side with us in such a conte" ******* END TEXT: "he white race to all other races, and of men to women. In guaranteeing the “equal protection of the "
9780814735336 - page_224: "START TEXT: laws,” they purported to do no more than free the natural hierarchy from unnecessary constraints. Th" ******* END TEXT: " or anywhere else; and for that reason I voted against the bill proposing that they should have the "
9780814735336 - page_225: "START TEXT: same pay in the Army as white men.” “Their services are not worth so much,” he explained; “They cann" ******* END TEXT: "c inches in volume than the skulls of white Americans.” Nor was it “because his facial outline does "
9780814735336 - page_226: "START TEXT: not conform to our ideals of beautiful humanity.” “All these considerations,” Boy er explained, “I a" ******* END TEXT: "which always prevailed with the founders of our Government. It is not best for the common interests "
9780814735336 - page_227: "START TEXT: of both races that the inferior should share political privileges with the superior.\n\nThe arguments " ******* END TEXT: "by slavery and oppression are precisely those which slaveholders and oppressors would transfer from "
9780814735336 - page_228: "START TEXT: their system to the inherent character of their victims. Thus the very crimes of slavery become slav" ******* END TEXT: " so. If he is ignorant, they have made him so by making it a crime to teach him to read and write.”\n"
9780814735336 - page_229: "START TEXT: Congressman James M. Ashley, Republican of Ohio, may have offered the most far-reaching critique of " ******* END TEXT: "tly racist defenses of privilege increase as legal equality blossomed. By the turn of the twentieth "
9780814735336 - page_230: "START TEXT: century, notions of racial supremacy were as firmly rooted as ever in American epistemology.\nRacial " ******* END TEXT: "r the “curse of Ham.” The theological conception of black peoples as a cursed people found its most "
9780814735336 - page_231: "START TEXT: benevolent expression in a certain pity for the unfortunate race; its more malevolent manifestations" ******* END TEXT: "ists to conventional rankings arose from shared belief, not from objective data gathered to test an "
9780814735336 - page_232: "START TEXT: open question. Yet, in a curious case of reversed causality, these pronouncements were read as an in" ******* END TEXT: "espects: first, it included adults as well as children; and second, it calculated the ratio between "
9780814735336 - page_233: "START TEXT: chronological age and the tested “mental age” and called that ratio the “intelligence quotient,” or " ******* END TEXT: "e Department supported their cause in the major civil rights cases argued before the Supreme Court.\n"
9780814735336 - page_234: "START TEXT: Not every historian accepted the truth of racial supremacy. Ulrich Phillips’s interpretation of the " ******* END TEXT: ", they said, environment, or “social heredity,” that shaped the differences between white and black "
9780814735336 - page_235: "START TEXT: Americans. Harlan Paul Douglas both described and spoke for many generations of Christian reformers " ******* END TEXT: " throughout the American academy. Sociologists Charles W. Ellwood of the University of Missouri and "
9780814735336 - page_236: "START TEXT: Carl Kelsey of the University of Pennsylvania both rejected the racist hypothesis after Boas, as did" ******* END TEXT: "n observed, “are too wise to wrinkle their forehead with politics”—and by their successors. In 1838 "
9780814735336 - page_237: "START TEXT: Congressman Benjamin C. Howard objected that abolitionist petitions to Congress were being offered b" ******* END TEXT: "pproved the Fifteenth Amendment, women’s suffrage was scarcely worth debating. Among the altogether "
9780814735336 - page_238: "START TEXT: proper exceptions to general suffrage, insisted Senator James A. Bayard, Jr., “is that of sex. I wil" ******* END TEXT: " 1896 Amy Tanner, a graduate student at the University of Chicago, offered a compelling critique of "
9780814735336 - page_239: "START TEXT: the various theories of inherent difference. In rejecting the “natural” gender differences purported" ******* END TEXT: " those rights.” Thus Brewer found his rationale for the law “in the inherent difference between the "
9780814735336 - page_240: "START TEXT: two sexes, and in the different functions in life which they perform.”10\nBut in the scientific commu" ******* END TEXT: "thors discuss male mating propensities, that is, the “man’s marriage calculus.” Thanks to feminism, "
9780814735336 - page_241: "START TEXT: evidently, smart men now are willing to reject the view that brains are not “sexy” in a woman. She’s" ******* END TEXT: "s social equality with this wide range of mental capacity?” His answer is worth quoting at length:\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_242: "START TEXT: These men in their ultra altruistic and humane attitude, their desire to be fair to the workman, mai" ******* END TEXT: "have none of it; he would become perhaps the nation’s foremost spokesman for the eugenics movement.\n"
9780814735336 - page_243: "START TEXT: In 1898 the Michigan legislature had been the first in the United States to consider a bill providin" ******* END TEXT: " in 1918 in the American Journal of Sociology, Case and Lewis reported that parental alcoholism and "
9780814735336 - page_244: "START TEXT: poverty were identifiable factors in the generation of “feeble-minded-ness.”\nIn 1923 Princeton biolo" ******* END TEXT: "e thoroughly discredited by scientific inquiry; and the politics of eugenics, its odd conflation of "
9780814735336 - page_245: "START TEXT: Social Darwinism and a hyper-active racism, was made untenable initially by the Great Depression, an" ******* END TEXT: " anthropology, rooted in the discovery of the born criminal, homo delinquens, the “criminal man.”16\n"
9780814735336 - page_246: "START TEXT: Alfred Binet began his investigations of intelligence as a craniometrist. But he lost faith in his d" ******* END TEXT: "statistical analysis. Two major conclusions emerged, one predictable, and one something of a shock.\n"
9780814735336 - page_247: "START TEXT: The first conclusion was that IQ was correlated with race and nationality. This, of course, surprise" ******* END TEXT: "ricans,” he had ominously reported, “is only about fourteen.” As journalist Walter Lippman put it,\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_248: "START TEXT: It is quite impossible for honest statistics to show that the average adult intelligence of a repres" ******* END TEXT: "off to the cultural biases of the tests, but it did not. Instead, Brigham concluded that “the curve "
9780814735336 - page_249: "START TEXT: indicates a gradual deterioration in the class of immigrants examined in the army, who came to this " ******* END TEXT: "tion: IQ was not necessarily intelligence; and what it measured was not necessarily innate. In 1914 "
9780814735336 - page_250: "START TEXT: Josiah Morse had reported the Binet differences between black and white school-children in Popular S" ******* END TEXT: "y, “comparative studies of various national and racial groups may not be made with existing tests.” "
9780814735336 - page_251: "START TEXT: “[0]ne of the most pretentious of these comparative racial studies,” wrote Carl Brigham, “the writer" ******* END TEXT: "then, was the meaning of assertions like “This group is intellectually superior to that group.” The "
9780814735336 - page_252: "START TEXT: contemporary thinker re-cognized that assertion to mean “Some of the differences that we have constr" ******* END TEXT: "ity and inferiority, then, are self-perpetuating. But only, ironically, if we make them that way.\n\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_253: "START TEXT: 6The Smart CultureMyths of Intelligence\nThe natural order is a product partly of science fiction and" ******* END TEXT: "irls and football players took Home Economics, and that left me out, my high school football career "
9780814735336 - page_254: "START TEXT: having lasted all of two weeks, ending officially due to a knee injury, but in actuality, as I will " ******* END TEXT: "he back got through. If the back was quick, it was tough to catch him without a lucky guess; if the "
9780814735336 - page_255: "START TEXT: back was big, sometimes the lineman was quite happy to guess wrong; if the back was neither, it was " ******* END TEXT: "n numbers” as the coaches liked to say, and I went flying backwards. For some reason—I have no clue "
9780814735336 - page_256: "START TEXT: why—I grabbed onto Chick’s shoulder pads and he tumbled down on top of me.\nThere was a lot of scream" ******* END TEXT: "echanical skill, and while the exercises were probably designed to ensure some understanding of the "
9780814735336 - page_257: "START TEXT: basics of workshop safety, they were really quite perfunctory, and mostly just provided a good excus" ******* END TEXT: "” The hapless kid, meanwhile, made it through both semesters of the course, while Barry got As both "
9780814735336 - page_258: "START TEXT: semesters, and was the runner-up in the Mid-Atlantic Regional Trouble-Shooting Competition. Barry, o" ******* END TEXT: "difference is “real”—in the limited sense that it may be validly and reliably measured—the salience "
9780814735336 - page_259: "START TEXT: of the difference remains very much up to us. What we make of it, in other words, is a matter of cho" ******* END TEXT: "ndices of academic, economic, and psychological success, but we seem almost universally embarrassed "
9780814735336 - page_260: "START TEXT: by this fact, and there is widespread agreement that our embarrassment is good. Emotional ability, f" ******* END TEXT: "ruction of “intelligence.” These choices, too, will determine the nature of our intellectual order.\n"
9780814735336 - page_261: "START TEXT: To briefly illustrate, assume, once again, that our tests of “intelligence” regularly yield a statis" ******* END TEXT: "the immutability of identity, the measurability of discrete differences—are now very much in doubt. "
9780814735336 - page_262: "START TEXT: Above all, a new skepticism reveals the dangers of scientism: the veil of neutrality often obscures " ******* END TEXT: "ratives are derived not from a commitment to order, but from a faith in the inherent equal worth of "
9780814735336 - page_263: "START TEXT: all human beings. And they maintain that the intellectual hierarchy is neither desirable, nor inevit" ******* END TEXT: "hour are defined away: they are not “intelligence” and are not worthy of their measure. Mean-while, "
9780814735336 - page_264: "START TEXT: the measured differences in “intelligence” are reduced to a single axis order, and the realness of t" ******* END TEXT: "med by them? And who precisely is the “we” that does not stand to “gain anything” by revising them?\n"
9780814735336 - page_265: "START TEXT: Then there are “intrapersonal and interpersonal skills.” These don’t count either, for the same reas" ******* END TEXT: "human qualities in general is unfortunate and wrong.” In fact, we are told, there is only a “modest "
9780814735336 - page_266: "START TEXT: correlation” between attractive human qualities ordinarily associated with smartness—sensitivity, wi" ******* END TEXT: "emantic one: the witty kind of “smart” doesn’t get rewarded because it isn’t really “smart” at all.\n"
9780814735336 - page_267: "START TEXT: Second, including wit in their definition of intelligence would instantly expose the falsity of thei" ******* END TEXT: "ess of exportation enhances his comic IQ? Jerry Seinfeld is a comic who is thought to be very funny "
9780814735336 - page_268: "START TEXT: by many white folks, and the Wayans brothers are comics who are thought to be very funny by many bla" ******* END TEXT: "s together and his eyebrows raised; it’s his hopeful look, a sign that he’s a little uncomfortable.\n"
9780814735336 - page_269: "START TEXT: “There are a lot of corporations headquartered in Wilmington.”\n“Yes.” My dad nodded in agreement. “A" ******* END TEXT: "ce, and a billion others besides. Some lousy waitresses make great lawyers and even better mothers; "
9780814735336 - page_270: "START TEXT: some great lawyers would be lousy waiters and are, in some people’s eyes, pretty lousy fathers.\nNow " ******* END TEXT: "ally lost on the early American testers, they too eventually learned. As H. H. Goddard, who brought "
9780814735336 - page_271: "START TEXT: Binet’s scale to America, would eventually acknowledge, “A man may be intelligent in one environment" ******* END TEXT: "es, “measure only the analytical aspect of intelligence, and they don’t even measure all of that.”6\n"
9780814735336 - page_272: "START TEXT: The value of the conventional conception of intelligence—or IQ or “general intelligence” or g, all o" ******* END TEXT: "embrace those populations who may in fact be exhibiting the most extraordinary capacity to survive.\n"
9780814735336 - page_273: "START TEXT: But there is no need to specially credit anyone’s achievements: the fact is, we are all adapting to " ******* END TEXT: "lecting individual and group socialization experiences, as varying individually across domains, and "
9780814735336 - page_274: "START TEXT: as interacting significantly with personality variables such as self-concept and values.”8\nAnother s" ******* END TEXT: "elligence.” But in fact, any assortment of measures will establish some correlations, and these can "
9780814735336 - page_275: "START TEXT: be factored to produce either a dominant component like “g” or a variety of group factors like “prim" ******* END TEXT: " described was absolute and essential, even if it was the intrinsic ability to perform vital social "
9780814735336 - page_276: "START TEXT: tasks. It is true that some contemporary sociobiologists suggest that hierarchy is itself innate, th" ******* END TEXT: "net’s notion of a learnable intelligence is nothing less than subversive. A malleable intelligence, "
9780814735336 - page_277: "START TEXT: learnable and teachable, undermines the stable intellectual order. What happens, after all, if peopl" ******* END TEXT: "ption Study point out, “one cannot demonstrate the validity of a scientific hypothesis by default.”\n"
9780814735336 - page_278: "START TEXT: This is particularly the case when the alternative hypotheses depend on variables that are easily co" ******* END TEXT: "highly heritable, but not genetically determined at all. “Heritability” refers to the percentage of "
9780814735336 - page_279: "START TEXT: variation in a given trait in a given population—phenotypical variation—that is correlated with gene" ******* END TEXT: "hors are correct, and IQ is heritable to a factor of .6, it remains the case that, in the abstract, "
9780814735336 - page_280: "START TEXT: some 40 percent of the variation in the population is explicitly conceded to environmental factors. " ******* END TEXT: "do not sum to 1. . . . no matter how high heritability is, it sets no upper limit on the proportion "
9780814735336 - page_281: "START TEXT: of variation in a trait that is determined by environmental factors.”\nConsider, for example, the rel" ******* END TEXT: "nce is highly malleable, and that changes in the environment—including the cultural environment—can "
9780814735336 - page_282: "START TEXT: enhance intellectual abilities, as R. C. Lewontin notes, “by-many orders of magnitude.” Consider:\n• " ******* END TEXT: "the two schools ranked last and next-to-last in standard measures of academic achievement among New "
9780814735336 - page_283: "START TEXT: Haven’s thirty-five schools; within a few years, those schools were among the top five in achievemen" ******* END TEXT: "of the estimate necessarily assumes a population that is relatively coherent. If an attempt is made "
9780814735336 - page_284: "START TEXT: to extend the estimate to diverse populations—ones with, for example, distinct environmental experie" ******* END TEXT: "the ones with no training in genetics.” But, of course, they believe what they choose to believe.18\n"
9780814735336 - page_285: "START TEXT: Choice 3. Choosing Which Disparities Are Credible\n\nIt is really too easy to discover signs of backwa" ******* END TEXT: "e self-proclaimed “apostles of objectivity,” in fact manifested and confirmed all the prejudices of "
9780814735336 - page_286: "START TEXT: their day. Stephen Jay Gould has revisited their works. Paul Broca, he reports, culled data selectiv" ******* END TEXT: "e tests were administered in an almost frantic rush, and the test takers themselves were often at a "
9780814735336 - page_287: "START TEXT: loss: many could not see or hear the examiner; many had never before held a pencil.\nAs a testament t" ******* END TEXT: "privilege denied to black Americans, both formally, through Jim Crow laws, and practically, through "
9780814735336 - page_288: "START TEXT: inferior facilities, economic necessities, and acts and threats of violence. The “scientific” explan" ******* END TEXT: "arital stability,” “law abidingness,” “mental health,” and “administrative capacity” are lower; and\n"
9780814735336 - page_289: "START TEXT: • “Reproductive effort”: “size of genitalia” is larger, and “intercourse frequencies” and “permissiv" ******* END TEXT: "As Kamin suggests, “Two out of three is not conclusive. Why not make the series three out of five?”\n"
9780814735336 - page_290: "START TEXT: It is clearly more than mere incompetence that characterizes the work of some contemporary eugenicis" ******* END TEXT: "ve “intellectually, a mess”; Jeffrey Rosen and Charles Lane describe it as “a chilling synthesis of "
9780814735336 - page_291: "START TEXT: the work of disreputable race theorists and eccentric eugenicists,” and Lane notes that, for all of " ******* END TEXT: "hat pass as acceptable scientific explanations have both social determinants and social functions.\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_292: "START TEXT: And Western science has very particular social functions: “‘Science,’” Lewontin, Rose, and Kamin obs" ******* END TEXT: "ligence” outside culture: “there are no measures of ‘unaided’ ability, nor are we really interested "
9780814735336 - page_293: "START TEXT: in them . . . we are concerned with differences in the ability to carry out socially constructed tas" ******* END TEXT: "e “intelligent” than black Americans. What, legitimately, might that mean, and why might we say it?\n"
9780814735336 - page_294: "START TEXT: We might begin, following The Bell Curve, by noting what it cannot mean. It cannot mean that white A" ******* END TEXT: "redible hypotheses.\nSo here is one: the “IQ gap” is composed of five interrelated cultural factors:\n"
9780814735336 - page_295: "START TEXT: 1. Educational Inequity. Writing in the Atlantic Monthly in 1922, Cornelia James Cannon noted that a" ******* END TEXT: " preoccupation with academic “tracking,” a practice that appears to afford little or no educational "
9780814735336 - page_296: "START TEXT: benefits to most students, tends to limit the educational opportunities available to black students," ******* END TEXT: "d home environment (intellectual stimulation and emotional support as measured by the “HOME” index, "
9780814735336 - page_297: "START TEXT: except to the extent that the indexed factors were correlates of maternal IQ): there was, with these" ******* END TEXT: "ontemporary realities seem to have combined to generate considerable anger and alienation regarding "
9780814735336 - page_298: "START TEXT: mainstream American institutions; these feelings clearly extend to the public schools. Historically " ******* END TEXT: " white Americans have devised them. Moreover, white Americans have devised them largely without the "
9780814735336 - page_299: "START TEXT: participation of black Americans: the persistent segregation and exclusion of black Americans from t" ******* END TEXT: "ral “mainstream”; they are, as a consequence, more “intelligent.” Additionally, Thomas Sowell notes "
9780814735336 - page_300: "START TEXT: that “groups outside the cultural mainstream of contemporary Western society tend to do their worst " ******* END TEXT: "ts of examination in the processes of intellectual assessment. With respect to the former, research "
9780814735336 - page_301: "START TEXT: indicates that in a variety of academic settings, black students are rated less favorably and treate" ******* END TEXT: "ledge the shameful disparity in educational and employment opportunity—in cultural opportunity—that "
9780814735336 - page_302: "START TEXT: distinguishes black and white America. Perhaps we have recognized that “intelligence” is correlated " ******* END TEXT: "rve’s none-too-subtle message, and the authors’ disclaimers only add an air of disingenuousness—or, "
9780814735336 - page_303: "START TEXT: as they would have it, intrigue—to an otherwise predictable pastiche of scientistic racialism. Herrn" ******* END TEXT: "lly four kinds of studies designed to remove the confounding variables of class and culture from an "
9780814735336 - page_304: "START TEXT: examination of the relationship between race and intelligence. These are\n1. Neurological studies’, w" ******* END TEXT: "rom 1973 sought correlations between ancestry and IQ: the correlations varied—+.01 and –.38—but the "
9780814735336 - page_305: "START TEXT: significant correlation suggested that African blood was associated with higher IQ. A 1977 study of " ******* END TEXT: "rt, that they persist because of, and not in spite of, American law. The final chapter explains how."
9780814735336 - page_306: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_307: "START TEXT: 7The Constitution Is PowerlessMyths of Equality under Law\nThe “natural order” survives because of ra" ******* END TEXT: "America—not explicitly, at any rate, and not exclusively. Still, it was clearly on the agenda, with "
9780814735336 - page_308: "START TEXT: no less than three major race-related disputes on the High Court’s docket.\nWhat the Court had to say" ******* END TEXT: "they had written—or merely hinted, when they knew merely hinting would suffice—that some races were "
9780814735336 - page_309: "START TEXT: inherently more intelligent than others. The struggle for equality, they concluded, was hopeless in " ******* END TEXT: "ital improvements ordered has soared to over $540 million.”\nAnd the frustration yielded to disdain.\n"
9780814735336 - page_310: "START TEXT: “The District Court’s desegregation plan has been described as the most ambitious and expensive reme" ******* END TEXT: "es. Perhaps the KCMSD was largely black, and surrounding districts largely white, precisely because "
9780814735336 - page_311: "START TEXT: the people of Missouri—indeed, most Americans—had been taught for centuries that racial segregation " ******* END TEXT: " achievement were also insufficient to justify the trial court’s plan. “Just as demographic changes "
9780814735336 - page_312: "START TEXT: independent of de jure segregation will affect the racial composition of student assignments,” the c" ******* END TEXT: "ted. “Minority students in kindergarten through grade 7 in the KCMSD always have attended AAA-rated "
9780814735336 - page_313: "START TEXT: schools; minority students in the KCMSD that previously attended schools rated below AAA have since " ******* END TEXT: "rior about blacks. Under this theory, segregation injures blacks because blacks, when left on their "
9780814735336 - page_314: "START TEXT: own, cannot achieve. To my way of thinking, that conclusion is the result of a jurisprudence based u" ******* END TEXT: "; the segregation it outlawed was, the Court knew, both a cause and an effect of racial inequality.\n"
9780814735336 - page_315: "START TEXT: But Thomas saw it differently. “The lower courts should not be swayed by the easy answers of social " ******* END TEXT: "clear that the District Court misunderstood the meaning of Brown/.” Thomas was in full voice again.\n"
9780814735336 - page_316: "START TEXT: “Segregation was not unconstitutional because it might have caused psychological feelings of inferio" ******* END TEXT: "es perpetuated by centuries of official oppression—were irrelevant; the responsibility of the state "
9780814735336 - page_317: "START TEXT: was merely to pretend that race did not exist. Any lingering racial disparities were outside the rea" ******* END TEXT: "must necessarily receive a most searching examination.’” It was a relatively uncontroversial start.\n"
9780814735336 - page_318: "START TEXT: With her second proposition, however, the tale took on a sharper edge. “‘[T]he standard of review un" ******* END TEXT: "ere can be no doubt that the paternalism that appears to lie at the heart of this program is at war "
9780814735336 - page_319: "START TEXT: with the principle of inherent equality that underlies and infuses our Constitution.”\nThe reporter r" ******* END TEXT: "l redress. Groups, as groups, had no cognizable claims. It was catchy, and Justice Scalia was quick "
9780814735336 - page_320: "START TEXT: to join in. Individuals, he declared, “who have been wronged by unlawful racial discrimination shoul" ******* END TEXT: "ause them to develop dependencies or to adopt an attitude that they are ‘entitled’ to preferences.”\n"
9780814735336 - page_321: "START TEXT: As Thomas concluded his tale, four of his colleagues nodded their approval. Yet none of them, the re" ******* END TEXT: "ity guarantee, Kennedy began, “is racial neutrality in governmental decisionmaking.” To support his "
9780814735336 - page_322: "START TEXT: simple assertion, Kennedy reviewed the history of racial segregation. It was not the history of excl" ******* END TEXT: "uit? Why else would they have objected? What else could they point to as their constitutional harm?\n"
9780814735336 - page_323: "START TEXT: The state, Kennedy continued, acts in a presumptively unconstitutional manner whenever the complaini" ******* END TEXT: "rly certain that he’d grown up with both kinds of segregation, and maybe a few other types besides.\n"
9780814735336 - page_324: "START TEXT: The reporter watched the schoolchildren as they scrambled to their seats on the buses, laughing and " ******* END TEXT: "ts, and families, and his one real passion, baseball. And he was feeling really quite good when the "
9780814735336 - page_325: "START TEXT: teacher found him and said that she wanted to talk to him. He remembered her saying something about " ******* END TEXT: "eipt of diplomats from Hayti and Liberia; those representatives, Cox explained, would invariably be "
9780814735336 - page_326: "START TEXT: “negro ministers.” Republican William B. Fessenden of Maine interrupted: “What objection,” he asked," ******* END TEXT: "ack suffrage in the District of Columbia. “I believe the Anglo-Saxon race can govern this country,” "
9780814735336 - page_327: "START TEXT: Stewart professed. “I believe it because it has governed it. I believe it because it is the only rac" ******* END TEXT: "s here, not by force, but by the might and majesty of the people operating through the ballot-box.\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_328: "START TEXT: In February 1870, Garrett Davis was leading the opposition to the seating of Mississippi senator-ele" ******* END TEXT: "nd entirely a domestic relation.” The Thirteenth Amendment, Hendricks conceded, “broke asunder this "
9780814735336 - page_329: "START TEXT: private relation between the master and his slave,” but by that amendment no public or civil rights " ******* END TEXT: "y, Republican from West Virginia, had protested Charles Sumner’s efforts to prohibit discrimination "
9780814735336 - page_330: "START TEXT: in railcars. The effort, Willey insisted, was both unnecessary and unfair:\n\nThe proposition before t" ******* END TEXT: "r proclaimed in opposition to Sumner’s bill, “I shall cling to my race in preference to any and all "
9780814735336 - page_331: "START TEXT: others; and never will submit to have it humiliated and degraded that I may possess the friendship o" ******* END TEXT: "al equality” bill was unauthorized and unnecessary. Ever the lawyer, Trumbull joined the Democratic "
9780814735336 - page_332: "START TEXT: opposition in asserting the almost unimaginable: “There is,” Trumbull insisted, “perfect equality no" ******* END TEXT: "laves and virtual slaves were already being denounced as the “special favorites” of Republican law. "
9780814735336 - page_333: "START TEXT: In early 1866 Democratic congressman John Hogan of Missouri protested against the Freedmen’s Bureau:" ******* END TEXT: " if it meant an end to public education: “For one, I should regard it as a far less evil to see the "
9780814735336 - page_334: "START TEXT: common schools in my State abandoned than to see them converted into mixed schools for white and col" ******* END TEXT: "really being freed by war, by a total change in the very genius, soul, and body of our Government?\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_335: "START TEXT: Cox called on Stevens to “[g]ive up his doctrine of negro equality,” and “[g]ive up his idea of brea" ******* END TEXT: " “the distinguishing feature in our Government is this: the Federal Government has its peculiar and "
9780814735336 - page_336: "START TEXT: restrictive duties. It is a Government of limited power and authority.” The proposed amendment, he w" ******* END TEXT: "ttered the feelings of the Anglo-Saxon race to such an extent that it will be hard to control them. "
9780814735336 - page_337: "START TEXT: The poorest and humblest white person in my district feels and knows that he or she belongs to a sup" ******* END TEXT: "e.” When John B. Henderson of Missouri proposed the Fifteenth Amendment, Delaware’s elder Saulsbury "
9780814735336 - page_338: "START TEXT: sarcastically raised a point of order: “It is that it is not in order now to attempt to amend the Co" ******* END TEXT: " Government should be made manifest to future generations by a declaration upon the statute-books.\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_339: "START TEXT: Broomall had one final challenge: “Let those who say with the air of such omnipotent authority that " ******* END TEXT: " of the “founding fathers.” “[G]entlemen rise here and talk about the Constitution of our fathers,” "
9780814735336 - page_340: "START TEXT: Price commented, “and I have heard them talk about it here until if I had been a believer in ghosts " ******* END TEXT: "truction were determined to at long last resolve the “constitutional contradiction.” Principle this "
9780814735336 - page_341: "START TEXT: time would not yield to slavery; slavery—and its incidents—would yield to principle. William Windom " ******* END TEXT: " responded, “discussed this question, upon the Constitution as it was and not upon the Constitution "
9780814735336 - page_342: "START TEXT: as it is.” “The powers of the States have been limited by the last three amendments to the Constitut" ******* END TEXT: "ntion of Congress, which proposed the constitutional amendment, nor is such the fair meaning of the "
9780814735336 - page_343: "START TEXT: amendment itself. With the destruction of slavery necessarily follows the destruction of the inciden" ******* END TEXT: "inquiry, so far as it was practicable for them to do so, into the political and social condition of "
9780814735336 - page_344: "START TEXT: the South.” “One result of their investigations” was the proposed Fourteenth Amendment.\nAs Howard su" ******* END TEXT: "ressman David P. Lowe, “that the States are not doing the objectionable acts. This argument is more "
9780814735336 - page_345: "START TEXT: specious than real. Constitutions and laws are made for practical operation and effect.” In practice" ******* END TEXT: "oppress the poor white laboring man.” Responding to Edgar Cowan of Pennsylvania, Wilson continued:\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_346: "START TEXT: The Senator tells us that if all men were equal and all men were learned, we could not get our boots" ******* END TEXT: "ain of South Carolina had been among the leading figures at the 1864 National Convention of Colored "
9780814735336 - page_347: "START TEXT: Citizens; a decade later, he assumed the House floor to explain to a Democratic colleague why black " ******* END TEXT: "n, the legalisms obscured the more fundamental truths. Senator Richard Yates of Illinois, himself a "
9780814735336 - page_348: "START TEXT: lawyer, observed that “the people do not understand that argument which says that Congress may confe" ******* END TEXT: "ittee on Reconstruction, died in the summer of the following year. Reconstruction, for that matter, "
9780814735336 - page_349: "START TEXT: was dead too. The Compromise of 1877 killed it; the Supreme Court’s decision in the Civil Rights Cas" ******* END TEXT: "simply won’t allow it. It frustrates the effort with a familiar array of distinctions, disclaimers, "
9780814735336 - page_350: "START TEXT: and diversions—the same legalisms that have sustained the “natural order” through each attempt at Re" ******* END TEXT: "nexus between the act of discrimination and some plausible purpose will suffice to justify the act.\n"
9780814735336 - page_351: "START TEXT: It is equally well settled that somewhat different rules should obtain when a case implicates the un" ******* END TEXT: "onal democracy compels the Court to view with heightened suspicion majoritarian actions designed to "
9780814735336 - page_352: "START TEXT: redress the grievances of minorities. Stated in other words, why do white contractors need or deserv" ******* END TEXT: "a, in another desegregation case, insists that “[w]e must soon revert to the ordinary principles of "
9780814735336 - page_353: "START TEXT: . . . our democratic heritage”—”that public schooling, even in the South, should be controlled by lo" ******* END TEXT: "rt has expended in differentiating between federal and state affirmative action, the majority today "
9780814735336 - page_354: "START TEXT: virtually ignores the issue. It provides not a word of direct explanation for its sudden and enormou" ******* END TEXT: ". There must be, then, some public action—or inaction—as a predicate to a constitutional complaint.\n"
9780814735336 - page_355: "START TEXT: There was plenty of both in the postbellum South: the States enforced, encouraged, and acquiesced in" ******* END TEXT: "ermissible considerations for removal of an infant child from the custody of its natural mother. We "
9780814735336 - page_356: "START TEXT: have little difficulty concluding that they are not. The Constitution cannot control such prejudices" ******* END TEXT: "lly, economically, and politically, superior efforts and superior talents yield their just rewards.\n"
9780814735336 - page_357: "START TEXT: Of course, there is another perspective, one that recognizes the longstanding role of public forces " ******* END TEXT: "equirement depicts a world far removed from the world in which the victims of racial discrimination "
9780814735336 - page_358: "START TEXT: live. Its focus on the state of mind of the discriminatory actor is, first, quite irrelevant to the " ******* END TEXT: "fail. And they should, because, in the final analysis, the question is not an empirical one at all.\n"
9780814735336 - page_359: "START TEXT: The question is not whether the state intentionally caused discriminatory behavior, or demographic c" ******* END TEXT: "th parents; and that it is “desirable” to permit pupils to attend “schools nearest their homes.”21\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_360: "START TEXT: Again traditions: legal, political, and social. But whose are they, really? In what sense are they t" ******* END TEXT: "s indifference to perspective, it is biased. In its pretense that the dominant tradition is the one "
9780814735336 - page_361: "START TEXT: tradition, it oppresses; and in its blindness to its own role in the construction of differences, it" ******* END TEXT: "ing over 99 percent of the city’s contracts, but that might have been because the black citizens of "
9780814735336 - page_362: "START TEXT: Richmond—half the population—didn’t really want them: they may have been making different “entrepren" ******* END TEXT: "social equality, it must be the result of natural affinities, a mutual appreciation of each other’s "
9780814735336 - page_363: "START TEXT: merits, and a voluntary consent of individuals. Legislation is powerless to eradicate racial instinc" ******* END TEXT: "iffs in Brown v. Board of Education—no great outcry because, as Reconstruction’s framers might have "
9780814735336 - page_364: "START TEXT: it, his Court has already robbed us of the substance of that decision, and cheated us with the shado" ******* END TEXT: "ce” as a social construct, though perhaps, given the unique role of “race” in the constructions and "
9780814735336 - page_365: "START TEXT: reconstructions of our official traditions, it is more accurate to speak of “race” as Cornel West do" ******* END TEXT: " Court’s recent decisions are, in this view, not at all anomalous: American law was not designed to "
9780814735336 - page_366: "START TEXT: ensure real equality. “So law works,” Delgado concludes. “But it operates to preserve racial advanta" ******* END TEXT: "ed people as a class neither needed nor deserved special judicial protection. Unlike discrimination "
9780814735336 - page_367: "START TEXT: against white contractors, for example, discrimination against people with mental retardation could " ******* END TEXT: "location of group homes, for example, or the rights to have and raise children.\nAs for the second:\n\n"
9780814735336 - page_368: "START TEXT: the suggestion—that the standard of review must be fixed with reference to the number of classificat" ******* END TEXT: "de-effects—racial preferences, official mendacity, free-wielding accusations of racism, and falling "
9780814735336 - page_369: "START TEXT: standards—are creating deep cynicism and broad resentment against minorities, blacks in particular, " ******* END TEXT: "d: to preserve the concept of a natural order and to preserve in fact the hierarchies of social and "
9780814735336 - page_370: "START TEXT: economic life, all in spite of, and sometimes even in the name of, the guarantee of the equal protec" ******* END TEXT: "But if the bell curve is the truth, then we should at least abandon the fictions that sustain it.\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nTo my wife, Barbara Newman, for her love, encouragement, good humor, ideas, and edit" ******* END TEXT: " for research, commentary, and encouragement.\nAnd to Nelson Mandela and Che Guevara; Frodo and Sam.\n"
9780814735923 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: Black Rage Confronts the Law\n" ******* END TEXT: "Black Rage Confronts the Law\n"
9780814735923 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_10: "START TEXT: There she and James were married, and William was born. Just three years after Bill was born, his fa" ******* END TEXT: "im steal it. Bill testified that he was innocent and that he had only broken out of jail because he "
9780814735923 - page_11: "START TEXT: had heard Furman was going to lie about him in order to avoid prosecution.\nThe jury convicted Bill, " ******* END TEXT: "at this point Bill attacked him, and that during the fight Bill got hold of a knife. This was never "
9780814735923 - page_12: "START TEXT: confirmed by any other witnesses. But one thing was clear: Tyler hit Bill on the left side of his he" ******* END TEXT: "ople who had known him, both black and white, were stunned by the changes in him. He rarely talked, "
9780814735923 - page_13: "START TEXT: and when he did he often made little sense. People had described him as “a lad of good understanding" ******* END TEXT: "ack and forth outside the yard, until after a long wait he saw Mrs. Van Nest open the back door and "
9780814735923 - page_14: "START TEXT: step outside. He ran toward her and began stabbing her. Her husband, John Van Nest, heard her scream" ******* END TEXT: "d against the “assassin” and to lobby for the death penally. Winfield’s speech is one that could be "
9780814735923 - page_15: "START TEXT: given today by proponents of capital punishment, as it criticized lawyers, judges, and the appeals p" ******* END TEXT: "mfortable surroundings. In accordance with his father’s wishes, Henry went to college and then took "
9780814735923 - page_16: "START TEXT: up the study of law. He studied in school for one year and apprenticed in a law office for another y" ******* END TEXT: " sympathy for the black race and his hatred of slavery and racism. Although he believed that whites "
9780814735923 - page_17: "START TEXT: were a “superior race” to blacks, he also believed and fought for the right of all men to vote. In 1" ******* END TEXT: "lic was not as enraged and potentially prejudiced was denied. Judge Bowen Whiting presided over the "
9780814735923 - page_18: "START TEXT: trial, and State Attorney General John Van Buren, son of former president Martin Van Buren, was sent" ******* END TEXT: "ng was wrong and that he was in control of his actions. The testimony showed that a week before the "
9780814735923 - page_19: "START TEXT: murders Bill bought two knives, that he hid the knives, and that he wanted to get the persons who ca" ******* END TEXT: "zed that such a system had driven Freeman mad and was willing to put the system of racism on trial.\n"
9780814735923 - page_20: "START TEXT: Seward’s two-day-long closing argument gives flavor and political context to the case. He showed no " ******* END TEXT: " make for him all the allowances which, under like circumstances, you would expect for yourselves.\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_21: "START TEXT: Seward sought to demonstrate that Bill went insane by describing his life. Although he mentioned her" ******* END TEXT: "eople but brute beasts.”\nIn the cross-examination of the black witnessess, Hiram Depuy’s common-law "
9780814735923 - page_22: "START TEXT: wife, Deborah, was attacked for not being legally married, and Bill’s mother, Sally Freeman, was cha" ******* END TEXT: " not forget it if she would. There is not a blemish on the person of any one of us, born with us or "
9780814735923 - page_23: "START TEXT: coming from disease or accident, nor have we committed a right or wrong action, that has not been tr" ******* END TEXT: " life the manly form of Van Nest, nor reanimate the exhausted frame of the aged matron, nor restore "
9780814735923 - page_24: "START TEXT: to life, and grace, and beauty, the murdered mother, nor call back the infant boy from the arms of h" ******* END TEXT: "ntradiction of a system of justice built on democratic rules in a society that reeked of racial and "
9780814735923 - page_25: "START TEXT: class inequality. He correctly praised the system for securing the finest defense for a man with no " ******* END TEXT: " safety of Prisoners, as well as of society, has been protected—are now openly derided and defied.\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_26: "START TEXT: In many ways Van Buren’s closing argument foreshadows the arguments of twentieth-century prosecutors" ******* END TEXT: "tal illness, and criminal responsibility as an attack “at the root of Law and Order.” The fears and "
9780814735923 - page_27: "START TEXT: responses of government to this argument in our day have been strikingly similar. The law of insanit" ******* END TEXT: "ly responded, “I don’t know.”\nOne reason the legal system in the United States and England has been "
9780814735923 - page_28: "START TEXT: so successful in protecting existing institutions and power relations is that the participants actua" ******* END TEXT: "ward obtained a stay of execution in order to appeal. During that time Frances Seward went to visit "
9780814735923 - page_29: "START TEXT: Bill. She described her visit in a letter to her sister: “I was affected to tears by his helpless co" ******* END TEXT: "defense doctors. The judge had ruled that they could not testify to the results of the examinations "
9780814735923 - page_30: "START TEXT: they performed after the preliminary hearing. The judge reasoned that the verdict at the preliminary" ******* END TEXT: "s two cases evolved that would lay the groundwork for what is now know as the black rage defense.\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_9: "START TEXT: Chapter 1The Black Rage Defense, 1846:The Trial of William Freeman\nThe sword comes into the world be" ******* END TEXT: "area near Berkshire, Massachusetts. She was a house servant and was sent to work in Auburn in 1817. "
9780814735923 - page_31: "START TEXT: Chapter 2The Black Rage Defense, 1971\nMy skin is like my shadow,I can’t seem to shake it.—M. C. Iden" ******* END TEXT: "ker, Bob Moses, and Fannie Lou Hamer organized in the South against America’s version of apartheid.\n"
9780814735923 - page_32: "START TEXT: In 1962, the National Lawyers Guild opened a law office in Jackson, Mississippi, specifically to pro" ******* END TEXT: "did not work. In fact, the means never were accepted by the majority of black people. Blackness and "
9780814735923 - page_33: "START TEXT: poverty, not integration, were the issues for the man and woman in the ghetto.\nBy 1964, a new voice " ******* END TEXT: "n what was described by the media as the “zoot-suit riots.” Fifty people were seriously injured and "
9780814735923 - page_34: "START TEXT: some four hundred Mexican Americans were jailed. All these riots were marked by intensive fighting b" ******* END TEXT: "society, melting into white America, would never again be the overwhelming focus of black politics.\n"
9780814735923 - page_35: "START TEXT: In 1970 a book was published that had a transformative impact on millions of people of all races. It" ******* END TEXT: "ng the black foreman who had illegally suspended him earlier that day, he raised the M-i and fired. "
9780814735923 - page_36: "START TEXT: As the foreman fell and then struggled to get up Johnson stood over him firing again and again. John" ******* END TEXT: "lopment of the black rage defense.\n“Black rage” is the term commentators and the media have used to "
9780814735923 - page_37: "START TEXT: describe a defense strategy that attempts to bring a very particular social reality into the courtro" ******* END TEXT: "nson was music director at the school. He loved teaching even though there was no money to pay him.\n"
9780814735923 - page_38: "START TEXT: The school was housed in the back of a church on Fillmore Street, but the church was slated to be to" ******* END TEXT: "o a shell of silence. This time the frustration of days of knocking on doors for jobs that were not "
9780814735923 - page_39: "START TEXT: to be seemed to rush out of him in a torrent of words. Elaine understood that his failure to provide" ******* END TEXT: "n Francisco. He fell asleep in the early morning. Upon waking, he got dressed, grabbed a pillowcase "
9780814735923 - page_40: "START TEXT: and began walking down Fillmore Street. He saw the Malcolm X School but could not bring himself to g" ******* END TEXT: "sure needed a lawyer and didn’t want a public defender. We went over the facts briefly. I agreed to "
9780814735923 - page_41: "START TEXT: take the case, hoping I could get the federal magistrate to appoint me so I could get paid. I told h" ******* END TEXT: "ou are suggesting?” Steven asked.\n“No, but Clarence Darrow brought the reality of racism into court "
9780814735923 - page_42: "START TEXT: when defending Henry Sweet, who shot into a mob outside his house. And Charles Garry did the same wh" ******* END TEXT: "nt and not incriminate yourself,” he said. “Do you waive that right?”\n“Yes, I do,” answered Steven.\n"
9780814735923 - page_43: "START TEXT: “You have a right to call witnesses in your behalf. Do you waive that right?”\nYes, I do.\n“You have a" ******* END TEXT: "d child, Jamie Carmen, was born, and two weeks later I had my first jury trial, four counts of post "
9780814735923 - page_44: "START TEXT: office embezzlement. The assistant U.S. attorney and the postal inspector were sure of conviction, b" ******* END TEXT: "at, squeezing out the air. He recalled walking out of the bank, seeing the crowd, tasting the blood "
9780814735923 - page_45: "START TEXT: dripping from his nose into his mouth. He remembered saying something about lots of money in the ban" ******* END TEXT: " in the middle of an area frequently patrolled by the police. Maybe the robbery was a cry for help. "
9780814735923 - page_46: "START TEXT: unable to get a job, Unable to get a job, unable to care for his family, too proud to accept welfare" ******* END TEXT: "at the end of this trial you will have begun to understand the intensity and the profound nature of "
9780814735923 - page_47: "START TEXT: the black experience in America and Steven Robinsons reaction to that experience.”\nAfter opening sta" ******* END TEXT: "fering from a mental illness, or an orthopedist can give her opinion as to the cause of a fractured "
9780814735923 - page_48: "START TEXT: leg. In our case, however, we relied more on “lay witnesses,” that is, people who had observed facts" ******* END TEXT: " his or her comprehension and control. An empowered client can offer a different point of view from "
9780814735923 - page_49: "START TEXT: the lawyer’s, who is often limited by his professionalism. And although 90 percent of the clients’ s" ******* END TEXT: "various unskilled jobs, earning less than a dollar per hour. His grandmother cleaned white people’s "
9780814735923 - page_50: "START TEXT: homes as a domestic. For the first ten years of his life, Steven rarely saw his father. His uncle, h" ******* END TEXT: " not crazy. But, I was not myself.”\nClosing argument was scheduled for the following day. In modern "
9780814735923 - page_51: "START TEXT: courts lengthy orations are a rarity. Judges, particularly federal judges, strictly enforce time lim" ******* END TEXT: "t out on my yellow legal pad. Then I stood up and practiced delivering it aloud. The argument was a "
9780814735923 - page_52: "START TEXT: little less than an hour long. I delivered it aloud in its entirety two times, and at two o’clock in" ******* END TEXT: "mal debating style. The idea is to communicate with those twelve people who are at the heart of our "
9780814735923 - page_53: "START TEXT: greatest democratic institution: the jury—twelve people chosen basically at random from the general " ******* END TEXT: " not about all black men who rob banks. You are listening to the evidence of that man’s life who is "
9780814735923 - page_54: "START TEXT: sitting right over there. He is not a hypothetical person. He is real. People commit crimes for diff" ******* END TEXT: "or any other relevant locations in regular trials. Even if a viewing would be helpful to the jury’s "
9780814735923 - page_55: "START TEXT: deliberations, judges feel it takes too much time. There is often more concern for the administratio" ******* END TEXT: "ilty. Steven asks not for sympathy, but for empathy. Empathy is when you understand another person.\n"
9780814735923 - page_56: "START TEXT: “Looking at all the evidence in this case, can you say that the prosecution has proved, beyond a rea" ******* END TEXT: "defense that broke down racial walls by helping jurors understand another person’s life experience.\n"
9780814735923 - page_57: "START TEXT: Thirty days later we were back in court on the felony charge of failure to appear. The prosecutor ad" ******* END TEXT: "d two jury trials to give my defense a name, much less a name as controversial as “black rage.” But "
9780814735923 - page_58: "START TEXT: other lawyers who heard of the trial began to refer to it as the “black rage defense.”\nI was a membe" ******* END TEXT: "ty to a white legal system he had been a catalyst for a defense that challenged that very system.\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_59: "START TEXT: Chapter 3The Law: Its Myths and Rituals\nThat Justice is a blind goddessIs a thing to which we black " ******* END TEXT: "oncern capitalist business deals and conflicts. A 1995 University of Wisconsin survey reported that "
9780814735923 - page_60: "START TEXT: only 3 percent of lawyers focus on criminal law. In San Francisco in 1995, the public defender’s off" ******* END TEXT: "tal coercion that the black rage defense can exist and be used to free persons charged with crimes.\n"
9780814735923 - page_61: "START TEXT: If human history teaches us anything, it is that governments cannot rule by force alone. In every pe" ******* END TEXT: "he law: majesty, mystique, and might. The architecture of the courtroom divides the lawyers and the "
9780814735923 - page_62: "START TEXT: judge and his staff from the lay people. The judge’s seat is elevated above everyone else. There is " ******* END TEXT: "ye, all rise!” Another man wrapped in a flowing black robe enters through a door in the back of the "
9780814735923 - page_63: "START TEXT: courtroom and takes his place behind the podium in the dais. Only after he sits may the others be se" ******* END TEXT: " political decisions that have led to our institutions. It makes it seem as though our laws are the "
9780814735923 - page_64: "START TEXT: inevitable result of human nature. The assumptions of the status quo can be found in every area of t" ******* END TEXT: "ing with human nature.\nReal property law affords another example of how legal reasoning presupposes "
9780814735923 - page_65: "START TEXT: the justice of existing societal relations. This area of law presupposes the unequal distribution of" ******* END TEXT: "ht of personal property in the house become a mechanism of enrichment or exploitation.” In her 1994 "
9780814735923 - page_66: "START TEXT: book on Cuban law and society, Revolution in the Balance, Debra Evenson notes that the official inte" ******* END TEXT: "fense? Is being black and suffering actual discrimination legally irrelevant to a criminal defense? "
9780814735923 - page_67: "START TEXT: These are the questions with which the black rage defense confronts the law. (This confrontation wil" ******* END TEXT: "al judge on behalf of a radical union caucus. My clients had refused to stand and pledge allegiance "
9780814735923 - page_68: "START TEXT: to the flag at the beginning of union meetings. Their refusal was used as a ruse by the union offici" ******* END TEXT: "e rights of a member of the public than for the owner of a private house to forbid it in his house.\n"
9780814735923 - page_69: "START TEXT: The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously affirmed, quoting Holmes’s analogy to a private house.5 The Court" ******* END TEXT: ", the Supreme Court distinguished the two cases from each other through tortured reasoning. In this "
9780814735923 - page_70: "START TEXT: way it did not have to repudiate the idea of the primacy of private property inherent in its rationa" ******* END TEXT: "edent.6 Justice Marshall described the process best when he wrote, “The majority chooses to pretend "
9780814735923 - page_71: "START TEXT: that it writes on a blank slate, ignoring precedent after precedent.”7 Although the false image of j" ******* END TEXT: "s, thereby forcing them to drive out of their way in order to get to their homes. The city actually "
9780814735923 - page_72: "START TEXT: put up a physical barrier at the point where the two neighborhoods intersected, at West Drive and Sp" ******* END TEXT: "cy. These claims are central to an ideology of equal opportunity that presents race as an immutable "
9780814735923 - page_73: "START TEXT: characteristic devoid of social meaning and tells an ahistorical, abstracted story of racial inequal" ******* END TEXT: "stioning of the jurors for bias) and the use of peremptory challenges to knock people off the jury.\n"
9780814735923 - page_74: "START TEXT: In 1931 the Supreme Court ruled that lawyers could ask jurors questions about racial prejudice. But " ******* END TEXT: "is never conscious that it is a racial stereotype borne of power relations, not a result of nature.\n"
9780814735923 - page_75: "START TEXT: Voir dire can be a tool for uncovering preconceptions and subconscious stereotypes. However, judges " ******* END TEXT: "ted to my brief, the state court judges would allow me to ask each juror a few open-ended questions "
9780814735923 - page_76: "START TEXT: regarding race, such as, “Have you ever had an unfortunate experience with a black person? How has t" ******* END TEXT: "y that they can give the defendant a fair trial. An example of this is the juror in People v. Ortiz "
9780814735923 - page_77: "START TEXT: who proudly stated, “They better not take me on that jury, or I will hang that Mexican,” or the juro" ******* END TEXT: "epends on the jurors rising above their stereotypes and expanding beyond their individual worlds. A "
9780814735923 - page_78: "START TEXT: multiracial jury can provide the context for the broadening of each person’s world view and, in so d" ******* END TEXT: "that a black juror wore his hair in a ponytail, that a black man was effeminate, or that a minority "
9780814735923 - page_79: "START TEXT: juror was a loner.15 I was cocounsel in a high-profile first-degree murder case in which the defenda" ******* END TEXT: "xplanations,” and that the decision demeaned the equal protection values of their earlier opinions.\n"
9780814735923 - page_80: "START TEXT: Lawyers employing the black rage defense must use all their skill and determination in obtaining a m" ******* END TEXT: " he should be able to defend himself by explaining the role of society in causing that explosion.\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_100: "START TEXT: Q. As a result of reading the things that you read in the various newspapers, did that ever have any" ******* END TEXT: "e amid the turmoil at Eldon.\nThe most dramatic moment of the cross-examination occurred as follows:\n"
9780814735923 - page_101: "START TEXT: Q. They [whites] just were picking on you? A. Beg pardon?\nQ. They were just picking on you?\nA. There" ******* END TEXT: "utoworkers, regardless of their color, suffered due to their employment. He said that the highlevel "
9780814735923 - page_102: "START TEXT: of stress and tension caused mental conditions that led to alcoholism, drug usage, spousal abuse, an" ******* END TEXT: "ocial system of white supremacy that controlled life in Mississippi. As an adult, Johnson wasforced "
9780814735923 - page_103: "START TEXT: to accept racial insults, was given the worst jobs, was not promoted, and was fired improperly becau" ******* END TEXT: "y. That is why black culture dominates today’s inner cities. Rap music, which focuses and expresses "
9780814735923 - page_104: "START TEXT: black rage, has found a huge audience among nonblacks. Its angry and rebellious poetry, its creative" ******* END TEXT: "ad been produced the prosecution had to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Johnson did know the "
9780814735923 - page_105: "START TEXT: difference between right and wrong. This test of insanity is very difficult for a defendant to satis" ******* END TEXT: "gun, knew how to get back, so forth. Doctor, how about the fact that after he shot three men—before "
9780814735923 - page_106: "START TEXT: he shot those three men, before he even left the plant the first time when he was suspended, he told" ******* END TEXT: "er on the one issue to which she was vulnerable. McKinney had steadfastly denied that she was going "
9780814735923 - page_107: "START TEXT: to sell the Fuhrman tapes. But Darden finally got her to admit that her lawyers had shopped the tape" ******* END TEXT: ". He asked question after question attempting to undermine the psychiatrist’s opinion that race and "
9780814735923 - page_108: "START TEXT: socioeconomic conditions must be considered when diagnosing or treating a person. At one point the e" ******* END TEXT: "ould not determine the result.\nThe one event in the trial that had the most profound impact was the "
9780814735923 - page_109: "START TEXT: jury view of the Eldon plant. The defense made a motion for an on-site view of the plant on the grou" ******* END TEXT: "rprising that he granted the motion to allow the jury to tour the auto plant. In so doing he showed "
9780814735923 - page_110: "START TEXT: that the court was not hiding from Detroit’s economic and social conditions, symbolized historically" ******* END TEXT: "they heard:\n\n“You weren’t born in Mississippi and I was. You don’t know what you’re talking about.”\n"
9780814735923 - page_111: "START TEXT: “Did you see that cement room in the plant? Working there would drive anyone crazy.”\n“I’Ve worked in" ******* END TEXT: "used, but the defense rooted in the anger and despair produced by racism was clearly established.\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_81: "START TEXT: Chapter 4Black Rage 1971:The Case of James Johnson, Jr.\nPlease, Mr. Foreman, slow down you assembly " ******* END TEXT: " an accident while on the job.\nAn injury suffered by a worker named Brian T. Flannigan typifies the "
9780814735923 - page_82: "START TEXT: dangerous working conditions in the plants and the lack of proper medical care provided by the giant" ******* END TEXT: "n American labor history. In 1936, workers took over General Motors’ Fisher Body Plant #1 in Flint, "
9780814735923 - page_83: "START TEXT: Michigan. For forty days, two thousand strikers occupied the plant, setting up recreational activiti" ******* END TEXT: " they were often hired as temporary workers and fired before ninety days expired—the point at which "
9780814735923 - page_84: "START TEXT: the worker would have received the full protection of the union contract.\nWithin the plants, blacks " ******* END TEXT: " River Rouge complex, JARUM at Chrysler’s Jefferson Avenue Assembly plant, MARUM at the Mack Avenue "
9780814735923 - page_85: "START TEXT: plant, CADRUM at Cadillac’s Fleetwood factory, MERUM at the Mound Road Engine plant, DRUM II at Dodg" ******* END TEXT: "flets with the headline “Hail James Johnson” passed out at all the auto plants after the shootings?\n"
9780814735923 - page_86: "START TEXT: James Johnson, Jr., was born in 1934 in Starkville, Mississippi. The dictionary defines “stark” as “" ******* END TEXT: "use sweat and hear terrifying voices. He became more and more depressed and was finally discharged.\n"
9780814735923 - page_87: "START TEXT: Returning to Mt. Clemens, James Johnson lived with his cousin and retreated into himself. He would l" ******* END TEXT: "d it “niggermation.”\nIn Muscle and Blood, the Eldon plant manager admits that the “requiremerits of "
9780814735923 - page_88: "START TEXT: the plant exceeded the capacity. We had to produce the axles for the entire corporation It becomes d" ******* END TEXT: "suasively that the auto industry’s unrelenting greed for more and more profits directly resulted in "
9780814735923 - page_89: "START TEXT: the maiming, illness, and death of its workers and produced the intolerable conditions that explain " ******* END TEXT: "ed. Johnson’s union steward, a man with more than twenty years’ seniority, helped lead the walkout.\n"
9780814735923 - page_90: "START TEXT: May 1 is a day celebrated by workers around the world in honor of the historical struggle for the ei" ******* END TEXT: "iscriminatory and dictatorial behavior. Two days after the second wildcat strike a totally stressed "
9780814735923 - page_91: "START TEXT: out James Johnson took a legally entitled vacation, approved by the black foreman Hugh Jones. When h" ******* END TEXT: "as called into the production office. There, the union steward attempted to plead Johnsons case. It "
9780814735923 - page_92: "START TEXT: seemed that the gloves were available, but that Johnson had been unable to face being sent back to a" ******* END TEXT: "ure. At Eldon he had withstood all kinds of assaults on his psyche before he broke. Fortunately, he "
9780814735923 - page_93: "START TEXT: had two lawyers who understood his pain and knew how to convey his humanity to a jury.\nCockrel and R" ******* END TEXT: "efense attorney, and as a judge he believed in letting both sides have their say. His politics were "
9780814735923 - page_94: "START TEXT: certainly opposed to the left politics of Cockrel and Ravitz, but he respected their legal abilities" ******* END TEXT: "awyers is only an exaggerated example of what often takes place in cases in which there is a lot of "
9780814735923 - page_95: "START TEXT: publicity. In order to work as an effective team, lawyers must keep their egos in check and treat ea" ******* END TEXT: "can never really tell how those twelve individuals will vote once they are locked in the jury room.\n"
9780814735923 - page_96: "START TEXT: The prosecution’s case was straightforward. Witnesses from the plant described the shootings in deta" ******* END TEXT: " asked him if he had ever again experienced a similar feeling. Johnson answered that ever since the "
9780814735923 - page_97: "START TEXT: shooting he had been praying that he would be forgiven. For ten months he had prayed each day and ni" ******* END TEXT: " That could have been one of the reasons. And this was an hour after you left the plant, wasn’t it?\n"
9780814735923 - page_98: "START TEXT: A. I can imagine it was. It was somewhat in that area, sir, I didn’t have a watch.\nQ. What did you d" ******* END TEXT: " I say I lost control and I was not conscious of what was going on until it was all over.\nQ. I see.\n"
9780814735923 - page_99: "START TEXT: A. Yes, sir.\nQ. You lost control, you just turned the faucet off in your head and you were unconscio" ******* END TEXT: "ts. He asked Johnson if he read Inner City Voice and the Eldon Wildcat (a rank and file newspaper).\n"
9780814735923 - page_112: "START TEXT: Chapter 5James Johnson’sWorkers’ Compensation Case\nEvery year thousands of us aremaimed. The life of" ******* END TEXT: "lutionary Black Workers and offered his skills in the field of workers’ compensation and labor law.\n"
9780814735923 - page_113: "START TEXT: Glotta pursued a claim for workers’ compensation on the grounds that Johnson had a nondisabling, pre" ******* END TEXT: "ining, steel, auto making, or construction, no product can be produced without injuries. An example "
9780814735923 - page_114: "START TEXT: of this harsh reality is the building of the famous Golden Gate Bridge. Based on previous studies an" ******* END TEXT: " a conservative view of the new laws and held them unconstitutional on various grounds, such as the "
9780814735923 - page_115: "START TEXT: infringement of freedom of contract and the deprivation of an employer’s property (money) without du" ******* END TEXT: "l decisions. The labor movement, social reformers, and enlightened capitalists combined to persuade "
9780814735923 - page_116: "START TEXT: other states to pass workers’ compensation systems. As the tide grew stronger, courts found ways to " ******* END TEXT: " receives benefits: First, his weak heart had not kept him from being able to work (a nondisabling, "
9780814735923 - page_117: "START TEXT: pre-existing condition); second, conditions on the job aggravated that weak heart so that it finally" ******* END TEXT: "to crack. He argued that “Chrysler had pulled the trigger,” a phrase which would earn him criticism "
9780814735923 - page_118: "START TEXT: in politically moderate circles, but which captured the heart of the legal argument and the spirit o" ******* END TEXT: "re serious indeed. But we are saying that this man was mentally disabled, in part, due to his job.”\n"
9780814735923 - page_119: "START TEXT: The decision had legitimated the claims that the automobile corporations practiced racism and allowe" ******* END TEXT: "to enter the arena of electoral politics. Justin Ravitz was put forth as a candidate for a position "
9780814735923 - page_120: "START TEXT: as judge in the Recorder’s Court. One of the main coordinators of the campaign described its overvie" ******* END TEXT: "only a part of the real message. The law is not only not “color blind,” but it more than “tolerates "
9780814735923 - page_121: "START TEXT: classes among citizens.” It is designed to tolerate and perpetuate class division. The law serves th" ******* END TEXT: "retrial hearing, Judge Joseph Maher doubled his bail to an amount that was unattainable for Hibbit. "
9780814735923 - page_122: "START TEXT: An outraged Cockrel was quoted by the media as calling the judge a “hon-key dog fool” and a “lawless" ******* END TEXT: "buses, and environmental protection—these were the areas receiving the attention of public interest "
9780814735923 - page_123: "START TEXT: attorneys. Immigration law and Central American solidarity groups had replaced criminal procedure an" ******* END TEXT: "lost control completely.” 8\nWhile James Johnson was in jail awaiting trial, he was shown literature "
9780814735923 - page_124: "START TEXT: depicting him as a hero. He had responded with simple words that should sear the heart of corporate " ******* END TEXT: " the obligation to consider the black rage defense, as well as a responsibility not to misuse it.\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_125: "START TEXT: Chapter 6Racism, Rage,and Criminal Defenses\nThere emerged from the depths of my tormented being a de" ******* END TEXT: "rbara Kelly they stopped at a hamburger shop, around three o’clock in the morning. As they stood by "
9780814735923 - page_126: "START TEXT: the take-out counter, the five Marines in their formal dress white uniforms, they exchanged hostile " ******* END TEXT: "elly were standing still after Alexander pulled his gun, and that Benjamin emptied his fully loaded "
9780814735923 - page_127: "START TEXT: revolver into them. He was convicted of the weapons charges and seconddegree murder. After the verdi" ******* END TEXT: "on. In 1968, in federal jurisdictions the law was clear that a mental illness included any abnormal "
9780814735923 - page_128: "START TEXT: condition of the mind that substantially affected mental or emotional processes and substantially im" ******* END TEXT: "to take the trip back through his lifetime with him and look at the effect that his lifetime had on "
9780814735923 - page_129: "START TEXT: him at that moment and determine whether he could control himself or not.\nAlthough this was a good a" ******* END TEXT: "e cause of his condition.\nThe Court: No, you weren’t sir. You were appealing in the most direct way "
9780814735923 - page_130: "START TEXT: to something that I am going to keep out of the courtroom, if I stay a Judge. I am not going to perm" ******* END TEXT: "lying behavior during deliberations and felt sympathetic toward me. After another suecessful trial, "
9780814735923 - page_131: "START TEXT: two jurors asked me why the judge did not want to give the defendant a fair trial. Although handling" ******* END TEXT: "by strike at the root of crime.\nAlmost a decade after Bazelon’s article, Richard Delgado questioned "
9780814735923 - page_132: "START TEXT: whether the criminal law should allow a defense based on adverse social conditions. In an article th" ******* END TEXT: "ister and her seven children suffer from extreme hunger is no defense. The law has not changed much "
9780814735923 - page_133: "START TEXT: in hundreds of years. The story of Valjean may have been successful on Broadway, but hungry, homeles" ******* END TEXT: "o 1843, when the English House of Lords in the M’Naghten case established a rule referred to as the "
9780814735923 - page_134: "START TEXT: “right-wrong test”—that is, the defendant is insane only if he did not know his act was wrong. The A" ******* END TEXT: "hed capacity.” Under this doctrine, if a person knows the difference between right and wrong but is "
9780814735923 - page_135: "START TEXT: suffering from a mental illness that affects his ability to follow the law, the degree of his crime " ******* END TEXT: "e includes duress, mistake, accident, and provocation. Duress is a legitimate defense when a person "
9780814735923 - page_136: "START TEXT: commits a criminal act because she is threatened with imminent death or serious injury. For example," ******* END TEXT: "visible Man. Echoing Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground, Ralph Ellison created an African American "
9780814735923 - page_137: "START TEXT: protagonist who lives undiscovered in the basement of an apartment building restricted to whites and" ******* END TEXT: "thiness. The two categories of justification are self-defense (including defense of another person) "
9780814735923 - page_138: "START TEXT: and necessity. Necessity is a defense when one must break a law in order to prevent a greater harm, " ******* END TEXT: "t a more propitious time.\nDelgado puts forth a third model, which he calls “isolation from dominant "
9780814735923 - page_139: "START TEXT: culture.” In this model a person who could show that due to his extreme cultural isolation he did no" ******* END TEXT: "id they ignored the defense, considering it either a publicity tactic or just a far-fetched theory.\n"
9780814735923 - page_140: "START TEXT: A group of black ministers held a press conference in which they called the defense racist and untru" ******* END TEXT: " a partial result of the hopelessness, anguish, misery, and fury caused by a dysfunctional society.\n"
9780814735923 - page_141: "START TEXT: By holding the present criminal law system up to the light, Bazelon and Delgado allow us to see its " ******* END TEXT: "ern times, a diminished capacity defense in an adultery situation is no longer intended as a social "
9780814735923 - page_142: "START TEXT: message that sexual relations outside of marriage are immoral and worthy of death. Rather, it is sim" ******* END TEXT: " jury deserved a chance to find them not guilty. The black rage defense gave them that opportunity.\n"
9780814735923 - page_143: "START TEXT: Sneirson has written a genuine and well-meaning article, but he makes a crucial error when he define" ******* END TEXT: "ease of paranoid schizophrenia. He did not have a mental disease called “black rage.” The blackrage "
9780814735923 - page_144: "START TEXT: component of the trial was critical because it explained the societal experiences that inflamed John" ******* END TEXT: "s against black women that took place at an airport, which served to intensify her rage against the "
9780814735923 - page_145: "START TEXT: white man sitting next to her. She writes, “I felt a ‘killing rage.’ I wanted to stab him softly, to" ******* END TEXT: "The Fire Next Time, warns white Americans that if they do not end racial oppression there will be a "
9780814735923 - page_146: "START TEXT: terrible, “apocalyptic and final” outbreak of black rage. They are not talking about a few individua" ******* END TEXT: "e. In the next chapter, I will analyze some cases in which lawyers failed in that responsibility.\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_147: "START TEXT: Chapter 7To Use or Not to UseThe Black Rage Defense\nI shall hate you Like a dart of singing steel Sh" ******* END TEXT: "oughout the country. Attorneys must be clear about the content of the messages they are delivering, "
9780814735923 - page_148: "START TEXT: because they are affecting the way people think about and act toward each other. The choice of wheth" ******* END TEXT: "tly. See, I’m one who is well versed in whiteness.... You won’t get your white vengeance.... I have "
9780814735923 - page_149: "START TEXT: never been guilty of nothing but being born black in a white America—racist white America.... But, I" ******* END TEXT: "ou are. This is a trial for my extinction. They don’t want too many me’s running around.” Robertson "
9780814735923 - page_150: "START TEXT: had been greatly influenced by the writings of Algerian psychiatrist Frantz Fanon, who wrote about t" ******* END TEXT: ",” and that he projected his pathological identity problems onto whites by blaming and hating them.\n"
9780814735923 - page_151: "START TEXT: The fourth and final perspective came from the judge, a black man named Aubrey Robinson, who had a v" ******* END TEXT: "olence. He wanted to argue that his killing of Aleshire was the sane act of a man at war. Robertson "
9780814735923 - page_152: "START TEXT: feared that a finding of insanity would signify a defect in his character and would impeach his phil" ******* END TEXT: "ature.” He went on to state the following: “I still say I am not insane. So, I cannot in good faith "
9780814735923 - page_153: "START TEXT: and honor of the United States Constitution pursue an insanity defense. ... As a Black man, I made a" ******* END TEXT: "s case, his lawyers clearly targeted the institutions of the Mississippi plantation and the Detroit "
9780814735923 - page_154: "START TEXT: auto corporations. In Robinson’s case, I spent hours with my client explaining the black rage defens" ******* END TEXT: "[were] Adelphi University racism, EEOC racism, Workmen’s Compensation Board, and racism of Governor "
9780814735923 - page_155: "START TEXT: Cuomo’s staff.... Additional reasons for this: Racism by Caucasians and Uncle Tom Negroes.” He also " ******* END TEXT: "olice officers, lawyers, professors, columnists, and reporters all weighed in with their critiques.\n"
9780814735923 - page_156: "START TEXT: The benefit was that this defense received an exposure and a recognition that were long overdue. The" ******* END TEXT: "nspiring against him.\nKunstler asked the judge to reconsider his ruling that Ferguson was competent "
9780814735923 - page_157: "START TEXT: to stand trial, stating that the defendant had grown more delusional, paranoid, and obsessive, belie" ******* END TEXT: "ith the defendant. In their letter to the editor, Kunstler and Kuby analogized their defense to the "
9780814735923 - page_158: "START TEXT: battered woman defense and the child abuse defense. But those defenses are based on the defendant’s " ******* END TEXT: "son’s notes expressed his hatred of other people and his inability to accept responsibility for his "
9780814735923 - page_159: "START TEXT: problems. A lawyer arguing for Ferguson might say that this hatred and blaming of others are evidenc" ******* END TEXT: "thout the help of their client.\nThe end result was a client who was totally opposed to his lawyers’ "
9780814735923 - page_160: "START TEXT: strategy and antagonistic toward them. It is not unusual for paranoid defendants to project their fe" ******* END TEXT: "ir actions. The fact that much of the media was negative should not lead to the conclusion that the "
9780814735923 - page_161: "START TEXT: defense was wrong. Any strategy that challenges established dogma will receive harsh criticism. But " ******* END TEXT: "n incident like the Long Island commuter train shootings creates pressure on the attorneys to enter "
9780814735923 - page_162: "START TEXT: into a sick symbiotic relationship with the media in which the attorneys receive airtime and press c" ******* END TEXT: "hat cheapens the black rage defense and sets back the cause of racial understanding and equality.\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_163: "START TEXT: Chapter 8Race, Class, and the Trialsof Clarence Darrow\nNo one ever judges any one else without findi" ******* END TEXT: "umstances are hotly debated. Ultimately, these are questions of factual determination for the jury.\n"
9780814735923 - page_164: "START TEXT: In order to determine if a person has an honest and reasonable belief that her life is in danger, on" ******* END TEXT: "now that when they raise a black rage defense, they too are attempting to tap into that compassion, "
9780814735923 - page_165: "START TEXT: desire for equality, and respect for liberty that has always found a place in the American spirit.\nD" ******* END TEXT: "he court injunction against striking. No jury trial was allowed on this type of charge, and a judge "
9780814735923 - page_166: "START TEXT: found Debs guilty and sentenced him to six months in jail. Darrow visited Debs in jail and was moved" ******* END TEXT: "reputation and fortified his resolve. He continued to defend workers, Communists, and common people "
9780814735923 - page_167: "START TEXT: charged with crimes. In 1924 he was again thrust into the national spotlight when he was hired to de" ******* END TEXT: "over the sentence, some praising the judge’s show of mercy, others damning him and Darrow. The boys "
9780814735923 - page_168: "START TEXT: went to Joliet penitentiary. Twelve years later Loeb, the ardent admirer of Nietzsche’s superman, wa" ******* END TEXT: "als and power and wealth were with slavery, and the dreamer and idealist with liberty.... The earth "
9780814735923 - page_169: "START TEXT: needs and will always need its Browns; these poor, sensitive, prophetic souls, feeling the suffering" ******* END TEXT: "nized by the Klan. They were also met by whites who did not want to be part of the Ku Klux Klan but "
9780814735923 - page_170: "START TEXT: desired the same result—total and complete housing segregation. These people organized into groups w" ******* END TEXT: "e Schoolhouse, directly across from the building into which Dr. Sweet was to move. At the meeting a "
9780814735923 - page_171: "START TEXT: representative of the Tireman Avenue Improvement Association gave a speech describing how their orga" ******* END TEXT: "d another seriously wounded.\nDr. Sweet, his wife, his two brothers, and seven friends were taken in "
9780814735923 - page_172: "START TEXT: handcuffs to the police station. Their request for a lawyer was denied, and they were interrogated f" ******* END TEXT: "st. The editorial was written in 1964 as a reaction to a nonviolent sit-in of fifteen hundred young "
9780814735923 - page_173: "START TEXT: people, black and white, but its call to law and order echoes the calls of the Detroit establishment" ******* END TEXT: "r named Arthur Garfield Hays, and Darrow. They met in Hays’s home in New York, and Darrow agreed to "
9780814735923 - page_174: "START TEXT: join the defense as chief counsel. Darrow and Hays conducted almost all of the courtroom examination" ******* END TEXT: "the cross-examination of the state’s witnesses and the testimony of Dr. Sweet. In cross-examination "
9780814735923 - page_175: "START TEXT: Darrow was able to get a few of the people who had been on the scene to admit that there was a large" ******* END TEXT: ", the fear of one who knows the history of my race. I knew what mobs had done to my people before.\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_176: "START TEXT: At the end of seven weeks the case went to the jury. The jury deliberated for three days. It was rep" ******* END TEXT: "nothing to do with this case. This is a murder case. We don’t want any prejudice; we don’t want the "
9780814735923 - page_177: "START TEXT: other side to have any. Race and color have nothing to do with this case. This is a case of murder.\n" ******* END TEXT: "iety’s racism and the jurors’ racial prejudice. He told the jurors that he believed they could look "
9780814735923 - page_178: "START TEXT: deep into their hearts and recognize their own prejudices. He spoke to their empathy, saying that “t" ******* END TEXT: ", Chicago, and Detroit. Many of these examples had been elicited through Dr. Sweet’s testimony. But "
9780814735923 - page_179: "START TEXT: other examples, particularly the historical events that brought Africans to America by force and cau" ******* END TEXT: "ted a stage for Darrow. Darrow stepped onto that historical stage and addressed the social issues.\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_180: "START TEXT: There are bigger issues in this case than [whether the fatal bullet came from Henry Sweet’s gun]. Th" ******* END TEXT: " only that he and his family be allowed to live peacefully at the corner of Garland and Charlevoix?\n"
9780814735923 - page_181: "START TEXT: Darrow had stood in front of the jurors all day long. He had lectured them about race, he had challe" ******* END TEXT: "ighbors and they had to flee.\nBoth prosecutors became judges. Charles Mahoney became a commissioner "
9780814735923 - page_182: "START TEXT: of labor in Michigan and in 1954 was a delegate to the United Nations. Henry Sweet returned to colle" ******* END TEXT: "ry for the Sweets and the education of thousands of people in Detroit and throughout our country.\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_183: "START TEXT: Chapter 9A Survey of Black Rage Cases\nWe black folk, our history and our present being, are a mirror" ******* END TEXT: "age that social framework evidence can be presented to persuade the prosecutor to reduce charges or "
9780814735923 - page_184: "START TEXT: recommend a reduced sentence. But these negotiations take place in private and their contents remain" ******* END TEXT: "er and shown on television in every city in America. The South-Central Los Angeles riots were black "
9780814735923 - page_185: "START TEXT: rage in action. Williams was consumed by that anger and his defense team took on the task of making " ******* END TEXT: "nry Watson was seen with his foot on Denny’s neck as he lay on the ground. Nineteen-year-old Damian "
9780814735923 - page_186: "START TEXT: Williams was videotaped as he smashed a brick against Denny’s head and strutted away in celebration." ******* END TEXT: "ntified as the perpetrator. However, even if the jury believed that his client was the perpetrator, "
9780814735923 - page_187: "START TEXT: he argued that they should still find him not guilty of the two most serious crimes because he did n" ******* END TEXT: "er and mayhem against their clients. Earl Broady, counsel for codefendant Watson, specifically told "
9780814735923 - page_188: "START TEXT: the jury that the defendants were in court because four L.A. policemen had been found not guilty of " ******* END TEXT: "d him of all the other felonies except one—simple mayhem. He was also convicted of four misdemeanor "
9780814735923 - page_189: "START TEXT: assaults. Williams was sentenced to eight years in prison. As of 1995, he was in Pelican Bay—Califor" ******* END TEXT: "r was stopped and ten armed federal agents arrested him. The two metal cans contained nine dollars.\n"
9780814735923 - page_190: "START TEXT: Witherspoon hired attorney Doron Weinberg. After gaining his client’s trust, Weinberg probed deeper " ******* END TEXT: "ase for racism’s impact, relying instead on the authenticity of the story told by the defendant and "
9780814735923 - page_191: "START TEXT: his lay witnesses. He called only one expert to the stand, psychologist Daniel Goldstine, who diagno" ******* END TEXT: "you should not be afraid of trying tactics upon which the established bar might frown. Weinberg was "
9780814735923 - page_192: "START TEXT: willing to try something out of the ordinary. He decided to speak directly to the women on the jury " ******* END TEXT: "und Robert Witherspoon not guilty.\nThe Witherspoon case highlights a problem defendants now face in "
9780814735923 - page_193: "START TEXT: federal court. Since the federal rule of insanity has been changed to the M’Naghten right-wrong test" ******* END TEXT: "urt him He took away my manhood.”\nGilchrist was defended by Norman Zalkind, an experienced criminal "
9780814735923 - page_194: "START TEXT: lawyer who had done volunteer civil rights work with the Lawyers Constitutional Defense Committee in" ******* END TEXT: "sychiatrists who evaluated him, he was preoccupied with racism and blamed it for his work failures. "
9780814735923 - page_195: "START TEXT: After he was hired at Merrill Lynch his pattern of failure continued, leading to his firing and to h" ******* END TEXT: "ividually and collectively.\nAnd that’s why each and every one of you were hand-picked for this case."
9780814735923 - page_196: "START TEXT: You went through a very lengthy jury process. People were eliminated; you people were chosen, becaus" ******* END TEXT: "psychiatrists, Price Cobbs and Alvin Poussaint, attempted to put the case in a broader perspective. "
9780814735923 - page_197: "START TEXT: They pointed out that living in a racist society forces African Americans to question the motives be" ******* END TEXT: "e between a black rage case and a black rage defense. There are thousands of cases in which African "
9780814735923 - page_198: "START TEXT: Americans commit crimes because of blind rage resulting, in part, from attempting to cope with a rac" ******* END TEXT: "undred pounds hemmed her into a closed space the other raped her. Several minutes later the two men "
9780814735923 - page_199: "START TEXT: phoned her apartment and told her that if she resisted next time, they would “do worse to her.” Scar" ******* END TEXT: "rage again erupted. She was enduring a brutal cross-examination with no objection from her lawyer.\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_200: "START TEXT: Q: “Why didn’t you tell the police about the rape?”\nA: “Because you just don’t—I was ashamed to talk" ******* END TEXT: "a of second-degree murder.\nInez García spent two years in prison before her conviction was reversed "
9780814735923 - page_201: "START TEXT: on appeal because of an improper jury instruction on how to measure reasonable doubt. In her retrial" ******* END TEXT: "es and was a persuasive witness on the stand. The strategy of self-defense made sense to the jurors "
9780814735923 - page_202: "START TEXT: who understood García’s reasonable fear as she was confronted by the two men who had raped her and h" ******* END TEXT: "at exposes racism or sexism, protects the defendant’s dignity, and creates an opportunity to win.\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_203: "START TEXT: Chapter 10Urban War Zones\nWhen I hear shooting my job is toget my two-year-old sister and hidein the" ******* END TEXT: "ut, she grabbed her gun and, in front of Felicia, shot at the boyfriend as he ran out of the house.\n"
9780814735923 - page_204: "START TEXT: At fourteen Felicia moved back in with her grandmother. Her home life was more peaceful, but the str" ******* END TEXT: " Tomas was shot. Tomas had been like a father figure, urging her to go back to school after she had "
9780814735923 - page_205: "START TEXT: dropped out in the ninth grade and counseling her about life in general. He was permanently paralyze" ******* END TEXT: "ace, and ordered Felicia to watch Monique’s back. When Felicia did not get out of the car, he said, "
9780814735923 - page_206: "START TEXT: “I thought you were her friend.” She then got out of the car. Soon Monique and Felicia came running " ******* END TEXT: "phases. In phase one, the guilt or innocence of the defendant is argued. In phase two, the issue of "
9780814735923 - page_207: "START TEXT: insanity is decided. Shellow argued that Felicia was suffering from a mental illness, which negated " ******* END TEXT: "and added that Felicia also had a borderline personality disorder. Cornell concluded that Felicia’s "
9780814735923 - page_208: "START TEXT: abnormal mental condition did impair her ability to control her behavior, but he felt that there was" ******* END TEXT: "vant. Appellate Judge Schud-son wrote in the opinion that “the grotesque reality is that rapacious, "
9780814735923 - page_209: "START TEXT: murderous violence to children in their houses and on their streets causes Post-Traumatic Stress Dis" ******* END TEXT: "r Yolanda expressed the view of many people when she said that poverty is not an excuse for crime.\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_210: "START TEXT: To prepare myself for this occasion last night I stayed awake watching tapes of the proceedings and " ******* END TEXT: "Brenda Adams’s family. There is the pain that has been talked about that Felicia has undergone, and "
9780814735923 - page_211: "START TEXT: this isn’t about weighing pain. If we were weighing pain, we would have to have scales that were far" ******* END TEXT: "dened criminal” portrayal by the prosecution. Obviously moved by the plea of Brenda Adams’s family, "
9780814735923 - page_212: "START TEXT: the judge rejected the state’s recommendation and fashioned a life sentence that would allow early p" ******* END TEXT: "d almost exclusively in homicide cases. Rutberg, who was an outstanding public defender, challenges "
9780814735923 - page_213: "START TEXT: lawyers to use the PTSD defense when representing first-time offenders in crimes other than murder, " ******* END TEXT: "he boys and girls, young men and women who cannot fit, who become the jagged edge, need our help.\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_214: "START TEXT: Chapter 11White Rage—Hate Crimes\nI’m gonna go kill me a Chinaman.—Unemployed white man,California 19" ******* END TEXT: "worried about his family’s financial future because the Great Depression had wiped out his savings. "
9780814735923 - page_215: "START TEXT: When he was asked to defend Massie he reluctantly agreed, and he and his wife set off for Honolulu.\n" ******* END TEXT: "station, where official photographs were taken showing the welts on his body. Meanwhile, there were "
9780814735923 - page_216: "START TEXT: insistent rumors that Thalia Massie had been unfaithful and that, in fact, her husband had broken he" ******* END TEXT: "ater testify that when he heard those words his mind went blank and he shot Kahahawai, killing him.\n"
9780814735923 - page_217: "START TEXT: In fact, Massie did not kill Kahahawai. Many years later, Deacon Jones, one of the sailors accused o" ******* END TEXT: "ish newspaper, expressed the views of the Asian majority when it published the following editorial:\n"
9780814735923 - page_218: "START TEXT: Admiral Pettingill told the world Hawaii was not a safe place for wives of Naval officers, because o" ******* END TEXT: "ndant at Pearl Harbor. The American ran an article entitled “Martial Law Needed to Make Hawaii Safe "
9780814735923 - page_219: "START TEXT: Place for Decent Women.” The racism of the article saturated its pages: “The situation in Hawaii is " ******* END TEXT: "ly, the defense was temporary insanity. Two psychiatrists testified that Lieutenant Massie acted in "
9780814735923 - page_220: "START TEXT: “a walking daze, in which a person may move about, but is not aware of what is happening” and that h" ******* END TEXT: "n for Hawaii’s people of color.\nDarrow went to considerable lengths to keep any mention of race out "
9780814735923 - page_221: "START TEXT: of the trial. In his autobiography, he states that he considered picking the jury the most important" ******* END TEXT: "r clients forcefully, the state inevitably destroys the life of the innocent as well as the guilty.\n"
9780814735923 - page_222: "START TEXT: American defense lawyers are part of a tradition that respects individuals and is suspicious of stat" ******* END TEXT: "h light of the racial and political realities of the islands. In his autobiography he discussed the "
9780814735923 - page_223: "START TEXT: historical exploitation of the Hawaiians, but he kept his eyes closed to the influences of that hist" ******* END TEXT: "Chinese man. At approximately noon he entered the parking lot of a supermarket, where he saw twenty "
9780814735923 - page_224: "START TEXT: three-year-old Eddy Wu. Page ran at Wu, grabbed him from behind, and stabbed him twice in the back w" ******* END TEXT: "ric.) When analyzing hate crime statutes, it is important to note that prosecutions are not limited "
9780814735923 - page_225: "START TEXT: to whites; blacks and Latinos have also been charged under these penal codes in California.\nThe fact" ******* END TEXT: ". So he asked legendary civil rights lawyer C. B. King to come from his private practice in Albany, "
9780814735923 - page_226: "START TEXT: Georgia, and prosecute the case. King, an African American, was the only attorney in all of southwes" ******* END TEXT: "r the basis for a valid critique.\nLet us move from Mississippi to Southern California, and from the "
9780814735923 - page_227: "START TEXT: sixties to the nineties. The acquittals of the police officers who brutally beat Rodney King can be " ******* END TEXT: "not abandon it because of the empty threat that white supremacists will use a white rage defense.\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_228: "START TEXT: Chapter 12White Rage—Do Prisons Cause Crime?\nA criminal is not different fromyourself. Indeed, if yo" ******* END TEXT: "a black rage case. It had been a retrial on a charge of bank robbery, after a previous hung jury. I "
9780814735923 - page_229: "START TEXT: was sitting in the law collective office reading a letter from the twenty-four-year-old convicted ba" ******* END TEXT: "or, spoke to his girlfriend and father in southern California, consulted with a psychologist friend "
9780814735923 - page_230: "START TEXT: who was an expert in drug abuse, obtained John’s artwork, and read his poetry. I began to understand" ******* END TEXT: "s the maximum of twenty-five years.” I implored the judge to reconsider; the client would not plead "
9780814735923 - page_231: "START TEXT: guilty if all he would be getting in return was the maximum sentence. He would have nothing to lose " ******* END TEXT: " and uncovered the poster. “This picture was designed by the defendant and drawn by a cellmate. Its "
9780814735923 - page_232: "START TEXT: relevance will be explained to you later during the presentation of testimony. For now, let me brief" ******* END TEXT: "s father insisted that John, his only son, take karate lessons so that he would not be a “chicken.”\n"
9780814735923 - page_233: "START TEXT: On the borders of his neighborhood was a Mexican gang, “Los Pa-chucos,” and a black gang, “Little Wa" ******* END TEXT: "wenties, with no skills for employment or social success, he began using heroin again. Within a few "
9780814735923 - page_234: "START TEXT: months he was hooked. He began to steal to support his habit of one hundred dollars a day. He was ca" ******* END TEXT: "ohn’s time at McNeil Island. But in the desperate isolation of San Quentin he called upon Aleman to "
9780814735923 - page_235: "START TEXT: help him. On the stand, John described his meeting with his strange protector: “I asked for Aleman a" ******* END TEXT: ". As I took my seat I felt he had been able to tell his story and to communicate his character. The "
9780814735923 - page_236: "START TEXT: prosecutor rose to begin cross-examination. He was in a somewhat difficult position. He had no evide" ******* END TEXT: "dence because of their desire to help the prosecutor obtain a conviction. However, this judge, even "
9780814735923 - page_237: "START TEXT: though he was proprosecution, allowed me to show the jurors three paintings and to recite two poems." ******* END TEXT: "ee John as a unique person, not just one of a thousand ex-cons having trouble adjusting to society.\n"
9780814735923 - page_238: "START TEXT: The night before the closing arguments I began my usual routine. I helped put my kids to bed, put on" ******* END TEXT: " able to persuade other jurors.\nAfter two days of deliberation the bailiff informed us the jury had "
9780814735923 - page_239: "START TEXT: reached its verdict. We were called back into the large, imposing federal courtroom. We all sat in n" ******* END TEXT: "fense. As the gap between rich and poor continues to grow wider, and as prisons are embraced as the "
9780814735923 - page_240: "START TEXT: political solution to crime, more and more white people are going to find themselves casualties of a" ******* END TEXT: " and juries to factor society’s responsibility into the equation of the individual and the crime.\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_241: "START TEXT: Chapter 13The Cultural Defense and the Trialsof Patrick Hooty Croy\nIf you don’t understand a person’" ******* END TEXT: "s non-dominant cultures.\nJust as the black rage defense has been used since the 1800s, the cultural "
9780814735923 - page_242: "START TEXT: defense is not new to American courts. For example, in 1888 Native American defendants were allowed " ******* END TEXT: "e defenses, both inside and outside the legal system. A clear light piercing this veil of confusion "
9780814735923 - page_243: "START TEXT: is a brilliant law review article entitled “Cultural Evidence and Male Violence: Are Feminist and Mu" ******* END TEXT: "tomary resistance, and that he did not intend to have sexual intercourse with her against her will.\n"
9780814735923 - page_244: "START TEXT: If there was an independent cultural defense, a judge would instruct a jury that if they agreed that" ******* END TEXT: "Kathryn’s husband had choked her, chased her with a knife and with a gun, and beaten her in public.\n"
9780814735923 - page_245: "START TEXT: On New Year’s Eve in 1990, Kathyrn and Simeon were at home. They drank some brandy and began to quar" ******* END TEXT: " director of the Native Nonprofit Health Corporation. Merculieff testified that in Aleut villages a "
9780814735923 - page_246: "START TEXT: woman’s role is one of subservience: “It’s as if they [the men] own their wife and have a right to d" ******* END TEXT: "of passion, which, if accepted by the jury, would reduce first-or second-degree murder to voluntary "
9780814735923 - page_247: "START TEXT: manslaughter. The Court of Appeals concluded that “upon retrial defendant is entitled to have the ju" ******* END TEXT: "dians in Siskiyou County still feel the same discrimination and prejudice their ancestors suffered.\n"
9780814735923 - page_248: "START TEXT: Patrick Hooty Croy was born in Yreka in 1955. His parents were Native American, descendants of the K" ******* END TEXT: "sister and cousin. But by now the historical burden of dysfunctional race relations had taken hold. "
9780814735923 - page_249: "START TEXT: A police car was driving by and the officer saw the clerk yelling that the store had been robbed. He" ******* END TEXT: "is elderly aunt were still alive. At the same time, Hittson and another officer began moving toward "
9780814735923 - page_250: "START TEXT: the cabin, although other police were yelling at them “get away, stay down.”\nHooty made it to the ca" ******* END TEXT: "nsferred to nearby Placer County.\nOther than the public defender no lawyers from Yreka would defend "
9780814735923 - page_251: "START TEXT: Hooty, so a lawyer from another county was appointed. He was a former prosecutor who had a caseload " ******* END TEXT: "he testify in that manner? Probably to help Darrell, who was the one who actually brought the rifle "
9780814735923 - page_252: "START TEXT: from the car. Probably because he knew he was going to receive the death penalty and there was nothi" ******* END TEXT: "here he was on the football, baseball, and boxing teams while majoring in epistemology. In 1971, he "
9780814735923 - page_253: "START TEXT: had run for mayor of San Francisco on the Platypus party platform. His programs included terminating" ******* END TEXT: "ence unrelated to the facts.”\nAfter another venue hearing showing anti-Indian feelings in the other "
9780814735923 - page_254: "START TEXT: northern California rural counties the case was transferred to San Francisco. Though the venue probl" ******* END TEXT: "and two Asians. After eleven years in prison, Hooty was getting one last chance to win his freedom.\n"
9780814735923 - page_255: "START TEXT: On November 30, 1989, opening statements began. The district attorney, who had been brought in from " ******* END TEXT: "ously related to race, and therefore I had to be careful in arguing the racial context to the jury. "
9780814735923 - page_256: "START TEXT: Hooty’s crime, like Henry Sweet’s, involved a person of color shooting a white person in self-defens" ******* END TEXT: "r Hooty’s contention that mistrust and fear of the police caused him to flee and fail to surrender.\n"
9780814735923 - page_257: "START TEXT: An Indian historian, Jack Norton, testified how California’s Indian population in the 1800s was redu" ******* END TEXT: "re of Hooty as a human being, not a stereotyped Indian or a rhetorical symbol of Indian oppression.\n"
9780814735923 - page_258: "START TEXT: Hooty then took the stand. He testified about how his father had gone to Washington, D.C., to obtain" ******* END TEXT: "orical skills. He told parables, referred to philosophy, and discussed history. But he also kept in "
9780814735923 - page_259: "START TEXT: mind the facts and mixed his rhetorical flourishes with the relevant law. He began by confronting th" ******* END TEXT: "es is to let the jury know that people of the defendant’s race are hoping that the jurors will over "
9780814735923 - page_260: "START TEXT: come their stereotypes and do justice. This is a delicate proposition. You do not want to beat up th" ******* END TEXT: "fore condemning him or her.\nA key method of helping the jurors get in touch with their desire to do "
9780814735923 - page_261: "START TEXT: justice is to remind them of the grave responsibility they carry. Even in a misdemeanor case, the la" ******* END TEXT: "ke he said, and he fell and then he started crawling.... That is the honest truth of what occurred. "
9780814735923 - page_262: "START TEXT: That’s a truth that wasn’t previously told. That was the truth that wasn’t told because Hooty had no" ******* END TEXT: " from the police even though he had not robbed the store. He would have been afraid to surrender to "
9780814735923 - page_263: "START TEXT: law enforcement once the shooting had begun. They comprehended the legal rule that if a policeman us" ******* END TEXT: "fense, but we cannot shy away from this potentially enlightening form of social reality evidence.\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_264: "START TEXT: Chapter 14“Remake the World”\nToo many people are sufferingToo many people are sadToo little people g" ******* END TEXT: "rip-off, fradulent corporate cost overruns, and white-collar crimes cost the taxpayer far more than "
9780814735923 - page_265: "START TEXT: street crime.1 Corporate violations of health and safety laws result in thousands of worker injuries" ******* END TEXT: " engage in jury nullification by refusing to convict black defendants. Butler was not shooting from "
9780814735923 - page_266: "START TEXT: the hip; he is a former federal prosecutor and had written a well-documented piece. He argued that a" ******* END TEXT: " has had two friends murdered. My wife was robbed at gunpoint. Another brother had a gun put to the "
9780814735923 - page_267: "START TEXT: side of his head in a robbery. As he raised his hand in a reflex to push the revolver away he touche" ******* END TEXT: " mill was employing only a fraction of its previous workforce, and a few years it later closed alto "
9780814735923 - page_268: "START TEXT: gether. A study of former steelworkers from this plant showed an increase in divorce, sickness, and " ******* END TEXT: " going to a full-time job every day translates into discipline and a sense of responsibility, which "
9780814735923 - page_269: "START TEXT: form a productive personality. Chronic unemployment causes a chronic illness of spirit. When young m" ******* END TEXT: "ury’s attention that “humanizes” the defendant. This duty grows out of the nature of the sentencing "
9780814735923 - page_270: "START TEXT: hearing, which is “defense counsel’s chance to show the jury that the defendant, despite the crime, " ******* END TEXT: " family paid 30 percent of its adjusted gross income, and the rest was paid by the federal subsidy.\n"
9780814735923 - page_271: "START TEXT: During the seven years in which this virtually all-black project was run by an all-white group, cond" ******* END TEXT: " Tenants’ Association. Wagner has a reputation as a brilliant legal thinker who has demonstrated an "
9780814735923 - page_272: "START TEXT: unswerving commitment to racial justice. Within six months the case was won. Title was taken away fr" ******* END TEXT: "ecently settling a case for $2.5 million.10 As more tenants organize against life-crippling housing "
9780814735923 - page_273: "START TEXT: conditions, we need lawyers who will expand the black rage defense to civil actions and educate oppo" ******* END TEXT: "e potential for the jury to empathize with the defendant should be an overriding concern, informing "
9780814735923 - page_274: "START TEXT: all tactical decisions. The strategic questions to be considered are as follows:\n1. What is the natu" ******* END TEXT: "regardless of race. Similarly, the black rage defense is not limited to African Americans. The main "
9780814735923 - page_275: "START TEXT: thrust of the defense is to tie together individual behavior and societal conditions. That is why a " ******* END TEXT: "tand together before the face of\nthe sun even as the black thread and the white are woven together.\n"
9780814735923 - page_276: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_vi: "START TEXT: New York University Press New York and London\nCopyright © 1997 by New York University\nAll rights re" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_vii: "START TEXT: To the members of the San Francisco Community Law Collective.For sixteen years we built community po" ******* END TEXT: "t community power, demystified the law,dignified our clients, and won more than our share of cases.\n"
9780814735923 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_iii: "START TEXT: CRITICAL AMERICAGeneral Editors: Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic\nWhite by Law: The Legal Construc" ******* END TEXT: "ck and Brown in America: The Case for CooperationBILL PIATT\nBlack Rage Confronts the LawPAUL HARRIS "
9780814735923 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_i: "START TEXT: Black Rage Confronts the Law\n" ******* END TEXT: "Black Rage Confronts the Law\n"
9780814735923 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_291: "START TEXT: Index\nAdams, Brenda, 206, 207, 209–11\nAdams, Yolanda, 209–10\nAfrican American lawyers: first one in " ******* END TEXT: "eet, 3, 168–82\nDavenport, Susan, 257\nDays, Drew, III, 226\nDeath penalty litigation, 269–70, 288n. 8\n"
9780814735923 - page_292: "START TEXT: Debs, Eugene, 165–66\nDe Jesus, Petra, 79\nDelgado, Richard, article on severe environmental deprivati" ******* END TEXT: "of responsibility, 260–61\nrole of, 260\nJustification (including necessity and self-defense), 137–38\n"
9780814735923 - page_293: "START TEXT: Kahahawai, Joseph, 214–20, 223, 227\nKairys, David, 68\nKarnavas, Michael, 245\nKing, C. B., 225–26\nKin" ******* END TEXT: " 186\nShellow, Robin, 206–12, 282n. 5\nSimpson, O. J. 94, 106–7, 109\nSlingerland, Peter Van, 217, 219\n"
9780814735923 - page_294: "START TEXT: Sneirson, Judd, 141–44\nSpain, Johnny, 234\nState-of-mind defenses, 4, 5, 184\nuse in trial, 185–87\nSte" ******* END TEXT: " 3, 4, 273\nWright, Theon, 219\nZaks, Stan, xi, 40\nZalkind, Norman, 193–98\nZimmerman, John, 229–240\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\nTo be black and conscious inAmerica is to be in a constantstate of rage.—James Baldwin\n" ******* END TEXT: "rican Americans and their consequences for this country are also articulated in James Baldwin’s The "
9780814735923 - page_2: "START TEXT: Fire Next Time. Black rage is eloquently expressed in the works of Alice Walker, Gloria Naylor, and " ******* END TEXT: "aw’s resistance to allowing social reality into the courtroom. In 1846 William Henry Seward, one of "
9780814735923 - page_3: "START TEXT: the foremost lawyers and politicians of the time, defended twenty-one-year-old-William Freeman by ar" ******* END TEXT: " consciousness, he would either kill himself or someone else. So he denied himself and acted tough.\n"
9780814735923 - page_4: "START TEXT: Bigger begins to work for a wealthy white family whose daughter Mary attempts to befriend him. One n" ******* END TEXT: "nventional criminal defenses.\nThe law has always recognized state-of-mind defenses. For example, if "
9780814735923 - page_5: "START TEXT: a person is insane at the time of the criminal act, he can raise his mental condition as a defense. " ******* END TEXT: "ack rage defense is that it is a race hatred defense. This notion grew out of cases such as that of "
9780814735923 - page_6: "START TEXT: Colin Ferguson. Ferguson is the Jamaican immigrant living in New York who killed six people and woun" ******* END TEXT: "he insult in the moist-eyed glances of white men on the subway; became the unconcealed hostility in "
9780814735923 - page_7: "START TEXT: the eyes of white women; became the gaunt Super pulling her down, down into the basement.\nFinally, a" ******* END TEXT: "Nick Romano, filled with rage.\nThe criminal courtroom has always been a place where the law focuses "
9780814735923 - page_8: "START TEXT: on the individual. The defense lawyers in Wright’s and Motley’s novels try unsuccessfully to force t" ******* END TEXT: "fense plays one small part in the very large and important movement to break down those barriers.\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_277: "START TEXT: Notes\nNotes to Chapter 1\n1. BENJAMIN HALL, THE TRIAL OF WILLIAM FREEMAN iv (1848). This book is a re" ******* END TEXT: "New York Supreme Court issued in 1847. However, it is printed in full in Hall’s report of the case.\n"
9780814735923 - page_278: "START TEXT: Notes to Chapter 2\n1. The names of the defendant and his wife and child have been changed to protect" ******* END TEXT: "tion, it accurately states the Court’s test in all equal protection cases involving discrimination.\n"
9780814735923 - page_279: "START TEXT: 9. 451 U.S. 100 (1981). For an insightful discussion of how residential segregation fortifies the so" ******* END TEXT: "r is shaped by the philosophies of judges and the political and economic forces at work in society.\n"
9780814735923 - page_280: "START TEXT: 2. Chrysler appealed the decision. The Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board upheld the ruling that Joh" ******* END TEXT: " Dist. 1977).\n3. Vanity Fair, Jan. 1995, 44-45.\n4. Tampa Tribune, Dec. 4, 1994, Baylife section, 1.\n"
9780814735923 - page_281: "START TEXT: Notes to Chapter 8\n1. All quotes from Clarence Darrow’s closing arguments are taken from ATTORNEY FO" ******* END TEXT: " of racial prejudice was also raised as the defense argued that a not guilty verdict “will show the "
9780814735923 - page_282: "START TEXT: world that women—black women—deserve justice.” The prosecutor argued that the jury should not consid" ******* END TEXT: " his neighborhood there was little time for childhood. “I feel like I’ve been grown my whole life,” "
9780814735923 - page_283: "START TEXT: he told the reporter. But in fact Garland was still a child and, like so many tough kids, underneath" ******* END TEXT: "ing dope traffickers.”     Cockrel and Ravitz are not the only lawyers who have faced hard choices. "
9780814735923 - page_284: "START TEXT: The San Francisco Community Law Collective underwent a similar struggle in deciding whom and whom no" ******* END TEXT: " lawyers developed skills or built reputations in the area of drug law. Therefore, they rarely were "
9780814735923 - page_285: "START TEXT: asked to represent people in large marijuana cases, a lucrative field and one in which significant c" ******* END TEXT: " about the consequences. It was unpremeditated, and they didn’t have the ability to form an intent.\n"
9780814735923 - page_286: "START TEXT: Reporters called Cobbs the most impressive witness they had ever seen in a courtroom.\nIn a powerful " ******* END TEXT: "In that case the defendant, who represented himself, offered to produce testimony that black people "
9780814735923 - page_287: "START TEXT: speak loudly to each other, and that therefore his rape victim was not intimidated into having sex b" ******* END TEXT: "third of African Americans are worse off. Although American scholars and commentators are reluctant "
9780814735923 - page_288: "START TEXT: to discuss “class” divisions, more and more recognize the increasing inequality of the distribution " ******* END TEXT: "oject on the “distressed list” that had a majority white occupancy. Her answer was, “I’m sure there "
9780814735923 - page_289: "START TEXT: must be one or two, but I can’t think of any.” He told her to let him know if she ever did think of " ******* END TEXT: "would not have waited seven weeks, much less seven years, to fulfill their legal duty and stop it.”\n"
9780814735923 - page_290: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_v: "START TEXT: BLACK RAGE CONFRONTS THE LAW\nPaul Harris\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "BLACK RAGE CONFRONTS THE LAW\nPaul Harris\n\n\n\n"
9780814735923 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\nIntroduction\n1 The Black Rage Defense, 1846: The Trial of William Freeman\n2" ******* END TEXT: "ime?\n13 The Cultural Defense and the Trials of Patrick Hooty Croy\n14 “Remake the World”\nNotes\nIndex\n"
9780814735923 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814742297 - page_xi: "START TEXT: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\nI would like to thank Barbara Epler for her wonderful job of editing, and Phil O’Con" ******* END TEXT: "hough I often gave them reason not to.\nParts of this book have been published in Descant and Happy.\n"
9780814742297 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814742297 - page_1: "START TEXT: THANKSGIVING, 1979\n" ******* END TEXT: "THANKSGIVING, 1979\n"
9780814742297 - page_10: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814742297 - page_2: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814742297 - page_3: "START TEXT: I had decided to borrow someone’s car for a drive down by the water. The place where I worked at the" ******* END TEXT: "amp and moved them up close to its bulb where they looked like teeth polished and set side by side.\n"
9780814742297 - page_4: "START TEXT: “Are these those things that were going around last summer?”\n“Right,” I agreed although in actuality" ******* END TEXT: "eat semicircle with a chair at each end, and several extension lines had been run through the alley "
9780814742297 - page_5: "START TEXT: from some other building’s window for a lamp; beneath it, a man in green sweats and a baseball cap w" ******* END TEXT: "on drunks more than he was with us and we could barely afford to live . . . but on this night there "
9780814742297 - page_6: "START TEXT: was a party. I’d been shown around a little, the kind of thing adults love when they’re drinking—the" ******* END TEXT: "hborhood were there just as they’d been before but I couldn’t find a name for a single one of them.\n"
9780814742297 - page_7: "START TEXT: All of it had been set off balance.\nThe borders erased.\nThere was no way of understanding even where" ******* END TEXT: "s in just such a way, apprehensive, as if some undeniable truth about myself had been carefully and "
9780814742297 - page_8: "START TEXT: irretrievably made known; yet now I’d not even been asleep, and, humiliated, needing as much to move" ******* END TEXT: "e water, and mudflats and road, erasing, and traffic in the distance—\nI seemed to be very far away.\n"
9780814742297 - page_9: "START TEXT: Out in the harbor itself, about two hundred yards offshore, lay on its side the immense hull of an o" ******* END TEXT: " accept my falling into: first ankle . . . then thigh, and waist; until I bent forward to it fully.\n"
9780814742297 - page_11: "START TEXT: Y-CITY\n" ******* END TEXT: "Y-CITY\n"
9780814742297 - page_12: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814742297 - page_13: "START TEXT: Cheech suggested we burgle a house.\n“We can stab the walls again,” he said. “Shit in the refrigerato" ******* END TEXT: "ute. She was small and beautiful and all strung out. For one profound moment secrets popped between "
9780814742297 - page_14: "START TEXT: us in our blood and brain cells and then I woke up on a hospital room emergency cot. My hands had be" ******* END TEXT: " a face comes right back into the room saying my name and I’m up yelling, stuck inside a dream I’ve "
9780814742297 - page_15: "START TEXT: already dreamt is over. It has become a problem to the point that whenever I lay down I begin to hal" ******* END TEXT: "hes just as we’d left the main road.\nRight before that the radio had been playing my favorite song.\n"
9780814742297 - page_16: "START TEXT: “Hurry,” I’d warned him already knowing it was too late, “wake up.”\n“I think I took the wrong turn," ******* END TEXT: "lf right away to have been puked up in the exact wrong place. I didn’t know what to say. A smell of "
9780814742297 - page_17: "START TEXT: flowers came up mixed into the heat of gasoline. It was all I could do to keep from gagging. Things " ******* END TEXT: "on who could have you moaning two weeks into an icehouse.\nPeople had actually stopped playing pool.\n"
9780814742297 - page_18: "START TEXT: “My, my, my,” some of the boys said when they saw how she was inside a pair of pants with a zipper " ******* END TEXT: " a dream.\nThe ocean still buzzed.\nMy legs were weak.\nThere was a fan which someone had broken and a "
9780814742297 - page_19: "START TEXT: night table by the window with a long silver mirror on it. I sat cradling the rifle in my arms. Thro" ******* END TEXT: "issing a kneecap and some other parts of his leg, Cheech tried to set an Italian on fire. It was at "
9780814742297 - page_20: "START TEXT: a gas station. The Italian’s girlfriend had that hot look about her with big hair and jewelry and so" ******* END TEXT: " good one. I went and woke Cheech and we put the jewelry and televisions out on the flagstone patio "
9780814742297 - page_21: "START TEXT: then loaded them into his car. By then my high was finally running down and when we got back to tow" ******* END TEXT: "about all of this one night on Dexter Street. She was drunk and played with her wedding ring a lot. "
9780814742297 - page_22: "START TEXT: After a while she asked me to go home with her and I did, though it wasn’t about revenge, and besid" ******* END TEXT: "ld barely stand the thought of someone else touching them, and none of it really mattered anyway.\n\n\n"
9780814742297 - page_23: "START TEXT: IN SECURITY LOCKDOWN: PRISON, 1981\n" ******* END TEXT: "IN SECURITY LOCKDOWN: PRISON, 1981\n"
9780814742297 - page_24: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814742297 - page_25: "START TEXT: When Boo-Boo stabs Morris Boyle I am reading a news magazine that someone has smuggled onto the wing" ******* END TEXT: "d by reporters, she already having been recorded as feeling herself to be the victim of a cruel, if "
9780814742297 - page_26: "START TEXT: ultimately harmless, high school prank. It is this close community of small towns, and teenage drug " ******* END TEXT: "e locks on her door.\nI wish that I could help.\nBut there is no message from here, there is nothing.\n"
9780814742297 - page_27: "START TEXT: Although maybe I should tell her this: embrace, like the many heads of one snake, your fear. And: wa" ******* END TEXT: "sets, then rest for five minutes. From where I sat I could watch along the fence line for a quarter "
9780814742297 - page_28: "START TEXT: mile to a point at which the ground climbed and the road turned and went out of sight, the trees acr" ******* END TEXT: "ions. Four Rivers, C.I., 1986. Near the Coca-Cola machine there was also a coatrack and a fan. That "
9780814742297 - page_29: "START TEXT: was all there was in the room. The fan did not appear to be working. It was very hot.\n“The facts are" ******* END TEXT: "would have me locked down twenty-four hours a day under administrative confinement until I could be "
9780814742297 - page_30: "START TEXT: shipped because I was white and because I had people and possibly a good lawyer and if they let me b" ******* END TEXT: " top of an upturned box when a big jitterbug called Cocoa and three of his running partners came up "
9780814742297 - page_31: "START TEXT: to me. “Hey man,” Cocoa said, “them ours,” pointing to my sunglasses. I’d seen Cocoa around before. " ******* END TEXT: "orm and found Cocoa sitting on one of the toilets in the large shower room at the back of the build-"
9780814742297 - page_32: "START TEXT: ing where, at that time of day and if I was quick, there was little chance of anyone coming in on us" ******* END TEXT: "eet of paper and laid it inside my mind—these would be the idea of prison I’d always carry with me.\n"
9780814742297 - page_33: "START TEXT: “I don’t know, sir,” I said. “You depending on me . . . it would seem to make you the one got a prob" ******* END TEXT: "y of fire distinct somehow from fire—\n“Don’t bitch up,” we call to one another.\n“Don’t break weak.”\n"
9780814742297 - page_34: "START TEXT: Boo-Boo stabs Morris Boyle and I believe there is no difference, but the day burns thin as parchment" ******* END TEXT: "d from our front porch my parent’s voices drift, threadlike and disembodied, across the water as if "
9780814742297 - page_35: "START TEXT: they were issuing from the darkness itself which leaves imperceptible not only the porch where I kno" ******* END TEXT: "hat stops this dream? Is it the dogs, can I hear them? Later, I sit up and become sick. My legs are "
9780814742297 - page_36: "START TEXT: swollen from bites and the poison of nettles. But it’s dark again. I start out. By midnight I’ve gon" ******* END TEXT: "hit Mr. Ghede and rob him. The old man places a steaming mug of broth in my hands. He will help me.\n"
9780814742297 - page_37: "START TEXT: Mr. Ghede puts his face up close to the pencil and paper, peering at them. Drink the rest, he tells " ******* END TEXT: "h bow down. And Mr. Ghede. He’s smiling. The old man is different than the other dead. He has sharp "
9780814742297 - page_38: "START TEXT: little teeth with which to bite and the pain of cancer is on his inside. Then I know him to have don" ******* END TEXT: "are one hundred, maybe one twenty—it’s difficult because of changes, how some cells they double up, "
9780814742297 - page_39: "START TEXT: some not, but there are about that many of us in security lockdown. Mostly on rule infractions or in" ******* END TEXT: "mbat Zone. During summer afternoons, hookers, young girls from Ohio and Tennessee would stop in for "
9780814742297 - page_40: "START TEXT: a drink or dance before going to work. They giggled and paired off like shy children.\n“Look at the t" ******* END TEXT: "l.\nOn the afternoon Morris Boyle had first been brought to security lockdown everyone got up on him "
9780814742297 - page_41: "START TEXT: fast, as they did whenever a new man came down. This was about two o’clock. Hey baby, it started. Co" ******* END TEXT: " . that you got to, so might as well do it now. Someone to look over you, you know what I’m saying?\n"
9780814742297 - page_42: "START TEXT: “You will be giving them cigarettes, you will be giving them money. You will have a daddy, and anyt" ******* END TEXT: "oyle believe that he knew him better than he himself did. “Oh Holly, what they done wit you, baby?”\n"
9780814742297 - page_43: "START TEXT: Boyle couldn’t take it. A week after coming down he was ready to sign himself back onto the compound" ******* END TEXT: "ming for the cops, he’d really gone to work, cutting him across the face and arms. That was how the "
9780814742297 - page_44: "START TEXT: guards found them. Boyle bleeding pretty good and rolled into a ball. . . . Boo-Boo, who is not righ" ******* END TEXT: ",” he tells me.\n“Who would it be,” he asks. “Sooner or later . . .”\nNickerson shrugs his shoulders.\n"
9780814742297 - page_45: "START TEXT: I believe Nickerson when he says there is little enough hope in prayer. I also believe—fuck him.\nMay" ******* END TEXT: "t after it gets quiet I begin to talk and for the most part he is willing to listen and picks up on "
9780814742297 - page_46: "START TEXT: ideas. Sometimes he ruins it by not following and then saying something stupid. But other nights he " ******* END TEXT: "d wants to know if I got some coke. And I know this woman. I know . . . you understand? Her. ‘You a "
9780814742297 - page_47: "START TEXT: cop,’ I ask. Which of course she isn’t. The woman is just nervous. I think this is not her thing. An" ******* END TEXT: ", ‘what the fuck.’ This is not right. What am I supposed to do? So, I fix another shot. But I can’t "
9780814742297 - page_48: "START TEXT: get high with the lady lying there, so I pick her up into the bedroom. Pull down the covers, put her" ******* END TEXT: "ams. My bones pushing me into someone else. And here comes the future. Me looking at me. Let it roll"
9780814742297 - page_49: "START TEXT: is what / say. Let it roll. . . . That’s the only history a person needs.”\nThe night it happens his " ******* END TEXT: "n hear the guards outside their office and soon a door closes and there is nothing. After a while I "
9780814742297 - page_50: "START TEXT: go and look into Boyle’s cell. He’s sitting against the far wall, one arm thrown up on the grille ga" ******* END TEXT: "neck. As his body twists, his feet brush against the grille. And I’m looking into Mr. Bones’s face.\n"
9780814742297 - page_51: "START TEXT: Backed into a corner, crouching by the toilet, I whisper, “What they done, what they done with you n" ******* END TEXT: "in undone at night and each tightly drawn shade open because I’m coming home.” That’s what I’d say.\n"
9780814742297 - page_52: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814742297 - page_53: "START TEXT: PROPOSITION\n" ******* END TEXT: "PROPOSITION\n"
9780814742297 - page_54: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814742297 - page_55: "START TEXT: I was standing around in front of a job I’d just been fired from when two friends of mine came along" ******* END TEXT: "e sure they remembered who I was in the least.\nMyself, one time I’d been left at a party from which "
9780814742297 - page_56: "START TEXT: a person disappeared. The people who’d brought me had gotten in several fights and decided to leave," ******* END TEXT: "ood there grinning with no idea who they were.\nMy date moved around impatiently waiting to be intro-"
9780814742297 - page_57: "START TEXT: duced. She had raven hair and skin like fine tea porcelain.\n“Someone’s disappeared,” I told the str" ******* END TEXT: "is,” I had sobbed into her neck. But it was too late.\nSo I’d told the new strangers right up front.\n"
9780814742297 - page_58: "START TEXT: “I’m sorry,” I said.\nAt first they were laughing.\n“The Bent Spoke, in Escoheag,” they told me.\n“Tom" ******* END TEXT: "backing away.\n“Who is that you’re with anyway,” the husband called after us, “someone else’s wife?”\n"
9780814742297 - page_59: "START TEXT: Which had been true enough. Her name was Judy and I’d imagined she would leave her husband and that" ******* END TEXT: "on spilling dead fish and squid, and sea gulls wheeled viciously screaming at any of the old people "
9780814742297 - page_60: "START TEXT: who dared show themselves. The whole area had become deserted.\n“Ain’t this some shit,” I said to the" ******* END TEXT: "e two guys, one stayed in the car and the other told us we could be right there waiting in front of "
9780814742297 - page_61: "START TEXT: the apartment building where we’d gone to get the dope . . . said, ‘I’ll be back in ten minutes.’. ." ******* END TEXT: " driver said, “we don’t know who that belongs to.”\nSt. John stopped us across from a tenement which "
9780814742297 - page_62: "START TEXT: was really a hotel. “Here we are,” he said. I looked around. It was a place like any other. The buil" ******* END TEXT: "driver so even as we crept past the front desk and up to the third story landing where we stood one "
9780814742297 - page_63: "START TEXT: on each side of a door like they do in the movies. I had the gun out.\n“Hit it,” I told the driver.\n“" ******* END TEXT: "esignation. “I don’t know who you think we are, but we aren’t. . . . And we don’t know you at all.”\n"
9780814742297 - page_64: "START TEXT: Now it was the driver’s turn to appear puzzled. He studied their faces. I could tell things were beg" ******* END TEXT: "y shot me.”\nBoth of them began to sob.\nWhen I looked over the driver had tears in his eyes as well.\n"
9780814742297 - page_65: "START TEXT: “Damn,” I swore. I went to the window. St. John was staring toward where I stood and we waved to ea" ******* END TEXT: "ly found a lamp with which to hit the man. “Help me,” he called to us, but the driver already stood "
9780814742297 - page_66: "START TEXT: partway out the door, ready to run, and I was right behind him. “I wish I’d stayed at my lousy job,”" ******* END TEXT: "ency exit.\n“Do you think he’s right about the witnesses,” the driver worried, unsure of what to do.\n"
9780814742297 - page_67: "START TEXT: “No one was dying in the first place,” I reasoned with him. “And beside that, I don’t care.”\nSeveral" ******* END TEXT: "all games claiming to see from the sky angels descend—and these angels spoke through him as well in "
9780814742297 - page_68: "START TEXT: tongues—or recalled parables in a voice not his own causing him to shake in some fit of passion amon" ******* END TEXT: "r. And yet I have no idea what might have happened to St. John or if he was among those perhaps too "
9780814742297 - page_69: "START TEXT: pure in whatever it is that drives them to ever have to pay. But I do recall that facility when he w" ******* END TEXT: "s tipped before the light, and he reaching as if to bestow:\n“Listen,” he spoke out to us. “Listen.”\n"
9780814742297 - page_70: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814742297 - page_100: "START TEXT: right there still today. I have to get a priest, or someone. . . . And you—I need you to help.”\nI be" ******* END TEXT: "o different than any of the others, I stepped back into the shadow of a building across the street. "
9780814742297 - page_101: "START TEXT: After a minute a light went on in her kitchen and I was surprised to see a man sat there. He’d been" ******* END TEXT: "y must have owned and I wanted to end all of that.\nThe next week I go back to the apartment, early, "
9780814742297 - page_102: "START TEXT: carrying groceries in brown bags which I fold and stack neatly inside on a counter once I’ve popped " ******* END TEXT: "ception of the girl from the photographs . . . imagined, watching for signs.\nThis is you—I whisper.\n"
9780814742297 - page_103: "START TEXT: And, Us together—at the very moment I accept the old woman’s small, neat, footfall to which I’ve gi" ******* END TEXT: " Comerford, his fingers working into the earth’s fleshy knots, digging, with small animal patience.\n"
9780814742297 - page_104: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814742297 - page_71: "START TEXT: COMERFORD\n" ******* END TEXT: "COMERFORD\n"
9780814742297 - page_72: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814742297 - page_73: "START TEXT: Comerford is living in a hole he’s dug in the strip of woods which runs behind Tucker’s Pond.\nThat’s" ******* END TEXT: "y, people begin driving out onto the playground to shoot up. You can hear them puke for a while and "
9780814742297 - page_74: "START TEXT: then the headlights of their cars ease once more between the backstop and the low fence at the spot " ******* END TEXT: "or left undone from one generation to another, I think for a moment there is something I recognize.\n"
9780814742297 - page_75: "START TEXT: Where the hell is this, someone laughs.\nWhat the hell is this?\nAnd then the village is behind us, i" ******* END TEXT: "n.\n“Shit man,” he said. “Jesus Christ, Clay.”\nAll that could be heard was the car ticking off heat, "
9780814742297 - page_76: "START TEXT: and Clayton’s ragged breath. “I can’t see one goddamn thing,” he cried. “Not one.”\nAnd it was true. " ******* END TEXT: "lled their cars into a circle edging the baseline, lights turned inward, and there was a commotion. "
9780814742297 - page_77: "START TEXT: Three or four were attempting to put something, a body or someone passed out, into the car of anoth" ******* END TEXT: " side street, tried to push other, more ornate and expensive tattoos.\n“Think carefully,” he’d said.\n"
9780814742297 - page_78: "START TEXT: Sometimes there are memories of a child standing at the top of basement stairs. This is in Shelburn" ******* END TEXT: "ere is something compulsive, nearly sexual in the play of tendon and muscle about the base of their "
9780814742297 - page_79: "START TEXT: skulls; they clamber into and out of open window frames.\nI imagine them to be family—the older of th" ******* END TEXT: "g above the pavement, unaware, secreting bits of rock and string in her mouth, and so the boy forms "
9780814742297 - page_80: "START TEXT: with his thumb and forefinger a gun held to the base of her neck and tells her, “Hey,” and this time" ******* END TEXT: "scar where a robber used a hammer and left her mostly dead in the hallway of one of her properties.\n"
9780814742297 - page_81: "START TEXT: “Hey,” the robber had whispered, and when she turned he stepped to her from beneath the stairwell. " ******* END TEXT: "lly, my father had been gone six months before he called for us. Settling in. Getting things ready.\n"
9780814742297 - page_82: "START TEXT: A new life, he wrote. A fresh start.\nYet I sensed, even behind those hopeful words, the slamming of" ******* END TEXT: " called out telling them, “Say goodbye to your friend now. This is all over for him.” But they only "
9780814742297 - page_83: "START TEXT: stared at her for a moment longer and turned and went back into their cottage.\nThe sky that day had " ******* END TEXT: " had it washed and shined and the inside vacuumed so that it smelled as if it might be just off the "
9780814742297 - page_84: "START TEXT: showroom floor, and she told me it was ours. “Your father,” she said, “bought it last week.”\nI knew " ******* END TEXT: "came home one night and found him on the couch with a pistol as if he’d had the thought of using it "
9780814742297 - page_85: "START TEXT: on himself, I realized that while there was little I could ever say in order to make any person’s li" ******* END TEXT: "er and how when Fd confronted her and told her that I would not go to the coast—that I would cut my "
9780814742297 - page_86: "START TEXT: father’s throat, and hers too if need be—all of it had carried beyond what could find return.\n“Fuck " ******* END TEXT: "d down into the woods, picking—how?—the exact spot he’ll dig for himself a place to sleep and live.\n"
9780814742297 - page_87: "START TEXT: “Don’t worry, man,” I tell him when I notice the uncertainty in Comerford’s face, “it’s no problem." ******* END TEXT: "owhouse: several cut stone buildings and the two stripmalls which form an arc of light at the point "
9780814742297 - page_88: "START TEXT: where they meet, and from one store Margaret emerges and shuffles down an alley and out through the " ******* END TEXT: " parked—doors thrown open—music from a tape halted at a point in the air distinctly before us, then "
9780814742297 - page_89: "START TEXT: continuing, severed, apparently without form, and I think of children’s gibberish, songs of one refr" ******* END TEXT: "was in this room I found her the week before we had planned to leave for California, coming to her, "
9780814742297 - page_90: "START TEXT: knowing I would not go, and I told her—what? The table was bumped. A figurine fell, and she drew bac" ******* END TEXT: " back, and I would wonder about us not at all.\nI spend less and less time with my friends. At night "
9780814742297 - page_91: "START TEXT: I avoid the places they meet. But I don’t stay home where it has become impossible because of Comerf" ******* END TEXT: "mped into the seat of a car. Although part of his head appeared to have been broken like strings of "
9780814742297 - page_92: "START TEXT: glass you could see that he was alive . . . still breathing, and each time he did a rattle of breath" ******* END TEXT: "ne of them would step forward because they thought it possible that whoever shot their friend might "
9780814742297 - page_93: "START TEXT: return; and without decision or knowing why, but perhaps understanding only that I could, I walked t" ******* END TEXT: "out in a gesture of questioning—and slowly backed into the street and turned and hurried from them.\n"
9780814742297 - page_94: "START TEXT: “Cabron” the thickset one called after me, “usted arbrera en el infeirno.”\nThe wallet is safekept u" ******* END TEXT: "arm thrown forward create a line from bed to window.\nIn the mirror I see him. His mouth as near, or "
9780814742297 - page_95: "START TEXT: memory—a voice which enters my throat—I feed him bits of bread.\nFor one moment smell what he must sm" ******* END TEXT: "ignore her and point out that I will be at least twenty minutes from downtown. And then, although I "
9780814742297 - page_96: "START TEXT: don’t believe it myself, I tell her Comerford will take over the rent collections.\n“He wants the sam" ******* END TEXT: "t is nearly five in the afternoon, there are people in conference just outside my door. I stand qui-"
9780814742297 - page_97: "START TEXT: etly for a minute and then wet a cloth to put over my face against the heat and sun.\nWhen I wake ag" ******* END TEXT: "pens every eighty years or so. Something to do with a comet.” He handed me a joint half smoked down "
9780814742297 - page_98: "START TEXT: and we finished it and stood staring at the sky but I could tell they were not shooting stars at all" ******* END TEXT: "“I know where you go,” I spoke into the phone, thinking of the deserted railway tunnel, of Margaret "
9780814742297 - page_99: "START TEXT: offering her withered tit to be palmed by filthy hands, in dreams of what?\n“I saw—” Whispered, sudde" ******* END TEXT: "ome out,’ I told him. Tlease; can you hear me?’\n“I told him, I said: ‘now you must leave,’ but he’s "
9780814742297 - page_105: "START TEXT: PART II\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART II\n"
9780814742297 - page_106: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814742297 - page_107: "START TEXT: What Holgate remembers:\nAcross Avenue B a guy stepping from an illegally parked Cadillac and beginni" ******* END TEXT: "g drawn through asphalt. As if somewhere just out of sight the city were burning and burning. . . .\n"
9780814742297 - page_108: "START TEXT: This was up in Five Points. The guy was not supposed to get out of his car. He was supposed to only" ******* END TEXT: "something cheap, running in black streaks down onto his forehead—and wanted to ask such a question.\n"
9780814742297 - page_109: "START TEXT: “A gun, kid,” he’d repeated, speaking up cheerfully as if requesting the time—“I asked you got a gu" ******* END TEXT: "old abortionist who handles such things. He can feel them burn in the skin of his forehead whenever "
9780814742297 - page_110: "START TEXT: he stiffens against the ache which has begun there. The robbery itself had taken place no more than " ******* END TEXT: "here is silence. Centeio then very deliberately turns on a lamp. “Okay,” he breathes softly. “Okay. "
9780814742297 - page_111: "START TEXT: Then tell me this. Tell me the one thing I ask of all people been working for me?” He stares hard a" ******* END TEXT: "is thoughts into some shape through which he might later recall a fixed point of understanding; yet "
9780814742297 - page_112: "START TEXT: could not, noting instead only the bench, the shape of the wheelwell, and smell of the cigar of the " ******* END TEXT: " parking lot. At one end were bathrooms and some telephones and vending machines. He threw water on "
9780814742297 - page_113: "START TEXT: his face and hair and then stood outside. Everything was shadowed beneath endless rows of arc lights" ******* END TEXT: " onto it. When his shift ended he would neatly fold one of the four white aprons he’d been assigned "
9780814742297 - page_114: "START TEXT: and lay it on a pile in the washroom and then take off his cheap rubber boots and set them beneath a" ******* END TEXT: "ys and Latinos who showed off gang colors and stood leaning toward one another on corners, waiting.\n"
9780814742297 - page_115: "START TEXT: East Side Boyz, they said.\nFuck with me or mine, you got to die.\nBut it seemed he was invisible, or" ******* END TEXT: " holy Father,” the drunks sometimes called out.\nHolgate would buy coffee and a half dozen doughnuts "
9780814742297 - page_116: "START TEXT: in a just opened shop, the Crown, or Corner Deli, and go with them to his room where he’d sit readin" ******* END TEXT: "he pause that refreshes.\n“Indulge.”\nHolgate took the joint from him drawing on it with short tokes.\n"
9780814742297 - page_117: "START TEXT: “You been gone awhile,” BabyBoy smiled. “Done some real gangster time.”\n“What about everyone else, " ******* END TEXT: "g outward both arms in exaggerated beseechment stood to face them. “Old men,” he said, “what’s up?”\n"
9780814742297 - page_118: "START TEXT: And they looked away.\nYet BabyBoy, ready to show off, was not willing to let it pass.\n“There isn’t " ******* END TEXT: "ouble. It was quiet enough that he could hear leaves blow across the pavilion floor. And he thought "
9780814742297 - page_119: "START TEXT: then that it was BabyBoy in fact who was silly and that what he had done, as had always been the way" ******* END TEXT: "t. Holgate had felt his position challenged. Truly, he understood, it could only be ignorance which "
9780814742297 - page_120: "START TEXT: had allowed the other boy such courage, and yet it didn’t matter. Holgate had bent down and retied h" ******* END TEXT: "ticular moment, which joined them, and nothing more. Yet still, on occasion, as if he too believed, "
9780814742297 - page_121: "START TEXT: BabyBoy liked to act the older brother to Holgate.\n“Got to school you to the new shit—,” he began no" ******* END TEXT: "hought swallowed the children whole.\nThere, is what Holgate had said, as if he’d been waiting.\nNow.\n"
9780814742297 - page_122: "START TEXT: A wind came off and across Dexter Street picking up scraps of newspaper and small bits of stationer" ******* END TEXT: "as he looked from left to right. “Where the flavor is,” he said, as much a question as a statement.\n"
9780814742297 - page_123: "START TEXT: Holgate, without response, started up the building’s drive toward a small bungalow which sat there " ******* END TEXT: "g mask, a gun held out from his shoulder, hesitated.\n“What,” he finally said; “you playin’, right?”\n"
9780814742297 - page_124: "START TEXT: Moths ticked by the socket lamp just above the man’s head. They bumped past and into the room beyon" ******* END TEXT: " a place they’d come to and that was all. Holgate tried to recognize it as such. He glanced down at "
9780814742297 - page_125: "START TEXT: the pistol in BabyBoy’s hand and thought: You are our lawyer, our lover, our best friend. That’s wh" ******* END TEXT: "oorway, found the radio and turned it on. “No. Let’s see;” he said musingly, “how’ bout that idea?”\n"
9780814742297 - page_126: "START TEXT: “The fuck, you crazy?” Holgate told him.\nFor a week or more they had planned, most afternoons at Ba" ******* END TEXT: "ed. People no longer lived there. Some Cape Verdians would come lean against the brick front of the "
9780814742297 - page_127: "START TEXT: factories and smoke during their break though, and one day, across the yard in what Holgate had thou" ******* END TEXT: "bout that; how’ bout we just wait here a minute.”\nBehind him, one of the men, the one on the floor, "
9780814742297 - page_128: "START TEXT: seemed to be praying. Our Father, he began, almost a whisper. And please, or another word close to i" ******* END TEXT: "forever.\nThey ran, as within the pistol shot.\nMist like fog came. The streets empty and streetlamps "
9780814742297 - page_129: "START TEXT: broken off—refracted, unsure. Holgate thought of a movie. A camera which panned from a distance.\nThe" ******* END TEXT: "king out the window. “Which is this one?” he asked.\nHer face was slack and marked with a pattern of "
9780814742297 - page_130: "START TEXT: fabric from the couch where she slept most every night. He could hear her in the dark. When storms " ******* END TEXT: "pot between her legs. Don’t see, he told himself. Fingers become a lamp. Chips alone of paint whose "
9780814742297 - page_131: "START TEXT: walls worn smooth. These, fit only. No, no—oh no to stop; and his own voice,\nBitch, he said, you—\nTh" ******* END TEXT: " room. Inside was an envelope fat with money.\n“Twenty-five hundred,” Holgate counted with disbelief "
9780814742297 - page_132: "START TEXT: ten minutes later as he and BabyBoy crouched together in a toilet stall at the Kennedy Plaza station" ******* END TEXT: "aking off,” he asked, “the reason it works they’re just neighborhood guys. . . .\n“A game of cards.”\n"
9780814742297 - page_133: "START TEXT: “So?”\n“So; twenty-five hundred. So; how come you know, you understand? the money’s in his shoe?”\nBab" ******* END TEXT: " cars moving slowly. He eased between them.\nBabyBoy trailed after him a few steps calling something "
9780814742297 - page_134: "START TEXT: about getting together on the next day, but Holgate only waved him off and crossed into a building w" ******* END TEXT: "indow looked over the street where men hauled freight or produce up onto sidewalks with two-wheeled "
9780814742297 - page_135: "START TEXT: dollies in the time before the street had been closed off and there eat sandwiches grilled in butte" ******* END TEXT: "d to be dead lay sprawled on his side as if flung there from a great distance. The man’s pants were "
9780814742297 - page_136: "START TEXT: pulled partway off and shit was smeared across his back. Holgate reached a pack of Kools from his po" ******* END TEXT: "t of a stripmall on the Cape sided by two roads which merged together at the lot’s end.\nWhich town?\n"
9780814742297 - page_137: "START TEXT: He was unsure, and trying to name it saw a different road, narrow, its paving uneven—from one point" ******* END TEXT: "e could see that they were older. Teachers most likely; the university’s buildings dotted the area.\n"
9780814742297 - page_138: "START TEXT: “So, make me understand,” one of them was insisting of the other, “Make me comprehend how you can s" ******* END TEXT: "aware of nothing really beyond the holding itself, before he got up and started away from the mall.\n"
9780814742297 - page_139: "START TEXT: He walked slowly, stopping once at a bookstore. There was a bright neon sign in its window and insi" ******* END TEXT: "e bent forward to it, hesitated. There was a sound, or a sense of movement at his back. Ducking low "
9780814742297 - page_140: "START TEXT: by instinct he stepped out toward the street and faced around to see a brindled mutt which looked to" ******* END TEXT: " fence, and a deep, low, keening moan nearly from its throat. He tasted ammonia. Something metallic—"
9780814742297 - page_141: "START TEXT: muscle-cabled and blood. All of this, clearly edged, stood out between. Holgate watched the place wh" ******* END TEXT: " it. As if it were something important.\nOkay?—he asked.\nThe story about three men who’d held down a "
9780814742297 - page_142: "START TEXT: younger one on the cell block during a night and how they took turns on him.\nThe sound of it.\nHe te" ******* END TEXT: "stopped her—okay, but you can never really know.\nLater, when the band set up (and she’d noticed how "
9780814742297 - page_143: "START TEXT: drunk she was, how drunk they both were) they danced, slowly, clumsily, his hand at her back, whisp" ******* END TEXT: "ook.\nExactly like.\nCan you imagine?\nShe thinks it is no more than what all men see when they watch.\n"
9780814742297 - page_144: "START TEXT: Alone, she calls and her daughters come covering a window and mirror in black cloth. Give us a stor" ******* END TEXT: "ple reason of not doing so,” Ratface went on in an exaggerated voice, “is which it cannot be done.”\n"
9780814742297 - page_145: "START TEXT: Elvin glared at him. “Don’t tell me,” he said, “don’t tell me what I’m thinkin’. Don’t even try.”\nR" ******* END TEXT: " faded once again. On it someone’s eyes were kind of exploding. They shot around from wall to wall.\n"
9780814742297 - page_146: "START TEXT: Elvin’s own eyes were closed. An amazing thing happened. The vein he’d hit formed a bubble like a t" ******* END TEXT: " game they’d robbed just the week before.\nVic.\nRight. The one with the twenty-five hundred dollars.\n"
9780814742297 - page_147: "START TEXT: Damn, he’d thought walking into the apartment and spotting him. And looked over to warn BabyBoy. Bu" ******* END TEXT: "ouch. He appeared suddenly to be someone waking from a sleep, pulling by force of will to ascertain "
9780814742297 - page_148: "START TEXT: once more his own body—which was large, and powerful, but as of yet at a remove—sensing of course.\nW" ******* END TEXT: "an but BabyBoy interrupted taking out his revolver pistol. It had been tucked beneath his shirt and "
9780814742297 - page_149: "START TEXT: he slipped it out and stepped back and shot the television.\n“What?” he asked Vic.\n“Because I couldn’" ******* END TEXT: "ong. Holgate wondered at that.\nHe saw her to be dressed in plastic industrial straps at each ankle.\n"
9780814742297 - page_150: "START TEXT: This was unusual.\nIt made him wish to touch the woman like a younger sister, just reach the hair fro" ******* END TEXT: " before rain. This is we are to be as stems. It was 1974, both babies gone, and my doing they said.\n"
9780814742297 - page_151: "START TEXT: Tied to this, women can have as well.\nWas I to watch from the window\na man\nas if a change in weathe" ******* END TEXT: " distant yellow houses.\nGod killed them both—\nthe light of the light of the blood inside each leaf.\n"
9780814742297 - page_152: "START TEXT: With you before the theater:\nThe blacksleeved crowd\nthinks only hours\nbut we are of whom the hill\nu" ******* END TEXT: "copy of essays and a book of Spengler’s and one on philosophic structure. “Will that be all today?” "
9780814742297 - page_153: "START TEXT: the woman at the counter asked. She smiled at him.\nThe mall had been swept, and a fine powder of dus" ******* END TEXT: "s a necessary fiction.\nThere was an idea, a way he’d wanted things to be when he got out of prison.\n"
9780814742297 - page_154: "START TEXT: “Okay now,” he told himself each morning.\nArranged behind thoughts, an indication of shape—shadow u" ******* END TEXT: "n the fifth round I hit him with a left hook right at the belt. It was a punch I could feel all the "
9780814742297 - page_155: "START TEXT: way to my shoulder, and I looked over at the canvas after the bell because I thought he must be goi" ******* END TEXT: "ces like Florida and stocked them with video games and beer and stayed drunk. Maybe that’s what Roy "
9780814742297 - page_156: "START TEXT: Jones did. Maybe Roy Jones was one of those. Who could say? He was just someone else who’d beaten up" ******* END TEXT: "rst it had been like a dance. Holgate putting the gun to BabyBoy’s forehead and BabyBoy turning his "
9780814742297 - page_157: "START TEXT: face slightly away to the left. Then with quick half step Holgate coming back around. Once, twice, a" ******* END TEXT: "ck together. It would drift like ash to the dirt of the parking lot and rise again, bits of prayer.\n"
9780814742297 - page_158: "START TEXT: Inside the room, JerryDog stood and went to the front and came back with five beers. The beer had b" ******* END TEXT: " time at a coffeehouse there was a man they both knew just slightly and she moved her fingers along "
9780814742297 - page_159: "START TEXT: his cheek, telling him that he had lipstick there. Later, she was furious because he’d not responded" ******* END TEXT: "nd prints, and after a while he came to an alcove set off by itself. Two old men in uniforms smiled "
9780814742297 - page_160: "START TEXT: at Holgate, guards. There was a stone bench there, and above it and to either side several lights pl" ******* END TEXT: " by small rocks and bits of whitewashed stone, and sun came from the skylight as if there were just "
9780814742297 - page_161: "START TEXT: that: the museum, and in it the painting and gardens and trees, and two stories above them a skyligh" ******* END TEXT: "d and fifty pounds until he gets a smile.\nHolgate walked past, looking by, paying little attention.\n"
9780814742297 - page_162: "START TEXT: He went along 2nd Avenue and then cut back through the projects. They had been renamed Wood-row Wil" ******* END TEXT: "ketches of his she’d dug out and had framed, as if they were photographs, on tables around the room—"
9780814742297 - page_163: "START TEXT: thinking of her putting them out, perhaps holding herself as she sat looking. And what else? He did" ******* END TEXT: "only act before running away was to smash the face of an older inmate with the first thing he could "
9780814742297 - page_164: "START TEXT: pick up. During intake with a psychologist the doctor had wondered what sayings, such as “People who" ******* END TEXT: "turned, eyes blackened from God knew what.\nAs if he’d gone to some supermarket for a loaf of bread.\n"
9780814742297 - page_165: "START TEXT: As if her silly ass had been home forever.\nShit.\nNow, with Cheryl, he did not call anyone. He held " ******* END TEXT: " for one moment against the ice, hands pushed hopelessly before her until she was again pulled down "
9780814742297 - page_166: "START TEXT: into the current, a shadow only. He woke from these dreams drenched with sweat and frightened and wo" ******* END TEXT: "e told him, “I can’t use the electric razor in the tub.” And the thought of that was enough to send "
9780814742297 - page_167: "START TEXT: him on his way to old man Yardach’s where he bought a package of the plastic razors with their skin" ******* END TEXT: " am the other adult here.” Sunlight behind and spilling over, the day pinched and quiet before him. "
9780814742297 - page_168: "START TEXT: “I am the other adult,” she said, “and right now the other adult wants to sit in her house. Alone. B" ******* END TEXT: "d then T.C. brought out a bag of angel dust and right away began to explain his theory of rolling a "
9780814742297 - page_169: "START TEXT: perfect joint, which Holgate didn’t mind as long as he demonstrated by rolling them. Besides, he was" ******* END TEXT: "awn chairs watching the girls spin and spin. A breeze was coming off the lake. It was getting dark.\n"
9780814742297 - page_170: "START TEXT: This is what he waited for, until his head was like rock and roll, his tongue like strips of paper." ******* END TEXT: "here. Electric neon Christ above the doorway.\nThe man pays little attention. He is wearing a jacket "
9780814742297 - page_171: "START TEXT: of a material exactly cut and brushed, and when the man speaks he holds both hands at an odd angle i" ******* END TEXT: "filled with unformed possibility, please him.\nThis is what he saw: Centeio’s smile, teeth a picture "
9780814742297 - page_172: "START TEXT: cut from magazines. Now, and in the hour of death, they speak, all is calm and sane.\nHe felt the nig" ******* END TEXT: "ness with Lyle in the club, he motions, and Holgate gives him the money and stands quietly as it is "
9780814742297 - page_173: "START TEXT: separated into piles and counted and banded, and then Sydney looks up, shrugging in apology to Holga" ******* END TEXT: "turned end.\nThe summer bloodthick as if his own life.\nThis boy will be down.\nHe will be stone down.\n"
9780814742297 - page_174: "START TEXT: Sydney and Daryl have put several of his drawings on a wall of their apartment. In the third floor " ******* END TEXT: "orner. Their hushed, careful tones, the closed air.\nHere is something, they would tell him.\nListen.\n"
9780814742297 - page_175: "START TEXT: During August he comes home from working the corner and drinks coffee and talks with Cheryl, and lat" ******* END TEXT: "ells Avenue—a single bullet wound to the head, his right finger severed, etc. etc. Holgate puts the "
9780814742297 - page_176: "START TEXT: paper down and takes a drink of coffee. Most of the delicatessens are closing. Mom and pop corner va" ******* END TEXT: "he more than ten thousand dollars and a half pound of dope Holgate knows will be in the floor safe.\n"
9780814742297 - page_177: "START TEXT: “Put a gun in their face,” he says, “can that person i.d. you?\n“Is it very likely anyone unexpected" ******* END TEXT: "to motherfucking drive.”\n“Good.” Holgate tucks the gun into his waistband and picks up the gym bag.\n"
9780814742297 - page_178: "START TEXT: Inside, everything looks different, small and out of place, like the absence of people somehow dimi" ******* END TEXT: "lor. By then everything was without breath, and he’d already spent the better part of the afternoon "
9780814742297 - page_179: "START TEXT: waiting. People looked at him, a drawn young man fiercely gripping a battered grey gym bag. At four " ******* END TEXT: "k and white. Fingers pressed beneath ice. Pressed hopelessly, reaching into the grace of one moment."
9780814742297 - page_180: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814742297 - page_vi: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1996 by New York UniversityAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: "re printed on acid-free paper,and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability.\n\n\n"
9780814742297 - page_vii: "START TEXT: With love to my mother and to LeAnn\n" ******* END TEXT: "With love to my mother and to LeAnn\n"
9780814742297 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814742297 - page_iii: "START TEXT: ELMER HOLMES BOBST AWARDS FOR EMERGING WRITERS\nEstablished in 1983, the Elmer Holmes Bobst Awards in" ******* END TEXT: " his novella, Bird-Self Accumulated, and Debra Weinstein for her collection of poems, Rodent Angel.\n"
9780814742297 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814742297 - page_i: "START TEXT: BIRD-SELFACCUMULATED\n" ******* END TEXT: "BIRD-SELFACCUMULATED\n"
9780814742297 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814742297 - page_v: "START TEXT: BIRD-SELFACCUMULATED\nDon Judson\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "BIRD-SELFACCUMULATED\nDon Judson\n\n\n\n"
9780814742297 - page_ix: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nAcknowledgments\nThanksgiving, 1979\nY-City\nIn Security Lockdown: Prison, 1981\nProposition\nCo" ******* END TEXT: "edgments\nThanksgiving, 1979\nY-City\nIn Security Lockdown: Prison, 1981\nProposition\nComerford\nPart II\n"
9780814742297 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_xv: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nThe roots of this book lie in my mid-1980s collaboration with the New York State Org" ******* END TEXT: " recognize them as coauthors.\nThe three of us are grateful to Steve Bennett, John Gleeson, Ron Gold "
9780814742303 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: stock, Susan Jennick, Marty Marcus, John Savarese, Edward Stier, and Robert Stewart for interviews a" ******* END TEXT: "zabeth Reece, who has been an enormous help all along the way.\nJames B. Jacobs\nNew York University\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_10: "START TEXT: and procedural law tool in the history of organized-crime control. A brainchild of Professor G. Robe" ******* END TEXT: "h all sorts of different crimes, allegedly committed at different times and places. The prosecution "
9780814742303 - page_11: "START TEXT: need only prove that the defendant committed all these crimes in furtherance of the defendant’s part" ******* END TEXT: "cketeering activity. While it is by no means clear that Cosa Nostra bosses or families can actually "
9780814742303 - page_12: "START TEXT: be “bankrupted,” the combination of forfeitures, fines and million-dollar lawyers’ fees must cause p" ******* END TEXT: "ccessful prosecution that ends when the defendant is sent to prison, the court can put a trustee in "
9780814742303 - page_13: "START TEXT: place for months or years to purge mob influence, root and branch. During the remedial phase, some t" ******* END TEXT: "he Witness Security Program.24\nOne of the first Cosa Nostra members to flip was Aladema (“Jimmy the "
9780814742303 - page_14: "START TEXT: Weasel”) Fratianno, acting boss of the Los Angeles crime family; he testified for the government in " ******* END TEXT: " The payoff soon became evident as success followed success. For example, UNIRAC (the investigation "
9780814742303 - page_15: "START TEXT: of racketeering in the Longshoremen’s Association) started as a Miami Strike Force project and sprea" ******* END TEXT: "n each family. Each team’s job was to develop a table of organization for each family, identify all "
9780814742303 - page_16: "START TEXT: the members and their status in the organization, and then determine which rackets and industries th" ******* END TEXT: "rdinating the efforts of federal prosecutorial and investigative agencies and also, by promising to "
9780814742303 - page_17: "START TEXT: cover costs of joint investigations, were very successful in involving state and local agencies in t" ******* END TEXT: "that was eventually turned over to the United States attorney for the Eastern District of New York.\n"
9780814742303 - page_18: "START TEXT: Why the 1980s?\nWhy did the government’s attack on Cosa Nostra reach its zenith in the 1980s? Perhaps" ******* END TEXT: "ney general has the power to establish priorities through persuasion and manipulation of resources.\n"
9780814742303 - page_19: "START TEXT: Robert F. Kennedy, for example, was highly committed to a full-scale attack on organized crime. He h" ******* END TEXT: "nited States attorneys, who have historically enjoyed a great deal of independence in running their "
9780814742303 - page_20: "START TEXT: offices. In 1983, Rudolph Giuliani left a top position in the Department of Justice to become United" ******* END TEXT: "own of omerta, the code of silence, and the willingness of scores of mobsters to cooperate with the "
9780814742303 - page_21: "START TEXT: government. This certainly reflects some sort of change, either much more powerful and effective law" ******* END TEXT: "tatives have competed with one another to be toughest on organized crime. The only doubts raised in "
9780814742303 - page_22: "START TEXT: congressional debates over organized-crime legislation have involved the possibility that organized-" ******* END TEXT: "even the broadest definition, could not be linked to an organized-crime group. Furthermore, the use "
9780814742303 - page_23: "START TEXT: of civil RICO provisions in disputes among corporations has triggered repeated, albeit unsuccessful," ******* END TEXT: " the implementation of an extensive intelligence operation. But resources and technology have to be "
9780814742303 - page_24: "START TEXT: supported by political will and organizational commitment. The danger is that attention will be draw" ******* END TEXT: "ndred different organized-crime members were charged in criminal cases, since this would constitute "
9780814742303 - page_25: "START TEXT: most of the members. However, twenty-five hundred might be a plausible number if mob “associates” ar" ******* END TEXT: "aw Reform 571 (1991).\n13. Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental "
9780814742303 - page_26: "START TEXT: Affairs, Twenty-Five Years after Valachi, 100th Cong., 2d sess., 11, 15, 21, 22, 29 April 1988.\n14. " ******* END TEXT: "he Judiciary and the Senate Committee on Government Affairs 101st Cong., 1st Sess., September 1989.\n"
9780814742303 - page_27: "START TEXT: See also General Accounting Office, Report on Organized Crime: Issues Concerning Strike Forces, repo" ******* END TEXT: "ona non grata by the commission some time in the 1970s. According to his account, any Costra Nostra "
9780814742303 - page_28: "START TEXT: member who had contact with Bonanno was subject to capital punishment. Fratianno does not say why Bo" ******* END TEXT: "atz, Roland J. Cole, and Bonnie Berle, The Containment of Organized Crime (Lexington Books, 1984).\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_3: "START TEXT: 1Introduction\nFor most of the twentieth century, what has been called the “Mafia,” “Cosa Nostra,” or" ******* END TEXT: "stence of an American Mafia.1\nCongressional attention to organized crime dates back to the Kefauver "
9780814742303 - page_4: "START TEXT: Committee hearings in 1951 and the McClellan Committee hearings in 1957. The Department of Justice b" ******* END TEXT: " Nostra members and associates.4\nThe magnitude of the government’s attack on Cosa Nostra is nothing "
9780814742303 - page_5: "START TEXT: short of incredible. There were major prosecutions in every city where organized-crime families have" ******* END TEXT: "perating a “commission,” in effect a regional and perhaps national board of directors for the mob.5\n"
9780814742303 - page_6: "START TEXT: Some of the investigations and prosecutions had international dimensions, especially linking the inv" ******* END TEXT: "istrict Attorney’s Office and the Gambino brothers, whereby they promised to sell off a substantial "
9780814742303 - page_7: "START TEXT: portion of their garment-industry trucking interests and pay a $12 million fine; their trucking comp" ******* END TEXT: "erfamily assassinations. By the early 1990s, the accumulated prosecutions had been so extensive and "
9780814742303 - page_8: "START TEXT: the internal deterioration of the families so severe that some law enforcement experts began to pred" ******* END TEXT: ", covered multiple phones and locations, and resulted in the seizure of thousands of conversations.\n"
9780814742303 - page_9: "START TEXT: \nElectronic eavesdropping figured prominently in almost every organized-crime prosecution of the mod" ******* END TEXT: "ns (RICO) Act, part of the 1970 Organized Crime Control Act, created the most important substantive "
9780814742303 - page_31: "START TEXT: 2Teamsters Local 560: United States ν. Local 560 (IBT)\n(Filed March 1982; Decided February 1984)\nInt" ******* END TEXT: "usand members employed by about 425 companies located in the metropolitan New Jersey-New York area.\n"
9780814742303 - page_32: "START TEXT: Background\nFrom the early 1950s, Local 560 has been controlled or influenced by Genovese crime famil" ******* END TEXT: "yoffs from a major shipping firm in exchange for sweetheart contracts. After his murder conviction, "
9780814742303 - page_33: "START TEXT: Provenzano’s daughter assumed his position on Local 560’s executive board and his brother Sam became" ******* END TEXT: "s’ revolving-door policy. The government therefore sought appointment of a trustee to run the union "
9780814742303 - page_34: "START TEXT: until organized crime and the conditions fostering it could be eliminated and the union returned to " ******* END TEXT: " labor organization, which the Provenzano Group has dominated through fear and intimidation and has "
9780814742303 - page_35: "START TEXT: exploited through fear and corruption.… This victimization [of individual union members and segments" ******* END TEXT: "he disarray of the records of the pension and welfare funds, and the lack of education and training "
9780814742303 - page_36: "START TEXT: programs for the members. Thus, Jacobson decided that his main responsibility was to run the union c" ******* END TEXT: "e-family members and that the Genovese family chose him to control the union. Sciarra’s association "
9780814742303 - page_37: "START TEXT: with the Provenzano group dated back at least as far as the early 1960s. He served the union as busi" ******* END TEXT: "e regarded Michael Sciarra as the de facto boss of the union. Indeed, the board proposed to appoint "
9780814742303 - page_38: "START TEXT: Michael Sciarra to the additional position of trustee of the benefit plans. After thirteen months, t" ******* END TEXT: "named their replacements. The agreement also provided for an executive board comprised of three TFL "
9780814742303 - page_39: "START TEXT: members and three independent union members, with the powers of the union presidency shared between " ******* END TEXT: "on treasuries in order not to make the membership resentful of government intervention, providing a "
9780814742303 - page_40: "START TEXT: stronger and larger investigative team, and, perhaps most importantly, including organized labor in " ******* END TEXT: "andidates, the struggle to purge unions of mob influence will continue to be exceedingly difficult.\n"
9780814742303 - page_41: "START TEXT: The Local 560 case also requires one to ask whether there are any limits on the scope of government " ******* END TEXT: "on Organized Crime, The Edge: Organized Crime, Business, and Labor Unions (Washington, D.C., 1986).\n"
9780814742303 - page_42: "START TEXT: 2. Even during the pendency of the civil RICO trial, Local 560-related criminal cases continued to b" ******* END TEXT: "\n10. United States ν. Local 560, 754 F Supp 395, 407 (DNJ 1991).\n11. See generally Kaboolian Report\n"
9780814742303 - page_43: "START TEXT: Appendix A\nUnited States ν. Local 560, Opinion of Judge Harold A. Ackerman\n(February 8, 1984)\nHAROLD" ******* END TEXT: " Id. Crooks and racketeers are anathema to a significant portion of the trade union movement.\n* * *\n"
9780814742303 - page_44: "START TEXT: I. The Parties\nDefendant Local 560 is an unincorporated labor association which was originally chart" ******* END TEXT: "1975 and July of 1981.\nJoseph Sheridan has been the Vice-President of Local 560 since approximately "
9780814742303 - page_45: "START TEXT: July of 1981, when the Executive Board appointed him to that position. Prior to that time he had bee" ******* END TEXT: " Briguglio and Ralph Pelleccia, on RICO charges (specifically 18 U.S.C. $ 1962(c) and (d)) stemming "
9780814742303 - page_46: "START TEXT: inter alia from the demand for and receipt of “labor peace” payments from trucking companies which s" ******* END TEXT: "urder count was dismissed. On June 21, 1978, Anthony Provenzano was sentenced to life imprisonment.\n"
9780814742303 - page_47: "START TEXT: Finally, on February 22, 1979, Anthony Provenzano was indicted in the District of New Jersey, along " ******* END TEXT: "ty Loansharking Transaction case, Thomas Andretta was indicted in the District of New Jersey, along "
9780814742303 - page_48: "START TEXT: with Frederick Salvatore Furino, on charges of Theft from Interstate Shipment, in violation of 18 U." ******* END TEXT: "m more or less clean. He didn’t want to get him involved in any way or other in illegal activities.\n"
9780814742303 - page_49: "START TEXT: Q. Did he give you the reason that, as you put it, he wanted to keep Salvatore Provenzano clean?\nA. " ******* END TEXT: "at I am saying is I didn’t bother to read the indictments. But I was interested in what took place.\n"
9780814742303 - page_50: "START TEXT: Q. All right, sir.\nNow, I think I understand you. You were interested then—you were interested at th" ******* END TEXT: "them, I am Tony’s daughter….\nThere can be, to the members of Local 560, no higher recommendation in "
9780814742303 - page_51: "START TEXT: this entire world. And if I don’t believe that, well, I wouldn’t be here right now because I wouldn’" ******* END TEXT: " if that law didn’t exist and he could come back tomorrow, you would take him back tomorrow, right?\n"
9780814742303 - page_52: "START TEXT: A. Yes. And I believe the members will, too.\nQ. And you would do the same thing with Anthony Provenz" ******* END TEXT: "ething, I think I said in my testimony, I said the man has charisma that I wish I had. I don’t have "
9780814742303 - page_53: "START TEXT: it. He is the type of man that can walk in a room with 5,000 hard hats could be in there, and he is " ******* END TEXT: "THE COURT: All right.\nLet me ask you this. Mr. Dildine testified in this courtroom that he felt the "
9780814742303 - page_54: "START TEXT: government has pursued a vendetta. I think that was the word he used originally, and then I picked u" ******* END TEXT: "ly children. They brought them up to respect their parents, and I don’t see this aura of, you know, "
9780814742303 - page_55: "START TEXT: what we are talking about, because I am there almost—I am there 11 years, and I can say that, as God" ******* END TEXT: " a racketeer local, and it is a dominated local.\nJoseph Sheridan: decent, devout, blind and bought.\n"
9780814742303 - page_56: "START TEXT: II.\n[1, 2] Continuously between approximately the late 1940’s and the present, Anthony Provenzano ha" ******* END TEXT: "na, Gyp DeCarlo, Nick Perry, Pete DiFeo and Jerry Catena (the latter four of whom were “captains”).\n"
9780814742303 - page_57: "START TEXT: The associates or members of this larger criminal organization were then permitted by its protocol t" ******* END TEXT: "sting of multiple violations of the Taft-Hartley Act, and involving four interstate carriers.\n* * *\n"
9780814742303 - page_58: "START TEXT: B.\nDuring the past thirty years, Anthony Provenzano and other members of the Provenzano Group have e" ******* END TEXT: "itto by striking him on the head with a blunt object and strangling him about the neck with a cord. "
9780814742303 - page_59: "START TEXT: Thereafter, Anthony Provenzano rewarded Konigsberg for his part in the Castellitto murder by paying " ******* END TEXT: "ter Glockner was murdered. Prior to his death, Glockner had been a vocal critic and opponent of the "
9780814742303 - page_60: "START TEXT: Provenzano brothers. In particular, on the evening before his death, during the course of a Local 56" ******* END TEXT: "n/kickback deal for their gain and at the membership’s expense. Salvatore Provenzano testified that "
9780814742303 - page_61: "START TEXT: he remonstrated with his brother when he (Salvatore) learned of the first property sale. While his i" ******* END TEXT: "urder is remarkable.\nAs part of the effort to gain control over and exploit Local 560, continuously "
9780814742303 - page_62: "START TEXT: throughout the period between June of 1961 and the present, Anthony Provenzano and other associates " ******* END TEXT: " and maintaining this climate of intimidation has been the systematic appointment and reappointment "
9780814742303 - page_63: "START TEXT: of associates of the Provenzano Group, particularly of those associates who had serious and extended" ******* END TEXT: "s disappearance while under indictment together with Thomas Andretta and Salvatore Briguglio.\n* * *\n"
9780814742303 - page_64: "START TEXT: The pervasiveness of the climate of intimidation within Local 560 and the intensity of its impact up" ******* END TEXT: "cted labor racketeering violations as associates of the Provenzano Group. If given the opportunity, "
9780814742303 - page_65: "START TEXT: they are likely to do so again. Stephen Andretta was given an opportunity at trial to make expiation" ******* END TEXT: "st find (1) that the individual defendants committed the acts of racketeering in the scope of their "
9780814742303 - page_66: "START TEXT: employment, and (2) that they thereby intended to advance the affairs of the institutional defendant" ******* END TEXT: "the future.\nPlaintiff shall submit an order in conformance with this opinion within seven (7) days.\n"
9780814742303 - page_67: "START TEXT: Appendix B\nUnited States ν. Local 560 and Michael Sciarra, Opinion of Judge Dickinson Debevoise\n(Jan" ******* END TEXT: "ed with organized crime efforts to regain control, an election with suitable controls was feasible.\n"
9780814742303 - page_68: "START TEXT: On February 11, 1988 Judge Ackerman extended the Trusteeship until December 6, 1988 and ordered that" ******* END TEXT: "utive Board would not exercise full control of the Union or that they would be subject to Sciarra’s "
9780814742303 - page_69: "START TEXT: domination and influence. Consequently I denied the government’s application at that time.\nThe Trust" ******* END TEXT: " maintain control of Local 560 is evidenced by the tape recordings of three conversations held in a "
9780814742303 - page_70: "START TEXT: construction shed in Edgewater, New Jersey and by one tape recording of a conversation held at the P" ******* END TEXT: "ovember 28, 1984 in the Palma Boy Social Club in New York City. The participants were then Genovese "
9780814742303 - page_71: "START TEXT: Family boss Anthony Salerno, Louis Gatto, one of his caporegimes, Giuseppe Sabato and Cirino Salerno" ******* END TEXT: "88 preliminary injunction hearing. That evidence disclosed actions on Sciarra’s past which tied him "
9780814742303 - page_72: "START TEXT: personally to the taped conversations and the continuing conspiracy. Neither Sciarra’s testimony at " ******* END TEXT: "her demonstrated Sciarra’s continuing ties to the Genovese Family. It will be recalled that Matthew "
9780814742303 - page_73: "START TEXT: Ianniello and Stephen Andretta were the principal participants in the tape recorded conversations wh" ******* END TEXT: "l segment of the membership to dominate and control the Local and its pension and welfare funds. If "
9780814742303 - page_74: "START TEXT: he assumes power within the Union it is highly likely that upon termination of the court appointed t" ******* END TEXT: "rs of Local 560 or any of its benefit plans. The government is requested to submit a form of order.\n"
9780814742303 - page_75: "START TEXT: Appendix C\nInterim Settlement Agreement and Consent Decree\n(February 6, 1992)*\n* * *\n3. OBJECTIVES A" ******* END TEXT: " positions (Vice President and two Trustees), the current Executive Board shall before the entry of "
9780814742303 - page_76: "START TEXT: this Decree select one incumbent to continue in the position of Union Trustee. The two incumbents wh" ******* END TEXT: "the Court Trustees. The Co-Chairs of the Executive Board shall jointly perform the responsibilities "
9780814742303 - page_77: "START TEXT: and functions of the President as long as that position remains vacant pursuant to the provision of " ******* END TEXT: "e’s general oversight responsibility, the Executive Board shall on a weekly basis provide the Court "
9780814742303 - page_78: "START TEXT: Trustee with a certified report or minutes of all Executive Board meetings and of all other decision" ******* END TEXT: "n, or other disobedience of any mandate of this Decree shall be punishable as a contempt of court.\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_100: "START TEXT: Murder of Carmine Galante\nRacketeering Act # 11\n26. It was a part of the pattern of racketeering tha" ******* END TEXT: "and Anthony Indelicato.\n[Counts 2–15 realleged the extortions having to do with the concrete club.]\n"
9780814742303 - page_101: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814742303 - page_102: "START TEXT: Appendix B\nTestimony of FBI Agent Joseph Pistone\n[By Mr. Savarese]\nQ. Did he [Benjamin Ruggiero, Bon" ******* END TEXT: "in any businesses or don’t worry about business that another family member’s involved in and if you "
9780814742303 - page_103: "START TEXT: don’t have any stake in it. He said just mind your own business if it doesn’t concern you.\nQ. What, " ******* END TEXT: " Yes, I did.\nQ. And could you just briefly describe to us in general how you went about doing that.\n"
9780814742303 - page_104: "START TEXT: A. Well, one of the methods was by showing Ruggiero that I was involved in obtaining stolen property" ******* END TEXT: "per because it was in the newspaper about Galante getting murdered, and he said that due to Galante "
9780814742303 - page_105: "START TEXT: getting murdered there were some changes in the Family, that he was going to make me aware of that I" ******* END TEXT: "made guys from New York or Chicago who were in Florida and you were meeting with Ruggiero, correct?\n"
9780814742303 - page_106: "START TEXT: A. Individuals who claimed they were wise guys, that’s correct.\nQ. Now, what happened as a result of" ******* END TEXT: "ing that dinner conversation on December 18, 1980, did you have a conversation with Mr. Napolitano?\n"
9780814742303 - page_107: "START TEXT: A. Yes.\nQ. Would you please tell us what he told you during the course of that dinner conversation?\n" ******* END TEXT: "o, Santura, Sarisante and other individuals who were—who hung out and were members of Sonny’s crew.\n"
9780814742303 - page_108: "START TEXT: Q. In the course of that conversation did the subject of Neil Dellacroce come up?\nA. Yes, it did.\nQ." ******* END TEXT: "o did you understand Mr. Corallo to be at that time?\nA. At that time I understood him to be a boss.\n"
9780814742303 - page_109: "START TEXT: Q. Did you know then which specific family?\nA. Lucchese family\n* * *\nQ. In the course of your visits" ******* END TEXT: "ute?\nA. Yes.\nQ. Who was that?\nA. Well, Sonny Red Indelicato, Dominic Trinchera and Philip Giaccone.\n"
9780814742303 - page_110: "START TEXT: Q. What position did those three persons, Indelicato, Trinchera and Giaccone, have at that time?\nA. " ******* END TEXT: "irst time in ten years that the Bonanno Family is running itself and not the Commission running it.\n"
9780814742303 - page_111: "START TEXT: Appendix CTestimony of Angelo Lonardo\nQ. What does “button” mean?\nA. He is a member of the Mafia.\nQ." ******* END TEXT: ". Now, you indicated there are 5 families in New York. Can you tell us the names of those families?\n"
9780814742303 - page_112: "START TEXT: A. Yes.\nQ. What are they?\nA. Well, there is the Lucchese family, Colombo family, the Gambino family," ******* END TEXT: ".\nQ. When you say “without them knowing anything about it,” who is the “them” you are referring to?\n"
9780814742303 - page_113: "START TEXT: A. The Commission.\nQ. Incidentally, you mentioned earlier that members must do the right thing. What" ******* END TEXT: " Todaro is to talk to your mother and tell her that we need—that your family needs money and if Sam "
9780814742303 - page_114: "START TEXT: Todaro would help her with some money, but don’t tell her why you are going down there to talk to hi" ******* END TEXT: "And had you agreed with these people to have other people killed?\nA. Yes.\nQ. How many other people?\n"
9780814742303 - page_115: "START TEXT: A. Well, there was the 5 Pirello brothers and Sam Tolocca.\nQ. Of those 6 two of them were killed whi" ******* END TEXT: " also responsible in the death of my father and we decided to kill him.\nQ. Did you in fact do that?\n"
9780814742303 - page_116: "START TEXT: A. Yes, I did.\nQ. Now, did there come a time after you killed Dr. Romano that you heard something fr" ******* END TEXT: " and The Commission?\nA. Jim Mangano raised hell about it and he wanted John DeMarco to be condemned "
9780814742303 - page_117: "START TEXT: to death. And as far as for me he says, “Angelo didn’t know any better because he is not a member so" ******* END TEXT: "ber who it is that proposed you?\nA. Proposed me?\nQ. Yes.\nA. Yes.\nQ. Who was that?\nA. Thomas Agenti.\n"
9780814742303 - page_118: "START TEXT: Q. What position if any did he hold in the La Cosa Nostra?\nA. At that time I believe he was the coun" ******* END TEXT: "n the street. You can’t be a pimp. Before you do anything you always got to get permission, talk to "
9780814742303 - page_119: "START TEXT: your capo and get permission for what you want to do, and if we ever need you to do something, no ma" ******* END TEXT: "At the ceremony were you told what the penalty was for breaking those rules?\nA. Yes, you could die.\n"
9780814742303 - page_120: "START TEXT: Appendix D\nTestimony of James Costigan\nQ. During the course of these meetings did Mr. Scopo inform y" ******* END TEXT: " anything did he tell you about the geographical area within which the Club arrangement functioned?\n"
9780814742303 - page_121: "START TEXT: A. Manhattan.\nQ. What if anything did he tell you about who would actually decide the allocations on" ******* END TEXT: "s his function, if any?\nA. Well, he’d go to the meetings, he’d speak for the people he represented.\n"
9780814742303 - page_122: "START TEXT: Q. Did he tell you who he represented at these meetings?\nA. He represented us, I believe he represen" ******* END TEXT: "What was your state of mind before May or June of 1981 concerning that invitation to join the Club?\n"
9780814742303 - page_123: "START TEXT: A. You mean—\nQ. What was your thinking?\nA. What was my inclination?\nQ. Yes.\nA. I didn’t want to join" ******* END TEXT: "t hours.\nQ. Now, sir, during your time in the Club, did you have further meetings with Ralnh Scono?\n"
9780814742303 - page_124: "START TEXT: A. Yes.\nQ. And did you meet Al Chattin?\nA. Yes.\nQ. And did you have numerous meetings with him?\nA. U" ******* END TEXT: "e they besides XLO?\nQ. S & A, Cedar Park, Northberry, Century Maxim and G & G, that is as I recall.\n"
9780814742303 - page_125: "START TEXT: Appendix E\nProsecution Rebuttal Summation, Assistant U.S. Attorney Michael Chertoff\nMr. Gaudelli sai" ******* END TEXT: "ing here or a loansharking there. These crimes were connected. And they were connected to something "
9780814742303 - page_126: "START TEXT: called the Commission of La Cosa Nostra, which is the enterprise in this case. These crimes were int" ******* END TEXT: "men, they couldn’t have taken over the concrete industry in New York, and you know that, ladies and "
9780814742303 - page_127: "START TEXT: gentlemen. They couldn’t have approved the selection of the president of the International Teamsters" ******* END TEXT: "n, a few men, couldn’t do that. A disciplined criminal organization is what is necessary to do that."
9780814742303 - page_128: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_79: "START TEXT: 3The Commission: United States ν. Salerno\n(Trial: September–November 1986)\nIntroduction\nUnited State" ******* END TEXT: "ount, the commission was founded in 1931 as a mechanism for resolving interfamily conflicts ranging "
9780814742303 - page_80: "START TEXT: from economic disputes to bloody struggles such as the Castellammarese War of the late 1920s.2 The c" ******* END TEXT: "e crime families. While law enforcement officials had previously obtained glimpses of Cosa Nostra’s "
9780814742303 - page_81: "START TEXT: organization, the information had never before been as thoroughly and systematically collected, asse" ******* END TEXT: "ssociates in furtherance of the commission’s effort to resolve a Bonanno family leadership dispute.\n"
9780814742303 - page_82: "START TEXT: The indictment charged these defendants both with operating the commission through a pattern of rack" ******* END TEXT: "tion; some of the nine-weeklong trial’s most dramatic moments involved Persico’s cross-examinations "
9780814742303 - page_83: "START TEXT: of former mob associates and members who were testifying for the government.\nThe prosecution took ad" ******* END TEXT: "rk concrete industry. The case against Scopo was proved by showing his collection of “extortionate” "
9780814742303 - page_84: "START TEXT: payments on behalf of the commission from concrete contractors. The government’s case against Indeli" ******* END TEXT: "nized the family under Rastelli, returning it to autonomous control for the first time in a decade.\n"
9780814742303 - page_85: "START TEXT: Indelicato’s palm print was found on the Galante murderers’ getaway car, firmly linking him to the c" ******* END TEXT: " tradition of bid rigging in New York’s construction industry, predating the alleged influence of a "
9780814742303 - page_86: "START TEXT: Cosa Nostra commission. Later, in their appeals, the defendants would argue that life sentences for " ******* END TEXT: "rs in prison; Indelicato received forty years. In addition, he imposed fines on Corallo and Santoro "
9780814742303 - page_87: "START TEXT: of $250,000, on Indelicato of $50,000, and on the other defendants of $240,000 each.\nAlthough some o" ******* END TEXT: "ct to the relationship between the commission and the Galante murders, the Second Circuit held that\n"
9780814742303 - page_88: "START TEXT: [t]here was evidence at trial that the Commission had established a “death penalty” for anyone who m" ******* END TEXT: "commission’s managerial role.\nFinally, the Second Circuit acknowledged the severity of the 100-year "
9780814742303 - page_89: "START TEXT: sentences but concluded that the judge acted well within his discretion in handing them down. Judge " ******* END TEXT: "e to develop a thorough picture of Cosa Nostra as a national organization or of the commission as a "
9780814742303 - page_90: "START TEXT: nationwide court and/or board of directors. In our view, there is not sufficient evidence to conclud" ******* END TEXT: "s during the 1980s. Professor G. Robert Blakey, the principle draftsman of RICO, summed it up well:\n"
9780814742303 - page_91: "START TEXT: The Commission case is to RICO what the Standard Oil case was to the Sherman Act. The Sherman Act wa" ******* END TEXT: "1, 15, 21, 22, 29 April 1988. In another case called United States ν. Salerno, the RICO convictions "
9780814742303 - page_92: "START TEXT: of Salerno and several other defendants for managing the upper tier of the cartel were ultimately re" ******* END TEXT: "within the five-year limitations period. (United States ν. Salerno, 868 F2d 524, 534 [2d Cir 1989])\n"
9780814742303 - page_93: "START TEXT: 15. In his partial dissent, Judge Bright argued that the government had presented insufficient proof" ******* END TEXT: "rime Chiefs to Trial, New York Times, 18 October 1985, Al. (This quote appears in several sources.)\n"
9780814742303 - page_94: "START TEXT: Appendix A\nUnited States ν. Salerno, Indictment\nCount One\nThe Grand Jury charges:\nThat at all times " ******* END TEXT: "Acting Bosses of the five New York City La Cosa Nostra Families included the following individuals:\n"
9780814742303 - page_95: "START TEXT: I\nCharles Luciano\na/k/a “Charlie Lucky”\nFrank Costello\nVito Genovese\nFrank Tieri,\na/k/a “Funzi”\nAnth" ******* END TEXT: "r to intervene in Family leadership disputes that could not be resolved within a particular Family.\n"
9780814742303 - page_96: "START TEXT: 6. The Commission was an enterprise distinct from the individual Families, but it was comprised of B" ******* END TEXT: "ates.\ng. Establishing certain rules governing the Families, officers and members of La Cosa Nostra.\n"
9780814742303 - page_97: "START TEXT: h. Keeping persons inside and outside La Cosa Nostra in fear of the Commission by identifying the Co" ******* END TEXT: "ion participated in the selection of a new Boss for the La Cosa Nostra Family in Buffalo, New York.\n"
9780814742303 - page_98: "START TEXT: e. The Commission approved the admission of new members to the La Cosa Nostra society of criminals.\n" ******* END TEXT: "ire, confederate, and agree together and with each other to obstruct, delay, and affect commerce by "
9780814742303 - page_99: "START TEXT: extortion, in that they would and did combine, conspire, confederate, and agree together and with ea" ******* END TEXT: "keteering Act 2 except that different companies are named as the victims of the alleged extortion.]\n"
9780814742303 - page_129: "START TEXT: 4The Pizza Connection: United States ν. Badalamenti\n(Trial: October 1985–February 1987)\nIntroduction" ******* END TEXT: "trafficking network allegedly involved over two hundred additional participants. In addition to the "
9780814742303 - page_130: "START TEXT: Badalamenti defendants, some conspirators were prosecuted in Italy and Switzerland; others were late" ******* END TEXT: "o and Ganci, and Giuseppe’s brother-in-law Salvatore Mazzurco, another Catalano/Ganci partner, were "
9780814742303 - page_131: "START TEXT: named as investors in the drug business and charged with negotiating purchases of drugs in Sicily fo" ******* END TEXT: "over drug operation in Philadelphia; and Italian investigations directed by the Palermo magistrate, "
9780814742303 - page_132: "START TEXT: Giovanni Falcone.7 The Swiss police became involved when Swiss financial institutions were implicate" ******* END TEXT: "ts with new insight into the dynamics and structure of the drug network. Investigators were able to "
9780814742303 - page_133: "START TEXT: identify the roles played by the conspirators on both sides of the Atlantic. Initially, Sicily appea" ******* END TEXT: " decided to arrest him in Spain.\nDEA agents and Spanish police arrested Gaetano Badalamenti and his "
9780814742303 - page_134: "START TEXT: son Vito in Madrid on April 8, 1984. The next day, while officials from the FBI, DEA, Custom’s Servi" ******* END TEXT: "ecutions before, but Badalamenti was Foley Square’s longest criminal trial. It generated over forty "
9780814742303 - page_135: "START TEXT: thousand pages of transcript and occupied dozens of lawyers for the three years between indictment a" ******* END TEXT: "gi Ronsisvalle, and Salvatore Amendolito. Only Ronsisvalle and Amendolito were directly involved in "
9780814742303 - page_136: "START TEXT: the crimes charged in Badalamenti, but the others could fill in background about the Cosa Nostra fig" ******* END TEXT: " federal cash-transaction reporting requirements) through a dozen different New York bank accounts. "
9780814742303 - page_137: "START TEXT: Amendolito would then wire the money through Credit Suisse, Citibank, or Lavoro Bank to various Swis" ******* END TEXT: " expert witnesses) to interpret these cryptic conversations. FBI agent Frank Tarallo testified that "
9780814742303 - page_138: "START TEXT: the codes used by the defendants were typical of those used in the world of drug smuggling, and he t" ******* END TEXT: "relied upon cross-examinations and defense summations to raise reasonable doubts about their guilt.\n"
9780814742303 - page_139: "START TEXT: Gaetano Badalamenti’s defense came first. When he took the stand, however, he refused to answer many" ******* END TEXT: "ed, “Mafia—What’s that? I don’t even know what it is! Is it something that one eats?” An accountant "
9780814742303 - page_140: "START TEXT: testified that Greco had been with him examining pizzeria properties in New Jersey rather than testi" ******* END TEXT: "eight defendants collectively to pay $3.3 million to a fund for the rehabilitation of drug addicts.\n"
9780814742303 - page_141: "START TEXT: The Appeal\nFifteen of the eighteen convicted defendants appealed their convictions. The Second Circu" ******* END TEXT: "fferences [in trial strategies] will almost inevitably occur in multi-defendant trials, and to hold "
9780814742303 - page_142: "START TEXT: that they require severance would effectively ban this type of trial; we decline to impose such a ba" ******* END TEXT: "the Sicilian and American organized-crime families, and for illustrating the international scope of "
9780814742303 - page_143: "START TEXT: their operations. Students of Cosa Nostra and even former family members turned state’s witnesses ha" ******* END TEXT: "ion that their cummunications are not secure against modern-day high-tech government eavesdropping.\n"
9780814742303 - page_144: "START TEXT: More than any other case, Badalamenti demonstrates how formidable an opponent to organized crime law" ******* END TEXT: " the Sicilians: At War with the Mafia—The FBI Assault on the Pizza Connection (Random House, 1988).\n"
9780814742303 - page_145: "START TEXT: 7. Giovanni Falcone, Men of Honour: The Truth about the Mafia (Fourth Estate, 1992).\n8. For a day-by" ******* END TEXT: " Connection: Southwest Asian Heroin en Route to United States, September 1980, 96th Cong., 2d Sess.\n"
9780814742303 - page_146: "START TEXT: Appendix A\nProsecution’s Opening Statement, Assistant United States Attorney Robert Stewart\nMay it p" ******* END TEXT: " with a commodity?” And the associate overseas called some of his friends and associates. Some they "
9780814742303 - page_147: "START TEXT: asked “Can you provide us with raw material?” Others, they said “Can you manufacture the raw materia" ******* END TEXT: "ants and the old pants and the new pants and the architect and the engineer and the work over there "
9780814742303 - page_148: "START TEXT: and plants and potatoes and cheese, anything but what they are really talking about, which is heroin" ******* END TEXT: "et because there was a code of honor among these people that bound them to honor their obligations.\n"
9780814742303 - page_149: "START TEXT: That was the discipline and the organization that made this conspiracy possible, that brought these " ******* END TEXT: "them a very, very distinct advantage over any other competitor that lacked that basic organization.\n"
9780814742303 - page_150: "START TEXT: Appendix B\nTestimony of Tommaso Buscetta\nQ. Mr. Buscetta, did you come to have conversations with me" ******* END TEXT: "rough my capo decine as to whether I was to cooperate or participate in any particular undertaking.\n"
9780814742303 - page_151: "START TEXT: Q. What do you mean that your conduct was limited, Mr. Buscetta?\nA. I’m sorry, I don’t understand yo" ******* END TEXT: "ns as a man of honor?\nA. There are many such things. The main ones are the maximum silence, secrecy "
9780814742303 - page_152: "START TEXT: also between husband and wife or brothers, and no leak of information from the Mafia outside.\nThere " ******* END TEXT: "n’t.\nQ. Who was and who wasn’t what, sir?\nA. Who was a man of honor and who was not a man of honor.\n"
9780814742303 - page_153: "START TEXT: Q. You said that you learned these things shortly after you became a member of a particular family, " ******* END TEXT: " the young and the old members and the old members instruct the young ones one day after the other.\n"
9780814742303 - page_154: "START TEXT: Q. And in your case is that how you came to learn the information that you have disclosed to us toda" ******* END TEXT: "ic job that somebody must do. Only I am at his orders and I must carry them out when he gives them.\n"
9780814742303 - page_155: "START TEXT: Appendix C\nTestimony of Agent Frank Tarallo\nMR. MARTIN: Your Honor, at this time the government offe" ******* END TEXT: "Q. Now, you said that the pattern of speaking would be to use words other than the words for drugs?\n"
9780814742303 - page_156: "START TEXT: A. That’s correct.\nQ. In the 24 years that you have been a law enforcement agent in conversations th" ******* END TEXT: "ype of dialogue.\nQ. These patterns of speaking, can you tell us approximately how many times in the "
9780814742303 - page_157: "START TEXT: 24 years you’ve been involved in undercover activity, you’ve heard conversations like that where cod" ******* END TEXT: " numbers?\nA. Yes, sir.\nQ. And were you given instructions to make telephone calls to such a number?\n"
9780814742303 - page_158: "START TEXT: A. Yes, sir.\nQ. And when you made that telephone call, did you determine that that telephone number " ******* END TEXT: "f it would also be fair to say that the terms “boy” and “girl” are very commonly used in narcotics—\n"
9780814742303 - page_159: "START TEXT: The Court: Don’t lead. Please don’t lead.\nQ. Can you tell us any other terms that are commonly used?" ******* END TEXT: "ents or 90 cents, what monetary value were they actually referring to?\nA. Usually in the thousands.\n"
9780814742303 - page_160: "START TEXT: Q. So would 60 cents be 60,000?\nA. That’s correct.\nQ. And 90 cents would be 90,000?\nA. That’s correc" ******* END TEXT: "tail level.\nQ. And at the importation level, are such narcotics paraphernalia used?\nA. Very rarely.\n"
9780814742303 - page_161: "START TEXT: Appendix D\nBrief for Defendant-Appellant Giovanni Cangialosi, United States Court of Appeals for the" ******* END TEXT: "as some division amongst the jurors regarding CANGIALOSI’S role and involvement:\nRacketeering Act:\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_162: "START TEXT: There is no logical way to account for the above two findings by the jury unless that there was a co" ******* END TEXT: " arguments advanced in summation by Michael Kennedy, counsel for co-defendant, GAETANO BADALAMENTI.\n"
9780814742303 - page_163: "START TEXT: After the shooting of ALFANO, the Court should have protected CANGIALOSI’S right to a fair trial by " ******* END TEXT: "one of the few people involved in the case who had direct contact with a drug transaction which was "
9780814742303 - page_164: "START TEXT: videotaped by the Government, presented to the jury and included another nonpresent defendant, BENNY" ******* END TEXT: "ht to comment on the evidence generally should be broadly interpreted and permitted in fairness the "
9780814742303 - page_165: "START TEXT: Court must utilize its discretion and temper argument which is so obviously unsupported by the evide" ******* END TEXT: "n April. I suggest it came out of a meeting that he attended on the 30th day of March. It was given "
9780814742303 - page_166: "START TEXT: to him by Mr. GANCI. And it is a death warrant, calling to the attention of the Sicilian heroin deal" ******* END TEXT: "the prejudice and antagonism of this argument made eight days after the shooting of PIETRO ALFANO.\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_167: "START TEXT: 5Teamsters International: United States ν. International Brotherhood of Teamsters\n(Complaint filed J" ******* END TEXT: "of Teamsters Union (IBT) was tied to organized crime were made as early as the 1940s and 1950s. The "
9780814742303 - page_168: "START TEXT: 1958 report of the Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor Management Field (“Mc" ******* END TEXT: "arren Rudman:\nSENATOR RUDMAN: What was your job, your responsibility, what were you supposed to do?\n"
9780814742303 - page_169: "START TEXT: MR. ALLEN: I actually did anything that I was told to do, from murder to selling drugs, from extorti" ******* END TEXT: " at least 38 of the largest locals and a joint council in Chicago, Cleveland, New Jersey, New York, "
9780814742303 - page_170: "START TEXT: Philadelphia, St. Louis, and other major cities. Former Teamster President Roy L. Williams told the " ******* END TEXT: "nion and various of its area conferences, joint councils, locals and benefit funds.” The first RICO "
9780814742303 - page_171: "START TEXT: count charged that the organized-crime defendants, aided and abetted by the union defendants, “unlaw" ******* END TEXT: "cord could be supplemented with depositions obtained from Angelo Lonardo, Roy Williams, and others.\n"
9780814742303 - page_172: "START TEXT: As a remedy, the government asked for the removal of any IBT general executive board members found t" ******* END TEXT: "rrupt union officials (including the general president) and to veto appointments of union officials "
9780814742303 - page_173: "START TEXT: and expenditures of any union funds used to further racketeering activity. He was invested with all " ******* END TEXT: "endent administrator’s findings and sanctions for corruption, the GEB threatened to discontinue the "
9780814742303 - page_174: "START TEXT: International Teamster, a monthly newsletter. Siding with the administrator, the court found that th" ******* END TEXT: "on by the elections officer.\nThe 1991 election was vigorously contested by three serious candidates "
9780814742303 - page_175: "START TEXT: and a few minor ones.14 At the union nominating convention, Ron Carey, who carried the reform banner" ******* END TEXT: " and reasonable penalty to be imposed when a Union Officer … sees fit to hobnob with mob bosses and "
9780814742303 - page_176: "START TEXT: underlings—permanent debarment from the very union that he has tainted.”25 Officials who failed to m" ******* END TEXT: "responsibilities as the general president and the GEB. It can investigate corruption, issue written "
9780814742303 - page_177: "START TEXT: reports, and hold adjudicatory hearings in which binding decisions are rendered. One important diffe" ******* END TEXT: "nder the influence of organized crime. It will take continuing effort and a major commitment by the "
9780814742303 - page_178: "START TEXT: Carey regime to purge the mob from all these power bases. The Local 560 case demonstrates all too cl" ******* END TEXT: "st in ridding all organized-crime influence outweighed a union official’s right to associate freely\n"
9780814742303 - page_179: "START TEXT: United States ν. IBT, 754 F Supp 333 (SDNY 1990). (The district court affirmed the two-year suspensi" ******* END TEXT: "t, upon a vacancy in the union presidency, the commission met to choose the next president and then "
9780814742303 - page_180: "START TEXT: manipulated the delegate system through its control over many key locals to assure that individual’s" ******* END TEXT: "ted States ν. IBT, 787 F Supp 345 (SDNY), aff’d in part, vacated in part, 978 F2d 68 (2d Cir 1992).\n"
9780814742303 - page_181: "START TEXT: 23. See Investigations Officer ν. Calagna.\n24. “The Investigations Officer must establish just cause" ******* END TEXT: " F Supp 806 (SDNY 1992), aff’d, 12 F3d 360 (2d Cir 1993).\n31. See New York Times, 28 June 1993, Al.\n"
9780814742303 - page_182: "START TEXT: Appendix A\nCongressional Petition to Justice Department\nCongress of the United States\nWashington, DC" ******* END TEXT: "ems within the labor movement without unduly intruding into the operation of private organizations. "
9780814742303 - page_183: "START TEXT: Thus, we are very troubled by reports that the Department of Justice has chosen a broad and unpreced" ******* END TEXT: "goal of fostering an independent and democratic union movement. [Signed by 264 members of Congress]\n"
9780814742303 - page_184: "START TEXT: Appendix B\nAssociation for Union Democracy, Letter to Members of Congress\nAssociation for Union Demo" ******* END TEXT: "pinion and to take action that will help to combat racketeering in unions effectively and properly.\n"
9780814742303 - page_185: "START TEXT: I pose two questions: 1) In exercising your legislative powers, how do you propose to eradicate the " ******* END TEXT: "their assistance?\nSincerely yours,\nHerman Benson\nExecutive Director\nAssociation for Union Democracy\n"
9780814742303 - page_186: "START TEXT: Appendix C\nDeposition of Roy Williams\nQ. Mr. Williams: Did you know a man named Nick Civella?\nA. Yes" ******* END TEXT: "ity played it up big. That was my first impression that he might be a head of an undesirable group.\n"
9780814742303 - page_187: "START TEXT: Q. Was that Apalachin meeting in the late 1950s?\nA. Yes.\nQ. After that Apalachin meeting, did you me" ******* END TEXT: "ds.\nQ. Did there later come a time when you did contact Mr. Civella and ask for his help?\nA. Twice.\n"
9780814742303 - page_188: "START TEXT: Q. Can you describe those?\nA. Once was in San Francisco at a bad strike. I didn’t know anybody in Sa" ******* END TEXT: " you said.\nQ. The men in the back of the room, sir, do you know whether or not they were Teamsters?\n"
9780814742303 - page_189: "START TEXT: A. No, I do not.\nQ. Did you recognize them to be Teamsters?\nA. I didn’t even pay any attention wheth" ******* END TEXT: "out ten feet of my stool that I was sitting on. They told me that I was brought there for a reason. "
9780814742303 - page_190: "START TEXT: That I was going to have to cooperate closer with Nick Civella. I didn’t recognize any of them. I kn" ******* END TEXT: "ella and his friends?\nA. Mr. Hoffa said, “Roy, there are bad people. And they were here a long time "
9780814742303 - page_191: "START TEXT: before you and I come, and they’ll be here a long time after we’re gone.” He said, “They’re either i" ******* END TEXT: "o that effect. I don’t know what else it would have been. He just told me this was my share. Now, I "
9780814742303 - page_192: "START TEXT: believe it was the Argent Corporation and the Hacienda owned by—I forget his name now. A little lawy" ******* END TEXT: "out 1500 a month.\nQ. Mr. Williams, I’d like to refer you to your testimony at the deposition in the "
9780814742303 - page_193: "START TEXT: Salerno case starting on Page 129 and going on to Page 130, starting at Line 18 on Page 129 and cont" ******* END TEXT: "e that I said I became his boy.\nQ. You do recall giving that testimony; correct, sir?\nA. Yes, I do.\n"
9780814742303 - page_194: "START TEXT: Appendix D \nDeposition of Angelo Lonardo\nQ. You testified earlier about Milton Rockman. Directing yo" ******* END TEXT: "ill Presser was still living at the time—he was—and he agreed that Roy Williams would be all right.\n"
9780814742303 - page_195: "START TEXT: Q. After you had these conversations with Maishe Rockman, what did you do next?\nA. Well, we thought " ******* END TEXT: "re for mostly is to talk about Fitzsimmons is dying and talking about getting Roy Williams to run.”\n"
9780814742303 - page_196: "START TEXT: We told them that Maishe Rockman knew more about this union stuff than any one of us did, and we tho" ******* END TEXT: "ied with what went on.\n* * *\nQ. Did there come a time when you went to New York?\nA. Yes, there was.\n"
9780814742303 - page_197: "START TEXT: Q. Who went to New York?\nA. Milton Rockman, I, and John Tronolone met us at the airport. He arrived " ******* END TEXT: "zano hold in La Cosa Nostra at that time?\nA. He was a capo, had been a capo in the Genovese family.\n"
9780814742303 - page_198: "START TEXT: Q. Do you know if there was any familial relationship between Sammy Provenzano and Tony Provenzano?\n" ******* END TEXT: "ow, I’ll talk with them.”\nBut we told him that they agreed and that they would go along with Jackie "
9780814742303 - page_199: "START TEXT: Presser. He says, “Well, as far as I’m concerned, I’ll go along with it too. I’ll start doing the sa" ******* END TEXT: " Harold Friedman?\nA. Well, after Jackie Presser took his dad’s place Maishe was thinking of putting "
9780814742303 - page_200: "START TEXT: Harold Friedman with Jackie. So he went down to see Jackie Presser and he told him, he says “I think" ******* END TEXT: "Maishe—Nick Civella had talked to Maishe about talking to Bill Presser, and he says OK, he says, as "
9780814742303 - page_201: "START TEXT: soon as I get back to Cleveland I’ll talk to my brother-in-law and I’ll get back to you.\nQ. What pos" ******* END TEXT: "ent of the Stardust, each member, plus the skim money.\nQ. Who would get 10 percent of the Stardust?\n"
9780814742303 - page_202: "START TEXT: A. Cleveland would get 10, Chicago would get 10 I think. I think they got 10, I don’t know.\nQ. When " ******* END TEXT: "was asking you questions about skim money from the Stardust casino. Do you recall that questioning?\n"
9780814742303 - page_203: "START TEXT: A. Yes, I do.\nQ. Who among the La Cosa Nostra families collected the skim money?\nA. You mean who got" ******* END TEXT: "o ceased to be president of Local 436?\nA. Yeah, he died.\nQ. Who succeeded Babe Triscaro, if anyone?\n"
9780814742303 - page_204: "START TEXT: A. His son-in-law, Sam Busacca.\nQ. What role if any did the Cleveland La Cosa Nostra family play in " ******* END TEXT: "t from the Cleveland La Cosa Nostra family if any who dealt with Jackie Presser?\nA. Milton Rockman.\n"
9780814742303 - page_205: "START TEXT: Appendix E\nUnited States ν. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Appeal of Disciplinary Actions\n(" ******* END TEXT: "appeal, his understanding of the authority of the Independent Administrator and the district court:\n"
9780814742303 - page_206: "START TEXT: 7. I agree that this agreement will be submitted to the Independent Administrator for his review and" ******* END TEXT: "rdingly, the Independent Administrator denied counsel’s motion and ordered the hearing to continue.\n"
9780814742303 - page_207: "START TEXT: Parise then testified. Unable to challenge the tape and transcript of his philippic against Jones, h" ******* END TEXT: "e sole purpose of being “so ordered.”\n[1] Parise relies upon Paragraph 7 of the Proposed Agreement:\n"
9780814742303 - page_208: "START TEXT: I agree that this agreement will be submitted to the Independent Administrator for his review and ap" ******* END TEXT: "ent, the district court owed no deference to the Administrator’s decision to approve the Agreement.\n"
9780814742303 - page_209: "START TEXT: III. The Decision of the Independent Administrator\n[4] The Independent Administrator concluded that " ******* END TEXT: "tion. In so doing, Parise obviously acted in a manner that did not inure to the benefit of the IBT.\n"
9780814742303 - page_210: "START TEXT: Conclusion\nWe hold that the district court (1) had the authority to review the Proposed Agreement, a" ******* END TEXT: "r twenty-four months, and (4) preventing Local 473 from paying Parise’s attorney’s fees.\nAFFIRMED.\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_211: "START TEXT: 6The Dapper Don: United States ν. Gotti\n(Trial: February 1992)\nIntroduction\nUnited States ν. Gotti w" ******* END TEXT: "er. His personal style seemed calculated to call attention to himself.1 Flamboyant and vocal, Gotti "
9780814742303 - page_212: "START TEXT: enjoyed the stature of a folk hero in his neighborhood, the Howard Beach section of Queens, New York" ******* END TEXT: "n Hunt and Fish Club. James McElroy, a defector from the Westies (an Irish gang associated with the "
9780814742303 - page_213: "START TEXT: Gambino family), testified for the government that Gotti had hired them to carry out the attack. How" ******* END TEXT: "urthered its criminal activities were the actual and threatened use of violence, including murder.”\n"
9780814742303 - page_214: "START TEXT: The core of the thirteen counts in the superseding indictment was a RICO charge based on twelve pred" ******* END TEXT: "during the course of the trial.\nJudge Leo I. Glasser granted the government’s motion, rejecting the "
9780814742303 - page_215: "START TEXT: defense contentions that (1) there was no conflict of interest, (2) if there was a conflict of inter" ******* END TEXT: "s deal. Whether that will always be enough to protect against the possibility of perjured or shaded "
9780814742303 - page_216: "START TEXT: testimony can be debated.12 Moreover, the fact that the judge will ultimately sentence the witness a" ******* END TEXT: "ly made the opening statement and a portion of the rebuttal summation. Assistant U.S. Attorney John "
9780814742303 - page_217: "START TEXT: Gleeson carried the lion’s share of the government’s responsibilities. Anthony Cardinale and Albert " ******* END TEXT: "lations of the construction industry.\nGravano emphasized the importance of murder as a disciplinary "
9780814742303 - page_218: "START TEXT: mechanism in the Gambino family. The routine nature of capital punishment for family members is indi" ******* END TEXT: "l to the Second Circuit, including (1) disqualification of defense counsel; (2) admission of expert "
9780814742303 - page_219: "START TEXT: testimony; (3) jury instructions; (4) prosecutorial misconduct; (5) jury sequestration; (6) failure " ******* END TEXT: "re of Cosa Nostra and the Gambino crime family and the alleged crimality of its members were issues "
9780814742303 - page_220: "START TEXT: of fact and not subjects on which expert testimony was appropriate. Moreover, the defense argued tha" ******* END TEXT: "e related to the RICO enterprise in such a way that they become indirectly connected to each other.\n"
9780814742303 - page_221: "START TEXT: Prosecutorial Misconduct\nThe appellate court judges were clearly concerned with U.S. Attorney Malone" ******* END TEXT: "ng audiences in his neighborhoods and attracting national headlines as “the Dapper Don,” all of the "
9780814742303 - page_222: "START TEXT: successes of the 1980s might have been undermined. Organized crime might still have maintained its i" ******* END TEXT: "refused to testify for the government, the FBI feared for his life. He was murdered in August 1988.\n"
9780814742303 - page_223: "START TEXT: 4. In the past, Gotti was able to find out about law enforcement surveillance from a corrupt New Yor" ******* END TEXT: "ent between Gravano and the government needed the approval of the trial court before taking effect.\n"
9780814742303 - page_224: "START TEXT: 11. As of February 1994, Gravano had testified in at least four cases, and he still had not been sen" ******* END TEXT: "l. On September 26, 1994, Judge Glasser sentenced Sammy “the Bull” Gravano to five years in prison.\n"
9780814742303 - page_225: "START TEXT: Appendix AUnited States ν. John Gotti et al., Indictment\nTHE GRAND JURY CHARGES:\nIntroduction to All" ******* END TEXT: "Family, who were sometimes referred to collectively as the “administration,” supervised, supported, "
9780814742303 - page_226: "START TEXT: protected and disciplined the captains, soldiers and associates, and regularly received reports rega" ******* END TEXT: "amily’s corrupt control of union officials. Among the methods and means by which the members of the "
9780814742303 - page_227: "START TEXT: enterprise furthered its criminal activities were the threatened and actual use of violence, includi" ******* END TEXT: "ing that period revealed extensive narcotics trafficking by members of JOHN GOTTI’S crew, including "
9780814742303 - page_228: "START TEXT: Angelo Ruggiero, Gene Gotti and John Carneglia. In September of 1983, those three individuals and ot" ******* END TEXT: "t JOHN GOTTI, together with others, knowingly, wilfully and intentionally murdered Paul Castellano.\n"
9780814742303 - page_229: "START TEXT: Racketeering Act Two: Murder—Thomas Bilotti\n26. On or about December 16, 1985, JOHN GOTTI, together " ******* END TEXT: "cited, requested, importuned and otherwise attempted to cause John Gotti to engage in such conduct.\n"
9780814742303 - page_230: "START TEXT: Racketeering Act Six: Conspiracy to Murder and Murder—Louis DiBono\nA. Conspiracy to Murder\n34. Betwe" ******* END TEXT: "rough December 1990, JOHN GOTTI, FRANK LOCASCIO, SALVATORE GRAVANO and THOMAS GAMBINO knowingly and "
9780814742303 - page_231: "START TEXT: wilfully conducted, financed, managed, supervised, directed and owned an illegal gambling business, " ******* END TEXT: "OTTI, FRANK LOCASCIO and SALVATORE GRAVANO, together with others, knowingly, wilfully and corruptly "
9780814742303 - page_232: "START TEXT: endeavored to influence, obstruct and impede the due administration of justice with respect to the C" ******* END TEXT: "en, Conspiracy to Obstruct Justice; Count Twelve, Obstruction of Justice—The Thomas Gambino Trial.]\n"
9780814742303 - page_233: "START TEXT: Count Thirteen: Conspiracy to Defraud the United States\n75. Between in or about January 1985 and the" ******* END TEXT: "in ways designed to conceal those sources of income; and (f) failed to file any income tax returns.\n"
9780814742303 - page_234: "START TEXT: Appendix BUnited States ν. Salvatore Gravano, Plea Agreement\nPursuant to Rule 11 of the Federal Rule" ******* END TEXT: "ANO during the course of his cooperation will be used against him, except as provided in paragraphs "
9780814742303 - page_235: "START TEXT: 2 and 6 of this agreement. The Office will, however, inform the sentencing court of the nature and e" ******* END TEXT: " limited to, proceedings by the Internal Revenue Service relating to potential civil tax liability.\n"
9780814742303 - page_236: "START TEXT: Appendix CUnited States ν. Gotti and Locascio, Attorney Disqualification Ruling by Judge Leo Glasser" ******* END TEXT: "ust criminal verdicts is the same, whether Santangelo is the recipient of “benefactor payments” (an "
9780814742303 - page_237: "START TEXT: allegation not vigorously advanced by the prosecution) or whether he simply answers to Gotti rather " ******* END TEXT: "in this regard, assuring Gotti that he met with the lawyers “three times to tell them your credo in "
9780814742303 - page_238: "START TEXT: life.… But I made them understand: no concessions, everything is denied, everything is fought down t" ******* END TEXT: " that I don’t see.\nCUTLER: You got it, John.\nGOTTI: You understand?\nCUTLER: You got it, you got it.\n"
9780814742303 - page_239: "START TEXT: GOTTI: And that goes for either George and them, you know what I mean. I’m involved in this….\nIn dis" ******* END TEXT: "not argue against the existence of the charged RICO enterprise without becoming an unsworn witness.\n"
9780814742303 - page_240: "START TEXT: B. DR 5–102 of the Model Code of Professional Responsibility\nDisciplinary Rule 5–102(A) reads in per" ******* END TEXT: "as a witness raises the selfsame issues that compelled the earlier disqualifications in this case.\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_243: "START TEXT: 7A Post-1980 Bibliography of Organized Crime\nIntroduction\nPart 3 includes four organized-crime bibli" ******* END TEXT: "rces, it is reasonable to conclude that the list is comprehensive. Unfortunately, the list does not "
9780814742303 - page_244: "START TEXT: distinguish between Cosa Nostra and non-Cosa Nostra prosecutions; it also includes a number of prose" ******* END TEXT: "ranny” Curcio.\nUnited States ν. Salvadore C. Basso, No. B-85–72, D. Conn., 12/12/85. All defendants "
9780814742303 - page_245: "START TEXT: pled guilty in this RICO prosecution of the Connecticut branch of the Genovese family, for illegal g" ******* END TEXT: ", 6/19/86. All but two defendants were convicted in this RICO prosecution of the Gambino family for "
9780814742303 - page_246: "START TEXT: racketeering activities, including murder, extortion of local businesses, armed robbery, labor union" ******* END TEXT: "was indicted for possession of a sawed-off shotgun and for being a felon in possession of firearms.\n"
9780814742303 - page_247: "START TEXT: United States ν. Thomas Taylor, No. 84–126, W.D.N.Y., 5/15/84. Taylor pled guilty in this prosecutio" ******* END TEXT: "thers were indicted for diverting funds from Teamster Local 436 to pay for Busacca’s legal defense.\n"
9780814742303 - page_248: "START TEXT: United States ν. William E. Dileno, No. 88–001, N.D. Ohio, 1/8/88. This was a RICO prosecution of a " ******* END TEXT: "re charged and convicted of conspiracy, interstate gambling, and transportation of stolen property.\n"
9780814742303 - page_249: "START TEXT: United States ν. Carl DeLuna, No. 83–00124, W.D. Mo., 9/30/83. All major defendants pled guilty or w" ******* END TEXT: "our acts of cocaine dealing, extortion, loansharking, attempted murder, and obstruction of justice.\n"
9780814742303 - page_250: "START TEXT: United States ν. Vito Dominic Spillone, No. 84–693, C.D. Cal., 7/12/84. Spillone was convicted of RI" ******* END TEXT: "D. Fla., 5/27/87. Guarnieri was convicted for infringing trademarks by selling counterfeit watches.\n"
9780814742303 - page_251: "START TEXT: United States ν. Anthony Guarnieri, No. 87–6106, S.D. Fla., 5/27/87. Guarnieri pled guilty to conspi" ******* END TEXT: "fendants were acquitted on mail fraud, gambling, and drug dealing charges in this RICO prosecution.\n"
9780814742303 - page_252: "START TEXT: United States ν. Michael Taccetta, No. 86–218, D.N.J., 6/11/86. Taccetta pled guilty to false tax re" ******* END TEXT: "aud and for tax evasion.\nUnited States ν. Carmine Persico, No. S-84-CR-809, S.D.N.Y., 10/24/84. The "
9780814742303 - page_253: "START TEXT: Colombo family hierarchy, Persico, Gennaro Langella, and six others, were convicted in this RICO cas" ******* END TEXT: "nvolvement in drug, extortion, and gambling offenses and in fourteen murders and attempted murders.\n"
9780814742303 - page_254: "START TEXT: united States ν. Philip Testa, No. 81–00049, E.D. Pa., 2/19/81. This case was intended to encompass " ******* END TEXT: "rganized Crime Control Act: Colorado’s little RICO. Colorado Lawyer 18: 2077–78ff. (November 1989).\n"
9780814742303 - page_255: "START TEXT: Brady, James, Arson, urban economy, and organized crime: The case of Boston. Social Problems 31: 1–2" ******* END TEXT: " Hamilton, RICO: Oregon’s message to organized crime. Willamette Law Review 18: 1–22 (Winter 1982).\n"
9780814742303 - page_256: "START TEXT: Gerber, Ethan Brett, “A RICO you can’t refuse”: New York’s Organized Crime Control Act Brooklyn Law " ******* END TEXT: " racketeering activity under RICO. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 75: 893–939 (Fall 1984).\n"
9780814742303 - page_257: "START TEXT: Jenkins, P., and G. Potter, The politics and mythology of organized crime: A Philadelphia case study" ******* END TEXT: "en as weapons against union corruption: The Teamster. Labor Law Journal 40: 94–104 (February 1989).\n"
9780814742303 - page_258: "START TEXT: Martens, Frederick T., The illusion of success: A case study in the infiltration of legitimate busin" ******* END TEXT: "rting laws and the war on organized crime. Suffolk University Law Review 20: 1061–87 (Winter 1986).\n"
9780814742303 - page_259: "START TEXT: Palm, Craig W., RICO forfeiture and the Eighth Amendment: When is everything too much? University of" ******* END TEXT: "nfluenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (1970–1990). St. John’s Law Review 64: 701–951 (Fall 1990).\n"
9780814742303 - page_260: "START TEXT: Szasz, A., Corporations, organized crime, and the disposal of hazardous waste: an examination of the" ******* END TEXT: "ion, 1983.\n———. Poisoning for Profit: The Mafia and Toxic Waste in America. New York: Morrow, 1985.\n"
9780814742303 - page_261: "START TEXT: ———. The Business of Crime: A Documentary Study of Organized Crime in America. Boulder, CO: Westview" ******* END TEXT: "nized Crime and Its Containment: A Transatlantic Initiative. Boston: Kluwer Law and Taxation, 1991.\n"
9780814742303 - page_262: "START TEXT: Fox, Stephen. Blood and Power: Organized Crime in Twentieth-Century America. New York: Morrow, 1989." ******* END TEXT: "n, Virgil. The Mob: Two Hundred Years of Organized Crime in New York. Ottowa, IL: Green-Hill, 1983.\n"
9780814742303 - page_263: "START TEXT: Pileggi, Nicholas, and Henry Hill. Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985" ******* END TEXT: "zed Crime in Boxing: Final Boxing Report. Trenton, NJ: New Jersey Committee on Investigation, 1986.\n"
9780814742303 - page_264: "START TEXT: New York State Organized Crime Task Force. Corruption and Racketeering in the New York City Construc" ******* END TEXT: "diciary. Comprehensive Criminal Forfeiture Act of 1982: Report. 97th Cong., 2d Sess., Aug 10, 1982.\n"
9780814742303 - page_265: "START TEXT: ———. House Committee on Energy and Commerce. Organized-Crime Links to the Waste Disposal Industry: R" ******* END TEXT: "ICO Statute and Other Efforts against Organized Crime: Report. 101st Cong., 2d Sess., Aug. 1, 1990.\n"
9780814742303 - page_266: "START TEXT: ———. House Committee on the Judiciary. RICO Amendments Act of 1990: Report. 101st Cong., 2d Sess., O" ******* END TEXT: " the Chairman, Subcommittee on Criminal Law, Senate Judiciary Committee. Washington, DC: GAO, 1986.\n"
9780814742303 - page_267: "START TEXT: ———. Drug Investigations: Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force Program: A Coordinating Mechan" ******* END TEXT: "sion of New York Harbor. Annual Report. New York: Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor, 1980–81."
9780814742303 - page_268: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Contents\nPreface\nAcknowledgments\nPART I\n1. Introduction\nPART II\n2. Teamsters Local 560: United State" ******* END TEXT: "Decree\n3. The Commission: United States ν. Salerno\nAppendix A. United States ν. Salerno, Indictment\n"
9780814742303 - page_x: "START TEXT: Appendix B. Testimony of FBI Agent Joseph Pistone\nAppendix C. Testimony of Angelo Lonardo\nAppendix D" ******* END TEXT: "les, 1980–1993\nAppendix C. Books, 1980–1993\nAppendix D. Government Hearings and Reports, 1980–1993\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\n© 1994 by New York University Press\nAll rights reserved" ******* END TEXT: "hosen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_v: "START TEXT: From JBJ to Jan, Tom, and Sophi\nFrom CP to Mom, Dad, Karen Ann, and Nick\nFrom JW to my Mom and Dad" ******* END TEXT: "From JBJ to Jan, Tom, and Sophi\nFrom CP to Mom, Dad, Karen Ann, and Nick\nFrom JW to my Mom and Dad"
9780814742303 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_vii: "START TEXT: I’m not in the mood for the toys or games or kidding, no time. I’m not in the mood for clans. I’m no" ******* END TEXT: "been for the last sixty years.\n—Ronald Goldstock, Director,New York State Organized Crime Task Force"
9780814742303 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_i: "START TEXT: Busting the Mob" ******* END TEXT: "Busting the Mob"
9780814742303 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_269: "START TEXT: Index\nAckerman, Judge Harold, 34–37, 40, 67–71\nOpinion of, 43–66\nAdamita, Emanuele, 139\nAgenti, Thom" ******* END TEXT: "lvatore, 45–46, 48–49, 54–60, 63\nBrooklier, Dominick, 5\nBrooklyn Strike Force, 7\nBrowne, Thomas, 73\n"
9780814742303 - page_270: "START TEXT: Bruno, Angelo, 112\nBucknam, Robert, 134\nBuffalino, Russell, 5, 168\nBuffalo crime family, 5\nBurke, E." ******* END TEXT: "convicted, killed, 5, 211\nprosecutions of, xiii. See also Commission (the);\nOrganized crime familes\n"
9780814742303 - page_271: "START TEXT: Criminal enterprise(s), 15\nCosa Nostra as, 81–82\nCutler, Bruce, 212–14, 219, 236–39\nD’Amico, Toby, 5" ******* END TEXT: "Vito, 56, 82–83, 95, 112\nGenovese crime family, 5, 6, 32, 34, 36–38, 68–74, 81, 90, 95, 101, 112–13\n"
9780814742303 - page_272: "START TEXT: Giaccone, Philip, 97, 100, 109–10\nGiuliani, Rudolph, 20, 80–81, 86, 89, 133, 170\nGlasser, Judge Leo " ******* END TEXT: "internationalization of, 6, 143\nLaw enforcement agencies: cooperation among, 6, 16–17, 143\nlocal, 4\n"
9780814742303 - page_273: "START TEXT: Levai, Pierre, 134, 139–41\nLewis, John L., 43\nLicavoli, James (Jack), 5, 195, 202, 203\n“LILREX,” 25 " ******* END TEXT: "ganized crime control, 4, 14\nand civil liberties, 21–23\nhistory of, xi–xii\nsuccess of, 18–20, 23–24\n"
9780814742303 - page_274: "START TEXT: Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, 4, 8, 13\nOrganized crime families, 5, 7, 23\ndefections from, 7–" ******* END TEXT: "rren, 168–69\nRuggiero, Angelo, 143, 227–28\nRuggiero, Benjamin, 102–7\nRussotti, Sam, 5\nRyan, Pat, 17\n"
9780814742303 - page_275: "START TEXT: Sabato, Giuseppe, 71\nSabella, Mike, 56\nSt. Louis crime family, 5\nSalamone, Salvatore, 140\nSalerno, A" ******* END TEXT: "10\nU.S. ν. Adamita, 130, 144 n.2\nU.S. ν. Thomas Gambino, 231\nU.S. ν. Tieri, 14\nU.S. ν. Turkette, 10\n"
9780814742303 - page_276: "START TEXT: Valachi, Joseph, 13, 18\nVallee, Alfred, 39, 75–76, 78\nVastola, Gaetano, 214, 230, 232\nVictim and Wit" ******* END TEXT: "s Security Program, 7–8, 13–14, 18, 21, 215\nZalk, Marvin, 42 n.2, 72\nZips, 131–32\nZito, Benny, 164\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_1: "START TEXT: PART I" ******* END TEXT: "PART I"
9780814742303 - page_2: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_29: "START TEXT: PART II" ******* END TEXT: "PART II"
9780814742303 - page_30: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_241: "START TEXT: PART III" ******* END TEXT: "PART III"
9780814742303 - page_242: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Preface\nThe purpose of this book is to put the extraordinary law enforcement attack on Cosa Nostra s" ******* END TEXT: "ontemporary history of organized-crime control in the late twentieth century.* We hope that it will "
9780814742303 - page_xii: "START TEXT: stimulate others to take advantage of the tremendous opportunities for research in this area. There " ******* END TEXT: " its own right; all except the Local 560 case have generated journalistic or true-crime type books.\n"
9780814742303 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: Each chapter consists of an introductory essay and original source materials drawn from the indictme" ******* END TEXT: "ity that was magnified by the publicity he attracted in the national newspapers and news magazines.\n"
9780814742303 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: Part 3 consists of a post-1980 bibliography of organized-crime books, articles, and prosecutions. We" ******* END TEXT: "If this bibliography and this book encourage just a few more, our efforts will have been rewarded.\n\n"
9780814742303 - page_iii: "START TEXT: Busting the Mob\nUnited States ν. Cosa Nostra\nJames B. Jacobs\nwith Christopher Panarella and Jay Wort" ******* END TEXT: "e Mob\nUnited States ν. Cosa Nostra\nJames B. Jacobs\nwith Christopher Panarella and Jay Worthington\n\n\n"
9780814742358 - page_xv: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nAn earlier version of "The Pattern of the Myth of Narcissus in Daniel Deronda” appea" ******* END TEXT: "itorial staff at New York University Press for their assistance during the book publication process."
9780814742358 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814742358 - page_24: "START TEXT: ONESelf-Disorder and Aggression inAdam Bede\nAfter the completion of "Janet’s Repentance," the third " ******* END TEXT: "g in the open air. She also searched the Gentleman’s Magazine of 1799 for details of vegetation and "
9780814742358 - page_25: "START TEXT: weather for her setting. As Gordon Haight observes, "her concern for details helps explain the sense" ******* END TEXT: "nt of moral sympathy" (Gregor 24) on the part of all four major characters–Adam, Arthur, Hetty, and "
9780814742358 - page_26: "START TEXT: Dinah. Many twentieth-century readers have difficulty accepting Eliot’s message, however, because of" ******* END TEXT: "d work successfully" (Restoration 284). To Kohut, the role of parents is central in the development "
9780814742358 - page_27: "START TEXT: of a firm self-structure, which he believes depends more upon the effect of the child’s total enviro" ******* END TEXT: "–hence their banishment of her.\nAlthough Eliot seems to blame Hetty for her flaws, her presentation "
9780814742358 - page_28: "START TEXT: of the harsh family and social conditions that lie underneath the surface of the Eden-like county of" ******* END TEXT: " the delicate rose-scent of his hair was with her still" (195). Hetty is searching for her identity "
9780814742358 - page_29: "START TEXT: by attaching herself to Arthur, who has the established place in Hayslope that she longs for.\nHetty’" ******* END TEXT: "moon rules the tides" (216). Arthur replies after a narrative interlude, "A man may be very firm in "
9780814742358 - page_30: "START TEXT: other matters and yet be under a sort of witchery from a woman" (216). Arthur’s sense of being contr" ******* END TEXT: "hur’s failure to recognize his own frustrated sex drive, which Harris asserts has been "sublimated" "
9780814742358 - page_31: "START TEXT: into "sentimental musing over Hetty" ("Misuse" 45). Sexual fantasy and behavior can also serve as a " ******* END TEXT: "her (86). Adam focuses all his anger about his family situation on his father, although it is clear "
9780814742358 - page_32: "START TEXT: that his mother Lisbeth has her own problem of "idolatrous love" (87) for Adam and her obvious prefe" ******* END TEXT: "oward Hetty is related to his reluctance to be angry with his mother. His dream, which recounts the "
9780814742358 - page_33: "START TEXT: events in the Bede household shortly after Thias’s death, shows Adam’s close identification of Hetty" ******* END TEXT: "ial, when it becomes clear that Hetty is guilty, "It was the supreme moment of his suffering: Hetty "
9780814742358 - page_34: "START TEXT: was guilty, and he was silently calling to God for help" (481). Later, in the "upper room" scene wit" ******* END TEXT: "nsequence of his aggressive intrusion on her relationship with Arthur; thus Eliot’s attempt, in her "
9780814742358 - page_35: "START TEXT: reworking of the themes of Milton’s epic, to show Adam’s transformation in terms of the nineteenth-c" ******* END TEXT: "saved" and "will have to stand before God dressed in [her] sins." Toward the end of Dinah’s pointed "
9780814742358 - page_36: "START TEXT: message, which, as Christopher Herbert suggests, amounts to "an attack" on her (415), Bessy bursts i" ******* END TEXT: "believes that Arthur and Adam have the capacity to make the right decision. Dinah’s behavior toward "
9780814742358 - page_37: "START TEXT: Bessy and Hetty indicates that she thinks they are lost souls incapable of any right behavior withou" ******* END TEXT: "times Mrs. Poyser refers angrily to Dinah’s asceticism (121, 236, 518), as though she is aware that "
9780814742358 - page_38: "START TEXT: there is something wrong with Dinah’s failure to acknowledge any normal physical needs. Dinah’s deni" ******* END TEXT: "hey come across to the reader. F. R. Leavis is among those who have pointed to a "distinctive moral "
9780814742358 - page_39: "START TEXT: preoccupation" (28) which, as Barbara Hardy suggests, leads Eliot to idealize certain "charmless" ch" ******* END TEXT: " I will argue that the author’s aggression, like that of the characters in this novel, derives from "
9780814742358 - page_40: "START TEXT: her sense of disconnection from parent figures, beginning with the sense of separation from her moth" ******* END TEXT: "s turn innocent victims into scapegoats in order to compensate for their own sense of inadequacy.\n\n\n"
9780814742358 - page_41: "START TEXT: TWONarcissistic Rage in The Mill onthe Floss\nGeorge Eliot began The Mill on the Floss in January 185" ******* END TEXT: "lier novelists who presented details "incidentally, as part of the realistic picture," she presents "
9780814742358 - page_42: "START TEXT: them as "causally connected to the formation of the characters." He praises the "rich surface textur" ******* END TEXT: "e of such a sentiment for the affianced of a friend under whose roof she was, was a treachery and a "
9780814742358 - page_43: "START TEXT: meanness according to the Ethics of Art, and nothing can afterwards lift the character into the same" ******* END TEXT: "s drawn to Tom, the "arrogant-vindictive person . . . because [she] needs to be protected by and to "
9780814742358 - page_44: "START TEXT: live vicariously through someone who can master life aggressively" (170). Both Paris and Emery empha" ******* END TEXT: "nning to her father: she "hid her face on his shoulder and burst out into loud sobbing" (125). When "
9780814742358 - page_45: "START TEXT: Maggie pushes the family’s model female, Lucy, in the "cow-trodden mud" (164) as a way of getting ba" ******* END TEXT: "ponds with both "fight" and "flight": after she lets the rabbits die, she runs to Luke’s house, and "
9780814742358 - page_46: "START TEXT: then upstairs to the attic when Tom refuses to forgive her; when her relatives criticize her, she ru" ******* END TEXT: "l think it’s a judgment on me as I've got such a child–they'll think I've done summat wicked" (78).\n"
9780814742358 - page_47: "START TEXT: Maggie is said to resemble Mr. Tulliver’s sister, who suffers the disgrace of marriage to a poor man" ******* END TEXT: " to count on her ailing father’s customary warmth to distract her from her predicament, is becoming "
9780814742358 - page_48: "START TEXT: weighed down by her family’s disgrace. Her father is unresponsive to "her little caresses" (371) and" ******* END TEXT: "ared her for a new cycle: her sense of inferiority, exacerbated by her father’s financial fall, his "
9780814742358 - page_49: "START TEXT: illness, and her own self-deprivation and recent growth into "early womanhood" (393), are motivating" ******* END TEXT: "o express aggression toward him.\nMaggie meets Philip again a few years later on one of her solitary "
9780814742358 - page_50: "START TEXT: walks in the "Red Deeps." Although Philip initiates their conversation, Maggie, glad to see him desp" ******* END TEXT: "e end of the conversation, in which Philip continues to argue against her determination to renounce "
9780814742358 - page_51: "START TEXT: him, Maggie finally gives in to his suggestion that he continue to walk in the woods and meet her "b" ******* END TEXT: "alk of either to me or my father? By disobeying and deceiving us. I have a different way of showing "
9780814742358 - page_52: "START TEXT: my affection." Maggie’s response, "Because you are a man, Tom, and have power, and can do something " ******* END TEXT: "critics to be an unlikely object of her affections, the reasons for her involvement with him become "
9780814742358 - page_53: "START TEXT: clear if the relationship is seen in the context of Maggie’s recurring cycles of submission and rage" ******* END TEXT: "ats the pattern of the gypsy incident: angry with her family and jealous of Lucy, she pushes her in "
9780814742358 - page_54: "START TEXT: the mud, runs away to the gypsies, where she fantasizes that she is queen–"in Lucy’s form" (Emery 38" ******* END TEXT: "ngry sometimes at the sight of happy people" (481). She feels that she has slipped back "intodesire "
9780814742358 - page_55: "START TEXT: and longing" (482). When she goes for a ride in the boat with Stephen and Lucy, "She felt lonely, cu" ******* END TEXT: "ain, just before the last boat ride, Maggie feels "that she was being led down the garden … by this "
9780814742358 - page_56: "START TEXT: stronger presence that seemed to bear her along without any act of her own will" (588). Maggie exper" ******* END TEXT: "k together feeling "that long grave mutual gaze which has the solemnity belonging to all deep human "
9780814742358 - page_57: "START TEXT: passion." When they pause to look at some flowers, Stephen, overwhelmed by the strength of their fee" ******* END TEXT: "es away with Stephen (632); Tom, whose happiness over regaining the mill is destroyed by her flight "
9780814742358 - page_58: "START TEXT: with Stephen, and who, it is implied, is already hurting from his own loss of Lucy to Stephen (501)." ******* END TEXT: "dependence (622), she thinks of Dr. Kenn, the Anglican clergyman she met at Lucy’s bazaar, and "the "
9780814742358 - page_59: "START TEXT: momentary feeling of reliance that had sprung in her when he was talking with her." She determines t" ******* END TEXT: "inal embrace, emphasize Maggie’s need to be reunited with Tom, whom no other man can replace. David "
9780814742358 - page_60: "START TEXT: Smith, describing the relationship between Maggie and Tom as incestuous, sees the flood scene as the" ******* END TEXT: "the relationship between personal need and artistic shaping at each stage of the novel (179). Emery "
9780814742358 - page_61: "START TEXT: refers to a particular point at the beginning of chapter 13 in Book VI, when Maggie and Stephen drif" ******* END TEXT: "h she could transfer the strong feelings of her childhood. In any case, she responded with alacrity "
9780814742358 - page_62: "START TEXT: to a new set of friends, particularly including Charles Bray, whom she met with his wife in November" ******* END TEXT: "). During this time her moods vacillated widely: at times she seemed extremely depressed (264, 265) "
9780814742358 - page_63: "START TEXT: and at times almost elated at the opportunity to be with him in his suffering (283, 284). Yet more t" ******* END TEXT: " home repeats, perhaps with added intensity, the pattern of her earlier emotional involvements with "
9780814742358 - page_64: "START TEXT: married men. The fact that Chapman, a "notorious philanderer," to use Haight’s words, already had no" ******* END TEXT: "ter his rejection of her love) reveals the intensity of her feeling for him at the time: "I want to "
9780814742358 - page_65: "START TEXT: know if you can assure me that you will not forsake me, that you will always be with me as much as y" ******* END TEXT: "ing a divorce later (132). In July 1854, when he and Marian decided to take a trip to the Continent "
9780814742358 - page_66: "START TEXT: together, the couple left for Germany by boat, where, in Haight’s words, "Like Maggie and Stephen Gu" ******* END TEXT: "self-image of her youth onto her character Maggie Tulliver. By rationalizing Maggie’s behavior with "
9780814742358 - page_67: "START TEXT: Philip, Stephen, and Dr. Kenn, Eliot justifies her own pattern of behavior, including her choice of " ******* END TEXT: "awed by decreasing control over the narrative as the novel approaches its deus ex machina ending.\n\n\n"
9780814742358 - page_68: "START TEXT: THREELoss, Anxiety, and Cure:Mourning and Creativity inSilas Marner\nAfter the completion of The Mill" ******* END TEXT: "qtd. in Haight, Biography 334).\nEliot explains in her journal that the idea of writing Silas Marner "
9780814742358 - page_69: "START TEXT: "thrust itself" upon her shortly after the September move, during the time when she was preparing to" ******* END TEXT: " by relating its concern with the theme of betrayal to the pain of losses that Eliot had repressed. "
9780814742358 - page_70: "START TEXT: In so doing, I will draw on the writings of Sigmund Freud, the studies of contemporary psychologists" ******* END TEXT: "erstood except by those who have undergone a bewildering separation from a supremely loved object." "
9780814742358 - page_71: "START TEXT: Silas would look out "not with hope, but with mere yearning and unrest" (166).\nEliot’s presentation " ******* END TEXT: "ing up to his departure from Lantern Yard, Silas’s "impressible self-doubting nature" and "trusting "
9780814742358 - page_72: "START TEXT: simplicity" are contrasted with William’s "over-severity towards weaker brethren" and self-assurance" ******* END TEXT: "tinually reinforces the other.\nIn his classic case study, Notes Upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis "
9780814742358 - page_73: "START TEXT: (1909), Freud observed that compulsive actions, felt by a person to be out of his control, represent" ******* END TEXT: "solation. For a few moments after, he stood motionless; but the cry had relieved him from the first "
9780814742358 - page_74: "START TEXT: maddening pressure of the truth" (93). Later, in a reflective passage elaborating the change in Sila" ******* END TEXT: "lf had depended to a great extent on his environment, finally grows into "a new sense of wholeness" "
9780814742358 - page_75: "START TEXT: (Cohen 419), or "into the community and into a sense of continuity with the past" (Shuttleworth 280)" ******* END TEXT: "ne 1841, she refers to her sister’s domestic life as "one continued endurance" (95). In October she "
9780814742358 - page_76: "START TEXT: expresses sympathy for her troubles: "My dear Sister is rather an object of solicitude on many accou" ******* END TEXT: " from Chrissey, who was very ill, and who expressed regret that she had "ever ceased to write . . . "
9780814742358 - page_77: "START TEXT: one who under all circumstances was kind to me and mine" (Letters 3:26). When Chrissey died shortly " ******* END TEXT: " study of the earlier novel, Maggie finds in Tom a symbolic replacement for both mother and father, "
9780814742358 - page_78: "START TEXT: who have proven to be disappointing parent figures. In Silas Marner, Silas finds in the golden-haire" ******* END TEXT: "well"–a circumstance which probably explains the development of her intense attachment to her older "
9780814742358 - page_79: "START TEXT: brother Isaac, "the dominating passion of her childhood," as Haight describes it (6, 5). Eliot’s mot" ******* END TEXT: "cticing" subphase, that circumstances caused Eliot’s mother to withdraw from her–a possibility that "
9780814742358 - page_80: "START TEXT: is also suggested by Bowlby’s studies of the adverse effects on the surviving children of mothers wh" ******* END TEXT: " for adults, and others whose symptoms include sleep disturbances. Finally, she writes of one child "
9780814742358 - page_81: "START TEXT: whose combined separation and castration anxieties were reflected in his need to have everything "in" ******* END TEXT: "n "all fours," she rises to her feet and toddles toward the light gleaming from the door of Silas's "
9780814742358 - page_82: "START TEXT: cottage (165). She is soon discovered by Silas, who cares for her, is allowed by the villagers to ke" ******* END TEXT: " a time to risk losing touch with her. Moreover, the letter was written very close to the twentieth "
9780814742358 - page_83: "START TEXT: anniversary of Chrissey’s wedding date, May 30, 1837, and close to the anniversary of their father’s" ******* END TEXT: " the truth o' the robbery, nor whether Mr. Paston could ha' given me any light about the drawing o' "
9780814742358 - page_84: "START TEXT: the lots. It’s dark to me, Mrs. Winthrop, that is; I doubt it'll be dark to the last" (240-41). Sila" ******* END TEXT: "hment between Silas and Eppie).\nEliot is also like Freud’s "patient" who "cannot remember the whole "
9780814742358 - page_85: "START TEXT: of what is repressed" and "must repeat the repressed material as a contemporary experience" (18:18)." ******* END TEXT: "thrust upon her a work of art that illuminates as it enacts its own progress toward self-healing.\n\n\n"
9780814742358 - page_100: "START TEXT: his rage at his loss is all that is left to nurture him, and he nurtures it in return. "I am not alo" ******* END TEXT: "ays the inflated self-concept, the need for adulation, and the sense of his right to control others "
9780814742358 - page_101: "START TEXT: that characterize a narcissistic personality. In a discussion of group psychology, Chessick describe" ******* END TEXT: "led against his society’s controlling authority figures, ultimately failed to do. In the "Epilogue, "
9780814742358 - page_102: "START TEXT: however, Romola is reconciled to Savonarola’s role as temporary father in her life. She recognizes t" ******* END TEXT: "desire to go up to her and get her pretty trusting looks and prattle" (201). He reflects that "when "
9780814742358 - page_103: "START TEXT: all the rest had turned their backs upon him, it would be pleasant to have this little creature ador" ******* END TEXT: "also be said that the "pale and sombre" look of the surroundings, along with the broken statues and "
9780814742358 - page_104: "START TEXT: Bardo’s "moneyless" state (93, 92), convey the picture of a powerless old man, effectively castrated" ******* END TEXT: ". Tito’s betrothal gift, the triptych of Bacchus and Ariadne, also suggests that he intends to be a "
9780814742358 - page_105: "START TEXT: replacement for Dino, whose crucifix he locks away, to help Romola forget her brother’s ominous deat" ******* END TEXT: "nary altruism, echo the critical assessments of the endings of Adam Bede and The Mill on the Floss.\n"
9780814742358 - page_106: "START TEXT: The failed resolution of Romola is comparable to that of Adam Bede in that it is related to the auth" ******* END TEXT: "oing betrayals. In both novels, passivity remains the solution for hostility and/or inner conflict.\n"
9780814742358 - page_107: "START TEXT: Unlike Kohut, Kernberg stresses that it is essential for narcissistic personalities to confront thei" ******* END TEXT: "d "slipped away from her. The vision of any great purpose . . . was utterly eclipsed for her now by "
9780814742358 - page_108: "START TEXT: the sense of a confusion in human things which made all effort a mere dragging at tangled threads" (" ******* END TEXT: "e death of someone with whom there has been, until the loss, a close relationship (175), as was the "
9780814742358 - page_109: "START TEXT: case with Eliot and her father. He also explains that a protracted period of dying maximizes in the " ******* END TEXT: "nd with unusual frequency and intensity among writers who . . . lost their mothers early on" (146). "
9780814742358 - page_110: "START TEXT: Aberbach also writes that "insofar as creativity derives from loss, the quality of the art reflects " ******* END TEXT: "sion, almost certainly indicates her still incomplete success in mastering her own sense of loss.\n\n\n"
9780814742358 - page_86: "START TEXT: FOURPathological Narcissism inRomola\nLiterary critics of Romola, whatever their persuasion, agree th" ******* END TEXT: "literary form (5) than on his interest in history. In a chapter on Romola, Sanders stresses Eliot's "
9780814742358 - page_87: "START TEXT: particularly "profound and pervasive debt to Scott." As her biographers attest, she began reading Sc" ******* END TEXT: "firms Eliot’s own statement that "there is scarcely a phrase, an incident, an allusion that did not "
9780814742358 - page_88: "START TEXT: gather its value to me from its supposed subservience to my main artistic purpose" (Letters 4:97). B" ******* END TEXT: "historians as a prophet and vilified by others as a self-deluded fantast (Weinstein 4, 5). Although "
9780814742358 - page_89: "START TEXT: Eliot shares Pasquale Villari’s interpretation [Life and Times of Girolamo Savonarola 1859, 1861], w" ******* END TEXT: "nteen or eighteen" (93), the daughter of an obsessive blind scholar, Bardo. Her father has provided "
9780814742358 - page_90: "START TEXT: her with an education, with the result that she is able to be a substantial help to him in his work " ******* END TEXT: " interpretation will extend such discussions of Eliot’s portrayal of aggression in Romola, first by "
9780814742358 - page_91: "START TEXT: examining Tito’s characterization from the perspective of Otto F. Kernberg’s study of pathological n" ******* END TEXT: "connection with specific disturbances in their object relationships" (17). Pathological narcissism, "
9780814742358 - page_92: "START TEXT: as he defines it, is characterized by the simultaneous development of pathological forms of self-lov" ******* END TEXT: "ogical fusion between ideal self, ideal object, and actual self images prevents such integration of "
9780814742358 - page_93: "START TEXT: the superego" (232). The felt sense of emptiness, then, reflects the reality of the narcissistic per" ******* END TEXT: "ter their shipwreck. Like Kernberg’s narcissistic personality projecting his aggression onto others "
9780814742358 - page_94: "START TEXT: and feeling only paranoid fear in himself, Tito does not think of committing murder himself: "All ot" ******* END TEXT: " that will lie with a dimpled smile–eyes of such agate-like brightness and depth that no infamy can "
9780814742358 - page_95: "START TEXT: dull them–cheeks that will rise from a murder and not look haggard" (87). His remarks occur just bef" ******* END TEXT: "ogical Bacchus, about whom she did considerable research (Bonaparte, Triptych 63-64), convey Tito's "
9780814742358 - page_96: "START TEXT: psychological situation. Two elements in the Bacchic tradition seem especially pertinent in this reg" ******* END TEXT: "g a wine-cup, in the attitude of triumphant joy, but with his face turned away from the cup with an "
9780814742358 - page_97: "START TEXT: expression of such intense fear in the dilated eyes and pallid lips, that he felt a cold stream thro" ******* END TEXT: " and cruel wrong, had reared him tenderly, and been to him a father." Tito now feels, however, that "
9780814742358 - page_98: "START TEXT: "Baldassarre was exacting, and had got stranger as he got older: he was constantly scrutinising Tito" ******* END TEXT: " Tito: "I was a loving fool–I worshipped a woman once, and believed she could care for me; and then "
9780814742358 - page_99: "START TEXT: I took a helpless child and fostered him; and I watched him as he grew, to see if he would care for " ******* END TEXT: "rate need for a "draught of sweetness." When Tito abandons him, he is left alone with his own need; "
9780814742358 - page_111: "START TEXT: FIVEFear of the Mob in Felix Holt\nAfter Romola was published in July 1863, Eliot and Lewes became bu" ******* END TEXT: " for an "English story" kept intruding on her, as Silas Marner had done when she was trying to work "
9780814742358 - page_112: "START TEXT: on Romola(381). By March 29, 1865, she had begun a new novel; her "English story" became her "politi" ******* END TEXT: "ing ties that bind them. Sharing Dickens’s vision of an organic society, Eliot applies the theme of "
9780814742358 - page_113: "START TEXT: responsibility in Felix Holt to the working man, whom she urges to educate himself before demanding " ******* END TEXT: " and agrarian values to the new leadership of the middle class" (Vance 103). In so doing, the novel "
9780814742358 - page_114: "START TEXT: juxtaposes two sets of characters–those representing the declining old order, who live at the countr" ******* END TEXT: "t know that she is an adopted child; Rufus has only told her that her mother was a Frenchwoman, who "
9780814742358 - page_115: "START TEXT: died when she was about five years old (161). Like Mrs. Transome, Rufus is burdened by the secret of" ******* END TEXT: "in society about what is right and what is wrong, what is honourable and what is shameful" (400-1).\n"
9780814742358 - page_116: "START TEXT: Election Day puts Felix’s capacity to control his rage to the test. The 1832 election riot in Nuneat" ******* END TEXT: "hecking the safety of the neighborhood and reassuring his mother, he goes out to look after Esther, "
9780814742358 - page_117: "START TEXT: with whom he shares his fears that the situation might worsen again (415-17)\nBy the time Felix retur" ******* END TEXT: "p-visaged men who loved the irrationality of riots for something else than its own sake, and who at "
9780814742358 - page_118: "START TEXT: present were not so much the richer as they desired to be" begins to lead the crowd to Treby Manor. " ******* END TEXT: ", rather than as exercising the self-control that she is attempting to advocate to the working man.\n"
9780814742358 - page_119: "START TEXT: After the portrayal of the election riot, the author retreats not only from the subject of her prota" ******* END TEXT: " other. Esther begins to sense that "if Felix Holt were to love her, her life would be exalted into "
9780814742358 - page_120: "START TEXT: something quite new," and Felix feels that "there was a new tie of friendship between them" (327).\nE" ******* END TEXT: "orn, unworldly man became the object of a new sympathy in which Esther felt herself exalted" (354).\n"
9780814742358 - page_121: "START TEXT: That afternoon, Felix pays a call, and, sensing in Esther the agitation that had accompanied her sud" ******* END TEXT: "nd Harold courts her. On her first visit to her father’s house, she is dismayed to learn that Felix "
9780814742358 - page_122: "START TEXT: assumes she will marry Harold; on her second visit, she asks to go with Rufus to visit Felix; at thi" ******* END TEXT: "’s decision to leave behind the lost mother is analogous to Eppie’s movement away from the deceased "
9780814742358 - page_123: "START TEXT: mother in Silas Marner. The new novel, Felix Holt, thus repeats the pattern of the earlier one.\nElio" ******* END TEXT: "aken a conservative turn.\nThe pattern of Eliot’s relationship with her conservative family suggests "
9780814742358 - page_124: "START TEXT: that the radical views of her young-adult years developed in response to her increasing sense of ali" ******* END TEXT: "td. in Haight, Biography 48).\nEliot’s increasingly liberal ideas about marriage were another aspect "
9780814742358 - page_125: "START TEXT: of her rebellion against her family, whose chief concern, as Cara expressed it, seemed to be that sh" ******* END TEXT: "ce in her education. It was Miss Lewis who recommended to her father that she attend the Franklins' "
9780814742358 - page_126: "START TEXT: school in Coventry, where she went on to excel in composition, piano, and painting, and where she be" ******* END TEXT: "e perhaps the most convincing [of the effectiveness of the technique of word association]; they run "
9780814742358 - page_127: "START TEXT: off so quickly and proceed with such incredible certainty to a hidden goal that the effect is really" ******* END TEXT: " academically very successful. Yet, as the pattern of her development suggests, her opportunity for "
9780814742358 - page_128: "START TEXT: further intellectual growth was more than likely accompanied by increased anxiety at the prospect of" ******* END TEXT: "ld thus be said to be a projection of her fear of the powerful impulses coming from within herself.\n"
9780814742358 - page_129: "START TEXT: Fifteen is another number that seems to hold significance for the author at this time. In Felix Holt" ******* END TEXT: "ocess which is reflected in the repeating patterns that can be discerned in an artist’s work (615).\n"
9780814742358 - page_130: "START TEXT: The past that is repeated in the present in Felix Holt is both political and psychological, but it i" ******* END TEXT: "king man’s mob as it does in the decadence of the aristocratic Transome Court. Felix Holt, with its "
9780814742358 - page_131: "START TEXT: "incomplete fusion" of the personal and political sides of the narrative, reveals the author’s under" ******* END TEXT: "f individuation is perceived to be the sense of disconnection that follows from the loss of love.\n\n\n"
9780814742358 - page_132: "START TEXT: SIXThe Vast Wreck of AmbitiousIdeals in Middlemarch\nAfter the publication of Felix Holt, George Elio" ******* END TEXT: "time-schemes and character relationships in the novel. Two notebooks which record Eliot’s extensive "
9780814742358 - page_133: "START TEXT: literary and historical research from the period 1868 to 1871 have been transcribed and edited by Jo" ******* END TEXT: "liot’s unconvincing characterization of Will Ladislaw, the second husband of her heroine, Dorothea. "
9780814742358 - page_134: "START TEXT: Closely related to the issue of Ladislaw’s characterization is the frequent criticism that Dorothea’" ******* END TEXT: "s whom he had met during his student days in Paris, before he came to Middlemarch. Laure had played "
9780814742358 - page_135: "START TEXT: the part in a melodrama of a woman who accidentally kills her lover by "mistaking him for the evil-d" ******* END TEXT: "he does "in essence if not in fact, [slowly] murder Lydgate," as Suzanne C. Ferguson puts it (513).\n"
9780814742358 - page_136: "START TEXT: The story of Lydgate and Laure in Paris thus contains what turns out to be Lydgate’s lifelong psycho" ******* END TEXT: " enactment of the oedipal fantasy; thus the scene suggests the oedipal guilt that is the adolescent "
9780814742358 - page_137: "START TEXT: son’s reaction to the father’s death. Yet in the disguised oedipal scene of the melodrama, it is the" ******* END TEXT: "pathetically, first, [in French], 'The idea came to me!,' and then, ’I intended to kill her'" (86).\n"
9780814742358 - page_138: "START TEXT: Psychoanalysts in the twentieth century can explain a sudden, irresistible impulse to kill as a mani" ******* END TEXT: "s, "Brothers are so unpleasant" (125). Certainly she is unable to feel concern for her brother Fred "
9780814742358 - page_139: "START TEXT: during his illness; she can think only of the opportunity it will provide her to be near his doctor," ******* END TEXT: " strength of the gander" (391).\nRosamond’s capacity for murder without apparent motive is suggested "
9780814742358 - page_140: "START TEXT: by the incident of her self-induced miscarriage, which occurs after she goes horseback riding agains" ******* END TEXT: "l bathing-place," and had written a treatise on gout, "a disease which has a good deal of wealth on "
9780814742358 - page_141: "START TEXT: its side"; but he had always thought of himself as a failure: "He had not done what he once meant to" ******* END TEXT: "nalized that making profits out of "lost souls" might be "God’s way of saving his chosen." Thus the "
9780814742358 - page_142: "START TEXT: practice of his religion became bound up with his dishonest dealings. Over the years since that time" ******* END TEXT: " his own "diseased motive," offers him the loan he needs, and Lydgate, unsuspecting, accepts (761).\n"
9780814742358 - page_143: "START TEXT: Bulstrode begins to administer the opium according to Lydgate’s directions. He soon feels so tired t" ******* END TEXT: "ed, "since they were about twelve years old and had lost their parents, on plans at once narrow and "
9780814742358 - page_144: "START TEXT: promiscuous, first in an English family and afterwards in a Swiss family at Lausanne, their bachelor" ******* END TEXT: "nt and strange to me" (238).\nPerhaps Dorothea’s most surprising trait, in light of her idealism and "
9780814742358 - page_145: "START TEXT: her tendency toward renunciation, is her quick anger. When she finally agrees to accept only a ring " ******* END TEXT: "s her advance. Her reaction is to feel "a rebellious anger stronger than any she had felt since her "
9780814742358 - page_146: "START TEXT: marriage" (463). "In such a crisis," we are told, "some women begin to hate" (464). Dorothea, howeve" ******* END TEXT: "ast wreck of ambitious ideals, sensuous and spiritual, mixed confusedly with the signs of breathing "
9780814742358 - page_147: "START TEXT: forgetfulness and degradation, at first jarred her as with an electric shock, and then urged themsel" ******* END TEXT: "the poets had much exaggerated the force of masculine passion" [87]) is her self-punishment for her "
9780814742358 - page_148: "START TEXT: oedipal guilt; her marriage to Casaubon serves to repeat and reinforce her sense of loss.\nDorothea’s" ******* END TEXT: "lienation at Featherstone’s funeral, feels "a part of that involuntary, palpitating life" (845-46).\n"
9780814742358 - page_149: "START TEXT: In Emery’s view, Dorothea’s confrontation of primal-scene emotions after she sees Ladislaw and Rosam" ******* END TEXT: "ddlemarch to the structure of a dream. He observes that "in the novel’s multiform connective tissue "
9780814742358 - page_150: "START TEXT: . . . each character possesses something of each of the others. They are 'various small mirrors' ref" ******* END TEXT: "is soul," he determines to stay in Middlemarch to protect her from "whatever fire-breathing dragons "
9780814742358 - page_151: "START TEXT: might hiss around her" (510-11). Soon after, however, when he goes to church to get a glimpse of Dor" ******* END TEXT: "f her own fantasies. Ladislaw is the child in Laure’s drama, and Dorothea, like Lydgate, identifies "
9780814742358 - page_152: "START TEXT: with him. Thus after Casaubon’s death she chooses to marry someone in her own situation: a psycholog" ******* END TEXT: "Laure, Rosamond, and Bulstrode while absolving Dorothea and Ladislaw of even the thought of murder, "
9780814742358 - page_153: "START TEXT: creating a world in which all the characters' lives are closely interconnected is an attempt at rein" ******* END TEXT: "in the novel, and the sense of shared loss between Eliot and Lewes before and during the writing of "
9780814742358 - page_154: "START TEXT: Middlemarch, which helps to explain the "melancholy" tone of the novel.\nIn January 1869, close to th" ******* END TEXT: "do little writing; it took even longer for Lewes to recover his capacity to work on his Problems of "
9780814742358 - page_155: "START TEXT: Life and Mind. In March they went again to the Continent, returning home on May 6. During the summer" ******* END TEXT: " that the loss of Thornie occurred in the context of revived feelings associated with the losses of "
9780814742358 - page_156: "START TEXT: other family members, particularly her father, whom she had also nursed for a long time while he was" ******* END TEXT: "ceased parents. The interconnecting characters in the novel are in similar predicaments. Bulstrode, "
9780814742358 - page_157: "START TEXT: the orphan who aspires to be a missionary, gives up his vocation when he is offered the opportunity " ******* END TEXT: ""the most ungentlemanly trick a man can be guilty of is to come among the members of his profession "
9780814742358 - page_158: "START TEXT: with innovations which are a libel on their time-honoured procedure" (487), and another describes th" ******* END TEXT: "ne, leaves behind only a "vast wreck of ambitious ideals" set "in the midst of a sordid present."\n\n\n"
9780814742358 - page_159: "START TEXT: SEVENThe Pattern of the Myth ofNarcissus in Daniel Deronda\nShortly after the completion of Middlemar" ******* END TEXT: "aveled to Wiltshire, including Salisbury, Stonehenge, Devizes, and Marlborough, where she gained "a "
9780814742358 - page_160: "START TEXT: rich store of material to draw from for the background of Daniel Deronda”(475). For legal details, s" ******* END TEXT: " Isaacs, an American Jew at the Theological Seminary in Breslau; and Abraham Benisch, editor of the "
9780814742358 - page_161: "START TEXT: Jewish Chronicle(Haight, Biography 486). It is worth noting also that Sigmund Freud held in high reg" ******* END TEXT: "mage, Gwendolen is cured of her narcissistic disorder and begins to grow into a mature adult with a "
9780814742358 - page_162: "START TEXT: capacity to care for herself and others. A consideration of both the myth and the psychoanalytic the" ******* END TEXT: " her mother’s first and most favored child, the "pet and pride of the household." She thinks of her "
9780814742358 - page_163: "START TEXT: four younger sisters, the children of her mother’s second marriage, as "superfluous." She is in the " ******* END TEXT: "y suffers the financial loss, Gwendolen feels sorry for herself, as "rightfully the chief object of "
9780814742358 - page_164: "START TEXT: her mamma’s anxiety" (45). When Rex falls in love with her, she cannot understand what he feels beca" ******* END TEXT: " (as portrayed by Eliot) that is integral to her disorder, which so mysteriously combines coldness, "
9780814742358 - page_165: "START TEXT: fear, and rage. Her father had died when she was still in "long clothes" (52), and she has no memory" ******* END TEXT: "nn, when Gwendolen learns of the loss of the family fortune, she decides to sell a necklace made of "
9780814742358 - page_166: "START TEXT: turquoises "that had belonged to a chain once her father's. But she had never known her father; and " ******* END TEXT: "d has to be led away from the group (91). Eliot comments on Gwendolen’s recurring fears, "when, for "
9780814742358 - page_167: "START TEXT: example she was walking without companionship and there came some rapid change in the light. Solitud" ******* END TEXT: "urn be reactivated later by frequent household moves–the loss of familiar, comforting surroundings.\n"
9780814742358 - page_168: "START TEXT: Eliot’s portrayal of Gwendolen in her social setting provides still another reason for her sense of " ******* END TEXT: "wendolen a Medusa, or symbolic mother figure, who turns Gwendolen to stone in her relationship with "
9780814742358 - page_169: "START TEXT: Grandcourt by claiming him, the father figure, for herself. Lydia convinces Gwendolen that Grandcour" ******* END TEXT: "comes nearly unbearable, as she begins to wish for his death, which seems to Gwendolen the only way "
9780814742358 - page_170: "START TEXT: out of her predicament. The wish for the father’s death is associated with the fear of the mother’s " ******* END TEXT: " that exists between his father and his mother. This sets the stage for the oedipus complex" (Segal "
9780814742358 - page_171: "START TEXT: 103). Although other theorists may differ from Klein on the timing of the Oedipus complex, most, inc" ******* END TEXT: "., she is overly compliant). Echo is infatuated with Narcissus; she is also trapped inside herself, "
9780814742358 - page_172: "START TEXT: unable to express her feelings for him. She is forced by Juno into a passive role for encouraging Jo" ******* END TEXT: " in the neurotic individual" (Erich Stern, qtd. in Rank xviii). Rank also emphasizes the connection "
9780814742358 - page_173: "START TEXT: between narcissism and the fear of death. He writes that "the idea of death … is denied by a duplica" ******* END TEXT: "a fused and condensed symbol of both father and mother, a man "moved by an affectionateness such as "
9780814742358 - page_174: "START TEXT: we are apt to call feminine" (367). He is the first person apart from her mother that Gwendolen feel" ******* END TEXT: "ir meetings have "a diffusive effect in her consciousness, magnifying their communication with each "
9780814742358 - page_175: "START TEXT: other, and therefore enlarging the place she imagined it to have in his mind" (647). Deronda respond" ******* END TEXT: "is deepest interest in the fates of women–'perhaps my mother was like this one'”(231). Yet there is "
9780814742358 - page_176: "START TEXT: something beyond this need to rescue in his attraction to Gwendolen–"something due to the fascinatio" ******* END TEXT: "e parallel: a father’s oppression is a factor in the "failure" of a daughter’s "maternal instinct."\n"
9780814742358 - page_177: "START TEXT: After Deronda directly confronts his mother’s rejection, he becomes free of her hold on his mind. He" ******* END TEXT: "l Deronda, then, is in the psychological situation of the characters. Each must find a way to leave "
9780814742358 - page_178: "START TEXT: behind old, disappointing parental images and find replacements that will be sustaining throughout a" ******* END TEXT: "ovel, with its unconventional ending, reflects a "more acute assessment of marriage and of marriage "
9780814742358 - page_179: "START TEXT: plots" than do the "conventional modes of closure employed by the [Victorian] novel’s standard love-" ******* END TEXT: "opment proceed" seems indebted to Goethe’s idea, expressed in the German epigraph of chapter 39, of "
9780814742358 - page_180: "START TEXT: placing oneself "before a wise man." He observes that "Gwendolen places herself before Deronda and h" ******* END TEXT: "fiction, finally "passed through [her] crisis of alienation so that she [might] possess herself."\n\n\n"
9780814742358 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nForeword by Jeffrey Berman\nAcknowledgments\nIntroduction\nONESelf-Disorder and Aggression in " ******* END TEXT: "itious Ideals in Middlemarch\nSEVENThe Pattern of the Myth of Narcissus in Daniel Deronda\nConclusion\n"
9780814742358 - page_viii: "START TEXT: Works Cited\nIndex\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Works Cited\nIndex\n\n\n"
9780814742358 - page_181: "START TEXT: Conclusion\nAt the end of 1877, the year of Blackwood’s publication of the "Cabinet Edition" of Georg" ******* END TEXT: "After a week of reading for consolation, she set herself the task of completing Lewes’s Problems of "
9780814742358 - page_182: "START TEXT: Life and Mind, by "revising and putting in order for the press such portions of his manuscript as ar" ******* END TEXT: "self of the present opportunity to break the long silence which has existed between us, by offering "
9780814742358 - page_183: "START TEXT: our united and sincere congratulations" (280). Eliot responded, "It was a great joy to me to have yo" ******* END TEXT: "ed on some of the ways in which aggression is portrayed in George Eliot’s novels. In Adam Bede, the "
9780814742358 - page_184: "START TEXT: interconnecting characters in the village of Hayslope express aggression indirectly in their victimi" ******* END TEXT: "to her mother, her reaction to the experience of being sent away from the family to boarding school "
9780814742358 - page_185: "START TEXT: at age five was, as suggested by Bowlby’s findings on the cumulative effects of childhood separation" ******* END TEXT: "enerally withheld educational and vocational opportunities from women; her sister Chrissey, who was "
9780814742358 - page_186: "START TEXT: said to be her mother’s favorite of the two girls, and who had apparently identified with her mother" ******* END TEXT: "ng an eighth baby" (Mitt 139, 136). In Middlemarch, more positive memories of Chrissey take form in "
9780814742358 - page_187: "START TEXT: Celia, Dorothea’s level-headed (but by implication, more ordinary) sister. Images of Eliot’s brother" ******* END TEXT: "ach stress the fact that Freud began writing The Interpretation of Dreams, in which he recounts his "
9780814742358 - page_188: "START TEXT: discovery of the Oedipus complex, in response to the death of his father in 1896. As Freud himself w" ******* END TEXT: "ears, following Thornie’s death, Eliot would conceive out of two separate works "one great novel of "
9780814742358 - page_189: "START TEXT: provincial life," Middlemarch, which became her masterpiece, and which, through the stories of its i" ******* END TEXT: "oed her sense of banishment from her mother’s company following the twins' deaths. The significance "
9780814742358 - page_190: "START TEXT: for the author of the dates and numbers used in Felix Holt, which tells the story of an election rio" ******* END TEXT: " when he discovered the Oedipus complex as he analyzed his own dream material, is an example of how "
9780814742358 - page_191: "START TEXT: the mind associates loss with the oedipal drama. The conflicting love-hate (or longing and anger) im" ******* END TEXT: "ried in the spring of 1841, the twentieth anniversary of the twins' deaths. Mr. Evans’s decision to "
9780814742358 - page_192: "START TEXT: move with Mary Ann to Coventry on March 17, close to the day of the births on March 16, taken togeth" ******* END TEXT: "ogress of her novels leaves the reader with the sense of "life releasing itself from integumemt”–la "
9780814742358 - page_193: "START TEXT: feeling that reflects the psychological reality of the process of the author’s gradual release from " ******* END TEXT: "sense of personal fulfillment. Her life, by any measure, was a personal and professional success.\n\n\n"
9780814742358 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\n© 1994 by New York UniversityAll rights reserved\nLibrar" ******* END TEXT: "  5     4     3     2     1\nFor the Class of 1958University City High School, St. Louis, Missouri\n\n\n"
9780814742358 - page_iii: "START TEXT: The Transformation of Rage\nMourning and Creativity in George Eliot’s Fiction\nPeggy Fitzhugh Johnston" ******* END TEXT: "ransformation of Rage\nMourning and Creativity in George Eliot’s Fiction\nPeggy Fitzhugh Johnstone\n\n\n\n"
9780814742358 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Foreword\nAs New York University Press inaugurates a new series of books on literature and psychoanal" ******* END TEXT: "Goethe, and Dostoevsky, and was himself a master prose stylist, the recipient of the coveted Goethe "
9780814742358 - page_x: "START TEXT: Prize in 1930. When he was considered for the Nobel Prize, it was not for medicine but for literatur" ******* END TEXT: "y narcissistic, devoted to the pleasure principle, intuiting mysterious truths which they could not "
9780814742358 - page_xi: "START TEXT: rationally understand. "Kindly nature has given the artist the ability to express his most secret me" ******* END TEXT: "in the sense of a universitas literarum, between medical science and the branches of learning which "
9780814742358 - page_xii: "START TEXT: lie within the sphere of philosophy and the arts" (SE 17173). Regrettably, he did not envision in th" ******* END TEXT: "s given way to newer relational models such as object relations, self psychology, and interpersonal "
9780814742358 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: psychoanalysis, affirming the importance of human interaction. Many early psychoanalytic ideas, such" ******* END TEXT: "ity and sorrow" (143n.).\nJEFFREY BERMANProfessor of EnglishState University of New York at Albany\n\n\n"
9780814742358 - page_i: "START TEXT: The Transformation of Rage\n" ******* END TEXT: "The Transformation of Rage\n"
9780814742358 - page_ii: "START TEXT: Literature and Psychoanalysis\nGENERAL EDITOR: JEFFREY BERMAN\n1. The Beginning of Terror: A Psycholog" ******* END TEXT: "ransformation of Rage: Mourning and Creativity in George Eliot’s Fiction\nPEGGY FITZHUGH JOHNSTONE\n\n\n"
9780814742358 - page_203: "START TEXT: Index\nAdam Bede, 3, 21, 22, 24–40, 41, 42, 43, 76–77, 86, 94, 105–6, 133, 183, 186, 187\n"Address to " ******* END TEXT: "t, 62, 69, 87, 108, 155, 185, 192\nand Eliot’s mother, 78–81, 129, 184–85,187\nDepressive position, 5\n"
9780814742358 - page_204: "START TEXT: Dickens, Charles: Bleak House, 112, 128, 130\ncomments on Bede, 25\non Scenes, 20\nDickinson, Emily, 13" ******* END TEXT: "ssion; Eliot, George, loss; Loss\nFairbairn, W. R. D., 11\nFelix Holt, 22, 111–31, 132, 160, 187, 190\n"
9780814742358 - page_205: "START TEXT: Fenichel, Otto, 73, 147, 153, 165–66\nFeuerbach, Ludwig, 17\nFranklins' School, 13, 125, 127\nFraser’s " ******* END TEXT: "ve to North Bank, 111\nLoss, 3\nBowlby on, 11, 77, 80, 83, 108–9, 129, 192\nand characters in Deronda,\n"
9780814742358 - page_206: "START TEXT: Loss, (Continued) 165–67, 173,\nMamer, 74,\nMiddlemarch, 134, 136, 137, 147, 148, 152\nFreud on, 71, 73" ******* END TEXT: "uss, Friedrich, 15, 62\nTractatus Theologico-Politicus, 16\nTransference, 38, 173, 174, 178, 180, 191\n"
9780814742358 - page_207: "START TEXT: Transmuting internalization, 9, 38, 164, 175, 180, 191\nTrauma, 10, 71, 73, 126, 134, 137, 152, 184, " ******* END TEXT: "91\nWallington’s Boarding School, 12, 20, 112, 127\nWestminster Review, 16, 17, 18, 63–66, 109, 125\n\n\n"
9780814742358 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\nGeorge Eliot’s fiction synthesizes the intellectual currents of the nineteenth century." ******* END TEXT: " art: the complex designs of her novels, the unifying imagery and symbolism, the rich sense of time "
9780814742358 - page_10: "START TEXT: environment." At the same time, through the process of transmuted internalization that occurs in the" ******* END TEXT: "Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety(2:27). The child’s reaction to separation, Bowlby observes, also "
9780814742358 - page_11: "START TEXT: includes anger. Like Kohut, Bowlby has moved away from the traditional psychoanalytic drive theory o" ******* END TEXT: "Warwickshire (Midlands) household in 1819, her first major early childhood loss, as I will argue in "
9780814742358 - page_12: "START TEXT: my chapter on Silas Marner, seems to have been her sense of disconnection from her mother following " ******* END TEXT: " extraordinary capacity for psychological analysis (9). When she had mastered the offerings at Mrs. "
9780814742358 - page_13: "START TEXT: Wallington’s school, her parents were advised to send her to the Misses Franklins' school in Coventr" ******* END TEXT: "d, signed her name in the register for the first time without the final e (22). Cross writes of the "
9780814742358 - page_14: "START TEXT: wedding day that "one of Mr. Isaac Evans’s most vivid recollections is that on the day of the marria" ******* END TEXT: ", and the narrow field it presented for observation of society, added immeasurably to the intensity "
9780814742358 - page_15: "START TEXT: of a naturally keen mental vision, concentrating into a focus what might perhaps have become dissipa" ******* END TEXT: "and essays in the Coventry Herald. Toward the end of her father’s life, she found solace in work on "
9780814742358 - page_16: "START TEXT: a translation of Spinoza’s Tractatus Theologico-Politicus. She suffered a severe reaction to Mr. Eva" ******* END TEXT: "household, Marian also formed her lifelong friendships with Herbert Spencer and George Henry Lewes. "
9780814742358 - page_17: "START TEXT: The friendship with Lewes became a love affair, probably by the fall of 1853, when Marian moved into" ******* END TEXT: "lation of Spinoza’s Ethics, translated passages of Goethe for Lewes’s biography, and when Lewes was "
9780814742358 - page_18: "START TEXT: ill, wrote down articles that he dictated. She also read intensively, especially in German literatur" ******* END TEXT: "he publication of her last novel, Daniel Deronda, twenty years later, in 1876, signified a (perhaps "
9780814742358 - page_19: "START TEXT: partial) resolution of her sense of loss, as well as the fulfillment of her hard-won sense of identi" ******* END TEXT: "fil’s Love Story," was drawn from memories of the Reverend Bernard Gilpin Ebdell, the vicar who had "
9780814742358 - page_2: "START TEXT: and place that her writing evokes, and the psychological insight that distinguishes her characteriza" ******* END TEXT: "ied by the author, and the ways in which it affects the author’s creative process. While I began by "
9780814742358 - page_20: "START TEXT: christened Mary Anne; as Haight stresses, however, "the plot is entirely imaginary" (221). In the th" ******* END TEXT: "ed, "The real town was more vicious than my Milby; the real Dempster more disgusting than mine; the "
9780814742358 - page_21: "START TEXT: real Janet alas! had a far sadder end than mine" (347). At this point, Lewes added (in a separate le" ******* END TEXT: "itional work, written as Eliot was beginning to move toward the writing of her more complex novels, "
9780814742358 - page_22: "START TEXT: Romola, Felix Holt, Middlemarck, and Daniel Deronda. All of these later novels involved more researc" ******* END TEXT: "a and Felix Holt present serious problems; some even consider one or both to be failures. Yet after "
9780814742358 - page_23: "START TEXT: attempting to work through the difficulties presented by those novels, Eliot was prepared to write h" ******* END TEXT: "o write the kind of book that I would like to read myself. I hope my readers will find it useful.\n\n\n"
9780814742358 - page_3: "START TEXT: applying the theories of two contemporary psychoanalysts, Otto F. Kernberg and Heinz Kohut, to my st" ******* END TEXT: " not yet complete. Pollock’s assertion that the repeating patterns in an artist’s creative work are "
9780814742358 - page_4: "START TEXT: manifestations of the mourning process (1:127), taken together with the psychoanalytic literature on" ******* END TEXT: " with her rival the emphasis on the importance for development of the child’s interactions with the "
9780814742358 - page_5: "START TEXT: mother. However, in contrast to Anna Freud, who emphasized the relationship between the child’s inne" ******* END TEXT: "e also wanted to pursue her interest in psychoanalysis. Following her emigration from Vienna to the "
9780814742358 - page_6: "START TEXT: United States (via London) in 1938, her professional interest gradually shifted from her research an" ******* END TEXT: "er’s intent. Indeed, what Mahler and the attachment theorists have in common is their understanding "
9780814742358 - page_7: "START TEXT: of the young child’s development as necessarily occurring in relation to the people in his/her envir" ******* END TEXT: "self-concept thus consists of a confusion and distortion of self and parent images. Kernberg is not "
9780814742358 - page_8: "START TEXT: certain of the cause of this pathological fusion of early self and object images, although his clini" ******* END TEXT: "of retaining the concepts of traditional psychoanalysis, while adding to them what he sees as a new "
9780814742358 - page_9: "START TEXT: dimension of self-psychology. To cite an example: Kohut views the Oedipus complex in the context of " ******* END TEXT: "uct and work through "the traumatic states of early life" that resulted from the "noxious childhood "
9780814742358 - page_194: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814742358 - page_195: "START TEXT: Works Cited\nAberbach, David. Surviving Trauma: Loss, Literature and Psychoanalysis. New Haven: Yale " ******* END TEXT: "Carroll, David. "Felix Holt: Society as Protagonist." Nineteenth-Century Fiction 17 (1962): 237-52.\n"
9780814742358 - page_196: "START TEXT: Carroll, David, ed. George Eliot: The Critical Heritage. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1971.\nCaserio, Ro" ******* END TEXT: "Haven: Yale University Press, 1955-78.\n———. Middlemarch. Ed. W. J. Harvey. New York: Penguin, 1965.\n"
9780814742358 - page_197: "START TEXT: ———. The Mill on the Floss. Ed. A. S. Byatt. New York: Penguin, 1979.\n———. Romola. Ed. Andrew Sander" ******* END TEXT: "Library, 1942.\nHardy, Barbara. "Implication and Incompleteness in Middlemarch.” In Particularities: "
9780814742358 - page_198: "START TEXT: Readings in George Eliot. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1982.\n———. "Introduction." Daniel Der" ******* END TEXT: "George Eliot’s Early Novels: The Limits of Realism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968.\n"
9780814742358 - page_199: "START TEXT: Kohut, Heinz. The Analysis of the Self. New York: International Universities Press, 1971.\n———. How D" ******* END TEXT: "ress of Kentucky, 1987.\nMintz, I. L. "The Anniversary Reaction: A Response to the Unconscious Sense "
9780814742358 - page_200: "START TEXT: of Time." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 19/4 (1971): 720-35.\nMundhenk, Rosemary" ******* END TEXT: "ress, 1986.\nRussell, Gillian A. "Narcissism and the narcissistic personality disorder: A comparison "
9780814742358 - page_201: "START TEXT: of the theories of Kernberg and Kohut." British Journal of Medical Psychology 58 (1985): 137-49.\nSan" ******* END TEXT: " George Eliot: A Writer’s Notebook, 1854-1879. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1981.\n"
9780814742358 - page_202: "START TEXT: Werman, David S., and Theodore J. Jacobs. "Thomas Hardy’s 'The Well-Beloved' and the Nature of Infat" ******* END TEXT: "8 (1985): 126–44.\nYoung-Bruehl, Elizabeth. Anna Freud: A Biography. New York: Summit Books, 1988.\n\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nA book is never written alone. Like a child, it takes a community to bring it to mat" ******* END TEXT: "ane Hamilton the first author owes a particular thanks for inviting him to meetings at her house in "
9780814746622 - page_x: "START TEXT: Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It was in the Human Ecology Action League (HEAL) group meetings that the ini" ******* END TEXT: "rd your stories. We hope that you find yourself and your body represented in this book. Thank you.\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_209: "START TEXT: Bibliography\nAd Hoc Committee on Environmental Hypersensitivity Disorders. 1985. “A Report to the Mi" ******* END TEXT: "Society. London: Sage.\n——. 1995. Ecological Enlightenment. Atlantic Highland, NJ: Humanities Press.\n"
9780814746622 - page_210: "START TEXT: Berger, Peter, and Thomas Luckmann. 1966. Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise on the Sociolog" ******* END TEXT: "omic Characteristics of Communities with Hazardous Waste Sites. Cleveland: United Church of Christ.\n"
9780814746622 - page_211: "START TEXT: Conrad, Peter, and Joseph W. Schneider. 1990. Deviance and Medicalization: From Badness to Sickness." ******* END TEXT: "niversity of California Press.\nDubos, René. 1959. The Mirage of Health. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.\n"
9780814746622 - page_212: "START TEXT: Duehring, Cindy, and Cynthia Wilson. 1994. The Human Consequences of the Chemical Problem. White Sul" ******* END TEXT: ", NJ: Prentice-Hall.\nGeertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.\n"
9780814746622 - page_213: "START TEXT: ——. 1983. Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New York: Basic Books.\nGibbs" ******* END TEXT: " Ecology: Environmental Medicine or Unsubstantiated Theory.” Annals of Internal Medicine 111:104–6.\n"
9780814746622 - page_214: "START TEXT: Kozak, David. 1994. “Reifying the Body through the Medicalization of Violent Death.” Human Organizat" ******* END TEXT: "e Sanitation Landfill, Hanover, Adams County, Pennsylvania,” CERCLIS NO. PADO54IRS781, November 10.\n"
9780814746622 - page_215: "START TEXT: Mitchell, Frank L., ed. 1995. Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: A Scientific Overview. Washington, DC: " ******* END TEXT: "EC Physician Practices and Attitudes Regarding Multiple Chemical Sensitivity.” In Multiple Chemical "
9780814746622 - page_216: "START TEXT: Sensitivity: A Scientific Overview, edited by Frank L. Mitchell, 51–66. Washington, DC: U.S. Departm" ******* END TEXT: "ty of Minnesota Press.\nTerr, Abba J. 1987. “Multiple Chemical Sensitivities: Immunological Critique "
9780814746622 - page_217: "START TEXT: of Clinical Ecology Theories and Practice.” Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews 2:683–94" ******* END TEXT: "4.\n——. 1982. “The Anthropologies of Illness and Sickness.” Annual Review of Anthropology 11:257–85.\n"
9780814746622 - page_218: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_17: "START TEXT: 1Environmental Illness as a Practical Epistemology and a Source of Professional Confusion\n“Listen to" ******* END TEXT: "ships to the materials of modern life: office buildings, houses, shopping malls, yards and gardens, "
9780814746622 - page_18: "START TEXT: common consumer products, and so on. Importantly, what medical science knows about the etiology, pat" ******* END TEXT: "sistently reveal common patterns. Discrete people, without recruitment ideologies typical of social "
9780814746622 - page_19: "START TEXT: movements, are thinking about their troubles in an essentially similar manner.\nOne explanation for t" ******* END TEXT: "on’t dismiss these people, they are truly ill,” admits a prominent allergist and medical researcher "
9780814746622 - page_20: "START TEXT: who speaks for the majority of practicing physicians, “but batteries of chemical tests can’t pinpoin" ******* END TEXT: "ory, another premise of MCS is that each chemical irritant may trigger a different constellation of "
9780814746622 - page_21: "START TEXT: symptoms in each person and that every system in the body can be adversely affected. Thus, combinati" ******* END TEXT: "lifestyle changes rather than drugs, surgery, or other invasive therapies (Bascom 1989; Ashford and "
9780814746622 - page_22: "START TEXT: Miller 1991; Kroll-Smith and Ladd 1993). Healing the body is specifically not an invasive procedure." ******* END TEXT: "urviving by escaping from it.\nWhether they manage their symptoms by escaping society or challenging "
9780814746622 - page_23: "START TEXT: it, or some combination of the two, the environmentally ill are forced to carve up the meaning of sp" ******* END TEXT: "Network lists multiple support groups for people with EI in forty-four of the fifty states. Support "
9780814746622 - page_24: "START TEXT: groups also meet in Finland, Germany, Australia, Canada, Denmark, New Zealand, France, Mexico, Belgi" ******* END TEXT: "e on top of, adjacent to, or near an uncontrolled hazardous waste site (1980; see also Szasz 1994).\n"
9780814746622 - page_25: "START TEXT: Finally, consider a series of troubling statistics culled from several sources:\n• In 1940 the annual" ******* END TEXT: "st, it is possible to imagine how a person might link an array of bizarre and debilitating symptoms "
9780814746622 - page_26: "START TEXT: to a disease theory based on a premise that the body is exposed to an extraordinary number of chemic" ******* END TEXT: "is not possible to determine the accuracy of the information that is available. (Bascom 1989, 2–19)\n"
9780814746622 - page_27: "START TEXT: Not surprisingly, the author concludes her report by observing that not enough is known about CHS “t" ******* END TEXT: " warranted at both the state and federal levels” (Ashford and Miller 1991, v). For others, however,\n"
9780814746622 - page_28: "START TEXT: a great deal more research is needed before there will even be a consensus on a definition of chemic" ******* END TEXT: "or medical practice. The theoretical basis for ecologic illness in the present context has not been "
9780814746622 - page_29: "START TEXT: established as factual, nor is there satisfactory evidence to support the actual existence of … mala" ******* END TEXT: " Letz 1989, 105).4 Adding insult to injury, an allergist reports that he can reduce the symptoms of "
9780814746622 - page_30: "START TEXT: the disorder by “deprogramming” patients who internalize “environmental illness beliefs” (Selner 198" ******* END TEXT: " with the environmental causes of disease (Simon, Katon, and Sparks 1990; see also Simon 1995, 45).\n"
9780814746622 - page_31: "START TEXT: What are we to make of this confusing array of biological and psychological accounts of EI? Those in" ******* END TEXT: "e also that the patient is nonreactive to any conventional treatment plan the physician prescribes. "
9780814746622 - page_32: "START TEXT: The complaints persist. Finally, imagine that the patient has a theory that explains the origins of " ******* END TEXT: "icially recognized as a disease. The environmentally ill body is, of course, anything but flexible. "
9780814746622 - page_33: "START TEXT: But something more basic than an abstract political economy is at work here.\nHoward’s unfortunate pr" ******* END TEXT: "r words, is a medical anomaly; and like all scientific anomalies it is approached as an “untruth, a "
9780814746622 - page_34: "START TEXT: should-be-solvable-but-is-unsolvable problem, a germane but unwelcome result” (Mastermind 1970, 83)." ******* END TEXT: "g in the presence of consumer items commonly regarded as safe and in ordinary environments commonly "
9780814746622 - page_35: "START TEXT: regarded as benign. Consider, for example, the following field note describing an incident that occu" ******* END TEXT: "s on him. He explained how the air circulator in the living room was pointing at my back and facing "
9780814746622 - page_36: "START TEXT: him. Thus, it blew the offgassing ink from the point of my pen toward him.\nJack’s carefully thought-" ******* END TEXT: " biomedicine to lobby for the transformation of their illness experiences into an official disease.\n"
9780814746622 - page_37: "START TEXT: Environmental Illness as a Practical Epistemology\nWhat is true for Jack is true for thousands of peo" ******* END TEXT: "nment is limited to people educated and licensed by the state to speak the language of biomedicine.\n"
9780814746622 - page_38: "START TEXT: It is the chemically reactive, however, and not the medical profession, who are classifying and expl" ******* END TEXT: "dard way of talking for me; and still is.” The efforts of the environmentally ill to find the words "
9780814746622 - page_39: "START TEXT: necessary to apprehend their misery constitute one part of this study; the specific ways they use th" ******* END TEXT: "ut how institutions learn in a historical period wherein nonexperts wield languages of expertise to "
9780814746622 - page_40: "START TEXT: persuade influential others to modify their habits, regulations, and laws.\nNarratives of the Environ" ******* END TEXT: "in the interpretive strategies people use for understanding their bodies and environments. Next, we "
9780814746622 - page_41: "START TEXT: examined two biographies written by people with EI (Lawson 1993; Crumpler 1990) and again found cons" ******* END TEXT: " we searched Med File and other library databases for medical studies of MCS. We also purchased the "
9780814746622 - page_42: "START TEXT: Chemical Injury Information Network’s bibliography on toxic chemicals and human health, which contai" ******* END TEXT: "in a broader historical movement identified by Alain Touraine as the return of the Subject (1995).\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_43: "START TEXT: 2Chemically Reactive Bodies, Knowledge, and Society\nWhat will become of … thought itself when it is " ******* END TEXT: "more than a skirmish of words waged between outlying detachments of opposing forces. The chemically "
9780814746622 - page_44: "START TEXT: reactive on one side, armed with their somatic experiences, borrowed biomedical interpretations, and" ******* END TEXT: "e true. Assume people really do become sick from exposure to a seemingly endless array of chemicals "
9780814746622 - page_45: "START TEXT: found in ordinary environments. Assume the chemicals that cause illness are present in the environme" ******* END TEXT: "severely reacts to ordinary commercial furniture designed to offer it at least a modicum of rest; a "
9780814746622 - page_46: "START TEXT: body that responds violently to air passed through conventional heating and cooling systems designed" ******* END TEXT: "s that are petitioned to accommodate them. These official and unofficial judges hear both accounts, "
9780814746622 - page_47: "START TEXT: the marginalized voices of the environmentally ill and their allies on one side and the powerful voi" ******* END TEXT: "red in sociology with some variant of the word symbol. We “have” bodies because we talk about them. "
9780814746622 - page_48: "START TEXT: Indeed, bodies are fabricated in talk; they are, literally, figures of speech, tropes, embodied conv" ******* END TEXT: "ocal expectations about behavior.\nA state’s bureau of vital statistics, on the other hand, issues a "
9780814746622 - page_49: "START TEXT: certificate that literally licenses the body but does so anonymously, abstractly, without face, if y" ******* END TEXT: "ho dissolves the chasm between instrumental rationality and communal, experiential history, figures "
9780814746622 - page_50: "START TEXT: prominently in the narratives of the environmentally ill. People who explain the origins of their so" ******* END TEXT: "tions, she found baking soda comparatively nontoxic and buys it in bulk at her local grocery store:\n"
9780814746622 - page_51: "START TEXT: On one occasion I was bringing a five-pound box of baking soda to the checkout line and my body bega" ******* END TEXT: "roblem to him so he would understand that she was “not crazy and not blaming the store.” She wrote:\n"
9780814746622 - page_52: "START TEXT: I have a new disease called environmental illness. I got it when I was exposed to the chemicals 2,4-" ******* END TEXT: "d as having nothing to do with the store. Her symptoms suggest several possible standard biomedical "
9780814746622 - page_53: "START TEXT: explanations, including grand mal seizures, epilepsy, or hysteria, that locate the causes of her dis" ******* END TEXT: "d her immune system and thus weakened her body’s ability to fend off chemicals. Finally, while Joan "
9780814746622 - page_54: "START TEXT: is unable to find a cure for her MCS, she has developed several strategies for managing her symptoms" ******* END TEXT: "ernative strategy for creating and politically employing instrumental, rational knowledge in modern "
9780814746622 - page_55: "START TEXT: society. As we have defined the term here, constructing a practical epistemology may be said to begi" ******* END TEXT: "t of disease, illness is a residual category. It is a necessary, but rarely privileged, concomitant "
9780814746622 - page_56: "START TEXT: of the simple fact that people are bodies and have bodies. Illness is not meant to signal a theory o" ******* END TEXT: "f the medical profession. The choice to adhere to the “something physically unusual” claim in spite "
9780814746622 - page_57: "START TEXT: of the doctor’s opinion, however, places the person in the unenviable position of scrambling to find" ******* END TEXT: "n a house heated and cooled by electricity, motors, pumps, and thermostats, drives to work in a car "
9780814746622 - page_58: "START TEXT: with automatic transmission and cruise control, types on a word processor, and sends a message by fa" ******* END TEXT: "xperts, bypass them, and access the system on their own, in the absence of licensed representation.\n"
9780814746622 - page_59: "START TEXT: Social Definition\nIt is reasonable to assume that if the environmentally ill are moving away from ph" ******* END TEXT: " or inequality; it is, rather, “inherently scientific” (50). “Genuine explanation,” Gellner writes, "
9780814746622 - page_60: "START TEXT: “means subsumption under a structure or schema made up of neutral, impersonal elements. In this sens" ******* END TEXT: "italism “would have to begin with ‘In the beginning there was the individual …’” (Gordon 1988, 34).\n"
9780814746622 - page_61: "START TEXT: Indeed, the modern period worked to shape the human being as independent of history, “autonomous and" ******* END TEXT: "0), for example, examine the transformation of the “unruly child” into the child with “hyperkinetic "
9780814746622 - page_62: "START TEXT: impulse disorder” (HID) by tracing the application of biomedical terms to a form of deviant social b" ******* END TEXT: "anged her body, rendering it susceptible to violent reactions from minute, subclinical exposures to "
9780814746622 - page_63: "START TEXT: unrelated chemicals found everywhere in her environment. Her pathophysiology theory keeps the focus " ******* END TEXT: "y, and the store clerk and manager responded to her distress. It is not known whether either person "
9780814746622 - page_64: "START TEXT: believed Joan’s account of her troubles. The manager was probably motivated to assist Joan as much t" ******* END TEXT: " the environment assumes political relevance if people and institutions are willing to change their "
9780814746622 - page_65: "START TEXT: behaviors in response to its logics of social culpability and demands for social changes, in spite o" ******* END TEXT: " as the biomedical appraisal succeeds in convincing influential others that subclinical exposure to "
9780814746622 - page_66: "START TEXT: ordinary environments is the cause of disease—in spite of the efforts of the medical profession, the" ******* END TEXT: "ween their bodies and environments. Perhaps best understood as relatively fixed points in the swirl "
9780814746622 - page_67: "START TEXT: of narrative materials, these stages are not to be thought of as formal and regimented. Rather, they" ******* END TEXT: "n’s quest for reasonable explanations, marking a passage from one stage in this journey to another.\n"
9780814746622 - page_68: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_71: "START TEXT: 3Something Unusual Is Happening Here\nEveryone who is born holds dual citizenship, in the\nkingdom of " ******* END TEXT: "she is likely to do so without pausing to ponder the implications of these spaces for her immediate "
9780814746622 - page_72: "START TEXT: well-being. Moreover, she can and will assume that her friends, acquaintances, and even strangers ex" ******* END TEXT: "s and radioactive fallout. Few people would debate whether these types of environments are risks to "
9780814746622 - page_73: "START TEXT: personal and collective well-being. Most modern societies learn to anticipate these dangers, however" ******* END TEXT: "w of the environmentally ill forget. If narration is a process in which the self is joined to a new "
9780814746622 - page_74: "START TEXT: definition of the body and its relationship to environments, then we are not surprised to learn that" ******* END TEXT: "exposed to a “toxic cocktail” while working as an inspector for a state department of environmental "
9780814746622 - page_75: "START TEXT: resources. He was responding to a complaint from residents who smelled caustic odors coming from an " ******* END TEXT: "h later. The pilot had opened the valve before getting to the field. I didn’t think that I received "
9780814746622 - page_76: "START TEXT: much exposure and I was naive and not afraid of chemicals, and in fact never thought to tell my phys" ******* END TEXT: "foam insulation was blown into the house we rented in 1979. We lived there until 1987 when we moved "
9780814746622 - page_77: "START TEXT: into an eight-year-old double-wide mobile home which we painted inside and out. I taught in a brand-" ******* END TEXT: "ad just completed major renovations on a new office … the smell was very strong. I … lost my job in "
9780814746622 - page_78: "START TEXT: 1990 when I grew increasingly ill, was unable to eat, and lost thirty pounds.… I was hospitalized tw" ******* END TEXT: " her somatic troubles. If these conventional or commonsense explanations rendered an account of the "
9780814746622 - page_79: "START TEXT: problem sufficient to treat it and move on, our story would end here. The bodies in question, howeve" ******* END TEXT: " a less noxious job as a construction worker, he continued to experience his original symptoms with "
9780814746622 - page_80: "START TEXT: increasing severity. He was increasingly anxious over his apparent sensitivity to ordinary synthetic" ******* END TEXT: "or a considerable length of time with the doors shut as it was foggy and cold, when I suddenly came "
9780814746622 - page_81: "START TEXT: down with sensations of being electrocuted up and down my spine. My arms were also being electrocute" ******* END TEXT: "ne wall fell off in one sheet.… I began to have breathing problems after taking certain medications "
9780814746622 - page_82: "START TEXT: .… I was exposed to the chemical ethylene oxide over a ten-year period. From 1980 until 1984 I had d" ******* END TEXT: "retive frameworks” (91). Reflecting on that moment at the onset of her illness when she was without "
9780814746622 - page_83: "START TEXT: the words to interpret her symptoms, a woman with EI recalls, “I thought I wasn’t human.”\nThese acco" ******* END TEXT: "hips to physical places and things while simultaneously intensifying their need to respond to their "
9780814746622 - page_84: "START TEXT: bodies and their material surroundings with imperfect knowledge. Extreme environments mark a momenta" ******* END TEXT: "arm and in the ball of my left foot, gastrointestinal problems (nausea, dysentery, … constipation), "
9780814746622 - page_85: "START TEXT: feeling of being drugged, nasal stuffiness, agitation, weakness, lethargy (body-like-lead syndrome, " ******* END TEXT: "ing is, though, I look normal.\nAn environmental activist specializing in “safe schools” often feels "
9780814746622 - page_86: "START TEXT: like her body is “being held hostage by a hostile synthetic environment.… I am less resilient to my " ******* END TEXT: "ible when imagined as a field of weeds or a minefield, as a nightmare, a fabled monster, and so on.\n"
9780814746622 - page_87: "START TEXT: If the environmentally ill simply trafficked in literary symbols to describe their bodies, however, " ******* END TEXT: "EI is a practical epistemology, it must know something new about the links between somatic troubles "
9780814746622 - page_88: "START TEXT: and physical spaces. The next chapter examines the process of reclassifying bodies and the material " ******* END TEXT: " and, as a consequence, how the bodies of the chemically reactive stand against biomedical theory.\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_100: "START TEXT: Petroleum and many of its by-products, herbicides, perfumes, chemical cleaners, brand-new books, all" ******* END TEXT: "ith a bachelor’s degree in English who worked as a typesetter for many years recounts her taxonomy:\n"
9780814746622 - page_101: "START TEXT: Gasoline causes anger and pain in the head.… Wal-Mart causes gastrointestinal pain and I get very sp" ******* END TEXT: "anted. I ask myself, first, whether this is a day when I can tolerate the environment in the street "
9780814746622 - page_102: "START TEXT: on the way to the jeweler. If yes, will the air in his store knock me out? Can I tolerate the air lo" ******* END TEXT: "e pain\n\n\nPlastic phones\nMemory loss, headaches\n\n\nAnswering machines\nBurning in neck and shoulders\n\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_103: "START TEXT: Gasoline\nSevere headaches, insomnia\n\n\nBounce fabric softener\nSkin discoloring and nausea\n\n\nLeather s" ******* END TEXT: "efore it breaks down.… Say I’ve been exposed to two 4s and one 5 in the morning and I am invited to "
9780814746622 - page_104: "START TEXT: someone’s house that evening for dinner. I will usually decline because I will likely get sick if I " ******* END TEXT: "elevant causes are immediate and localized within the body” (1976, 148; see also Freund and McGuire "
9780814746622 - page_105: "START TEXT: 1991, 208). Accordingly, the body in biomedicine is defined in the absence of physical, chemical, or" ******* END TEXT: "nmentally ill on the places and things touched and absorbed by the surfaces of their bodies invites "
9780814746622 - page_106: "START TEXT: comparison with an earlier period when the body’s exterior was a source of considerable medical and " ******* END TEXT: "s probably a genuine health risk.\nWhile both the personal hygiene movement and MCS direct attention "
9780814746622 - page_107: "START TEXT: to the surface of the body, there are noticeable differences in their respective definitions of risk" ******* END TEXT: "ment, its goal is considerably more difficult to achieve. The chemically reactive not only must ask "
9780814746622 - page_108: "START TEXT: others to change routine habits but also must convince powerful institutional others that such chang" ******* END TEXT: "y endless number of particular reactions that particular bodies have to particular environments and "
9780814746622 - page_109: "START TEXT: the things found in them. Where there should be considerable duplication of trigger-response pattern" ******* END TEXT: " manner we encountered in chapter 3: “What if they are potential sources of debilitating symptoms?” "
9780814746622 - page_110: "START TEXT: If the body is a discrete entity in the social construction of EI, the extraordinary variability of " ******* END TEXT: "disorder. Not surprisingly, many of the words themselves are borrowed from the medical profession.\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_89: "START TEXT: 4Bodies against Theory\nWhat has been called the “search for knowledge”\nmight be better and more mode" ******* END TEXT: "lassifying specific symptoms with specific consumer products and chemicals, the environmentally ill "
9780814746622 - page_90: "START TEXT: organize both their thinking and their routines, creating the possibility of coexisting in a world t" ******* END TEXT: "of when I lived near an oil refinery. Whenever I went outside, I felt the same way. At that time, I "
9780814746622 - page_91: "START TEXT: didn’t understand what was happening and called it “anxiety.” This time, when the tank was removed, " ******* END TEXT: "as the individual’s sensory understanding of the world—is the orphan child of the scientized world” "
9780814746622 - page_92: "START TEXT: (1995, 15). Valid and reliable knowledge in the modern world is the product of experimental science " ******* END TEXT: "ally sensitive and that identifies me!”\nWhile Bryan Turner (1984) can end his lengthy and important "
9780814746622 - page_93: "START TEXT: inquiry into the body by admitting that in writing it he has “become increasingly less sure of what " ******* END TEXT: ",” according to a standard textbook in medical sociology, “refers to a medical concept of pathology "
9780814746622 - page_94: "START TEXT: … clinically defined by the medical profession.” Illness, on the other hand, is the experience of “h" ******* END TEXT: "arre, queer stories they are told. They are more likely to act like good doctors who try to fit the "
9780814746622 - page_95: "START TEXT: diagnostic signs they are observing into some recognized disorder, thus routinizing what at first gl" ******* END TEXT: ". If every way of seeing is also a way of not seeing, biomedicine is an explanation that stops well "
9780814746622 - page_96: "START TEXT: short of an inclusive view of the body, and certainly a view of the body that includes the active vo" ******* END TEXT: "rule in our interviews, it can be an important variation in the separation of expert knowledge from "
9780814746622 - page_97: "START TEXT: expert systems, namely, the separation of an expert from the system.\nBut whether or not a physician " ******* END TEXT: "ices and is mindful of the results.\nA former intensive care nurse describes what she would say to a "
9780814746622 - page_98: "START TEXT: person who wanted to understand this stage in the process of becoming multiply chemically sensitive:" ******* END TEXT: "ob, I guess some of these towels were washed with fabric softener. I can still smell something.… We "
9780814746622 - page_99: "START TEXT: got rid of baby powder, shampoo, herbal shampoo, and stuff like that.… Rob got rid of his aftershave" ******* END TEXT: "elates with a common symptom pattern. Among the things that trigger her symptoms are the following:\n"
9780814746622 - page_111: "START TEXT: 5Explaining Strange Bodies\nSomething so “practical” as a bodily ailment may be a“symbolic” act on th" ******* END TEXT: "ued an extensive array of associations between his body and local environments but is not likely to "
9780814746622 - page_112: "START TEXT: be able to explain these untoward occurrences. In the absence of a professional account of their tax" ******* END TEXT: "k to transform their illness experiences into a disease theory using a borrowed medical vernacular.\n"
9780814746622 - page_113: "START TEXT: The Chemically Reactive and the Physician\nIn this section we will examine why those with MCS are lik" ******* END TEXT: "eactive people we interviewed, there are few, if any, perceived secondary gains associated with EI.\n"
9780814746622 - page_114: "START TEXT: A graduate student writes regarding her experiences with physicians:\nMy overall experience with the " ******* END TEXT: "while acknowledging the importance of physicians who are willing to listen and learn from patients:\n"
9780814746622 - page_115: "START TEXT: Almost invariably, among those who do not specialize in MCS, experiences are very negative—ranging f" ******* END TEXT: "cause there is no training at med school to suggest inflammation comes from environmental exposure.\n"
9780814746622 - page_116: "START TEXT: A legal secretary is less sympathetic with her doctors. She describes herself as:\nvery angry about t" ******* END TEXT: "n have been appalling—even horrifying. These people are generally callous, abusive, self-important, "
9780814746622 - page_117: "START TEXT: insecure persons who care far more about their cultish allegiance to 1940s medical texts, and the re" ******* END TEXT: "ical phenomena” (Engle 1977, 90).\nA key to understanding modernity is the authority of expertise to "
9780814746622 - page_118: "START TEXT: disempower the senses (Beck 1995; Touraine 1995). From physics, to biology, to sociology, we are tau" ******* END TEXT: "done last year, I am not chronically fatigued anymore, and, with proper testing in an environmental "
9780814746622 - page_119: "START TEXT: unit, I am sure many of my reactions could be replicated in a single-blind manner the same way they " ******* END TEXT: "ver know too much about this stuff” (Lawson 1993, 318). Another woman acknowledges the relationship "
9780814746622 - page_120: "START TEXT: of knowledge to personal empowerment: “I avidly go after any information I can find on MCS and relat" ******* END TEXT: "sitive even though I had not been diagnosed at that time by a physician because I lacked insurance.\n"
9780814746622 - page_121: "START TEXT: A middle-age man links his natural curiosity to his search to find out about his disease, justifying" ******* END TEXT: "hat real, somatic problems exist.\nA common theme in these narratives is the sense of responsibility "
9780814746622 - page_122: "START TEXT: the chemically reactive assume for knowing the body and its relationship to environments. Their surv" ******* END TEXT: " reactive to know what they are experiencing and in turn informs their experiences of the disorder. "
9780814746622 - page_123: "START TEXT: In their work to understand their misery, the chemically reactive are blurring the conventional boun" ******* END TEXT: "e confusing a sociologist, he moves from a more difficult to an easier explanation of his troubles:\n"
9780814746622 - page_124: "START TEXT: I personally do not like the term MCS or EI or chemical hypersensitivity. I like the term toxic resp" ******* END TEXT: " certain families of toxic chemicals.… the toxic chemicals accumulate and store in my fatty tissue. "
9780814746622 - page_125: "START TEXT: This then activates my immune system and causes autoimmunity and an inappropriate inflammatory proce" ******* END TEXT: "ody doesn’t listen, the sending sensory nerve cells up their output volume until the body can hear.\n"
9780814746622 - page_126: "START TEXT: An unemployed legal secretary and office manager understands her disorder as involving immune, limbi" ******* END TEXT: "er account by building a technical case for her troubles, but she ends on a note of earnest appeal:\n"
9780814746622 - page_127: "START TEXT: The condition is basically one of immune system dysfunction (sometimes called autoimmune disease), b" ******* END TEXT: "ase. My objection is that it says nothing of the mechanism, or what it is. I prefer “RUDS (reactive "
9780814746622 - page_128: "START TEXT: upper airways disease) with toxic encephalopathy.” To a nonscientific friend, I will simply say I’m " ******* END TEXT: " and chemicals filling bodies, an etiology story far different from that of IgE-mediated allergies.\n"
9780814746622 - page_129: "START TEXT: MCS is an accurate diagnosis of my illness because I react to all chemical substances in a negative " ******* END TEXT: "tificially induced ill health in an entire population surrounded by farm country and sprayed public "
9780814746622 - page_130: "START TEXT: lands. I also don’t think MCS is an adequate term. I think something like multiple artificially indu" ******* END TEXT: "Separating languages of expertise from expert systems and locating them in situated, personal lives "
9780814746622 - page_131: "START TEXT: ensures that the chemically reactive are, to paraphrase Geertz (1983, 10), constructing texts ostens" ******* END TEXT: "e expression of dissent and loss” (141). For the teenager who pierces his lips and nose with rings, "
9780814746622 - page_132: "START TEXT: the body is a physical location for symbolizing separation from authority and attachment to others w" ******* END TEXT: "e to culture, however, it is only through culture that such knowledge is represented. And it should "
9780814746622 - page_133: "START TEXT: come as no surprise to learn that the organization of modern commodity culture discourages the repre" ******* END TEXT: "vocates for central nervous, limbic, or immune system disorders vie with advocates for upper airway "
9780814746622 - page_134: "START TEXT: obstructions, brain inflammation, and the somewhat general chemical injury, among other accounts of " ******* END TEXT: "s contain an alternative strategy for the origin, development, and deployment of medical knowledge.\n"
9780814746622 - page_135: "START TEXT: Finally, with a few exceptions, the patterns of thinking recounted in the narratives presented in th" ******* END TEXT: "iation of biomedical knowledge to make a particularly persuasive claim on institutions to change or "
9780814746622 - page_136: "START TEXT: modify their behaviors and policies. We find this development interesting for its representation of " ******* END TEXT: "tory and thus ultimately a moral story, one told in a language of instrumental and rational action.\n"
9780814746622 - page_137: "START TEXT: A reasonable and final question to ask of these narratives is whether they are true. A practical epi" ******* END TEXT: "more time, I’ll say, “I have respiratory” (or “breathing”) “problems which disallow any exposure to "
9780814746622 - page_138: "START TEXT: ambient chemicals.”… If he or she inquires further, I explain, “I was poisoned by pesticides, asbest" ******* END TEXT: "e that electrical impulses are more easily scattered. (This is upheld by gEEG studies.) Exposure to "
9780814746622 - page_139: "START TEXT: EMR [electromagnetic radiation], including fields generated by fluorescent lights, could significant" ******* END TEXT: "entally ill body is carving out a quite visible, if still limited, presence in late modern society.\n"
9780814746622 - page_140: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_143: "START TEXT: 6Representation and the Political Economy of a New Body\nA civilization … ultimately has only the dis" ******* END TEXT: "others. He is married, has friends, works at a job, lives in a neighborhood, shops at local stores, "
9780814746622 - page_144: "START TEXT: and worships at a local church or synagogue. Now he must not only devise some scheme to control his " ******* END TEXT: "f their new bodies or must be prepared to retreat quickly to safer places. A bank teller remembers:\n"
9780814746622 - page_145: "START TEXT: I knew I was going to have to tell my coworkers a convincing story the morning I wore a carbon-filte" ******* END TEXT: "of MCS permits them to grasp why and how the body is changing in relationship to environments. As a "
9780814746622 - page_146: "START TEXT: model of, MCS is a lay epistemology that works to render their misery comprehensible.\nAs a model of," ******* END TEXT: " with intelligence provided by legitimate arenas of technical expertise, in this case the amount of "
9780814746622 - page_147: "START TEXT: change occurring in response to an expertise wielded by nonexperts suggests a new type of institutio" ******* END TEXT: "987). Couched in the language of human rights to just and fair treatment, it demands the following:\n"
9780814746622 - page_148: "START TEXT: • The right to competent medical practitioners with accessible facilities.\n• The right to insurance " ******* END TEXT: "izer of the Environmental Health Network. She also earned a master’s of public health degree at the "
9780814746622 - page_149: "START TEXT: University of California, Berkeley, writing her thesis on MCS and access to public facilities (Mollo" ******* END TEXT: "nvironments. One level removed from the intimate is the world of secondary relationships negotiated "
9780814746622 - page_150: "START TEXT: between people and their employers, colleagues, fellow congregants, anonymous others, and so on. The" ******* END TEXT: "s, and professional societies.\nTo the extent the practical epistemology of MCS finds representation "
9780814746622 - page_151: "START TEXT: among key social institutions, in spite of resistance among medical experts, it might be said we are" ******* END TEXT: " of intimate relationships.\nEvidence for change at this elemental level of social life is difficult "
9780814746622 - page_152: "START TEXT: to marshal into any kind of coherent story. Perhaps this is because the impetus or resistance to cha" ******* END TEXT: " Andy admits that he finds it frustrating not being able to make plans, as well as having to cancel "
9780814746622 - page_153: "START TEXT: already made plans, depending on my condition. He also admits that it is difficult to live with some" ******* END TEXT: "their struggle for recognition.\nMany of the environmentally ill, however, are not as lucky as these "
9780814746622 - page_154: "START TEXT: narrators. Indeed, the people who narrated their experiences to us report more failures than success" ******* END TEXT: "h more strained. I used to belong to a veterans group—I was forced to quit due to the environment.”\n"
9780814746622 - page_155: "START TEXT: There are obviously significant variations in how family and friends respond to the need to accommod" ******* END TEXT: "f the brain: “I pointed to my nose and traced my finger from there to my brain and I explained that "
9780814746622 - page_156: "START TEXT: chemicals in my environment have damaged the sensory fibers in my cranial nerves.” Apparently, her s" ******* END TEXT: "ealth Effects of Chemicals Are Virtually Unknown” and “Protective Standards Not for MCS Sufferers.”\n"
9780814746622 - page_157: "START TEXT: “Activism 101: Ways to Educate Others about MCS” appeared in Teach-In, a journal published in Bellin" ******* END TEXT: "urthered the process of securing recognition and accommodation in New Mexico. (Canary News 1996, 8)\n"
9780814746622 - page_158: "START TEXT: Mary Lamielle, mentioned earlier in this chapter, regularly speaks for the environmentally ill body " ******* END TEXT: " the back of a public meeting room guarded by a sign designating it a fragrance free area), it is a "
9780814746622 - page_159: "START TEXT: good example of the redefinition of space to represent the chemically reactive body (Delicate Balanc" ******* END TEXT: "ties Group, the legislature passed a bill requiring disabled parking privileges for those with “‘an "
9780814746622 - page_160: "START TEXT: acute sensitivity to automobile emissions which limits or impairs their ability to walk’” (Delicate " ******* END TEXT: "afe for the chemically reactive (United Methodist Church, General Board of Global Ministries 1994).\n"
9780814746622 - page_161: "START TEXT: The First Unitarian Society of Chicago organized an Environmental Task Force in 1995. Among the task" ******* END TEXT: "iends. Trust will always be important in interpersonal relationships; it is simply made a good deal "
9780814746622 - page_162: "START TEXT: easier when what is at question is supported by broader, more inclusive social and political actions" ******* END TEXT: "reactive, and then by presenting evidence for the commodification of the chemically reactive body.\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_163: "START TEXT: 7A New Body in the Courts, Federal Policies, the Market, and Beyond\nIf [a] plaintiff is successful i" ******* END TEXT: "ssociation of Trial Lawyers of America (ATLA). In 1987 the Consumer and Victims Coalition Committee "
9780814746622 - page_164: "START TEXT: of the ATLA proposed a resolution acknowledging EI and supporting the rights of environmentally ill " ******* END TEXT: "nt pool, however; it shifts attention from the more limited medical model to the far more inclusive "
9780814746622 - page_165: "START TEXT: model of disability. Since disability is not limited to conditions of medical pathology, the chemica" ******* END TEXT: "h the ADA, attorneys can also use workers’ compensation laws to press for recognition of EI. Courts "
9780814746622 - page_166: "START TEXT: and workers’ compensation boards in eight states have issued twelve separate rulings recognizing MCS" ******* END TEXT: "mployees who worked on the third floor of the federal building housing the Environmental Protection "
9780814746622 - page_167: "START TEXT: Agency claimed in a suit brought against the building contractors that formaldehyde offgassing from " ******* END TEXT: "n domestic environments; it also affirms the existence of this new body, giving it a tangible legal "
9780814746622 - page_168: "START TEXT: identity. Joining the lay epistemologies of the chemically reactive to legislation and the courts by" ******* END TEXT: "ting, pesticide treatment, and lawn care; to use an organic lawn care program within a hundred-foot "
9780814746622 - page_169: "START TEXT: radius of her apartment; and to remove offensive floor covering and replace with it an acceptable ma" ******* END TEXT: "y advocates on one side, and employers, landlords, and other responsible parties on the other side.\n"
9780814746622 - page_170: "START TEXT: The marginal role of medicine in representing the environmentally ill body, while an important obser" ******* END TEXT: "rted physical problems, including fatigue (25 percent), back, neck, and shoulder pain (25 percent), "
9780814746622 - page_171: "START TEXT: headaches (23 percent), skin rashes (18 percent), leg and arm problems (18 percent), stomach pain (1" ******* END TEXT: "ility from the Veterans Administration and Social Security, but his symptoms persist (Parks 1996a).\n"
9780814746622 - page_172: "START TEXT: Courts, congressional hearings, review boards, and other litigious settings will continue to be an i" ******* END TEXT: "plastic case sitting on a hardware store shelf conjures up an image of a particular type of person, "
9780814746622 - page_173: "START TEXT: while excluding dozens of other types. When we see the drill, we are also likely to see this person," ******* END TEXT: ", Sustainable Architecture Designed for the Twenty-first Century”; “Eco Specs: A Guide to Planning, "
9780814746622 - page_174: "START TEXT: Building, and Maintaining a Healthier Home”; Nilfisk GS Io commercial vacuum with felt microfilter a" ******* END TEXT: "representation of this emergent body illustrates the idea that social learning is often fragmented, "
9780814746622 - page_175: "START TEXT: with one institution learning quicker than others and still others resisting, if not opposing, the l" ******* END TEXT: " theme for a feel-good series.\nThe chemically reactive body is also the subject of the recent movie "
9780814746622 - page_176: "START TEXT: Safe. Set in Los Angeles, Safe is the story of a young, affluent housewife who contracts MCS. It all" ******* END TEXT: "onmental issues:2\nOld MacDonald had a farm,\nEI, EI, oh!\nAnd on this farm was Pesticide,\nEI, EI, oh!\n"
9780814746622 - page_177: "START TEXT: With a spray, spray here, and a spray, spray there,\nHere a spray, there a spray, everywhere a spray," ******* END TEXT: "er suggests the chemically reactive body is becoming a model for rethinking conventional boundaries "
9780814746622 - page_178: "START TEXT: between what is routinely considered safe and dangerous. If common understandings of safe and danger" ******* END TEXT: "nty ordinances; to federal legislation, the courts, and the markets; and to popular culture itself. "
9780814746622 - page_179: "START TEXT: The case of MCS encourages us to be skeptical of the modern idea that physicians control the definit" ******* END TEXT: "rlds and fashion technical, some might say rational, accounts of their somatic troubles. Theorizing "
9780814746622 - page_180: "START TEXT: etiologies of disease that locate the source of affliction in subclinical exposures to putatively be" ******* END TEXT: "S body is unique, separate from the other bodies, and requires explanation based on its particular, "
9780814746622 - page_181: "START TEXT: restricted relationships to immediate, tangible environments. On the other hand, it is linked to oth" ******* END TEXT: "he young and the old are reporting their bodies changing in the presence of what are conventionally "
9780814746622 - page_182: "START TEXT: understood as safe places. And in the absence of a common organizational affiliation, they are const" ******* END TEXT: "epidemiology. It closes with several observations on environments, bodies, and rational knowledge.\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_185: "START TEXT: 8Bodies, Environments, and Interpretive Space\nProof is the bottom line for everyone.\n(Paul Simon, “P" ******* END TEXT: "l of an institutional disinfectant. Within a few minutes the coughing subsides and class continues.\n"
9780814746622 - page_186: "START TEXT: Did something in the air cause them to cough, or were they joined for a moment in a ritual of contag" ******* END TEXT: "s. The numbers in the United States also show a substantial increase in concern. Forty-five percent "
9780814746622 - page_187: "START TEXT: of a random sample of Americans reported the environment adversely affecting their health in 1982. B" ******* END TEXT: "der is achieved through the careful management and application of specialized, technical knowledge.\n"
9780814746622 - page_188: "START TEXT: But social and political power does not accrue to just any type of rationality (Turner 1995). A syst" ******* END TEXT: " of social and environmental impact studies to the stick of imminent domain law to secure the site.\n"
9780814746622 - page_189: "START TEXT: Ironically, while biomedicine is considered one, if not the, most powerful profession, it is arguabl" ******* END TEXT: "tions and environments can be neither confirmed nor explained using professional biomedical models.\n"
9780814746622 - page_190: "START TEXT: Popular Epidemiology and the “Bio-politics of the Population”\nFoucault (1979) examined in some detai" ******* END TEXT: "results dubbed “silly housewife data.”\nConvinced she was on to something, however, Gibbs approached "
9780814746622 - page_191: "START TEXT: biologist Beverly Paigen with her numbers; together they developed the “swale hypothesis,” which pre" ******* END TEXT: "studies, were, it argued, sufficient evidence to doubt the safety of the product (Irwin 1995, 114).\n"
9780814746622 - page_192: "START TEXT: ~\nThese two examples illustrate another movement wherein ordinary people are appropriating technique" ******* END TEXT: "away from the expert system of medicine toward the grassroots and begins with situated experiences.\n"
9780814746622 - page_193: "START TEXT: Importantly, following her experiences at Love Canal, Lois Gibbs did not return to her homemaker rol" ******* END TEXT: "ng technical knowledge and legitimacy to the popular epidemiological perspective. What is important "
9780814746622 - page_194: "START TEXT: from our vantage point, however, is that in those instances where experts align themselves with citi" ******* END TEXT: "sidents’ beliefs that illnesses derive from toxic exposures” (Lewis, Keating, and Russell 1992, 4).\n"
9780814746622 - page_195: "START TEXT: Finally, the toxicological question—What level of exposure is toxic?—is answered in a seemingly reas" ******* END TEXT: "the most feared thing, rather than actual serious health effects. So they are always minimizing the "
9780814746622 - page_196: "START TEXT: effects” (12). In response to this report and the media attention it received, the CDC and the Envir" ******* END TEXT: " of morbidity and environments.\nEnvironmental illness and popular epidemiology invite us to examine "
9780814746622 - page_197: "START TEXT: the boundaries between bodies and environments as sites of considerable controversy and equivocation" ******* END TEXT: " narrative knowledge.\nLike similar dualisms that served to organize modern life—masculine-feminine, "
9780814746622 - page_198: "START TEXT: subjective-objective, universal-particular, and so on—narrative and scientific knowledge were to be " ******* END TEXT: "tation, preceding institutional science and its handmaiden, technology. Before the grand narratives "
9780814746622 - page_199: "START TEXT: of science, practical problems were often successfully addressed through a combination of folklore o" ******* END TEXT: "rivileged place. The authority of modernity depended in part on its capacity to transform mysteries "
9780814746622 - page_200: "START TEXT: into puzzles (Frank 1995, 80–81). Its calculus for accomplishing these transformations was, of cours" ******* END TEXT: "are likely to systematically ignore its environmental, medical, and social consequences. Production "
9780814746622 - page_201: "START TEXT: is a scientific puzzle, while most of the effects of production remain mysteries.\nPowerful interest" ******* END TEXT: "rrowed languages of expertise to construct new paradigms of knowing not envisioned by Kuhn or Marx.\n"
9780814746622 - page_202: "START TEXT: Marx and Kuhn, of course, wrote about revolutions, albeit in quite different contexts. Environmental" ******* END TEXT: "g a modicum of safety and well-being.\nEnvironmental illness and popular epidemiology are not modern "
9780814746622 - page_203: "START TEXT: incidents of hysterical contagion or “cancer-phobia,” as many have claimed, though evidence of socia" ******* END TEXT: "ed resource in contemporary society: the body and the reasonable, knowledgeable self inhabiting it.\n"
9780814746622 - page_204: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_183: "START TEXT: Conclusion\n" ******* END TEXT: "Conclusion\n"
9780814746622 - page_184: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_v: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\nPreface\nIntroduction\nPART ONE\n1. Environmental Illness as a Practical Epist" ******* END TEXT: "CLUSION\n8. Bodies, Environments, and Interpretive Space\nNotes\nBibliography\nName Index\nSubject Index\n"
9780814746622 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1997 by New York UniversityAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: "osen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Steve Kroll-Smith dedicates this book to his parents,Jack and Betty Smith, who in staying the course" ******* END TEXT: "ack and Betty Smith, who in staying the course areshowing their children and grandchildren the way.\n"
9780814746622 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_i: "START TEXT: Bodies in Protest\n" ******* END TEXT: "Bodies in Protest\n"
9780814746622 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_219: "START TEXT: Name Index\nAtkinson, Paul, 55\nBaudrillard, Jean, 172\nBauman, Zygmunt, 10, 61\nBeck, Ulrich, 5, 5–6, 7" ******* END TEXT: "th and Ladd, 21, 21–22, 149, 205\nKuhn, Thomas, 96, 198, 200, 201, 202\nLadd, Anthony, 21, 21–22, 205\n"
9780814746622 - page_220: "START TEXT: Lawson, Lynn, 2, 8–9, 40–41, 90, 99, 119, 157\nLevine, Adeline G., 190–191\nLilienfeld, Abraham, 192\nL" ******* END TEXT: "n S., 32, 92–93, 188, 208\nWaltzer, Michael, 135\nWright, Will, 37, 59–60\nYoung, Allen, 1–2, 60, 104\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_221: "START TEXT: Subject Index\nAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), xi, xi–xii, xii–xiii, xiii, 8, 34, 53, 55, " ******* END TEXT: "ry, 186\nDisability: model of, 165\nDisease: distributing society, 107\nnomenclature of, 57\ntheorizing "
9780814746622 - page_222: "START TEXT: etiologies of, 179–180\ntheorizing pathophysiologies of, 180\nEbola, xi\nEcologic illness, 17, 28–29\nEn" ******* END TEXT: "dissent, 136\ndistress, 4, 7, 35, 36, 38, 39, 46, 84, 116, 178, 206\nreaction, 99, 100, 103, 119, 156\n"
9780814746622 - page_223: "START TEXT: responses, 72, 76, 98, 101, 102, 103, 122, 147, 181\ntext, 48, 145\nToxic: materials, 9\nscent, 20\ntoys" ******* END TEXT: "tment of Health, 18, 23, 27\nU.S. Department of Labor, 24\nVeterans Administration, 8, 104, 170, 171\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\nIn the early nineteenth century, the air of European cities was thought to be the sourc" ******* END TEXT: " physical, social, and spiritual environments, and toward an endogenous theory that located disease "
9780814746622 - page_10: "START TEXT: Human agency in liberal democracies has always depended on the ability of people to articulate their" ******* END TEXT: "cular attention to the difficulties physicians and medical researchers experience when they attempt "
9780814746622 - page_11: "START TEXT: to define MCS. While the medical profession is skeptical and uncertain regarding the idea that bodie" ******* END TEXT: "ms with bodies and environments is growing. By interpretive space we mean simply the room available "
9780814746622 - page_12: "START TEXT: for theorizing. When citizens or laypersons step into this space, they appropriate the languages of " ******* END TEXT: "ity and an invitation to revisit these important ideas as we think about the history we are making.\n"
9780814746622 - page_13: "START TEXT: We wrote this book, in part, to make the environmentally ill more comprehensible than they now are—t" ******* END TEXT: "the significance of things, though agreement on what is or what is not significant often eludes us.\n"
9780814746622 - page_14: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_2: "START TEXT: inside the body (Dubos 1959; Young 1976; Freund and McGuire 1991).\nIn the late twentieth century, ho" ******* END TEXT: "ributes to the buildup of chemicals in our bodies and so to cumulative poisoning. (Lawson 1993, 30)\n"
9780814746622 - page_3: "START TEXT: Thus the chemically reactive propose that disease is caused by more than nuclear accidents, toxic wa" ******* END TEXT: "exposure to contaminated mold they inhaled while staying at a grand old hotel in Philadelphia. What "
9780814746622 - page_4: "START TEXT: quickly became known as Legionnaires’ disease called attention to buildings as possible carriers of " ******* END TEXT: "s of etiologies, pathophysiologies, and treatment regimens to explain and manage their debilitating "
9780814746622 - page_5: "START TEXT: physical and psychological symptoms. It is, in short, the story of a struggle to wrest control of me" ******* END TEXT: "pulated by expert systems, expert knowledge, and an increasing awareness among ordinary people that "
9780814746622 - page_6: "START TEXT: the world is an unpredictable and increasingly dangerous place (Giddens 1990; Beck 1992). Biomedicin" ******* END TEXT: " entirely, however, these people are appropriating the symbols of biomedicine—in effect, separating "
9780814746622 - page_7: "START TEXT: the physicians from their language and shifting the site of biomedical theorizing from hospitals, cl" ******* END TEXT: "ery. If the cry “I am hungry” demands not reflection but concrete action, the cry “I am poisoned by "
9780814746622 - page_8: "START TEXT: invisible chemicals whose presence is not detectable using standard monitoring equipment” is an occa" ******* END TEXT: "gue for a safer workplace (Nelkin and Brown 1984). And the problems of chronic fatigue syndrome and "
9780814746622 - page_9: "START TEXT: repetition strain injury are sending citizens to the libraries in search of answers physicians canno" ******* END TEXT: "nd-use initiatives involving hazardous or toxic materials (Couch and Kroll-Smith 1994; Minor 1994).\n"
9780814746622 - page_205: "START TEXT: Notes\nNotes to the Introduction\n1. A point nicely made by Arthur Frank in his valuable book The Woun" ******* END TEXT: " words epistemology and theory, we are using the term epistemology to mean the nature of knowledge. "
9780814746622 - page_206: "START TEXT: Environmental illness is a way of knowing that combines abstract biomedical concepts with concrete, " ******* END TEXT: "elected to participate in our interviews did so in part to express anger at the medical profession.\n"
9780814746622 - page_207: "START TEXT: 3. It is true, of course, that physicians are aware that cigarette smoke, perfume, and strong soaps," ******* END TEXT: "ofessor Craig Harris, Department of Sociology, Michigan State University, for sending us this poem.\n"
9780814746622 - page_208: "START TEXT: Notes to Chapter 8\n1. Readers can test themselves to see if they have internalized the authority of " ******* END TEXT: "businesspeople and less as professionals responsible for esoteric knowledge, see Turner 1995, 139.\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_15: "START TEXT: Part One\n" ******* END TEXT: "Part One\n"
9780814746622 - page_16: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_69: "START TEXT: Part Two\n" ******* END TEXT: "Part Two\n"
9780814746622 - page_70: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_141: "START TEXT: Part Three\n" ******* END TEXT: "Part Three\n"
9780814746622 - page_142: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Preface\nAnother pandemic illness is emerging in American society. It is called, among other things, " ******* END TEXT: "somatic indictment of modernity.\nWhile an antidote for the AIDS virus continues to elude biomedical "
9780814746622 - page_xii: "START TEXT: science, it is expected that one (or more) will be discovered. The shared expectation that a drug wi" ******* END TEXT: "IDS patient may require people to change their customs and habits, those customs and habits are not "
9780814746622 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: considered the causes or triggers of immunodeficiency symptoms. People with MCS, on the other hand, " ******* END TEXT: "claim to an alternative strategy for the construction of rational knowledge in late modern society.\n"
9780814746622 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746622 - page_iii: "START TEXT: Bodies in Protest\nEnvironmental Illnessand the Struggle overMedical Knowledge\nSteve Kroll-Smith andH" ******* END TEXT: "st\nEnvironmental Illnessand the Struggle overMedical Knowledge\nSteve Kroll-Smith andH. Hugh Floyd\n\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_i: "START TEXT: The Beginning of Terror\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "The Beginning of Terror\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_ii: "START TEXT: Literature and PsychoanalysisGeneral Editor: Jeffrey Berman\n 1. The Beginning of Terror: A Psycholog" ******* END TEXT: "The Beginning of Terror: A Psychological Study ofRainer Maria Rilke’s Life and WorkDAVID KLEINBARD\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_iii: "START TEXT: The Beginning of Terror\nA Psychological Study ofRainer Maria Rilke’s Life and Work\nDavid Kleinbard\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "he Beginning of Terror\nA Psychological Study ofRainer Maria Rilke’s Life and Work\nDavid Kleinbard\n\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITYNew York and London\nCopyright © 1993 by New York UniversityAll rights reserved\nLi" ******* END TEXT: "n for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\nc 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_v: "START TEXT: This book is dedicated toMaureen Waters, my wife,and Joseph Kleinbard, my father,with much love. " ******* END TEXT: "This book is dedicated toMaureen Waters, my wife,and Joseph Kleinbard, my father,with much love. "
9780814746677 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_vii: "START TEXT: For beauty is nothingbut the beginning of terror, which we are just able to bear,and we wonder at it" ******* END TEXT: "ror, which we are just able to bear,and we wonder at it so because it calmly disdainsto destroy us. "
9780814746677 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Contents\nForeword by Jeffrey Berman\nPreface\nAcknowledgments\nAbbreviations\n1. Introduction\n2. Learnin" ******* END TEXT: "ara Rilke\n7. This Always Secret Influence\nThe Poet’s Changing Relationship with His Father\n8. Rodin\n"
9780814746677 - page_x: "START TEXT: 9. Woman Within\nDevelopments Leading to The Sonnets to Orpheus and theCompletion of the Duino Elegie" ******* END TEXT: "to The Sonnets to Orpheus and theCompletion of the Duino Elegies\nNotes\nSelected Bibliography\nIndex\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Foreword\nAs New York University Press inaugurates a new series of books on literature and psychoanal" ******* END TEXT: "ology of Everyday Life (SE 6:213), a concession he was generally happy to make. The only exceptions "
9780814746677 - page_xii: "START TEXT: were writers like Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, and Schnitzler. whom he avoided reading because of the an" ******* END TEXT: "s familiar with the imaginative life of humankind and who resented his intrusion into their domain.\n"
9780814746677 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: Freud viewed psychoanalysts as scientists, committed to the reality principle and to heroic self-ren" ******* END TEXT: "erature, mythology, and history. “The fertilizing effects of psycho-analytic thought on these other "
9780814746677 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: disciplines,” Freud wrote enthusiastically, “would certainly, contribute greatly towards forging a c" ******* END TEXT: "relative and dependent upon cultural contexts. Freud’s classical drive theory, with its mechanistic "
9780814746677 - page_xv: "START TEXT: implications of cathectic energy, has given way to newer relational models, such as object relations" ******* END TEXT: "ility and sorrow” (143n.).\nJEFFREY BERMANProfessor of EnglishState University of New York at Albany\n"
9780814746677 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: Works Cited\nFreud, Sigmund. The Letters of Sigmund Freud. Ed. Ernst Freud. Trans. Tania and James St" ******* END TEXT: "ita. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1959.\nThomas, D. M. The White Hotel. New York: Viking, 1981.\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_xvii: "START TEXT: Preface\nI am deeply grateful to Maureen Waters, my wife, and Fred Kaplan for all their useful critic" ******* END TEXT: "y others and am, no doubt, indebted to them in my own interpretations and translations of his poems."
9780814746677 - page_xviii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_xix: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nI would like to thank the following: Random House, Inc., for permission to quote fro" ******* END TEXT: "e Bannard Greene and M. D. Herter Norton. Copyright © 1945, 1947, and 1948, W. W. Norton & Company. "
9780814746677 - page_xx: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_xxi: "START TEXT: Abbreviations\nThe following abbreviations are used in parenthetical citations throughout The Beginni" ******* END TEXT: "elected Poetry of Rainer Maria Rilke\nWDB        Werke in drei Banden\nWSR        Where Silence Reigns"
9780814746677 - page_xxii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_xxiii: "START TEXT: The Beginning of Terror " ******* END TEXT: "The Beginning of Terror "
9780814746677 - page_xxiv: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_1: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 1Introduction\nI\nThis is a psychological study of Rainer Maria Rilke’s life and writings. Beg" ******* END TEXT: " praise, Rilke began The Notebooks, drawing upon the experiences he had described in his letters to "
9780814746677 - page_10: "START TEXT: fiction and poetry. In chapter 9 I consider the poems which, beginning with “Turning” (June 1914), s" ******* END TEXT: "ences of a “fixation” in the “oedipal stage” with its murderous hatred of the father and incestuous "
9780814746677 - page_11: "START TEXT: longings for the mother. He is concerned with the largely unconscious roles which “id,” “ego,” and “" ******* END TEXT: "d of Lou Andreas-Salomé, expressing the fear that such a system of classification would disturb the "
9780814746677 - page_12: "START TEXT: “much higher order” of his imagination (Letters 2:43). Ten days later he wrote to Salomé and again t" ******* END TEXT: "ation for the antagonism of literary scholars and critics. Huyssen also discusses Rilke’s portrayal "
9780814746677 - page_13: "START TEXT: of Malte’s reactions to Paris from a sociological perspective, in relation to Walter Benjamin’s and " ******* END TEXT: "concept of “das lyrische Ich” (the lyric I) in each poem, such as Kate Hamburger’s in Die Logik der "
9780814746677 - page_14: "START TEXT: Dichtung (1968) and Anthony Stephens’s in Rainer Maria Rilke’s “Gedichte an die Nacht” (1972), which" ******* END TEXT: "áten Rilke: Das Beispiel. ‘Solang du Selbstgeworfnes fángst ...,’” (The Phenomenon of the Androgyny "
9780814746677 - page_15: "START TEXT: of the Creative Process in Late Rilke: Example, “As long as you catch what you yourself have thrown " ******* END TEXT: "ning the “poetological” processes and results is to identify “lexische Fáden” (“lexical strings” or "
9780814746677 - page_16: "START TEXT: “threads”), “lexische Gewebe” (“lexical webs” or “wefts” or “textures”), and “Wortfelder” (“word fie" ******* END TEXT: "“in his later work intellectual structures [of human experience] may function precisely as images.” "
9780814746677 - page_17: "START TEXT: (Among the structures which seem most important to him in Rilke’s poems is “Gegenstándlichkeit,” the" ******* END TEXT: " of prescriptive “a priori” narrowness found in some primitive, reductive psychoanalytic criticism. "
9780814746677 - page_18: "START TEXT: For the most perceptive literary critics and psychoanalysts share a sense of the fertile overdetermi" ******* END TEXT: "dies of Rilke’s later poems, including the Duino Elegies and The Sonnets to Orpheus, with questions "
9780814746677 - page_19: "START TEXT: and suggestions arising from the insights of a number of analysts and from Rilke’s own writings, I e" ******* END TEXT: "o achieve, except in one or two sections of The Notebooks, what the poet calls “anonymous work” and "
9780814746677 - page_2: "START TEXT: her. Some passages of this memorable novel differ but little from those anguished letters.\nThe Noteb" ******* END TEXT: "he lost if some passer-by merely looked at me and half unconsciously counted me with them” (Letters "
9780814746677 - page_20: "START TEXT: “objective expression,” exemplified by Flaubert’s fiction, Baudelaire’s poems, and Cézanne’s paintin" ******* END TEXT: "n earlier episode, in which Malte’s father forces himself to endure the terrifying visit of a ghost "
9780814746677 - page_21: "START TEXT: without questioning, and Malte’s belief that his success in doing the portrait of the vendor at last" ******* END TEXT: "e a clear understanding of his task as a writer as he responds to his new environment, I have given "
9780814746677 - page_22: "START TEXT: it this lengthy summary in my review of recent criticism because I believe that it serves as a valua" ******* END TEXT: "other expressions of the poet’s ideas and attitudes which Schwarz sees as repellently right-wing.\n\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_3: "START TEXT: 1:111). He felt that a stranger’s unspoken judgment could change him into an outcast, a dehumanized," ******* END TEXT: "Letters 1:362). A similar influence on The Notebooks was Paul Cézanne, whose painting also provided "
9780814746677 - page_4: "START TEXT: inspiration and guidance for some of the New Poems. In 1924 Rilke wrote that “from 1906 on” Cézanne’" ******* END TEXT: "odies within his personality,” which threaten to devour or to annihilate him.9 He may be sucked in, "
9780814746677 - page_5: "START TEXT: enveloped, or obliterated by the personality, mind, or will of another person, or by some animated p" ******* END TEXT: "traction, and adulteration. The poet’s writings, like Nietzsche’s and Kierkegaard’s, may be seen as "
9780814746677 - page_6: "START TEXT: masks which conceal as much as they reveal. They fulfilled “the urgent need to communicate and the s" ******* END TEXT: "onalization, which we find in Rilke’s letters and The Notebooks, often lead to defensive isolation. "
9780814746677 - page_7: "START TEXT: The Notebooks demonstrates the dangers of isolation such as Malte’s, which feeds the demons of disea" ******* END TEXT: " a respectable place in society. But Rilke was able to see or imagine generosity and an inclination "
9780814746677 - page_8: "START TEXT: to love in his father, struggling against such narrow-minded anxiety and rigidity.\nPsychoanalysts wh" ******* END TEXT: "t could happen to him was “to become unaccustomed to loneliness” (Letters 1:105-6). Though the poet "
9780814746677 - page_9: "START TEXT: did rediscover the center of his life in his work recurrently (the long period of sustained creativi" ******* END TEXT: "tle girl, a substitute for his sister, who had died before he was born, were put to good use in his "
9780814746677 - page_23: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 2Learning to See\nIntegration and Distintegration in The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge an" ******* END TEXT: "ve considered his first work of enduring genius, although these poems do not move decisively beyond "
9780814746677 - page_24: "START TEXT: the excessive subjectivity, facile rhymes, and callow thinking of his early volumes.\nRilke’s move to" ******* END TEXT: " the family of three going.\nRilke had other reasons for breaking up his family. His letters tell us "
9780814746677 - page_25: "START TEXT: that the little household in Westerwede did not give him the emotional support, nurture, and fulfill" ******* END TEXT: "people who had lost their way in the city’s noise and chaos and could not find purpose or direction "
9780814746677 - page_26: "START TEXT: or any sense of self among the anonymous masses, all threatened to overwhelm his sanity. “To all tha" ******* END TEXT: "he is “learning to see” (5, 6). He has discovered that each person has several faces. Some wear the "
9780814746677 - page_27: "START TEXT: same face for thirty years and keep the others “in storage” (6). These faces will be worn by their c" ******* END TEXT: "“nonface”? Does this refer to someone who continues to function without any strong sense of self or "
9780814746677 - page_28: "START TEXT: inner coherence, a person whose existence is unthinking, uncomprehending, guided by momentary impuls" ******* END TEXT: " “which belongs to our darkness” seems to be a desire to lapse without fear into the internal flux, "
9780814746677 - page_29: "START TEXT: which is chaotic, unfathomable, and incomprehensible. This would involve a complete release from the" ******* END TEXT: ", allow the non-face to come through, and wait in the unfathomable inner darkness, if he is to find "
9780814746677 - page_30: "START TEXT: and to become that deeper unity, power, and radiance of being which is his genius, the god who tower" ******* END TEXT: "s to mean that the sight of the woman’s hands gives him the idea that her face has come off. He has "
9780814746677 - page_31: "START TEXT: seen her fall forward into her hands and then pull herself up out of them “too quickly, too violentl" ******* END TEXT: "n which her baby finds himself.7\nPhyllis Greenacre points out that we never see our own face in the "
9780814746677 - page_32: "START TEXT: flesh, only in a pane of glass or water or some other mirroring surface, only as a reflected image o" ******* END TEXT: "diation of his (her) relationships with self and others by such images and, hence, that underlying, "
9780814746677 - page_33: "START TEXT: often unconscious sense of alienation. Eventually, Lacan argues, language and other kinds of symbols" ******* END TEXT: "ents I had never noticed before ... it interested me. I was ready for all kinds of adventures. (94) "
9780814746677 - page_34: "START TEXT: Then the boy sees another hand come “out of the wall.” The two hands grope blindly toward each other" ******* END TEXT: "cid diethylamide (LSD-25),” which reports that persons taking LSD-25 felt that their skin and their "
9780814746677 - page_35: "START TEXT: hands and feet no longer belonged to their bodies. “The individual feels that his body is not his, t" ******* END TEXT: ", brought back by the illness portrayed in Malte. Conversely, accounts of psychic disintegration or "
9780814746677 - page_36: "START TEXT: fragmentation in The Notebooks, insofar as the novel is autobiographical, reveal at least part of th" ******* END TEXT: " memories of what he once was and did. Amid the “tangle of confused memories” arises the terrifying "
9780814746677 - page_37: "START TEXT: childhood delusion of “the Big Thing.” As much as anything else in The Notebooks, this delusion, whi" ******* END TEXT: "n a mirror. The reflection of the masked figure destroys the child’s sense of self. Worse still, he "
9780814746677 - page_38: "START TEXT: feels that a “stranger” invades his body and takes it over. This experience, like the delusion of th" ******* END TEXT: "gainst the dread of death which is the central and most pervasive fear in the novel. The fantasy of "
9780814746677 - page_39: "START TEXT: the Big Thing and the notion that death is like a fetus within us reflect the same kind of anxiety, " ******* END TEXT: "ce seemed to belong to someone or something else—these remembered details call to mind the delirium "
9780814746677 - page_40: "START TEXT: which often overwhelms the dying. Defenses are down; control is gone. Much of what the dying have no" ******* END TEXT: " how the child, going down into his own depths, can help loving these monstrosities which are parts "
9780814746677 - page_41: "START TEXT: of himself and smile at him with narcissistic tenderness seldom equaled even by maternal love.\n... L" ******* END TEXT: "h, he thought, was something we feel alive at the center of our being. In our fear of it we repress "
9780814746677 - page_42: "START TEXT: this sense of it and project death into the world around us, where it seems to threaten us from a mu" ******* END TEXT: "esembles the psychoanalytic notion of splitting the ego. “One thinks, feels, and acts subjectively, "
9780814746677 - page_43: "START TEXT: but at the same time observes such behavior in a quasi-objective manner.”6 Tolstoy’s openness to his" ******* END TEXT: "as, such revelations, coming from his own art, did not seem to threaten the efficacy of the “secret "
9780814746677 - page_44: "START TEXT: [inner] powers” which in 1912 and 1913 the temptations of psychoanalytic therapy made him anxious to" ******* END TEXT: "that some of the characters in Dostoevsky’s works enact the crimes which the author and his readers "
9780814746677 - page_45: "START TEXT: unconsciously would like to commit, and thus bring fulfillment of forbidden desires through the auth" ******* END TEXT: ", and projects the splintered parts of his fragmented self into the outside world, which in turn be "
9780814746677 - page_46: "START TEXT: comes fragmented and persecutory.”10 This shredding and projection of the self accompanies the schiz" ******* END TEXT: "are disintegrating, he can “absorb” this experience “into the rhythm of creativity” before emerging "
9780814746677 - page_47: "START TEXT: from it newly integrated and coherent, possibly with an enriched mental and emotional life and a str" ******* END TEXT: "er expectations in the belief that what he has discovered is “real, even when that is awful” (73).\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_48: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 3A Mask of Him Roams in His Place\nDifferentiation between Self and Others in The Notebooks a" ******* END TEXT: "eart he gathers his “little strength together” and begs the struggling St. Vitus dancer to take it. "
9780814746677 - page_49: "START TEXT: When the fellow finally loses control and the nervous spasms take over his body, exploding into “a h" ******* END TEXT: "re trying to fly.” But he does not succeed in flying. And if he does a “dance,” it is the “horrible "
9780814746677 - page_50: "START TEXT: dance” of a man dragged and bowed and flung like a puppet by his spasms. The end of the scene leaves" ******* END TEXT: "e between self and other obviously goes along with a weak sense of identity. These defects may give "
9780814746677 - page_51: "START TEXT: rise to fantasies of engulfment in which something or someone else incorporates or swallows a person" ******* END TEXT: "a, White Nights, tells us.\nThe Notebooks closes on a curiously negative note of hope. In concluding "
9780814746677 - page_52: "START TEXT: his version of the story of the Prodigal Son, Malte comes up with a notion of how a prodigal returne" ******* END TEXT: "it). After talking with her for the first time in Venice at the beginning of July 1912, he declared "
9780814746677 - page_53: "START TEXT: that this meeting had been “almost my greatest wish” for years (Letters 2:64).\nII\nThe Notebooks entr" ******* END TEXT: ". According to the Danish philosopher, whenever “the process of communication is a work of art,” it "
9780814746677 - page_54: "START TEXT: is shaped by the underlying sense “that personalities must be held devoutly apart from one another, " ******* END TEXT: "y assume the other’s poise. On such occasions he was amazed to hear himself expressing “well-formed "
9780814746677 - page_55: "START TEXT: things.” His assumption of a poise belonging to the person he met and his involuntary compliance wit" ******* END TEXT: "courages feelings of futility and emptiness and the sense that self and world are insubstantial and "
9780814746677 - page_56: "START TEXT: unreal.5 Recurrently, at least until 1922, when he completed the Duino Elegies and wrote The Sonnets" ******* END TEXT: "he recalled that she had exhibited him to her friends as if he were a doll. While trying to satisfy "
9780814746677 - page_57: "START TEXT: her need for a daughter, he encouraged his father’s hope that his little son would grow up to be an " ******* END TEXT: "ced him to live a dispiriting lie, to enact a false self. He longed to escape from them: “The good, "
9780814746677 - page_58: "START TEXT: generous asylums, such as Duino was and immediately thereafter Venice ... require so much adaptation" ******* END TEXT: "n Key, April 3, 1903; Letters 1:98).\nIn René Rilke: Die Jugend Rainer Maria Rilkes (René Rilke: The "
9780814746677 - page_59: "START TEXT: Youth of Rainer Maria Rilke), the poet’s son-in-law, Carl Sieber, reports that Rainer’s parents past" ******* END TEXT: "isian “outcasts” and in their apparent dehumanization, Rilke found what he suspected, with fear and "
9780814746677 - page_60: "START TEXT: revulsion, were mirror images of his own existence. He imagined that they were “living on nothing, o" ******* END TEXT: " to create a “compliant [social] self” that defends the inner self against discovery and intrusion.\n"
9780814746677 - page_61: "START TEXT: Winnicott maintains that in health, as in sickness, we feel the inner self must be defended, not onl" ******* END TEXT: "an concerns and relationships, that it was joyful and rich in “converse with Nature.” His resurgent "
9780814746677 - page_62: "START TEXT: creativity at the time justifies this claim, though we also know that during the years 1911-22 he of" ******* END TEXT: "bably near the time he began his work on The Notebooks, Rilke wrote to the young poet Franz Kappus, "
9780814746677 - page_63: "START TEXT: saying that anyone who wished to write poetry needed to be alone within himself much of the time.2 E" ******* END TEXT: "to be his perfect complement and utterly unintrusive. She must make no demands, expect nothing from "
9780814746677 - page_64: "START TEXT: him. She must in no way confront him with a distinctive, independent, self-assertive personality or " ******* END TEXT: "housekeeper who would not expect anything from him reflects his dread at the prospect of having his "
9780814746677 - page_65: "START TEXT: internal freedom and his sense of a separate, distinctive self overwhelmed by intimacy with an asser" ******* END TEXT: "comes, as Chodorow and Contratto show, one focus of recent feminist writings. A number of feminists "
9780814746677 - page_66: "START TEXT: whose works they discuss have explored the ways in which the fantasy or the reality of mothers’ alon" ******* END TEXT: "ree with his belief that it nurtured his genius. In an essay on Rilke, Robert Hass notes the poet’s "
9780814746677 - page_67: "START TEXT: loathing for the superficiality and falseness which he saw in the everyday social life of most human" ******* END TEXT: "nsion of the psyche which Hass associates with “the huge nakedness and poverty of human longing.”6\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_68: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 4This Lost, Unreal Woman\nPhia Rilke and the Maternal Figures in The Notebooks\nI\nIn April 190" ******* END TEXT: " to explain why he sometimes felt he had no place and was not at home in the world (Letters 1:147).\n"
9780814746677 - page_69: "START TEXT: I have mentioned the letter which Rilke wrote in November 1907 from Prague about Phia’s effect on hi" ******* END TEXT: "dass einer baut.Sie geht mir mitten durch die Wand von SteinAch wehe, meine Mutter reisst mich ein.\n"
9780814746677 - page_70: "START TEXT: Die Vógel fliegen leichter um mich her.Die fremden Hunde wissen: das ist der.Nur einzig meine Mutter" ******* END TEXT: "2 To “Vally” he wrote on his nineteenth birthday that his mother had entrusted him to a servant and "
9780814746677 - page_71: "START TEXT: that she had loved him only when she could exhibit him to her friends in a little dress (Letters 1:1" ******* END TEXT: " his consciousness of world and self, all his insides, out of him. The images suggest, ambiguously, "
9780814746677 - page_72: "START TEXT: irresistible vacuums and voracious mouths. Psychoanalytic studies reveal that unconscious infantile " ******* END TEXT: " explains that she is absent because she does not want to encounter Christine, his uncle, a retired "
9780814746677 - page_73: "START TEXT: army major, leaves the room, beckoning Malte and his young cousin, Erik, to follow him. Later, when " ******* END TEXT: " defended himself against this association by making her harmless and only “a distant cousin” (27).\n"
9780814746677 - page_74: "START TEXT: The reactions Christine’s ghost arouses in various members of the family point to an underlying fant" ******* END TEXT: " sense of being trapped among the dead, among ghosts, unable to make vital contact with the living.\n"
9780814746677 - page_75: "START TEXT: Maurice Betz, who worked with Rilke on the French translation of The Notebooks, recalls in Rilke viv" ******* END TEXT: "on this experience, Maman calls Malte “Sophie,” the name of Rilke’s mother and his dead sister. But "
9780814746677 - page_76: "START TEXT: Malte’s memory of the time “when Maman wished I had been a little girl and not the boy that I undeni" ******* END TEXT: "mage, guilt at being male and an inclination to reject one’s masculinity, fear of women, difficulty "
9780814746677 - page_77: "START TEXT: in staying with a woman. Above all, the mother’s game would draw her son into a collaboration which " ******* END TEXT: "om the kind of narcissism that Rilke attributes to Phia, tend to prevent a child from developing an "
9780814746677 - page_78: "START TEXT: adequate sense of his coherence and reality and an ability to control his fears. Because of her sens" ******* END TEXT: "ttempting to keep her son tightly bound in the symbiotic relationship which he is trying to escape. "
9780814746677 - page_79: "START TEXT: She may project her sense of herself onto him, motivated by her need to see him as part of her.\nRilk" ******* END TEXT: ", enchanting Maman accompanies a recollection of one of his worst bouts of terror as a child. After "
9780814746677 - page_80: "START TEXT: he has been “screaming and screaming” while servants try to calm him, his mother arrives at last. We" ******* END TEXT: "atic fathers and mothers, he finds, often reproduce traits of the real ones. The replacement of the "
9780814746677 - page_81: "START TEXT: child’s real parents by the ones in the fantasy recaptures earlier idealizations of the former.1\nRil" ******* END TEXT: "rely manages to skirt incest.”6\nRilke’s passionate affair with Lou Andreas-Salomé, who was fourteen "
9780814746677 - page_82: "START TEXT: years older than himself and an acknowledged second mother, also supports the thesis that Rilke’s fe" ******* END TEXT: "les notes that usually they deny this disastrous and extremely dangerous and painful love and cover "
9780814746677 - page_83: "START TEXT: it up with antagonism, hatred, and loathing, in useless efforts to defend themselves against it.9 Th" ******* END TEXT: "st, an earlier stage of development in the child’s life. Searles’s analysis leads to the conclusion "
9780814746677 - page_84: "START TEXT: that the resolution of the “Oedipus complex” cannot free someone from such an illness, in which oedi" ******* END TEXT: " of Saint Anthony, or something very similar, plays with the tendency to find a willful, autonomous "
9780814746677 - page_85: "START TEXT: phallus in multifarious objects and with the almost irresistible power of sexual desire over body an" ******* END TEXT: "both parents filled their small son’s existence with their anxieties about the state of his health:\n"
9780814746677 - page_86: "START TEXT: Fear that the youth might catch cold, that he might be exposed to a draft, that his bed was hard, th" ******* END TEXT: "ka strangely interesting and revealing is Malte’s fantasy about the czar’s reaction to Maria’s lie: "
9780814746677 - page_87: "START TEXT: But the mother’s declaration, even if it was a conscious deception, still had the power to diminish " ******* END TEXT: "l as his having left home and having no home to return to, are essential elements of this fantasy.\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_100: "START TEXT: no longer wants to feel her comforting him; instead, he needs to be confident of the power that he w" ******* END TEXT: "aratively, because at times he does show interest and concern; but these times are the exceptions.) "
9780814746677 - page_101: "START TEXT: More often than not her letters focus upon his experience, thought, and work.\nIn 1900 Rilke’s narcis" ******* END TEXT: "riginated also in the poet’s need to defend himself against Phia’s destructive, alien preconception "
9780814746677 - page_102: "START TEXT: of him. Furious with both women for their inclination to separate themselves from him and for their " ******* END TEXT: "heir meeting at Zoppot. The high points of the relationship during those two years were their trips "
9780814746677 - page_103: "START TEXT: to Russia together in the spring of 1899 and the spring of 1900. They spent months together preparin" ******* END TEXT: "ed that she no longer wanted their old intimacy. On October 18 he began to write glowing letters to "
9780814746677 - page_104: "START TEXT: Clara and Paula, and he continued to do so during the rest of the fall, though his letters to Paula " ******* END TEXT: ".. and to see you listening and keeping silent ...” (Letters 1:147 and 149). Such receptive silence "
9780814746677 - page_105: "START TEXT: would defend him against the threat of her egotism, reinforced by a powerful intellect, which had sh" ******* END TEXT: ". ... In Paris, ... when all things drew back from me, as if from a man gone blind, when I trembled "
9780814746677 - page_106: "START TEXT: with fear that I would no longer recognize the face of the person closest to me, then I healed mysel" ******* END TEXT: "tions about patients prevented in childhood, by a parent’s traumatic withdrawal, from going through "
9780814746677 - page_107: "START TEXT: the normal gradual process of shrinking that parent down to fairly realistic dimensions while intern" ******* END TEXT: "d frightening, and the child’s comparative incapacity for ambivalence. In Hamlet, as psychoanalytic "
9780814746677 - page_108: "START TEXT: criticism has shown, the splitting and polarizing enable the prince and the audience to isolate hatr" ******* END TEXT: " later, in January 1904, he wrote to Lou about an ancient mural he had seen in a Paris art dealer’s "
9780814746677 - page_109: "START TEXT: shop, implicitly identifying himself with the traveler in the painting and her with the woman listen" ******* END TEXT: "y defended, his face would continue to grow, as would the self and the work which he was building.\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_88: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 5Take Me, Give Me Form, Finish Me\nLou Andreas-Salomé\nI\n“Now there is still time—” he writes," ******* END TEXT: " yet a very girlish child.” Nietzsche also called her “the most intelligent of all women,” and told "
9780814746677 - page_89: "START TEXT: his friend Overbeck, “Our mentalities and tastes are most deeply akin—and yet there are so many cont" ******* END TEXT: "give more than you receive”).7\nSalomé’s study of Rilke, written just after his death, makes idiosyn "
9780814746677 - page_90: "START TEXT: cratic use of psychoanalytic ideas, mixing them with intuitions which are sometimes shrewd. She is n" ******* END TEXT: "e similarity between this script and Lou’s.14 Biographers have also argued that she was responsible "
9780814746677 - page_91: "START TEXT: for significant changes in the style of his work and was the source of many of his ideas. 15\nIn sayi" ******* END TEXT: "chmiegtest Dich an mich, doch nicht zum Hohn,nur so, wie die formende Hand sich schmiegt an den Ton,"
9780814746677 - page_92: "START TEXT: Die hand mit des Schópfers Gewalt.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .da wu" ******* END TEXT: "vieles starb and brach,—jetzt geh ich mit blinden Schrittendeinem Leben nach.(Sämtlicbe Werke 3:173)"
9780814746677 - page_93: "START TEXT: I have suffered a great dealdied and broken often,—now with blind stepsI follow your life.\nIn anothe" ******* END TEXT: "ntrieb ich auf tausend Wegenam Tage und im Traum.\nUnd du bist das Erlósen,nach welchem ich in bósen,"
9780814746677 - page_94: "START TEXT: bangen Fiebern schrie;im Dicherkennen sankenmeine reisigen reifsten Gedankenwie Kinder in die Knie.(" ******* END TEXT: "and good” (Letters 1:122-23).\nRead together, the two letters suggest that Salomé’s enthusiasm about "
9780814746677 - page_95: "START TEXT: his Rodin book, her assurance that it “[meant] much” to her, gave him a sense of his own “reality” a" ******* END TEXT: "with the reality of this world, he thought that he might be lost forever, in unreality, in madness.\n"
9780814746677 - page_96: "START TEXT: In November 1903 he wrote to Salomé about closely related fantasies and feelings, saying that he cou" ******* END TEXT: "nt” of a phase of the self’s development “in which the gleam in the mother’s eye, which mirrors the "
9780814746677 - page_97: "START TEXT: child’s exhibitionistic display,” confirms “the child’s self-esteem.”1 By mirroring (in this sense o" ******* END TEXT: "scious of this identification.\nReading the diary written in Italy at Zoppot, Lou failed to show the "
9780814746677 - page_98: "START TEXT: admiration Rilke had been been expecting. She received his display of intelligence and style with in" ******* END TEXT: "ght that in his letters she can hear him gives him the feeling that he exists, that he is alive. In "
9780814746677 - page_99: "START TEXT: the same letter he expresses his belief that only her highly intelligent and empathetic “listening” " ******* END TEXT: "ips, as her soul once bent to his brow. He wants her to be able to lean on him, if she is weary. He "
9780814746677 - page_110: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 6To Fill All the Rooms of Your Soul\nClara Rilke\nI\nIf Rilke was unhappy about his separation " ******* END TEXT: "ecker’s engagement to the Worpswede painter Otto Modersohn was announced. In mid-November she wrote "
9780814746677 - page_111: "START TEXT: to the poet to tell him about her love for Modersohn. There is no clear evidence that Rilke had made" ******* END TEXT: "Lieder der Mádchen” which he had written probably in the spring and early summer of 1898,9 and they "
9780814746677 - page_112: "START TEXT: inspired “Von den Mádchen.”10 In these two latter poems, written in September 1900 soon after Rilke " ******* END TEXT: "“the unalterable life” that in the unicorn tapestries “radiantly opened in front of them” (131-33).\n"
9780814746677 - page_113: "START TEXT: Like “Von den Mádchen,” this passage makes one wonder if Rilke’s attraction to maidenliness arose fr" ******* END TEXT: "Paula Becker came to Paris in 1906, escaping from her marriage to devote herself to painting, Rilke "
9780814746677 - page_114: "START TEXT: may have been partly responsible for her surrender to her family’s desire that she return to her hus" ******* END TEXT: "ve mirror, free from all selfassertion and egotism, even when the subject was her own body. She did "
9780814746677 - page_115: "START TEXT: not say, “I am that” (“das bin ich”); her gaze had become “so unpos-sessive” (“so besitzlos”) that “" ******* END TEXT: "o that both of them could devote their lives to their art. But his letters show he thought that she "
9780814746677 - page_116: "START TEXT: had a mother’s responsibility to care for their child, while, implicitly, he was free to be elsewher" ******* END TEXT: "while he was in Arco in March 1901, visiting his mother. The poem implicitly describes his fiancée:\n"
9780814746677 - page_117: "START TEXT: Du schöme dunkle Laute, mir gegeben,damit ich prüfe meine Meisterschaft,—    spielen will ich auf di" ******* END TEXT: "uality (see The Notebooks, 251-58).\nWas Clara so malleable? Angered by her apparent withdrawal from "
9780814746677 - page_118: "START TEXT: their friendship after her marriage to Rilke, Paula Becker wrote to her, complaining that she had tr" ******* END TEXT: "y and power of sculptors are reflected in his poems and stories about Michelangelo. In “The Book of "
9780814746677 - page_119: "START TEXT: the Monastic Life,’ the first part of The Book of Hours, the Renaissance master is called “the man, " ******* END TEXT: " to “the great face of rock under its white stone veils,” but one cannot help feeling that he means "
9780814746677 - page_120: "START TEXT: God. Afterward a voice comes to him, saying, “Michelangelo, who is in thee?” He answers, “Thou, my G" ******* END TEXT: " his own faith in her art out of a need to protect his belief in the fruitfulness of her separation "
9780814746677 - page_121: "START TEXT: from him, to justify in his own mind the breakup of the marriage. Yet some of them also show that he" ******* END TEXT: "ation, confessing that Lou’s accusations against him echo his own thoughts. And then he defends his "
9780814746677 - page_122: "START TEXT: behavior, saying that he and Clara are only postponing their life together and that his world grows " ******* END TEXT: " more interesting and appealing to the young poet than her friend’s. In his first letter written to "
9780814746677 - page_123: "START TEXT: Clara after he left Worpswede to return to Lou, in October 1900, he recalls her extraordinary powers" ******* END TEXT: "ance) that the momentary impression is spontaneously heightened to the symbolic. (Letters 1:265-66)\n"
9780814746677 - page_124: "START TEXT: One can see why Clara might want to go on corresponding and conversing with the poet who offered suc" ******* END TEXT: " good influence, like every mother. Only I must seek my mother, mustn’t I?” (Letters 1:46). Earlier "
9780814746677 - page_125: "START TEXT: in the same letter, explaining his abrupt departure from Worpswede, he says, “To me Russia has reall" ******* END TEXT: " whose face he might find himself so that he might never lose himself in his own selfabsorbed gaze.\n"
9780814746677 - page_126: "START TEXT: Curiously, in his early letters to Clara he showed her her own image, as if to demonstrate that he t" ******* END TEXT: "and particularly by the beloved woman. The converse mirroring fantasies which we have just examined "
9780814746677 - page_127: "START TEXT: were defenses against this anxiety and the fear of becoming totally cut off from human intimacy beca" ******* END TEXT: "were more conducive to her development as an artist than living together full time would have been.\n"
9780814746677 - page_128: "START TEXT: We shall probably never know the answers to the questions raised here. But we do have Rilke’s ultima" ******* END TEXT: "him. But when she tried to purge herself of Rilke, her willful negation of him distressed the poet. "
9780814746677 - page_129: "START TEXT: At such times she may have been reminiscent of the mother who had turned all that he was in his own " ******* END TEXT: "d grow in it.6 Not even his relationship with his daughter could bring him the “feeling of reality” "
9780814746677 - page_130: "START TEXT: (“Wirklichkeitsgefühl”), the experience of what it was like to be someone real in a real world (“Wir" ******* END TEXT: "conferring solidity and certainty on everything and everyone around him—Rodin (see Letters 1:123).\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_131: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 7This Always Secret Influence\nThe Poet’s Changing Relationship with His Father\nI\nRilke’s rel" ******* END TEXT: "s “incapable of love” in a letter written early in 1914 to Magda von Hattingberg, eight years after "
9780814746677 - page_132: "START TEXT: Josef Rilke’s death. In this letter he complained that his father’s concern for him had taken the de" ******* END TEXT: "ithin his hope the son finds the gnawing worm of Josef’s anxiety, which has become part of himself.\n"
9780814746677 - page_133: "START TEXT: In a number of letters Rilke contradicts this impression of his father. In January 1923, writing to " ******* END TEXT: "t, resentment, hostility, and fear, a rediscovery arising out of the greater confidence and freedom "
9780814746677 - page_134: "START TEXT: he had attained through his fulfillment and extraordinary achievement in the Elegies and the Sonnets" ******* END TEXT: " the pre-oedipal years make Rilke’s statements about Josef’s importance to him during his childhood "
9780814746677 - page_135: "START TEXT: more intelligible. Some child psychologists see the father “as a powerful and necessary support agai" ******* END TEXT: " you” (ET, 8). Reacting with angry scorn to this line of persuasion, Ewald replies, “That’s all you "
9780814746677 - page_136: "START TEXT: are concerned about. To lie on one’s belly before ... people—that’s the right way; and to crawl on o" ******* END TEXT: " of financial and emotional support, he says, “My whole art has grown up from its first day against "
9780814746677 - page_137: "START TEXT: opposition: against the laughter and scorn of the noncommissioned officers, against my father, again" ******* END TEXT: "n Ewald Tragy, there is no reason to believe that the love, gratitude, and empathetic understanding "
9780814746677 - page_138: "START TEXT: are any more superficial or less honest than the resentment and the desire to be freed from dependen" ******* END TEXT: "ically goes against the wishes of a parent who shows much kindness and generosity, and continues to "
9780814746677 - page_139: "START TEXT: do so despite his doubt and fear, is likely to give one a sore conscience. We can believe that Rilke" ******* END TEXT: "f or projected in the son’s perceptions of the father, the analyst would say that it was then taken "
9780814746677 - page_140: "START TEXT: into the superego and projected onto these figures of the imagination, who do seem to embody project" ******* END TEXT: "ther served in the Austrian army, intent upon a career as an officer. Disappointed in this hope (he "
9780814746677 - page_141: "START TEXT: did not receive a commission and withdrew from active service after ten years in the army), he was d" ******* END TEXT: "apers which the poet’s Uncle Jaroslav had got from the Royal Saxon State Archives in his attempt to "
9780814746677 - page_142: "START TEXT: prove that the Rilkes of Prague were closely related to the noble old Saxon family by the same name." ******* END TEXT: "lasting popularity, the splendid energy which also made him go back to the poem in 1904 and 1906 to "
9780814746677 - page_143: "START TEXT: work it over very carefully, must have been fostered by the paternal ideal which he had taken into h" ******* END TEXT: "ör ich doch keinen wie ihn. Auf einmal durchgeht michmit der strömenden Luft sein verdunkelter Ton.\n"
9780814746677 - page_144: "START TEXT: The hero is strangely close to those who died young.\nPermanence\ndoes not concern him. He lives in co" ******* END TEXT: " demolished pillars, it was when he burstfrom the world of your body into the narrower world, where\n"
9780814746677 - page_145: "START TEXT: again\nhe chose and prevailed. O mothers of heroes, O sourcesof ravaging floods! You ravines into whi" ******* END TEXT: "he seething reaction of Paul Morel’s father in Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers to the physical affection "
9780814746677 - page_146: "START TEXT: between Paul and his mother, one can sense the anger lurking behind the master of the hunt’s impatie" ******* END TEXT: "veloped distance and restraint, greater skill in indirection and irony, and the ability to simplify "
9780814746677 - page_147: "START TEXT: his live model into this relatively abstract and highly integrated figure of fine art.\nOne can see M" ******* END TEXT: "g that we know about Josef Rilke. Phia long outlived her husband and suffered no such disfigurement "
9780814746677 - page_148: "START TEXT: through illness. But the passage brings to mind Josef Rilke’s pride, which had been so badly undermi" ******* END TEXT: "n your letters and do not not in any way excite René, likewise do not encourage René’s versifying.4\n"
9780814746677 - page_149: "START TEXT: At Urnekloster the master of the hunt is frightened by the ghost of Christine Brahe the first time h" ******* END TEXT: "ith him (33–34). Later, as the ghost once more walks slowly past, responding to his father-in-law’s "
9780814746677 - page_150: "START TEXT: raised glass, Malte’s father still seems to be shaped by the novelist’s sense of the ridiculous, whi" ******* END TEXT: "rility, his stiffness, his apparent hollowness in life. The roaring of the chamberlain’s dying body "
9780814746677 - page_151: "START TEXT: seems to express all the unused energy and passion the grandfather has had in reserve during his lif" ******* END TEXT: "l child’s impressions and fantasies of the father’s power continued to influence him long after his "
9780814746677 - page_152: "START TEXT: father’s failures and disappointments became painfully clear to him and even after Josef died. Some " ******* END TEXT: " of his dream must have remained.\nTwo years after the 1913 meeting which Lou describes in her Freud "
9780814746677 - page_153: "START TEXT: Journal, Rilke wrote the Fourth Elegy, in which he expressed his aversion to the ordinary bourgeois " ******* END TEXT: "ther who gnaws at his insides.)\nThis father has been introjected. He lives on in his son as a “felt "
9780814746677 - page_154: "START TEXT: presence.” (In Internalization in Psychoanalysis, W. W. Meissner defines an “introject” as “an inner" ******* END TEXT: "onclusiveness which it doesn’t possess and in which people will feel cheated when they buy my books "
9780814746677 - page_155: "START TEXT: now” (Letters 1:165). Perhaps it was this very quality that worried him so much—Key’s excessive gene" ******* END TEXT: "rom a child’s success. If only he could compensate the old man for the anxiety he had given him and "
9780814746677 - page_156: "START TEXT: replace that fear with confidence and pleasure and the self-esteem of a father who had seen his son " ******* END TEXT: "o, should do something now,—something that may perhaps never come again like this” (Letters 1:202).\n"
9780814746677 - page_157: "START TEXT: In the next two years many of the New Poems were written. This was a period of sustained creativity " ******* END TEXT: "s father aged and became ill, and after his death as well, this ongoing process of polarization may "
9780814746677 - page_158: "START TEXT: have helped him to isolate Josef from the kind of hostility and revulsion which he felt toward his m" ******* END TEXT: " do on everything mutable and changeable which he loves and values. The ninth Duino Elegy makes his "
9780814746677 - page_159: "START TEXT: meaning clear. In the following lines the poet reflects that ephemeral things understand he is prais" ******* END TEXT: ",” the second part of The Book of Hours, written in 1901 and revised in 1905, a year before Josef’s "
9780814746677 - page_160: "START TEXT: death, he had converted his father into a ghostly phantasm even before his death. On one side of an " ******* END TEXT: " Um den Mund enormviel Jugend, ungelächelte Verführung,und vor der vollen schmückenden Verschnürung\n"
9780814746677 - page_161: "START TEXT: der schlanken adeligen Uniformder Säbelkorb und beide Hände—, dieabwarten, ruhig, zu nichts hingedrä" ******* END TEXT: "sense of their immediacy and influence. Recalling his fear of his father’s death as a child and his "
9780814746677 - page_162: "START TEXT: fantasy that his own existence was inseparable from Josef’s, he wrote to Countess Margot Sizzo, expr" ******* END TEXT: "ication of “Mourning and Melancholia” (1917).10 Had Rilke read the latter essay? Had he heard about "
9780814746677 - page_163: "START TEXT: these ideas through friends, such as Lou Andreas-Salomé, who were immersed in psychoanalytic theory," ******* END TEXT: "e such introjects with an unusually intense life. What seems especially relevant to our exploration "
9780814746677 - page_164: "START TEXT: of Rilke’s response to his father’s death is Klein’s argument that fantasies of kind, loving, ideali" ******* END TEXT: " of triumph, as well as against guilt and the internal presence of a vengeful, punishing parent.12\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_165: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 8Rodin\nI\nIn the summer of 1905, not having seen his old friend and “master” for more than tw" ******* END TEXT: "8–1900) and Worpswede (1900).2 Clara, Rilke’s wife, had studied with Rodin, and the poet’s marriage "
9780814746677 - page_166: "START TEXT: probably intensified his interest in the sculptor and augmented his knowledge of the man and his wor" ******* END TEXT: "ssociates Rodin with the divine Creator in Genesis: “when he fashions a hand, it is alone in space, "
9780814746677 - page_167: "START TEXT: and there is nothing besides a hand; and in six days God made only a hand and poured out the waters " ******* END TEXT: "ociation with the “master,” studying and emulating him. They also support the conclusion that Rodin "
9780814746677 - page_168: "START TEXT: was a maternal as well as a paternal figure for the poet. Writing to Clara in September 1905, after " ******* END TEXT: "hievement, and renown. In these terms one can understand the poet’s response to the sculptor as “an "
9780814746677 - page_169: "START TEXT: example given to my life, to my art” (Letters 1:88). Though his mother’s esteem for poets and poetry" ******* END TEXT: "tween Josef Rilke’s advice and example and Rodin’s. Did Rodin, as a paternal embodiment of an ideal "
9780814746677 - page_170: "START TEXT: of the self which had been fostered by Rilke’s mother, provide a way of reconciling that ideal with " ******* END TEXT: "ent claims of real life.”8 Butler says that these tendencies came from Phia. Sieber, who knew Phia, "
9780814746677 - page_171: "START TEXT: and Lou Andreas-Salomé, who met her, confirm her son’s judgment that she lived amid unrealities—self" ******* END TEXT: " of feelings transferred from these highly subjective childhood figures in the poet’s unconscious.1\n"
9780814746677 - page_172: "START TEXT: Can we describe and define the parental figure of childhood fantasy which Rilke projected onto Rodin" ******* END TEXT: "lagued by self-doubt, uncertainty, self-division, and childhood fears in those early days in Paris. "
9780814746677 - page_173: "START TEXT: He was drawn to Rodin by the feeling that the “master”, “dear as a father,” conferred reality and ce" ******* END TEXT: "ection of idealizing love and esteem to the superego has been undermined or disrupted grows into an "
9780814746677 - page_174: "START TEXT: adult who continues to “search for external ideal figures from whom he wants to obtain the approval " ******* END TEXT: "came for Rilke, to provide “the psychological cement that [maintains] the cohesion of the self.” In "
9780814746677 - page_175: "START TEXT: this way the surrogate helps the narcissistically ill person defend himself against anxieties such a" ******* END TEXT: " goes back to childhood failures in a person’s relationships with his parents, such as those I have "
9780814746677 - page_176: "START TEXT: explored. Modell posits that a “cohesive sense of identity” is rooted in introjections of, and ident" ******* END TEXT: "s thinking in the game is magical in the sense that he feels that his mastery over the spool, which "
9780814746677 - page_177: "START TEXT: in his unconscious is identified with his mother, establishes mastery over her.\nI have argued that R" ******* END TEXT: "nd unreality which Rilke experienced during the years 1902–3 and the perception of Rodin as someone "
9780814746677 - page_178: "START TEXT: who possessed the sense of reality and psychic strength, unity, and vitality which he lacked drew th" ******* END TEXT: "mpatriot Franz Kafka, in which a son remembers his feelings as a boy when, on a swimming expedition "
9780814746677 - page_179: "START TEXT: with his father, they came out of the cabin for changing clothes. He compares his own body to a skel" ******* END TEXT: "fluency in French when he first arrived. In a letter written to Rodin shortly after his arrival, he "
9780814746677 - page_180: "START TEXT: begins by equating his French with “sickness.” His words, he says, are “dead” (Letters 1:87). In his" ******* END TEXT: "t is not felt to be beyond control in the way that the child comes to experience “the real mother.” "
9780814746677 - page_181: "START TEXT: If all goes well, the child’s sense of control over a “transitional object” diminishes gradually, as" ******* END TEXT: "that such things are the precursors of the objects artists create is that the latter can give their "
9780814746677 - page_182: "START TEXT: maker the “confidence” and “the sense of not being alone” which originally should come from a mother" ******* END TEXT: " himself with the help of such objects as the boy’s spool in Freud’s Beyond the Pleasure Principle.\n"
9780814746677 - page_183: "START TEXT: The poet decided that Rodin’s repudiation of his belief in inspiration ironically arose from the nev" ******* END TEXT: "ful, there is much more reality than in any relationship or affection that I feel” (Letters 1:121).\n"
9780814746677 - page_184: "START TEXT: Through emulation and identification, by mastering the master and making Rodin part of himself, by m" ******* END TEXT: "ritten before he met Rodin, in which Rilke observes that a figure by the French master stays always "
9780814746677 - page_185: "START TEXT: within an uncrossable magic circle. As with reflected images in a fountain, the spectator cannot app" ******* END TEXT: "ided to live with him at Meudon, beginning in September 1905. From then until May 1906 he dedicated "
9780814746677 - page_186: "START TEXT: much of his time to helping his friend, writing his correspondence for him. Even when he was away fr" ******* END TEXT: "etters to the poet. In one of these exchanges, Rilke had added a postscript to a letter prepared in "
9780814746677 - page_187: "START TEXT: consultation with the sculptor. His crimes were miniscule. Rodin had introduced Rilke as a friend, n" ******* END TEXT: " others equally strong or stronger. Josef Rilke’s death probably made Rainer feel that he no longer "
9780814746677 - page_188: "START TEXT: needed a father and no longer wanted to be any father’s son. Malte’s reaction to his father’s death " ******* END TEXT: "nabled the poet to feel that the psychological “work” which had so badly needed doing when he first "
9780814746677 - page_189: "START TEXT: met Rodin had been accomplished through his intimate and evolving relationship with the Master.\nIn J" ******* END TEXT: "ll war bis zum Rand—:Und dann doch fortzugehen, Hand aus Hand,als ob man ein Geheiltes neu zerrisse,"
9780814746677 - page_190: "START TEXT: und fortzugehn: wohin? Ins Ungewisse,weit in ein unverwandtes warmes Land,das hinter allem Handeln w" ******* END TEXT: "esentment and to protect his admiration and affection for the old man. Reading the letters he wrote "
9780814746677 - page_191: "START TEXT: at this time, one cannot help seeing that he needed to believe that the breach would be healed. He w" ******* END TEXT: "given in the fall of 1905, he said, “I am already beginning to see too that many of its perceptions "
9780814746677 - page_192: "START TEXT: belong perhaps to the demands Rodin taught us to make, not to those which his work realizes in each " ******* END TEXT: "e had also experienced as a maternal figure was especially welcome. Writing to Clara, he emphasized "
9780814746677 - page_193: "START TEXT: his own happiness on receiving the letter from Rodin (Letters 1:323). A week later, in Vienna, where" ******* END TEXT: " Clara, he foresaw that in the future he would be “as kind to him as I always was” (Letters 1:331).\n"
9780814746677 - page_194: "START TEXT: This account of his meeting with Rodin reveals the complexity of Rilke’s feelings about the sculptor" ******* END TEXT: "nforced by his travels in Russia, but it also suggests a rebellion against the father’s primacy and "
9780814746677 - page_195: "START TEXT: authority. In this respect it calls to mind Simenauer’s explication of the son’s creation of the fat" ******* END TEXT: "e Child, as well as the world.\nIf Rodin had nursed any sour doubts of Rilke’s continuing admiration "
9780814746677 - page_196: "START TEXT: and esteem, this gift and the praise that went with it must have laid them to rest. Surely the feeli" ******* END TEXT: "e eight sorrowful letters soared and grew far beyond its object, the contemptible (in Rilke’s eyes) "
9780814746677 - page_197: "START TEXT: Marquis de Chamilly, and achieved beauty and majesty? (The Notebooks, 134; Letters 1:228).\nRodin’s d" ******* END TEXT: "recalls as well the passage in the “Book of Pilgrimage” in which Rilke wonders if a father does not "
9780814746677 - page_198: "START TEXT: mean “past years,” “obsolete gestures,” and “dead fashion,” and concludes, “If he was a hero for his" ******* END TEXT: "t”), I suspect that the letter reflects the poet’s sense of the destructiveness in this old father.\n"
9780814746677 - page_199: "START TEXT: What was happening in the relationship between Rodin and Rilke, as the letters portray it, calls to " ******* END TEXT: "ire to reduce him still further, to nothing, to obliterate him, if only because he is so dangerous.\n"
9780814746677 - page_200: "START TEXT: No doubt, the letters which bear witness to the old man’s decay and ruin in the next few years—such " ******* END TEXT: "retched armis my call. And its hand held open and reaching upto seize, remains in front of you, open"
9780814746677 - page_201: "START TEXT: as if in defense and warning,Ungraspable One, far above.(From the Seventh Duino elegy [1922], SP, 19" ******* END TEXT: " and later age (Letters 2:312).\nIn October 1924 Rilke made a final evaluation of Rodin’s influence, "
9780814746677 - page_202: "START TEXT: which shows the clarity and objectivity of distance and supremely self-confident mastery. The French" ******* END TEXT: "s an artist. Now his praise came not from a weak, sick man’s need to idealize a new father in order "
9780814746677 - page_203: "START TEXT: to participate in his omnipotence, but from the sense that he too, like his old master, had “assente" ******* END TEXT: "h dir ihr dunkles Lustgestöhn?—\nIIKönig, der du alles dieses hattestund der du mit lauter Leben mich"
9780814746677 - page_204: "START TEXT: überwältigest und überschattest:komm aus deinem Throne und zerbrichmeine Harfe, die du so ermattest." ******* END TEXT: "eathing, at secret doors.\nThat my sound could bring it all back to you!But my music’s reeling drunk;"
9780814746677 - page_205: "START TEXT: Your nights, King, your nights—,and how fair they were, the ones your creativity ravished.o how beau" ******* END TEXT: "n Rilke and Rodin in mind, I find that its conclusion reflects the poet’s feeling at this time that "
9780814746677 - page_206: "START TEXT: he and the sculptor needed each other, that, as youth and age, they had much to give each other. It " ******* END TEXT: "lity, and with ambivalence—the young man’s desire to bring back by means of his playing those “dark "
9780814746677 - page_207: "START TEXT: moans of pleasure,” as well as his delight in the realization that the girls the king once knew are " ******* END TEXT: " given indirect and subtle, but also primitive and powerful, expression through image and metaphor.\n"
9780814746677 - page_208: "START TEXT: One can go on playing with “David Sings before Saul.” Perhaps, an analyst, reading the poem, focusin" ******* END TEXT: "g together, they might achieve the radiance, glory, and permanence of a star circling the heavens.\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_209: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 9Woman Within\nDevelopments Leading to The Sonnets to Orpheus and the Completion of the Duino" ******* END TEXT: " concentration. During the sterile periods of near despair in the years following the completion of "
9780814746677 - page_210: "START TEXT: The Notebooks, he kept hoping for someone who would shelter him and would give him the sense of havi" ******* END TEXT: "as “the voice of God ... all that is superhumanly good, lofty and sacred, but not a human person!”2\n"
9780814746677 - page_211: "START TEXT: As von Hattingberg got to know the poet and his later work, his poetry and prose often seemed alien " ******* END TEXT: "ilt he must have felt at struggling to separate himself from her so radically, at such betrayal and "
9780814746677 - page_212: "START TEXT: wounding. And he must have connected her frightening, painful early withdrawal with that struggle on" ******* END TEXT: "mage aroused “sweet fear in her dream.” Perhaps I misread this, but I find it ironic, for the woman "
9780814746677 - page_213: "START TEXT: dreaming is only imaginary, and this imaginary woman is a reminder at the end of the poem that Narci" ******* END TEXT: "d wilted and horribly atrophied” (Letters 2:112–13). One can envision the small child in the letter "
9780814746677 - page_214: "START TEXT: writer, out of sight, repressed, but very much alive in this fantasy and its underlying infantile fe" ******* END TEXT: "in his letter to Lou on June 20, 1914. “Wendung” expresses a new conception of his needs as a poet:\n"
9780814746677 - page_215: "START TEXT: Denn des Anschauns, siehe, ist eine Grenze.Und die geschautere Weltwill in der Liebe gedeihn.\nWerk d" ******* END TEXT: "mations of an ardent imagination.\nPoems and letters which follow “Wendung” confirm what it reveals, "
9780814746677 - page_216: "START TEXT: that Rilke came to perceive the world absorbed within him as a beloved, lovely young woman, “dein in" ******* END TEXT: "eing” (Letters 2:342). When he spoke of lovers, such as Magda von Hattingberg, as sisters, no doubt "
9780814746677 - page_217: "START TEXT: he experienced them as projections of the sister he had become to please his mother and with whom at" ******* END TEXT: "ience. Just after completing the first Duino Elegy, he wrote to Annette Kolb, “What speaks to me of "
9780814746677 - page_218: "START TEXT: humanity—immensely. ... is the phenomenon of those who have died young and, even more absolutely, pu" ******* END TEXT: "legies, he felt that he was losing them. Despite his need to get away from them, with his losses of "
9780814746677 - page_219: "START TEXT: his mother and Lou in the background, this new sense of loss and separation, however subliminal, mus" ******* END TEXT: " wie hastdu sie vollendet, dass sie nicht begehrte,erst wach zu sein? Sieh, sie erstand und schlief."
9780814746677 - page_220: "START TEXT: Wo ist ihr Tod? O, wirst du dies Motiverfinden noch, eh sich dein Lied verzehrte?—Wo sinkt sie hin a" ******* END TEXT: " might gain a vivid sense of the end of her life. Frau Knoop seemed to understand that he wanted to "
9780814746677 - page_221: "START TEXT: hear about her daughter’s reaction to her mortal illness and the end of her life. His response to he" ******* END TEXT: "to be no secrets.”2 Through his connection with Vera, he felt, many dimensions of existence related "
9780814746677 - page_222: "START TEXT: to or shaped or touched by death were illuminated for him, opened to him. The proof of this came fro" ******* END TEXT: "WDB 1:492)\nOnly he who has raised the lyreamong shades toomay, fathoming, restorethe endless praise."
9780814746677 - page_223: "START TEXT: Only he who has eatenwith the dead their poppy,will not lose againthe softest note.\nOnly in the doub" ******* END TEXT: "ed there: “Ein für alle Male/ists Orpheus, wenn es singt” (“Everytime there’s singing/it’s Orpheus” "
9780814746677 - page_224: "START TEXT: [WDB 1:489]). The sonnet tells us that Vera has been moved by Orpheus’s music “von damals” (“from th" ******* END TEXT: "s to absorb everything around her and to fuse her with it: “Und alles war ihr Schlaf,” “Sie schlief "
9780814746677 - page_225: "START TEXT: die Welt” (WDB 1:487 and 488). Rilke’s letter to Frau Knoop emphasizes his sense of Vera’s openness " ******* END TEXT: "27). Sonnets 1.2 and II.28 and the letters about Vera reveal that the fantasy of this girl, who had "
9780814746677 - page_226: "START TEXT: moved him so deeply, living within him, as a part of him, now that she was dead, helped Rilke to att" ******* END TEXT: "rust into its natural springtime and shone with an earthly gleam, like the flowers of Sonnet II.14.\n"
9780814746677 - page_227: "START TEXT: In Sonnet II.5 an anemone becomes an image of the extraordinary openness, the “limitless receptivity" ******* END TEXT: "t ends with the question “Aber wann, in welchem aller Leben,/sind wir endlich offen und Empfänger?” "
9780814746677 - page_228: "START TEXT: (“But when, in which of all [our] lives,/are we to be finally open and receptive?”). And the Eighth " ******* END TEXT: "ight races ahead, implicitly seeking hints of light and life. His hearing lingers behind, listening "
9780814746677 - page_229: "START TEXT: for her footsteps, uncertain that he hears them, worried that she is not following him, eager to loo" ******* END TEXT: "/von allen Wurzeln geliebte,” (“Flowers of the deeper soil/loved by all roots,” [SP, 222 and 223]).\n"
9780814746677 - page_230: "START TEXT: In these poems, as in The Notebooks, the Letters to a Young Poet, and his writings about Vera, Rilke" ******* END TEXT: "hom he had written, such as Bettina von Arnim, the other unrequited lovers, and Lou Andreas-Salomé. "
9780814746677 - page_231: "START TEXT: His notion of taking Vera within him helped to make possible the joyful belief that these longed-for" ******* END TEXT: "Goethe and Beethoven, with Abelone, crediting her with extraordinary gifts of imaginative, creative "
9780814746677 - page_232: "START TEXT: perception, Malte imagines that Bettina’s love, which did not receive an adequate response from Goet" ******* END TEXT: "ive genius as consisting in the transformation of the world into “the invisible,” and thus into the "
9780814746677 - page_233: "START TEXT: form given it by the artist’s hidden inner life. Thinking of the Spanish landscape at Toledo, he wro" ******* END TEXT: "ht well involve a regression to such boyhood longings. I have explored Rilke’s need of his father’s "
9780814746677 - page_234: "START TEXT: love, but have nowhere discovered in his writings any consciousness of harboring a child’s desire to" ******* END TEXT: "ecome a girl, helped to engender and to nurture the hermaphroditic ideal which we find in his work.\n"
9780814746677 - page_235: "START TEXT: In contrast to the hermaphroditic figures of Rilke’s fiction and poems, the ordinary male, as Rilke " ******* END TEXT: "from whom he was separated, and finally the girl Vera, whom he found lovely and deeply moving, were "
9780814746677 - page_236: "START TEXT: taken into himself. Finding them in himself, he drew the love he felt for them to himself. His way o" ******* END TEXT: "tschlossen, von weit her.Immer warst du im Recht, und dein heiliger Einfallist der vertrauliche Tod."
9780814746677 - page_237: "START TEXT: Siehe, ich lebe. Woraus? Weder Kindheit noch Zukunftwerden weniger. ... Überzähliges Daseinentspring" ******* END TEXT: "may be that his magical internalization of Vera, his vivid, completely convincing sense of the girl "
9780814746677 - page_238: "START TEXT: or woman within, his union with his own Eurydice, enabled him to enjoy a sense of companionship even" ******* END TEXT: "1910 and the arrival of the Elegies in 1912, Rilke felt that he was often converted into a walking, "
9780814746677 - page_239: "START TEXT: talking facsimile of the people around him. Emerging from his room in a state of mental chaos, he wo" ******* END TEXT: "nd surrogates. In more general terms, he has internalized the “protective environment” of infancy.5\n"
9780814746677 - page_240: "START TEXT: In December 1913, writing to Princess Marie, Rilke asked her not to come to see him in Paris. Being " ******* END TEXT: " make it possible to be solitary at times and still enjoy what he calls “a sufficiency of living.”8\n"
9780814746677 - page_241: "START TEXT: Do I distort the meaning of this theory if I suggest that Rilke’s inner woman or girl was such an in" ******* END TEXT: " while he was writing the Sonnets can be understood more fully if we look back through the “inneres "
9780814746677 - page_242: "START TEXT: Mädchen” of “Wendung” to the little girl which Malte became for Maman and realize that this girl was" ******* END TEXT: " from the girl in him, was anywhere nearly so conscious of the sexual ambiguity in himself as Rilke "
9780814746677 - page_243: "START TEXT: seems to have been or that he felt anything like the poet’s fascination with his own departure from " ******* END TEXT: "ffair with her soon after the First World War. In September 1926 there was Nimet Eloui, an Egyptian "
9780814746677 - page_244: "START TEXT: divorcée of twenty-three. It was for her that Rilke picked the roses which pricked his hand, leading" ******* END TEXT: "th Vera, at last, Rilke found a girl who could never obstruct him in his fulfillment of this need.\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_245: "START TEXT: Notes\nChapter 1, Part I\n1. Harold J. Vetter, Introduction, Language Behavior in Schizophrenia, ed. a" ******* END TEXT: "eling induced by d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25),” The Psychoanalytic Review 42 (1955): 8-13.\n"
9780814746677 - page_246: "START TEXT: 9. Harold F. Searles, Collected Papers on Schizophrenia and Related Subjects (New York: Internationa" ******* END TEXT: "gmented Body in Rilke’s Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge,” in Modernity and the Text: Revisions of "
9780814746677 - page_247: "START TEXT: German Modernism, ed. David Bathrick and Andreas Huyssen (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989)" ******* END TEXT: " part 1, and Prater, 76-77 and 79.\n3. Shaw, 16-17.\n4. WDB 2:12.\n5. Rilke, Where Silence Reigns, 36.\n"
9780814746677 - page_248: "START TEXT: 6. Quoted from René Spitz, No and Yes: On the Genesis of Human Communication (New York: Internationa" ******* END TEXT: "-271. He quotes Maurice Betz’s recollection that, twenty-five years after the meeting with Tolstoy, "
9780814746677 - page_249: "START TEXT: he heard Rilke give two different accounts of it. Betz, Rilke vivant: Souvenirs, lettres, entretiens" ******* END TEXT: "ann, 303. He is quoting from Wilhelm Hausenstein, Liebe zu München, 2nd ed. (Munich, 1958), 249-50.\n"
9780814746677 - page_250: "START TEXT: 5. See Laing, chapters 4 and 5.\n6. Winnicott, The Maturational Processes, 15-16.\n7. Laing, 98.\n8. Le" ******* END TEXT: "niversities Press, 1977), 159-61.\n2. Ibid., 105.\n3. Searles, Collected Papers on Schizophrenia, 41.\n"
9780814746677 - page_251: "START TEXT: 4. Rilke, Ewald Tragy, 20.\n5. Leppmann, 7.\nChapter 4, Part III\n1. Sigmund Freud, “Family Romances” (" ******* END TEXT: "s-Salomé. Ein Portrát aus Erinnerungen und Dokumenten,” in Gehort, gelesen 10 (October 1963): 1191.\n"
9780814746677 - page_252: "START TEXT: 10. The Letters of Rainer Maria Rilke and Princess Marie von Thurn und Taxis, trans. and intro. Nora" ******* END TEXT: "), 95-96.\n13. Michael Balint, Primary Love and Psychoanalytic Technique, 83.\n14. Alice Balint, 103.\n"
9780814746677 - page_253: "START TEXT: 15. Rilke, Tagebücher aus der Frühzeit, 115-16.\n16. Ibid., 117-18.\n17. Leppmann, 107-08.\n18. Briefwe" ******* END TEXT: "s. M. D. Herter Norton (1932; rpt. New York: Norton, Norton Library 1963), 76-77.\n26. Ibid., 77-79.\n"
9780814746677 - page_254: "START TEXT: Chapter 6, Part II\n1. Binion, 322.\n2. Heinrich Wiegand Petzet, Foreword to Rilke, Letters on Cézanne" ******* END TEXT: "er, 73.\n2. Letter to his mother from Linz, summer of 1892; Sieber, 103.\n3. Leppmann, 28; Prater, 9.\n"
9780814746677 - page_255: "START TEXT: 4. Leppmann, 155.\n5. Ibid., 4.\n6. Ibid., 30.\nChapter 7, Part III\n1. Sieber, 43.\n2. Ibid., 42.\n3. Ibi" ******* END TEXT: " The Writings of Melanie Klein, ed. Roger Money-Kyrle et al., 4 vols. (New York: Free Press, 1975).\n"
9780814746677 - page_256: "START TEXT: Chapter 8, Part I\n1. Butler, 100.\n2. See Rilke, Tagebücher aus der Frühzeit, 244 and 319-21.\n3. See " ******* END TEXT: "Kaiser and Eithne Wilkins (New York: Schocken, 1954), 19 and 21.\n3. Ibid., 89 and 91.\n4. Ibid., 17.\n"
9780814746677 - page_257: "START TEXT: Chapter 8, Part IV\n1. Winnicott, Playing and Reality (1971; rpt. New York: Tavistock, 1982), 1-25.\n2" ******* END TEXT: "w (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1984), 27-31. I have altered Snow’s translation.\n2. Ibid., 29.\n"
9780814746677 - page_258: "START TEXT: Chapter 9, Part I\n1. The Letters of Rainer Maria Rilke and Marie von Thurn und Taxis, 105.\n2. Von Ha" ******* END TEXT: "\n1. Paul Valéry in Reconnaissance a Rilke: Les Cahiers du mois 23/24 (Paris: Émile-Paul, 1926), 9f.\n"
9780814746677 - page_259: "START TEXT: 2. Winnicott, The Maturational Processes, 29.\n3. Winnicott, Playing and Reality, 56, 64, and 65.\n4. " ******* END TEXT: "bid., 73-74.\n3. Ibid., 77.\n4. See Leppman, 300, 317, 382-83.\n5. Winnicott, Playing and Reality, 78. "
9780814746677 - page_260: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_261: "START TEXT: Selected Bibliography\nEditions of Rilke’s Works\nSämtliche Werke. Ed. Ernst Zinn. 6 vols. Wiesbaden a" ******* END TEXT: ".\nLetters on Cézanne. Trans. Joel Agee. Foreword by Heinrich Wiegand Petzet. New York: Fromm, 1985.\n"
9780814746677 - page_262: "START TEXT: Letters to Merline, 1919–1922. Trans. Violet M. MacDonald. Intro. J. B. Leishman. London: Methuen, 1" ******* END TEXT: "iens. Paris: Émile-Paul Frères, 1937.\n———. Rilke in Paris. Trans. Willi Reich. Zürich: Arche, 1948.\n"
9780814746677 - page_263: "START TEXT: Binion, Rudolph. Frau Lou: Nietzsche’s Wayward Disciple. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968" ******* END TEXT: "rd Edition, vol. 11, 179–90.\n———. “Mourning and Melancholia.” In Standard Edition, vol. 14, 239-58.\n"
9780814746677 - page_264: "START TEXT: ———. New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. Trans, and ed. James Strachey. New York: Norton, 1" ******* END TEXT: "anscending Angels: Rainer Maria Rilke’s Duino Elegies. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987.\n"
9780814746677 - page_265: "START TEXT: Lacan, Jacques. Écrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. London and New York: Tavistock and Norton" ******* END TEXT: "zig: Insel, 1932.\nSimenauer, Erich. Rainer Maria Rilke: Legende und Mythos. Bern: Paul Haupt, 1953.\n"
9780814746677 - page_266: "START TEXT: ———. Der Traum bei R. M. Rilke. Bern: Paul Haupt, 1976.\nSokel, Walter H. “The Devolution of the Self" ******* END TEXT: ". Rainer Maria Rilke: The Ring of Forms. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Octagon Books, 1970.\n\n"
9780814746677 - page_267: "START TEXT: Index\nAestheticism, 14–16\nAlbert-Lazard, Lulu, 243\nAlcoforado, Marianna, 196\nAngels: in First, Secon" ******* END TEXT: "e’s writings; Rodin, Auguste; Satiric irony in Rilke’s writings; Transformation in Rilke’s writings\n"
9780814746677 - page_268: "START TEXT: Artist, Rilke’s conception of, 97–98, 224\nArtists’ community at Worpswede, 110. See also Modersohn-B" ******* END TEXT: "139, 178, 231, 233, 241\nin “David Sings before Saul,” 207\nin Rilke’s conception of Rodin’s art, 185\n"
9780814746677 - page_269: "START TEXT: Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 16, 44, 234\nNotes from Underground, 51, 214\nDrozhzhin, Spiridon D., 103\nDuse, El" ******* END TEXT: "bandoned, 218\nImpingement, 50, 55–56, 61, 72, 85\ndefense against, 239\nRilke’s vulnerability to, 240\n"
9780814746677 - page_270: "START TEXT: Incestuous feelings, 81–82, 90, 113\nIncorporation, 11, 163, 177\nand identification, 218\nIntegration," ******* END TEXT: "7, 175–76, 185, 188\nModersohn, Otto, 24–26, 104, 110, 116\nModersohn-Becker, Paula, 24, 103, 110–14, "
9780814746677 - page_271: "START TEXT: 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 127–28, 167\nopposition between art and motherhood in her life, in “Requiem " ******* END TEXT: "f gods, 195\nin “David Sings before Saul,” 207\nof idealized parental figures, 172–73, 75\nin relation "
9780814746677 - page_272: "START TEXT: ship with Rodin, 172, 175, 185, 186\nof sister-self, 216–17\nPsychoanalysis: classical analysis, 10, 1" ******* END TEXT: "Erlebnis II”), 6, 54, 61, 240\nEwald Tragy, 57, 88, 92, 134–39, 140, 146, 148, 152, 159\n“Five Hymns” "
9780814746677 - page_273: "START TEXT: (Fünf Gesänge”), 143–44\n“From a Stormy Night” (“Aus einer Sturmnacht”), 216\n“Improvisations out of t" ******* END TEXT: "r, 198–200\nemphasis on constant labor, as against inspiration, 169–70\nidealization of, 157, 166–69, "
9780814746677 - page_274: "START TEXT: 171, 191, 192\nidentification with, 177, 191\ninfluence of, on Rilke’s art, 165, 170–71, 177, 201\nas “" ******* END TEXT: ", 107–8. See also Isolation\nSteiner, Jacob, 13–15\nStephens, Anthony, 14, 16–17\nStipa, Ingrid, 14–16\n"
9780814746677 - page_275: "START TEXT: Sublimation, 99, 162\nSuperego, 131, 140, 194. See also Angels; Ego ideal\nSymbiotic relationship of m" ******* END TEXT: "8\nman’s comparative inability to love, 154, 196–97\nWorpswede colony, 24\nWunderly-Volkart, Nanny, 79 "
9780814746677 - page_276: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_566: "START TEXT: \nBIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE WORKSOF JACOB B. AGUS\nBOOKS\nModern Philosophies of Judaism: A Study of Recent J" ******* END TEXT: " essays on basic concepts of Jewish theology. New York: Ktav Publishing House, Inc., 1983.\nARTICLES\n"
9780814746929 - page_567: "START TEXT: “The Offensive for Judaism.” Jewish Outlook (February 1938): 7–8; (March 1938): 6–8.\n“Reply to Criti" ******* END TEXT: "g 1956): 18–27.\n“Nationalistic Philosophies of Jewish History,” Judaism 5, 3 (summer 1956): 256–71.\n"
9780814746929 - page_568: "START TEXT: “Mixed Pews in Jewish Tradition.” Conservative Judaism n, i (fall 1956): 32–41.\n“Rebuttal of Present" ******* END TEXT: "wish Life.” In Max Kreutzberger, ed., Studies of the Leo Baeck Institute (New York, 1967), 179–264.\n"
9780814746929 - page_569: "START TEXT: “Context and Challenge: A Response to Rylaarsdam.” Bulletin 48, 2 (spring 1968): 35–44-\n“Religious E" ******* END TEXT: "ess Press, 1981, 17–24.\n“The Future of Jewish Messianism.” In Michael D. Ryan, ed., Human Responses "
9780814746929 - page_570: "START TEXT: to the Holocaust. Texts and Studies, vol. 9. New York: E. Mellen Press, 1981, 225–38.\n“A Jewish View" ******* END TEXT: ": 26—27.\nKohn, Eugene, Religion and Humanity. Jewish Quarterly Review 45, 3 (January 1955): 245–49.\n"
9780814746929 - page_571: "START TEXT: “History and Zeitgeist: Dinur, Ben Zion, B’Mifneh Hadoroth.” Midstream i, i (August 1955): 100–103.\n" ******* END TEXT: "ld, Duncan Black, The Hebrew Philosophical Genius. Jewish Social Studies 30, 3 (July 1968): 182–83.\n"
9780814746929 - page_572: "START TEXT: Gilbert, Arthur, Vatican Council and the Jews. Congress Bi-Weekly 36, 2 (January 1969): 19–21.\nKohle" ******* END TEXT: ", Contemporary Philosophy and Religious Thought.” Jewish Quarterly Review 72, 1 (July 1981): 53–56.\n"
9780814746929 - page_573: "START TEXT: Alexander Altmann Festschrift: S. Stein and R. Loewe eds., Studies in Jewish Religious and Intellect" ******* END TEXT: "bi and the Conservative Movement: Ten Questions.” Conservative Judaism 29, 2 (winter 1975): 9—10.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_i: "START TEXT: The Essential Agus" ******* END TEXT: "The Essential Agus"
9780814746929 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_iii: "START TEXT: \nTHE ESSENTIAL AGUS\nTHE WRITINGS OF JACOB B. AGUS\nEdited by Steven T. Katz\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\nTHE ESSENTIAL AGUS\nTHE WRITINGS OF JACOB B. AGUS\nEdited by Steven T. Katz\n\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1997 by New York University\nAll rights rese" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nCONTENTS\nPreface\nSelectors\n1 Jacob B. Agus: An Introductory OverviewSelections by Steven T. Katz\n2 " ******* END TEXT: "ovak\n5 The Common Core of Modern Jewish Philosophy\n6 The Nearness of God\n7 Rav Kuk, An Appreciation\n"
9780814746929 - page_vi: "START TEXT: PART TWOJacob B. Agus as a Student of Medieval Jewish Philosophy and MysticismSelections and Prefato" ******* END TEXT: "God in Jacob Agus’ TheologySelection and Prefatory Remarks by William E. Kaufman\n16 The Idea of God\n"
9780814746929 - page_vii: "START TEXT: PART SIXJacob B. Agus on the Meaning of Jewish History and ExperienceSelections and Prefatory Remark" ******* END TEXT: "nant Concept—Particularistic, Pluralistic, or Futuristic?\nBibliography of the Works of Jacob B. Agus"
9780814746929 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_ix: "START TEXT: \nPREFACESteven T. Katz\nThe present anthology, culled from the voluminous writings of Rabbi Jacob B. " ******* END TEXT: "HT OF JACOB B. AGUS\nPrefaceContributor\n  1. Jacob B. Agus: An Introductory OverviewSteven T. Katz\n  "
9780814746929 - page_x: "START TEXT: 2. Jacob B. Agus: A Personal PortraitNorton D. Shargel\n  3. Jacob B. Agus as a Student of Modern Jew" ******* END TEXT: "iot N. Dorff\n11. Jacob B. Agus as Pulpit RabbiMark LoebBibliography of the Works of Jacob B. Agus\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: The Essential Agus\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "The Essential Agus\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_xi: "START TEXT: \nSELECTORS\nDAVID R. BLUMENTHAL is Jay and Leslie Cohen Professor of Judaic Studies at Emory Universi" ******* END TEXT: "er, Massachusetts.\nMILTON R. KONVITZ is professor emeritus at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.\n"
9780814746929 - page_xii: "START TEXT: MARK LOEB is rabbi of Congregation Beth El, Baltimore, Maryland.\nDAVID NOVAK is Professor of Jewish " ******* END TEXT: "e Union for Traditional Judaism.\nMORDECAI WAXMAN is rabbi of Temple Israel, Great Neck, New York.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_1: "START TEXT: \n1JACOB B. AGUS—AN INTRODUCTORY OVERVIEWSteven T. Katz\nLIFE\nJACOB AGUS (Agushewitz) was born into a " ******* END TEXT: "Yishuv, the emerging Jewish community in the land of Israel, were not favorable, and the Agushewitz "
9780814746929 - page_10: "START TEXT: disagreed with the process. Therefore, in a move that surprised both the left and the right, he led " ******* END TEXT: "ty. Though not a reconstructionist, Agus had a long-standing relationship with Mordecai Kaplan, the "
9780814746929 - page_11: "START TEXT: founder of the reconstructionist movement, and he respected what promised to be a serious and innova" ******* END TEXT: "lectured on the Jewish background and content of the Gospels for over ten years on a regular basis.\n"
9780814746929 - page_12: "START TEXT: During the 1960s and 1970s, Agus was also active in projects that cut across the lines of Jewish org" ******* END TEXT: "ublic roles, Jacob Agus is best known as an important Jewish thinker and student of Jewish thought. "
9780814746929 - page_13: "START TEXT: This scholarly activity, which spanned nearly half a century—beginning with his Harvard doctoral dis" ******* END TEXT: " own conception of God to the point where it could serve as the basis of a life of religion” (315), "
9780814746929 - page_14: "START TEXT: and an excessive nationalism that, if not carefully counterpoised by “a deep conviction in the reali" ******* END TEXT: ". (340–41)\n\nAll his later philosophical reflections are predicated on this religio-ethical premise.\n"
9780814746929 - page_15: "START TEXT: Agus’ second book, Banner of Jerusalem: The Life, Times and Thought of Abraham Isaac Kuk (1946), int" ******* END TEXT: "ense nationalism, he never allowed himself to forget that the ultimate justification of nationalism "
9780814746929 - page_16: "START TEXT: consisted in the good that it might bring to the whole race of mankind. (High Priest, 240)\n\nIt is al" ******* END TEXT: "ving the components of humanism and secular culture in the Jewish tradition. And he appealed to the "
9780814746929 - page_17: "START TEXT: secularists to appreciate and reverence the depths of mystery, out of which spring man’s genuine val" ******* END TEXT: "ucing an idea that henceforth would be central to Agus’ general position on Jewish matters: what he "
9780814746929 - page_18: "START TEXT: calls the “meta-myth” and defines as “that indeterminate but all-too-real plus in the consciousness " ******* END TEXT: "on, and by promoting its values in the social grouping of which they are a part. (Guideposts, 201)\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_19: "START TEXT: This cardinal theme is further developed in “Building Our Future in America.” While continuing to cr" ******* END TEXT: "its religio-spiritual identity.\nThe remaining essays in Guideposts are more directly theological in "
9780814746929 - page_2: "START TEXT: family, including Jacob, now sixteen, moved again in 1927. This time they traveled to America, where" ******* END TEXT: "y in 1935, Agus took his first full-time rabbinical position in Norfolk, Virginia. Here he began to "
9780814746929 - page_20: "START TEXT: nature, beginning with a two-part essay titled “A Reasoned Faith” and subtitled “The Idea of God.” T" ******* END TEXT: "mitation and particularity. Thus, objectively, God’s speech is not verbal expression; God’s command "
9780814746929 - page_21: "START TEXT: is not a specific precept; God’s behest is not the fire, clamor and whirlwind of dogmatic rivalries." ******* END TEXT: " the halakah in the next three essays, which are devoted, respectively, to (1) “Law in Conservative "
9780814746929 - page_22: "START TEXT: Judaism”; (2) “Laws as Standards”; and (3) “Pluralism in Law.” He rightly recognizes the fundamental" ******* END TEXT: "contexts, this study sets out to provide an educated review of the main historical stages of Jewish "
9780814746929 - page_23: "START TEXT: thought. It opens with chapters on the Bible and the Rabbinic period—including, interestingly, a cha" ******* END TEXT: "tual approaches and understandings, there was an abiding “unity of the Jewish tradition.” This lay\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_24: "START TEXT: in the text, the context and the emphasis of all schools in Judaism. The unity of a river consists o" ******* END TEXT: "” is still assumed, but the ideals of prophecy are no longer the goal of the nation’s existence and "
9780814746929 - page_25: "START TEXT: the measuring rod of its actions, only so much guise and disguise, (Evolution, 419—20)\n\nEver sensiti" ******* END TEXT: "ity of mankind to perdition and open the gates of paradise only to those who accepted their dogmas?\n"
9780814746929 - page_26: "START TEXT: Yet the Christian community was far better disposed for the winning of converts than the Jewish peop" ******* END TEXT: "de and prejudice, while the saintly few thought in universal and humanistic terms.(Meaning, 1:222)\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_27: "START TEXT: In the second volume of The Meaning of Jewish History, Agus takes his narrative forward into the med" ******* END TEXT: " cabalistic thought to the oppressive situation in which Jews found themselves in the late medieval "
9780814746929 - page_28: "START TEXT: and early modern eras. Amid the brutality and persecution, cabala provided a “pious fantasy” that co" ******* END TEXT: "d guys” are—and he has thought through the merits of the various ideological positions reported on.\n"
9780814746929 - page_29: "START TEXT: In the “Epilogue,” Agus discusses the rebirth of the State of Israel and the state of Jewish life in" ******* END TEXT: "he same time, to insist that the moral-rational Way, as it is manifest in the light of reason, is a "
9780814746929 - page_3: "START TEXT: learn the trade of an active pulpit rabbi while continuing his Jewish education. Foremost among his " ******* END TEXT: " of Judaism, which critically examined the thought of the influential German triumvirate of Hermann "
9780814746929 - page_30: "START TEXT: revelation of His Will—this dual conviction establishes the central polarity in biblical religion” (" ******* END TEXT: "rech eretz), and by the mystical or philosophical notions that were cultivated in esoteric circles. "
9780814746929 - page_31: "START TEXT: As late as the sixteenth century, when the Shulhan Aruch was codified, the realm of Perfection beyon" ******* END TEXT: "aul Tchernichovsky, J. H. Brenner, and Uri Zvi Greenberg are engaged in a serious and informed way.\n"
9780814746929 - page_32: "START TEXT: In 1978, Agus published his next to last book, Jewish Identity in an Age of Ideologies. This is a su" ******* END TEXT: "ing for the ‘kingdom of heaven’” (vii). Here familiar themes are taken up, clarified, and deepened: "
9780814746929 - page_33: "START TEXT: America and the Jewish people, Jewish self-definition, classicism and romanticism, the meta-myth, Zi" ******* END TEXT: "lan’s systematic revision of Judaism along functionalist anthropological and sociological lines was "
9780814746929 - page_34: "START TEXT: spiritually impoverished and impoverishing. God, for Agus, had to be more than “the power that makes" ******* END TEXT: "proach was distinctive. As a true talmid chacham, he demanded that the halakic changes he supported "
9780814746929 - page_35: "START TEXT: be undertaken in a way consistent with the spirit of the halakic process as he understood it. In con" ******* END TEXT: " one, disagree with aspects of his writings on Zionism, nonpropositional revelation, the Torah, the "
9780814746929 - page_36: "START TEXT: vitality and future of Conservative Judaism, and the basis for revising (or not revising) the halaka" ******* END TEXT: "; hereafter cited as High Priest. This book is the retitled second edition of Banner of Jerusalem.\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_37: "START TEXT: \nSELECTIONSSteven T. Katz\nTHE FOLLOWING SELECTIONS have been chosen by Steven T. Katz and are taken " ******* END TEXT: "n and the Way (New York, 1966), 7393 and 321–60; and from The Jewish Quest (New York, 1983), 171–94."
9780814746929 - page_38: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_4: "START TEXT: Cohen, Franz Rosenzweig, and Martin Buber, as well as the work of Mordecai Kaplan, who in 1934 had p" ******* END TEXT: "king of modern Jewish thought—and perhaps also as a consequence of his engagement with Heschel—Agus "
9780814746929 - page_5: "START TEXT: turned his attention to the thought of R. Abraham Isaac Kook, the remarkable mystical personality wh" ******* END TEXT: "d to the personal needs of a religiously diverse group of Jews. Third, in the face of the unfolding "
9780814746929 - page_6: "START TEXT: catastrophe that engulfed the Jews of Europe, he had to offer Jews of limited learning who were attr" ******* END TEXT: "ne major exception, and the second was justified as a takkanah (a rabbinic enactment) responding to "
9780814746929 - page_7: "START TEXT: the “needs of the hour.” Both instantiated Agus’ view that a reverent and reasoned approach to chang" ******* END TEXT: "nal in the eyes of the now-deceased donor. Therefore, one could argue that mixed seating was noless "
9780814746929 - page_8: "START TEXT: traditional than separate seating. He also explained the lack of any clear halakic basis for separat" ******* END TEXT: "ols and taught the post—bar mitzvah class. He produced a siddur (prayer book) for everyday use that "
9780814746929 - page_9: "START TEXT: allowed services to be of a moderate length. He also changed the content of the services for late Fr" ******* END TEXT: "emale rabbis would perform all of the functions not addressed. Though he agreed with the result, he "
9780814746929 - page_211: "START TEXT: \n10JUDAISM AND THE NEW TESTAMENT\nFATHER FLOROVSKY summed up the challenge of an interfaith dialogue " ******* END TEXT: "ould decide which halachot were to be applied in his day.3 Divine inspiration in the interpretation "
9780814746929 - page_212: "START TEXT: of a biblical book was claimed by the writers of the Dead Sea Scrolls.4\nA parallel development of th" ******* END TEXT: "icah’s admonition, “to do justice, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with the Lord, thy God” (6:8).\n"
9780814746929 - page_213: "START TEXT: When we speak of Judaism in relation to the New Testament, we have to make clear that we view Judais" ******* END TEXT: "ture. Judah Maccabee, unmentioned in rabbinic literature, was reclaimed as an exemplary hero. It is "
9780814746929 - page_214: "START TEXT: now evident that the apocalyptic writers formed circles or schools within either the Pharisaic or th" ******* END TEXT: "evailing in the cosmos. Even if Baer’s theory is not accepted in its totality, we cannot doubt that "
9780814746929 - page_215: "START TEXT: for generations Greek philosophers and Jewish sages recognized one another as kindred in spirit.11\nP" ******* END TEXT: "e. They reflect the process whereby the central concepts of the Jewish religion were transferred to "
9780814746929 - page_216: "START TEXT: the great non-Jewish world. Yet this transfer was carried out in a way which cast the Jewish people " ******* END TEXT: "hen the church consisted largely of Gentiles and was engaged in bitter fights against Jews. The two "
9780814746929 - page_217: "START TEXT: communities broke apart in the generation following the destruction of the Holy Temple (70 A.D.), am" ******* END TEXT: "ny of the movement’s that existed in his day, but the building blocks of his spiritual edifice were "
9780814746929 - page_218: "START TEXT: taken from the Jewish world of that day. Jesus stood closest to the Pharisees, in that he believed i" ******* END TEXT: "cyclopedia, published in the first decade of the twentieth century (article on the New Testament):\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_219: "START TEXT: . . . that the older and the more genuine the records, written or unwritten, of the doings and teach" ******* END TEXT: "concern felt about the precise relationship of the Messianic Community to Judaism. On the view that "
9780814746929 - page_220: "START TEXT: vss. 16–17 are to be regarded as Jesus’ teaching on the relationship of his Community to Judaism, th" ******* END TEXT: "he heavenly one, or supernal light was imprisoned by Satanic forces, and the belief that the way of "
9780814746929 - page_221: "START TEXT: redemption depends on a special knowledge deriving from beyond this world, whereby the soul reverses" ******* END TEXT: " Christian as in Jewish thought.\n4. The fourth thesis purports to explain how what was originally a "
9780814746929 - page_222: "START TEXT: fervently Jewish faith became so bitterly anti-Jewish. In part, the answer is simply the transferenc" ******* END TEXT: "le many of their husbands were Jew-haters, planning physical massacres of their Jewish neighbors.29\n"
9780814746929 - page_223: "START TEXT: 5. The fifth thesis is an appeal to Christian conscience and truthfulness. There is absolutely no re" ******* END TEXT: "44, wherein the devil is said to be the father of the Jews. We have here a sermon, given presumably "
9780814746929 - page_224: "START TEXT: in a synagogue, with Jesus addressing “those Jews who had believed him” (8:31). The author dramatize" ******* END TEXT: "in Judaism became the mark of a transcendent wisdom, the sign of a fresh upsurge of the Holy Spirit "
9780814746929 - page_225: "START TEXT: in the churches which continued to develop the ideas of Paul and John, particularly after the church" ******* END TEXT: "ally and in depth. Such an orientation is contained in nuce in the rabbinic characterization of the "
9780814746929 - page_226: "START TEXT: church as an “ecclesia for the sake of heaven” that God causes to endure and expand through the vici" ******* END TEXT: "flow from them (Lk. 22:20; I Cor. 11:25). To the extent that any of us individually or collectively "
9780814746929 - page_227: "START TEXT: achieves the prophetic ideal, we share in an enterprise that is eternal. Whether we derive our inspi" ******* END TEXT: " of apocalyptic writings are heard. Even the books of Enoch, so close to New Testament thought, are "
9780814746929 - page_228: "START TEXT: praised in Zoharic writings, which contain echoes of the ideas of Pharisaic circles in the first cen" ******* END TEXT: "es (who do not study Torah) are creatures . . . Lest you say, ‘I do more and he does less,’ we have "
9780814746929 - page_229: "START TEXT: learned. Alike are those who do more and those who do less, for all depends on the directing of one’" ******* END TEXT: "utonism were also exponents of “cultural despair.” Such men as Ludwigjahn, Julius Langbehn, Paul de "
9780814746929 - page_230: "START TEXT: Lagarde, Richard Wagner, Eugen Diihring, and Oswald Spengler were agreed that the values of the demo" ******* END TEXT: "ed in later years into concepts that could no longer be fitted within a Jewish ideological context.\n"
9780814746929 - page_231: "START TEXT: 35. Tosefta, Sanhedrin, 13. Rabbi Joshua ben Hananias opinion. The twelfth-century authors of Tossaf" ******* END TEXT: "he image of the sun and its rays as symbolizing the respective roles of Judaism and Christianity.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_232: "START TEXT: \n11PERSPECTIVES FOR THE STUDY OF THE BOOK OF ACTS\nTHE FAITH and career of Paul are generally regarde" ******* END TEXT: ", and then replaced by the Gentiles.\nJohannes Munck, in the Anchor Bible volume of Acts, commenting "
9780814746929 - page_233: "START TEXT: on Acts 28:17–28, says: “Israels unbelief became the cause of his preaching the Gospel to the Gentil" ******* END TEXT: "e relations between God, Torah, and Israel—God deals in terms of law, but He also extends His mercy "
9780814746929 - page_234: "START TEXT: freely; man is free, yet all is determined; God forgives, yet man must earn forgiveness by sacrifice" ******* END TEXT: "en in the context of the appearance of the new aeon—hence, an Immanent Divine Presence, a Messianic "
9780814746929 - page_235: "START TEXT: Torah, a new Israel, the redeemed nucleus of humanity, the assurance of the Holy Spirit, and the bel" ******* END TEXT: "” and to his audience directly as facing the possibility of becoming guilty: “They killed those who "
9780814746929 - page_236: "START TEXT: foretold the coming of the Righteous One, and you now living have become his betrayers and murderers" ******* END TEXT: "sical prophets, speaking to their own people, demanded more from them—hence, the tone of bitterness "
9780814746929 - page_237: "START TEXT: and frustration. But this intra-Jewish family feeling must not be perverted by removing it from its " ******* END TEXT: "ulated that in the heavenly Temple, “not built by human hands,” the sacrifices of the righteous are "
9780814746929 - page_238: "START TEXT: even now being offered in the shape of “lambs of fire” and the officiating priest is either Michael " ******* END TEXT: "f the members of the community.”)4\nThe Temple symbolism of Paul in I Corinthians 3:16 and I Timothy "
9780814746929 - page_239: "START TEXT: 3:15 and of the author of Hebrews is paralleled by similar symbolism in the Qumran community and by " ******* END TEXT: "ed the early Christians, while the Pharisees defend Peter and John: “But if it be of God, ye cannot "
9780814746929 - page_240: "START TEXT: overthrow it. . .”(Acts 5:39). Paul too was defended by the Pharisees: “We find no evil in this man;" ******* END TEXT: "ressing the anti-Judaic side and the second-century apologists emphasizing the pro-Jewish elements.\n"
9780814746929 - page_241: "START TEXT: The rapid spread of Christianity in the pagan world was due to its serving as the vehicle of the bib" ******* END TEXT: "tain,” as it were (Aristeas to Philocrates, ed. Moises Hadas, [New York, 1951], 139). They bore its "
9780814746929 - page_242: "START TEXT: restrictions with amazing courage, so long as its educational function was necessary. But in the tim" ******* END TEXT: "or meditation of the heart” (Lev. Rabba 7:3). (We can understand Paul’s predicament in Romans 7.)\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_243: "START TEXT: \n12A NEW KIND OF CHRISTIAN-JEWISH DISPUTATION\nEVER SINCE Christianity was born, a dialogue has been " ******* END TEXT: "dren of darkness. There the argument on earth is conceived as a shadowy replica of the metaphysical "
9780814746929 - page_244: "START TEXT: struggle in the heavens. Every affirmation of the Christian faith is stated by God Himself, through " ******* END TEXT: " humiliation, in which they might atone throughout historic time for the infinite sin of “deicide.”\n"
9780814746929 - page_245: "START TEXT: This medieval image of the Jew, in all its fantastic imagery, persists in the minds of millions down" ******* END TEXT: "in the Byzantine Empire. In addition, the inner exposition of the Jewish faith did not require that "
9780814746929 - page_246: "START TEXT: account be taken of the emergence of Christianity. While the Church defined itself by reference to t" ******* END TEXT: ". Presumably, Jews had not been convinced in the past of the truth of Christianity because they had "
9780814746929 - page_247: "START TEXT: willfully closed their minds to its message. As “children of the devil,” (John 8:44) they would not " ******* END TEXT: "this light, there is need for all of us to be converted to a deeper spirituality. The mizvot of the "
9780814746929 - page_248: "START TEXT: heart are infinite in number and in degrees of outreach, as Bahya Ibn Pakuda reminds us. Hence, conv" ******* END TEXT: "himself as equal with the Father,\n    (2) that he never proclaimed himself as a person of divinity,\n"
9780814746929 - page_249: "START TEXT:     (3) that he never presumptiously claimed the honor of worship,\n    (4) that he did not intend to" ******* END TEXT: "f Judaism. “Spiritual converts,” participating in Synagogal worship, were numerous in the far-flung "
9780814746929 - page_250: "START TEXT: Jewish Diaspora in the Roman Empire.6 Maimonides maintained that the divine mandate to convert the p" ******* END TEXT: "because of prophecy.”13 His reference to Christians as idolators14 was purely legalistic, having to "
9780814746929 - page_251: "START TEXT: do with the difference between reverencing and worshiping icons. For the law in question to apply, i" ******* END TEXT: "the improvement of the civil status of Jews, that the Jewish community be given the right to impose "
9780814746929 - page_252: "START TEXT: discipline within its own ranks and to expel recalcitrant members. As an advocate of the Jewish caus" ******* END TEXT: "m the purpose of the mizvot was communal as well as personal—that is, designed to maintain the kind "
9780814746929 - page_253: "START TEXT: of community that is suitable for the emergence of saintly philosophers.21 True, the philosopher pur" ******* END TEXT: "e early stages of redemption. A new community of the “enlightened” will shake itself loose from the "
9780814746929 - page_254: "START TEXT: grip of ancient hatreds. The historic faiths will be purified from all that is unworthy of a Religio" ******* END TEXT: " sense of universal brotherhood will gradually wither and fade away These observances were historic "
9780814746929 - page_255: "START TEXT: accretions, by no means part of the essential structure of the Covenant, which was designed to promo" ******* END TEXT: "rational, having been dictated by God to Moses. As to why God did not impose similar obligations on "
9780814746929 - page_256: "START TEXT: Gentiles, Mendelssohn pointed out that Providence employs diverse ways in guiding the historical evo" ******* END TEXT: ", which must be accepted on faith. On the other hand, in the entire Torah, Mendelssohn pointed out, "
9780814746929 - page_257: "START TEXT: there is no commandment imposing any beliefs on the Israelites. The dignity of man consists in his f" ******* END TEXT: "ence, of man’s immortality, of the role of Providence and the freedom of will. Spinoza’s pantheism, "
9780814746929 - page_258: "START TEXT: which denies human freedom, was to him an aberration. And the deism of the French Voltairians was a " ******* END TEXT: " the Pharisaic Oral Law; the authority of the Talmud was questioned by the Karaites, a sect founded "
9780814746929 - page_259: "START TEXT: at the beginning of the eighth century. To Maimonides, the authoritative chain of tradition continue" ******* END TEXT: " enlarging the scope of philosophy within Jewish life and in the policy of governments, Mendelssohn "
9780814746929 - page_260: "START TEXT: became the champion of a new humanism. He could uphold the Jewish side of the debate because of his " ******* END TEXT: "Jewish law. To be sure, they were still operating, in the synagogues at least, with the traditional "
9780814746929 - page_261: "START TEXT: pattern of symbols and rituals, but they could no longer assume that the prescriptions of rabbinic l" ******* END TEXT: "rn back the pages of this primer again, and find out whether what you take to be the result of mere "
9780814746929 - page_262: "START TEXT: expressions of method, makeshifts of the teaching system, is not perhaps something more.37\n\nThis rev" ******* END TEXT: "e one foundation of both ethics and religion, how can we avoid the horrors of religious fanaticism?\n"
9780814746929 - page_263: "START TEXT: Several decades after the death of Mendelssohn, even non-orthodox Jewish thinkers such as S. L. Stei" ******* END TEXT: " the ardor of Jewish messianism was unfocused and disoriented. It was poised and ready to move into "
9780814746929 - page_264: "START TEXT: several different channels. It could turn toward a humanistic goal, or toward the establishment of a" ******* END TEXT: "spirations, was not shared by the Orthodox leaders of his day or of future generations. The Hasidic "
9780814746929 - page_265: "START TEXT: movement, which exploded with elemental force in the southern provinces of Poland during his lifetim" ******* END TEXT: "uely significant. Mendelssohn anticipated this development when he wrote, “The Jewish faith is best "
9780814746929 - page_266: "START TEXT: for us, but it is not the best absolutely. Which is the best form of worship for other nations? Who " ******* END TEXT: "lenskin’s critique of Mendelssohn was the latter’s willingness to surrender the corporate status of "
9780814746929 - page_267: "START TEXT: limited self-government that Dohm was willing to grant to Jewish citizens.50\nIndeed, in France and H" ******* END TEXT: "odies—but not for long. As soon as the danger passes, they revert to their voluntaristic character.\n"
9780814746929 - page_268: "START TEXT: EXISTENTIALIST DISSENT\nIn our own day, Arthur A. Cohen articulated the resentment of an existentiali" ******* END TEXT: "s nation and language, and one’s faith was directed toward a God no longer covenanted to a specific "
9780814746929 - page_269: "START TEXT: people. It is no surprise that the earliest reformers—Israel Jacobson, Jacob Herz Berr, Abraham Geig" ******* END TEXT: "espects the freedom of the mind; hence, in Mendelssohn’s view, the Torah never commands “Thou shalt "
9780814746929 - page_270: "START TEXT: believe.” Judaism is “revealed legislation,” but the laws are intended to safeguard freedom, not to " ******* END TEXT: " been converted to Christianity at the age of sixteen. Rosenzweig had also contemplated conversion, "
9780814746929 - page_271: "START TEXT: but he determined to make this crucial decision as a Jew, not a pagan. Hence, his search for the ful" ******* END TEXT: "ew is “on the number of his children.” To sum up, the Jew “is a paragraph of the Law. C’est tout.60\n"
9780814746929 - page_272: "START TEXT: These stereotypes come naturally to those who view the Jew in history from the Christian viewpoint. " ******* END TEXT: "ve half-truths that appeal to a group’s “pooled pride.” It is formulated through the positioning of "
9780814746929 - page_273: "START TEXT: private “mysteries” against private “mysteries,” barriers of contempt against towers of scorn, provi" ******* END TEXT: "t vision of a free, Utopian society.\nPhilosophically, Rosenzweig had become an existentialist rebel "
9780814746929 - page_274: "START TEXT: against the shallowness of rationalism. Eager to discover the roots of his own faith, he began to de" ******* END TEXT: "rly Reform ideologists, was compelled to react against what he termed “Germanomanie.” A nationalist "
9780814746929 - page_275: "START TEXT: in the tradition of Mendelssohn, he defended the role of rationalist as a non-rational faculty of th" ******* END TEXT: "nuary 15, 1771. Quoted in A. Altmann, Moses Mendelssohn, University of Alabama Press, 1973, p. 261.\n"
9780814746929 - page_276: "START TEXT: 3. Quoted in A. Altmann, Moses Mendelssohn, p. 262.\n4. See i/ze most recent study, Lester G. Crocker" ******* END TEXT: "im 11, 10. In his “Letter to the Jews of Yemen,” however, published in Iggeret Teman, Philadelphia: "
9780814746929 - page_277: "START TEXT: J.P.S., 1950, he spoke of the overwhelming effect of the miracles that the Messiah will perform (p. " ******* END TEXT: "m the law.” Mendelssohn, Gesammelte Schriften, vol. 3, p. 5; A. Altmann, Moses Mendelssohn, p. 753.\n"
9780814746929 - page_278: "START TEXT: 31. Nathan Rotenstreich, Jewish Philosophy in Modern Times (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 19" ******* END TEXT: ".\n45. Quoted in Kayserling, Moses Mendelssohn—Sein Leben und seme Werke, Appendix 57, Leipzig 1863.\n"
9780814746929 - page_279: "START TEXT: 46. On Hasidic messianism, see the chapter on Hasidism in this author’s The Evolution of Jewish Thou" ******* END TEXT: "n, Mein Weg als Deutscher und Jude, Berlin, 1921, p. 122.\n68. Judaism Despite Christianity, p. 135.\n"
9780814746929 - page_280: "START TEXT: 69. Published in “Die Folke,” 1819. See “Saul Ascher—First Theories of Progressive Judaism” by Ellen" ******* END TEXT: "hleiermacher, The Evolution of a Nationalist, Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1966.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_285: "START TEXT: \n13WHO WE ARE\nEVERY HISTORIC community establishes its specific character by reflecting on three asp" ******* END TEXT: "te. In countries of the ancien regime, Jews could only be heretics and pariahs. Religious hostility "
9780814746929 - page_286: "START TEXT: overflowed often enough into the categories of nationality and race. In Spain, the theory of limpiez" ******* END TEXT: "better or for worse. Theology in the most general sense was long the “queen of the sciences”, and a "
9780814746929 - page_287: "START TEXT: unique position in theology led to special consequences when in the last two centuries theologies ev" ******* END TEXT: "ce the Second World War there have appeared some fifty declarations on Jews and Judaism, which have "
9780814746929 - page_288: "START TEXT: reversed the traditional “teaching of contempt” of Judaism, and set a new policy of appreciation of " ******* END TEXT: "le, homeless and helpless, but a people of flesh and blood, of passion and pride, altogether human.\n"
9780814746929 - page_289: "START TEXT: THE EMERGENCE OF ANTI-ZIONISM\nStrange are the ways of history. When old movement’s disintegrate, som" ******* END TEXT: "ave?—How deep and dark is the fantastic credulity of those who are suspicious of all intellectuals!\n"
9780814746929 - page_290: "START TEXT: Anti-Zionism does have a “religious” basis, not only in Muslim but also in Christian countries. Ther" ******* END TEXT: "wish state. The sacrificial devotion of Jewish people all over the world was reinforced by the high "
9780814746929 - page_291: "START TEXT: regard of the western world. Nor was this attitude confined to an elite of moralists. The common peo" ******* END TEXT: " rival sectarian suspicions, are likely to frustrate this goal, time and again. But, as in the case "
9780814746929 - page_292: "START TEXT: of nineteenth-century Italy and Germany, the national ideal becomes steadily more and more irresisti" ******* END TEXT: " of the Palestinian refugees. As the moral claims of the Palestinians were pushed to the foreground "
9780814746929 - page_293: "START TEXT: by the commercial pressures of the oil-rich countries, a paradoxical situation developed. Liberals a" ******* END TEXT: "rn into the dripping venom of Antisemitism. Anti-Zionists may seek allies by reviving the old myths "
9780814746929 - page_294: "START TEXT: of a Jewish conspiracy; also, they may seek to put Jews in the industrial democracies on the defensi" ******* END TEXT: " the western style of living that they prize so highly, rather than the life and culture of Israel.\n"
9780814746929 - page_295: "START TEXT: Once Zionism is perceived as no longer answering a great human need, it is questionable whether many" ******* END TEXT: "ld bridges of understanding with our Christian brothers, and, possibly also, our Muslim brothers.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_296: "START TEXT: \n14ASSIMILATION, INTEGRATION,SEGREGATION: THE ROAD TO THE FUTURE\nIN OUR FAST-MOVING world one must b" ******* END TEXT: "ree major interpretations of the Jewish faith—Orthodoxy, Conservatism, and Reform—have endured long "
9780814746929 - page_297: "START TEXT: enough for us to recognize that they correspond in many instances to specific character types. It is" ******* END TEXT: "uarter million in 1880, when the mass migration of Russian Jews was begun, we may readily calculate "
9780814746929 - page_298: "START TEXT: that only 10 percent of our community can claim a residence of more than two generations. To be sure" ******* END TEXT: "ast quarter century, the needs of Jews abroad were so overwhelming in scope and urgency that little "
9780814746929 - page_299: "START TEXT: attention and energy were left for the consideration of basic issues at home. Federations and welfar" ******* END TEXT: "es all things but assimilates or rejects; a resultant of many causes, which itself acts as a cause.\n"
9780814746929 - page_300: "START TEXT: “The latest misleading name for this selective response, this American bias, is ‘collective individu" ******* END TEXT: "l restrained from becoming in good conscience nationals of the land of their birth, Jewish Germans, "
9780814746929 - page_301: "START TEXT: Jewish Frenchmen, and so on. In either case they will be free men and women. It was Herzl’s ardent a" ******* END TEXT: "by do violence to its nature.\nLet us concede then at the outset that all forms of culture are group "
9780814746929 - page_302: "START TEXT: phenomena. But let us also bear in mind that all advances in culture or religion were occasioned by " ******* END TEXT: "d subtle as this distinction may appear to be, the fundamental issues of Jewish life hinge upon it. "
9780814746929 - page_303: "START TEXT: Although it has become fashionable in our day to ignore the subtleties of classical logic, it is nev" ******* END TEXT: "and vertical loyalties. Of course, vertical ideals may lead indirectly to horizontal loyalties, but "
9780814746929 - page_304: "START TEXT: then they are subject to many qualifications, varying in accord with the intellectual climate prevai" ******* END TEXT: " and the nation, as a biological phenomenon, there flows unevenly the stream of cultural tradition, "
9780814746929 - page_305: "START TEXT: now swelling into a mighty tide, now ebbing into a shallow mud flat. But identifying themselves whol" ******* END TEXT: "h faith, as “normal” in the civil sense of the term as any other citizen of the great country. This "
9780814746929 - page_306: "START TEXT: consummation, so ardently desired by the Jews of Western Europe for a century and a half, is here em" ******* END TEXT: "th here and there. If then any objection is raised to this concept, it can only be on the ground of "
9780814746929 - page_307: "START TEXT: elements in our heritage that are neither national nor religious, but ethnic and quasi-metaphysical." ******* END TEXT: "ntuitive perception of the “peculiar” nature of our being, the fact that we are indeed “different.”\n"
9780814746929 - page_308: "START TEXT: At the outset, we must learn to distinguish between the sense of difference that is derived from ver" ******* END TEXT: " fringe of normative Judaism, becoming predominant in the minds of Jewish people from time to time.\n"
9780814746929 - page_309: "START TEXT: No widely held idea can be entertained by any group over a long period of time in absolute sameness " ******* END TEXT: "cient and medieval world, the pathos of racial “uniqueness” cannot be seen in its true nature apart "
9780814746929 - page_310: "START TEXT: from the acrimonious context in which it was conceived and nurtured. It is the same tradition that c" ******* END TEXT: "eelings will thus tend to follow the pattern of the steadily weakening national sentiments of other "
9780814746929 - page_311: "START TEXT: immigrant groups. The progressive preponderance of Oriental and African elements within the populati" ******* END TEXT: "America, revolving around a typical modern congregation, is more likely to endure than Orthodoxy in "
9780814746929 - page_312: "START TEXT: Israel. In spite of its virtual state monopoly, Orthodoxy in Israel is gradually withdrawing into a " ******* END TEXT: "an, New York, Knopf, 1949, pp. 36–37.\n2. Mechilta, Yithro.\n3. Berochot 28a.\n4. Shabbat 17a and 153.\n"
9780814746929 - page_313: "START TEXT: 5. Ish Sholom, ed., Sifra D’be Rah, 97.\n6. Yebamoth 61a.\n7. Shabbat 128a.\n8. Shabbat 146a.\n9. Erubin" ******* END TEXT: "rk, 1944, pp. 46, 591. See Jacob Katz’s Exclusiveness and Tolerance, New York, 1962, pp. 119–128.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_314: "START TEXT: \n15JEWISH SELF-IMAGE IN THE POSTWAR WORLD\nAMBIVALENCE OF LIBERALISM\nIN THEIR STRUGGLE for the fullne" ******* END TEXT: ", but to provide for the stream of refugees from the East. Also, in England, the biblical tradition "
9780814746929 - page_315: "START TEXT: was strong and the Zionist ideal awakened echoes of ancient romantic visions. As J. L. Talmon put it" ******* END TEXT: "er of the state of Israel.\nWe might perhaps discern the root of this ambivalence in the distinction "
9780814746929 - page_316: "START TEXT: between an ideological liberalism, that does not allow for the occurrence of exceptional situations," ******* END TEXT: " have been strange indeed if such a tremendous undertaking had not generated feelings of fraternity "
9780814746929 - page_317: "START TEXT: and unity, so intense and pervasive as to surpass the visions and hopes of previous generations.\nThe" ******* END TEXT: " of a religious tradition. But their Jewishness does not separate them from other citizens, save in "
9780814746929 - page_318: "START TEXT: the dimension of religious faith and practice, and in the maintenance of a worldwide network of phil" ******* END TEXT: "ering “uniqueness,” as a presumed basis for survival, is to court the sickly fantasy of narcissism.\n"
9780814746929 - page_319: "START TEXT: TOYNBEE AND HIS CHALLENGE\nThe English historian, Arnold J. Toynbee, virtually shocked the entire Jew" ******* END TEXT: "th, concerned with hard facts. A civilization was a “field of study”; that is, a geographical area, "
9780814746929 - page_320: "START TEXT: within which a measure of cultural unity prevailed, whether or not it was governed by one “universal" ******* END TEXT: " of the monotheistic ideas of the prophets, from Abraham to the great unknown prophet of the Exile.\n"
9780814746929 - page_321: "START TEXT: Syriac civilization has been superseded in its homeland by Islamic civilization. It no longer plays " ******* END TEXT: " of human culture. Was not the character and destiny of the Jewish people determined largely by its "
9780814746929 - page_322: "START TEXT: deep sense of distinctiveness “from all the nations”? Why then have it coupled in one category with " ******* END TEXT: "for a man to win the world and lose his soul.” As the Jewish people in Jesus’ day and later saw it, "
9780814746929 - page_323: "START TEXT: the question at issue was one of “truth” and “falsehood,” not of “survival,” or “success,” or “grand" ******* END TEXT: " be “saved.”18 In Christianity, the doctrine of praeparatio evangelica implied that seeds of divine "
9780814746929 - page_324: "START TEXT: truth were scattered in diverse pagan cultures, but they were fully contained in the Old Testament, " ******* END TEXT: "ads leading from the prophets to the Pharisees and to the rabbis of the Talmud. The rabbis regarded "
9780814746929 - page_325: "START TEXT: the prophets as interpreters of the Torah, not its opponents. On the Sabbath day, “the Law and the P" ******* END TEXT: "ly” nation, arousing fear, suspicion and hate. Pinsker proposed what he called “Auto-emancipation,” "
9780814746929 - page_326: "START TEXT: the acquisition of a territory, where Jews could settle and form a state of their own. In this way, " ******* END TEXT: "e obsessed with sheer survival. He would have Jews stress their ideals and values, their “mission,” "
9780814746929 - page_327: "START TEXT: so to speak, rather that those exclusive preoccupations with ritualistic niceties and ethnic impedim" ******* END TEXT: "by a number of meticulously reasoned considerations. It is not generally known that, as a young man "
9780814746929 - page_328: "START TEXT: working in the British Foreign Office, he had a hand in the issuance of the Balfour Declaration. Dur" ******* END TEXT: "res. He harped on the moral failure of all the religions deriving from Judaism—their exclusiveness, "
9780814746929 - page_329: "START TEXT: their intolerance, their inability to recognize that more than one pathway may lead to God. In contr" ******* END TEXT: "lonialist, antiwestern hubris in religion and culture, are all inwardly related.32 They reflect the "
9780814746929 - page_330: "START TEXT: passion of a penitent who bends over backward to beat his chest and say “mea culpa.” But, one may qu" ******* END TEXT: "ons and myths of racial mysticism and demoralized by the nihilistic theories of “Social Darwinism.”\n"
9780814746929 - page_331: "START TEXT: But we may ask, would not Nazism have emerged in any case, even if all references to the chosen peop" ******* END TEXT: "is judgment, a large number were expelled from Arab areas, while many refugees simply panicked. The "
9780814746929 - page_332: "START TEXT: net result of that catastrophe was the transfer of the status of refugees from hundreds of thousands" ******* END TEXT: "he full measure of which is still unknown. Accustomed to think in long-range terms, Toynbee foresaw "
9780814746929 - page_333: "START TEXT: a progressive aggravation of the bitter mood of the Arabs. In private conversations and letters, he " ******* END TEXT: "ope of moral perfection and ultimate peace in the minds of both Jews and Christians. But unless the "
9780814746929 - page_334: "START TEXT: course of events since the end of World War II is reversed, it is hard to believe that it has ceased" ******* END TEXT: " Diaspora Jews with Israel.\nSuch views, however, are not likely to prevail in the Jewish community. "
9780814746929 - page_335: "START TEXT: In the judgment of this writer, liberalism is part of the enduring self-image of Jewish people. It d" ******* END TEXT: ", it has stimulated waves of enlightenment, whenever circumstances permitted. In Israel, too, there "
9780814746929 - page_336: "START TEXT: is good reason to feel that the present gap between the self-enclosed Orthodox and the insular secul" ******* END TEXT: "on of Jewry is an unparalleled demonstration of the enormous power of the element of uniqueness.36\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_337: "START TEXT: Where “oneness” or national homogeneity is taken to be the essence of liberalism, the Jewish situati" ******* END TEXT: " the “center” or focus of Jewish loyalties, nor does it claim to be. In the future, an Arab-Israeli "
9780814746929 - page_338: "START TEXT: type of personality, self-confident and proud of living in two cultures, may well emerge. Religiousl" ******* END TEXT: "nto a family, or he joins it by choice. While the unity of families is weakened as they expand, the "
9780814746929 - page_339: "START TEXT: family of Jewish communities is sustained by the momentum of a common history and by a conscious acc" ******* END TEXT: "s. For a spiritual heritage is not impoverished but enriched by the influence of other cultures. An "
9780814746929 - page_340: "START TEXT: American Jew will become more deeply Jewish, the more he absorbs the creative genius of the American" ******* END TEXT: "eir loved ones. Some members of the Jewish family will choose to return to their ancestral home and "
9780814746929 - page_341: "START TEXT: throw in their lot with those who build the new Israeli nation. By the same token, many Israelis are" ******* END TEXT: "t, and to grow in understanding, refinement and sympathy. In other words, the criteria of growth in "
9780814746929 - page_342: "START TEXT: each case are intrinsic to the life of that community, which includes the impetus from the past, the" ******* END TEXT: " 1965), p. 72.\n2. Herzl Fishman, American Protestantism and a Jewish State (Detroit, 1973), p. 178.\n"
9780814746929 - page_343: "START TEXT: 3. J. L. Talmon, The Unique and the Universal, p. 121.\n4. Jewish reactions to Toynbee were on the sa" ******* END TEXT: ", 18; Sanhedrin 71b; and the case of the heretical city, Deuteronomy 13, 13; Sanhedrin ma and 112b.\n"
9780814746929 - page_344: "START TEXT: 22. The continuity of the impetus of classical prophecy in the rabbinic Aggada, in medieval philosop" ******* END TEXT: "\n34. J. L. Talmon, The Unique and the Universal, p. 123.\n35. Ibid.\n36. Ibid 5b.\n37. Berochot 55b.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_349: "START TEXT: \n16THE IDEA OF GOD\nTHERE IS NOTHING that we do or think which does not in some way impinge upon the " ******* END TEXT: "sal mind through the social and literary molds of the most advanced nations of the world. In recent "
9780814746929 - page_350: "START TEXT: years, we have grown too humble to pose as the final incarnations of Absolute Reason. Furthermore, w" ******* END TEXT: "ling mood in the past two centuries has tended to relegate religion to the domain of feeling on the "
9780814746929 - page_351: "START TEXT: ground that the fields of reason and experience had been preempted by the triumphant, all-pervading " ******* END TEXT: "e which afflicts the consciousness of modern man, we must learn to recapture the ancient, classical "
9780814746929 - page_352: "START TEXT: synthesis between the personal God, apprehended in our religious experience, and the God of nature, " ******* END TEXT: "scientific knowledge, exploring the intervening cross-currents and charting the paths between them.\n"
9780814746929 - page_353: "START TEXT: Accordingly, we reply to those who erect science into a self-sufficient philosophy of life that they" ******* END TEXT: " of the term, for we cannot stand outside them. Yet we are aware of the self as a unity and we know "
9780814746929 - page_354: "START TEXT: that the whole is not simply a verbal generalization, since science indicates that the universe is g" ******* END TEXT: "then, of course, the twain could never meet again. Without entering into a detailed analysis of the "
9780814746929 - page_355: "START TEXT: Kantian root-principle and its modern offshoots, we take as our starting point the realistic princip" ******* END TEXT: "s and the empiricists. Note, for instance, its application to the question whether reason is only a "
9780814746929 - page_356: "START TEXT: generalization of sense-data or whether these data are themselves ordered and categorized by reason?" ******* END TEXT: " the whole remains “unknown.”\nCan the whole, in its infinite mystery, be understood in terms of the "
9780814746929 - page_357: "START TEXT: principle of polarity which prevails within it? Cohen refused to draw this inference, on the ground " ******* END TEXT: "stic position regards our experience with living selves as providing the clue for the understanding "
9780814746929 - page_358: "START TEXT: of the whole. In living organisms, events occur in accord with the mechanistic laws of physics and c" ******* END TEXT: " its minutest particles. Of the vastness of the infinite void we cannot ever expect to receive more "
9780814746929 - page_359: "START TEXT: than occasional glimpses. But the world that is open to our senses, how do we understand it? The mer" ******* END TEXT: " notion that the waves of light and electromagnetism were undulations in a quasi-material substance "
9780814746929 - page_360: "START TEXT: called ether, for motion could be understood only as the motion of something, and the conception of " ******* END TEXT: "scartes’ theory of analytic geometry, which solved complicated problems of curvature by translating "
9780814746929 - page_361: "START TEXT: them into a field of relations, based on two coordinates. The essential congruence of this theory wi" ******* END TEXT: " the tendency to particularization and responsiveness to the total system of which it is a part. If "
9780814746929 - page_362: "START TEXT: human terms could be used to express this two-way quality of every existent, we could speak of the t" ******* END TEXT: "e on the ladder of the individuation of fields of force. Jan Smuts’ emphasis on “wholes” in nature, "
9780814746929 - page_363: "START TEXT: imposing their patterns upon their constituent parts, so that these parts function in a manner that " ******* END TEXT: "of field and point, whole and part, freedom and mechanism, pervades the whole range of creation. In "
9780814746929 - page_364: "START TEXT: the human personality, freedom attains its highest manifestation, but it is still far from perfect. " ******* END TEXT: "omatically related to the field of experience, each falling into its own groove. And precisely this "
9780814746929 - page_365: "START TEXT: selective capacity is the distinctive quality of consciousness. While in nature, fields of force ope" ******* END TEXT: "new field, in which each event is related to a class or field of consequences. Bacon was interested "
9780814746929 - page_366: "START TEXT: not so much in the formulation of known facts as in the discovery of new truths. Hence, not logic, b" ******* END TEXT: "epths of the unconscious that Freud and his associates have begun to plumb. While we cannot at this "
9780814746929 - page_367: "START TEXT: point enter into an analysis of these insights, we invite the reader to examine for himself whether " ******* END TEXT: "hy and partly to the pervasiveness of the neo-platonic contempt for the flesh that has entered into "
9780814746929 - page_368: "START TEXT: the mainstream of our thinking. Yet it is basic, as modern depth-psychology has demonstrated. The so" ******* END TEXT: "sive self-assertion in the world of reality to passive self-surrender to the Maker of this world.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_373: "START TEXT: \n17EPILOGUE TO THE EVOLUTION OF JEWISH THOUGHT\nTHE EMANCIPATION of the Jews of western Europe, proce" ******* END TEXT: "entuated in the modern movement’s of Reform and Conservatism, with the latter group adding a strong "
9780814746929 - page_374: "START TEXT: dose of nationalist romanticism and a dash of mysticism to its rationalistic approach. Orthodox Juda" ******* END TEXT: "h ethnicism drew inspiration and vitality from the romantic current in Judaism, which described the "
9780814746929 - page_375: "START TEXT: people of Israel as a uniquely endowed nation, set apart by divine decree or by the fatalities of hi" ******* END TEXT: "e desert, oblivious of the variety of shade and color in nature, seeing the upper surface of things "
9780814746929 - page_376: "START TEXT: with harsh clarity, but ignoring the reality of depths and shadows. A whole school of historians goe" ******* END TEXT: "!\nWe find exponents of both alternatives in the discussion of such central issues as the following:\n"
9780814746929 - page_377: "START TEXT: (1) THE TRANSCENDENCE OF GOD VERSUS HIS IMMANENCE\nRationalists like Maimonides asserted that God was" ******* END TEXT: " be “a partner of the Lord” in the establishment of His kingdom on earth. God is best served by the "
9780814746929 - page_378: "START TEXT: fullest assertion of man’s faculties and gifts. Man is bidden to use his faculty of rational judgmen" ******* END TEXT: " (Mussar) of popular Judaism.\nThe opposition of several leading Orthodox rabbis to the introduction "
9780814746929 - page_379: "START TEXT: of an organ in the synagogue was motivated by the belief that beauty and dignity minister to man’s s" ******* END TEXT: "is virtually assumed in the stream of Halachic (legalistic) nonphilosophic Judaism. It is justified "
9780814746929 - page_380: "START TEXT: somewhat hesitantly in the romantic current of Jewish thought. In Qabbalah we find elaborate rationa" ******* END TEXT: "genuinely good. Those who become converts to Judaism, so the legend goes, possess soul’s which were "
9780814746929 - page_381: "START TEXT: present at Sinai when the covenant was concluded. A verse from Proverbs (14:34) is an oft-quoted max" ******* END TEXT: "s and those who envision the high points of peace and prosperity as being attained by unpredictable "
9780814746929 - page_382: "START TEXT: incursions of God’s grace. When the question is asked, “Does Judaism believe in human progress?” the" ******* END TEXT: "he Messiah, but repentance was conceived by the romantics and the mystics in purely dogmatic terms.\n"
9780814746929 - page_383: "START TEXT: In general, the pietists of Judaism did not see any progressive improvement in the behavior of their" ******* END TEXT: "rational? Was it a religion of dogmas, affirmed on the testimony of tradition, or was it a religion "
9780814746929 - page_384: "START TEXT: of faith in the inspired guidance of prophets and saints, sages and philosophers?\nHere again the ans" ******* END TEXT: "me mediating positions as well will find in the treasures of Judaism ample support for their views.\n"
9780814746929 - page_385: "START TEXT: (7) IS JUDAISM A UNIVERSAL RELIGION, EMPLOYING A NATION AS ITS HISTORICAL VEHICLE, OR IS IT THE “WAY" ******* END TEXT: "ren.” Similarly, we encounter concessions to popular prejudice in all the writings of rationalistic "
9780814746929 - page_386: "START TEXT: Judaism. But essentially and in principle, philosophical Judaism was universalistic and free from th" ******* END TEXT: "y the soul’s of Jews were derived from the Supreme Being. Gentiles were even forbidden to study the "
9780814746929 - page_387: "START TEXT: Torah, according to the authorities belonging to this school, for the Torah was the private possessi" ******* END TEXT: "treasured possessions of the faith. We may, if we choose, consider the philosophical interpretation "
9780814746929 - page_388: "START TEXT: as the “mainstream,” or the “essence,” or as being “normative”; but then we need to acknowledge fran" ******* END TEXT: "osed to recognize the legitimacy of different approaches. The heart of so great a mystery cannot be "
9780814746929 - page_389: "START TEXT: reached by any single pathway. For the proponents of a nondogmatic faith, it appears reasonable enou" ******* END TEXT: "e impetus of direction shared by its waters. In Judaism, the unity of source is the chain of sacred "
9780814746929 - page_390: "START TEXT: literature, the unity of bedrock is the social structure of Jewish life and the unity of impetus is " ******* END TEXT: "f the Judeo-Christian tradition. As against the Christian challenge concerning the divine nature of "
9780814746929 - page_391: "START TEXT: Jesus, all branches of Judaism upheld the rationalistic-ethical position. We have had occasion to me" ******* END TEXT: "mpetus of ethnicism and to caution against the externalization of religion and its hardening into a "
9780814746929 - page_392: "START TEXT: series of lifeless rituals. The rationalistic school in Judaism has always been responsive to the va" ******* END TEXT: "ligion is based on the doctrine of a covenant with God, the intellectual-ethical domain becomes the "
9780814746929 - page_393: "START TEXT: common ground of man and God. But the implications of this covenant at a particular time or in the v" ******* END TEXT: "ions. It is because of the sameness of eternal truth and the difference of historic experience that "
9780814746929 - page_394: "START TEXT: Judaism confronts the other great religions with a creative and continuing challenge.\nJewish apologi" ******* END TEXT: " for the spirit of man is expressed in both subjective feeling and objective thought. The authentic "
9780814746929 - page_395: "START TEXT: response of the human soul to this polarity is to find a dynamic balance of the two moods, resulting" ******* END TEXT: "e posture of a “prophet-people” is still assumed, but the ideals of prophecy are no longer the goal "
9780814746929 - page_396: "START TEXT: of the nation’s existence and the measuring rod of its actions, only so much guise and disguise.\nThe" ******* END TEXT: "creasing your reward.”\n5. Berokhoth, 33 b.\n6. Aboth 3; 15.\n7. Aboda Zara, 10 b.\n8. Sanhedrin, 68 a.\n"
9780814746929 - page_397: "START TEXT: 9. Ibid., 99a.\n10. Yehuda Ibn Shemuel, Midreshai Geulah (Jerusalem, 1954).\n11. Sabbath, 112 b.\n12. M" ******* END TEXT: " Midreshai Geulah (Jerusalem, 1954).\n11. Sabbath, 112 b.\n12. Maimonides’ Code, Hilchoth Melochim.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_398: "START TEXT: \n18THE CONCEPT OF ISRAEL\nISRAEL IS AT ONCE the name of a people, a state, a religious community, and" ******* END TEXT: "shall not be.”5 The very thought is absurd. The children of Israel are not at liberty to mold their "
9780814746929 - page_399: "START TEXT: own destiny. They are committed. They “belong” to God, who will rule over them as their “King,” with" ******* END TEXT: "el and its message in an affirmative way, they became either converts, semiconverts, or sympathetic "
9780814746929 - page_400: "START TEXT: hangers-on.9 If they reacted against either the cogency of the message or the claim of Israel’s elec" ******* END TEXT: "ar way, the Torah is in this earthly life a body of laws, principles, and narratives; but up in the "
9780814746929 - page_401: "START TEXT: heavens it is an ethereal essence, “written in black fire or white fire,” and consisting of an artic" ******* END TEXT: "gues in Babylonia.25 But in a special and more immediate sense, it dwelt in the Holy Temple, and it "
9780814746929 - page_402: "START TEXT: departed thence prior to the destruction of its abode, although, according to some authorities, “the" ******* END TEXT: "he legs of the Shechinah.”34 This mystical consciousness of the Divine Presence heightened the tone "
9780814746929 - page_403: "START TEXT: of Jewish piety: “He who commits a sin in secret, it is as if he pushed the legs of the Shechinah.”3" ******* END TEXT: "a some Jewish people frequented the circuses and theaters of their cities more than the synagogues. "
9780814746929 - page_404: "START TEXT: Yet, the ideal congregation is imagined to speak as follows: “‘I did not sit among players.’42 Said " ******* END TEXT: "astrophes of nature and history are also due to Israel.52 While the constellations of the stars and "
9780814746929 - page_405: "START TEXT: the ministering angels usually and largely control the affairs of “the nations of the world,” the pe" ******* END TEXT: " blessed be He, in his Mercy impels the Saint to sin, so that he might fall from his high level and "
9780814746929 - page_406: "START TEXT: descend to that of the public; then, later, when the Saint raises himself to his holy height, he upl" ******* END TEXT: " we see the perfect good which comes to the people that are close to Him, in their lifetime. . . .”\n"
9780814746929 - page_407: "START TEXT: “But our destiny it is to cleave to the divine quality in prophecy and in states of mind that are cl" ******* END TEXT: ", and of the Age of Enlightenment, the rationalistic threads in the web of tradition came to light.\n"
9780814746929 - page_408: "START TEXT: Contrary to a widespread impression, the Talmud contains significant components of a moral-rational " ******* END TEXT: "tering under the wings of the Shechinah. As it is said, the king of Sodom said to Abraham: ‘Give me "
9780814746929 - page_409: "START TEXT: the souls, while you take the property’ (and Abraham returned the captives, without converting them)" ******* END TEXT: " or whether those laws were no longer valid because “Sennacherib came and mixed up the nations.” 86\n"
9780814746929 - page_410: "START TEXT: There was also the theological question of “exclusive salvation,” that is, whether the Gentile who a" ******* END TEXT: "mud varies greatly, containing even crude insertions by vulgar hands, the Halachic material is more "
9780814746929 - page_411: "START TEXT: organized and consistent. In Talmudic law, Ezra’s insistence on the “Holy Seed” is definitely repudi" ******* END TEXT: "he Jewish people as “sons of God,” he maintains that all who have knowledge of the universal Father "
9780814746929 - page_412: "START TEXT: are “children of God.”101 The people of Israel represent symbolically “those who have a vision of Go" ******* END TEXT: "y of Israel was still the most beloved community, but ideally its boundaries shaded into a twilight "
9780814746929 - page_413: "START TEXT: zone, embracing those who in various degrees dedicated themselves to the love of God. Philo, too, lo" ******* END TEXT: "re, therefore, in Maimonides’ view, by no means coeval with the spiritual elite, those who approach "
9780814746929 - page_414: "START TEXT: most closely to the Divine Being. It was a good school, indeed the best possible school, designed by" ******* END TEXT: "other’s have passed through the gate, and walk about in the antechamber; and other’s have succeeded "
9780814746929 - page_415: "START TEXT: in entering into the inner part of the palace and being in the same room with the king in the royal " ******* END TEXT: "den or, better, burned. For how could he say that those who contemplate the laws of nature are on a "
9780814746929 - page_416: "START TEXT: higher level than those who busy themselves with the duties of religion?”113 Maimonides did not list" ******* END TEXT: "tween the “people of Torah” and those without the Covenant. It is this emphasis on inwardness that, "
9780814746929 - page_417: "START TEXT: in the Hasidic movement, served to elevate the dignity of the unlearned masses. The application of t" ******* END TEXT: "on of man; through Israel’s triumph, the human race would come into its own and attain fulfillment.\n"
9780814746929 - page_418: "START TEXT: For Christian theologians as for Jewish thinkers, the ethnic separateness of the Jewish people was a" ******* END TEXT: "ght lead them to feel that the various monotheistic religions are so many social expressions of one "
9780814746929 - page_419: "START TEXT: philosophy, so that a change from Judaism to Catholicism is not very different from the change of on" ******* END TEXT: "normous influence on the Jewish intellectuals who remained within the community. Yet his contention "
9780814746929 - page_420: "START TEXT: that the State had the right to regulate all the actions of its citizens, as distinct from thoughts " ******* END TEXT: " logical development of the rationalist stream in Jewish thought; it implied a complete repudiation "
9780814746929 - page_421: "START TEXT: of the romantic-mystical currents that removed the empirical community of Israel as well as the anci" ******* END TEXT: "Judaism was reinforced by the rising tide of liberalism in Europe that aimed to separate the Church "
9780814746929 - page_422: "START TEXT: from the State, that is, the fellowship of culture and politics from the traditional institutions of" ******* END TEXT: " were predominantly an urban people, participating actively in the creation, first, of a commercial "
9780814746929 - page_423: "START TEXT: and, later, of an industrial society. They were long the one and only tolerated religious minority. " ******* END TEXT: "-myth of anti-Semitism, though this development did not appear until the rise of the Nazi movement.\n"
9780814746929 - page_424: "START TEXT: Echoes of the meta-myth abounded in the Jewish world, since writers in the Western as well as the Ea" ******* END TEXT: "en feverish, in devotion. Theirs is an airtight world that rejects the underlying categories of the "
9780814746929 - page_425: "START TEXT: secular age and employs the ancient axioms of the romantic-mystical school of medieval Judaism. They" ******* END TEXT: "of the Messiah” that the ancient tradition foretold? Was not the flight of the Arabs from Israel in "
9780814746929 - page_426: "START TEXT: 1948 a miracle that made possible the ingathering of the exiles? Do we not live in a world where the" ******* END TEXT: "atement is a neo-Qabbalist doctrine, equating the “secrets of Torah” with the course of redemption.\n"
9780814746929 - page_427: "START TEXT: In Israel there is no organized religious ideology apart from the Orthodox and the ultra-Orthodox. T" ******* END TEXT: " liberals and humanists. It enshrines the feelings of identity that were nourished by the religious "
9780814746929 - page_428: "START TEXT: tradition, though it negates the central faith of the heritage. It is a reaction to, or the Jewish c" ******* END TEXT: "ding ideals of romantic nationalism and liberal humanism did not move on the same plane. The former "
9780814746929 - page_429: "START TEXT: aimed at making the life of Israel possible, while the latter detailed that which the life of Israel" ******* END TEXT: "her people has ever heard and accepted the command from heaven as did the people of Israel. So long "
9780814746929 - page_430: "START TEXT: as it sincerely carried out the command, it was in the right and is in the right insofar as it still" ******* END TEXT: "mony of the Hebrew Bible. Though he had disavowed the mystical racism of his early writings, he had "
9780814746929 - page_431: "START TEXT: continued to glorify the primitive sense of direct communion with God, nature, and folk.\nAll who are" ******* END TEXT: "d Ha’am, regard the Jewish religion as one of the historical expressions of national culture. While "
9780814746929 - page_432: "START TEXT: there are no radical breaks in history, the creative energies of the people may be expected to seek " ******* END TEXT: "d in the Holy Land, where its civilization is dominant, and extending into the Diaspora, where Jews "
9780814746929 - page_433: "START TEXT: will live in “two civilizations.” Liberal in religion, Reconstructionism is romantic in its concept " ******* END TEXT: "ne rays permeating the nations with the spirit of monotheism. The boundary line between Judaism and "
9780814746929 - page_434: "START TEXT: Christianity was not along the plane of intellectual thought, since the Divine Being could be caught" ******* END TEXT: "maintained by some ideologists, but it is now largely defunct, chiefly because the course of events "
9780814746929 - page_435: "START TEXT: has rendered it academic. The Jews of the Western countries could not shed their nationality in one " ******* END TEXT: "t to edit some of its discussion. But as a collection of notes and a record of ancient disputes, it "
9780814746929 - page_436: "START TEXT: belongs to the past. To the Conservative and Reform, it is a literary monument of the past to be stu" ******* END TEXT: "y. The strong component of rationalism within Judaism focuses attention on the moral-spiritual core "
9780814746929 - page_437: "START TEXT: of faith, the “religion of reason”; in this view, the diverse faiths of our time incorporate this co" ******* END TEXT: "med from the crushing burdens of hate, and his faith would be revitalized in the land of its birth.\n"
9780814746929 - page_438: "START TEXT: We can now say without fear of contradiction that these three secular versions of Messianism represe" ******* END TEXT: "ead between their historic past, their vision of the future, and their bold social experiments that "
9780814746929 - page_439: "START TEXT: are designed to follow the narrow pathway between Messianism and pseudo-Messianism.\nIn sum, the “cho" ******* END TEXT: "f deeply religious people.\nRooted in the sacred tradition, in history, and in religious experience, "
9780814746929 - page_440: "START TEXT: the “chosenness” of Israel, however, it is interpreted, will long continue to intrigue the imaginati" ******* END TEXT: "“the Ancient One, the Hidden of Hidden,’ and the “Miniature Face (Zeir Anpin) that is called YHVH.”\n"
9780814746929 - page_441: "START TEXT: 14. “The Commandments of the Torah are all limbs and fragments that add up to one mystery. . . . He " ******* END TEXT: "\n37. Hagigah 15b.\n38. R. Hayim Volozhin, Nefesh Hahayim, II, 11.\n39. Berochot 35b.\n40. Menahot 53a.\n"
9780814746929 - page_442: "START TEXT: 41. Pesahim 87a.\n42. Jeremiah 15:17.\n43. Lamentations, Rabba.\n44. “Woe is to the wicked who say that" ******* END TEXT: "23.\n74. Pesahim 87a.\n75. Vayikra Rabba 6:8.\n76. Tanhuma, Deuteronomy 52.\n77. Yalkut, II King’s 296.\n"
9780814746929 - page_443: "START TEXT: 78. Nedarim 32a.\n79. Proverbs 14, 34.\n80. Yebamot 48b.\n81. Baba Bathra 10b.\n82. See note by W. Bache" ******* END TEXT: "retation is in accord with the oft-quoted principle: “We do not receive converts in the days of the "
9780814746929 - page_444: "START TEXT: Messiah. So too, converts were not accepted in the days of King’s David and Solomon.” See Yebamot 24" ******* END TEXT: "ved by the manipulation of money, to all the exploiting parasites who live by the sweat of others.”\n"
9780814746929 - page_445: "START TEXT: 128. The pre-Marxist socialists of France were generally anti-Semitic. So were Fourier, Toussenel, a" ******* END TEXT: "g for hidden reasons, since the sin which brought this catastrophe upon us is clearly stated in the "
9780814746929 - page_446: "START TEXT: words of our Sages who, in turn, learned it from the Holy Writ—not to end the exile by a united effo" ******* END TEXT: "Behrman, 1941.\n148. Rosenzweig, Stern der Erlösung (Frankfurt, 1930), p. 670.\n149. Ibid., p. 580.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_451: "START TEXT: \n19REEVALUATION OF THE “RESPONSUM ON THE SABBATH”\nAN EVALUATION of the actual consequences of any on" ******* END TEXT: "s project. When the extent of publicity accompanying other projects in our national organization is "
9780814746929 - page_452: "START TEXT: remembered, we realize that the indifference of our central agencies to this project was indeed monu" ******* END TEXT: "ment for unity, it should be directed as much to our Reform brethren as to our Orthodox colleagues. "
9780814746929 - page_453: "START TEXT: To me, the only kind of religious unity that is salutary is the one that derives from the recognitio" ******* END TEXT: ", not a hetair. The latter is an individual interpretation; the former is a communal enactment. The "
9780814746929 - page_454: "START TEXT: acceptance of the responsum by the majority of the Law Committee may be taken as positive action of " ******* END TEXT: " destroying the fabric of norms and standards that have been built up through centuries of travail.\n"
9780814746929 - page_455: "START TEXT: Traditionally, wide latitude was allowed in matters of doctrine, aggadah, but only a minimal measure" ******* END TEXT: "the cantor, or cavil at the gabbai, or get the latest gossip, or make an impression on some people?\n"
9780814746929 - page_456: "START TEXT: If the intentions of the original committee are relevant to this discussion, I can state that I do n" ******* END TEXT: "he transportation of children to attend services on the Sabbath? This question involves a matter of "
9780814746929 - page_457: "START TEXT: general policy. The rabbis taught us that rabbinic enactments should not be done furtively but openl" ******* END TEXT: "g the faith, expanding the vistas, and elevating the culture of future generations of his people.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_39: "START TEXT: \n2THE IDEAL PERSONALITY\nTHE ÉLAN of a religious culture is frequently symbolized in the one or more " ******* END TEXT: "ideals of the Bible. To the end of the biblical period the priest remains a most revered authority. "
9780814746929 - page_40: "START TEXT: Abraham offers tithes to Melchizedek, “the priest of God Most High.”1 And Malachi, the last of the p" ******* END TEXT: " course, common in the Near East. But while the Canaanite prophets, like the Hebrew “prophetizers,” "
9780814746929 - page_41: "START TEXT: were primarily ecstatics, the Hebrew prophets were philosophers as well as rhapsodists, statesmen as" ******* END TEXT: "dition. Wisdom asserts, “The Lord created me at the beginning of His work, the first of His acts of "
9780814746929 - page_42: "START TEXT: old.”7 Thus wisdom antedated the Torah in the mind of God. The prophet Jeremiah was inclined to equa" ******* END TEXT: " recently found Dead Sea Scrolls, and the Pharisees. In their turn, the Pharisees were pulled apart "
9780814746929 - page_43: "START TEXT: by the tensions between a militant activism and a submissive quietism, between zealous exclusiveness" ******* END TEXT: "vironment, and continuing the tradition of coining brief, memorable precepts for instruction in the "
9780814746929 - page_44: "START TEXT: ways of the good life. He is a lifelong student, refusing to decide an issue “in the presence of his" ******* END TEXT: "ry: “And thou shalt rejoice before the Lord thy God in all that thou puttest thy hand unto.” 22 The "
9780814746929 - page_45: "START TEXT: Shechinah rests upon a man only when he is joyous, and a person will have to render an account for t" ******* END TEXT: "eir duties toward heaven.” 30\nWhile humility is the highest virtue, the leader must be proud of his "
9780814746929 - page_46: "START TEXT: work and aware of the high worth of his task; hence, in a way, also proud. “A Disciple of the Wise m" ******* END TEXT: " light as an eagle, swift as a deer and heroic like a lion to do the will of your father in heaven.\n"
9780814746929 - page_47: "START TEXT: Those who are bold-faced will go to hell, those who are shamefaced will go to heaven.” 36\nThis is th" ******* END TEXT: "for royalty is acquired by thirty rungs, priesthood by twenty-four and Torah by forty-eight—namely:\n"
9780814746929 - page_48: "START TEXT: Learning, training one’s ear, disciplining one’s lips, the understanding of the heart; by awe and re" ******* END TEXT: "the words of the House of Hillel.” But if both opinions are the words of the Living God, why is the "
9780814746929 - page_49: "START TEXT: law according to the words of the Hillelites?—Because they were modest and well-mannered. They teach" ******* END TEXT: "Are you like Resh Lakish?” Whenever I would state a law, he would put to me twenty-four objections, "
9780814746929 - page_50: "START TEXT: then from the questions and answers, the matter would be clarified. But you only say—“let me show yo" ******* END TEXT: "ounced: “Whoever was present at the time when he died is invited to the life of the world to come.”\n"
9780814746929 - page_51: "START TEXT: “Ever since he died, there was no longer humility and the fear of sin.”50\nTHE GIFT OF THE HOLY SPIRI" ******* END TEXT: ". And an angel cried out of the fire—“This, surely, is the right account of the Divine Chariot.” 53\n"
9780814746929 - page_52: "START TEXT: MIRACLES AND MARTYRDOM\nSaid Rav Papa to Abaye [early fourth-century Babylonian scholars]: “Why were " ******* END TEXT: "ishnah or the Talmud, or the Law, or the legends—but those who are totally ignorant may not enter.”\n"
9780814746929 - page_53: "START TEXT: Then, Jonathan, son of Amram [a disciple] pushed himself to the front of the line, crying, “Rabbi, f" ******* END TEXT: "n-Jewish learning and of all worldly goods. In the minds of the romanticists, the Vision of eternal "
9780814746929 - page_54: "START TEXT: life and the World to come triumphed over the concerns of this world and the life of reason.\nThe gre" ******* END TEXT: "hteenth century belonged to this school.\nNOTES\n1. Genesis 14:18.\n2. Malachi 2:8–10.\n3. Exodus 19:6.\n"
9780814746929 - page_55: "START TEXT: 4. Ezekiel 44:31.\n5. “The Prophet in Modern Hebrew Literature,” HUC Annual, 1957.\n6. Wm. F. Albright" ******* END TEXT: "of the Fathers, VI, 6.\n41. Leviticus Rabba 34.\n42. Shabbat 114a.\n43. Airuvin 13.\n44. Baba Kama 117.\n"
9780814746929 - page_56: "START TEXT: 45. Baba Mezia 84a.\n46. Baba Bathra 12a.\n47. Berochot 46.\n48. Genesis Rabba 33.\n49. Aboda Zara 10a.\n" ******* END TEXT: "hra 8a.\n57. Ibid.\n58. Ibid.\n59. R. Yosef Yehuda Bloch, Sheurai Daat (New York, 1949), pp. 18, 22.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_458: "START TEXT: \n20BIRTH CONTROL: A DISSENT\nI DISSENT from the line of reasoning pursued in this responsum. It is fo" ******* END TEXT: "ccept them. We find ourselves in accord with the many passages which assert that marital love is an "
9780814746929 - page_459: "START TEXT: expression and fortification of a holy union. Marriage is a sacred bond of love, quite apart from th" ******* END TEXT: " (not voted on)\n\nNOTE\n1. In the original responsum by Rabbi Agus, this verse is quoted in Hebrew.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_460: "START TEXT: \n21LAW IN CONSERVATIVE JUDAISM\nNEED FOR A READJUSTMENT OF JEWISH LAW\nTHE CONCEPTION of revelation, o" ******* END TEXT: "not be lived and doubted at the same time. The essential characteristic of Jewish piety consists in "
9780814746929 - page_461: "START TEXT: the acceptance of and implicit obedience to the Divine Will, concretized into Divine Law. Objective " ******* END TEXT: "and reject it in part, using as the principle of selection, ideas derived from our basic philosophy "
9780814746929 - page_462: "START TEXT: of life. Or, we may reject “Halachah” altogether as an unnecessary encumbrance for modern life.\nThe " ******* END TEXT: "ay” of making decisions, entailing a set of authorities in the past and in the present. If we think "
9780814746929 - page_463: "START TEXT: of the Talmud, “Shulchan Aruch” and the Responsa literature as the sole collective source material o" ******* END TEXT: "Talmud corrupted the Mosaic tradition. We do not hold to either of these views. Furthermore, for us "
9780814746929 - page_464: "START TEXT: Divine revelation is expressed as much thru the conscience of Israel, the “sons of the prophets,” as" ******* END TEXT: "ld discuss thoroughly and regularly all phases of Jewish doctrine and practice. The second function "
9780814746929 - page_465: "START TEXT: must naturally be left to a joint special session of the United Synagogue and the Rabbinical Assembl" ******* END TEXT: "be fixed in the public mind, thereby accelerating the present stream of defections from Jewish law.\n"
9780814746929 - page_466: "START TEXT: The answer to this objection is that the initial “takkanot” need not at all be negative. The process" ******* END TEXT: "oorings of Jewish Law and that the Reform movement which rejected nearly the whole of ritual law is "
9780814746929 - page_467: "START TEXT: still considered part and parcel of the Jewish community. Accordingly, our task is not one of breaki" ******* END TEXT: "in true: that the basic divisions in Judaism are in respect of “Halachah”; that the middle position "
9780814746929 - page_468: "START TEXT: between the full acceptance of the Orthodox and the complete repudiation of Reform can be theoretica" ******* END TEXT: "d springs of creative energy. If it be true that our movement today lacks enough men of outstanding "
9780814746929 - page_469: "START TEXT: spiritual calibre, is not that lack itself to be attributed to the lassitude and confusion of our le" ******* END TEXT: "o mend their own fences in their own way. The net result in either case cannot but be beneficial.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_470: "START TEXT: \n22A THEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION FOR THE HALACHAH\nA PHILOSOPHY of Halachah is an integral portion of one’" ******* END TEXT: "itive and a source of self-renewal.\nWe may speak of God as Person, in both affirmative and negative "
9780814746929 - page_471: "START TEXT: senses. In its affirmative meaning, personhood means unity in space and time, imposing one Law upon " ******* END TEXT: "hence, an intimation of infinity.\nIn each aspect, the awareness of negation, knowing that we do not "
9780814746929 - page_472: "START TEXT: know, is integral to the experience of revelation. As in the nineteenth Psalm, day speaks unto day a" ******* END TEXT: "wake of the ancient priests exclusively. The Talmud recognized that sheer legalism was a disease of "
9780814746929 - page_473: "START TEXT: religion. “Whoever says, ‘I care only for Torah’ will lack even Torah” (Yehamot 109b).\nThe “Sages of" ******* END TEXT: "he primary intention of faith.\nTo be a Jew is to share in the priestly, prophetic and philosophical "
9780814746929 - page_474: "START TEXT: tradition of the living community of Israel (K’lal Yisroel), with the inevitable development of dive" ******* END TEXT: "orms and standards adopted by congregations will be decisive in molding the Halachah of the future.\n"
9780814746929 - page_475: "START TEXT: TAKKANOT\nThe Talmud speaks of those who violate an ordinance of the sacred tradition as rebellious c" ******* END TEXT: "sions. We have to take account of questions in the realm of political science that our predecessors "
9780814746929 - page_476: "START TEXT: could comfortably ignore. What is the ideal relation of the Jewish religion, its Aggadah and its Hal" ******* END TEXT: "Bat Mizvah observances as part of the Sabbath services. The next step was to grant aliyot and other "
9780814746929 - page_477: "START TEXT: honors to women, and to count them as part of a minyan. Once these steps have been accepted by the o" ******* END TEXT: "ians is close to our “sacred tradition,” where is the line to be drawn? Has the time come to revive "
9780814746929 - page_478: "START TEXT: the category of yirai hashem, the Fearers of the Lord, insofar as Christian spouses of Jews are conc" ******* END TEXT: "peaks of Torah as “the decayed fruit of the wisdom that is above” (Genesis Rabbah 17, 5, 44, 17).\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_483: "START TEXT: \n23THE CONSERVATIVE MOVEMENT\nEMERGENCE OF THE MOVEMENT\nIn point of organization and the official cry" ******* END TEXT: "d, the leading congregations and communities of Germany, Austria and France were Conservative, with "
9780814746929 - page_484: "START TEXT: the Leipsig and Augsburg synods of 1869 and 1870, respectively, striving consciously for the attainm" ******* END TEXT: "tion, Dr. Schechter assumed that the momentum of the fundamentalist trend was in his day completely "
9780814746929 - page_485: "START TEXT: spent and that a liberal interpretation of Judaism could confidently expect to inherit the mantle of" ******* END TEXT: "ve rabbis do not perform marriages for divorcees without a Jewish bill of divorcement (“get”); by a "
9780814746929 - page_486: "START TEXT: decision of the Committee on Jewish Laws and Standards a descendant of a priestly family (Kohen) is " ******* END TEXT: "e picture of revelation as consisting of the “Lord dictating and Moses transcribing” is taken to be "
9780814746929 - page_487: "START TEXT: no more than a symbolic representation of the process of Divine inspiration, that is itself beyond t" ******* END TEXT: " not in heaven,” and, in the Middle Ages, philosophical Judaism took this principle for granted all "
9780814746929 - page_488: "START TEXT: through its triumphant advance. Yet, the implications of a non-literal doctrine of revelation are mo" ******* END TEXT: "that we come to experience the vibrant reality of the monotheistic way of life. Judaism is not only "
9780814746929 - page_489: "START TEXT: philosophy; it is also a complex of psychic attitudes, a structure of loyalties and sentiments and a" ******* END TEXT: " this issue might appear to us today, it reflected the fundamental divergence that was to eventuate "
9780814746929 - page_490: "START TEXT: into the Conservative protest against the unhistorical rationalism of Reform. On any rational basis," ******* END TEXT: "the Hebrew language) even though this judgment is not yet carried out, and all lamentations against "
9780814746929 - page_491: "START TEXT: this condition of things are useless. No protest is justified against the forces of history.” 7\nIn t" ******* END TEXT: "allowed to broaden slowly, “from precedent to precedent.” Applying the conservative argument to the "
9780814746929 - page_492: "START TEXT: problems of Judaism, Frankel and later Schechter maintained that the law must issue out of the life " ******* END TEXT: "stence and life of the Jewish people was a supreme religious ideal, for they could not envisage the "
9780814746929 - page_493: "START TEXT: Jewish faith as being separated even in theory from the people that projected it upon the stage of h" ******* END TEXT: "ceremonial pattern of the Jewish faith. In an age when intellectuals hesitated to express belief in "
9780814746929 - page_494: "START TEXT: God, Ahad Ha’am’s ideas functioned as powerful centripetal forces for the Jewish community, directin" ******* END TEXT: "d against the Reformers, but it was directed with equal logic against the Orthodox, who reduced all "
9780814746929 - page_495: "START TEXT: of Jewish life to Torah, condensed all of Torah into the “four ells of Halachah,” and all of the his" ******* END TEXT: "er the inspiration of William James, McDougall and the Freudians confirmed the truth of the ancient "
9780814746929 - page_496: "START TEXT: insights, that symbols of action are of incalculable value in the economy of spiritual life. After a" ******* END TEXT: "inomian, since attention is directed away from legalistic correctness and toward the travail of the "
9780814746929 - page_497: "START TEXT: spirit. To mystics the observance of any law is not as important as the spirit in which it is observ" ******* END TEXT: "its prophets and saints. The individual Jew shares in this transforming experience if he surrenders "
9780814746929 - page_498: "START TEXT: his individual identity to the collective consciousness of his people, willing, feeling and thinking" ******* END TEXT: " dogmas and rituals of official Judaism are the rocks and boulders thrown off by the raging waters.\n"
9780814746929 - page_499: "START TEXT: Buber agreed with Ahad Ha’am in maintaining the thesis that the underlying genius of the Jewish nati" ******* END TEXT: " himself as a Jew, “for only the one truly bound to his people can answer with his whole being.” 23\n"
9780814746929 - page_500: "START TEXT: To discover his own true being, the Jew must learn to embrace in mind and heart the entire history o" ******* END TEXT: "which makes possible his wholehearted entrance into the intimacies of a genuine, organic community.\n"
9780814746929 - page_501: "START TEXT: (c) Man confronts God as a “person” and enters into a dialogue with Him. In saying “Thou” to God, ma" ******* END TEXT: "ess to love all men and all things and to address them in word and deed as “Thou,” that we find God "
9780814746929 - page_502: "START TEXT: in the world. For God is the eternal Thou. “Men do not find God if they stay in the world. They do n" ******* END TEXT: "timent, a state of mind, an aspiration, but an everlasting fact in the universe, something which is "
9780814746929 - page_503: "START TEXT: prior to and independent of human knowledge—the holy dimension of all existence.”31\nGod needs man ev" ******* END TEXT: "or law in the Jewish pattern of piety was cited by Christian theologians in both ancient and modern "
9780814746929 - page_504: "START TEXT: times as proof of the “inferiority” of Judaism. Is not the “inwardness” of feeling far superior to t" ******* END TEXT: "s, scientists and artists, but their collective discovery. All true discoverers share in common the "
9780814746929 - page_505: "START TEXT: capacity to overcome selfish concerns and private prejudices so as to apprehend reality as a whole a" ******* END TEXT: "s insistence on the need of retaining the legal molds of Jewish piety and legislating new standards "
9780814746929 - page_506: "START TEXT: whenever necessary, in order to cultivate the sense of reverence for the Law.\nTHE EMERGENCE OF EXIST" ******* END TEXT: "h one of these elements can only be pointed to, but not grasped in thought. Yet, there are contacts "
9780814746929 - page_507: "START TEXT: between these ultimate elements. The contact between God and men is revelation, the contact between " ******* END TEXT: " an unending dialogue. . . “35\nWhile the love of the lover is arbitrary and momentary, the awakened "
9780814746929 - page_508: "START TEXT: love of the human soul is as that of the beloved, expressed in a yearning to disseminate love to one" ******* END TEXT: "tle Jews” the Zionists who reduced Judaism to ethnicism and the Orthodox who froze it into the neat "
9780814746929 - page_509: "START TEXT: package of what they called Torah. He saw the focal center of Jewish loyalty in the inner acknowledg" ******* END TEXT: "e crossed; but once the decision of faith has been made, it is seen that the leap was possible only "
9780814746929 - page_510: "START TEXT: because the gulf had already been bridged for us from the other side.’38\nIn other words, faith is at" ******* END TEXT: "s interpreted in existential fashion.\n“The views of Abraham on the nature of things and even on the "
9780814746929 - page_511: "START TEXT: ‘nature’ of the divine were presumably far more ‘primitive’ than those of Isaiah so many centuries l" ******* END TEXT: "eople,” he insists that “the history of Israel” constitutes a mode of self-revelation of God. It is "
9780814746929 - page_512: "START TEXT: through the life of Israel, in all its particularity, that God reveals His message to mankind.\n“If G" ******* END TEXT: " the life of holiness, and for the Jew, this authentic response implies the wholehearted acceptance "
9780814746929 - page_513: "START TEXT: of the Law, insofar as it is a living reality to the conscience of “Catholic Israel.”\nTHE “RECONSTRU" ******* END TEXT: "pression of Jewish group life.\nIn effect, then, the Reconstructionists advocate that American Jewry "
9780814746929 - page_514: "START TEXT: give up the congregational form of organization, which is indigenous on the American scene, and retu" ******* END TEXT: " cultural creations and values.\nIn the Reconstructionist ideology, the Conservative emphasis on the "
9780814746929 - page_515: "START TEXT: living people in the triad of people, God and Torah is carried to its outermost limit. Judaism is de" ******* END TEXT: "e institutions, things, events and memories that the people require for their collective existence. "
9780814746929 - page_516: "START TEXT: Hence, a religion is woefully weakened when it is abstracted into a system of salvation and separate" ******* END TEXT: "s that makes for salvation.”\n“It is paradoxical,” they maintain, “for a person not to be associated "
9780814746929 - page_517: "START TEXT: with a physical body,” thus dismissing out of hand the long philosophical tradition dating from Plat" ******* END TEXT: "s to the central community organization, and it can also deal with the domain of “public law,” such "
9780814746929 - page_518: "START TEXT: as marriage and divorce. In the sphere of rituals, each denominational trend may formulate its own g" ******* END TEXT: "e spirit of the historian Zunz, who remarked that the spirit of peace and harmony in a community is "
9780814746929 - page_519: "START TEXT: more important than the harmony or disharmony of organ-music. Thus, in practice, Conservative congre" ******* END TEXT: "e applicability of the principle of “takkanah”-legislation to our time and place. Jewish Law can be "
9780814746929 - page_520: "START TEXT: made and modified today in the same manner as it was made and modified in the past. Accordingly, the" ******* END TEXT: " is even now combatting the suggestion to permit Gentile players on the Sabbath to play dance music "
9780814746929 - page_521: "START TEXT: for the entertainment of dinner-guests at a Bar Mitzvah celebration in the vestry-hall of the synago" ******* END TEXT: "Movement, (reprint: New York, 1968) p. 305.\n2. American Jewish Yearbook (Philadelphia, 1916) p. 62.\n"
9780814746929 - page_522: "START TEXT: 3. Ibid, p. 58.\n4. S. Goldman, In the Beginning (New York, 1949), p. 101.\n5. Prof. Salo Baron as quo" ******* END TEXT: " Briefe, p. 581.\n38. Will Herberg, Judaism and Modern Man (New York, 1951), p. 39.\n39. Ibid, p. 60.\n"
9780814746929 - page_523: "START TEXT: 40. Ibid, p. 76.\n41. Ibid, pp. 116, 117.\n42. Ibid, p. 248.\n43. Ibid, p. 251.\n44. Ibid, p. 255.\n45. I" ******* END TEXT: ". Ibid, p. 328.\n57. Kaplan, Future of the American Jew, p. 172.\n58. Ibid, p. 184.\n59. Ibid., p. 424."
9780814746929 - page_524: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_529: "START TEXT: \n24RELIGION AND NATIONALISM\nANYONE WHO SETS out to study the history of the Jew concludes very soon " ******* END TEXT: "inadequate instrument of religion, and the State as a political institution reflects only partially "
9780814746929 - page_530: "START TEXT: the complex dynamism of a living people. The two vital ideals subsisting behind their respective org" ******* END TEXT: " one or both of the following procedures. Either he understands the world in terms of images of the "
9780814746929 - page_531: "START TEXT: self—ghosts, demons, angels, gods. Or he understands his own being in terms of the events of the out" ******* END TEXT: "the champions of objectivity in philosophy generally describe themselves as Positivists, though few "
9780814746929 - page_532: "START TEXT: would follow Auguste Comte, founder of French Positivism, in adopting the entire panoply of organize" ******* END TEXT: "respect to the intensity of religious feelings they arouse. In every tradition, there will be found "
9780814746929 - page_533: "START TEXT: those for whom their faith is an empty formula or rite, and some for whom it is a powerful, inspirin" ******* END TEXT: "r, by letting our minds drift away from surface facts in order to feel part of its inner substance. "
9780814746929 - page_534: "START TEXT: And we know that we are part of reality, while we look at any portion of it.\nIf we could know all ab" ******* END TEXT: "ife of reason; he cannot ask for favors; he can expect no personal consideration. Submission to the "
9780814746929 - page_535: "START TEXT: rational process in all its ruthless impartiality is by no means easy. Yet those who like Spinoza fo" ******* END TEXT: "eds to use the “language” of faith, which consists of symbols and myths and rites, articulating the "
9780814746929 - page_536: "START TEXT: unspeakable wonders of life. He will interpret and transform the creed and the ritual of his communi" ******* END TEXT: "ons may be set up, laws may be laid down, compliance may be efficiently assured. But the quality of "
9780814746929 - page_537: "START TEXT: ethics is found not in law and administration as such, but in the motives and attitudes of the men a" ******* END TEXT: "e subjective and objective factors as it is demonstrated in the ethical standards of the community.\n"
9780814746929 - page_538: "START TEXT: We need to indicate at this time why these criteria are more useful than those employed by other his" ******* END TEXT: "ake of custom.” This is formally true, insofar as progress is outwardly visible. But custom-keeping "
9780814746929 - page_539: "START TEXT: and custom-breaking can both be acts of religious inspiration as well as deeds of desecration. It is" ******* END TEXT: "dow even as they throw a beam of light into the Unknown. Like a flashlight suddenly directed at one "
9780814746929 - page_540: "START TEXT: point, the brightness of illumination thus generated makes the darkness at its edges all the more im" ******* END TEXT: "ilable. The Absolute is there, but any formulation of it is bound to bear the marks of time and the "
9780814746929 - page_541: "START TEXT: stigmata of partiality. As to Divine revelation, we intend to set things down from the human point o" ******* END TEXT: "ne age a patchwork of compromise between the two orientations of the soul. Objectively we reason in "
9780814746929 - page_542: "START TEXT: terms of the human family as a whole. But this concept is fleeting and abstract. Man’s imagination i" ******* END TEXT: "ethnicism is more resistant to reason than the dogmas of faith. In large part, tribal allegiance is "
9780814746929 - page_543: "START TEXT: overcome in sentiment and in imagination by the building up of a more potent and more radiant aura a" ******* END TEXT: "lling to accord to other Greek cities the privileges of freedom which they demanded for themselves. "
9780814746929 - page_544: "START TEXT: Their Athenian “idealism” was so strong that they coldly condemned the entire male populations of co" ******* END TEXT: "massive crimes upon the “unglorified” section of humanity. Thus, did the “liberty-loving” Athenians "
9780814746929 - page_545: "START TEXT: of the Golden Age set out to deprive other Greek cities of their freedom. Similarly, the Israelites," ******* END TEXT: " is already on the horizon.\nAt the same time, nationalism is the largest single barrier in the path "
9780814746929 - page_546: "START TEXT: of an emergent universal society. It distorts the judgment of people quite as much as the dogmatism " ******* END TEXT: "nerally was simply the projection onto the metaphysical screen of the national group-consciousness. "
9780814746929 - page_547: "START TEXT: But it cannot be denied that in primitive societies, the distinction becomes nebulous; even the so-c" ******* END TEXT: "tionalism tends to direct the fervor of religious devotion into the channels of the actual historic "
9780814746929 - page_548: "START TEXT: community. It checks the flight of the mystic, restrains the fancy of the poet, assuages the ardor o" ******* END TEXT: ". Naphtali Lewis and Meyer Reinhold (eds.), Roman Civilization (New York, 1955), vol. II, p. 585.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_549: "START TEXT: \n25THE COVENANT CONCEPT—PARTICULARISTIC,PLURALISTIC, OR FUTURISTIC?\nIN A DRAFT STATEMENT by a group " ******* END TEXT: "ncept in Judaism, but the implications of our study are manifestly ecumenical. In each of the three "
9780814746929 - page_550: "START TEXT: monotheistic faiths—Judaism, Christianity, Islam—the same dilemmas and problems, even if not the sam" ******* END TEXT: "oses certain persons, peoples, moments, to express His Will. He demands loyalty and faithfulness to "
9780814746929 - page_551: "START TEXT: all that is humane and ethical, but also loyalty and faithfulness to Himself.4 He favors that which " ******* END TEXT: " as “the dwelling place” of God, King Solomon stated, “The Lord has chosen to dwell in darkness”.10 "
9780814746929 - page_552: "START TEXT: n view of the twofold cutting edge of revelation, we may well inquire whether the covenant concept c" ******* END TEXT: "o a covenant in the Hebrew Sciptures, we find that this notion is open-ended in several ways; it is "
9780814746929 - page_553: "START TEXT: counterbalanced by several other covenants—the covenant with mankind, represented by Adam and Eve, a" ******* END TEXT: "transcendent and eternal God within the narrow limits of a time-conditioned body of specifications. "
9780814746929 - page_554: "START TEXT: In sum, the covenant concept may easily be corrupted to the point of shutting out the openness of th" ******* END TEXT: "pions of an exclusionist theology.\nHowever, even in the ancient world, non-exclusionist voices were "
9780814746929 - page_555: "START TEXT: heard from time to time. The tannaitic sages affirmed the validity of the Seven Laws of Noah, that i" ******* END TEXT: " threatening to bury them if they did not consent to abide by the Torah. It was only in the time of "
9780814746929 - page_556: "START TEXT: Mordecai and Esther, a millenium or so after Moses, that the Israelites proved themselves to be will" ******* END TEXT: "cal distinctions between the several non-Jewish faiths, exempting some, like the Christians and the "
9780814746929 - page_557: "START TEXT: Zoroastrians, from the general category of idolatry. They spoke of the Noachide principles in genera" ******* END TEXT: "wish resistance to the belligerent assertions of both Christians and Moslems that their revelations "
9780814746929 - page_558: "START TEXT: abolished the Torah of Moses. On the other hand, he recognized that the two daughter-faiths of Judai" ******* END TEXT: "wish thought of the western world.\nMoses Mendelssohn, the champion of Enlightenment, wrote that the "
9780814746929 - page_559: "START TEXT: mark of a false religion is precisely its claim to exclusiveness.70 Even the unbending defender of u" ******* END TEXT: " the boundaries of the Law.\nFranz Rosenzweig, in keeping with his Hegelian orientation, interpreted "
9780814746929 - page_560: "START TEXT: the covenant between God and Israel as a living tradition, rather than as a book or a series of book" ******* END TEXT: "In this self-renewing and self-critical spirit, the covenant concept remains valid even in our day.\n"
9780814746929 - page_561: "START TEXT: I offer the following propositions as both a personal confession of faith and as a contemporary expr" ******* END TEXT: "more than action-symbols or figures of speech. They are freighted with the memories of the past and "
9780814746929 - page_562: "START TEXT: charged with the covenanted loyalty of a living community. As such, they are invaluable, providing w" ******* END TEXT: "e should learn to “understand in love” other faiths as we expect other’s to understand us in love.\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_563: "START TEXT: NOTES\n1. Deuteronomy 30, 14. Isaiah 50, 8. Psalms 34, 19. Psalms 145, 19. Psalms 73, 28.\n2. Deuteron" ******* END TEXT: "l, Grand Rapids, 1964, Vol. II, pp 127, 128.\n34. Galatians 3; 2 Corinthians 3, 6.\n35. Matt. 26, 28.\n"
9780814746929 - page_564: "START TEXT: 36. B. T. Yoma 28b.\n37. B. T. Sanhedrin 56a. Hullin 92a.\n38. B. T. Baba Bathra 15b.\n39. B. T. Beroch" ******* END TEXT: "tz, Shenai Lubot Haberit, Introduction.\n69. Exodus, 19, 6.\n70. M. Mendelssohn, Jerusalem, part two.\n"
9780814746929 - page_565: "START TEXT: 71. H. Cohen, Religion of Reason, translated from the German by R. Hallo, p. 79.\n72. Ibid., p. 441.\n" ******* END TEXT: " Ibid., p. 441.\n73. Ibid., p. 149.\n74. K. Kohler, Jewish Theology, New York 1968 edition, p. 327.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_57: "START TEXT: \n3CONTEMPORARY ISSUES\nLOOKING at the total spectrum of Jewish ethics, one sees that the popular noti" ******* END TEXT: " of the eighteenth century, these disputes did not split the communal organization. After the first "
9780814746929 - page_58: "START TEXT: two generations, even the Hassidic-rationalist controversy was largely resolved.\nThe centripetal for" ******* END TEXT: "ethics tends to merge into the accepted code of laws (Shulhan Arukh). However, Orthodoxy too cannot "
9780814746929 - page_59: "START TEXT: be of one mind, since the Law is part of a more complex tradition. The various parties within Orthod" ******* END TEXT: "ken altogether, and moral energy is drained into one of the two polarities, then the characteristic "
9780814746929 - page_60: "START TEXT: dynamics of Judaism cease to be operative. Thus, the portrayal of Orthodoxy as sheer dry legalism, o" ******* END TEXT: " mentality, there is a solid logical structure that begins with a few axioms, explains all history, "
9780814746929 - page_61: "START TEXT: accounts for all deviations, and leads to the one party line. Its categories are part of a closed sy" ******* END TEXT: "yss. People are either absolutely right or absolutely wrong. They recognize only one satanic force, "
9780814746929 - page_62: "START TEXT: capitalism, or non-Aryanism, or individualism. This “monosatanism” is a caricature of the Judeo-Chri" ******* END TEXT: "e and move and have our being.\nThus, religion can only affirm the supreme worth of man’s spirit—the "
9780814746929 - page_63: "START TEXT: quest of truth, goodness, reality, and harmony, but it cannot articulate its insight without succumb" ******* END TEXT: " and live, saith the Lord.”4\nEssentially, the ethic of religious humanism is a blend of two forces, "
9780814746929 - page_64: "START TEXT: the one symbolized by Socrates, the other by Amos. Both were path-breakers. They were alike, in a pr" ******* END TEXT: "odern disease of alienation. In the ages of faith, the body and all its impulses were assumed to be "
9780814746929 - page_65: "START TEXT: evil, corrupted by “original sin” and subject to the wiles of Satan. Accordingly, man was to be fore" ******* END TEXT: " and good men act nobly. . . .”\nFor the Greeks, the individual was incomplete apart from the state. "
9780814746929 - page_66: "START TEXT: Man is by nature a political being, Aristotle insisted; hence, he is complete only when he fulfills " ******* END TEXT: " which we are bound, and that vision of humanity which looms as a potential reality on the horizon.\n"
9780814746929 - page_67: "START TEXT: NATURAL LAW AND THE LIFE OF THE FAMILY\nWhat role does the Law of the Torah play today in the life of" ******* END TEXT: " while we employ methods of research which presuppose the iron inexorability of the laws of nature.\n"
9780814746929 - page_68: "START TEXT: We think of God as the source of personality as well as the creator of the cosmos. The affirmation o" ******* END TEXT: "d in Scripture a deep awareness of the horror of sexual sins and deviations, but we cannot maintain "
9780814746929 - page_69: "START TEXT: that the penalties for adultery and sodomy, prescribed in the Bible, are valid today. Yet these are " ******* END TEXT: " centuries Judaism protested against the pagan practice of abandoning or killing unwanted children.\n"
9780814746929 - page_70: "START TEXT: PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL ETHICS\nIn the domain of social and economic life, we recall that the Jewish rel" ******* END TEXT: "itten of the “right to work.” Certainly, governments are obligated to provide a minimum subsistence "
9780814746929 - page_71: "START TEXT: for all who, for one reason or another, cannot fit into the normal spaces of the economic system. Al" ******* END TEXT: "bidden to improve our society, not to impose a perfect plan upon it. The Talmud asserts that we are "
9780814746929 - page_72: "START TEXT: not permitted to force the coming of the Messiah, only to hasten his arrival by deeds of charity and" ******* END TEXT: " earning power. As Rabbi Zadok put it, we must not turn wisdom into “a spade with which to dig.” 21\n"
9780814746929 - page_73: "START TEXT: This emphasis would, in the course of time, change the prevailing spirit in our academic campuses. S" ******* END TEXT: "faith is likely to protect us against a resurgence of the seductive delusions of pseudo-Messianism.\n"
9780814746929 - page_74: "START TEXT: THE ETHICS OF RACE AND GROUP RELATIONS\nIt is now generally accepted that national boundaries do not " ******* END TEXT: "n call for unity that in our time served the fascist dictators so well. The Vision of Unity that we "
9780814746929 - page_75: "START TEXT: seek must not be a doctrinaire mold, imposed from without, but an organic reality growing out of the" ******* END TEXT: "ssume our rights and obligations. On the other hand, all cultural values, feelings of kinships, and "
9780814746929 - page_76: "START TEXT: sentiments of philanthropy are worth-while in themselves; hence, their claim upon us is that of mora" ******* END TEXT: "y and willing to accept those who wish to be part of the Jewish national homeland, those who opt to "
9780814746929 - page_77: "START TEXT: remain in their native lands can return in good conscience to the normative pattern of adjustment in" ******* END TEXT: "l issue is on the plane of the contemporary Way, rather than on the futuristic plane of the Vision. "
9780814746929 - page_78: "START TEXT: Naturally, the cherished Vision, either of the perpetual endurance of the Jewish identity or of its " ******* END TEXT: " objectors.” They may draw their convictions from the mystical stream in the Jewish heritage, which "
9780814746929 - page_79: "START TEXT: asserts that all is in the hands of God. All that man can do is to refrain from evil. Or they may co" ******* END TEXT: " serves to immunize them against the temptation to lay down rigid lines either for the character of "
9780814746929 - page_80: "START TEXT: the nation or for its destiny. Jews are the natural “protestants” against national idolatries and th" ******* END TEXT: " to cause the death of an innocent individual in order to save his own life. By way of explanation, "
9780814746929 - page_81: "START TEXT: the Talmud adds, “Why should you think that your blood is redder than that of another?”\nIn the case " ******* END TEXT: "g their temporary selves. The Vision is always ahead of us—not here, not now, not within our grasp.\n"
9780814746929 - page_82: "START TEXT: From a strictly ethical viewpoint, we cannot escape the logic of Absolute Nuclear Pacifism—that is, " ******* END TEXT: " from the sin of distorting the image of our opponents. It is so natural and so seductively easy to "
9780814746929 - page_83: "START TEXT: portray the opponent in lurid colors, that it might be well for religious groups to concentrate thei" ******* END TEXT: "h faction sought aid from the super-powers of the day—Athens or Sparta, Persia, Macedonia, or Rome.\n"
9780814746929 - page_84: "START TEXT: If the United States and Russia were simply super-powers in a shrunken globe, the various factions i" ******* END TEXT: " is likely to be based on false premises either initially or as it continues; second, because it is "
9780814746929 - page_85: "START TEXT: based on the ineradicable sin of hubris, the endeavor to play the part of God. To doubt our own wisd" ******* END TEXT: "ife whatever. As we have seen, Moses Mendelssohn, living at the dawn of the Emancipation, contended "
9780814746929 - page_86: "START TEXT: that the Mosaic unity of religion and state referred to a unique period; hence it was not normative " ******* END TEXT: "xistence of a unitary, easily defined and identified core of ethical principles. In each tradition, "
9780814746929 - page_87: "START TEXT: there is likely to be a spectrum of interpretations of its ethical substance. But every religious co" ******* END TEXT: "ve the right, or even the duty, to seek converts from other groups? From the standpoint of Judaism, "
9780814746929 - page_88: "START TEXT: every religious community can find salvation by nurturing the core of religious idealism, “the Seven" ******* END TEXT: "an incarnation of God’s Word.\nTo abstract an ethical issue out of the eschatological context of the "
9780814746929 - page_89: "START TEXT: first century is hardly instructive, though both Jewish and Christian authors have done so with gust" ******* END TEXT: "n Law. Only at rare intervals did the consuming fire of romanticism burst asunder the restraints of "
9780814746929 - page_90: "START TEXT: reason and law. To be sure, in Catholic Christianity, it would appear that two ethical codes are off" ******* END TEXT: " is the husband permitted to do anything to render his act ineffective. Nor are mere considerations "
9780814746929 - page_91: "START TEXT: of health, as distinct from life, usually sufficient to warrant active precautions on the part of th" ******* END TEXT: ". Sanhedrin 74a.\n27. Ibid., 37a.\n28. Samuel 2:20.\n29. Jerusalem Talmud, Terumot 8.\n30. Micah 4:5.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_100: "START TEXT: and intuitive talents must be as excellently attuned to the reception of the Divine Influence as his" ******* END TEXT: "eater whole are not always salutary. People are driven on occasion to serve idols and to reject the "
9780814746929 - page_101: "START TEXT: tensions of freedom. Here, again, is an illustration of the dangers inherent in the polar tension wi" ******* END TEXT: "eals, that is the light of God.\nThere is an old pietistic comment on the claim of the Sages that in "
9780814746929 - page_102: "START TEXT: time to come, God will slaughter Satan. Why should Satan be punished? it is asked. Was it not his du" ******* END TEXT: "wer and Wisdom from God. (II, 40.) These upward thrusts led to the development of skills needed for "
9780814746929 - page_103: "START TEXT: survival and of social customs that provided a modicum of order and justice. Among the Greeks and ot" ******* END TEXT: "Code, “Hilchot Melochim.” Ch. XII.) In M.’s view, then, progress is many-sided, economic as well as "
9780814746929 - page_104: "START TEXT: spiritual, secular as well as religious. And the ultimate source of this ceaseless advance toward pe" ******* END TEXT: "ts of divine inspiration. (II, 45.) Man is not a passive victim of blind fate. On the contrary, God "
9780814746929 - page_105: "START TEXT: permeates the world only through the cooperation of great men and cooperative societies. (II, 40.) H" ******* END TEXT: "al increments of perfection. In order that Being shall not be devoid of growth in perfection, there "
9780814746929 - page_106: "START TEXT: must be a Becoming, a process beginning from the lowest depths, the levels of absolute privation, an" ******* END TEXT: "ination.” It is our personality as a whole that confronts the mystery of the universe, and when the "
9780814746929 - page_107: "START TEXT: judgment of logic is neutralized, the associated forms of outreach within us impel us to choose that" ******* END TEXT: "d creative Growth triumph over the dead entropy of matter. Our faith in God is an extension of “the "
9780814746929 - page_108: "START TEXT: lines of growth” in our personality—our hunger for justice, our thirst for beauty, our longing for t" ******* END TEXT: "ood God is ever ready to grant His impulsions of goodness and wisdom. Though He is free to withhold "
9780814746929 - page_109: "START TEXT: His gift, He, in His Goodness, is ever ready to uplift men. But, even the noblest prophet can rise t" ******* END TEXT: "e shall discuss it presently.\nAt this point, we note that the biblical prophets occupied the middle "
9780814746929 - page_110: "START TEXT: ground between the “general revelation” of the pre- and proto-prophets and the post- or super-prophe" ******* END TEXT: "n providing the social institutions and rituals needed for the ultimate triumph of the Divine Will.\n"
9780814746929 - page_111: "START TEXT: At this point, we note a most important distinction which M. draws between “True Beliefs” and “Neces" ******* END TEXT: "The prophet receives a call, a command together with an intimation of God’s reality. To assert that "
9780814746929 - page_112: "START TEXT: God reveals His love is true in a general sense, but this answer does not capture the special nuance" ******* END TEXT: "n advance toward the emergence of creatures with greater measures of freedom?—If God is the Pole of "
9780814746929 - page_113: "START TEXT: wholeness building in the cosmos, then a series of pulsations toward ever greater wholes is precisel" ******* END TEXT: "separable from the external forms which they assumed in the various contingencies of history. God’s "
9780814746929 - page_114: "START TEXT: Word at any one time cannot be in contradiction with His Eternal Will, as revealed to all men and wo" ******* END TEXT: "n our time, serve to provide a vehicle of truth and kingdom-building energy? Or is the opposite the "
9780814746929 - page_115: "START TEXT: case, with the rituals and “Necessary Beliefs” tying our people in knots and preventing them from fa" ******* END TEXT: "onfidently that the latter sense corresponds to his own belief. See also 11, 44.\n2. “Guide,” 1, 71.\n"
9780814746929 - page_116: "START TEXT: 3. “For the Lord, blessed be He, loves only truth and hates only falsehood.” (11, 47-)\n4. Second par" ******* END TEXT: " the sinner’s disposition, so that “He who knows all secrets can testify that were the sinner to be "
9780814746929 - page_117: "START TEXT: presented with similar temptations he would not ever commit that sin.” (“Hilchot Teshuvah,” II, 2).\n" ******* END TEXT: "om of the Deity with regard to the permanence of this species . . . [i.e. humanity] . . .” (II, 40.)"
9780814746929 - page_118: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_92: "START TEXT: \n4NEO-MAIMONISM\nTHE TERM “Neo-Maimonism” is coined in the same manner and for the same reason as the" ******* END TEXT: "Kabbalah and its triumph, after the expulsion from Spain, did not succeed in suppressing completely "
9780814746929 - page_93: "START TEXT: the influence of Jewish rationalism. And every new wave of enlightenment was powerfully assisted by " ******* END TEXT: "unterpart in our time. Neo-Maimonism, therefore, is definable negatively, as well as affirmatively.\n"
9780814746929 - page_94: "START TEXT: TENSION AT THE HEART OF REALITY\nWe begin with the pathways that Maimonides disdained to follow. He c" ******* END TEXT: "olts of lightning from above.\nIs not this recognition of our human condition essentially compatible "
9780814746929 - page_95: "START TEXT: with the vision of reality in our time?—We no longer think of the flux of existence in terms of tiny" ******* END TEXT: "s in the Torah and the Bible to physical appearances of God apply to His temporary theophanies, not "
9780814746929 - page_96: "START TEXT: to His own Being. So, there is a “created light” or divine effulgence, which the Lord employs as a m" ******* END TEXT: " according to M., remiss in that they accepted uncritically the premises of the Moslem Mutazilites. "
9780814746929 - page_97: "START TEXT: As a child of his age, M. believed that classical Greek philosophy was an integral part of the esote" ******* END TEXT: "ere brought to the service of God through its prophets. And the western world appeared to Europeans "
9780814746929 - page_98: "START TEXT: until recently to be synonymous with civilized humanity. If, then, in the past, Israel served as “a " ******* END TEXT: " philosophical saints of all nations ahead of “Talmudists” and mizvah- observers. Also, in the well "
9780814746929 - page_99: "START TEXT: known letter to R. Hisdai concerning people of other faiths, he avers, “God seeks the heart. . . .”5" ******* END TEXT: "isciplines that are needed for the perfection and balance of the human personality. His imaginative "
9780814746929 - page_123: "START TEXT: \n5THE COMMON CORE OF MODERN JEWISH PHILOSOPHY\nHAVING SCRUTINIZED in detail the philosophies of Cohen" ******* END TEXT: "y all who ventured to explore the infinite sea of thought. In our own era, this situation no longer "
9780814746929 - page_124: "START TEXT: obtains. There is no “logic” acceptable to all, no unquestioned universally revered philosophical tr" ******* END TEXT: ". This experienced intuition was employed by Rosenzweig to reverse the entire course of philosophy. "
9780814746929 - page_125: "START TEXT: His refutation of that vast system of thought, which was unfolded by degrees from Thales to Hegel, w" ******* END TEXT: "ions of phenomena that enter within the range of our experience. In most cases, the reasons for our "
9780814746929 - page_126: "START TEXT: value-judgments are the very evident one’s of self-interest. Adjectives such as pleasant, painful, e" ******* END TEXT: "oncur in maintaining that there is something about our experience of the moral law, which cannot be "
9780814746929 - page_127: "START TEXT: reduced to self-interest. You cannot analyze the voice of conscience in terms of selfish or indiffer" ******* END TEXT: "tion is the concentration of the individual in the feeling of love. Whenever this relation appears, "
9780814746929 - page_128: "START TEXT: communion with the Deity, to a limited extent, is established. “The extended lines of relations meet" ******* END TEXT: ", in his later writings, he came to recognize more and more the importance of the reference to God, "
9780814746929 - page_129: "START TEXT: which is vaguely implied in the apprehension of ethical values. Buber, on the other hand, chooses to" ******* END TEXT: "the satisfaction of knowing that his life is steered in the direction of the three “pure” processes "
9780814746929 - page_130: "START TEXT: of Being. Thirdly, both believe that the ultimate validity of ethical motivation is due to the Will " ******* END TEXT: "between the monotheism of the Greeks, especially of Aristotle, which was based upon the recognition "
9780814746929 - page_131: "START TEXT: of the metaphysical unity of the world, and the monotheism of the Hebrew prophets, which was so powe" ******* END TEXT: "he pressure of life itself soon puts an end to the unearthly speculations of the skeptic. Away from "
9780814746929 - page_132: "START TEXT: the easy chair and within the seething cauldron of life’s actual problems, no one but the insane wil" ******* END TEXT: "s on the essence of things will be based on an intuition. There is room for reason in the criticism "
9780814746929 - page_133: "START TEXT: of alternative answers, of course. Thus, I agree with the idealistic criticism of the materialistic " ******* END TEXT: "Democritean atoms, or electrons, or some general form of matter in motion, or a series of “neutral” "
9780814746929 - page_134: "START TEXT: essences. From these elements, we then proceed to explain the emergence of the more complex organism" ******* END TEXT: "h it is difficult to discern.\nWe are concerned with discovering whether there is indeed vouch-safed "
9780814746929 - page_135: "START TEXT: to man, albeit admittedly at rare moments only, an intuition of the eternal validity and of the extr" ******* END TEXT: " in the ordinary run of things, take moral values for granted and are not much concerned over them. "
9780814746929 - page_136: "START TEXT: When, however, we are suddenly confronted with an outrageous crime, we realize, through the violence" ******* END TEXT: "r the conceptions of the God of Israel in Talmudic literature, where He is pictured as at once “Our "
9780814746929 - page_137: "START TEXT: Father,” “Our King,” “Lord of the Universe” and “God of Israel,” “the Place” and “the Merciful.” “Wh" ******* END TEXT: " of traditional theology. A similar attitude prevails among some of the “Reconstructionists.” Thus, "
9780814746929 - page_138: "START TEXT: Eugene Kohn writes, “a God who is the source of evil no less than of good and who is conceived as ha" ******* END TEXT: " Him in humble supplication, conscious of our human limitations. In philosophy, this concept of God "
9780814746929 - page_139: "START TEXT: presents innumerable problems, which it is our task as thinkers to resolve. At the base of human tho" ******* END TEXT: "t, if it achieves this purpose once in a lifetime, it is more than justified as a regular practice.\n"
9780814746929 - page_140: "START TEXT: The intimate relationship between religion and ethics serves to explain why public worship is often " ******* END TEXT: "union with the Will of God.\n8. The above outline of the philosophy of religion agrees, I feel, with "
9780814746929 - page_141: "START TEXT: the innermost essence of Judaism. It remains to point out the obvious truth that there are values to" ******* END TEXT: " that it is impossible to over-estimate the role which a genuine renaissance of the Jewish religion "
9780814746929 - page_142: "START TEXT: could play in protecting the Achilles heel of Western civilization, its gradual loss of a religio-mo" ******* END TEXT: "this principle at great length.\n9. David Hume—“Treatise of Human Nature.” F. H. Bradley—“Appearance "
9780814746929 - page_143: "START TEXT: and Reality.” McTaggart—article on “Personality” in Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics.\n10. Reconst" ******* END TEXT: ", 1941.\n11. See my article, “Judaism as a Civilization—A Critique,” in the “Opinion,” June, 1934.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_144: "START TEXT: \n6THE NEARNESS OF GOD\nCHIEF RABBI KUK was essentially a mystic. His claim that “man is by nature a m" ******* END TEXT: "nsists that the mystical experience is unique and ineffable, so radically different from the normal "
9780814746929 - page_145: "START TEXT: course of events as not to be expressible in the medium of common speech. Silence alone does justice" ******* END TEXT: "Lo, I ride above the heavens,Wholly absorbed within the truthWholly pained by travail of expression;"
9780814746929 - page_146: "START TEXT: How can I the great truth articulateWhich my heart overfills?Who can to multitudes uncover,To nation" ******* END TEXT: "bundantly illustrated in his writings, though they are nowhere clearly schematized or systematized.\n"
9780814746929 - page_147: "START TEXT: CONFLICT AND THE INWARD PATH\nThe first stage on the path of mysticism is marked by an uneasy apprehe" ******* END TEXT: " light cast into the vast mysterious darkness of the outer world bringing only one object at a time "
9780814746929 - page_148: "START TEXT: within the range of our mental perception. It follows that the view of the total pattern of existenc" ******* END TEXT: "’s predilection for the ideal of harmony and his method of reinterpretation of Kabbalistic concepts "
9780814746929 - page_149: "START TEXT: is here illustrated with striking clarity. The practice of Yichudim among the masters of Kabbalah co" ******* END TEXT: "ean, that, according to Kuk, the pluralistic universe is unreal or that, at bottom, the universe is "
9780814746929 - page_150: "START TEXT: an undifferentiated and unvaried manifestation of the Divine. On the contrary, the principle of diff" ******* END TEXT: "d an infinity of little canals, which pour forth the bounty (shifoth) of will, life and thought.”12\n"
9780814746929 - page_151: "START TEXT: FEAR AND TREMBLING\nThe sudden incursion into normal consciousness of the Divine current of light and" ******* END TEXT: "energy into the soul of the artist, there can be no real artistic productivity without the sting of "
9780814746929 - page_152: "START TEXT: spiritual tension and pain. “Superficial artists dream of creativeness, while they indulge in satiet" ******* END TEXT: "re is no limit to one’s power in the inner world; there is no freedom in the outer physical world.\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_153: "START TEXT: But, freedom is not only a negative feeling, denoting the absence of foreign, limiting forces; it co" ******* END TEXT: "ous precepts and verdicts, profound conceptions and maxims of logic derive the spirit of their life "
9780814746929 - page_154: "START TEXT: only from the shadows of the shadows of the radiance of these great flashes.21\n\nPRINCIPLE OF ALTERNA" ******* END TEXT: "ss of their Source and the power of the exalted existence of the Supreme Light, its positive phases "
9780814746929 - page_155: "START TEXT: and its brightness begin to fill all the chambers of his soul. . . . And he begins to ascend, the co" ******* END TEXT: "hus he defines the basic attitude of the mystic as being that of absorbed, whole-souled listening.\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_156: "START TEXT: The higher waves beat upon our soul increasingly. The inner movement’s of our spirit are products of" ******* END TEXT: " is the soul of the world,Beautiful and resplendent,Soul-wealth, overflowing,Holy Spirit, abounding,"
9780814746929 - page_157: "START TEXT: Fountains of fortitude,Majesty and beatitude.Proudly I am unlifted,Raised to the world’s elan,Loftie" ******* END TEXT: "ped and exalted. . . .”33\nMystical ecstasy, then, is basically an intensification of the feeling of "
9780814746929 - page_158: "START TEXT: being alive in the midst of a vibrant world. Kuk refers very frequently to this feeling of the restl" ******* END TEXT: "h God, not a union with Him. The Jewish pattern of piety has no room for the ideal of unio mystica, "
9780814746929 - page_159: "START TEXT: based as it is upon the profound consciousness of the absolute distinction between the Creator and H" ******* END TEXT: "very texture of the mystical experience. Fact and interpretation get to be so intimately commingled "
9780814746929 - page_160: "START TEXT: as to be completely indistinguishable from each other. The mystic is rarely a devotee of religion in" ******* END TEXT: "the universe is filled with the overflow of blessing which breaks into the soul’s of the saints.38\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_161: "START TEXT: The soul’s of all creatures and all the worlds are filled with pleasure. Nations are blessed, schola" ******* END TEXT: "erflow” that courses thru the soul of the mystical saint.43 For the world in essence is constituted "
9780814746929 - page_162: "START TEXT: of the same substance as is the flow of Divine illumination. All things are part of one living organ" ******* END TEXT: "ow; the drops begin to come more frequently, to coalesce and turn into streams; the streams in turn "
9780814746929 - page_163: "START TEXT: become mighty rivers, a “multitude of many waters,” the echo of a multitude of men, like the voice o" ******* END TEXT: "the secular is exceedingly deep and thorough-going in Judaism, affecting not only a few occasional, "
9780814746929 - page_164: "START TEXT: sacramental rites, but the whole regimen of life of the pious Jew. However, this distinction was mos" ******* END TEXT: " nation as of the individual, the same relationship obtains between physical health and the current "
9780814746929 - page_165: "START TEXT: of spiritual life. “The exalted powers of holiness, in the spirit of the nation and in the light of " ******* END TEXT: "nation, that turns things upside down and makes the real seem unreal and the unreal seem real.60 In "
9780814746929 - page_166: "START TEXT: reality, nothing is simpler to the human mind than holiness, for “the higher a truth is, the more si" ******* END TEXT: "ve and unite in spirit with all mankind and to forge ever more powerful bonds of unity among men.64\n"
9780814746929 - page_167: "START TEXT: NOTES\n1. HaMachshavah HaYisrealith (Jerusalem, 1920), edited by Alexander Ziss-kind Rabinovitz, p. 2" ******* END TEXT: "535.\n34. HaTarbuth HaYisrealith (Jerusalem, 1923).\n35. Oroth HaKodesh, p. 409.\n36. Zikkaron, p. 21.\n"
9780814746929 - page_168: "START TEXT: 37. Oroth HaKodesh, p. 85.\n38. Ibid., p. 343.\n39. Ibid., p. 47.\n40. Ibid., p. 93.\n41. Ibid., p. 351." ******* END TEXT: " 333.\n60. Ibid., p. 320.\n61. Ibid., p. 4.\n62. Ibid., p. 30.\n63. Ibid., p. 311.\n64. Ibid., p. 457.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_169: "START TEXT: \n7RAV KUK, AN APPRECIATION\nIT IS STILL too early to essay an estimate of Kuk’s place in the history " ******* END TEXT: "clude that Kuk’s ideas and feelings moved within an ethereal and esoteric realm of its own, a realm "
9780814746929 - page_170: "START TEXT: that is removed from the affairs of this world and is therefore wholly irrelevant and meaningless to" ******* END TEXT: "describes it as a tremendum mysterium consisting of the “moments” of awe, bigness, fear, reverence, "
9780814746929 - page_171: "START TEXT: trust, inscrutability, a feeling of the numinous, etc. This feeling, it will easily be recognized, i" ******* END TEXT: "ounded strength.” These obscure passages are inevitably to be found in the words of those who speak "
9780814746929 - page_172: "START TEXT: out of the depths of their soul—and it is thru them that the radiance of inner truth is revealed. It" ******* END TEXT: "ng Being, Numbers, Ideal Forms, Substance? These were the questions that occupied the ancient Greek "
9780814746929 - page_173: "START TEXT: philosophers and basically, the character of the essence of all things is still the fundamental ques" ******* END TEXT: "spectable doctrine in philosophy. There is scarcely a great system of thought that does not include "
9780814746929 - page_174: "START TEXT: or leave room for an intuitive grasp of reality. The whole vast range of philosophical speculation m" ******* END TEXT: "tive mysticism of the kind that is so common among Christians, detailing all the steps of emotional "
9780814746929 - page_175: "START TEXT: refinement on the way to mystical ecstasy, is almost completely lacking in the enormous literature o" ******* END TEXT: "to the future growth of Jewish religious thought.\nNOTE\n1. Igroth Hor’iyah (Jerusalem, 1934), p. 131."
9780814746929 - page_176: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_181: "START TEXT: \n8THE RISE OF JEWISH RATIONALISM\nHAVING ESTABLISHED the validity of the general belief in prophecy, " ******* END TEXT: "the noblest quality of human beings. Could God be conceived then as less rational than men? Without "
9780814746929 - page_182: "START TEXT: attempting to account for every detail of the law, we must discover God’s purpose at least in the mo" ******* END TEXT: "or dogmas is needed, Maimonides believed, in order to provide a foundation of ideological unity for "
9780814746929 - page_183: "START TEXT: the Jewish community. For this reason the Torah enjoined the belief in certain humanlike qualities o" ******* END TEXT: " the judgment of God would make the erstwhile sinner reject the temptation to sin, if the identical "
9780814746929 - page_184: "START TEXT: opportunity were again presented to him. In other words, repentance is not success in winning an act" ******* END TEXT: "e, it was necessary for Moses to adapt his teaching to the primitive habits of his contemporaries.\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_185: "START TEXT: Moses’ predicament may be compared to the appearance of a prophet in our day who would call to the s" ******* END TEXT: "liminate them from the world . . . it is the primary, general intention of the whole Torah. . . .9\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_186: "START TEXT: With the limited information of the history of religions at his disposal, Maimonides endeavored stou" ******* END TEXT: " incense in the Holy Temple was designed for the purpose of eliminating the noxious odors resulting "
9780814746929 - page_187: "START TEXT: from the burning of the sacrifices on the altars, not to offer a pleasing fragrance to the Almighty." ******* END TEXT: "rained prejudice. “For this Torah of God . . . came to lighten the burden of existing rites, and if "
9780814746929 - page_188: "START TEXT: some of them appear to you to involve a great deal of trouble and annoyance, it is so only because y" ******* END TEXT: "ishing an ordeal for the discovery of sexual sins, was designed to discourage marital infidelity by "
9780814746929 - page_189: "START TEXT: scaring the superstitious women and embarrassing the understanding ones.19\nThe law of levirate marri" ******* END TEXT: "enance of the Torah-community.\nMaimonides himself did not draw any conclusion as to the superfluity "
9780814746929 - page_190: "START TEXT: or obsolescence of the rituals, but his system of thought was bound to lead to this consideration. A" ******* END TEXT: " Ibid., 3:46.\n15. Ibid., 3:45.\n16. Ibid., 3:47.\n17. Ibid., 3:47.\n18. Ibid., 3:48.\n19. Numbers 5:18.\n"
9780814746929 - page_191: "START TEXT: 20. Deuteronomy 25:9.\n21. Moreh Nebukhim, 3:49.\n22. Ibid., 3:41.\n23. Ibid., 2:48.\n24. Ibid., 3:11.\n2" ******* END TEXT: ":9.\n21. Moreh Nebukhim, 3:49.\n22. Ibid., 3:41.\n23. Ibid., 2:48.\n24. Ibid., 3:11.\n25. Ibid., 2:47.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_192: "START TEXT: \n9THE QABBALAH\nIT WAS in the eighties of the thirteenth century that the classic text of Qabbalistic" ******* END TEXT: "creasing impetus of the dogmatic and romantic phases of contemporary Judaism; ergo, it had to be an "
9780814746929 - page_193: "START TEXT: authentic revelation. For two centuries, the rise of the Zohar in popular acceptance was slow and st" ******* END TEXT: "oul’s from heaven, would visit him when he was in a trance and bring him tidings from “the world of "
9780814746929 - page_194: "START TEXT: truth.” Rav Hai Gaon believed in the authenticity of the mystical visions of his contemporaries, the" ******* END TEXT: "beings such as “Raziel, the angel.”\nEnthusiastic adherents of the “wisdom of truth” maintained that "
9780814746929 - page_195: "START TEXT: Elijah the prophet revealed the principles of Qabbalah to Rabbi David of Provence, who was the fathe" ******* END TEXT: "ffort to provide solid intellectual scaffolding for the tender tremors of naive piety underlies all "
9780814746929 - page_196: "START TEXT: of Qabbalah. And this effort was directed through several channels, for, as we have seen, the ration" ******* END TEXT: "rom the divine reason. Hence, all their conclusions are false, incapable of providing salvation.”14\n"
9780814746929 - page_197: "START TEXT: On a deeper level, the Qabbalists were concerned with the task of reconciling the personal philosoph" ******* END TEXT: "onceived as operating in accord with laws that were forever fixed in its very being. All the forces "
9780814746929 - page_198: "START TEXT: of nature are His “servants,” with the sun “rejoicing” to do His bidding and the stars being “counte" ******* END TEXT: " not not-alive, not not-wise, etc. To Maimonides, the way to reach God is to declare concerning all "
9780814746929 - page_199: "START TEXT: things: “They do not apply to the Deity.” Accordingly, the relation between man and God, so simple a" ******* END TEXT: "e one direction and necessity the other. It is the progressive diminution of the “grace,” emanating "
9780814746929 - page_200: "START TEXT: from the source of divine personality, that permits reality to freeze into a rigid system of inexora" ******* END TEXT: "hich is the spiritual archetype of personality, and it was considered rank heresy to separate these "
9780814746929 - page_201: "START TEXT: elements in thought. As will appear in the sequel, they also conceived the primal man, in his lower " ******* END TEXT: "pposites are dynamically related by entities that were at once of one category and of its opposite. "
9780814746929 - page_202: "START TEXT: For our abstractions are not metaphysically ultimate. “They reach and do not reach” (mo-to v’lo moti" ******* END TEXT: "nding to the Hebrew letters, the alphabet being elevated to the rank of a cosmic, eternal pattern.\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_203: "START TEXT: They said that the higher intelligences are precious lights, of the utmost purity, fashioned in the " ******* END TEXT: " token, every avera (sin) constituted a “blemish” in the higher “realms of purity,” which redounded "
9780814746929 - page_204: "START TEXT: ultimately to the injury of the entire world, besides daubing his soul with a diabolical stain, whic" ******* END TEXT: "ity of the Jewish people, performing every mizvah for the sake of “the unification of the Holy One, "
9780814746929 - page_205: "START TEXT: blessed be He, and His Shechinah, in the name of all Israel, through Him who is hidden and inconceiv" ******* END TEXT: "oroth (Vilna, 1913).\n5. Teshuvoth Ha-Rivosh, 157.\n6. Ari Noem, 15.\n7. J. Yavetz, Mitpahath Seforim.\n"
9780814746929 - page_206: "START TEXT: 8. Rabbi Meir Ibn Gabbai, Avodath HaKodesh, III, 18.\n9. R. Shem Tov ben Shem Tov, Sefer Hoemunoth, I" ******* END TEXT: "phy of Hermann Cohen, particularly his Category of the Source.\n31. Nahar Shalom, in introduction.\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_119: "START TEXT: \nPART ONEJACOB B. AGUS AS A STUDENTOF MODERN JEWISH PHILOSOPHY" ******* END TEXT: "\nPART ONEJACOB B. AGUS AS A STUDENTOF MODERN JEWISH PHILOSOPHY"
9780814746929 - page_120: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_121: "START TEXT: \nSELECTIONS ANDPREFATORY REMARKSDavid Novak\nFROM 1941, when he published his first book, Modern Phil" ******* END TEXT: "rk, 1972), 129–55 and 227–34 (originally published in 1946 under the title The Banner of Jerusalem)."
9780814746929 - page_122: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_177: "START TEXT: \nPART TWOJACOB B. AGUS AS A STUDENT OF MEDIEVAL JEWISHPHILOSOPHY AND MYSTICISM" ******* END TEXT: "\nPART TWOJACOB B. AGUS AS A STUDENT OF MEDIEVAL JEWISHPHILOSOPHY AND MYSTICISM"
9780814746929 - page_178: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_179: "START TEXT: \nSELECTIONS AND PREFATORY REMARKSDavid R. Blumenthal\nRABBI AGUS was a lifelong and informed student " ******* END TEXT: ", 1996), are drawn from Jacob Agus’Evolution of Jewish Thought (New York, 1959), 193–203 and 276–90."
9780814746929 - page_180: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_207: "START TEXT: \nPART THREEJACOB B. AGUS AND JEWISH-CHRISTIAN DIALOGUE: A VIEW FROM THE CHRISTIAN SIDE" ******* END TEXT: "\nPART THREEJACOB B. AGUS AND JEWISH-CHRISTIAN DIALOGUE: A VIEW FROM THE CHRISTIAN SIDE"
9780814746929 - page_208: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_209: "START TEXT: \nSELECTIONS AND PREFATORY REMARKSEugene J. Fisher\nDEEPLY SENSITIVE to the inseparable historical and" ******* END TEXT: " York, 1983), 205—22 and 239—48; and Jewish Identity in an Age of Ideologies (New York, 1978), 1–36."
9780814746929 - page_210: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_281: "START TEXT: \nPART FOURJACOB AGUS’ IDEOLOGY OF AMERICAN JUDAISM: AMERICAN JEWS OR JEWISH AMERICANS?" ******* END TEXT: "\nPART FOURJACOB AGUS’ IDEOLOGY OF AMERICAN JUDAISM: AMERICAN JEWS OR JEWISH AMERICANS?"
9780814746929 - page_282: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_283: "START TEXT: \nSELECTIONS ANDPREFATORY REMARKSMilton R. Konvitz\nRABBI AGUS was an admirer of the United States and" ******* END TEXT: "ught (New York, 1971), 569—88; and Jewish Identity in an Age of Ideologies (New York, 1978), 368–98."
9780814746929 - page_284: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_345: "START TEXT: \nPART FIVETHE CONCEPT OF GOD IN JACOB AGUS’ THEOLOGY" ******* END TEXT: "\nPART FIVETHE CONCEPT OF GOD IN JACOB AGUS’ THEOLOGY"
9780814746929 - page_346: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_347: "START TEXT: \nSELECTION AND PREFATORY REMARKSWilliam E. Kaufman\nA KEEN STUDENT of theology, Rabbi Agus was sensit" ******* END TEXT: "1996), Critical Studies is from Jacob B. Agus’Guideposts in Modern Judaism (New York, 1954), 228–54."
9780814746929 - page_348: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_369: "START TEXT: \nPART SIXJACOB B. AGUS ON THE MEANING OF JEWISH HISTORY AND EXPERIENCE" ******* END TEXT: "\nPART SIXJACOB B. AGUS ON THE MEANING OF JEWISH HISTORY AND EXPERIENCE"
9780814746929 - page_370: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_371: "START TEXT: \nSELECTIONS AND PREFATORY REMARKSNeil Gillman\nTHE ISSUE OF JEWISH identity, involving the perennial " ******* END TEXT: "n of Jewish Thought (New York, 1959), 396-420; and Dialogue and Tradition (New York, 1971), 450—500."
9780814746929 - page_372: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_447: "START TEXT: \nPART SEVENJACOB B. AGUS AND THE CONSERVATIVE MOVEMENT" ******* END TEXT: "\nPART SEVENJACOB B. AGUS AND THE CONSERVATIVE MOVEMENT"
9780814746929 - page_448: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_449: "START TEXT: \nSELECTIONS AND PREFATORY REMARKSMordecai Waxman\nFOR FOUR DECADES Rabbi Agus was an active presence " ******* END TEXT: "ideposts in Modern Judaism (New York, 1954), 307–19; and The Jewish Quest (New York, 1971), 195–202."
9780814746929 - page_450: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_479: "START TEXT: \nPART EIGHTJEWISH LAW AS STANDARDS" ******* END TEXT: "\nPART EIGHTJEWISH LAW AS STANDARDS"
9780814746929 - page_480: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_481: "START TEXT: \nSELECTION AND PREFATORY REMARKSElliot N. Dorff\nGIVEN HIS TRADITIONAL talmudic training and extensiv" ******* END TEXT: "New York, 1996), is drawn from Jacob B. Agus’ Guideposts in Modern Judaism (New York, 1954), 85–137."
9780814746929 - page_482: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_525: "START TEXT: \nPART NINEJACOB B. AGUS AS PULPIT RABBI" ******* END TEXT: "\nPART NINEJACOB B. AGUS AS PULPIT RABBI"
9780814746929 - page_526: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814746929 - page_527: "START TEXT: \nSELECTIONS AND PREFATORY REMARKSMark Loeb\nRABBI AGUS made his career as a communal rabbi first in C" ******* END TEXT: "e Meaning of Jewish History (New York, 1963), 1:11—31; and The Jewish Quest (New York, 1983), 62–76."
9780814746929 - page_528: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814747148 - page_238: "START TEXT: About the Author\nMark E. Kann, Professor of Political Science at the University of Southern Californ" ******* END TEXT: "y of Southern California. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1975.\n\n\n"
9780814747148 - page_219: "START TEXT: Bibliography\nPRIMARY SOURCES\nAdams, John. The Political Writings of John Adams. Edited by George Pee" ******* END TEXT: " and Speeches of Eugene V. Debs. Edited by Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. New York: Hermitage Press, 1948.\n"
9780814747148 - page_220: "START TEXT: Fletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun. A Discourse of Government with relation to Militias. Edinburgh, 1698.\n" ******* END TEXT: "” In The Life of John Locke, edited by H. R. Fox Bourne. 2 vols. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1876.\n"
9780814747148 - page_221: "START TEXT: ———. Two Treatises of Government. Edited by Peter Laslett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 19" ******* END TEXT: "ons thrown out against them by the Author of the Address’ 1773. New York: Arno Press Reprint, 1969.\n"
9780814747148 - page_222: "START TEXT: Sandoz, Ellis, ed. Political Sermons of the American Founding Era, 1730–1805. Indianapolis: Liberty " ******* END TEXT: "Ages to the Present. Translated by Patricia Ranum. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974.\n"
9780814747148 - page_223: "START TEXT: Arnold, Marybeth Hamilton. “The Life of a Citizen in the Hands of a Woman: Sexual Assault in New Yor" ******* END TEXT: "es, Mark C. Secret Ritual and Manhood in Victorian America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.\n"
9780814747148 - page_224: "START TEXT: Carnes, Mark C, and Clyde Griffin, eds. Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victor" ******* END TEXT: "ties on a Hill: A Journey through Contemporary American Cultures. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1981.\n"
9780814747148 - page_225: "START TEXT: Fliegelman, Jay. Declaring Independence: Jefferson, Natural Language, and the Culture of Performance" ******* END TEXT: "te: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957.\n"
9780814747148 - page_226: "START TEXT: James, William. “The Moral Equivalent of War.” In International War: An Anthology, edited by Melvin " ******* END TEXT: "ionary Immortality: Mao Tse-tung and the Chinese Cultural Revolution. New York: Random House, 1968.\n"
9780814747148 - page_227: "START TEXT: Linderman, Gerald F. Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the AmericanCivil War. New York:" ******* END TEXT: " eds. Feminist Challenges: Social and PoliticalTheory. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986.\n"
9780814747148 - page_228: "START TEXT: Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. Fortune Is a Woman: Gender and Politics in the Thought of Niccolo Machiavell" ******* END TEXT: " Press, 1991.\nSmith, David G. “Professional Responsibility and Political Participation.” In Partici-"
9780814747148 - page_229: "START TEXT: pation in Politics, edited by J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman. New York:\nLieber-Atherton, 1975" ******* END TEXT: "ogy and the Beginnings of the American Republic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985.\n\n\n"
9780814747148 - page_10: "START TEXT: In America as in England, Whig rhetoric generated skepticism of vast authority.\nWhig rhetoric also c" ******* END TEXT: "t land to distribute or bequeath discovered they had little economic clout. They could not “control "
9780814747148 - page_11: "START TEXT: their sons by promising the gift of a farm later in life.” Finally, young men had options. Some sett" ******* END TEXT: "ied to a man / for when once you are yoked / Tis all a mere joke / of seeing your freedom again.”19\n"
9780814747148 - page_12: "START TEXT: Alternative Ideals\nThe great authority of the traditional patriarch seemed to be at odds with the mo" ******* END TEXT: " limited. Men who cultivated their sensibilities were vulnerable to charges of effeminacy. Americans"
9780814747148 - page_13: "START TEXT: made a fine distinction between manly gentility and unmanly servitude to fad and fashion. G. J. Bar" ******* END TEXT: "aise patriotic children. Judith Sargent Murray contended that a republican man found fulfillment in "
9780814747148 - page_14: "START TEXT: a companionable family organized by “the united efforts of male and female.”25\nThis ideal was suited" ******* END TEXT: "ontrol, self-interest, and self-advancement” in the early republic. In fact, the ideal of self-made "
9780814747148 - page_15: "START TEXT: manhood was the most controversial alternative. Writers, ministers, and politicians equated self-int" ******* END TEXT: "a family man. A traditional patriarch governed a family estate, assisted by his wife and perpetuated"
9780814747148 - page_16: "START TEXT: by his sons; an aspirant to aristocratic manhood established a respectable family dynasty by weddin" ******* END TEXT: "opposed to manhood and autonomy in all their senses: to maleness, to adulthood, to humanness, and to"
9780814747148 - page_17: "START TEXT: politics.” Carole Pateman provides a complementary reading of modern liberal theory as a tale about" ******* END TEXT: "ericans defined manhood against womanhood is supported by a wealth of cultural evidence but a dearth"
9780814747148 - page_18: "START TEXT: of direct political evidence. One can review thousands of pages of foundingera political documents " ******* END TEXT: " disqualified them from politics. True, he argued, women had “no deficiency in their mental powers.”"
9780814747148 - page_19: "START TEXT: However, it was dangerous for them to develop reason and practice politics lest “promiscuous interc" ******* END TEXT: "to be tamed), “Fancy” (an enchantress), “Trade” (a lady who needed to be courted), and “Popularity” "
9780814747148 - page_20: "START TEXT: (an adulteress). Some oppositional metaphors conveyed a mixed message. Thomas Paine portrayed the Re" ******* END TEXT: "rty, fulfilled family responsibilities, and governed women. His opposite was the “boy,” “libertine,”"
9780814747148 - page_21: "START TEXT: or “bachelor of age” who was lustful, impulsive, and avaricious rather than disciplined; self-cente" ******* END TEXT: "edit for “masculine creation of (giving birth to) social and political order.”46 In early America’s "
9780814747148 - page_22: "START TEXT: male fantasies, female disorders and procreative powers were inferior; in early Americas patriarchal" ******* END TEXT: "equality into disorderly conduct? A frequent explanation was that males were inherently passionate, "
9780814747148 - page_23: "START TEXT: lustful, impulsive, greedy, manipulative, unpredictable creatures. That is, they were just like wome" ******* END TEXT: "d, commoners coarse; gentlemen patrons, commoners patronized; gentlemen militia officers, commoners "
9780814747148 - page_24: "START TEXT: rank-and-file militiamen; gentlemen governors, commoners governed. Colonial men existed within tradi" ******* END TEXT: "of private prejudices and passions must be discountenanced.” George Washington was outraged in July "
9780814747148 - page_25: "START TEXT: 1776 when a celebration of independence ended with soldiers toppling a statue of George III. His “Ge" ******* END TEXT: "th, and body language that moved men’s passions. Political leaders seeking to counteract democratic "
9780814747148 - page_26: "START TEXT: disorders needed to employ language and concepts that appealed to men’s passions, indeed, to their v" ******* END TEXT: "depoliticize men’s authority in their families. Revolutionaries fought against monarchy, not family "
9780814747148 - page_27: "START TEXT: patriarchy. Legislators disputed aristocratic laws, not patriarchal laws. Governors forfeited royal " ******* END TEXT: "gitimate authority. They also framed innovative political institutions to neutralize men’s passions "
9780814747148 - page_28: "START TEXT: and cushion the consequences of their disorderly conduct. And like most elites, the founders sought " ******* END TEXT: "nd reformed disorderly men, whose marginal masculinity associated them with dependency, effeminacy, "
9780814747148 - page_29: "START TEXT: immaturity, and sterility. They rewarded the complicit masculinity of men who conformed to consensua" ******* END TEXT: "c norms of manhood, secure men’s consent, define citizenship, and legitimize political authority.\n\n\n"
9780814747148 - page_5: "START TEXT: 1The Culture of Manhood\nJudith Sargent Murray once instructed her readers, “Let every American play " ******* END TEXT: "atriarchs. Protestant clergy counseled youth on marital duty as an alternative to sexual promiscuity"
9780814747148 - page_6: "START TEXT: or priestly chastity. During the Great Awakening, Susan Juster reports, Congregational ministers wo" ******* END TEXT: "uest of an innocent girl as “the glory of a rake,” and Judith Sargent Murray’s Sinisterus Courtland,"
9780814747148 - page_7: "START TEXT: a rogue who squandered his patrimony, fell into debt, and tried “to extricate himself by . . . delu" ******* END TEXT: "and father was his main contribution to the community. Men with marital responsibilities disciplined"
9780814747148 - page_8: "START TEXT: their passions; husbands who were masters of a household restrained women’s disorderly conduct; and" ******* END TEXT: "uses and even contemplated instances when female sovereignty and filial rebellion were justified.11\n"
9780814747148 - page_9: "START TEXT: Popular pamphleteers pushed further in this direction. Mary Astell compared tyrannical husbands to t" ******* END TEXT: " and endearing one of friend” and to treat wives not as “vassals” but as “under your protection.”14\n"
9780814747148 - page_30: "START TEXT: 2The Grammar of Manhood\nThe American founders coupled the concept of manhood to the language of libe" ******* END TEXT: "eorge Washington called for “manly conduct” to transform demobilized soldiers into self-disciplined "
9780814747148 - page_31: "START TEXT: citizens and others pleaded for “manly reflection” to inhibit licentiousness, “manly graces” to cure" ******* END TEXT: "bout procreative men giving bloody birth to a new people, land, fraternity, leadership, and nation.\n"
9780814747148 - page_32: "START TEXT: The founders’ saga was based on the ancient assertion that fertile males procreated children. Gerda " ******* END TEXT: " increase and multiply.” Men especially hoped for sons who would transmit their bloodline along with"
9780814747148 - page_33: "START TEXT: their family name, estate, and social standing into the next generation. Better yet, they wanted gr" ******* END TEXT: "ly resolution that was their principal forte.” Fortunately, Bostonians demonstrated manly resolution"
9780814747148 - page_34: "START TEXT: by their “extraordinary exertions” in defense of liberty.9 The patriots proved themselves their fat" ******* END TEXT: " Stanley Griswold, for example, attacked factionalism in turn-of-the-century Connecticut by asking, "
9780814747148 - page_35: "START TEXT: “Where are our fathers? Where are our former men of dignity, our Huntingtons, Shermans, Johnsons, an" ******* END TEXT: " and indulged impulse to disgrace their fathers’ memory and procreate nothing better than bastards.\n"
9780814747148 - page_36: "START TEXT: Manhood and Space\nThe next episode in the founders’ story of America concerned fertile men giving bi" ******* END TEXT: "amily dynasties. Thus, eastern men often tried to solve the problem of too many sons and too little "
9780814747148 - page_37: "START TEXT: land by speculating in western property to ensure future family access to farmland. For John Taylor," ******* END TEXT: "er the New World. One colonial author asked fellow Americans to compare themselves to their English "
9780814747148 - page_38: "START TEXT: brethren: “Are you not of the same stock? Was the blood of your ancestors polluted by a change of so" ******* END TEXT: " that property into the marriage. Without economic independence, married women were thought to lack "
9780814747148 - page_39: "START TEXT: the unencumbered mind and independent will essential to citizenship. They were “civilly dead.” Nonet" ******* END TEXT: "en America’s parochial protests escalated into a continental revolution, the founders faced the more"
9780814747148 - page_40: "START TEXT: formidable challenge of forging unity among American men from diverse and distant communities. How " ******* END TEXT: " some of the best blood of the kingdom has been spilt.” John Witherspoon expressed disgust that men "
9780814747148 - page_41: "START TEXT: who were “the same in blood, in language, and in religion should notwithstanding butcher one another" ******* END TEXT: "made a similar point during the Revolution. He predicted that from the conclusion of the war onward,"
9780814747148 - page_42: "START TEXT: American men were likely to forget the struggle for liberty and equality and “forget themselves but" ******* END TEXT: "res Fobes warned that excessive liberty incited men to practice the licentiousness and factionalism "
9780814747148 - page_43: "START TEXT: that “create jealousies, infuse suspicions, weaken public confidence, kindle and augment the flames " ******* END TEXT: " counteract the democratic distemper of aliens, egotists, isolates, mobs, factions, and demagogues.\n"
9780814747148 - page_44: "START TEXT: Manhood and Leadership\nCould American men procreate a national fraternity without fostering fratrici" ******* END TEXT: " American Farmer stated that immigrants who invested their blood in American soil received the title"
9780814747148 - page_45: "START TEXT: of freemen and the opportunity to “provide for their progeny . . . the most holy, the most powerful" ******* END TEXT: " that Jefferson honored in his remarks on Shays’s Rebellion and the French Revolution. However, most"
9780814747148 - page_46: "START TEXT: founders feared that the male majority was not qualified to recognize necessity, address it, or mee" ******* END TEXT: "shington as “a man among men” as well as “a hero among heroes [and] a statesman among statesmen.”41\n"
9780814747148 - page_47: "START TEXT: Still, the founders felt that unity between men and leaders was always fragile. Individuals risked t" ******* END TEXT: "of their belief in political animation was John Tucker’s 1771 portrait of an ideal American polity:\n"
9780814747148 - page_48: "START TEXT: The political state would be like a body in full health. The constitutional laws, preserved inviolat" ******* END TEXT: "e [sic] shall ripen into manhood!” Mercy Otis Warren, for her part, turned federalist imagery on its"
9780814747148 - page_49: "START TEXT: head when contrasting the “manly exertions” of revolutionary patriots and the “manly feelings” of a" ******* END TEXT: "in of the female,” and exhibit their “creative faculty” to achieve a public presence. Nevertheless, "
9780814747148 - page_50: "START TEXT: the founders did not include creative women in politics as founding mothers, republican citizens, or" ******* END TEXT: "the innocent blood that linked ancestral sacrifice to future happiness, the risking and shedding of "
9780814747148 - page_51: "START TEXT: blood that tested citizens and leaders, the bloody birth of the body politic, and the factional bloo" ******* END TEXT: "rusted to participate in politics. Like women, they needed to be governed to ensure public order.\n\n\n"
9780814747148 - page_52: "START TEXT: 3The Bachelor and Other Disorderly Men\nThe founders used the stock figure of the Bachelor to identif" ******* END TEXT: "s asserting polite society’s demand to be protected against the Bachelor and other disorderly men.1\n"
9780814747148 - page_53: "START TEXT: The English Bachelor and Redcoat\nLate-seventeenth-century England hosted a debate on liberty and dis" ******* END TEXT: "n taxes is inconsiderable to the supplies given by others in children, which are an addition to the "
9780814747148 - page_54: "START TEXT: native strength of the kingdom. ... A bachelor can, in no sense, be esteemed a good Englishman.”4 Th" ******* END TEXT: "ho composed the army’s rank-and-file redcoats to be rogues and mercenaries whose anarchist bent was "
9780814747148 - page_55: "START TEXT: commandeered by corrupt, aristocratic officers using draconian discipline to mold the army to the ki" ******* END TEXT: "nd have they patiently undergone all manner of toil and danger. But this inclination never discovers"
9780814747148 - page_56: "START TEXT: itself so plainly as in the care men take of their posterity. Some are content to live beggars all " ******* END TEXT: " than mine?” The Bachelor’s selfishness was a crime against nature and nation that was magnified by "
9780814747148 - page_57: "START TEXT: what Robert Gross characterizes as an “epidemic” of premarital sex and children conceived out of wed" ******* END TEXT: "uality as a means to achieve manhood. A young George Washington recognized the danger of sensuality "
9780814747148 - page_58: "START TEXT: and sought to live “retired from young women,” that he might bury that “troublesome passion in the g" ******* END TEXT: "ways of getting money by working,” and tempted them into little dishonesties, followed by “others a "
9780814747148 - page_59: "START TEXT: little more knavish,” until a youngster became “a consummate rascal and villain.” The Bachelor himse" ******* END TEXT: "f female intrigue destructive of his own and others’ happiness, or a passion for whores destructive "
9780814747148 - page_60: "START TEXT: of his own health.” However, he praised a French mother who sought to save her seventeen-year-old so" ******* END TEXT: "re heinous charge” of financial corruption made by Reynolds’s husband. Hamilton suffered humiliation"
9780814747148 - page_61: "START TEXT: when critics attacked him as an faithless man “who had the cruelty publicly to wound and insult the" ******* END TEXT: "a’s eternal love by serving the poor and becoming a better patriot.24 Colonial leaders often relied "
9780814747148 - page_62: "START TEXT: on coercion to prevent the Bachelor from infecting other men; the founding generation usually solici" ******* END TEXT: "nmanly crime that demanded manly vengeance: “Female innocence has strong claims upon our protection,"
9780814747148 - page_63: "START TEXT: and a desire to avenge its wrongs is natural to a generous and manly mind.”27 Penal codes commonly " ******* END TEXT: "” During the eighteenth century, public perception transformed sodomy from a mortal sin against God "
9780814747148 - page_64: "START TEXT: into a passion “against the order of nature” and, therefore, an abuse of the natural laws that regul" ******* END TEXT: "s in open fields. Analogously, most founders feared the public’s “transient impressions” and relied "
9780814747148 - page_65: "START TEXT: on elites to protect men against their fleeting fancies. Civic leaders especially despised transient" ******* END TEXT: "uous mixing of European stock with the indigenous population. The result would be “a mongrel breed” "
9780814747148 - page_66: "START TEXT: that combined the vices of both populations and created a people “of unpleasant and immoral characte" ******* END TEXT: "of the species.” White idleness, in turn, beckoned kindred vices such as “gaming, theft, robbery, or"
9780814747148 - page_67: "START TEXT: forgery, for which [youth] often end their days in disgrace on the gallows.” John Taylor disagreed." ******* END TEXT: "ell below licentious libertines.\nWhile whites sometimes perceived black women to be “remarkable for "
9780814747148 - page_68: "START TEXT: their chastity and modesty,” they almost always considered black males’ lust to be immutable. Early " ******* END TEXT: "; new provocations; the real distinctions which nature has made; and many other circumstances divide"
9780814747148 - page_69: "START TEXT: us into parties; and produce convulsions which will probably never end but in the extermination of " ******* END TEXT: "f luxury and whose greatest exertion is . . . tedious attendance on a masquerade or midnight ball.” "
9780814747148 - page_70: "START TEXT: Benjamin Franklin attacked the British army as organized slavery. After all, “The sailor is often fo" ******* END TEXT: " that militia virtues were often more symbolic than real, and they worried that sober family men who"
9780814747148 - page_71: "START TEXT: entered the militia would revert to bachelor-like licentiousness. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich comments t" ******* END TEXT: "rial, aristocratic elite leading “a standing army of slaves to execute their arbitrary measures.”49\n"
9780814747148 - page_72: "START TEXT: Antifederalists zeroed in on the U.S. Constitution’s unification of purse and sword as a foundation " ******* END TEXT: "y dealings in blasphemy, alcoholism, gambling, prostitution, adultery, fighting, dueling, thievery, "
9780814747148 - page_73: "START TEXT: and murder. So many men seemed to be “intemperate zealots”; so many men participated in “the most sh" ******* END TEXT: "at “I die like a brave man.”55\nNearly two decades later, Benjamin Rush was still rankled by Andre s "
9780814747148 - page_74: "START TEXT: celebrity: “The spy was lost in the hero; and indignation everywhere gave way to admiration and pra" ******* END TEXT: ". Their sole hope for reclaiming self-respect and social status was to cooperate with reformers who "
9780814747148 - page_75: "START TEXT: urged them to use solitude to repent, suppress passion, and learn useful trades. Rush rhapsodized at" ******* END TEXT: "ontier land, start their own families, and assume the rights and responsibilities of citizenship.61\n"
9780814747148 - page_76: "START TEXT: Marginal Men\nGeorge Washington wrote a nephew, “You have now arrived to that age when you must quit " ******* END TEXT: "it other crimes and outrages that fostered conflicts in society. On the other hand, white prejudice "
9780814747148 - page_77: "START TEXT: precluded black and Indian men from manhood, and formal laws excluded them from citizenship. The fo" ******* END TEXT: "“children in the marketplace,” and “children making bubbles,” or simply “act[ing] like children.”64\n"
9780814747148 - page_78: "START TEXT: The idiom of childishness identified a subterranean level of manhood. The founders portrayed the Bac" ******* END TEXT: "les had to outgrow to gain respectability as family men and to attain civic standing as citizens.\n\n\n"
9780814747148 - page_100: "START TEXT: down into patriarchal responsibility. He learned to differentiate authority and tyranny by governing" ******* END TEXT: "is neighborhood, to his neighborhood than to the community at large.”52 The Family Man’s affections,"
9780814747148 - page_101: "START TEXT: loyalties, and interests radiated out from his family to neighbors, community, state, and nation. F" ******* END TEXT: "rced “to participate their estates” to support themselves while in the service. They had “contracted"
9780814747148 - page_102: "START TEXT: heavy debts” and “spent their patrimonies.”55 Even honorable gentlemen would act in rebellious ways" ******* END TEXT: " the one hand, the Family Man was sufficiently procreative to start a family, provision dependents, "
9780814747148 - page_103: "START TEXT: and prolong his family dynasty. He was relatively sober, safe, and predictable, and could claim libe" ******* END TEXT: "the world, and all that; but no man shall master me. My father has as good a farm as the Colonel.59\n"
9780814747148 - page_104: "START TEXT: If all white male property owners and their heirs were true blue sons of liberty, not servants or sl" ******* END TEXT: "and then to encourage the sober citizenry to comply with the leadership of the Better Sort of man.\n\n"
9780814747148 - page_79: "START TEXT: 4The Family Man and Citizenship\nIn a 1612 essay titled “Of Marriage and Single Life,” Francis Bacon " ******* END TEXT: " women and earned him republican citizenship. A worthy man committed himself to protect rather than "
9780814747148 - page_80: "START TEXT: persecute women. A proper husband and father wielded patriarchal authority in private and public lif" ******* END TEXT: "husband “to worthy pursuits.” Furthermore, a married man could expect to achieve a sense of meaning "
9780814747148 - page_81: "START TEXT: and immortality by siring legitimate heirs. One American magazine quoted John Milton: “In the existe" ******* END TEXT: "judgments that prevented “an unhappy Hymen.” Mary Fish Noyes drew up a “Portrait of a Good Husband” "
9780814747148 - page_82: "START TEXT: that praised the spouse who gratified his wife’s “reasonable inclinations,” especially her desire t" ******* END TEXT: "children whom he leaves behind and who have had no other subsistence but his daily labor?” American "
9780814747148 - page_83: "START TEXT: leaders idealized citizen-soldiers as husbands and fathers who fought “for their wives, their childr" ******* END TEXT: "reduce the legal age of majority to induce young men into “early marriages [to] encourage purity of "
9780814747148 - page_84: "START TEXT: morals.” Samuel Williams applauded “the wishes of parents to see their children settled” into early" ******* END TEXT: "s could no longer be confident that their sons would be able to sustain family prosperity: “However "
9780814747148 - page_85: "START TEXT: affluent their circumstances or elevated their situations might be, the course of a few years not on" ******* END TEXT: "sonal merit by cultivating manly virtues and talents advantageous to economic productivity. Writers "
9780814747148 - page_86: "START TEXT: used Benjamin Franklin (the youngest son of a youngest son for five generations) as an “illustrious " ******* END TEXT: "o pass on to sons, and many young men came of age and married having received no family wealth. Few "
9780814747148 - page_87: "START TEXT: American writers saw poverty as an impenetrable barrier to family prosperity and social stability. W" ******* END TEXT: "ns in the same way that a husband governed his wife. Melvin Yazawa explains that he had to strike “a"
9780814747148 - page_88: "START TEXT: balance between love and authority” to build a relationship of “affection and duty, affection energ" ******* END TEXT: "Take heed that none of your words, none of your actions, none of your pursuits be unworthy of men.”\n"
9780814747148 - page_89: "START TEXT: Likewise, Emmons expected sons to give up licentiousness to earn their fathers’ respect. He instruct" ******* END TEXT: "siderations of this sort ever did and ever will and ever ought in some degree to influence mankind.\n"
9780814747148 - page_90: "START TEXT: Jefferson mostly agreed that deserving men’s sons should be rewarded. He responded, “I think with yo" ******* END TEXT: "”28 Where impassioned men claimed individual liberty, manly civility contributed to social harmony.\n"
9780814747148 - page_91: "START TEXT: George Washington epitomized manly civility. At age nine, he copied 110 “Rules of Civility and Decen" ******* END TEXT: "tion by warning fathers to act “like men, like freemen and Americans, to transmit unimpaired to your"
9780814747148 - page_92: "START TEXT: latest posterity those rights, those liberties, which have ever been so dear.” The Family Man who p" ******* END TEXT: "selves to disability and death, and potentially imperiled their families’ dynastic futures. If they "
9780814747148 - page_93: "START TEXT: served with honor and died, they would be celebrated with “recollections of manly sorrow,” but their" ******* END TEXT: "efferson argued that the doctrine that “we must tread with artful reverence in the footsteps of our "
9780814747148 - page_94: "START TEXT: fathers” was a barrier to “the progress of the human mind.” Paine detested the “vanity” of men who s" ******* END TEXT: "meant that republican government “would be . .. disgraced and lost to mankind forever.” The founders"
9780814747148 - page_95: "START TEXT: consistently spoke as if every decision would fix the course of posterity, in John Adams’s estimati" ******* END TEXT: "e wrote, was “never young, never old . . . subject neither to nonage, nor dotage . . . never in the "
9780814747148 - page_96: "START TEXT: cradle, nor on crutches.” It possessed “a perpetual stamina” that presented itself “on the open thea" ******* END TEXT: "nship, they began to expand citizenship by situating the Family Man near the center of public life.\n"
9780814747148 - page_97: "START TEXT: Benjamin Franklin observed, “A man remarkably wavering and inconstant . . . can never be a truly use" ******* END TEXT: "rmer,” though not yet independent freeholders or family heads, anticipated becoming family men and, "
9780814747148 - page_98: "START TEXT: therefore, “would not be pleased at being disfranchised.” Madison hinted at a greater degree of incl" ******* END TEXT: "d fortunes, even if they have no regard to their public duty.” Alexander Hamilton saw no need to be "
9780814747148 - page_99: "START TEXT: alarmed by federal control of state militia because “our sons, our brothers, our neighbors, our fell" ******* END TEXT: "governing, as well as provisioning and protecting, a spouse and children. A dutiful husband settled "
9780814747148 - page_105: "START TEXT: 5The Better Sort and Leadership\nThe Family Man fit into the fraternity of men. The marriage contract" ******* END TEXT: "the leadership pool when he remarked, “The better sort of people here live very well and genteel.”2\n"
9780814747148 - page_106: "START TEXT: Beyond Basic Membership\nBenjamin Franklin had “great hopes” that his nephew Benny would mature into " ******* END TEXT: "American protesters and rebels sought “to be manly rather than effeminate” by supporting republican "
9780814747148 - page_107: "START TEXT: independence and frugality against English luxury and effeminacy. Withington recalls that the First " ******* END TEXT: "iences fostered fraternal feelings likely to outlast the war. David Ramsay noted that the Revolution"
9780814747148 - page_108: "START TEXT: extended men’s bonds from their families and localities to all of the former colonies. An isolated " ******* END TEXT: "s presumptive distrust. Pelatiah Webster attacked Pennsylvania antifederalists by claiming that very"
9780814747148 - page_109: "START TEXT: few of them had fought in the war. They should not have opposed the Constitution but, instead, they" ******* END TEXT: "ong American men but quite another to expect most men to practice it. Many founders agreed with Noah"
9780814747148 - page_110: "START TEXT: ’s assessment that the male majority suffered from “rough passions” that distracted them from “the c" ******* END TEXT: "ndents and inferiors” in order to ensure that America’s “diversity of ranks and conditions” blended "
9780814747148 - page_111: "START TEXT: into fraternal harmony. John Perkins thought fulfilling this obligation was challenging because “the" ******* END TEXT: "nd modesty, recommending that President John Adams exhibit “manly but calm and sedate firmness . . ."
9780814747148 - page_112: "START TEXT: without strut.” Edmund Randolph exemplified the ideal of aristocratic manhood in a republic: he harb" ******* END TEXT: "founders was Noah Webster’s notion that the Better Sort of man had “just claims” to elevated social "
9780814747148 - page_113: "START TEXT: status and “influence and authority.”19 Republicanism did not destroy hierarchy. Rather, it called o" ******* END TEXT: "ty of serving with reputation” and instructed his cousin Lund to issue a “declaration made in credit"
9780814747148 - page_114: "START TEXT: to the justice of my character.” The founders generally considered men’s devotion to reputation les" ******* END TEXT: "concern for reputation helped moderate their conduct and keep it within the boundaries of propriety."
9780814747148 - page_115: "START TEXT: Colonial protesters who participated in mock funerals and executions experienced considerable socia" ******* END TEXT: "w and entrust authority to them? Or was it so closely associated with English corruption and tyranny"
9780814747148 - page_116: "START TEXT: that, as Gordon Wood argues, the “destruction of aristocracy, including Jefferson’s ‘natural aristo" ******* END TEXT: "ity against aristocracy.\nSecond, federalists and antifederalists debated whether natural aristocrats"
9780814747148 - page_117: "START TEXT: were worthy of most men’s trust. Federalists argued that natural aristocrats were trustworthy leade" ******* END TEXT: "e the Constitution. But why did America’s great men support the Constitution? Bryan reminded readers"
9780814747148 - page_118: "START TEXT: that “the illustrious and highly revered Washington” was “fallible on a subject that must be in gre" ******* END TEXT: "rvices” and urged the people “to reverence and respect” them rather than “to see for themselves.”35\n"
9780814747148 - page_119: "START TEXT: Manning asserted the temporality of all natural aristocracies and emphasized their antagonism to men" ******* END TEXT: "in rank to their parents”; men in society deserved “equal esteem or equal respect”; and “government "
9780814747148 - page_120: "START TEXT: was a political institution between men naturally equal.” They also suggested that American men were" ******* END TEXT: "y base employer” reflected contested ideals of manhood. Ambitious young men were free to measure up "
9780814747148 - page_121: "START TEXT: to republican manhood by establishing and governing families, perpetuating family dynasties, and pos" ******* END TEXT: "feeble fame with her hundred wings and tongues to proclaim his worth; and . . . convey down through "
9780814747148 - page_122: "START TEXT: every age the unsullied remembrance of the patriot, the hero, and citizen combined, and deliver his " ******* END TEXT: "n lofty political rhetoric and everyday personal experience because its glowing terms were familiar "
9780814747148 - page_123: "START TEXT: and friendly to common men. Few individuals achieved fame by being great leaders and public officia" ******* END TEXT: "distinction and preferment, have prostrated every worthy principle beneath the shrine of ambition.” "
9780814747148 - page_124: "START TEXT: Mercy Otis Warren believed such men were more than malevolent; they were also foolhardy because they" ******* END TEXT: " their ambitions potentially mutilated themselves with “a deep and . . . lasting mark of infamy.”50\n"
9780814747148 - page_125: "START TEXT: Fraternity and Fratricide\nMany men tested their masculinity, cultivated refinement, established repu" ******* END TEXT: "hies in peacetime. DeWitt Clinton claimed that Freemasonry procreated an “artificial consanguinity” "
9780814747148 - page_126: "START TEXT: that operated with “as much force and effect as the natural relationship of blood.” The ideal Mason " ******* END TEXT: "itution.” These fraternities opposed “the chains of customs and outworn creeds” to support policies "
9780814747148 - page_127: "START TEXT: aimed at greater equality, penal reform, public education, women’s rights, and antislavery and democ" ******* END TEXT: "ine that the stigmatized but redeemable Bachelor, the meritorious but parochial Family Man, and the "
9780814747148 - page_128: "START TEXT: reputable but ambitious Better Sort of man provided a manly foundation for a unified, orderly, stabl" ******* END TEXT: "s doubted that fraternal unity between citizens and leaders was sufficient to ensure enduring order "
9780814747148 - page_129: "START TEXT: in the ranks of men and lasting stability for the Republic. A strong bond between the Family Man and" ******* END TEXT: "so on citizen compliance with the great authority and extralegal prerogative of a few heroic men.\n\n\n"
9780814747148 - page_130: "START TEXT: 6The Heroic Man and National Destiny\nThe founders agreed that “law ought to be king.” The problem wa" ******* END TEXT: "pleted their grammar of manhood by promoting a patriarchal discourse that lifted up a few great men "
9780814747148 - page_131: "START TEXT: over the democratic masses and played down women’s political potential as citizens and leaders.2\nA F" ******* END TEXT: "sumed the legitimacy of political prerogative but pleaded with both king and Parliament to exercise "
9780814747148 - page_132: "START TEXT: it on their behalf. When Parliament continued to enact controversial measures, colonists looked to t" ******* END TEXT: "lve the crisis and reduce their anxiety. The public’s demand for great leadership invited ambitious "
9780814747148 - page_133: "START TEXT: men to prove themselves heroes by displaying the virtuous manhood needed to master fortune and make " ******* END TEXT: "tives: “A strict observance of the laws is doubtless one of the high duties . . . but it is not the "
9780814747148 - page_134: "START TEXT: highest.” The Heroic Man had to ignore law and risk infamy “on great occasions when the safety of th" ******* END TEXT: " by pursuing treaty options with the Crown when America’s alliance with France was unsettled by the "
9780814747148 - page_135: "START TEXT: French Revolution. Alexander Hamilton denounced Washington’s critics for harboring a “womanish attac" ******* END TEXT: "n proposing a Constitution,” their decision was legitimate because it was “calculated to accomplish "
9780814747148 - page_136: "START TEXT: the views and happiness of the people of America.” Madison did not intend to suggest that all leader" ******* END TEXT: "ould accumulate surplus legitimacy and oppose public opinion without provoking mass disobedience.17\n"
9780814747148 - page_137: "START TEXT: Antifederalists warned Americans against so-called heroic leaders. They alerted the public to the “d" ******* END TEXT: "itical fatherhood. In 1774, Gad Hitchcock addressed public officials as “honored fathers” and “civic"
9780814747148 - page_138: "START TEXT: fathers.” In 1778, Phillips Payson referred to American leaders as “civil fathers.” In 1780, Samuel" ******* END TEXT: "ed States. Americans rally round the man, rather than round the executive authority of the union.22\n"
9780814747148 - page_139: "START TEXT: Six years later, Henry Holcombe eulogized Washington as a manly leader who “ruled his appetites and " ******* END TEXT: "pected sons to honor them. As such, political leaders who successfully presented themselves as civic"
9780814747148 - page_140: "START TEXT: fathers could elicit considerable citizen deference. Although images of civic father figures put co" ******* END TEXT: " dignity... who in their day appeared like men?” Could America “bring forward another band of sages”"
9780814747148 - page_141: "START TEXT: when, alas, American males seemed to be “more disposed to act like children than men”?28\nMany found" ******* END TEXT: "tegrity” by demonstrating “fortitude” and “resolution” against “unprincipled” foes who slandered him"
9780814747148 - page_142: "START TEXT: with “unmanly but unavailing calumny.” He asserted his right to vindicate “the dignity of men” by a" ******* END TEXT: "ht to presume that his constituents ... are not well informed on the subject and his duty is to vote"
9780814747148 - page_143: "START TEXT: according to his conscience.” Roger Sherman added that a leader was “bound by every principle of ju" ******* END TEXT: "er Sort along with the grateful remembrance of future generations. This enduring consent represented"
9780814747148 - page_144: "START TEXT: the stable trust and respect of solid citizens and the promise of a positive judgment by posterity." ******* END TEXT: "ing the last; and uniting a speedy but temperate vigilance against encroachments with an inviolable "
9780814747148 - page_145: "START TEXT: respect to the laws.”38 However, most founders did not count on the “enlightened confidence of the p" ******* END TEXT: "o harass each other with rival and spiteful measures dictated by mistaken views of interest. Another"
9780814747148 - page_146: "START TEXT: happy effect of this prerogative would be its control on the internal vicissitudes of state policy," ******* END TEXT: "e foreseeable future.\nSustaining hegemony, especially in peacetime, was a complex challenge. Judith "
9780814747148 - page_147: "START TEXT: Shklar observes that republics “rely on mutual trust between governments and citizens to an unusual " ******* END TEXT: " fickleness; and his military prospects were dim. Indeed, America never had “so fair an opportunity "
9780814747148 - page_148: "START TEXT: of final success as now.” Paine proclaimed, “The death wound is already given. The day is ours if we" ******* END TEXT: " trusted to seek the good of his public family and a stepfather figure who could be trusted because "
9780814747148 - page_149: "START TEXT: he was not tempted to transform public power into a dynastic legacy. His blood was invested in the R" ******* END TEXT: "resent them; a greater part of them will probably not know the characters of their own members much "
9780814747148 - page_150: "START TEXT: less that of a majority of those who will compose the federal assembly; they will consist of men who" ******* END TEXT: "e” because he could count on men’s “esteem and good will” to sustain the consent of the governed.53\n"
9780814747148 - page_151: "START TEXT: A Government of Men\nThe politics of war and peace was the preeminent domain for manhood and leadersh" ******* END TEXT: "s reputation abroad would determine its fit, fame, and future in the fraternity of Western nations.\n"
9780814747148 - page_152: "START TEXT: How did a new nation achieve international respectability? The founders tried to create a notable na" ******* END TEXT: "necessary, for example, to uphold neutrality or repel aggression to avoid “national humiliation.”58\n"
9780814747148 - page_153: "START TEXT: Regardless of their expressed fears of powerful leaders, most founders relied on the president to se" ******* END TEXT: "he procreativity of men and to dim the political potency of women. They also applied the grammar of "
9780814747148 - page_154: "START TEXT: manhood to justify the rule of a few great men over common men to neutralize democratic passions, fo" ******* END TEXT: "e men who gave birth, in William Pitt’s words, to “a glorious asylum of liberty, of manliness.”61\n\n\n"
9780814747148 - page_155: "START TEXT: 7The Founders’ Gendered Legacy\nThe American founders employed a grammar of manhood that distinguishe" ******* END TEXT: "fulness was manifested in their impact; their republic of men proved to be durable and influential.\n"
9780814747148 - page_156: "START TEXT: Durable Manhood\nFor two hundred years, Americans have struggled with varying degrees of success to e" ******* END TEXT: "ts or at academics, was at the other end of the pecking order. John . . . called Dennis ’Dumbo’ and "
9780814747148 - page_157: "START TEXT: insulted him in other ways; in a kind of ritual submission, Dennis more or less accepted the insults" ******* END TEXT: " a boy and not a man.” Powerful men have used this understanding to manipulate others. For example, "
9780814747148 - page_158: "START TEXT: dominant white males reinforced their historical domination of black and Indian males by labeling th" ******* END TEXT: " into the present to counteract both male individualism and women’s claims to liberty and equality.\n"
9780814747148 - page_159: "START TEXT: Manhood against Individualism\nThe founders’ grammar of manhood favored manly merit, self-discipline," ******* END TEXT: "erwhelming that no one should ever be entrusted with unqualified authority.”9 Simultaneously, their "
9780814747148 - page_160: "START TEXT: understanding of manhood and fraternity went beyond selfishness. The founders disputed the Bachelor’" ******* END TEXT: "young American males has deferred to elites by adopting martial values, performing militia service, "
9780814747148 - page_161: "START TEXT: joining volunteer companies, enlisting in the regular army, or complying with conscription.11\nTo th" ******* END TEXT: "n professionals, and black professional athletes.13 Does so much variety imply a lack of coherence?\n"
9780814747148 - page_162: "START TEXT: Not necessarily. Three threads of consistency run through the variations. One is that manhood is nev" ******* END TEXT: "olved giving birth to families is especially evident among modern men who hire female surrogates to "
9780814747148 - page_163: "START TEXT: bear their genetic heirs. The founders’ admiration for men who procreated communities and nations re" ******* END TEXT: "ad a sort of immortality.”17\nAmerican colonists refused to surrender to death. The common man sired "
9780814747148 - page_164: "START TEXT: sons to continue his seed, name, and memory into the next generation while the gentleman also perfor" ******* END TEXT: "e creative powers of both a mother and a father . . . who is complete in himself.” English contract "
9780814747148 - page_165: "START TEXT: theorists refuted Filmer by transferring male procreativity from a single patriarchal father to the " ******* END TEXT: "o reduce the uncertainty of their paternity and to build family dynasties that promise to fill them "
9780814747148 - page_166: "START TEXT: with a sense of historical continuity. Their desperation is evident in the extraordinary amount of " ******* END TEXT: "enth century, young men migrating from farms to cities have joined extended families that formed in "
9780814747148 - page_167: "START TEXT: home-styled bordering houses, institutions such as the Young Men’S Christian Association (YMCA), an" ******* END TEXT: "gitimized hierarchy. Some men never learned the basics; most men achieved adequacy; a select number "
9780814747148 - page_168: "START TEXT: picked up important subtleties; but only a few men mastered its intricacies. Because the common man" ******* END TEXT: "ried to maintain a sense of personal integrity and social dignity as they coped with the dependence "
9780814747148 - page_169: "START TEXT: associated with old age and with fears founded on proximity to death. “Their self-esteem,” Myerhoff " ******* END TEXT: "ring men, good husbands, great fathers, good citizens, despite the fact that guys are fundamentally "
9780814747148 - page_170: "START TEXT: unfaithful.” The men most likely to achieve high standing in American society are not necessarily r" ******* END TEXT: "t the founders’ obsessive fears of disorderly men were exaggerated? Louis Hartz thinks so. He argues"
9780814747148 - page_171: "START TEXT: that early Americans and their leaders were “united on a liberal way of life” that focused on indiv" ******* END TEXT: "enesch notes, the founders sought to secure political stability by suggesting that “heroic politics "
9780814747148 - page_172: "START TEXT: existed only in the past, the duty of Americans being to revere the founders, remembering their illu" ******* END TEXT: "ng the nation’s problems. Their proposal was quickly forgotten amid public enthusiasm for President "
9780814747148 - page_173: "START TEXT: Woodrow Wilson s decision to bring the United States into a world war that invited a new generation " ******* END TEXT: "ocial instability. In part, the founders addressed problems of male disorder and gender conflict by "
9780814747148 - page_174: "START TEXT: urging men to assume familial responsibility for governing women. They defined manhood against woman" ******* END TEXT: "e, and deceitfulness. Even relative optimists such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson worried"
9780814747148 - page_175: "START TEXT: about men’s tendency to submit to lust, alcohol, gambling, profligacy, luxury, factionalism, and ot" ******* END TEXT: " of disorderly creatures.\nHowever, these disorderly creatures were not equally subversive of social "
9780814747148 - page_176: "START TEXT: stability and political peace. The female “coquette,” for example, was a minor irritant and secondar" ******* END TEXT: "ieved that a few heroic men monopolized the extraordinary procreativity needed to father a republic "
9780814747148 - page_177: "START TEXT: and transmit it to posterity; they used the language and concepts of manhood to encourage most other" ******* END TEXT: "ic life, the founders succeeded beyond all expectations to establish an enduring republic of men.\n\n\n"
9780814747148 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nPreface\nIntroduction\n1 The Culture of Manhood\n2 The Grammar of Manhood\n3 The Bachelor and O" ******* END TEXT: "an and National Destiny\n7 The Founders’ Gendered Legacy\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex\nAbout the Author\n\n\n"
9780814747148 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London\n© 1998 by New York University All rights reserved\nLibr" ******* END TEXT: "rength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1\n\n\n"
9780814747148 - page_v: "START TEXT: For my family\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "For my family\n\n\n"
9780814747148 - page_i: "START TEXT: A Republic of Men\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "A Republic of Men\n\n\n"
9780814747148 - page_231: "START TEXT: Index\nAdair, Douglass, 34, 121\nAdams, Abigail, 9, 25, 30, 41, 57, 88, 141, 153, 176\nAdams, John, 30," ******* END TEXT: ", 113\nBushman, Richard, 12, 110–11, 168\nByrd, William, 84\nCaesar, Augustus, 131\nCaesar, Julius, 131\n"
9780814747148 - page_232: "START TEXT: “Caractacus,” 71\nCarnes, Mark, 160\nCarroll, Charles, 60\n“Cato,” 42, 100\nChastellux, Marquis de, 81\nC" ******* END TEXT: "e, 56\nFilene, Peter, 17, 162\nFilmer, Sir Robert, 164–65\nFitch, Thomas, 33, 131\nFletcher, Andrew, 55\n"
9780814747148 - page_233: "START TEXT: Fliegelman, Jay, 8, 25, 84, 88, 164\nFobes, Peres, 42, 49, 112, 122, 138, 149\nFord, Timothy, 20\nFoste" ******* END TEXT: " 119, 123–24, 134\nInstruction schemes, 142–43\nIredell, James, 98\nItinerants, 64–65\nIzard, Alice, 80\n"
9780814747148 - page_234: "START TEXT: James, William, 172\nJay, John, 98, 108, 135, 141, 151\nJay Treaty, 151\nJefferson, Thomas, 22–23, 30, " ******* END TEXT: " 114, 121, 163–67, 169\nversus individualism, 159–63\ninternational norms of, 161\nand leadership, 42, "
9780814747148 - page_235: "START TEXT: 44–47, 50\nand liberty, 30–31, 33–35, 38–41, 43\nand military service, 30–31, 69–73, 160–61\nand nation" ******* END TEXT: "rles, 115\nPinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 86\nPitkin, Hanna, 16\nPitt, William, 154\nPlato, 94, 131, 134\n"
9780814747148 - page_236: "START TEXT: Pleck, Joseph, 157\nPlough Jogger,” 88\nPlutarch, 131\nPocock, J. G. A., 25\nPreceptor,” 92, 110\nPreroga" ******* END TEXT: ", John, 148\nThorne, Barrie, 156–57\nToland, John, 55–56\nTrenchard, John, 54–55\nTucker, John, 47, 141\n"
9780814747148 - page_237: "START TEXT: Tyler, Royall, 13, 57, 103–4\nTyrrell, James, 8\nUlrich, Laurel Thatcher, 7, 71\nUniversal Military Tra" ******* END TEXT: "n, Benjamin, 72\nWortman, Tunis, 67, 114\nYazawa, Melvin, 87\nYoung Men’s Christian Association, 167\n\n\n"
9780814747148 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\nThe American founders aspired to create a republic of men. Their problem was that a dem" ******* END TEXT: "dependent and interested in the public good. But some American leaders suggested that a young man’s "
9780814747148 - page_2: "START TEXT: coming of age could be a sufficient qualification for citizenship and that other factors, such as ti" ******* END TEXT: "ng a man meant governing female dependents and exhibiting the manly virtue and merit that controlled"
9780814747148 - page_3: "START TEXT: alleged female vices such as deceit and corruption. The consensual core of early American manhood w" ******* END TEXT: " political leadership and authority. Chapter 3 looks at “the Bachelor” and other disorderly men who "
9780814747148 - page_4: "START TEXT: provoked the founders’ exclusionary tendencies. Chapter 4 discusses “the Family Man” as a symbol of " ******* END TEXT: "order men’s relations, restrain democracy, and devalue women’s place in modern American politics.\n\n\n"
9780814747148 - page_179: "START TEXT: Notes\nNOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION\n1. Susan Juster, Disorderly Women: Sexual Politics and Evangelicalis" ******* END TEXT: " Press, 1970), part 2.\n3. Juster, Disorderly Women, 35–38; anonymous Virginian, quoted in Mary Beth "
9780814747148 - page_180: "START TEXT: Norton, Liberty’s Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750–1800 (Boston: Litt" ******* END TEXT: "perpetual Quiet at Home, without endangering the Publick Liberty (London: John Darby, 1698), 83–84.\n"
9780814747148 - page_181: "START TEXT: 11. See Algernon Sidney, Discourses Concerning Government, 2d ed. (London: John Darby, 1704), 13, 38" ******* END TEXT: "sorderly Women, 187.\n17. Rotundo, “Patriarchs and Participants,” in Kaufman, ed., Beyond Patriarchy,"
9780814747148 - page_182: "START TEXT: 67; Kenneth A. Lockridge, A New England Town: The First One Hundred Years (New York: Norton, 1970), " ******* END TEXT: "the Early Republic, ed. Frederick Rudolph (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), 2–23, 27–40.\n"
9780814747148 - page_183: "START TEXT: 26. Lockridge, Sources of Patriarchal Rage, 112; Juster, Disorderly Women, chaps. 4–5; Caroline Robb" ******* END TEXT: "olution, ed. Ronald Hoffman and Peter Albert (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1989), "
9780814747148 - page_184: "START TEXT: 24–25, 30–31; Bloch, “Gendered Meanings of Virtue,” 44–45, 56; Philip Greven, The Protestant Tempera" ******* END TEXT: "al Writings, 2:956; John Adams to Abigail Adams, June 3, 1778, in Adams, ed., Familiar Letters, 334;"
9780814747148 - page_185: "START TEXT: Mercy Otis Warren, History of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution, intersp" ******* END TEXT: "al Theory, ed. Carole Pateman and Elizabeth Gross (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986), 7.\n"
9780814747148 - page_186: "START TEXT: 47. Jonathan Mayhew, “The Snare Broken” (1766), in Sandoz, ed., Political Sermons, 241, 249; Thomas " ******* END TEXT: "on, A Choice of Heroes: The Changing Face of American Manhood (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982), 43.\n"
9780814747148 - page_187: "START TEXT: NOTES TO CHAPTER 2\n1. Benjamin Franklin, “The Autobiography,” in The Autobiography and Other Writing" ******* END TEXT: "ent, and Personal, 46.\n8. Mayhew, “The Snare Broken” (1766), in Sandoz, ed., Political Sermons, 240,"
9780814747148 - page_188: "START TEXT: 247; Thomas Fitch, “Reasons Why the British Colonies in America should not be Charged with Internal" ******* END TEXT: "tory, 1:34; Adams, “Defence of the Constitutions” (1787), in Peek, ed., Political Writings, 135–36.\n"
9780814747148 - page_189: "START TEXT: 20. Anonymous, “A Letter to the People of Pennsylvania; Occasioned by the Assembly’s Passing that Im" ******* END TEXT: "l Sermons, 1109.\n32. James Winthrop, “Agrippa IX” (1787), in Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution"
9780814747148 - page_190: "START TEXT: , 1:628; Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer, 77–78; A Constant Customer, “Letter from a Gen" ******* END TEXT: "cal Writings, 1:173.\n44. Mather, “America’s Appeal” (1775), in Sandoz, ed., Political Sermons, 488.\n"
9780814747148 - page_191: "START TEXT: 45. Samuel Miller, “A Sermon on the Anniversary of the Independence of America, July 4, 1793,” in Sa" ******* END TEXT: "nd Inconstance, &tc. of Woman (London: Andrew Green, 1682), in Nussbaum, ed., Satires on Women, 12.\n"
9780814747148 - page_192: "START TEXT: 3. Astell, “Reflections,” in The First English Feminist, 75; anonymous, An Essay in Defence of the F" ******* END TEXT: ":1111, 1129, 1131, 1133–34; Joel Barlow, “The Prospect of Peace” (1778), in Ibid., 1:1087–88; Judith"
9780814747148 - page_193: "START TEXT: Sargent Murray, “Desultory Thoughts upon the Utility of Encouraging a Degree of Self-Complacency, E" ******* END TEXT: "ritings, 206; Webster, “Education of Youth in America” (1790), in Rudolph, Essays on Education, 69.\n"
9780814747148 - page_194: "START TEXT: 22. Jacob Rush, “The Nature and Importance of an Oath—the Charge to a Jury” (1796), in Hyneman and L" ******* END TEXT: "opular Justice, 16.\n30. “Davis vs. Maryland, 1810,” in Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in"
9780814747148 - page_195: "START TEXT: the U.S.A., ed. Jonathan Katz (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 26 and pt. 1; John Winthrop, quoted in" ******* END TEXT: "xed Race, 268–70.\n40. Rice, “Slavery Inconsistent with Justice” (1792), in Hynemann and Lutz, eds., "
9780814747148 - page_196: "START TEXT: American Political Writings, 2:861; Williams, “Gratification of That Corrupt and Lawless Passion,” i" ******* END TEXT: " of Liberty, ed. Michael Merrill and Sean Wilentz (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 142.\n"
9780814747148 - page_197: "START TEXT: 50. “Letters from the ’Federal Farmer’ III” (1787), in The Origins of the American Constitution: A D" ******* END TEXT: "in Hyneman and Lutz, eds., American Political Writings, 1:591–92; Alexander Hamilton to Rufus King, "
9780814747148 - page_198: "START TEXT: October 1794, in Kline, ed., A Biography, 327; see also Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments, 58.\n61." ******* END TEXT: ", 225; Alice Izard to Margaret Manigault, May 29, 1801, in Moynihan, Russett, and Crumpacker, eds., "
9780814747148 - page_199: "START TEXT: Second to None, 1:202; anonymous, “The Maid’s Soliloquy” (1751), in Lauter, ed., Heath Anthology, 1:" ******* END TEXT: "’s Daughters, 43.\n12. Demos, Past, Present, and Personal, 47; Norton, Founding Mothers and Fathers, "
9780814747148 - page_200: "START TEXT: 76; Fliegelman, Prodigals and Pilgrims, 204; George Mason, in Madison, “Notes from the Constitutiona" ******* END TEXT: "ical Sermons, 905–6.\n24. Jefferson to Adams, October 28, 1813, in Peterson, ed., The Portable Thomas"
9780814747148 - page_201: "START TEXT: Jefferson, 534; Adams, “Defence of the Constitutions” (1787), in Peek, ed., Political Writings, 135–" ******* END TEXT: " to let go of it.\n36. Bailyn, Education, 36; Jefferson, “Report of the Commissioners,” in Peterson, "
9780814747148 - page_202: "START TEXT: ed., The Portable Thomas Jefferson, 336–37; Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, September 6, 1789, in" ******* END TEXT: "n the Constitution, 1:894–95 (emphasis added); see also “Old State Soldier” (1788), in Ibid., 2:37.\n"
9780814747148 - page_203: "START TEXT: 48. John Jay, Federalist No. 64, 395; Iredell, “Address to the North Carolina Convention” (1788), in" ******* END TEXT: "y, 1:1111; Ann Fairfax Withington, Toward a More Perfect Union: Virtue and the Formation of American"
9780814747148 - page_204: "START TEXT: Republics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 31; Murray, “Sketch of the Present Situation” (" ******* END TEXT: "tion” (1801), in Ibid., 2:1134–35; Webster, “Revolution in France” (1794), in Sandoz, ed., Political"
9780814747148 - page_205: "START TEXT: Sermons, 1268; Thomas Jefferson to Edward Rutledge, June 24, 1797, in Mayo, ed., Jefferson Himself," ******* END TEXT: " Writings, 1:503–4, 519.\n23. Benjamin Franklin, “An Account of the Supremest Court of Judicature in "
9780814747148 - page_206: "START TEXT: Pennsylvania, vis. the Court of the Press” (1789), in Lemay, ed., Writings, 1152; George Washington " ******* END TEXT: " in Ibid., 1:745.\n33. Thomas B. Wait to George Thatcher, January 8, 1788, in Bailyn, ed., Debate on "
9780814747148 - page_207: "START TEXT: the Constitution, 1: 727; Samuel Bryan, “Centinel II” (1787), in Ibid., 1:78–79; idem, “Centinel VII" ******* END TEXT: "tings, 2:1010.\n44. Duffield, “Sermon” (1783), in Sandoz, ed., Political Sermons, 785; “A Cumberland "
9780814747148 - page_208: "START TEXT: County Mutual Improvement Society Addresses the Pennsylvania Minority” (1788), in Bailyn, ed., Debat" ******* END TEXT: "fferson, “First Inaugural Address” (1801), in Peterson, ed., The Portable Thomas Jefferson, 291–92.\n"
9780814747148 - page_209: "START TEXT: 59. Madison, Federalist No. 10, 82–83; Federalist No. 40, 253–54; Randolph, “Address to the Virginia" ******* END TEXT: ", 1985), esp. 51–53.\n10. John Adams, “Constitution of Massachusetts” (1780), in Peek, ed., Political"
9780814747148 - page_210: "START TEXT: Writings, 98; Thomas Jefferson to John Colvin, September 10, 1810, cited in Ketcham, Presidents abov" ******* END TEXT: "n Ibid., 2:1262.\n22. Wilson, “Address to the Pennsylvania Convention” (1787), in Bailyn, ed., Debate"
9780814747148 - page_211: "START TEXT: on the Constitution, 1:825; Zephaniah Swift Moore, “An Oration on the Anniversary of the Independen" ******* END TEXT: "on, “Address to the New York Convention” (1788), in Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 2:794.\n"
9780814747148 - page_212: "START TEXT: 33. Webster, “Oration” (1802), in Hyneman and Lutz, eds., American Political Writings, 2:1231; Georg" ******* END TEXT: "of the Bank of the United States” (1791), in Mason and Baker, eds., Free Government, 303; Alexander "
9780814747148 - page_213: "START TEXT: Hamilton to James Duane, September 3, 1780, in Kline, ed., A Biography, 87; idem, Federalist No. 71," ******* END TEXT: "on to Thomas Jefferson, May 13, 1798, in Ibid., 221; see also Ketcham, Presidents above Party, 172.\n"
9780814747148 - page_214: "START TEXT: 60. James Madison, “Address to the People” (January 23, 1799), in Peterson, ed., A Biography, 227; ’" ******* END TEXT: "arnes, Secret Ritual and Manhood in Victorian America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), 32.\n"
9780814747148 - page_215: "START TEXT: 11. See Kann, On the Man Question, chap. 10.\n12. David D. Gilmore, Manhood in the Making: Cultural C" ******* END TEXT: "story and Human Survival, 319, 321–22, 345, 355; see also Ryan, Cradle of the Middle Class, 176–77.\n"
9780814747148 - page_216: "START TEXT: 25. Demos, Past, Present, and Personal, 45–46; see also Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Education, 1" ******* END TEXT: "Row, 1964), 142–47; Filene, Him/Her/Self, 97. For a recent proposal for national youth service, see "
9780814747148 - page_217: "START TEXT: Benjamin Barber, An Aristocracy of Everyone: The Politics of Education and the Future of America (Ne" ******* END TEXT: " Daughters, esp. chap. 5; Kerber, Women of the Republic, 285; Kann, On the Man Question, chap. 9.\n\n\n"
9780814747148 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Preface\nI started this book in 1986. After doing some initial research, I began to write an introduc" ******* END TEXT: "nvestigate others. Michael Kimmel’s reading of the full first draft provided a useful sense of what "
9780814747148 - page_x: "START TEXT: was still missing, while Harry Brod⁏s superb critique of the entire manuscript guided me through the" ******* END TEXT: ", and the fact that it is now completed. Instead, let me simply say, Kathy and Simon, I love you.\n\n\n"
9780814747148 - page_iii: "START TEXT: A Republic of Men\nThe American Founders, Gendered Language, and Patriarchal Politics\nMark E. Kann\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: " Republic of Men\nThe American Founders, Gendered Language, and Patriarchal Politics\nMark E. Kann\n\n\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_i: "START TEXT: SEASONS OF CAPTIVITY" ******* END TEXT: "SEASONS OF CAPTIVITY"
9780814750957 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_iii: "START TEXT: AMIA LIEBLICH\nSEASONS OF CAPTIVITY\nTHE INNER WORLD OF POWs\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "AMIA LIEBLICH\nSEASONS OF CAPTIVITY\nTHE INNER WORLD OF POWs\n\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1994 by New York UniversityAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: "d durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10   9   8   7   6   5   4   3   2   1\n\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_v: "START TEXT: To Yuval, Maty, and Eliav" ******* END TEXT: "To Yuval, Maty, and Eliav"
9780814750957 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_vii: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nAcknowledgments\nIntroduction\n1. Capture\n2. Interrogations\n3. Isolation\n4. Getting Together\n" ******* END TEXT: "ny\n9. The Return\n10. Back to Life\n11. Personal Conclusions\n12. From the Women’s Perspective:Capture\n"
9780814750957 - page_viii: "START TEXT: 13. From the Women’s Perspective:Living Alone\n14. From the Women’s Perspective:The Return\n15. Surviv" ******* END TEXT: " Women’s Perspective:The Return\n15. Survival and Coping: On Narrative,Time, and Content\nReferences\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_ix: "START TEXT: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\n\nMy deepest gratitude goes to the ten men who were willing to share their experience" ******* END TEXT: " provided financial and administrative help for the project. My warmest appreciation to all of them."
9780814750957 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_1: "START TEXT: INTRODUCTION\n\nSeasons of Captivity is a book about the experience of a group of ten prisoners of war" ******* END TEXT: "red (or fourteen years after liberation), as well as some of the issues concerned in recounting it:\n"
9780814750957 - page_10: "START TEXT: new values and confidence about his ability to master crises of different kinds.\nThe phenomenon of c" ******* END TEXT: " a wide range of human conditions in which individuals are threatened by physical and psychological "
9780814750957 - page_11: "START TEXT: dangers or have to accommodate a lack of freedom to privacy or extreme personal exposure.\nThe story " ******* END TEXT: "stence, disregarding the uncertainty of its duration. The metaphors for this dilemma were numerous: "
9780814750957 - page_12: "START TEXT: for example, should the POWs take apart the cardboard boxes and order bookshelves for their cell? Sh" ******* END TEXT: "th their potentials and hazards. By this book we thus convey a message of human survival and hope.\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_2: "START TEXT: Dan: Some things can be repeated hundreds of times, but you find out you speak in a different voice," ******* END TEXT: "or the first time with the idea of writing an oral history of the group’s experiences in captivity. "
9780814750957 - page_3: "START TEXT: I asked him to contact each of the ten men and discuss the project. A year later, with the cooperati" ******* END TEXT: " to single events, such as being taken captive or being united in the common room. Others deal with "
9780814750957 - page_4: "START TEXT: longer, yet discrete phases, such as the stage of interrogation or the immediate period following th" ******* END TEXT: "and lights out, the removal of the shutters from the windows, and the first radio reception of news "
9780814750957 - page_5: "START TEXT: broadcasts from Israel. All these events were important in the men’s narratives, but could not be pl" ******* END TEXT: "ir captivity and those of their release.\nEven though the story unfolds through trauma and pain, the "
9780814750957 - page_6: "START TEXT: generally positive outcomes of the men’s experience come to the forefront. These could be attributed" ******* END TEXT: "ations, such as despair, fear, helplessness, humiliation, guilt, tension concerning interrogations, "
9780814750957 - page_7: "START TEXT: worries about the future, longing for one’s family, and regret about lost time and freedom; (3) soci" ******* END TEXT: "ss of the captivity, and the support received from others. The captive’s appraisal of the stressful "
9780814750957 - page_8: "START TEXT: situation and his ability to cope are the major dimensions to be considered from the personality per" ******* END TEXT: " a third of the Vietnam era POW marriages ended in divorce during the first year after release, and "
9780814750957 - page_9: "START TEXT: 50 percent had ended by the end of the fifth year. At the same point in time, there is only an 11 pe" ******* END TEXT: "ity as at least partly profitable, in the sense that it empowers the individual, providing him with "
9780814750957 - page_13: "START TEXT: 1CAPTURE\n\nThe ten Israeli men who later formed the group in the common room all fell into the hands " ******* END TEXT: "coping with the extensive period of being exposed to constant shelling. Many were killed or wounded "
9780814750957 - page_14: "START TEXT: on the waterfront of the Suez canal. Moshe Dayan had therefore asked the reserve officers to volunte" ******* END TEXT: " thing I feared most was going back and forth to the post. While driving on the way, I felt exposed "
9780814750957 - page_15: "START TEXT: to the enemy and it disturbed me. On my return from leave on Sunday, I stopped at our headquarters a" ******* END TEXT: "the way to the waterfront. There I was rolled down the sand embankment to the commando soldiers who "
9780814750957 - page_16: "START TEXT: had been waiting near the water. They transferred me over to the other side and dragged me up, someh" ******* END TEXT: "eep into the Egyptian territory. We were like hunters—waiting for an Egyptian plane to take off and "
9780814750957 - page_17: "START TEXT: going down on it. It was thrilling. I didn’t feel any fear whatsoever. We kept telling ourselves tha" ******* END TEXT: ", so I smoked it. Then we walked on, toward the north, with the village Mukhtar [chief] leading the "
9780814750957 - page_18: "START TEXT: way. Several men joined us from the fields as we were walking. An Israeli helicopter appeared above " ******* END TEXT: "o use the toilet. But we knew it was make-believe, and I myself did not experience a crisis at all. "
9780814750957 - page_19: "START TEXT: We were also somewhat prepared for interrogations. As I reviewed this, I told myself I wasn’t a hero" ******* END TEXT: "that from now on I was all alone; there was no one to help me, and I had to struggle all by myself.\n"
9780814750957 - page_20: "START TEXT: BENNY\nI was twenty-four years old, having completed my compulsory service in the Armored Corps, and " ******* END TEXT: "ook shelter behind the dune. At that moment everything was crystal clear in my head. I was planning "
9780814750957 - page_21: "START TEXT: my steps, while Motti warned me that a hand grenade was rolling towards us. I was considering grabbi" ******* END TEXT: "ction overseer asked me, “What would you do if you hit an ambush with your truck?” I told him to go "
9780814750957 - page_22: "START TEXT: into my cabin and see my firearms. “I would break their neck,” I responded. “And if there are thirty" ******* END TEXT: "which was present at the scene didn’t come to our rescue. It’s out of the question that they didn’t "
9780814750957 - page_23: "START TEXT: see us! I kept crawling in the dunes. I didn’t see Benny anywhere. Suddenly I saw three Egyptians ru" ******* END TEXT: " was dressed as a civilian, with hiking shoes, but Benny was, for some reason, in military uniform.\n"
9780814750957 - page_24: "START TEXT: DAVID\nI was captured on May 30, 1970, at the northern part of the Suez Canal. I was in the paratroop" ******* END TEXT: " by my hands and legs and around my neck. During the crossing, they put a life belt around my body, "
9780814750957 - page_25: "START TEXT: tied me to an Egyptian guard with a knife in his mouth, and, with a rope, pulled me to the other sid" ******* END TEXT: "rarely had the time to see my kids, I moved my family from the kibbutz to the Air Force base. Nurit "
9780814750957 - page_26: "START TEXT: was pregnant again, and I wanted to have some time with her. These were the craziest days of my life" ******* END TEXT: "reach him on the radio. I checked myself and felt intact, except for a cut in my cheek caused by my "
9780814750957 - page_27: "START TEXT: mask. When I finally landed, I started running toward the area I believed would provide a hiding pla" ******* END TEXT: " the back and front cabins of the Phantom.\nWhen we came back to Israel, we worked for three or four "
9780814750957 - page_28: "START TEXT: months to bring the Phantom into our operations. We also practiced and instructed other pilots—each " ******* END TEXT: "epared the blackboard for the lesson the next day. At three in the afternoon, we got a message that "
9780814750957 - page_29: "START TEXT: batteries of missiles had been advanced toward the canal and we had to bomb them. The bombing was sc" ******* END TEXT: " two we would be across the canal, and then we could jump. I remember saying to David that I didn’t "
9780814750957 - page_30: "START TEXT: think the plane would explode; we could try to drag it out for another minute.\nThe second plane in t" ******* END TEXT: "hing was happening much too slowly. I was very frightened, of course, but it didn’t prevent me from "
9780814750957 - page_31: "START TEXT: acting, from keeping cool, and even seeing some humor in the situation. That’s what saved my life.\nY" ******* END TEXT: "ck, stood in a row, and shot at me. I was a sniper too and said to myself, “As long as you run, you "
9780814750957 - page_32: "START TEXT: can’t be hit at this distance.” So I kept running. I heard the bullets all around and even reported " ******* END TEXT: "and said to myself, “It seems I’ll stay alive. I have to think what’s the best thing I can do now.”\n"
9780814750957 - page_33: "START TEXT: AMOS\nI was drafted in 1964. I was an Air Force pilot until I was taken prisoner in 1970. I used to f" ******* END TEXT: " Then two Phantoms were shot down on the same day, Rami’s and Yitzhak’s, and five days later it was "
9780814750957 - page_34: "START TEXT: my turn. Two more, including Menachem’s, were hit a few days later. You have to remember that the Ph" ******* END TEXT: "ped that we’d live through it and be taken to the authorities. Luckily, an officer came immediately "
9780814750957 - page_35: "START TEXT: after the soldiers. He was very excited, pointing his gun as he talked. I was worried that he might " ******* END TEXT: "ent on missions even before we completed it. There was a lot of pressure on the Phantoms because of "
9780814750957 - page_36: "START TEXT: the war. Most of the Phantom pilots were old-timers in the Air Force, who had been retrained for the" ******* END TEXT: "t to my capture: at the end of our course we were divided into the northern and southern squadrons. "
9780814750957 - page_37: "START TEXT: Since I had been a good boy, the school commander had promised me that I would have the choice. I se" ******* END TEXT: " Suddenly they started firing at us from below. I pulled my knees up, protecting the most sensitive "
9780814750957 - page_38: "START TEXT: spot. … I saw Amos landing about a hundred feet from me, and I touched the ground.\nAnother memory: o" ******* END TEXT: "hat I could lean on him comfortably. It was the last humane gesture I experienced for a long while.\n"
9780814750957 - page_39: "START TEXT: Another thing I recall is that from the moment of our jump, the thought of my parents kept striking " ******* END TEXT: "f bombardment, or that about a thousand soldiers had been killed in an attack carried out by two of "
9780814750957 - page_40: "START TEXT: our Phantoms. Our missions were highly complicated and involved planning to the smallest detail. Goi" ******* END TEXT: "ed, “Why do you two fly together? I don’t like the idea, because you two have the best knowledge of "
9780814750957 - page_41: "START TEXT: the Phantom right now, and if both of you go, it will be disastrous for the squadron.”\nI recall Chet" ******* END TEXT: "This was something we had never done before. We must have had some premonition. And in fact, when I "
9780814750957 - page_42: "START TEXT: was lying wounded on the ground, surrounded by Egyptian soldiers, I was feeling relieved and thinkin" ******* END TEXT: "he moment of jumping is a strange one. You are actually shot out of the aircraft, and you feel like "
9780814750957 - page_43: "START TEXT: you’re breaking through a boundary of sorts. It’s a unique experience, something you never practice " ******* END TEXT: "Ehud that I was surrounded by soldiers and I said, “See you soon and give my regards to my family.”\n"
9780814750957 - page_44: "START TEXT: The soldiers arrived in a truck, and it was good to see an officer among them. They circled me and l" ******* END TEXT: "sat close and put my head on his knees. It was wise to make them worry; they took good care of me.\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_45: "START TEXT: 2INTERROGATIONS\n\nEach of the men went through a period of interrogation that lasted from a few weeks" ******* END TEXT: " but whatever its origin, I developed a cover story and I stuck to it for the next four years. With "
9780814750957 - page_46: "START TEXT: all due modesty, I think this was a brilliant line of defense. I decided to say that this was my fir" ******* END TEXT: "d journey. I was put on a stretcher and carried to a truck or an ambulance, which drove off. On the "
9780814750957 - page_47: "START TEXT: way I heard the sound of shovels digging the ground; they must have been digging ditches, I suppose." ******* END TEXT: "operation, I didn’t see a nurse in white but a team of interrogators sitting at my bed. I was still "
9780814750957 - page_48: "START TEXT: drugged, yet already felt excruciating pain, while they were ready with their questions: “Who are yo" ******* END TEXT: "ficer did. They expected me to be acquainted with details about this camp or that camp, to identify "
9780814750957 - page_49: "START TEXT: various signs and symbols, information I really didn’t have. I tried to present myself in the lowest" ******* END TEXT: "and I realized that they had been announcing my capture. This served me very well later on, because "
9780814750957 - page_50: "START TEXT: it was clear that people knew I was alive, in the hands of the Egyptians, in spite of the fact that " ******* END TEXT: "eren’t playing games with me. They threatened: Either you talk, or it will grow much worse for you. "
9780814750957 - page_51: "START TEXT: Indeed it grew worse. I was hung up with my hands behind my back, on a hook on the wall. It was unpl" ******* END TEXT: "as an expert on firearms and ammunition, for example. The total time of the intensive interrogation "
9780814750957 - page_52: "START TEXT: was perhaps two or three weeks. Throughout this period my hands were tied behind my back. I even got" ******* END TEXT: "as thrown back to the solitary cell, where my legs were chained and my hands tied behind my back. I "
9780814750957 - page_53: "START TEXT: was left there without food or water, but I fell asleep just the same.\nThe next morning I was awaken" ******* END TEXT: "until the next night and so on and on.\nAt a time like this you have to be as strong as you can. You "
9780814750957 - page_54: "START TEXT: mustn’t become indifferent, because it’s too risky. You might go out of your mind.\nThe interrogation" ******* END TEXT: " confinement with my eyes blindfolded.\nThe cell was dark, one meter high, one meter long, and about "
9780814750957 - page_55: "START TEXT: sixty centimeters in width. You could only sit on the floor in it or crouch on your knees. They remo" ******* END TEXT: "inued for two months. All this time, I was chained by my legs and hands, in confinement, with daily "
9780814750957 - page_56: "START TEXT: torture and beatings. Whenever I said, “I don’t know,” two men entered the room and started to beat " ******* END TEXT: "ied pus away until they drew blood.\nAfter two years in jail they suddenly decided to interrogate us "
9780814750957 - page_57: "START TEXT: once more. They took us blindfolded into a room, asked all kinds of questions I can’t remember, hit " ******* END TEXT: "on Saturday, and woke up on Monday night.\nOn Tuesday, when I was interrogated once more, I was well "
9780814750957 - page_58: "START TEXT: rested. From then on, I was constantly interrogated, sometimes in the daytime and sometimes at night" ******* END TEXT: "arachuting and on the drive to Cairo, and they beat me a great deal. For the next four or five days "
9780814750957 - page_59: "START TEXT: I wasn’t able to function, so they resumed their investigation only a week later. In the meantime, s" ******* END TEXT: "most of the time. I hallucinated that the ceiling was moving, or that Los was with me in the cabin. "
9780814750957 - page_60: "START TEXT: I told Los, “Don’t pay attention, they move the ceiling just to confuse us.”\nMost of the time, they " ******* END TEXT: " staring at the knife and pretended to be frightened. Another time they brought dogs into the cell. "
9780814750957 - page_61: "START TEXT: This was supposed to scare me, so although one of the dogs licked my hand, I pretended to be afraid." ******* END TEXT: "crete slab serving as a bed. It had no window, but it did have a tin roof that was hot as hell that "
9780814750957 - page_62: "START TEXT: summer. I was ordered to stand erect, facing the wall, all day long, and whoever passed by would hit" ******* END TEXT: "ccording to my calendar, this was on Yom Kippur, so I told the guard I wouldn’t eat today, since it "
9780814750957 - page_63: "START TEXT: was a holiday and I was fasting. You can’t imagine their surprise. Needless to say, I never before u" ******* END TEXT: "me something to read or write in preparation for the next interrogation, and except for this I’d be "
9780814750957 - page_64: "START TEXT: free until late afternoon. And they, poor things, worked all day long! With great joy I overheard Ca" ******* END TEXT: "what if we’re here? What should we tell the Egyptians—that we can’t stand the screaming? We’ve gone "
9780814750957 - page_65: "START TEXT: through this too; now it’s their turn. That’s it, in a short time we’ll be going home.”\nYITZHAK\nWhen" ******* END TEXT: "ll of the Intelligence. The intensive interrogations went on for three months, and were accompanied "
9780814750957 - page_66: "START TEXT: by physical and psychological torture. Often I was deprived of food and water; sometimes I was confi" ******* END TEXT: "often, and I’m sure that had they believed it would serve their needs, they wouldn’t have hesitated "
9780814750957 - page_67: "START TEXT: to carry it out. This threat, however, didn’t break me down, because I wasn’t afraid of dying.\nSever" ******* END TEXT: "twenty, was interrogated in the cell across from mine. One night I woke up to the sound of terrible "
9780814750957 - page_68: "START TEXT: screaming in Hebrew. They were beating and torturing him, and I heard him cry out in Hebrew, but def" ******* END TEXT: "t for two weeks more, in the same inhuman conditions, I might have broken down and told everything. "
9780814750957 - page_69: "START TEXT: But obviously one can never know. I feel that we were all ashamed of our behavior during the interro" ******* END TEXT: "you tell us anything? All your friends speak freely and therefore receive no blows.” I replied that "
9780814750957 - page_70: "START TEXT: I wasn’t speaking because I was filthy, and if I was promised a weekly shower, I might be more civil" ******* END TEXT: "arrived, and it became quiet. They removed my blindfold, undressed me—I was still in my flight suit—"
9780814750957 - page_71: "START TEXT: and photographed me from all angles. They gave me Egyptian army clothes and then chained me from beh" ******* END TEXT: "It happened over and over. I had a strategy that I thought would help me survive, thinking that the "
9780814750957 - page_72: "START TEXT: pilots captured before me were all heroes who hadn’t blabbed. You tell them your rank, your blood ty" ******* END TEXT: " I didn’t know Arabic. I saw him as an angel sent to save me. He came at night and would talk to me "
9780814750957 - page_73: "START TEXT: for an hour or so, draw something and ask how to say it in Hebrew. But at the slightest sound he pan" ******* END TEXT: "ix men around me, and one of them spoke good Hebrew and asked, “What’s your name?” I don’t remember "
9780814750957 - page_74: "START TEXT: what name I used in my reply. Then he asked me who was flying with me, and I answered.\nWithout any p" ******* END TEXT: "ring the coming weeks, food or water deprivation was indeed used as a way to punish me from time to "
9780814750957 - page_75: "START TEXT: time. I remember that I managed to get out of my bed and walk to the sink, trying to drink there, bu" ******* END TEXT: "ne or two weeks later the interrogations began. I remember very little of the first interrogations. "
9780814750957 - page_76: "START TEXT: I think they asked me only about my identity and background.\nActually, I was the last pilot to fall " ******* END TEXT: "rogator, the pain went away. There must be a physiological explanation for it; mental concentration "
9780814750957 - page_77: "START TEXT: probably drives pain away. The moment the interrogation was terminated, I was in agony once more.\nSi" ******* END TEXT: " they couldn’t do it [laughing]. This was the only time when I felt sick and dizzy during the local "
9780814750957 - page_78: "START TEXT: anesthesia and asked them to stop; I didn’t mind if the bone would be a little crooked, and they lef" ******* END TEXT: "t grade my behavior at that time, since I had no experience to compare it with, mine or another’s.\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_100: "START TEXT: popped in. I was startled, but he smiled, and handed me some bread with halvah. I couldn’t believe i" ******* END TEXT: "erything. … These letters were more precious to me than any diamond. Apparently Shamel was moved by "
9780814750957 - page_101: "START TEXT: my behavior and he approached me and patted me on the head, saying, “Don’t cry, Amnon, everything wi" ******* END TEXT: "sorry for myself. I was thinking that had somebody else from my family experienced what I was going "
9780814750957 - page_102: "START TEXT: through, and had I known about it, I wouldn’t have been able to take it.\nSometimes I thought about o" ******* END TEXT: "h my entire soul, sang “Hatikva.” I felt like a person facing his execution, saying his last credo.\n"
9780814750957 - page_103: "START TEXT: I regretted this later, however. I heard that the Egyptians used the recording of my singing for the" ******* END TEXT: " didn’t know the language [laughs].\nThey weren’t aware that I was fluent in Arabic, although I used "
9780814750957 - page_104: "START TEXT: to talk to the guards from time to time. They were all orthodox and used to say their prayers in my " ******* END TEXT: "nced reading so intensely before. One becomes so sensitive and vulnerable, that identification with "
9780814750957 - page_105: "START TEXT: heroes, as well as rejection of them, is extremely strong. Any text with some emotional color was gr" ******* END TEXT: "g, “We’re taking you to stay with your friends in Abassiya, so pack your belongings and let’s go.”\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_79: "START TEXT: 3ISOLATION\n\nThroughout the period of interrogation, the prisoners were kept in solitary confinement," ******* END TEXT: "me, so I can’t tell you when the interrogations were terminated, or when the first visit of the Red "
9780814750957 - page_80: "START TEXT: Cross took place. I knew that when I would be freed, I would be freed. I was not in control. I could" ******* END TEXT: "imes I had delusions. Once in a while I would hear them beating prisoners in the cell next to mine, "
9780814750957 - page_81: "START TEXT: with cries of “Mother” and “Father” in Hebrew. To this day I don’t know if it was a recording, or if" ******* END TEXT: "pt. Because after all, even though you are an enemy, a certain relationship is created, and I think "
9780814750957 - page_82: "START TEXT: they respected me. I didn’t give myself away; I saved face. Perhaps it was my age, or my big mustach" ******* END TEXT: " I felt I had no more strength to stand the situation. It was total helplessness, hopelessness. The "
9780814750957 - page_83: "START TEXT: whole burden of the tragedy of the war between Israel and Egypt seemed to be on my shoulders, and I " ******* END TEXT: " was the only humanity around me. I must add a story from much later, when we were all together. On "
9780814750957 - page_84: "START TEXT: Passover Eve, after they had already locked the door for the night, a guard came in and wished us th" ******* END TEXT: "errogation I was totally absorbed in surviving. I was completely helpless, and I knew they could do "
9780814750957 - page_85: "START TEXT: anything to me. I kept asking to see the Red Cross agents, but they retorted that in fact nobody kne" ******* END TEXT: "come an important figure in my life. Between his visits, I would plan what to tell him next time he "
9780814750957 - page_86: "START TEXT: came. He became like a father to me, someone who brought in the smells of the outside world. He used" ******* END TEXT: "od guy Shamel came in, bringing me a piece of candy. What a great day—up to then all I got was pita "
9780814750957 - page_87: "START TEXT: and salted cheese. I took the candy and used it to mark lines on the wall. I compared the position o" ******* END TEXT: "ng old newspapers that I snatched from the toilet to write on. These things kept me busy for hours.\n"
9780814750957 - page_88: "START TEXT: At that time I developed some friendships with the guards. Sometimes they’d take me out for a walk i" ******* END TEXT: "em during the Sinai campaign.\nI didn’t delude myself. I kept telling myself that when I volunteered "
9780814750957 - page_89: "START TEXT: for the paratroopers, I knew what lay ahead. Friends of mine had been killed or wounded, and nobody " ******* END TEXT: "they had confused me with Amnon. But I was beaten a lot while they were figuring out their mistake.\n"
9780814750957 - page_90: "START TEXT: Suddenly, when I had already been transferred to the prison, they brought me a pile of clothes and s" ******* END TEXT: "t in my fantasy. I tried to figure out, for example, the direction of my cell, how many guards were "
9780814750957 - page_91: "START TEXT: posted on the wing, and when they changed, who the Israeli prisoners in the adjacent cells were. I r" ******* END TEXT: " a method of counting the “eights,” and when this became automatic, I used to direct my thoughts to "
9780814750957 - page_92: "START TEXT: different topics. I decided to reconstruct my life history as I was jogging and tried to go from age" ******* END TEXT: "well. It surprises me that I didn’t even try to establish any contacts with the other Israeli POWs, "
9780814750957 - page_93: "START TEXT: who I realized were not far from me. We were all actually in adjacent cells. The Red Cross agents to" ******* END TEXT: "im for about twenty minutes. I asked for a doctor. I asked him how many Israelis had been captured, "
9780814750957 - page_94: "START TEXT: and he winked but refrained from answering. I was afraid to talk to him freely, because his visit to" ******* END TEXT: "t me a tiny children’s book, a nice booklet translated from Russian to English. What I read most of "
9780814750957 - page_95: "START TEXT: the time was the Bible. I had a good edition, with interpretations, and I read it through three time" ******* END TEXT: "especially by the movement of light and shadow in my cell. I knew that the sun in that season moved "
9780814750957 - page_96: "START TEXT: fifteen degrees per hour, and I calculated the projection of the shadow on the floor. It wasn’t impo" ******* END TEXT: " the secret, so we limited ourselves to ten sentences per day. In fact, I didn’t know Amos or Amnon "
9780814750957 - page_97: "START TEXT: before; they abandoned their plane two weeks after us, and I found out about their captivity only th" ******* END TEXT: "om Yitzhak’s, and we communicated by knocking on it. We made up a code, which was rather difficult, "
9780814750957 - page_98: "START TEXT: and more suitable for English than for Hebrew words. The first time we succeeded in communicating, I" ******* END TEXT: " idea that had I acted differently, perhaps I could have saved the plane. These ideas depressed me, "
9780814750957 - page_99: "START TEXT: and I had to force myself to abandon them. I couldn’t let myself become deeply depressed in jail.\nTo" ******* END TEXT: "d a man whose head looked like a donkey, with a distorted face, frightening, like in horror movies, "
9780814750957 - page_106: "START TEXT: 4GETTING TOGETHER\n\nThe moment of meeting was extremely moving for the men and resulted in a definite" ******* END TEXT: "three meals a day; in other words, he was better off than I had been in solitary. They had probably "
9780814750957 - page_107: "START TEXT: believed that he was a civilian, not an enlisted man. Shortly after that, I believe it was about a w" ******* END TEXT: " so happy. With him was a man from the Intelligence whom I recognized as Shamel. Others knew him as "
9780814750957 - page_108: "START TEXT: Hyman—both fictitious names meaning left and right in Arabic. I slapped him on the back and said, “Y" ******* END TEXT: "a Mirage pilot, I was captured about six months ago, two months after you.” “We’re canteen workers, "
9780814750957 - page_109: "START TEXT: we were delivering our goods to the canal posts and kidnapped there.” I was the veteran among them. " ******* END TEXT: "l pivot or focus, which might have organized their lives. Things totally changed after our arrival.\n"
9780814750957 - page_110: "START TEXT: AMOS\nI kept demanding that they put us all together. Loneliness was terrible for me. On the day I wa" ******* END TEXT: "a pair of extra shorts, one pair of underpants, and some books. I realized I was being taken to the "
9780814750957 - page_111: "START TEXT: common room. And indeed, when the blindfold was taken off, I could see Dan, Avi, Amos, the canteen w" ******* END TEXT: " room. We ruled out the possibility that they were watching us or taking pictures, but we felt that "
9780814750957 - page_112: "START TEXT: they might be listening. At the end I told Rami that had they really listened, they would have punis" ******* END TEXT: "s hopes and expectations were realized—and gone. The moment was not such a peak experience as I had "
9780814750957 - page_113: "START TEXT: imagined it would be. It was one of the moments of this world, after all.\nThere was something else: " ******* END TEXT: " torture. They didn’t find a thing. Then they gave me a bed, and I gave them my cigarette treasure. "
9780814750957 - page_114: "START TEXT: “I’m coming from the canteen,” I teased. I approached Yair, and asked him how he ended up there. Aft" ******* END TEXT: "ay that this was the only really happy moment I experienced in all the three and a half years of my "
9780814750957 - page_115: "START TEXT: captivity. I realized that I wasn’t alone anymore, that there were other souls with whom to share my" ******* END TEXT: " mailed from Israel. The room was crowded with beds, with a dilapidated dining table at the center. "
9780814750957 - page_116: "START TEXT: It irritated me. I wouldn’t have minded if the room had been arranged to stress the temporariness of" ******* END TEXT: "up the things I saw, and we started changing them. That Friday’s minutes started, “Here he comes!”\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_117: "START TEXT: 5ORGANIZATION\n\nThis chapter, as well as the next two, is based on an open-ended request to describe " ******* END TEXT: "roup’s history. The emerging social system resembled a kibbutz, and was often compared to a utopia.\n"
9780814750957 - page_118: "START TEXT: RAMI\nThe most important aspect of the first stage of our lives together was the new grouping. We wer" ******* END TEXT: " morning. They brought us an oven and we achieved magnificent results with whipped cream and fruit.\n"
9780814750957 - page_119: "START TEXT: There was a heater for the outside shower. Twice a week the heater was lit. We calculated how much t" ******* END TEXT: "y decision that came up. I remember our efforts to give him the deciding voice: “Dan, as the senior "
9780814750957 - page_120: "START TEXT: member of the team, you decide.” But although he had been able to play this role in the old group of" ******* END TEXT: "er succeeded. Each person exercised according to his own private idiosyncrasies. Some of us jogged; "
9780814750957 - page_121: "START TEXT: some joined me in handstands. We never tried to create an obligatory regime; even the morning exerci" ******* END TEXT: "as actually Nurit’s idea. She sent us wool and wooden needles because obviously we were not allowed "
9780814750957 - page_122: "START TEXT: to receive sharp instruments, but they didn’t give us the wooden needles either. I peeled off wooden" ******* END TEXT: "place would be cleaned. There were those who baked the cakes and made ice cream. We prepared a more "
9780814750957 - page_123: "START TEXT: elegant meal, and immediately afterward went on with our meeting. On the Sabbath, it was permitted t" ******* END TEXT: "I made a vow not to let them break me. The next day, lying in bed, I tried to move my big toe, then "
9780814750957 - page_124: "START TEXT: the others. Later on I started to move the whole foot, repeating back-and-forth movements thousands " ******* END TEXT: "d, but he said, “I’m afraid to treat you, in all seriousness, because I’ll be blamed for curing the "
9780814750957 - page_125: "START TEXT: Zionist enemy.” We all heard him saying this. He gave me a penicillin shot. The gangrene would go do" ******* END TEXT: "ntained our sanity. It’s much easier to give in to the circumstances, to the dirt and to bickering, "
9780814750957 - page_126: "START TEXT: to get up in the morning and curse your luck. I think we had fewer fights among us than in a normal " ******* END TEXT: "own the offered exchange. “Let them sit and rot,” they said. “These Israelis will not be returned.”\n"
9780814750957 - page_127: "START TEXT: Our studies introduced an additional dimension of order into our lives. The fact that we had to get " ******* END TEXT: "or me, the Sabra. I felt that we, the prisoners, were encouraging him! In his humiliated demeanor I "
9780814750957 - page_128: "START TEXT: could see all the anti-semitism I had never experienced myself. Since I was the oldest of the group," ******* END TEXT: "following day the doctor of the jail came in and told us that the leader had died, but we shouldn’t "
9780814750957 - page_129: "START TEXT: worry since nothing would change in our conditions. I remember a funny episode from that event. On t" ******* END TEXT: "ter many years of this you get used to it, though. I feel lucky that we were joined by fellows like "
9780814750957 - page_130: "START TEXT: Rami and the others, with whom it was possible to share feelings. Somebody who is unrealistic would " ******* END TEXT: "o tell our people in Israel that we had a radio, and from then on we used to receive regards on the "
9780814750957 - page_131: "START TEXT: radio. They were often transmitted a couple of minutes before the midnight news.\nI got hooked on bri" ******* END TEXT: " because I spoke English better than the others—and gave me the names of all the pilots. He used to "
9780814750957 - page_132: "START TEXT: say, “Listen, things are not so good, they captured two more of your pilots.” I would ask, “Who? Who" ******* END TEXT: "rmation about the country or the military. We helped him by taking the splinters out of his body—an "
9780814750957 - page_133: "START TEXT: episode he dramatized too much when he was interviewed after his return.\nSo our day evolved around t" ******* END TEXT: "mer of that year, after the release of Los from the hospital. That was when I realized that we were "
9780814750957 - page_134: "START TEXT: doomed to a long stay. There were now ten of us already. I remember asking Yardi to send my records " ******* END TEXT: "tyle, music was often brought up. The group assembly was a good forum, because we reached decisions "
9780814750957 - page_135: "START TEXT: that couldn’t have been obtained in any other way. The assembly helped in maintaining order, and pro" ******* END TEXT: "ition period we got used to seeing life in prison as not completely transient. While in solitary or "
9780814750957 - page_136: "START TEXT: during the interrogation I had known that this would be my lot for a short time. When I arrived in t" ******* END TEXT: "common for POWs to study, we expected the Egyptians to agree. We changed our philosophy afterwards, "
9780814750957 - page_137: "START TEXT: though. We arrived at the conclusion that it was preferable to ask for as much as possible, because " ******* END TEXT: "hers were inspired from time to time and cooked something special. I remember that one day Rami and "
9780814750957 - page_138: "START TEXT: I decided to produce our own catsup. Some people used to put catsup on anything they ate, so the qua" ******* END TEXT: "her such project. But perhaps the translation also divided us into those who were more active in it "
9780814750957 - page_139: "START TEXT: as opposed to the rest, and this was something that disturbed the group as a whole.\nAMNON\nAs I arriv" ******* END TEXT: "class. Rami taught from his own knowledge whereas Menachem used the texts, in a more formal manner. "
9780814750957 - page_140: "START TEXT: Afterwards we obtained language instruction books, the Berlitz series for studying French, Spanish, " ******* END TEXT: "mber that the Jewish community in Egypt sent us some homemade cheese as a gift for Passover. It was "
9780814750957 - page_141: "START TEXT: the best cheese I’d ever eaten in my entire life. The Jews of Switzerland sent us a pile of chocolat" ******* END TEXT: " started in study groups before Menachem’s arrival, but he had an important contribution because he "
9780814750957 - page_142: "START TEXT: could be an academic instructor for me, and our work was accredited by the Technion when we came bac" ******* END TEXT: " pragmatic approach: let us ask for anything we have in mind, and if worst comes to worst, we won’t "
9780814750957 - page_143: "START TEXT: get it. All my propositions were approved. More important was the resolution concerning our lifestyl" ******* END TEXT: "The chairs had an additional advantage—they could be moved outside for reading in the sun; why not?\n"
9780814750957 - page_144: "START TEXT: The food we bought and received in our parcels enabled us to prepare a varied menu. Afterwards we go" ******* END TEXT: "tting up in the morning either. When I arrived, a sergeant used to come in and open the door to the "
9780814750957 - page_145: "START TEXT: courtyard at seven o’clock every morning. After this, one of the guys would get up and put on a reco" ******* END TEXT: "he Egyptians kept it for themselves.\nAnother activity was our game of bridge every afternoon. I was "
9780814750957 - page_146: "START TEXT: about the only one who didn’t get hooked on the game. Bridge is a great game, and I don’t know why i" ******* END TEXT: "r shortage in our room. It was only one of our many inventions, and most of them are still secret.\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_147: "START TEXT: 6SOCIAL LIFE\n\nThis chapter is based on collected quotations that focus on relatively informal intera" ******* END TEXT: " rarely did someone declare that he wanted to be alone, away from the rest. Our willingness to live "
9780814750957 - page_148: "START TEXT: and act together dominated. I never wanted to be alone. My first six months in solitary were certain" ******* END TEXT: "on or a compromise; it’s enough to be exposed to an opposing view. I was glad when he confronted me "
9780814750957 - page_149: "START TEXT: and yelled: “That’s not the right way!” To this day there are very few people who can confront me li" ******* END TEXT: "nts. This was perhaps the outcome of my failure to conduct group dynamic sessions. It was a sort of "
9780814750957 - page_150: "START TEXT: defense: as long as we don’t deal with emotions, they won’t destroy the fabric of our togetherness. " ******* END TEXT: "ould have stopped the constant clashes between the men and helped them cope with the circumstances. "
9780814750957 - page_151: "START TEXT: This was Menachem’s minority stand, while I fought for the establishment of a more natural framework" ******* END TEXT: "r. He became like a brother to me. Never before had I had such a close friendship with a man, and I "
9780814750957 - page_152: "START TEXT: think that only due to our isolation in captivity could I have allowed this to happen. Generally, it" ******* END TEXT: " so close to nine other men he didn’t choose to live with, and in a situation he didn’t like. There "
9780814750957 - page_153: "START TEXT: were arguments, but it is important to stress that only twice did they involve physical violence. Me" ******* END TEXT: "y discipline, but this was never tried.\nToday it is hard to explain what it was about our democracy "
9780814750957 - page_154: "START TEXT: that disturbed me so much. I think that the democratic process might have oppressed the minority in " ******* END TEXT: "laimed that Rami, the democrat, was a greater snob that I was. I was. … like a spoon that stirs the "
9780814750957 - page_155: "START TEXT: tea in the cup. I didn’t let the group sink. Just the same, had I been there alone with the men, wit" ******* END TEXT: " very high moral standard, maybe due to the background of some of us in the youth movement. No lies "
9780814750957 - page_156: "START TEXT: were accepted; nobody cheated the others. We never gossiped maliciously about members of the group, " ******* END TEXT: "for example, was clearly related to this social system. We all wanted to play, and the formation of "
9780814750957 - page_157: "START TEXT: the foursomes playing together became an important matter. This game demands concentration and under" ******* END TEXT: "ly important for both of us, and it helped us cope with being in captivity. Menachem also talked to "
9780814750957 - page_158: "START TEXT: me from time to time, but it was a one-sided communication. This was the case with Amos, too. I am a" ******* END TEXT: "Some of the jokes expressed how superior we felt in comparison to them. There was, for example, the "
9780814750957 - page_159: "START TEXT: story of the pump. Water pressure was low in Egypt; we used to say that the water was tired. When ou" ******* END TEXT: "e you hiding this electronics? Electronics is strictly forbidden.” Rami repeated his demonstration, "
9780814750957 - page_160: "START TEXT: using a bowl of water, a glass, and a match. The shocked general walked out of the cell keeping a di" ******* END TEXT: "were their orders. When we needed the doctor or the commander to come, we used to bang on the door.\n"
9780814750957 - page_161: "START TEXT: We created a kind of an island, isolated both from Egypt and from Israel. We developed our own cultu" ******* END TEXT: "e, and had we not changed accordingly, a terrible explosion would have occurred. No one had another "
9780814750957 - page_162: "START TEXT: place to retire to, there was not even a small cell at the side where someone could hide for a momen" ******* END TEXT: "os, and he was three and a half years younger than Yitzhak. Rami and Dan were much older and so was "
9780814750957 - page_163: "START TEXT: Menachem. The age gap was very significant for me. I had not yet left my family at the time, and the" ******* END TEXT: "word. Then we gradually resumed our relationship, but it was never as good as before that incident.\n"
9780814750957 - page_164: "START TEXT: Yitzhak and Menachem were the two men with whom I was most intimate. I never felt good vibes with Ra" ******* END TEXT: " too, was therapeutic in that sense.\nSome of us were able to release tension by listening to music. "
9780814750957 - page_165: "START TEXT: But different men had different tastes; some wanted to listen to their records at high volume. It wa" ******* END TEXT: "that he had clear opinions of his own on every topic. Menachem competed with him for the leadership "
9780814750957 - page_166: "START TEXT: position, but the results of this competition were clear before it ever started. For me, the Friday " ******* END TEXT: " their music on the radio or the record player, their moods—a thousand and one scenarios that could "
9780814750957 - page_167: "START TEXT: have turned our life into hell. It was quite probable that some would return home insane, perhaps al" ******* END TEXT: " I used a bedpan in the beginning, then the guys started to take me to the toilet and the shower. I "
9780814750957 - page_168: "START TEXT: was heavy even for all of them together. Sometimes I’d crawl on my bottom and sit on the floor, and " ******* END TEXT: "s not only a mechanism to solve problems and alleviate friction, but it proved to be therapeutic as "
9780814750957 - page_169: "START TEXT: well. We mainly discussed technical matters, actually, because we were afraid to open up on emotiona" ******* END TEXT: "rom the military canteen service. They sent mostly food. We used to joke, “See what we got compared "
9780814750957 - page_170: "START TEXT: to the Air Force men!” I never felt discriminated against. On the other hand, I’m grateful to the Ai" ******* END TEXT: "nius of the Air Force!” Often I think that it was worth being in captivity just to get to know him…\n"
9780814750957 - page_171: "START TEXT: Rami taught us to give in to one another. At first I didn’t understand it, but as time went on I rea" ******* END TEXT: "sent us parcels. Some were general parcels that came from the IDF, so to speak, but there were only "
9780814750957 - page_172: "START TEXT: six of each item. For every holiday these packages arrived—with six shirts, six towels, six sweatsui" ******* END TEXT: " the group, but neither did the others. I slept near Amnon, and we used to chat a lot at night. I’m "
9780814750957 - page_173: "START TEXT: not the type who makes confessions easily, nor do people come to me to confess. It was especially ha" ******* END TEXT: "ld approach Rami and say, “Look Rami, I want this or that,” and things would be arranged, somehow.\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_174: "START TEXT: 7THE INNER WORLD\n\nThe prisoners’ emotions of longing, fear, or despair, their fantasies and dreams c" ******* END TEXT: " such intimacy. After getting letters, we felt a deep longing for home. Someone might say that such "
9780814750957 - page_175: "START TEXT: and-such happened at home. We never discussed real things, no matter how homesick we felt. We were c" ******* END TEXT: "d the lamp on all day long, and it was depressing. I told the others: “What did you expect? We were "
9780814750957 - page_176: "START TEXT: caught doing what we weren’t supposed to do, and were punished for it.” It was only much later that " ******* END TEXT: "osophy. All the psychological truths that came to me in jail are documented in my letters to Nurit. "
9780814750957 - page_177: "START TEXT: Never before had I had the opportunity to develop my thoughts like this.\nI also received photographs" ******* END TEXT: ". It was fun to argue about the different cars. We used to share fantasies about our return, and by "
9780814750957 - page_178: "START TEXT: the way, our fantasies were very close to what happened in reality later. But I never planned my lif" ******* END TEXT: "rible. I am an engineer; I had already contributed to the department of firearms development, and I "
9780814750957 - page_179: "START TEXT: knew what else I could contribute. I was about to be significantly promoted in my career just before" ******* END TEXT: "o notice. He would come out with his crutches, at his slow pace, and make me walk side by side with "
9780814750957 - page_180: "START TEXT: him. We walked, and he would talk to me softly about various matters, as if he knew and didn’t know " ******* END TEXT: "selves when we returned. The family photographs reinforced our fantasies. I dreamt of the beautiful "
9780814750957 - page_181: "START TEXT: family, beautiful wife, a sports car—everything. This was quite natural. We had had a fairly high st" ******* END TEXT: " my interrogators, that he was right there in the next cell, and collaborating better than I was. …\n"
9780814750957 - page_182: "START TEXT: I received only two letters by the beginning of November, one from my mother and one from Michal. Af" ******* END TEXT: " big holiday to construct our fantasy. We said, we’ll be back by Hanukkah, and if not, certainly by "
9780814750957 - page_183: "START TEXT: Purim. The holiday to wait for was naturally always moving forward, but the intervals till the next " ******* END TEXT: "ut when we calculated the odds, we concluded that our rescue would cost Israel a helicopter and ten "
9780814750957 - page_184: "START TEXT: casualties. Dan couldn’t have made it, because he was badly wounded. When all was taken into conside" ******* END TEXT: "wife and girls and the family, about what awaited me at home, preserved me for a while. But as time "
9780814750957 - page_185: "START TEXT: went on, my memories faded. I wasn’t able to build a picture of what was really happening at home fr" ******* END TEXT: "aybe some of us didn’t want to be completely separated from jail, since it was such a secure haven.\n"
9780814750957 - page_186: "START TEXT: AMOS\nI wrote the first letters in solitary confinement on my knees. When I was in the common room I " ******* END TEXT: "s if it were my whole world: this is where I am, and I don’t expect to be out. I made up my mind to "
9780814750957 - page_187: "START TEXT: live with what I had and tried to cut off my ties to anything else. It was difficult, and I had to w" ******* END TEXT: " after that—she saw all black. And indeed, I was taken captive. This same girlfriend had maintained "
9780814750957 - page_188: "START TEXT: a relationship with my family and told the story to my twin brother. So one day he went to the same " ******* END TEXT: "em that I remained sane, both physically and mentally, so that they’d stop worrying about me. But I "
9780814750957 - page_189: "START TEXT: didn’t manage to write anything besides that, in spite of the fact that I put a lot of time and effo" ******* END TEXT: " noticing. There was absolutely no manifestation of lust among us, neither in words nor in conduct.\n"
9780814750957 - page_190: "START TEXT: I tried to bring up the subject of marriage and love in several of our Friday night meetings. Sex wa" ******* END TEXT: " avoided organizing myself for a long stay. Perhaps it would have been easier had I known then what "
9780814750957 - page_191: "START TEXT: Yardi knew. After I was captured, she went to a palm reader, who told her that we’d be released in M" ******* END TEXT: "s people kept saying: There’s nothing new, we don’t know. What then? We’d be buried there for life?\n"
9780814750957 - page_192: "START TEXT: Before, in the interrogation center, whenever I’d bring up the image of my family it would weaken me" ******* END TEXT: "bility to open the door and walk out.\nOur sex drive found its only expression in masturbation, each "
9780814750957 - page_193: "START TEXT: one in his private realm. Talking about sex among us was taboo. Another unmentioned topic was the co" ******* END TEXT: "e us by means of a military operation. Somebody thought that my letters referred to the same thing.\n"
9780814750957 - page_194: "START TEXT: MOTTI\nI managed to occupy myself so well in jail that I didn’t feel I was missing home anymore. I to" ******* END TEXT: "y wouldn’t allow us to take back the diary of our meetings. This gave me an idea to conduct a diary "
9780814750957 - page_195: "START TEXT: through my letters. I wrote what I did every day, copied it into a letter, and mailed it. This way I" ******* END TEXT: "nd out that they don’t nest in a jar.\nOne day, while we were playing bridge, I heard Dina squeaking "
9780814750957 - page_196: "START TEXT: in the yard. I rushed out and saw her with a tiny parrot in her mouth. I saved the bird and put it i" ******* END TEXT: "e always came back. When she grew up she had kittens, and other cats also arrived. We used to argue "
9780814750957 - page_197: "START TEXT: about the names of the pets. Five or six of them returned with us to Israel.\nThe cats were with us f" ******* END TEXT: "ite away, if it was forbidden to raise it, but why did they have to kill it right before our eyes?\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_198: "START TEXT: 8TESTIMONY\n\nFollowing are some translated protocols and excerpts from the diary, and a sample of the" ******* END TEXT: "jority for decisions is six people.\n5. In case of a tie vote, the chairman has the power to decide.\n"
9780814750957 - page_199: "START TEXT: 6. If all of the suggestions brought up at a given meeting have not been discussed, they will be pos" ******* END TEXT: "raph and records: The phonograph should be kept on the table, records should be cleaned before use.\n"
9780814750957 - page_200: "START TEXT: 7. Carrying out decisions: What is written in the notebook is obligatory. It would be better not to " ******* END TEXT: " all eyes are watching us!!! Behave seriously and quietly with the wardens. They are still suspect!\n"
9780814750957 - page_201: "START TEXT: Soccer and chess leagues: Accepted by all. We will allow a week for the formulation of the rules, an" ******* END TEXT: "once involving Benny and once involving Motti—it was decided to report him to the Red Cross and not "
9780814750957 - page_202: "START TEXT: to the commander of the prison. Minimize contacts with him and do not make fun of him. (Is it possib" ******* END TEXT: "ys that painting the room is important, but shelves are unnecessary, and would take too much space.\n"
9780814750957 - page_203: "START TEXT: Menachem: There is no space problem and the room will be more pleasant. As for other requests: if we" ******* END TEXT: "Menachem.\n\nPhysics:\nLevel a: Mechanics. Teacher: Rami.\n\n \nLevel b: Electricity. Teacher: Menachem.\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_204: "START TEXT: English:\nLevel a: Advanced. Teacher: Yitzhak.\n\n \nLevel b: Very advanced. Teacher: Yitzhak.\n\nBible:\nT" ******* END TEXT: "d Tuesday for the Japanese.\nIt was decided to keep Friday free for cleaning, and Saturday for rest.\n"
9780814750957 - page_205: "START TEXT: FROM THE RED CROSS REPORTS TO THE FAMILIES\nVisit on July 24, 1971\nThe place: The men asked to paint " ******* END TEXT: "f them got two parcels. No letters were delivered. Each prisoner wrote two letters to be sent home.\n"
9780814750957 - page_206: "START TEXT: Care: There are no complaints. Since our last visit the guys were taken on tours of Cairo at night. " ******* END TEXT: ". 33. October 8, 1971. Chairman: Yitzhak\nParcels from home: Are the personal parcels to be divided?\n"
9780814750957 - page_207: "START TEXT: Rami: Every parcel is personal, but if there is excess, or items that one does not like, they will b" ******* END TEXT: ", Menachem provides an interpretation. In the meantime we eat Jello. An eternal problem is debated: "
9780814750957 - page_208: "START TEXT: the cake, the Jew, and the preserved milk. Benny volunteers to bake a cake. David seconds. Rami plan" ******* END TEXT: "n types of conversations, we can develop our group further, to the benefit of all. General subjects "
9780814750957 - page_209: "START TEXT: can be discussed, in areas of human relations, love, and anger, for example, only if we agree not to" ******* END TEXT: "], through the cannal and will reach you within 48 hours, that I can insure [sic] you.\n[In Hebrew:]\n"
9780814750957 - page_210: "START TEXT: “Well, Rami, what’s up? What did you talk about for 20 minutes?”\nRami: “Guys, everything is okay. We" ******* END TEXT: " expressed their opinions about the place of the study program and its influence on our lives here.\n"
9780814750957 - page_211: "START TEXT: Excerpt from Meeting No. 68. June 16, 1972. Chairman: Amnon\nBridge: The subject exploded because of " ******* END TEXT: "e ventilator. The last days have been very hot and dry. Dan wants ventilation. An argument started, "
9780814750957 - page_212: "START TEXT: because Menachem catches a cold if any air touches him at night. He sleeps exactly between Dan (who " ******* END TEXT: "udying bridge with three men of his choice, outside the regular time for the game. He feels that he "
9780814750957 - page_213: "START TEXT: is not advancing in the game as much as he could. Yet making a foursome outside the regular hours ma" ******* END TEXT: "irror were installed in the bathroom. With the additional furnishing, the room looks more cheerful.\n"
9780814750957 - page_214: "START TEXT: Hygiene: The Red Cross officers found all the POWs clean, as was their clothing. The room is clean. " ******* END TEXT: "ed that the Egyptians respect the agreement to deliver letters in both directions within two weeks.\n"
9780814750957 - page_215: "START TEXT: Relationships: There were no complaints about the guards, soldiers, or officers.\nGeneral comments: T" ******* END TEXT: "ns: to keep only Dina indoors, and put the others outside. In spite of Benny’s reservations, it was "
9780814750957 - page_216: "START TEXT: agreed to keep Dina indoors, because she is about to have kittens, and she tends to run away.\nMeetin" ******* END TEXT: "and seven hours, we were reunited. It was a great relief.\nOn Friday the TV and radio were returned.\n"
9780814750957 - page_217: "START TEXT: In the meeting it was decided to be very cautious with information.\nMeeting No. 137. October 9, 1973" ******* END TEXT: "’t mind sleeping outside.\nThe serious part is over. Now let’s have something instead of ice cream.\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_218: "START TEXT: 9THE RETURN\n\nThe release after close to four years in prison, the return to Israel, and the reunion " ******* END TEXT: "rday that year. By accident, Yitzhak put on the BBC, and all of a sudden we heard that Egyptian and "
9780814750957 - page_219: "START TEXT: Syrian forces had penetrated Israel, and that war had broken out. There was a very heavy feeling. I " ******* END TEXT: "d. After passing the prison yard, Sharif ordered my blindfold to be taken off and said: “Come, Dan, "
9780814750957 - page_220: "START TEXT: let’s go to Cairo and shop for gifts for the wife and children. After that you’ll meet the Red Cross" ******* END TEXT: "s and POW exchanges were taking place.\nI took my leave of the Egyptians. General Gamassi saluted me "
9780814750957 - page_221: "START TEXT: and I returned his salute. A commotion started right away on the Israeli side: “Don’t take any pictu" ******* END TEXT: "ed, with photographers, and told us that the next day we would be going home. Later I heard that my "
9780814750957 - page_222: "START TEXT: picture was on Jordanian television that night, and my parents had seen me. We were very excited and" ******* END TEXT: "at you imagined all those years. You wear the clothes you’ve prepared, you board the bus. It’s like "
9780814750957 - page_223: "START TEXT: having the fantasy once more, only this time it’s for real. So you’re not excited. You accept it for" ******* END TEXT: "nounced, he dropped some dishes and they broke. He said, “If I’m on that plane, how come I’m here?”\n"
9780814750957 - page_224: "START TEXT: The Red Cross agents came once more in the evening, to promise that tomorrow would really be the day" ******* END TEXT: "that plane. I was sitting there reflecting, now I’ll arrive in Israel and meet all those people who "
9780814750957 - page_225: "START TEXT: caused me so much anger, because they didn’t write letters, didn’t send parcels; yet at the same tim" ******* END TEXT: "are our guests and we’ll treat you the same as before.” Dan was returned on October 31, and we knew "
9780814750957 - page_226: "START TEXT: that our day was coming too. But we maintained our regular routine to the last day; we even renovate" ******* END TEXT: "ase for another reception, and then we went to the kibbutz for a third one. All the kibbutz members "
9780814750957 - page_227: "START TEXT: formed two rows from the gate to the dining hall, and I passed between the lines, shaking hands. We " ******* END TEXT: ". All this produced mixed feelings.\nI remember that this war seemed to go on forever. I told myself "
9780814750957 - page_228: "START TEXT: that we had to be out by October 24, since this was my oldest daughter’s birthday. In fact this was " ******* END TEXT: "y job. And that’s just what happened.\nI went to talk to another pilot, a wounded young man lying on "
9780814750957 - page_229: "START TEXT: a stretcher. He told me that he had been wounded after his ejection, when Egyptian farmers nearly ki" ******* END TEXT: "e, but all of a sudden it seemed so small and crowded. It was perhaps because of all the flowers in "
9780814750957 - page_230: "START TEXT: the living room. Right away I noticed things that needed repair—a broken door on the refrigerator, f" ******* END TEXT: "told us what was happening in Israel.\nDalia came to the airport, but she didn’t bring our daughter. "
9780814750957 - page_231: "START TEXT: The whole government was waiting for us, and so was the Air Force. This was obvious; I expected it. " ******* END TEXT: "ere. To return meant to go back to the woman I loved, to a family, to a warmth that I had missed so "
9780814750957 - page_232: "START TEXT: much all those four years. To this very day I still ask myself, what did I do with that warmth all t" ******* END TEXT: "lock news came on, they said, “Hey guys, let’s watch the whole story on the TV!” This was too much.\n"
9780814750957 - page_233: "START TEXT: I think only after nine o’clock were we finally alone. Yardi and I started to collect ourselves and " ******* END TEXT: "all the crowdedness and excitement repeated itself. And the war had just finished—and where was I?\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_234: "START TEXT: 10BACK TO LIFE\n\nThe ten former POWs painted very different pictures of the sensitive first weeks bac" ******* END TEXT: "sphere destroyed much of the joy of our release. I suddenly missed some people who had been killed. "
9780814750957 - page_235: "START TEXT: On top of that there was this whole business of coming back to reality, after the fulfillment of the" ******* END TEXT: "un with me. In a way, this is the dream of the return and the reality one encounters in a nutshell.\n"
9780814750957 - page_236: "START TEXT: For a long time after my release, I was disconnected from reality, really out of it. I had returned " ******* END TEXT: "to it just the same. For a year we lived on that base, with about twenty families, and went on many "
9780814750957 - page_237: "START TEXT: trips in the desert. We had a lot of time for ourselves. When the year was over, I was appointed com" ******* END TEXT: "ere plenty of things I wanted to do.\nI don’t remember the very first period after my liberation. We "
9780814750957 - page_238: "START TEXT: had briefings during the first week or so; the Air Force wanted to know what we had said in our inte" ******* END TEXT: "her’s and our daughters’ love for me. But evidently I needed to put more effort into these relation "
9780814750957 - page_239: "START TEXT: ships. Esther had changed while I was gone; I think for the better. She coped excellently. But the d" ******* END TEXT: " I think nobody paid attention to our needs, perhaps because the whole country was under the trauma "
9780814750957 - page_240: "START TEXT: of the war. I believe that both we and our families should have been prepared systematically for the" ******* END TEXT: ", I had the sense that the whole world had stopped in its tracks, and I went back to where our life "
9780814750957 - page_241: "START TEXT: had been interrupted. Our daughter was an addition to the family, of course, but I behaved as if not" ******* END TEXT: "ile he’s not even around to defend himself! The trauma was so great that I couldn’t accept the idea "
9780814750957 - page_242: "START TEXT: of a divorce. I had no mental strength left for coping with a new situation. I was particularly hurt" ******* END TEXT: "it seems to me that my life at that time was sort of unreal. I remember the pain of separation from "
9780814750957 - page_243: "START TEXT: the girls. I was flooded with longing for our brief moments of happiness in our bungalow, when I cam" ******* END TEXT: "e army demanded that I should sign up for years of service in return. When we went to the personnel "
9780814750957 - page_244: "START TEXT: commander with our list of requests, we found him under a great deal of pressure. His own son had ju" ******* END TEXT: "d in mind going to Rio for the carnival to rediscover each other. After my return, it didn’t matter "
9780814750957 - page_245: "START TEXT: to me where we’d go, as long as we’d be together, share the excitement of new places, and recover so" ******* END TEXT: "ars now and have no misgivings about my retirement. What puzzles me is how the others resumed their "
9780814750957 - page_246: "START TEXT: duties in the Air Force, especially Amnon, who had been more afraid than any of us.\nBENNY\nI returned" ******* END TEXT: " if somebody else had experienced all the suffering. In fact, I know everything that happened and I "
9780814750957 - page_247: "START TEXT: can talk about it, but I’m not touched by the story. There was a third Benny, actually—the young man" ******* END TEXT: "antly packed with people, and I can’t recall who they were. I had to be present; I had no choice; I "
9780814750957 - page_248: "START TEXT: couldn’t run away. Nobody gave us any help in finding ourselves. There was no hand to direct us, no " ******* END TEXT: " have nothing but praise for the Air Force. This is a corps that knows how to take care of its men.\n"
9780814750957 - page_249: "START TEXT: DAN\nOne day after my return, I was admitted to the hospital for examinations. They had a whole wing " ******* END TEXT: "sible anyway. I learned to reconcile myself to the loss, and I left a wide open hole in my history.\n"
9780814750957 - page_250: "START TEXT: I think it was at least a year until I got somewhat organized. I didn’t work for a whole year, becau" ******* END TEXT: " cannot convey their experience. The language is the same language, but the seasons are different.\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_251: "START TEXT: 11PERSONAL CONCLUSIONS\n\nToward the end of our interviews, I asked each of the men to reflect on the " ******* END TEXT: "ral degrees of defeat: one can return the plane without accomplishing the mission; one can lose the "
9780814750957 - page_252: "START TEXT: plane but return to Israeli territory; one can abandon the plane and fall into enemy hands. So in wh" ******* END TEXT: "rice like we did. I remember the night in Egypt when I heard that the Yom Kippur War had ended with "
9780814750957 - page_253: "START TEXT: 3,400 casualties. I couldn’t restrain myself. The courtyard was locked for the night and I had nowhe" ******* END TEXT: "I still view this period as a waste.\nMy captivity entirely changed the course of my life. Had I not "
9780814750957 - page_254: "START TEXT: been captured, I’d still be married to Michal, we would have had another child, and I’d be living as" ******* END TEXT: " me with the opportunity to close some gaps. I read a lot, and it had a good influence on me. Had I "
9780814750957 - page_255: "START TEXT: not been captured, I would never have become a reader. The prison reality made a student out of me, " ******* END TEXT: "ch less time, and in spite of their intense effect, they’re nothing but a small point in my life. I "
9780814750957 - page_256: "START TEXT: can’t evaluate the effect of captivity on my life, but I guess the more I live, the slighter its eff" ******* END TEXT: "lt. When I serve in the reserves in the occupied territories and come upon a demonstration, I don’t "
9780814750957 - page_257: "START TEXT: wait for a rock to hit me but fire to hit them first, in spite of the strict orders against it. I es" ******* END TEXT: " could have done much more; but if I was doomed to be detained, and I evaluate what I did gain from "
9780814750957 - page_258: "START TEXT: it, I see that I have accumulated information and improved my social skills considerably. I acquired" ******* END TEXT: "hands. By building ourselves up during the long captivity, our sense of failure was abated somehow. "
9780814750957 - page_259: "START TEXT: We had enough leisure time to analyze and work through the trauma. Each of us found a personal direc" ******* END TEXT: "troduced in the kibbutz way of life, such as having the children sleep in their family’s apartment. "
9780814750957 - page_260: "START TEXT: Perhaps I find it harder to change than others do. Could this be the outcome of my captivity? When I" ******* END TEXT: " get along with people, and they enjoy coming and talking to me. I think that I took after Rami. He "
9780814750957 - page_261: "START TEXT: is a perfect human being, and he was our teacher. He built us all in the proper way. I have never sa" ******* END TEXT: "it still and find out what was I thinking. If I hadn’t been captured, it might never have happened.\n"
9780814750957 - page_262: "START TEXT: I think that a person who grows up in a warm, normal family doesn’t discover this truth so easily. S" ******* END TEXT: "thdraw into my inner cave, and when I do I make fun of myself there, but I’m still pleased with it.\n"
9780814750957 - page_263: "START TEXT: My behavior has been formed over time, but my captivity intensified the learning process. It’s true " ******* END TEXT: "se, I developed a more profound relationship with Nurit and the children, and I’m thankful for it.\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_264: "START TEXT: 12FROM THE WOMEN’S PERSPECTIVE: CAPTURE\n\nThe next three chapters are based on interviews with the fi" ******* END TEXT: "very tense period. We had a two-way radio at home, and when Rami finally came home for the night he "
9780814750957 - page_265: "START TEXT: was often summoned back on an emergency. The children hated that radio.\nIn the meantime I became pre" ******* END TEXT: "xt to me, all upset; they wanted to get to the party. Meanwhile I saw the car of the base commander "
9780814750957 - page_266: "START TEXT: approaching the gate, with several men in it, and I knew the worst was coming.\nYallo told me right a" ******* END TEXT: " to take the girls and go visit my friends. It was clear we couldn’t make any future plans then and "
9780814750957 - page_267: "START TEXT: that all decisions should be postponed. At the same time I can’t say I was anxious or worried for Me" ******* END TEXT: "on’t go out now,” which was strange. I felt confused and asked myself what was happening. It turned "
9780814750957 - page_268: "START TEXT: out that he knew that several officers were on their way to tell me, and he wanted to keep me at hom" ******* END TEXT: "ived for a while on the base and I had breathed the atmosphere of the Air Force—the joy of hitting, "
9780814750957 - page_269: "START TEXT: and the losses when our own men were hit. But when Avi was on duty, I never worried; it was this fam" ******* END TEXT: "t relief, because I assumed that from now on they would be responsible for his life and well-being.\n"
9780814750957 - page_270: "START TEXT: Immediately after I heard what had happened, I was taken by plane to Tel Aviv to talk to our parents" ******* END TEXT: "e husband, Yair, was Yitz’s navigator on the flight that day. She was expecting a baby at the time. "
9780814750957 - page_271: "START TEXT: Their house was near ours, and I could see our entrance from her window. Suddenly I noticed the car " ******* END TEXT: "Yitz. I had the feeling that I must stick to our routines, the only way to show I was still normal. "
9780814750957 - page_272: "START TEXT: Furthermore, I didn’t want the girls to miss anything because of this “nonsense.” But again, underne" ******* END TEXT: " Lebanese paper, and as much as it was an awful picture, it was our evidence that he had survived.\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_273: "START TEXT: 13FROM THE WOMEN’S PERSPECTIVE:LIVING ALONE\n\n“What happened later?” I asked. The women provided thei" ******* END TEXT: "lso supervised the wives in a variety of other ways, almost taking the role of the missing husband.\n"
9780814750957 - page_274: "START TEXT: NURIT\nI spent the first night at my mother’s in the kibbutz. Some friends tried to convince me to st" ******* END TEXT: "nd I knew he was following in Rami’s footsteps. So I decided to attend the ceremony and was given a "
9780814750957 - page_275: "START TEXT: ride on a light plane to get there. Four days later, on August 4, I gave birth to twin girls.\nI was " ******* END TEXT: "omebody would only tell me they had seen him, that he was really alive. … Just then Nasser made his "
9780814750957 - page_276: "START TEXT: declaration that he’d never return these POWs to Israel. Finally, on August 30, I got the news from " ******* END TEXT: "uffering far away. When we improved our communication, it helped to relieve some of these feelings.\n"
9780814750957 - page_277: "START TEXT: Gradually we formed a network of the POWs’ wives. First I became friends with Dalia, who lived on th" ******* END TEXT: "ractical purposes, your partner is gone, as if he’s dead; at the same time he’s highly present, and "
9780814750957 - page_278: "START TEXT: you can’t ignore him. Whenever I made a decision, which happened hundreds of times, I felt a tremend" ******* END TEXT: "ed to the style of some of the wives who got really disrespectful and violent on certain occasions.\n"
9780814750957 - page_279: "START TEXT: Apparently these activities provided me with a certain freedom of movement that most kibbutz members" ******* END TEXT: "gional high school. The children grew up and life went on—until the outbreak of the Yom Kippur War.\n"
9780814750957 - page_280: "START TEXT: ESTHER\nAlthough I was familiar with both Michal and Nurit, I hadn’t visited them in the interval bet" ******* END TEXT: "same man and seemed to be in control.\nThe efforts to obtain their release went on all the time, but "
9780814750957 - page_281: "START TEXT: especially for Menachem and the other wounded men. They made him stay at the hospital far longer the" ******* END TEXT: "hings, and after a long interval something arrived that did not exactly fulfill their expectations, "
9780814750957 - page_282: "START TEXT: they reacted in great pain and anger. It’s hard to describe the effort that we put into this whole m" ******* END TEXT: "d. They described his feelings and thoughts and reactions to the books he read. When he wrote about "
9780814750957 - page_283: "START TEXT: feeling bad, he never exaggerated. I greatly appreciated this. He kept complaining that my letters w" ******* END TEXT: "umstances, especially when the couple’s relationship had had its flaws prior to captivity. Menachem "
9780814750957 - page_284: "START TEXT: and I, however, were separated during a good period, and we felt deeply for each other. I was ready " ******* END TEXT: "ugh and doesn’t treat me especially well for it, but I can’t formulate exactly what it’s all about.\n"
9780814750957 - page_285: "START TEXT: DALIA\nAt the beginning I didn’t form any relationships with the other families. I lived in the city " ******* END TEXT: "tioning about my private business.\nAt first, none of us knew how to send parcels and what to put in "
9780814750957 - page_286: "START TEXT: them. There were duplicate attempts, by us privately and by the Air Force liaison department. Many t" ******* END TEXT: "t, too, they were preparing the release, but just then new prisoners were captured, and a whole new "
9780814750957 - page_287: "START TEXT: process began. When I returned to the astrologist he told me that now it would be a long time. He to" ******* END TEXT: " and tried to read the future with me.\nAfter that period I changed, somehow. I started to live as a "
9780814750957 - page_288: "START TEXT: student. I stopped being as self-centered as I had been, developed several new relationships in the " ******* END TEXT: "letter, written like a myth about captivity and return. It was a beautiful, touching story, nothing "
9780814750957 - page_289: "START TEXT: more, nothing less. Two days later, however, men from the censor’s office came to ask for my help in" ******* END TEXT: "e cannot guess what would have happened if the captivity would have continued a year or two longer.\n"
9780814750957 - page_290: "START TEXT: MICHAL\nI remember that I was told very early on to prepare myself for a long separation from Yitz. P" ******* END TEXT: " born. Gradually, his letters became regular. They were beautiful letters and always a major event.\n"
9780814750957 - page_291: "START TEXT: The Air Force had people read all our correspondence, however. Once I wrote to Yitz that I felt so l" ******* END TEXT: " forever—there was no end in sight.\nThere was pressure of all kinds. My inner needs were the result "
9780814750957 - page_292: "START TEXT: of my loneliness. I needed someone to love me, to care for me, to share my load. I had become everyt" ******* END TEXT: "ith Gideon grew in depth and commitment, I became dismayed about my letters to Yitz. I wanted to be "
9780814750957 - page_293: "START TEXT: fair with him and write honestly about what had happened. The liaison people from the Air Force stro" ******* END TEXT: "lt that my relationship with Gideon was unbreakable, notwithstanding all that I had to pay for it.\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_294: "START TEXT: 14FROM THE WOMEN’SPERSPECTIVE: THE RETURN\n\nThe return of the men was, naturally, the happy conclusio" ******* END TEXT: "quadron the morning of the Yom Kippur holiday, and so were other pilots. In spite of this, when the "
9780814750957 - page_295: "START TEXT: war was announced in the early afternoon, I was deeply surprised and bewildered. My major concern wa" ******* END TEXT: "the hall where all the families were assembled. It was so quiet, and I felt terrible. It turned out "
9780814750957 - page_296: "START TEXT: that a few moments earlier the names of the POWs reported on the plane had been read, and Rami’s nam" ******* END TEXT: "e break between them. The older children accepted him faster and shared all the ceremonies with us.\n"
9780814750957 - page_297: "START TEXT: We were rushing from one reception to the next, and my mother was always near us. Luckily she’s a wo" ******* END TEXT: "s from mine, and I was able to listen.\nThe year in the Sinai was great. The children went to school "
9780814750957 - page_298: "START TEXT: and I got a job at a marine biology lab in Eilat, while Rami conducted flying instruction during the" ******* END TEXT: "I had seen myself as small in comparison to Rami. I had given no importance to my own achievements. "
9780814750957 - page_299: "START TEXT: Life in the Air Force dwarfs women, you know. Men are the heroes, they act and experience, while the" ******* END TEXT: " out, I had these terrible mixed feelings: fear of the war, and with it, my personal celebration. I "
9780814750957 - page_300: "START TEXT: knew that Menachem would come back, and mentally, I started to prepare myself.\nWe were told that our" ******* END TEXT: "ter midnight, at some friends’ house, I wanted to go home; I was completely exhausted. He said, “Go "
9780814750957 - page_301: "START TEXT: home by yourself.” I went home and cried my heart out. This was about a week after his return. When " ******* END TEXT: "eriod in my mind. Later on I thought that Menachem had been angry at me, in part unconsciously, for "
9780814750957 - page_302: "START TEXT: being so strong and competent in his absence. In my letters I went on about my accomplishments. I re" ******* END TEXT: "al family. For Menachem it has never been enough, but we have learned to live with our differences.\n"
9780814750957 - page_303: "START TEXT: DALIA\nRight after his return, it seemed as if Amos was a different man. He was very open and talked " ******* END TEXT: "n. In the summer prior to the war, I went to South Africa with friends, and that’s where I received "
9780814750957 - page_304: "START TEXT: the news about the mounting tension in the area. I knew that war was coming, although even Israeli I" ******* END TEXT: "es were put in a distant hall, while the big shots from the Air Force and government could see them "
9780814750957 - page_305: "START TEXT: descend and be right there near the airplane. I don’t know whose idea it was. Every additional minut" ******* END TEXT: " me to figure out what to do with my relationship with Yitz. I decided to tell Yitz in my own time.\n"
9780814750957 - page_306: "START TEXT: We had some briefings with a psychologist prior to the return. He was especially annoying in his att" ******* END TEXT: "he morning I called Rami in the kibbutz and he told me that Yitz was in a safe place, and that he’d "
9780814750957 - page_307: "START TEXT: return home when he could. Rami came to see me later, and we discussed the matter frankly. I think t" ******* END TEXT: "ded with Yitz. The Air Force dealt with all the formalities. I didn’t even follow the arrangemerits "
9780814750957 - page_308: "START TEXT: and was willing to give up my financial benefits in order to free myself and get custody of the girl" ******* END TEXT: ". We used to love each other intensely, but perhaps for every age there’s a different sort of love. "
9780814750957 - page_309: "START TEXT: I’m not one of those women who look for brief affairs, for momentary satisfactions; I’m a person of " ******* END TEXT: "ble. Possibly Yitz and I are victims of the war situation; I find no better description than that.\n\n"
9780814750957 - page_310: "START TEXT: 15SURVIVAL AND COPING:ON NARRATIVE, TIME, AND CONTEXT\n\nThe evidence presented in this book provides " ******* END TEXT: "sonal elements combine to create stress and thus demand unusual coping ability. Furthermore, it may "
9780814750957 - page_311: "START TEXT: provide a model for more ordinary conditions we all encounter, as we negotiate our life course among" ******* END TEXT: "ehow, the responsibility for their misfortune (Lifton 1973; American Psychiatric Association 1987).\n"
9780814750957 - page_312: "START TEXT: A critical period of silence may be necessary before victims mobilize enough courage to deal with th" ******* END TEXT: "ives in perspective, in the context of later developments, adds a rich texture to their narratives.\n"
9780814750957 - page_313: "START TEXT: Another factor to take into account is that stories are always told within a context of an interpers" ******* END TEXT: " taker. Women have less expertise or experience than men in the military realm, and even less so in "
9780814750957 - page_314: "START TEXT: being taken captive (an exception, during the Persian Gulf War, is Corum 1992). Thus I conveyed the " ******* END TEXT: "long incarceration constituted of a severe, on-going strain. That physical conditions in the common "
9780814750957 - page_315: "START TEXT: room gradually improved and that items such as learning materials became available are not merely po" ******* END TEXT: " end result, according to the accounts of most of the men, the positive outcomes of their captivity "
9780814750957 - page_316: "START TEXT: outweigh the negative ones. The majority considered their time in captivity as “good” or “not bad,” " ******* END TEXT: "ch symptoms. On the contrary, rather than the typical avoidance of thoughts and feelings associated "
9780814750957 - page_317: "START TEXT: with the trauma, the men demonstrated their willingness to share in detail the narratives of their c" ******* END TEXT: "ted into military service for three years (Gal 1986; Lieblich 1989). The Israeli Air Force, as well "
9780814750957 - page_318: "START TEXT: as the paratrooper corps, is highly selective and rejects a high percentage of the young enlisted me" ******* END TEXT: "able. The pilots and navigators told me about numerous efforts to avoid abandoning their planes and "
9780814750957 - page_319: "START TEXT: falling into enemy territory, stressing the damage they caused to the enemy during their last missio" ******* END TEXT: "ization/depersonalization experience.\nThe men repeatedly mentioned the mechanism of autosuggestion, "
9780814750957 - page_320: "START TEXT: in the form of drawing comfort from beliefs that the time of captivity would be brief and that attem" ******* END TEXT: "fferent cognitive mechanisms, most of the prisoners managed to devise strategies for their struggle "
9780814750957 - page_321: "START TEXT: against their interrogators and tormentors, and in this framework they could evaluate their performa" ******* END TEXT: "ly threatened his life, and he was the only man who had presented a false identity to the Egyptians "
9780814750957 - page_322: "START TEXT: and therefore was constantly afraid of being discovered. As for Amnon, who had been quite immature w" ******* END TEXT: "ared their state to that of the Yom Kippur War POWs, who were exchanged after only a few weeks, the "
9780814750957 - page_323: "START TEXT: prisoners of the War of Attrition considered themselves clearly more sane and sound, in spite of the" ******* END TEXT: "ed that they were not forgotten, and that Israel was making every possible effort to liberate them.\n"
9780814750957 - page_324: "START TEXT: Besides reinforcing group cohesiveness, being “good” or “virtuous” in the midst of an “evil” and hos" ******* END TEXT: "ne of the most salient values of the group. The fact that two of the prisoners were kibbutz members "
9780814750957 - page_325: "START TEXT: (among them Rami, the leader) and four others had spent long periods of their life in kibbutzim made" ******* END TEXT: "perience in captivity. As bad as circumstances may be, according to this ideology, human beings are "
9780814750957 - page_326: "START TEXT: responsible and accountable for their own attitudes and feelings, and they can turn their experience" ******* END TEXT: "ursome’s representative to the authorities. There was little structure of time or activity in their "
9780814750957 - page_327: "START TEXT: loose leadership. Soon after his arrival, Rami proved that he was capable of solving the problems wh" ******* END TEXT: "ic sociological theory, a “good” group that accomplishes its objectives—such as a harmonious family—"
9780814750957 - page_328: "START TEXT: has its two basic functions fulfilled smoothly. Frequently, two different people take charge of each" ******* END TEXT: "s between them. Undoubtedly, the emergence of these two leaders and their cooperation are among the "
9780814750957 - page_329: "START TEXT: most important contributions to the group’s coping ability. The complete availability of the leaders" ******* END TEXT: " external reality, however, became meaningless and disappeared in the community of the common room.\n"
9780814750957 - page_330: "START TEXT: A development of subgrouping threatened to occur on two reported occasions, which may be representat" ******* END TEXT: "erviews. For their respective birthdays, for example, the men wrote poetry in praise of their bond.\n"
9780814750957 - page_331: "START TEXT: Rami claimed that he has never had such a close relationship with a man before or after his years in" ******* END TEXT: "stress is of great significance. While former studies emphasized the role of denial of intrapsychic "
9780814750957 - page_332: "START TEXT: material or inputs from the environment (Simonton, Simon ton, and Creighton 1980; Breznitz 1983), th" ******* END TEXT: "by the care of pets, as well as by reading, art, and drama. Arguments were turned into issues to be "
9780814750957 - page_333: "START TEXT: discussed at the weekly meetings and were settled by the group decision processes.\nAccording to the " ******* END TEXT: "but charm those who had become victims of war and violence and were fighting for their own freedom.\n"
9780814750957 - page_334: "START TEXT: 5. Attitudes towards Time and Space in Captivity\nTime in captivity is endless, and space is very lim" ******* END TEXT: "spective to this two-month stretch. However, this cognitive step entailed a voluntary limitation of "
9780814750957 - page_335: "START TEXT: interest in anything outside and beyond their control, except for the imaginative leap outward, whic" ******* END TEXT: "tion, several of the men felt they were being forgotten. The bachelors had a particularly difficult "
9780814750957 - page_336: "START TEXT: transition since they lacked the continuous support of an understanding wife. In fact, two of them m" ******* END TEXT: "r Force, which—according to his account—sent certain items only to its own personnel. Other non-Air "
9780814750957 - page_337: "START TEXT: Force prisoners did not express such resentment. Finally, upon his return, David entered into a stru" ******* END TEXT: "nd researched about individual coping and defense mechanisms. A common assumption in the literature "
9780814750957 - page_338: "START TEXT: is that the mentally stronger, healthier individual stands a better chance of surviving and even bei" ******* END TEXT: "ed. Thus, an atmosphere of hope and spiritual growth may rule even in enduring painful situations.\n\n"
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9780814751008 - page_340: "START TEXT: Ritual: Essays in Honour of I. A. Richards, ed. J. S. La Fontaine. London: Tavistock, 1972. 135–58.\n" ******* END TEXT: "lumbia University Press, 1935.\nBengis, Ingrid. Combat in the Erogenous Zone. New York: Knopf, 1973.\n"
9780814751008 - page_341: "START TEXT: Bernard, Henry, and Pencho Slaveikoff. The Shade of the Balkans: Being a Collection of Bulgarian Fol" ******* END TEXT: "rd, 1935.\nBourhill, E. J., and J. B. Drake. Fairy Tales from South Africa. London: Macmillan, 1908.\n"
9780814751008 - page_342: "START TEXT: Bowman, James Cloyd, and Margery Bianco. Tales from a Finnish Tupa. Chicago: Whitman, 1936.\nBrenton," ******* END TEXT: "ollection of the Stories Told by the Arab Tribes of the Lower Euphrates. New York: Macmillan, 1950.\n"
9780814751008 - page_343: "START TEXT: Campbell, John F. Popular Tales of the West Highlands: Orally Collected. 4 vols. 1890; rpt. Detroit:" ******* END TEXT: "d, 1887.\nClymer, Reuben Swinburne. The Divine Mystery. Allentown, Penn.: Philosophical, [ca. 1910].\n"
9780814751008 - page_344: "START TEXT: Codrington, R. H. The Melanesians: Studies in Their Anthropology and FolkLore. 1891; rpt. New Haven:" ******* END TEXT: "29, 1989, 105—7.\nCroker, Thomas Crofton. Fairy Legends of the South of Ireland. London: Tegg, 1862.\n"
9780814751008 - page_345: "START TEXT: Cross, Tom Peete. “The Celtic Elements in the Lays of Lanval and Graelent.” Modern Philology 12 (191" ******* END TEXT: "of Chicago Press, 1965.\nDégh, Linda, and Andrew Vázsonyi. “Legend and Belief.” In Ben-Amos: 93–123.\n"
9780814751008 - page_346: "START TEXT: Delarue, Paul. The Borzoi Books of French Folk Tales. New York: Knopf, 1956.\nDelarue, Paul, and Mari" ******* END TEXT: "on, 1904.\n———. Traditions of the Caddo. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1904.\n"
9780814751008 - page_347: "START TEXT: ———. Traditions of the Skidi Pawnee. 1904; rpt. New York: Kraus, 1969.\nDorsey, George A., and Alfred" ******* END TEXT: ", 1984.\nEells, Elsie Spicer. Tales of Enchantment from Spain 1920; rpt. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1950.\n"
9780814751008 - page_348: "START TEXT: Eisner, Sigmund. A Tale of Wonder: A Source Study of the Wife of Bath’s Tale. Ireland: English, 1957" ******* END TEXT: "ds Traditionally Sung in New England. Vol. 3. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1963.\n"
9780814751008 - page_349: "START TEXT: Flanders, Helen H., and Marguerite Olney. Ballads Migrant in New England. New York: Farrar, Straus, " ******* END TEXT: "t Chords: The Diverting Story of American Popular Songs. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran, 1942.\n"
9780814751008 - page_350: "START TEXT: Giles, Herbert A. Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio [P’u, Sung-Ling, 1640–1715]. 4th ed. rev. Sh" ******* END TEXT: " Blackfoot Lodge Tales: The Story of a Prairie People. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962.\n"
9780814751008 - page_351: "START TEXT: ———. Pawnee Hero Stories and Folk-Tales. 1889; rpt. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961.\nGro" ******* END TEXT: "Ballads and Folk-Songs from the Southern Highlands.” Journal of American Folklore 45 (1932): 1–176.\n"
9780814751008 - page_352: "START TEXT: ———. “Ballads and Songs of the Southern Highlands.” Journal of American Folklore 42 (1929): 254–300." ******* END TEXT: " David J. The Terror That Comes in the Night. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982.\n"
9780814751008 - page_353: "START TEXT: Hultkrantz, Ake. The North American Indian Orpheus Tradition: A Contribution to Comparative Religion" ******* END TEXT: " Vaginal Serpent and Other Themes from Mexican-American Women’s Lore.” In Jordan and Kalcik: 26—44.\n"
9780814751008 - page_354: "START TEXT: ———. “A Note about Folklore and Literature.” Journal of American Folklore 86 (1973): 62–65.\nJordan, " ******* END TEXT: "ction, 1975.\nKleivan, Inge. “The Swan Maiden Myth among the Eskimo.” Acta Arctica 13 (1962): 15–49.\n"
9780814751008 - page_355: "START TEXT: Knoblock, Judith Ann. “The Gypsy Laddie’ (Child 200): An Unrecognized Child of Medieval Romance.” We" ******* END TEXT: " Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend. 2 vols. New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1949.\n"
9780814751008 - page_356: "START TEXT: Leahy, A. H. The Heroic Romances of Ireland. London: Nutt, 1905.\nLeal, Ondina Fachel, and Ruben Geor" ******* END TEXT: "nd Analogues of the Non-Cyclic Metrical Romances. 1924; rpt. of rev. ed., New York: Franklin, 1960.\n"
9780814751008 - page_357: "START TEXT: Loomis, Roger S. Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance. New York: Columbia University Press, 1927.\nLorim" ******* END TEXT: "ipayana: Selections from the Adi Parva and the Sambha Parva. New York: Philosophical Library, 1952.\n"
9780814751008 - page_358: "START TEXT: Maliver, Bruce L. The Encounter Game. New York: Stein and Day, 1973.\nMarkale, Jean. Melusine: Ou l’a" ******* END TEXT: "laine K. Mexican Folk Narrative from the Los Angeles Area. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1973.\n"
9780814751008 - page_359: "START TEXT: Miller, Robert P. “The Wife of Bath’s Tale and Medaeval Exempla.” Journal of English Language Histor" ******* END TEXT: "ris E. Myths and Tales of the Jicarilla Apache Indians. New York: American Folk-Lore Society, 1938.\n"
9780814751008 - page_360: "START TEXT: Ortutay, Gyula. Hungarian Folk Tales. Budapest: Kossuth, 1962.\nO’Sullivan, Sean, ed. and trans. Folk" ******* END TEXT: "Beast.” Nineteenth Century 4 (1878): 990–1012.\n———. Russian Folk Tales. London: Smith, Elder, 1873.\n"
9780814751008 - page_361: "START TEXT: Rand, Silas T. Legends of the Micmacs. 1894; rpt. New York: Longmans, Green, 1971.\nRandolph, Vance. " ******* END TEXT: "tres, 1929.\nRudwin, Maximilian. The Devil in Legend and Literature. 1931; rpt. New York: AMS, 1970.\n"
9780814751008 - page_362: "START TEXT: Ruel, Malcolm. “Were-Animals and the Introverted Witch.” Witchcraft: Confessions and Accusations. In" ******* END TEXT: "les from the Lands of Nuts and Grapes: Spanish and Portuguese Folklore. London: Field & Tuer, 1888.\n"
9780814751008 - page_363: "START TEXT: Severs, J. B. “Antecedents of Sir Orfeo.” In Studies in Medieval Literature: In Honor of Albert Crol" ******* END TEXT: "and Heinrich Kramer. Malleus Maleficarum. Trans. Montague Summers. 1928; rpt. New York: Blom, 1970.\n"
9780814751008 - page_364: "START TEXT: Spring, Ian. “Orfeo and Orpheus: Notes on a Shetland Ballad.” Lore and Language 3 (1984): 41–52.\nSta" ******* END TEXT: "ions of the Lillooet Indians of British Columbia.” Journal of American Folklore 25 (1912): 287–371.\n"
9780814751008 - page_365: "START TEXT: ———. “The Shuswap.” Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 4 (1900–9): 443–790.\nThompson," ******* END TEXT: "klore: Published on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger, 1948.\n"
9780814751008 - page_366: "START TEXT: Wake, C. Staniland. “Ananci Stories.” Folk-Lore Journal 1 (1883): 280–92.\nWalker, Barbara G., ed. Th" ******* END TEXT: "7.\nYanagida, Kunio. Japanese Folk Tales. Trans. Fanny Hagin Mayer. Tokyo: Tokyo News Service, 1954.\n"
9780814751008 - page_367: "START TEXT: Yates, Dora E. A Book of Gypsy Folk-Tales. London: Phoenix House, 1948.\nYearsley, Macleod. The Folkl" ******* END TEXT: ". New York: Methuen, 1986.\nZobarskas, Stepas. Lithuanian Folk Tales. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Rickard, 1958.\n"
9780814751008 - page_368: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814751008 - page_11: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 1Introduction: The Dangerous Adventure\nHe would not write with imperfect materials, and tohi" ******* END TEXT: "mpt herculean feats to prove themselves: men must climb glass mountains, and Psyche and her sisters "
9780814751008 - page_12: "START TEXT: must carry water in sieves or wear out iron shoes to find some vaguely defined place, such as the co" ******* END TEXT: "irected remains a matter of controversy. Holbek has deplored the lack of significant interpretation "
9780814751008 - page_13: "START TEXT: of folk narratives that would make the prodigious efforts at theoretical clarity meaningful.9 In sho" ******* END TEXT: "sed in this book, the work of James M. Taggart—particularly his book Enchanted Maidens—stands as an "
9780814751008 - page_14: "START TEXT: excellent example of an approach to folklore and gender that relies on an ethnological analysis of p" ******* END TEXT: "nuclear fission, my life hardly differs from that of an Indian squaw settled in a tepee on the same "
9780814751008 - page_15: "START TEXT: Manhattan land centuries ago. Pick, clean, prepare, throw out, dig a hole, bury the waste—she was my" ******* END TEXT: " “the ever treacherous area of interpretation.”20 The matter goes beyond the clash of methodologies "
9780814751008 - page_16: "START TEXT: in disciplines that otherwise share interests. Literary critics can often trace their love for story" ******* END TEXT: "res her readers that she has striven for accuracy even though some Arabic words have no connotative "
9780814751008 - page_17: "START TEXT: equivalents in English and, in addition, differ in meaning depending on whether they are used by Mos" ******* END TEXT: "e differing perspectives of individual storytellers. Lady Drower was particularly interested in the "
9780814751008 - page_18: "START TEXT: relationship between her tales and their culture; she stood, that is, closer to anthropology than to" ******* END TEXT: "d fairy wife who escapes bondage as soon as she can; and the enchanted human who awaits a prince to "
9780814751008 - page_19: "START TEXT: release her from her swan form, from her captivity by some evil enchanter. It has already been noted" ******* END TEXT: "atives. What she argues for is the historical importance of Iraqi tales in terms of how a narrative "
9780814751008 - page_20: "START TEXT: develops and is transmitted. In this she is influenced by a now-discarded theory expressed, for exam" ******* END TEXT: "d collection made “stylistic changes and additions which transformed the natural cadences and tones "
9780814751008 - page_21: "START TEXT: of the folk artist into something more closely resembling a literary text (in the familiar fashion o" ******* END TEXT: "ell as their literary successors.\nLady Drower was a self-conscious folklorist when she put together "
9780814751008 - page_22: "START TEXT: her collection of tales. Moreover, despite her considerable talent and education, she was keenly awa" ******* END TEXT: "med feminine: the mere existence of a female character does not prove either.45 Such considerations "
9780814751008 - page_23: "START TEXT: may be joined to recent concerns about women and language. It is known that in some societies, women" ******* END TEXT: "extend such self-consciousness to a consideration of how her very collection of stories—her choices "
9780814751008 - page_24: "START TEXT: as well as the stories themselves—might reflect the conditions under which she gathered them.\nIn con" ******* END TEXT: "or his lost wife (see my chapter 7), can be found in neither collection. Lady Drower at least feels "
9780814751008 - page_25: "START TEXT: the need to explain the omission: the well-known tale of Hasan el Basorah (from The Arabian Nights) " ******* END TEXT: " reflects their curiosity about the heroine’s lover but also their malevolent intentions as well.54\n"
9780814751008 - page_26: "START TEXT: The issue here does not concern what the reader may learn about the specific culture that retains su" ******* END TEXT: "r among women some kind of basic sisterhood will transcend such confusion. Reporting on his work in "
9780814751008 - page_27: "START TEXT: Morocco, Crapanzano describes how one of his informants, Mohammed, “preferred to keep [himself] aloo" ******* END TEXT: "onsciousness; that I am, as I claimed in my preface, participating in the storytelling process, not "
9780814751008 - page_28: "START TEXT: merely recording others’ stories; that fantasies of an otherworld that promises relief from woman’s " ******* END TEXT: "over exists to reveal what the completed picture should look like. Such a metaphor can help explain "
9780814751008 - page_29: "START TEXT: how this book has been assembled. First, the more pieces are added to the puzzle, the clearer the em" ******* END TEXT: " not attempted a subject index for this book. Despite my efforts at separation, classification, and "
9780814751008 - page_30: "START TEXT: organization, the items such an index might contain involve narrative themes that weave themselves t" ******* END TEXT: "an to conceive of as I read.\nJameson wrote nearly half a century ago that the “study of folklore is "
9780814751008 - page_31: "START TEXT: a dangerous adventure.”62 It appears particularly hazardous when one comes to it as a lover of narra" ******* END TEXT: "f relationships that tragically are more often thwarted than fulfilled, or partially fulfilled at a "
9780814751008 - page_32: "START TEXT: price that modern interpreters of the tales have yet to fully evaluate. To conceive of a unified nar" ******* END TEXT: "is the extraordinary degree to which their meanings have been neglected in commentaries upon them.\n\n"
9780814751008 - page_33: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 2Urvaśī and the Swan Maidens: The Runaway Wife\nNot all swan maidens are swans; some are dove" ******* END TEXT: " lives on earth with the mortal Purūravas, returning to her home among the demigods when he betrays "
9780814751008 - page_34: "START TEXT: the terms of their relationship, impervious to his entreaties that she come back. Only in later rend" ******* END TEXT: " his entreaties that she return and her resistance, of his reproaches and threat of suicide and her "
9780814751008 - page_35: "START TEXT: refusal to be swayed. If love is to be read into their exchange, it is a very different love from th" ******* END TEXT: "ken aback at Purūravas’s threat of suicide, intimates that he has misunderstood their relationship:\n"
9780814751008 - page_36: "START TEXT: [Urvaśī] Purūravas, do not die; do not vanish; do not let the vicious wolves eat you. There are no f" ******* END TEXT: "ories of Urvaśī or the swan maiden. Male dominance inverts matriarchal power, but, as will be seen, "
9780814751008 - page_37: "START TEXT: it is impossible to rid the swan maiden tale of the real and symbolic dependencies that underlie the" ******* END TEXT: " must confront a problem in folklore methodology. Ordinarily, he contends, basic elements in a folk "
9780814751008 - page_38: "START TEXT: narrative blur as they pick up local variants in the process of dispersion. Since Oceanic porpoise m" ******* END TEXT: "anized along the lines suggested by Lessa, emphasizing stable elements in the swan maiden tale: the "
9780814751008 - page_39: "START TEXT: isolation of the swan maiden from her sisters as she is forced into domesticity by a mortal man, and" ******* END TEXT: "maturity, and his domesticating the swan maiden is part of a rite of passage by which he proves his "
9780814751008 - page_40: "START TEXT: manhood. Still, the way the swan maiden is captured and the kind of life she leads in the domestic r" ******* END TEXT: "pping and isolation of the fairy invoking her despair and the helpless pity of her companions. In a "
9780814751008 - page_41: "START TEXT: story from Assam, the youngest of the sun’s six daughters must marry Harata after he steals her clot" ******* END TEXT: " and mother-in-law will be harsh. “As in other things the route from virginity to adulthood is made "
9780814751008 - page_42: "START TEXT: irreversible, which breeds its sadness among those women.”35 In the swan maiden story, marriage is c" ******* END TEXT: "her braid,\nStrongly he holds her—her fingers are tight—\nLetting her writhe on his saddle and fight.\n"
9780814751008 - page_43: "START TEXT: Back to his friends he returns through the spray,\nEager to show his companions the prey.39\nOccasiona" ******* END TEXT: "t so comfortable in groups—chiefly because it confirms and accentuates their identity as females, a "
9780814751008 - page_44: "START TEXT: class excluded from the dominant caste in our society. In part, these feelings are introjections of " ******* END TEXT: "lowing her to enact such a fantasy may be the only way to get her back. As Ardener explains it, the "
9780814751008 - page_45: "START TEXT: men “feel a danger has been averted” because the woman “has been rescued from the wild,” that is, th" ******* END TEXT: "to marry or assume any other status among her people. With equal plausibility, a female storyteller "
9780814751008 - page_46: "START TEXT: may instruct a female audience in how to conform to patriarchy. The mother of an Algonquin swan maid" ******* END TEXT: "friends would soon give her up.” After these coercions, he softens and offers her “his heart, hand, "
9780814751008 - page_47: "START TEXT: and fortune,” indulging in a courtship that barely conceals the force behind it. The sea maiden is n" ******* END TEXT: " to wed the man who had tossed her gifts of cheese and bread (images of genuine sustenance), and in "
9780814751008 - page_48: "START TEXT: return she brings to him her own dower of flocks and herd,54 an exchange that symbolizes her accepta" ******* END TEXT: "ery clever man called Nongriji Kongor. He decided to catch the mysterious girl. So he took a flower "
9780814751008 - page_49: "START TEXT: with him called “U tiew-jalyng Kteng,” and stood in front of the cave. The flower bears a very stron" ******* END TEXT: ", is perceived: once seen as the slave labor wives must engage in, domestic tasks (for example, the "
9780814751008 - page_50: "START TEXT: weaving done by swan maidens in the Volundarkvida) can be exalted as being among the few surviving s" ******* END TEXT: "he natural world, separating nature from culture more definitively than their lives actually allow.\n"
9780814751008 - page_51: "START TEXT: But swan maiden tales raise questions concerning why men render themselves vulnerable by taking supe" ******* END TEXT: "ich the captured maiden can adapt. After her clothing is stolen, a Japanese swan maiden “forgot all "
9780814751008 - page_52: "START TEXT: about the heavenly world where she had lived, and became an ordinary human girl.”66 But not all capt" ******* END TEXT: "sponsibility.72 In another version, a specified male narrator not only minimizes but also idealizes "
9780814751008 - page_53: "START TEXT: the swan maiden’s responsibilities: “It wasn’t many years when this wife gave birth. The baby was a " ******* END TEXT: "ated theme when the narrator chooses to depict the couple’s domestic life. Few existences, however, "
9780814751008 - page_54: "START TEXT: are as bleak as that of the swan maiden trapped in Sutherlandshire, and those commentators who have " ******* END TEXT: "er for the kettle. The first who came was a carpenter’s wife, and as she bent over the clear spring "
9780814751008 - page_55: "START TEXT: she saw, not herself, but Featherflight’s lovely face reflected in the water. She looks at it with a" ******* END TEXT: "man wins great fortune and, moreover, secures her acquiescence and help in attaining as other wives "
9780814751008 - page_56: "START TEXT: the daughters of the gods of fire, the seas, and the serpent world.80 In this pleasure dome, there i" ******* END TEXT: "airy bride’s abandonment of her mortal husband parallels a real woman’s abandonment of expectations "
9780814751008 - page_57: "START TEXT: for happiness. But her husband will be convinced that in her search for happiness, his wife is insat" ******* END TEXT: " admixture of paganism and Christianity suggests that worldly and unworldly paradises have combined "
9780814751008 - page_58: "START TEXT: to offer a sanctioned escape from the mundane. As one of the enchanted water birds explains,\nOnce th" ******* END TEXT: "heir time and scold her; she goes into the house and sits weeping at the foot of the pillar, and as "
9780814751008 - page_59: "START TEXT: she weeps her tears fall, wearing away the earth pattered down upon her buried wings. She hears the " ******* END TEXT: "t her dress. I must tell her about it now. Perhaps it will bring peace to her mind.”99 All of these "
9780814751008 - page_60: "START TEXT: men discover their swan maidens have fled, and such outcomes might reinforce for a male audience the" ******* END TEXT: " middle aged by the time she manages to free herself from her mortal ties, and it would appear that "
9780814751008 - page_61: "START TEXT: part of the fantasy embodied in at least some of these tales is that even in her stay on earth, the " ******* END TEXT: " the marriage. Ancient folklore motifs are frequently reflected in contemporary accounts of runaway "
9780814751008 - page_62: "START TEXT: wives, such as the one who develops an aversion for the husband who refers to her only as “‘the wife" ******* END TEXT: "ousing with his male companions, he boasts of his wife’s ability to dance and, like Ibsen’s Torvald "
9780814751008 - page_63: "START TEXT: Helmer, offers her performance as entertainment for his friends’ pleasure.115 When the Samodiva argu" ******* END TEXT: "aiden’s domain by eloping with what is often the consort she left in the otherworld—a demon lover.\n\n"
9780814751008 - page_100: "START TEXT: of them and they played inside. Sometimes they stayed there until late at night and their parents ca" ******* END TEXT: "of erasing the feminist themes commentators on Cupid and Psyche are fond of locating in the tales.\n\n"
9780814751008 - page_64: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 3The Devil’s Bride\nAs their story develops in Sanskrit literature, the matter of why Purūraa" ******* END TEXT: " the Seal-folk.” At such times the bull seal would seek her human spouse in order to kill him.3 Two "
9780814751008 - page_65: "START TEXT: important themes have been introduced in this version: that the otherworldly lover appears in respon" ******* END TEXT: "d first in a printed broadside (Child A), subsequently giving rise to an oral tradition.8 Two major "
9780814751008 - page_66: "START TEXT: strains seem to have developed. As Burrison describes it, Child A crossed the border into Scotland w" ******* END TEXT: "United States can be found hundreds of published versions, usually entitled “The House Carpenter.”9 "
9780814751008 - page_67: "START TEXT: Much has been made by commentators of the so-called rationalization of most American versions, in wh" ******* END TEXT: "to an already complex story.\nThe demon lover often appears when the wife is particularly vulnerable "
9780814751008 - page_68: "START TEXT: to his appeal. The broadside relates that the carpenter is on a three-day journey from home, and tha" ******* END TEXT: "ent rather than sexual desire.\nWhatever the sources of temptation, the housewife ordinarily remains "
9780814751008 - page_69: "START TEXT: concerned with practical matters: in Child B she asks what her lover could “maintain” her on if she " ******* END TEXT: "ouse carpenter,”16 while yet another ballad makes clear that her ostentatious “richery” reveals how "
9780814751008 - page_70: "START TEXT: improper a wife she is: as she “shined and she glittered,” she boldly walked the “streets of Purity." ******* END TEXT: " to “‘where the grass grows green, / On the banks of Italy,’”24 the ballad moves closer to the real "
9780814751008 - page_71: "START TEXT: point of the wife’s departure from her husband and babies. Italy implies a journey to a more remote " ******* END TEXT: "ll soon enjoy the comfort of her “own happy home, / On the banks of old Tennessee.”29 As a point of "
9780814751008 - page_72: "START TEXT: destination Tennessee may not be compelling; as a place to return to, it may be very much so.\nFor th" ******* END TEXT: "oned in the ballads and the former is based on supernatural motifs,34 so might it be contended that "
9780814751008 - page_73: "START TEXT: “The House Carpenter” is also a misleading title, since the husband is more often talked about than " ******* END TEXT: " who will glove your hand,\nAnd who will kiss your sweet little lips,\nWhen I’m in a foreign land?”37\n"
9780814751008 - page_74: "START TEXT: Her question proves no less than an inquiry into the relative importance of mothers and fathers in t" ******* END TEXT: "e does not know who she is. Frequently, however, the wife herself speaks the final curse, either as "
9780814751008 - page_75: "START TEXT: she and the boat sink or as a voice from the dead. In such versions, it is possible to distinguish b" ******* END TEXT: " symbol of secure hearth and home.\nIn both “The Demon Lover” ballads and swan maiden tales, a woman "
9780814751008 - page_76: "START TEXT: marries reluctantly. The swan maiden is constrained by the loss of her feathers, by the symbolic abs" ******* END TEXT: "parate character as a symbolic personification of her fantasy concerning what her husband might be.\n"
9780814751008 - page_77: "START TEXT: In Child A, the wife goes with the demon because there is something essentially comforting and famil" ******* END TEXT: "om,” a stranger but nonetheless someone who loved her, “a quiet troubled man who needed sunlight, a "
9780814751008 - page_78: "START TEXT: warm garden, green lawns.” Like Elizabeth, the female protagonist of Jackson’s story “The Demon Love" ******* END TEXT: "ene of a young woman and her children waiting at a train station for the man of the house, who, the "
9780814751008 - page_79: "START TEXT: story later suggests, may be dead (a revenant), a reality she may be vehemently denying by meeting t" ******* END TEXT: "lad recur in folktales found throughout the world. Women are haunted by their imagination’s ability "
9780814751008 - page_80: "START TEXT: to create a better existence than the one they actually have. In an African tale, the children of th" ******* END TEXT: "ings is certain; they always lost.”62 And they lost because a strong antifeminist tradition usually "
9780814751008 - page_81: "START TEXT: demanded that women live under male control and because few women who chose to defy this cultural im" ******* END TEXT: " the beyond.” For Duerr the trip is essential to human adaptation to culture, and he conceptualizes "
9780814751008 - page_82: "START TEXT: a complex therapy (akin to deep psychoanalysis) undergone by those who understood that members of so" ******* END TEXT: "in the “nature/culture dialectic and in the cultural order,”67 it is paradoxical but not surprising "
9780814751008 - page_83: "START TEXT: that as culture begins to prevail over nature, there is more, not less, stress on keeping woman in h" ******* END TEXT: "t a dream, drugs were deliberately used to convey her to the swan maiden’s realm of magic delights.\n"
9780814751008 - page_84: "START TEXT: However it happened, folklore and demonology merged, and the fairies of popular belief were identifi" ******* END TEXT: "ifeminism is presented humorously (if with questionable benignity) in stories that play a variation "
9780814751008 - page_85: "START TEXT: on the song about the devil who stole a man’s shrewish wife, only to return her in dismay, complaini" ******* END TEXT: "n the subject of exorcism rites85 is closely allied to the one concerning why it is that more women "
9780814751008 - page_86: "START TEXT: than men were executed for witchcraft. Even the relatively enlightened societies that attempted to r" ******* END TEXT: "sh personality turns away potential suitors and adds that to make matters worse, she is not pretty, "
9780814751008 - page_87: "START TEXT: the story betraying no inkling that the young woman’s awareness that she would not be desirable to m" ******* END TEXT: "ns met and span, and made a “bee.” And the young sparks came and laid hold of the girls, and pulled "
9780814751008 - page_88: "START TEXT: them about and kissed them. But one girl had no sweetheart to lay hold of her and kiss her. And she " ******* END TEXT: " daughter one day, “Hijita, I believe it would be well for you to get married.” “The idea!” laughed "
9780814751008 - page_89: "START TEXT: the proud young lady. “Just as if there were a man in the whole world fit for me.”97\nShe agrees to w" ******* END TEXT: " different from most women. Sometimes she is simply more beautiful, but since beauty is a component "
9780814751008 - page_90: "START TEXT: in man’s definition of ideal femininity, some other quality must place her in conflict with her peop" ******* END TEXT: "o and work for the Devil.”106 A sadder version of this tale involves an Icelandic young woman whose "
9780814751008 - page_91: "START TEXT: husband would spare her “working her fingers to the bone,” but who for other, unspecified reasons ta" ******* END TEXT: "me whose superior talents and intelligence, or emotional sensitivities, may make them unfit for the "
9780814751008 - page_92: "START TEXT: ordinary life, and that demon lovers embody aspirations that cannot be satisfied in the usual ways o" ******* END TEXT: "in outside it.111 But the lovers’ romantic negation of worldly reality survives in a picture of the "
9780814751008 - page_93: "START TEXT: two of them pierced by a common arrow, their love not only aestheticized but rendered religious—her " ******* END TEXT: "thing, she must go with him.116 A similar theme shows up in the Salish tale of how Crow Man appears "
9780814751008 - page_94: "START TEXT: in the shape of a bird that sits down on the clothes of a bathing woman: “If you become my wife, I w" ******* END TEXT: "ry of fairy wives tells how women complain about their irksome earthly husbands and are as a result "
9780814751008 - page_95: "START TEXT: transported to sky land: “This was the work of an Indian spirit, whose duty it is to punish unfaithf" ******* END TEXT: "f. In some versions, two young women cannot follow their people as they move their camp because the "
9780814751008 - page_96: "START TEXT: straps on their backpack break and as they fix them, the distance between them and the others widen." ******* END TEXT: " concerned to depict the spiritual yearnings of women who wish for star husbands. They tell instead "
9780814751008 - page_97: "START TEXT: of the overwhelming drudgery necessary for the tribe’s survival as well as a division of labor that " ******* END TEXT: "ny event, both on earth and in the sky world the stars’ wives seek an autonomy that is denied them.\n"
9780814751008 - page_98: "START TEXT: Gladys Reichard’s early study of the literary motifs in the star husband tales distinguishes among t" ******* END TEXT: " yearn for supernatural lovers.\nThe otherness of women is particularly marked in a Tahltan story of "
9780814751008 - page_99: "START TEXT: “two adolescent sisters who were living together [and] were staying apart from the other people,” pl" ******* END TEXT: " outside of her father’s house. One time the girls built small houses large enough for four or five "
9780814751008 - page_101: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 4The Animal Groom\nUrvaśī may be the quintessential swan maiden, but her union with Purūravas" ******* END TEXT: "not animals at all. Young women may pluck flowers that prove human or marry trees. And black men in "
9780814751008 - page_102: "START TEXT: predominantly white societies, lepers, and hideous men are sometimes portrayed as if they were beast" ******* END TEXT: "on and the woman who outwits him demonstrates her superiority over not only him but also women less "
9780814751008 - page_103: "START TEXT: strong and resolute than she.11 The broken taboo, moreover, sometimes has irrevocably tragic results" ******* END TEXT: "rees to marry him if he brings her an exotic flower she longs to possess. To find it, he must first "
9780814751008 - page_104: "START TEXT: locate the sun maidens’ pool and steal their clothing, exchanging it for a rare plant.19 When the mo" ******* END TEXT: "int back to the swan maiden tale; his subsequent adventures form part of the Cupid and Psyche tale.\n"
9780814751008 - page_105: "START TEXT: Another instance of close ties between the story groups is that of the tale of the Irish swan maiden" ******* END TEXT: "of hers—a dutiful wife.27\nThis is not to argue that the dutiful wife is without benefits, given her "
9780814751008 - page_106: "START TEXT: alternatives. (I am reminded of the female student who recently explained “The Gypsie Laddie” ballad" ******* END TEXT: "eminine and worthy of the rewards awaiting her. Moreover, in her failure, in her sacrifice for him,\n"
9780814751008 - page_107: "START TEXT: the divine lover is changed from a wounded boy to a man and savior, because in Psyche he finds somet" ******* END TEXT: "the solely natural and instinctual.30\nNeumann’s developmental theories have elements in common with "
9780814751008 - page_108: "START TEXT: those of the evolutionary folklorists, whose bases for the interpretation of folk narratives were di" ******* END TEXT: "Japanese man could at one time steal at night into a girl’s room without her parents being aware of "
9780814751008 - page_109: "START TEXT: his presence. But at some point the family’s knowledge or the girl’s pregnancy would force a marriag" ******* END TEXT: "n from her parents’ home, her “mother-in-law meets her with bread, water, and a distaff of wool.”38\n"
9780814751008 - page_110: "START TEXT: No wonder the defiant Bulgarian Samodiva (met with in chapter 2) escapes her husband with the remind" ******* END TEXT: "r to kill him, but the male parent recognizes that the serpent is human (perhaps recognizes himself "
9780814751008 - page_111: "START TEXT: in the beast) and insists his daughter marry despite her entreaties for his protection.\nWhen she saw" ******* END TEXT: "the animal took on human form whenever the sexual intercourse of the couple was involved.46 Whether "
9780814751008 - page_112: "START TEXT: such a development in the narrative actually occurred is hardly clear; but it will be seen that the " ******* END TEXT: " the perspective of the vast folklore tradition that makes up the Cupid and Psyche type tale, is to "
9780814751008 - page_113: "START TEXT: discover significant weaknesses in his arguments. The purpose of his work is to encourage parents an" ******* END TEXT: "or helpless fathers turn their daughters over to such brutes, and even more helpless mothers cannot "
9780814751008 - page_114: "START TEXT: protect female offspring from their fate. In their more active and destructive aspect, these older w" ******* END TEXT: "and in for the father who fails to provide for the desperate four women.59 And, as a final example, "
9780814751008 - page_115: "START TEXT: a frog husband tale popular in both England and Germany relates how a poor mother and daughter must " ******* END TEXT: "n the rest are by to hear; for she’ll take you by the hand and try to lead you into a room alone to "
9780814751008 - page_116: "START TEXT: talk; but you must mind and not do that, else you’ll bring bad luck on both of us.”65 And in the fou" ******* END TEXT: " consider her husband a beast. It is not strange that she will come to see him as human only as the "
9780814751008 - page_117: "START TEXT: psychological if not literally physical distance between her former and present home widens. Both pa" ******* END TEXT: " a young woman weds a beast to protect her father from the animal’s wrath, her obedience certifying "
9780814751008 - page_118: "START TEXT: her worthiness to experience ultimate happiness in marriage. Perhaps these stories of Beauty and the" ******* END TEXT: "n form. When her stepsisters succeed in getting her to ask the tabooed question, her animal husband\n"
9780814751008 - page_119: "START TEXT: slapped her on the mouth so hard that blood flowed from her lips…. Then he felt bad, put her head on" ******* END TEXT: "oint. In the first instance, the husband in need of disenchantment is the chief folklore character, "
9780814751008 - page_120: "START TEXT: and the tale concludes when he becomes human. But because the woman’s means are frequently violent (" ******* END TEXT: "l approach to gender is found in the argument that the “widely distributed myths in which a husband "
9780814751008 - page_121: "START TEXT: or a wife transgresses some ‘custom’—sees the other’s face or body, or utters the forbidden name—mig" ******* END TEXT: "y search for him is a sign of submission. The narrative tradition itself—moving through folklore to "
9780814751008 - page_122: "START TEXT: literature—suggests that in some instances, a strong female character has been replaced by a weak on" ******* END TEXT: "idding women to inherit property. When the swan knight defeats the pretender, he wins the duchess’s "
9780814751008 - page_123: "START TEXT: daughter in marriage. Lineage and inheritance having already been established as important, it is co" ******* END TEXT: "t sense”92—reveals how uncomfortable a modern world might be concerning any taboo that denies woman "
9780814751008 - page_124: "START TEXT: knowledge of her own spouse. Elsa will be perceived as frustrated in her efforts to retain independe" ******* END TEXT: ", nor to deny that the same taboos may be found in both story groups, but only that the taboo motif "
9780814751008 - page_125: "START TEXT: possesses more thematic significance and is more gender oriented than is ordinarily granted.\nThe nec" ******* END TEXT: " might be expected to exist in polygamous marriages. In addition, the forbidden question has not to "
9780814751008 - page_126: "START TEXT: do with her husband’s name, but rather his caste, and her concern may reflect a legitimate social re" ******* END TEXT: "-law were to reveal his name, “he would be obliged to return again to his former home underground,” "
9780814751008 - page_127: "START TEXT: and so she encourages her stepdaughter not to “rest day or night until he had” revealed his secret. " ******* END TEXT: "e Russian wife mated with a snotty goat, for as repulsive fluids oozed from parts of his body, “the "
9780814751008 - page_128: "START TEXT: unfortunate girl never stopped wiping him with a handkerchief, for she was not a bit squeamish. The " ******* END TEXT: "ures up to her culture’s ideal is central to these stories. Many Psyches are not only assertive but "
9780814751008 - page_129: "START TEXT: also defiantly rebellious. One tale begins with a young Greek woman imprisoned by her father in a to" ******* END TEXT: "nce to her husband’s will is a precondition for the transformation of what would otherwise remain a "
9780814751008 - page_130: "START TEXT: wild man, her violent act being the counterpart to his beastly form, and both partners being humaniz" ******* END TEXT: "rk,” in which her counterpart marries a lion that turns into a handsome man. The two “lived happily "
9780814751008 - page_131: "START TEXT: together, remained awake at night, and slept in the daytime.”119 To sleep in the daytime is effectiv" ******* END TEXT: "s of the men on whom they are nonetheless dependent emerges as a theme from the Countess d’Aulnoy’s "
9780814751008 - page_132: "START TEXT: working out of the Cupid and Psyche type tale in her story of “Gracieuse and Percinet.” Abandoned by" ******* END TEXT: " independence symbolized by the broken taboo, since the reunion with her lost husband is ultimately "
9780814751008 - page_133: "START TEXT: dependent on her submission to his authority, but also coercion defines virtually all of her relatio" ******* END TEXT: "he wife to reveal her secret. One from the Basque country tells how sarcasm is used to push a woman "
9780814751008 - page_134: "START TEXT: into disobeying her husband’s prohibition that she not speak of him, the repetition in the story of " ******* END TEXT: "th a man-sized toad-frog would give a girl the creeps, it seems to me.”138 The bride of the Cossack "
9780814751008 - page_135: "START TEXT: “Serpent-Tsarevich” agrees to wed a serpent only if her dowry consists of twenty outfits of clothing" ******* END TEXT: "ll the woman, or (in one text) they may merely wiggle around in her vagina and drive her crazy.”142\n"
9780814751008 - page_136: "START TEXT: A tale that seems more explicitly than most to depict the cultural necessity (in contrast to some er" ******* END TEXT: "hose study of the animal bride and groom tales distinguishes between bestiality and true eroticism.\n"
9780814751008 - page_137: "START TEXT: There are, in any event, Psyches who have no difficulty obeying fathers who have promised them to be" ******* END TEXT: "an “adolescent girl was lying alone. A rattlesnake came and lay with her.” He warns her not to tell "
9780814751008 - page_138: "START TEXT: her family or friends about him, but she does, warning them, futilely, “If you kill the rattlesnake," ******* END TEXT: "roduce a female character familiar from demon lover tales: the woman whose amorous liaison with the "
9780814751008 - page_139: "START TEXT: devil follows from her rejection of ordinary suitors. In animal groom tales, a particularly angry fa" ******* END TEXT: "lf into a human being to go courting.”167 A generalized moral for these tales comes from an African "
9780814751008 - page_140: "START TEXT: monkey groom tale: when young women select husbands on their own, they “are the ones who initiate th" ******* END TEXT: "the Cupid and Psyche type tale softens the portrait of the rebellious woman. The Quinault tell of a "
9780814751008 - page_141: "START TEXT: young girl who was very fond of her dog and allowed it to sleep at the foot of her bed.\nEvery night " ******* END TEXT: "s the point of another Algonquin story about a woman who has caused the death of five husbands in a "
9780814751008 - page_142: "START TEXT: single year. The sixth husband discovers she has a serpent lover who injects her with poisons she th" ******* END TEXT: "s careless, and she scattered her dandruff so that it fell upon him and broke his luck as a hunter. "
9780814751008 - page_143: "START TEXT: … The woman had done this purposely, in order to kill her husband and so be free to marry a he-bear " ******* END TEXT: " angry husband, she assumes the animal form that symbolizes what she has been all along. In a Caddo "
9780814751008 - page_144: "START TEXT: version, the husband recognizes his wife when he comes across a serpent but passes on and does not a" ******* END TEXT: " and civilization thematically rendered in animal mate stories emerge complex and often paradoxical "
9780814751008 - page_145: "START TEXT: themes. People who live close to nature and thus more closely associate animal lives with their own " ******* END TEXT: "f the beast or half-beast,” dominated by “the drives of the unconscious,” that he requires a female "
9780814751008 - page_146: "START TEXT: figure who “is an embodiment of all those psychic structures that are superior to instinct,” that is" ******* END TEXT: "ed me, with their rags and their sores. One day, when I mocked at a poor man who asked for bread at "
9780814751008 - page_147: "START TEXT: the door, I beheld myself changed into a Beast.”204 Belle-Rose, as her name implies, will change her" ******* END TEXT: "r daughter proved so headstrong. Gender roles are defined emphatically in this version. But whether "
9780814751008 - page_148: "START TEXT: the daring wife is content with what Ralston would call her ordinary husband, when it was a dangerou" ******* END TEXT: " wimpish form, or James Harris, the demon lover, rendered not only average but almost contemptible.\n"
9780814751008 - page_149: "START TEXT: As an instrument of grace, Psyche supposedly enjoys the secondary gains that result from her beast h" ******* END TEXT: "st,” when Beauty “accepts at the end of the story, the marriage she rejected for so long, she still "
9780814751008 - page_150: "START TEXT: looks for her dear Beast, which she does not recognize in the handsome Prince that took its place.” " ******* END TEXT: "ve the beast. A similar theme can be found in a story that infuses a Pygmalion motif into the Cupid "
9780814751008 - page_151: "START TEXT: and Psyche narrative: a young woman fashions a dream lover out of jewels, sugar, almonds, and other " ******* END TEXT: "y, described as one in which women enjoy considerable autonomy.220 If so, the story’s narrator, who "
9780814751008 - page_152: "START TEXT: depicts the final capitulation of the independent woman to her husband, advocates limitations to suc" ******* END TEXT: "s a snail, but would withdraw into it again quickly when tired or frightened. After he attained the "
9780814751008 - page_153: "START TEXT: size of a man, he would frequently emerge from and sit upon his shell, but would never wholly depart" ******* END TEXT: "ese Tom Thumb stories (which resemble animal groom tales) depicts how the diminutive hero rescues a "
9780814751008 - page_154: "START TEXT: princess from “Oni, one of the evil spirits that appears in the form of animals and toads.” To repay" ******* END TEXT: "syche to read as a warning against trying to hasten the period during which he must remain unknown.\n"
9780814751008 - page_155: "START TEXT: The weakness ‘tis of womankind\nWitness the first created;\nFrom whom Pandora was design’d,\nAnd Psyche" ******* END TEXT: "s is transformed into demonology, as in the incubus type tales to be explored in the next chapter.\n\n"
9780814751008 - page_156: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 5Swan Maiden and Incubus\nThe Gandharvas who reclaim Urvaśī for the divine world are depicted" ******* END TEXT: "monster.” When the Gospel of Saint John is read, the demon disappears. The girl had apparently been "
9780814751008 - page_157: "START TEXT: under a spell and has seen not a demon but a handsome lover who “would most appeal to her sense of b" ******* END TEXT: "f parenting that has reached virulence. The stories recounted in this chapter will be familiar from "
9780814751008 - page_158: "START TEXT: previous chapters, but the atmosphere that surrounds them will reveal that the fears arising from co" ******* END TEXT: " dangerous) white mare” was “given a malevolent evil black alter ego,” so that the “model of mortal "
9780814751008 - page_159: "START TEXT: woman and immortal man rose above the model of immortal woman and mortal man” (that is, the Cupid an" ******* END TEXT: "in a large body of folklore.\nThe Salishan relate how a chief’s rebellious wife frequently rides one "
9780814751008 - page_160: "START TEXT: of his stallions, eventually cohabiting with it while growing “careless of her household duties.” Th" ******* END TEXT: "mployer’s wife when he pursues her to unholy festivals “where the witches were having their feast.”\n"
9780814751008 - page_161: "START TEXT: Now, when he came there, the farmer’s wife knew him, and, to hide herself from him, she turned herse" ******* END TEXT: "cially great if he lies on his back;30 and, concomitantly, the Hebrew account of Adam’s first wife, "
9780814751008 - page_162: "START TEXT: Lilith, who rejected Adam’s authority over her, symbolized by his forcing her to accept the prone po" ******* END TEXT: "ral being the means to an end rather than an end in itself. Bernheimer has described the situation:\n"
9780814751008 - page_163: "START TEXT: As the incubus changed from a wood demon into a devil the story of women’s relationship with him was" ******* END TEXT: "consider the meaning of the witches’ confessions), finally burning an extraordinarily high although "
9780814751008 - page_164: "START TEXT: still controversial number of people, mainly women, often saving their souls by extracting from them" ******* END TEXT: "n were less liable to nightmare attacks than men.”46 The changing role of women in society may well "
9780814751008 - page_165: "START TEXT: account for shifts not only in theory but also in people’s actual experiences. Studies performed in " ******* END TEXT: "ght they might save their lives if they revealed what their questioners wanted to hear. If so, such "
9780814751008 - page_166: "START TEXT: women were in a sense dummies through whom inquisitorial ventriloquists spoke, giving voice to male " ******* END TEXT: "lope, this wife consults a sorceress, bargaining “with her either to bring Vanlandi back to Finland "
9780814751008 - page_167: "START TEXT: by means of her witch-craft or else to kill him.” At first the spell is successful and Vanlandi beco" ******* END TEXT: "n into beasts (according to the Malleus Maleficarum it is one of the ways that witches infected the "
9780814751008 - page_168: "START TEXT: venereal act); and witches who enter into pacts with the devil acquire assistants in the form of ani" ******* END TEXT: " become a “woman’s hand, upon which was a wedding-ring.” The friend recognizes his own wife’s ring, "
9780814751008 - page_169: "START TEXT: and, his suspicions aroused, he finds her “sitting by the fire in the kitchen, her arm hidden beneat" ******* END TEXT: "s of the night” in which she cannot sleep, racked by her devil, who takes “a hundred hideous forms” "
9780814751008 - page_170: "START TEXT: and “persecutes her without mercy,” stealing “horrid kisses from her shuddering mouth” even when she" ******* END TEXT: "ogical price for their visitation.\nThe early European demonologists believed that female depravity, "
9780814751008 - page_171: "START TEXT: manifested in women’s sexual fantasies and unbridled sensuality, was linked to women’s unfeminine am" ******* END TEXT: "turies may be illuminated by a contemporary perspective in which equality for woman is reflected in "
9780814751008 - page_172: "START TEXT: woman’s right to sexual satisfaction, and in which sexual fantasy is viewed as an essential route to" ******* END TEXT: "xpended to prove a questionable thesis, that these stories have their origin in dream experience.72\n"
9780814751008 - page_173: "START TEXT: The question of dreams in swan maiden and demon lover narratives raises an apparent contradiction. T" ******* END TEXT: "ween private and public self.\nA Siberian folktale relates simply that there “was a girl who refused "
9780814751008 - page_174: "START TEXT: all men, but the Sun came during a dream, made her his wife and took her aloft upon [a] white deer.”" ******* END TEXT: "brothers and father wander a long time in search of the woman, the parent’s death in the wilderness "
9780814751008 - page_175: "START TEXT: being paradigmatic of the subversive influence of her unrealistic yearnings.82\nInsofar as dreams lea" ******* END TEXT: "ar. At the same time she noticed [her husband] still fast asleep beside her. With a pang of anxiety "
9780814751008 - page_176: "START TEXT: she realized that she had just been visited by an incubus who, to deceive her had assumed the appear" ******* END TEXT: "rrative, it tends as a literal motif to break down the value of the incubus as a collective symbol, "
9780814751008 - page_177: "START TEXT: directing the significance of the dreamer’s experience back to herself. Her predisposition to reject" ******* END TEXT: "(and tiresome) things that she needs to be happy”; and he, Vadinho, can offer his “fiery” love that "
9780814751008 - page_178: "START TEXT: makes her suffer but that she cannot do without. Her living husband is her “outward” face, her reven" ******* END TEXT: "ciation with healthy nature, eradicating his connection to the terrifying nightmare, to sin, and to "
9780814751008 - page_179: "START TEXT: guilt. The romantics made his redemption one of their explicit goals, although not without a nagging" ******* END TEXT: "ed in folklore. In some cultures, the fairy folk are thought to be descendants of the fallen angels "
9780814751008 - page_180: "START TEXT: or the fallen angels themselves. Supposedly, the Danish Bergman originated in this way, for when our" ******* END TEXT: "ction was Sir Walter Scott, and Nodier might have been familiar with the Scottish writer’s theories "
9780814751008 - page_181: "START TEXT: concerning the way folklore was transformed into demonology after the Reformation,105 for Nodier’s t" ******* END TEXT: "rcised, and illustrates as well the damage caused when women internalized this negative concept.107\n"
9780814751008 - page_182: "START TEXT: The mythologies of many peoples depict the incubus’s double face, the demon resisting any simplistic" ******* END TEXT: "n. In any event, the swan maiden as mother supplies her story with one of its most complex aspects.\n"
9780814751008 - page_183: "START TEXT: The Patient Griselda motif frequently found in Cupid and Psyche tales depicts the mother-child bond " ******* END TEXT: "ecome fully human is reflected in the strange children to whom she gives birth. And Lessa writes of "
9780814751008 - page_184: "START TEXT: Madagascar that it is “rich in swan maiden stories, which are principally concerned there with estab" ******* END TEXT: "t as the reality of her situation is forced upon her, the father of her child is transformed into a "
9780814751008 - page_185: "START TEXT: demon, the thoughts and emotions of this woman traveling the same path supposedly traveled by the in" ******* END TEXT: " they haunt the women as licentious, permanently excited sex spirits with large testicles, and they "
9780814751008 - page_186: "START TEXT: enjoy killing newly born children … they are capable of driving women into a frenzy.”130 Lilith is s" ******* END TEXT: "her parents, and her act of infanticide so horrifies him that he rejects her. In remorse, Kunigunde "
9780814751008 - page_187: "START TEXT: crawls on her knees between two cities and finally enters a convent. Many legends grew up about Kuni" ******* END TEXT: "drima, “the ghost of a woman who died in childbirth and in great agony,” and who harbors vindictive "
9780814751008 - page_188: "START TEXT: feelings against men, whom she chokes to death whenever the opportunity presents itself. Women respo" ******* END TEXT: "ntists point out, reflects social and economic reality as much as, perhaps more than, psychological "
9780814751008 - page_189: "START TEXT: states of mind. A majority of the world’s population faces difficulty in supporting children, and em" ******* END TEXT: "ains, but to her first born there clings the curse, that it becomes half a brute; if the child is a "
9780814751008 - page_190: "START TEXT: boy, he will be a were-wolf, if a girl, she will be a nightmare [that is, swan maiden/mara].145\nSome" ******* END TEXT: " will settle for any form of child depicts a strong drive toward childbirth and nurturing. But when "
9780814751008 - page_191: "START TEXT: the offspring is portrayed as a demon baby, one finds in such stories the mother’s anger about her h" ******* END TEXT: "cradle nor the arms.”155 The mother of Robert the Devil not only gives birth after a torment-filled "
9780814751008 - page_192: "START TEXT: labor that lasts eight days, but also perceives from the very beginning that her child manifests bad" ******* END TEXT: " become a familiar figure in popular culture. In the 1970s the United States experienced the coming "
9780814751008 - page_193: "START TEXT: together of two phenomena. On the one side women were proclaiming their freedom from childbearing in" ******* END TEXT: "’s autism widens the chasm between her parents. The only good child in this volume is a dead child, "
9780814751008 - page_194: "START TEXT: and his mother, married to an insensitive hard-hat, is able to idealize her deceased son: “I think o" ******* END TEXT: "hers, the folklore of the demon child helped to explain the “hundreds of women who had been humbled "
9780814751008 - page_195: "START TEXT: and disgraced by their children; mothers of the feeble-minded, of the vicious, of the criminal, of t" ******* END TEXT: " not only the loss of potential insight but also the loss of solace provided by a living folklore.\n\n"
9780814751008 - page_196: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 6The Animal Bride\nIcelandic sagas tell of Helgi the Bold, victorious in battle because his s" ******* END TEXT: " who fear them. Such a premise can be romanticized, as happens when the Chinese fox wife is held to "
9780814751008 - page_197: "START TEXT: reflect “the eternal mystery of woman, her power and her elusiveness.”5 In one well-known story grou" ******* END TEXT: "e by an evil persecutor, awaiting the hero who will release her from her spell. Reidar Christiansen "
9780814751008 - page_198: "START TEXT: has commented on these “two radically different redactions” of the swan maiden tale, “based on a dif" ******* END TEXT: "freed from its bonds, will I fly away”—but nonetheless bestows on her husband specific instructions "
9780814751008 - page_199: "START TEXT: about where she may be located. And when, in his final trial to reclaim her, her husband must pick h" ******* END TEXT: " affection for him when he had returned her stolen clothing immediately after the marriage ceremony "
9780814751008 - page_200: "START TEXT: (or else he thought human rituals more binding than they proved to be), and his determination to fin" ******* END TEXT: "he flat rocks beside the sea.”18\nFrom the perspective of the dead or of those imprisoned in a world "
9780814751008 - page_201: "START TEXT: forever sundered from humanity, it is the mortal world that is the earthly paradise, an idea that fo" ******* END TEXT: " go to the places they haunt hoping to find him.24 More practical is Hatt’s commentary on a variety "
9780814751008 - page_202: "START TEXT: of fox wife, the “mysterious housekeeper” who secretly cleans the house of a bachelor or widower whi" ******* END TEXT: "verts his own good fortune.\nAs noted earlier, Lilith fled Eden after refusing sexual subordination, "
9780814751008 - page_203: "START TEXT: but her rebellion can be extended to other aspects of the marital relationship. An ancient Persian l" ******* END TEXT: "d brought it home,” also knowing “everything there was to know about housekeeping.”34 In a Georgian "
9780814751008 - page_204: "START TEXT: variant of the frog wife tale, three brothers and their brides live in a communal household in which" ******* END TEXT: ".” She hears the man greet his images by pleading, “Please speak to me,” expressing his loneliness. "
9780814751008 - page_205: "START TEXT: When the escaped slave woman becomes his mysterious housekeeper, he believes his images are material" ******* END TEXT: "l be explored shortly. The point now is that the man blessed with a seemingly ideal mate instigates "
9780814751008 - page_206: "START TEXT: her flight from him. What differs in the tales’ focus is whether blame lies squarely with the husban" ******* END TEXT: "ly highlights his deficiencies—or perhaps the deficiencies of the masculine model for his behavior.\n"
9780814751008 - page_207: "START TEXT: Nowhere, perhaps, is this difficulty in finding an adequate masculine image by which to live reveale" ******* END TEXT: "m actually leave it to their wives to decide how they are to be disenchanted. Such is the case when "
9780814751008 - page_208: "START TEXT: a French animal bride asks her future husband to put his fate in her hands—“Trust in me, Bedoce, tru" ******* END TEXT: " Knight, has a year to locate his supernatural debtor and make good on his pledge. Often the ogre’s "
9780814751008 - page_209: "START TEXT: daughter is a swan maiden who takes a fancy to him or, in some instances, finds her own freedom cont" ******* END TEXT: "es, the animal shape embodies self-sufficiency whereas dependency comes with the female human form.\n"
9780814751008 - page_210: "START TEXT: In sparring for control, the mortal man and fairy woman often strike a bargain. In one story he is “" ******* END TEXT: "romise that no harm shall happen to him this day. O!” This was the cue for which the youth had been "
9780814751008 - page_211: "START TEXT: instructed to wait. “Here are your clothes, missy!” said he, stepping from his concealment; “a rogue" ******* END TEXT: "“man enough” for the endeavor, to which he replies that he is “man enough for that and more too.”69\n"
9780814751008 - page_212: "START TEXT: Sometimes the female characters are amused by what they perceive as the disparity between masculine " ******* END TEXT: "den is not the only avenue by which power is restored to the male folklore character. Sometimes the "
9780814751008 - page_213: "START TEXT: supernatural woman paradoxically uses her strength to undermine her own position. In a French story," ******* END TEXT: "verer never come? It is he who has you in his power, you traitor. Have I deserved this from you?”80\n"
9780814751008 - page_214: "START TEXT: The story implies that his abusiveness toward his wife confirms his fitness to rule the kingdom.\nPhy" ******* END TEXT: "t remain at least in part an animal is not really a man—or so many of these tales strongly suggest.\n"
9780814751008 - page_215: "START TEXT: A folktale group that reveals woman’s precarious dependence upon man as rescuer tells of a youth who" ******* END TEXT: "pearing. His needs, such as they are, are the story’s only concern.85 In contrast, his counterparts "
9780814751008 - page_216: "START TEXT: in other variants experience sharp anxiety as they lose first one and then another of the orange fai" ******* END TEXT: "he has pledged himself. The tale of the three oranges is also linked to animal bride stories as the "
9780814751008 - page_217: "START TEXT: imposter’s blackness (or some other perceived negative trait) serves a function similar to that of t" ******* END TEXT: "herself (similar to the rape at the beginning of Chaucer’s “Wife of Bath’s Tale”) is suggested by a "
9780814751008 - page_218: "START TEXT: version of the story in which the offended hag is transformed into the prototype of the maiden he mu" ******* END TEXT: "black man instead of the traditional beast,107 the blackness being intended to symbolize that which "
9780814751008 - page_219: "START TEXT: the beast represents. And women who take black paramours, such as those in the Greek story and in th" ******* END TEXT: " innocent one who must serve as a model for her sex. Her alter ego is not only wickedly lascivious, "
9780814751008 - page_220: "START TEXT: but in many versions she also refuses to perform the domestic tasks assigned to woman. The imposter " ******* END TEXT: "maidservant, who as substitute bride is virtually living out the logic of her mistress’s rebellion. "
9780814751008 - page_221: "START TEXT: By absorbing narrative motifs from swan maiden and mysterious housekeeper tales, the stories of the " ******* END TEXT: "ent seems to be based on an assumption that the human form is the true form, the bestial shape some "
9780814751008 - page_222: "START TEXT: aberration (except in stories where a demon’s human form constitutes a deception), whereas a basic a" ******* END TEXT: " finds her ill, and must supply a life-preserving elixir: “He put a gulp of blood into the water in "
9780814751008 - page_223: "START TEXT: the cup, and she drank it. She drank the second one, and when she had drunk the third one there was " ******* END TEXT: " enough to discover the woman’s animal origins, to remind her of them, or to allow her contact with "
9780814751008 - page_224: "START TEXT: her natural element for her to disappear. One story tells how a hunter forms an alliance with a beav" ******* END TEXT: "t) but the only things left about her that were natural. The enchantment was all the other way.”127 "
9780814751008 - page_225: "START TEXT: Such an author would find in swan maiden stories (of which Russalka is a version) an apt paradigm fo" ******* END TEXT: "rative’s central point remains unchanged despite the shift from young man to young woman as victim: "
9780814751008 - page_226: "START TEXT: deer woman is a negative prototype of female animalism, continuing to victimize men but also encoura" ******* END TEXT: "e of her animal mate, she has seized an initiative ordinarily denied her, and her subsequent trials "
9780814751008 - page_227: "START TEXT: are—as the chapter on Cupid and Psyche contended—a kind of penance. But where her destruction of the" ******* END TEXT: "the restraint: “She speaks, cries, entreats, and struggles,” but he “will not move, speak, nor quit "
9780814751008 - page_228: "START TEXT: her.”138 A seal maiden story from Scotland works a variation on this motif. Even the return of her s" ******* END TEXT: " begging her in vain to discard her feather dress, the prince burns it, the smell of burning causes "
9780814751008 - page_229: "START TEXT: her to rush too late to the oven to rescue it. “But before she arrived it was utterly destroyed, so " ******* END TEXT: "stinctive patterns of behavior to which woman may cling as a guarantee of freedom, also sustaining, "
9780814751008 - page_230: "START TEXT: however, the antifeminist view of woman’s easy regression to a state of nature. To assign her the ro" ******* END TEXT: "l appear to serve the ends of her husband, whose own ties to male-dominated culture are strong. The "
9780814751008 - page_231: "START TEXT: pathos of the novella’s ending, the fox wife’s death at the hands of hunters, echoes the stories of " ******* END TEXT: ", and the devil’s bride is returned to her proper role in society. On the other side, animal brides "
9780814751008 - page_232: "START TEXT: portray the externalization of some essential female nature that must be altered or at least control" ******* END TEXT: " woman in this respect, which is why the nineteenth-century European writers were drawn to a female "
9780814751008 - page_233: "START TEXT: persona and the essential otherness that marked her, frequently portraying the fairy woman as a muse" ******* END TEXT: " of disenchantment. In a Persian tale, a man learns that his son is fated to be torn to pieces by a "
9780814751008 - page_234: "START TEXT: wolf. As a result, the child is hidden away and tutored privately so that he can be protected from t" ******* END TEXT: "ur his flesh while he sleeps.157 An Algonquin story tells how two girls are changed to water snakes "
9780814751008 - page_235: "START TEXT: after they fall into the habit of absenting themselves from their people every Sunday to run around " ******* END TEXT: "ay. She told her husband that she was very sad that he did that. She said, ‘Since you don’t like me "
9780814751008 - page_236: "START TEXT: anyway, just make a big fire and throw me in,’” adding that when “‘I’m all burnt up, smooth out the " ******* END TEXT: "eem to merge with those who must be rescued from their own dragonlike forms. And, finally, there is "
9780814751008 - page_237: "START TEXT: the version popularized in “Hippocrates’ Daughter” from Mandeville’s Travels, a tale in which a char" ******* END TEXT: "Melusine must one day each week assume the partial shape of a serpent. But if a mortal husband will "
9780814751008 - page_238: "START TEXT: allow her sufficient privacy to guard her secret, she will win a human soul. Unfortunately, Count Ra" ******* END TEXT: "rm being linked to her higher, not her lower essence,177 her husband’s culpability is paradoxically "
9780814751008 - page_239: "START TEXT: even more emphasized than when the story ends with a debacle.\nWhatever reason is given for the husba" ******* END TEXT: "ial element in culture, rests, and her disappearance from it thus extends her husband’s loss to his "
9780814751008 - page_240: "START TEXT: people in a profoundly material as well as psychological way. Ancient fears of women or myths of fem" ******* END TEXT: "l wire round her husband, who had then to give in and promise to keep the peace.”181 Doniger points "
9780814751008 - page_241: "START TEXT: out the phallic significance of the iron rod, in which case its vulviform shape once it is twisted a" ******* END TEXT: ",” wishing to be a “fleet animal and race about as they do among the steep rocks by day and night,” "
9780814751008 - page_242: "START TEXT: significantly “giving the hunters a good run.” Her punishment had been to achieve her heart’s desire" ******* END TEXT: "l since she has no choice but to remain with her husband while he possesses her stolen garment. The "
9780814751008 - page_243: "START TEXT: second is not to subject her to onerous tasks she would presumably be free of in the otherworld, not" ******* END TEXT: "interest to defy the prohibitions. In the struggle for power between the sexes, man asserts himself "
9780814751008 - page_244: "START TEXT: with brutal aggressiveness; but he also proves in animal bride tales to be passive, weak, dependent," ******* END TEXT: "Orpheus narratives to be discussed next, to the ironically failed quest to win back the lost wife.\n\n"
9780814751008 - page_245: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 7Orpbeus’s Quest\nMost swan maiden stories begin with the capture of the fairy wife, her enfo" ******* END TEXT: "he world’s folklore to be interpreted as a narrative about a husband’s grief over his dead wife and "
9780814751008 - page_246: "START TEXT: about his futile attempt to return her to the world of the living, or as a powerful story about fail" ******* END TEXT: "consolation to bereaved persons who may imagine their loved ones experiencing another, better life, "
9780814751008 - page_247: "START TEXT: rather than dying.10 In fantasy, if not in fact, the lost one could even be won back.\nRather than di" ******* END TEXT: "ld way of life, which is perhaps why men who recognize the mark of the supernatural people on their "
9780814751008 - page_248: "START TEXT: wives, daughters, or sisters often reject them. The chief of the dead may also realize that the wife" ******* END TEXT: "ect internal strife as well. Orpheus tales are permeated with these layered themes. The Mahabbarata "
9780814751008 - page_249: "START TEXT: tells a story strikingly similar to the Roman myth. In the Hindu story, a young woman of semidivine " ******* END TEXT: "s on a search for her, and when he finds her, she keeps him by her side. The husband must therefore "
9780814751008 - page_250: "START TEXT: find both wife and son. When he is reunited with the latter, he learns that his wife is “living with" ******* END TEXT: "—which is not to deny that the relationship of these roles to each other is enormously complex, but "
9780814751008 - page_251: "START TEXT: only to contend that Orpheus’s position in the swan maiden narrative is less problematical than Eury" ******* END TEXT: "o learn, that is, how to be a husband.\nAnother and obvious link between the Orpheus and swan maiden "
9780814751008 - page_252: "START TEXT: tales clusters about the need to retrieve the lost wife not merely from the otherworld but also from" ******* END TEXT: "heus stories, however, emerges another possible meaning usually submerged in the story pattern. The "
9780814751008 - page_253: "START TEXT: common features that link the antagonists who compete for the woman who, through flight or through d" ******* END TEXT: "ce another woman’s son, and the way the former son treats his wife may reflect the outcomes of that "
9780814751008 - page_254: "START TEXT: earlier tie. When his wife herself becomes a mother, the symbolic struggle with the otherworld to wh" ******* END TEXT: "is wife among a troop of fairies, he forces them to release her, going home to burn the effigy they "
9780814751008 - page_255: "START TEXT: had left when they took her, an act reminiscent of burning the animal wife’s skin or performing some" ******* END TEXT: "n act of seizure that reenacts the original winning-by-capture. On the other side, passive husbands "
9780814751008 - page_256: "START TEXT: equally fail their wives because they impute their own weaknesses to women instead of questioning cu" ******* END TEXT: "r in such a clearly defined psychological pattern. The father who betrays his daughter is succeeded "
9780814751008 - page_257: "START TEXT: by the husband who in one sense rescues her, but in another retains her through force. The story poi" ******* END TEXT: "tral theme in the narratives.\nThe consequences of a prince falling in love with a fairy rather than "
9780814751008 - page_258: "START TEXT: an ordinary woman is depicted in the first of these tales, “The Perfumer’s Daughter,” when an anxiou" ******* END TEXT: "need to control his wayward wife is even more pronounced in the other two variants. In “Prince Amul "
9780814751008 - page_259: "START TEXT: Manik” the husband achieves control over his wife not by stealing her clothes but by an act that can" ******* END TEXT: "and touch her. In a brutal and perhaps sexually symbolic gesture, he “puts his legs around her,” at "
9780814751008 - page_260: "START TEXT: the same time twisting her hair with his hands, shouting for help from his companions.49\nMarriage, m" ******* END TEXT: "his sense she is not yet real. Thus the husband must be wary of how he exercises male prerogatives.\n"
9780814751008 - page_261: "START TEXT: In a Wichita Orpheus tale, a father extracts from his son-in-law the promise that if his daughter is" ******* END TEXT: "ted in North America; it is a narrative recognized to be thematically allied to the Orpheus tale.55\n"
9780814751008 - page_262: "START TEXT: “Mudjikiwis” usually involves a swan maiden or mysterious housekeeper (or both) who enters the house" ******* END TEXT: "ordinarily protect her.58 In a Zuñi Orpheus type tale, a husband who loves his wife so much that he "
9780814751008 - page_263: "START TEXT: will follow her to the land of the dead is warned by an old owl—his grand master—not to allow the im" ******* END TEXT: "l spouse.61 And in a Bantu bird maiden tale, a groom similarly fails to heed a warning not to leave "
9780814751008 - page_264: "START TEXT: his bride during their wedding procession. Distracted by his male companions who take off to hunt an" ******* END TEXT: "an his beautiful maiden wife, he suddenly caught up his stone-weighed hoe, and furiously struck the "
9780814751008 - page_265: "START TEXT: one that was uppermost on the head, again and again, until she let go her hold, and fell back.”64\nTh" ******* END TEXT: "sorientated behavior resembles the bewilderment experienced by men faced with what they perceive to "
9780814751008 - page_266: "START TEXT: be some eternally mystifying quality in woman and in their relationship to her. What it is that woma" ******* END TEXT: "er] but because they didn’t.”73\nPerhaps these contemporary Orpheuses are representative of what has "
9780814751008 - page_267: "START TEXT: been incorrectly described as a peculiarly modern phenomenon, that “of the passive, submissive wife " ******* END TEXT: "ife was buried, and stood over the grave and mourned for his wife. The child was very helpless, and "
9780814751008 - page_268: "START TEXT: cried all the time. The man’s heart was sick with grief and loneliness.”78 Such a merging of his own" ******* END TEXT: "aults against you. All this time I have not even spoken to you.” “Oh,” replied the Prince, “you are "
9780814751008 - page_269: "START TEXT: a celestial nymph, and I’m just an ordinary man. Why should you deign to have anything to do with th" ******* END TEXT: "f the life (“The Choice”). According to such a view, the story of “Kusa Jataka,” a variation on the "
9780814751008 - page_270: "START TEXT: Cupid and Psyche tale, would supply a more adequate model of the husband whose manliness is to be em" ******* END TEXT: "e on woman, it is an ironic one.\nIt is men, not women, assert some, who are constantly in search of "
9780814751008 - page_271: "START TEXT: self-definition. Biology, it is claimed, early lets a woman know about herself and the roles she is " ******* END TEXT: "e ways in which men and women respond to their own fantasies: “women would see deprivation followed "
9780814751008 - page_272: "START TEXT: by enhancement, whereas men would see enhancement followed by deprivation.” In contrast to women,\nme" ******* END TEXT: "ns are found in North American Orpheus tales, in which the presumed ruler of the otherworld has his "
9780814751008 - page_273: "START TEXT: counterpart in tribal chiefs who instruct bereaved men about how to retrieve their wives from the ru" ******* END TEXT: " met with, for example, in North American native folktales in which the boy allies himself with his "
9780814751008 - page_274: "START TEXT: father against the “bad mother”97 (the one who has betrayed them both with her demon lover). Neither" ******* END TEXT: "icates himself by overcoming the witch. Nonetheless, he remains dependent on his fairy wife, for—as "
9780814751008 - page_275: "START TEXT: typical in Jason and Medea tales—he could not have performed the tasks without her aid.98 Why, then," ******* END TEXT: "s his mother’s earlier words warning him not to remain away too long that inspire his determination "
9780814751008 - page_276: "START TEXT: to “break away from his prison.” Kawelu dies of grief but Hiku descends to the otherworld and brings" ******* END TEXT: " chapter of this book, seems to make her choice despite rather than because of the stories’ logic.\n\n"
9780814751008 - page_277: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 8Etain’s Two Husbands: The Swan Maiden’s Choice\nPrevious chapters have argued that to “rescu" ******* END TEXT: "econciliation these lovers can enjoy. Their fate is a persistent one in the swan maiden tale. It is "
9780814751008 - page_278: "START TEXT: reenacted on stage each time a penitent Prince Siegfried and his sorrowful Odette fling themselves i" ******* END TEXT: "le dominance in its most malignant form (for example, Bluebeard), nor spurn reality. They choose an "
9780814751008 - page_279: "START TEXT: existence on earth because they are not so easily deceived by the allure of the otherworld.\nBut the " ******* END TEXT: "on of the story) he reaches the abode of Midir, where Etain is surrounded by many identical-looking "
9780814751008 - page_280: "START TEXT: women from whom he must identify her. When he mistakenly picks out Etain’s daughter (this variation " ******* END TEXT: "Wooing of Etain” the gambling motif combines with others from the folklore surrounding swan maidens "
9780814751008 - page_281: "START TEXT: —Eochaid’s search for the fairy world to which his lost wife has been taken, and perhaps even his ne" ******* END TEXT: "ring as mortals can the gods hope to trick and thus conquer her. But in contrast to Alcmena, who is "
9780814751008 - page_282: "START TEXT: unwittingly unfaithful to her husband, Amphytrion, when Zeus appears disguised as her spouse, and ot" ******* END TEXT: " man who appears to be her husband, making the best of the compromising situation by giving herself "
9780814751008 - page_283: "START TEXT: to the supposedly lawful spouse. But in the firelight she becomes aware that she has mated with a de" ******* END TEXT: "irls undergo at puberty” kicks a toad out of the road. But then she elopes with a handsome man, not "
9780814751008 - page_284: "START TEXT: realizing that he is the reptile in human form. Her father-in-law encourages her to visit her parent" ******* END TEXT: "les still on his back.”24 But the widespread Japanese serpent bridegroom tales prove more ambiguous "
9780814751008 - page_285: "START TEXT: than stories about how resolute human beings may outwit evil forces, for often humans cannot easily " ******* END TEXT: " can comprehend the world in which she lives, she can also unite the mundane and the extraordinary.\n"
9780814751008 - page_286: "START TEXT: For even if the otherworldly suitor is not a malevolent demon, he is dangerous to the extent that he" ******* END TEXT: "as failed in its efforts to get her back; indeed, she finds an advantage what other female folklore "
9780814751008 - page_287: "START TEXT: characters find their undoing, that her would-be human male rescuers cease their efforts on her beha" ******* END TEXT: " from the monster who pursues her, but she recovers and remains under the protection of an uncle.35\n"
9780814751008 - page_288: "START TEXT: A less happy fate awaits the married woman in a Musquakie story: pursued by a demon, she “ran till s" ******* END TEXT: "of human choice. In any event, choice as a folklore motif imbues many narratives with their themes.\n"
9780814751008 - page_289: "START TEXT: That Etain has a choice in the matter of whether Midir or Eochaid will possess her, but that her cho" ******* END TEXT: "ccident.” And from this cosmic perspective, and within Stephens’s concern with the artist’s plight, "
9780814751008 - page_290: "START TEXT: the feminist implications of his work recede into the background. Etain is once again forced into pa" ******* END TEXT: "ese figs I would choose”—her imagery making it clear that her predicament is a gender-based one. In "
9780814751008 - page_291: "START TEXT: her paralysis, she watches the fruit rot and die: “one by one, they plopped to the ground at my feet" ******* END TEXT: "ingdom; but her freedom of choice is limited precisely at that moment she chooses to become a wife.\n"
9780814751008 - page_292: "START TEXT: That a woman might indeed perish when her choice is in effect not a choice is a theme found in a sto" ******* END TEXT: "ly groups are defined and organized as well as according to the value systems that emerge from such "
9780814751008 - page_293: "START TEXT: organization. But attention has recently been paid to the very prevalence in folktales of the nuclea" ******* END TEXT: "aning and also to illuminate their original significance. The swan maiden tale may supply Fischer’s "
9780814751008 - page_294: "START TEXT: argument with its paradigmatic example, because its subject is the nuclear family (sometimes in conf" ******* END TEXT: "n feathers, and the swan knight, Lohengrin, becomes a symbolic character in a drama of mismating.59 "
9780814751008 - page_295: "START TEXT: But it is in A Doll House that Ibsen not only draws heavily on folklore, but actually appears to wri" ******* END TEXT: "agic coverings, which are implied in the idea of a masquerade, of that which is outside of ordinary "
9780814751008 - page_296: "START TEXT: life. In act 3, both stage directions and lines persistently refer to Nora’s changing of clothes as " ******* END TEXT: "to escape ties to human husbands.\n“Una, the Elfwoman” tells of a character who, like the mysterious "
9780814751008 - page_297: "START TEXT: housekeeper, voluntarily enters the mortal world, laboring so arduously at farm work that she is off" ******* END TEXT: " with, a means by which the folk mediated between nature and culture. The origins of the dance have "
9780814751008 - page_298: "START TEXT: to do with the belief that its lively movements are an antidote to the spider’s bite and the illness" ******* END TEXT: "s wife, emerges from a comparison of the passage from Ibsen with what may well have been one of the "
9780814751008 - page_299: "START TEXT: playwright’s sources, the capture by Hasan of Basorah of his swan maiden in the Arabian Nights:\nPass" ******* END TEXT: "t to resolve the ambiguities of her character or of her actions. Yet few story groups illustrate as "
9780814751008 - page_300: "START TEXT: profoundly as the swan maiden narratives the importance of—to use contemporary slang—“getting it tog" ******* END TEXT: "he genuine freedom on which all true agency must rest: “Listen, Torvald—I’ve heard that when a wife "
9780814751008 - page_301: "START TEXT: deserts her husband’s house just as I’m doing, then the law frees him from all responsibility. In an" ******* END TEXT: "his play, it is difficult not to conclude that problems arise when folk narratives no longer bridge "
9780814751008 - page_302: "START TEXT: the gap between reality and fantasy, supplying a shared outlet for tensions and emotions that once m" ******* END TEXT: "han did past ages—in which telling stories about runaway wives substituted for wives running away.\n\n"
9780814751008 - page_ix: "START TEXT: The Reluctant Bride: Exogamous Marriages\nBestiality\nBruno Bettelheim and the Animal Groom Cycle: Err" ******* END TEXT: "Spirit to Incubus—and the Reverse\nSwan Maiden and Demon Lover as Dream Figures: Theoretical Aspects\n"
9780814751008 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nPreface\nGenesis: Belles Dames sans Merci, Swan Maidens, Demon Lovers\nThe Swan Maiden Tale: " ******* END TEXT: " Runaway Wife\nSwan Maidens Who Are Not Swans\nThe Meaning of the Swan as Signifier of the Story Type\n"
9780814751008 - page_viii: "START TEXT: Swan and Serpent: Odette and Odile\nGender Conflict in the Sanskrit Tale of Purūravas and Urvaśī: Urv" ******* END TEXT: "e or, Penitent Wife?\nSwan Maidens in Animal Groom Tales\nCupid, Psyche, and the Realities of Wedlock\n"
9780814751008 - page_x: "START TEXT: The Collective and Individual Nature of Dreams\nThe Danger of the Dreaming Woman: Literary and Folklo" ******* END TEXT: " Animal Bride: Examples of Unbroken Enchantments\nBroken Taboos and Wife Abuse in Animal Bride Tales\n"
9780814751008 - page_xi: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 7 Orpheus’s Quest\nThe Swan Maiden Tale from a Man’s Point of View\nFolklore and the Myth of O" ******* END TEXT: "den\nNora’s Choice\nFolktales and Runaway Wives\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex of Selected Names and Titles\n"
9780814751008 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814751008 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1994 by New York UniversityAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: "sen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n"
9780814751008 - page_v: "START TEXT: This book is lovingly dedicated to my husband, Peter B. Leavy.\n" ******* END TEXT: "This book is lovingly dedicated to my husband, Peter B. Leavy.\n"
9780814751008 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814751008 - page_i: "START TEXT: In Search of the Swan Maiden\n" ******* END TEXT: "In Search of the Swan Maiden\n"
9780814751008 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814751008 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: In Search of the Swan Maiden\n" ******* END TEXT: "In Search of the Swan Maiden\n"
9780814751008 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814751008 - page_369: "START TEXT: Index of Selected Names and Titles\nAarne, Antti, 5, 305 n.17, 328 n.48\nAbrahams, Roger D., 17\nAddams" ******* END TEXT: "Coffin, Tristram Potter, 6, 7, 15, 30, 69, 70, 306 n.14, 306 n.39, 311 nn.9, 31, 312 n.36, 322 n.33\n"
9780814751008 - page_370: "START TEXT: Cohn, Dorrit, 325 n.123\nColeridge, Saumuel Taylor, 1\nCondren, Mary, 328 n.43\nConway, Mancore D., 314" ******* END TEXT: "in, Gail, 80, 323 n.69\nGoldberg, Herb, 334 n.88\nGoleman, Daniel, 323 n.74\nGorer, Geoffrey, 336 n.l8\n"
9780814751008 - page_371: "START TEXT: Graves, Robert, 248, 326 n.126, 332 n.18\nGray, J. Patrick, 313 n.77\nGreer, Germaine, 80, 325 n.113\nG" ******* END TEXT: ", 14, 318 n.82\nLawson, John C., 310 n.111\nLeach, Maria, 332 n.11\nLeal, Ondina F., 304 n.9, 336 n.50\n"
9780814751008 - page_372: "START TEXT: Leavy, Barbara Fass, 1, 3, 4, 27, 76, 304 n.11, 308 n.24, 311 n.4, 313 n.64, 319 n.142, 322 n.6, 326" ******* END TEXT: "Carol K., 330 n.131\nRad, Gerhard von., 324 n.97\nRalston, W. R. Shedden, 147, 148, 304 n.15, 316 n.5\n"
9780814751008 - page_373: "START TEXT: Rees, Alwyn, 335 nn.3, 9, 13\nRees, Brinley, 335 nn.3, 9, 13\nReichard, Gladys A., 98\nRemy, Nicholas, " ******* END TEXT: " 323 n.46\nWalt Disney Studios, 5\nWarden, John, 332 n.l3\nWebster, Wentworth, 84\nWeidman, Bette S., 8\n"
9780814751008 - page_374: "START TEXT: Weigle, Marta, 306 n.15, 326 n.133\nWhiting, Henry, 108\nWilliams, Norman P., 324 nn.97, 98, 325 n.99\n" ******* END TEXT: ", William Butler, 200, 269\nYoung, Frank W., 314 n.121\nZilboorg, Gregory, 162, 164\nZipes, Jack, 257\n\n"
9780814751008 - page_303: "START TEXT: Notes\nPreface\n1. Dorson, “Print and American Folktales”: 207. Relations between the fields have impr" ******* END TEXT: " and the readers’ response to it (“The Mother Who Ran Away,” July 1956) was one of the inspirations "
9780814751008 - page_304: "START TEXT: for The Feminine Mystique: 50. Also see Robbins and Robbins. This runaway mother, however, was suffe" ******* END TEXT: "le—the woman cannot recover her supernatural spouse or mate. Christiansen notes in his monograph on "
9780814751008 - page_305: "START TEXT: the swan maiden that “Holmstrom examined both folktale and legend, and of his list of variants only " ******* END TEXT: "iety: “Men’s Changing Image of Women.”\n13. Kapferer supplies significant insight into this subject.\n"
9780814751008 - page_306: "START TEXT: 14. Dégh is quoted by Stern: 9; Dundes, Interpreting Folklore: 6–7. Coffin has told me he thinks thi" ******* END TEXT: "ciety 91; also see Swahn 437–38.\n44. Benedict 1: xxiii, xli-xlii.\n45. Problems of the Feminine 1–4.\n"
9780814751008 - page_307: "START TEXT: 46. See, for example, Denton 21.\n47. Spender 12.\n48. Bengis 61.\n49. The Telling of Stories 167. Also" ******* END TEXT: " 252.\n13. Wright 533.\n14. My figure of speech is coincidentally allusive. Men play cards, chess, or "
9780814751008 - page_308: "START TEXT: dice in a contest in which a woman is the stake; or a gambler who loses a game and consequently face" ******* END TEXT: "Tibetan Tales: 56.\n41. See Spender 113–14; Kolbenschlag 51.\n42. Leland 301.\n43. Kolbenschlag 51–52.\n"
9780814751008 - page_309: "START TEXT: 44. See preface, n.6 above.\n45. E. Ardener 151–52.\n46. Coxwell 22.\n47. For further discussion of the" ******* END TEXT: "e man cannot complete, Taggart explains her superior strength: “the heroine has supernatural power, "
9780814751008 - page_310: "START TEXT: which represents the power of a woman’s love for a man”: Enchanted Maidens: 183. In general Taggart " ******* END TEXT: "and suddenly withdraws their joint savings from the bank, leaving both him and their children: 130.\n"
9780814751008 - page_311: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 3 The Devil’s Bride\n1. Craigie 232.\n2. Croker 187.\n3. MacGregor 113–14.\n4. See Jacobsen and " ******* END TEXT: "Traditional Ballad 139.\n32. See Skolnik. While she does not say she regrets her decision to end her "
9780814751008 - page_312: "START TEXT: marriage, her description of her situation compared to her husband’s reveals that women who try to d" ******* END TEXT: "over” was first published in The Woman’s Home Companion in 1949, and there is perhaps no better way "
9780814751008 - page_313: "START TEXT: to construct the life of the American housewife during that period than to examine the magazine’s is" ******* END TEXT: "is subject; see Kapferer for a thorough survey of the arguments as well as his own analysis: 95–99.\n"
9780814751008 - page_314: "START TEXT: 86. Jones and Kropf 278–87, 416–17.\n87. Baudis 179–81.\n88. Monter, “Pedestal”: 133; Midelfort 184–85" ******* END TEXT: "Caddo: 29.\n123. Parsons, “Micmac”: 65.\n124. Howe and Hirschfeld 321.\n125. Wissler and Duvall 58–61.\n"
9780814751008 - page_315: "START TEXT: 126. Teit, “The Shuswap”: 687. Hall may provide a gloss on this story when he notes that if a “daugh" ******* END TEXT: "t, Seki’s study of the serpent groom makes no such distinction: “Spool of Thread” 267. Also consult "
9780814751008 - page_316: "START TEXT: T. F. Crane 1, for a description of the different narrative patterns that belong to the Cupid and Ps" ******* END TEXT: " Calvino xxix.\n30. Neumann, Amor and Psyche: 108–11, 120–21, 129–32.\n31. Lang, Custom and Myth: 75.\n"
9780814751008 - page_317: "START TEXT: 32. Whiting 20.\n33. “Spool of Thread” 279–80.\n34. Bernstein 145–46.\n35. Kinsley 97, 113–14.\n36. Nico" ******* END TEXT: "attern Bettelheim finds significant.\n72. J. F. Campbell 1:208–13.\n73. Chase 57.\n74. Artin Pacha 92.\n"
9780814751008 - page_318: "START TEXT: 75. Swahn 437–38; also see Dégh, Folktales and Society: 91.\n76. Holbek’s Interpretation of Fairy Tal" ******* END TEXT: "ones and Kropf 285.\n108. Webster 171.\n109. Afanas’ev 200.\n110. Dawkins, Forty-Five Stories: 115–23.\n"
9780814751008 - page_319: "START TEXT: 111. Busk, Roman Legends: 101.\n112. Massignon 141; also see 272.\n113. Paton 115.\n114. Webster 38–41." ******* END TEXT: "alvino 83.\n149. Fuchs 52–58; see also Ennis 99–101.\n150. Dorsey, Traditions of the Arikara: 153–54.\n"
9780814751008 - page_320: "START TEXT: 151. Venkataswami 133–34.\n152. Kúnos 71.\n153. Jacottet, Etudes: 78–80, 69–70.\n154. Goddard 234–35.\n1" ******* END TEXT: "eca Indian Myths: 102–4.\n192. Skinner, “Notes on the Eastern Cree and the Northern Saulteaux”: 168.\n"
9780814751008 - page_321: "START TEXT: 193. Curtin, Seneca Indian Myths: 181.\n194. Jones and Michelson 407.\n195. Dorsey, Traditions of the " ******* END TEXT: "8. Mullen 137–65.\n229. Henderson and Calvert, Wonder Tales of Ancient Spain: 22.\n230. d’Aulnoy 237.\n"
9780814751008 - page_322: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 5 Swan Maiden and Incubus\n1. See Kiessling on the difficulty of separating the wild hairy ma" ******* END TEXT: "Loomis 77.\n33. Coffin, Female Hero: 131; see also Bernheimer 100.\n34. Fiske 92.\n35. Bernheimer 100.\n"
9780814751008 - page_323: "START TEXT: 36. Masters, Eros and Evil: xvii-xviii; see also Bernheimer 101.\n37. F. Carpenter 26–29.\n38. N. Cohn" ******* END TEXT: " Roscher xii-xiii.\n75. E. Jones 59–60.\n76. Dyer, “Dreams”: 706.\n77. Coxwell 80.\n78. Coxwell 724–25.\n"
9780814751008 - page_324: "START TEXT: 79. Htin Aung 127.\n80. Coelho 178.\n81. Dorsey, “Wichita”: 298.\n82. Dorsey, Caddo: 76–77.\n83. Dixon, " ******* END TEXT: "s and Evil: 6–7, Also see nn.97–101 below.\n97. Rad 110; Vawter 25; Williams 22–25.\n98. Williams 22.\n"
9780814751008 - page_325: "START TEXT: 99. This is a Christian interpretation of Genesis 6: Williams 34.\n100. Craigie 93; see Christiansen’" ******* END TEXT: "e work of D. Cohn; Dyer; Ellis; also see Heibling 151 n.1.\n124. Ausubel 593.\n125. Bamberger 142–43.\n"
9780814751008 - page_326: "START TEXT: 126. Graves and Patai 65; see Rivlin and Barbara Walker for feminist interpretations of Lilith.\n127." ******* END TEXT: " between the maternal and the erotic in Western Europe, particularly 187–88.\n165. Addams 64–65, 68.\n"
9780814751008 - page_327: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 6 The Animal Bride\n1. I am using Edward G. Fichtner’s translation for me of the Helgi story " ******* END TEXT: "y 198.\n34. Dirr 47–50•\n35. Wardrop 15–21.\n36. Megas 50–51.\n37. Curtin, Seneca Indian Myths: 452–56.\n"
9780814751008 - page_328: "START TEXT: 38. Teit, “Traditions of the Lillooet”: 309–10.\n39. Boas and Hunt 122–23.\n40. E. A. Smith 103–4.\n41." ******* END TEXT: "by Simpson: “Be Bold.”\n72. Randolph 5.\n73. J. F. Campbell 1:51.\n74. Pourrat 29.\n75. Wheeler 352–55.\n"
9780814751008 - page_329: "START TEXT: 76. Sastri and Natesa 80–119.\n77. Massignon 56.\n78. Christiansen, Folktales of Norway: 227.\n79. Kent" ******* END TEXT: "od of Fiction: 326; Dawkins, Modern Greek: 89–95. Beach notes that blackness is a typical attribute "
9780814751008 - page_330: "START TEXT: of the loathly lady: chapter 11: 5. In general, however, the iconography of the black man has receiv" ******* END TEXT: "s added.\n144. Dozon 95–96.\n145. Foster 148. See Darnton on the mutilation of the cat people: 92–93.\n"
9780814751008 - page_331: "START TEXT: 146. Garnett 4, 5, 40–41.\n147. The text of Verga’s story is supplied by Lucente. See his analysis of" ******* END TEXT: " leading from the group psyche to ego-consciousness and individuality”: 268–76.\n178. De Visser 303.\n"
9780814751008 - page_332: "START TEXT: 179. See n.126 above.\n180. In Cross, “The Celtic Elements in the Lay of Lanval”: 622.\n181. See Leavy" ******* END TEXT: "iew has been challenged; see Leavy, “Faith’s Incubus”: 302.\n19. Markale 150–52.\n20. Mahabharata 15.\n"
9780814751008 - page_333: "START TEXT: 21. Friedman, Orpheus in the Middle Ages: 26; also see Donovan 163.\n22. Hultkrantz 199.\n23. Bernheim" ******* END TEXT: " Cree”: 353–61.\n58. See Kakar and Ross 53–54, 198–99.\n59. Erdoes and Ortiz 447–51.\n60. Clark 11–12.\n"
9780814751008 - page_334: "START TEXT: 61. Parsons, “Pueblo-Indian”: 253–55.\n62. Hertslet 43–54.\n63. Grinnell, Blackfoot: 127–31.\n64. Cushi" ******* END TEXT: " suggest that this site of conflict is not new is not to challenge what this doctor learns from his "
9780814751008 - page_335: "START TEXT: patients so much as to argue that folklore reveals that the situation goes back at least as far as t" ******* END TEXT: "nd Rees (they also compare the story of Etain to that of Purūravas and Urvaśī): 271–78; MacCana 90.\n"
9780814751008 - page_336: "START TEXT: 14. Benjamin Walker 2:113.\n15. Masters, Eros and Evil: 54.\n16. See Leavy, La Belle Dame San Merci: 2" ******* END TEXT: "os 188–97.\n50. Leal and Oliven 90.\n51. Dawkins, Forty-Five Stories: 387–88; also see notes: 388–93.\n"
9780814751008 - page_337: "START TEXT: 52. See n. 47 above.\n53. Lüthi in Ben-Amos 20.\n54. Lecture on the Mahabharata at the Asia Society, N" ******* END TEXT: "nd save the one of the country from where he comes”: 32.\n67. Baruch 378.\n68. Toulmin 308–9, 314–15.\n"
9780814751008 - page_338: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814751008 - page_1: "START TEXT: Preface\nThis study was originally intended as a companion to my book on the adoption by many ninetee" ******* END TEXT: " he retains her animal covering, an article of clothing, or some other possession without which she "
9780814751008 - page_10: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814751008 - page_2: "START TEXT: cannot return to the otherworld. When she regains her prized belonging, she flees her husband and ch" ******* END TEXT: "netheless, I will assume that folktales have meaning, that this meaning is profound, and that since "
9780814751008 - page_3: "START TEXT: narrators vary greatly with regard to intelligence, perception, and self-consciousness, folktales ar" ******* END TEXT: "ve of folklore, however, the runaway wives and mothers who today are followed not by their husbands "
9780814751008 - page_4: "START TEXT: but by detectives their spouses hire, may be acting out what was once a widespread and surprisingly " ******* END TEXT: "n, a contrast to the passive sleeping beauties who await a prince’s kiss to awaken them to life. Be "
9780814751008 - page_5: "START TEXT: this as it may (see chapter 4), the swan maiden stories (part of Tale Type 400),13 which depict the " ******* END TEXT: "nd some of whom are friends.\nIt is with deep regret and sorrow that I must posthumously acknowledge "
9780814751008 - page_6: "START TEXT: the great help and deep influence of the late Bengt Holbek of the department of folklore at the Univ" ******* END TEXT: "is composite portrait of the swan maiden is one that I have used throughout the following chapters.\n"
9780814751008 - page_7: "START TEXT: Since part of my inquiry has to do with the feminist implications of the swan maiden tale, and since" ******* END TEXT: " of fair and dark ladies, of Odette and Odile, who have come to be characterized as white and black "
9780814751008 - page_8: "START TEXT: swans. Bette S. Weidman shared with me her interest in and knowledge of the culture and lore of nati" ******* END TEXT: "loved granddaughters. Finally, on three previous occasions I have thanked my husband Peter B. Leavy "
9780814751008 - page_9: "START TEXT: for patience and assistance as I wrote a book. He deserves to have this one dedicated to him.\nMy pur" ******* END TEXT: "e pattern, to retell, if you will, a story that has acquired special significance for our own time.\n"
9780814751008 - page_iii: "START TEXT: IN SEARCH OF THE SWAN MAIDEN\nA Narrative on Folklore and Gender\nBarbara Fass Leavy\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "IN SEARCH OF THE SWAN MAIDEN\nA Narrative on Folklore and Gender\nBarbara Fass Leavy\n\n\n"
9780814751213 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nBob Hayman’s contributions and influence were immeasurable, and I thank him for the " ******* END TEXT: "ng, mothering, and living the ideals of a profeminist man before there were words to describe them.\n"
9780814751213 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814751213 - page_301: "START TEXT: About the Author\nNancy Levit is a professor at the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law " ******* END TEXT: "ce, and Torts. She is coauthor of Jurisprudence: Contemporary Readings, Problems, and Narratives.\n\n\n"
9780814751213 - page_1: "START TEXT: 1Introduction\n\nOur first child, Aaron, loves books and likes to draw, cook, and play any game involv" ******* END TEXT: "g hoops.\nParents reinforce gender daily. Unthinkingly. Unnecessarily. Even when they know better.\n\n\n"
9780814751213 - page_10: "START TEXT: out of influential inner circles—and to shape the consciousness of developing males. In many arenas," ******* END TEXT: "Men worry that their role as breadwinner is undermined by social and economic forces and that their "
9780814751213 - page_11: "START TEXT: role as father will be limited to that of “sperm donor.” Feminism demonstrated that many of the trad" ******* END TEXT: "minist movement was often inseparable from anger, much of it targeted at men. Some concede that men "
9780814751213 - page_12: "START TEXT: may be oppressed too, but point out that the oppression is of their making, and thus, for these writ" ******* END TEXT: "ly slowly and over time. So the possibilities offered in chapter 8 are not a panacea; they are some "
9780814751213 - page_13: "START TEXT: suggested theoretical and practical approaches to the problem. In the hopes of making available the " ******* END TEXT: "al is a call for reason, civility, action, and unification. It may seem harsh to criticize feminist "
9780814751213 - page_14: "START TEXT: theory for succeeding, for doing what it set out to do: to thoroughly document the persistence of pa" ******* END TEXT: " of feminist theory itself—not to allow issues to remain silenced and to “question everything.”24\n\n\n"
9780814751213 - page_2: "START TEXT: We still live in a world in which the sexes are sharply segregated: early in life, in names, clothin" ******* END TEXT: "People are more interested in reading about differences. Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus is "
9780814751213 - page_3: "START TEXT: a best-seller; it has a great deal more pizzazz than would a book about gender similarities, entitle" ******* END TEXT: "en seeking admission to the two remaining male-only public military colleges, illustrate the point. "
9780814751213 - page_4: "START TEXT: The analysis in this chapter will not concentrate on the schools’ insistent rejection of women, thei" ******* END TEXT: "traditional images of the sexes, courts endorse the gender line and help keep it firmly in place.\n*\n"
9780814751213 - page_5: "START TEXT: The second objective of this book, an inquiry that begins in chapter 3 and continues in chapter 4, i" ******* END TEXT: "ory has overlooked men. In varying ways, liberal feminism, difference theory, dominance theory, and "
9780814751213 - page_6: "START TEXT: postmodern feminism have analyzed, objectified, vilified, and deconstructed men as a population, mal" ******* END TEXT: " on the schisms and personal hostilities of pop culture feminists who adopt splashy labels (such as "
9780814751213 - page_7: "START TEXT: “gender feminism” and “victim feminism”) and hurl insults at one another. The chapter also reviews t" ******* END TEXT: "sculinities. Racial and sexual outsiders were rightly concerned with their exclusion from dialogue, "
9780814751213 - page_8: "START TEXT: and with subordination based on ethnicity, skin color, or sexual orientation. Gays and scholars of c" ******* END TEXT: "e hundred U.S. senators, two of the country’s fifty governors, and 12 percent of U.S. congressional "
9780814751213 - page_9: "START TEXT: representatives, numbers almost double those five years previously. The numbers at the state level a" ******* END TEXT: "ration from domineering mothers. Sex-segregated institutions historically were used to keep females "
9780814751213 - page_15: "START TEXT: 2Gender Separatism\nCan you imagine elevating one half of a population and denigrating the other half" ******* END TEXT: "ering the existence of gender differences. A vast amount of the recent neurological, psychological, "
9780814751213 - page_16: "START TEXT: and sociological research and theorizing on biological and cognitive sex differences unsurprisingly " ******* END TEXT: "h, cardiovascular and lung capacity, hemoglobin concentration, balance, flexibility, and percentage "
9780814751213 - page_17: "START TEXT: of body fat. Physical characteristics, though, are enormously variable. Initial differences between " ******* END TEXT: "d left sides of their brains, while men principally used an area of cortex in the left hemisphere.6\n"
9780814751213 - page_18: "START TEXT: Other researchers have found evidence that men’s and women’s brains differ in the uses of the limbic" ******* END TEXT: "h-grade students who were resurveyed in twelfth grade in a National Educational Longitudinal Study.\n"
9780814751213 - page_19: "START TEXT: Hedges and Nowell observed that “[o]n average, females exhibited a slight tendency to perform better" ******* END TEXT: "f eight are men. Men also represent an almost equally large percentage of the mentally deficient.16\n"
9780814751213 - page_20: "START TEXT: Psychology\nObservable behavioral differences between the sexes are more pervasive than measurable ph" ******* END TEXT: "on is that much of the social behavior of the sexes is genetically determined. When any evidence of "
9780814751213 - page_21: "START TEXT: biological impulses is found, it is often talked about both as determinative—that the behavior is ha" ******* END TEXT: "erved behavioral differences of the sexes are mistaken for causal explanations. When boys and girls "
9780814751213 - page_22: "START TEXT: are observed to act differently—in choice of toys, affinity for physical roughhousing, or displays o" ******* END TEXT: "ies showed that psychology journals “accept more readily reports in which statistically significant "
9780814751213 - page_23: "START TEXT: differences have been recorded, and so it is difficult to publish results in which no significant di" ******* END TEXT: "that points out that basically men and women are pretty damn similar, it’s just not interesting.”35\n"
9780814751213 - page_24: "START TEXT: Differences are not just overattended, they may also be overblown. Tendencies and probabilities may " ******* END TEXT: " be that significant numbers of Americans come to believe the deterministic version of events, such "
9780814751213 - page_25: "START TEXT: as claims that obesity or the employment prospects for girls or the nurturing capacities or aggressi" ******* END TEXT: ".2 million compared to 12.2 million—the number has grown 163 percent in the past quarter century.40 "
9780814751213 - page_26: "START TEXT: The psychosociological research regarding the nurturing potential of men is only of recent vintage. " ******* END TEXT: " boys working out their differences with physical violence. Violent images are emblazoned on little "
9780814751213 - page_27: "START TEXT: boys’ clothes, cartoons, video games, and television, and in their minds. Conversely, the American c" ******* END TEXT: "ng. First, the gender gap in SAT performance narrowed. According to the 1995 and 1996 scores, girls "
9780814751213 - page_28: "START TEXT: were thirty-five points behind boys on math and four points behind on verbal. The decrease over time" ******* END TEXT: "hey really a function of genetics or something else (prior education, class, income)? When boys and "
9780814751213 - page_29: "START TEXT: girls repeatedly received differential scores on seemingly objective tests, are the tests gender-fre" ******* END TEXT: " from the conclusion that environmental influences may shape those biological differences. Evidence "
9780814751213 - page_30: "START TEXT: regarding biological or social origins of differences is difficult to sort out because gendered cult" ******* END TEXT: "ain depends in part upon her physical inferiority and in part upon her intellectual inferiority.”58\n"
9780814751213 - page_31: "START TEXT: Little more than a century ago, influential social psychologist Gustave Le Bon used Broca’s data to " ******* END TEXT: "y could.” He thought for a second. “But I’ll tell you what; no woman would ever want to use a truck "
9780814751213 - page_32: "START TEXT: stop.” It is indeed a challenging project: trying to imagine a feminized truck stop. (But not imposs" ******* END TEXT: " they have little empirical support. The following section demonstrates the persistence of cultural "
9780814751213 - page_33: "START TEXT: practices of gendering despite what we know about real differences. Together, they show how the cogn" ******* END TEXT: "he differences between the genders: they often overestimate differences and sometimes underestimate "
9780814751213 - page_34: "START TEXT: them.”67 While the evidence is mixed, a variety of researchers believe that public perceptions overs" ******* END TEXT: "g and an overreliance on personal experiences. Individuals may weigh their own experiences (“My son "
9780814751213 - page_35: "START TEXT: mowed down the Cabbage Patch dolls to reach the trucks”) as heavily representative of an issue. Othe" ******* END TEXT: "pt the fixity of sex differences. The search for biological origins of behavior is undoubtedly part "
9780814751213 - page_36: "START TEXT: of the general—and useful—exploration of causal relations, but it can take a dangerously myopic turn" ******* END TEXT: " and children are socialized to conform to cultural expectations of gender. Some of these practices "
9780814751213 - page_37: "START TEXT: also promote the stereotypic attribution of certain qualities to each of the genders. Observed gende" ******* END TEXT: "irls, and more encouraging of independence with boys. Fathers often spend more time with their sons "
9780814751213 - page_38: "START TEXT: and engage in more physical play with sons than with daughters.”73 Parents are even likely to percei" ******* END TEXT: " play with action figures, cars, and sporting equipment, they are labeled “tomboys.” Being called a "
9780814751213 - page_39: "START TEXT: tomboy is mildly prestigious in some circles; nowhere in the country is being called a “sissy” a com" ******* END TEXT: "ine behaviors, boys still cannot cross the gender divide and engage in traditionally feminine ways.\n"
9780814751213 - page_40: "START TEXT: Consider the illustration of “boy behavior” in several prominent children’s books. Mercer Mayer’s Li" ******* END TEXT: "aby-sitters Club, but that “it wasn’t so bad at first. Most of the guys didn’t even know I had this "
9780814751213 - page_41: "START TEXT: ‘secret life’ as a baby-sitter.” A few short pages later in the book, Logan refers to his father’s l" ******* END TEXT: "eal differences in biology, such as clothes and accessories, become so deeply a part of the ways we "
9780814751213 - page_42: "START TEXT: understand gender that the socially constructed expectations become the reality.\nAt about the same t" ******* END TEXT: "hours longer each week than men. Over a year, they worked an extra month of twenty-four-hour days a "
9780814751213 - page_43: "START TEXT: year. Over a dozen years, it was an extra year of twenty-four-hour days.”88 In Hochschild’s study, o" ******* END TEXT: "rk men are doing to the amount of work the women themselves are doing. The discrepancy in reference "
9780814751213 - page_44: "START TEXT: points is part of the cultural transition from traditional to more egalitarian roles.\nThe convention" ******* END TEXT: "e League, the chess club, or synchronized swimming. Add into the equation the millions of girls and "
9780814751213 - page_45: "START TEXT: boys each year who join the Girl Scouts, Boy Scouts, YMCA, YWCA, fraternities, and sororities.\nMuch " ******* END TEXT: "eem less concerned about hurting boys’ feelings. Boys are expected to be tough and are handled more "
9780814751213 - page_46: "START TEXT: physically. Other studies show the intersection between boys’ academic performance and high-risk beh" ******* END TEXT: "s are made of “snips and snails and puppy dogs’ tails” while girls are made of “sugar and spice and "
9780814751213 - page_47: "START TEXT: everything nice”), aphorisms (“boys will be boys” is a popular homily that not only excuses a variet" ******* END TEXT: "pisode may cause a ready dismissal of actual cases of sexual harassment in elementary and secondary "
9780814751213 - page_48: "START TEXT: schools, a phenomenon that is the norm, while the case of Johnathan Prevette is the exception.\nAn Am" ******* END TEXT: "One aspect of gender separatism is the construction of these warring dualisms. Perhaps a third side "
9780814751213 - page_49: "START TEXT: exists, one that recognizes the enormity of the harassment problem, the possibility of victims on bo" ******* END TEXT: "e 1980s, girls attained more prestige, in the perceptions of boys, through participation in sports.\n"
9780814751213 - page_50: "START TEXT: Whether teenagers adhere to traditional models of behavior may depend on race, class, and economic d" ******* END TEXT: "the labels they give their peers. During a date rape prevention program at a Phoenix, Arizona, high "
9780814751213 - page_51: "START TEXT: school, students described “ideal” men as “macho,” “strong,” and “domineering.” The same students de" ******* END TEXT: "oles: since heterosexuality is the norm, homosexuality is abnormal and thus it must be discouraged; "
9780814751213 - page_52: "START TEXT: gay and lesbian teenagers’ experiences will be marginalized, their problems disregarded. These messa" ******* END TEXT: "hree high school girls plays a varsity sport, compared to one out of every two high school boys.130\n"
9780814751213 - page_53: "START TEXT: More oblique forms of preferential treatment remain. Boys’ teams still receive better media coverage" ******* END TEXT: "ership and cooperation. What this means in segregated sports is that boys learn to help other boys. "
9780814751213 - page_54: "START TEXT: Certainly, boys learn how to deal with other players who have greater or fewer athletic skills than " ******* END TEXT: "nsurprising that the gender separatism reflected in various social spheres is embedded in language. "
9780814751213 - page_55: "START TEXT: Conversation defines what humans are. Language is not simply a means for communicating ideas, it is " ******* END TEXT: ". Others in the class, along with my professor friend, tried to convince these students that Tannen "
9780814751213 - page_56: "START TEXT: and other sociolinguists are attempting to open up possibilities for cross-gender conversations. The" ******* END TEXT: "g recognition of typically gendered behavioral patterns. This comports with the academic message of "
9780814751213 - page_57: "START TEXT: many sociolinguists. On the other hand, the implicit and at times explicit message is that differenc" ******* END TEXT: "y’s nursing school did not “present ... a serious equal protection claim of sex discrimination.”146\n"
9780814751213 - page_58: "START TEXT: Researchers have demonstrated that if a certain category of people is believed to be less competent " ******* END TEXT: " force behind fathers taking a principal role in child care. Peter Baylies has found from anecdotal "
9780814751213 - page_59: "START TEXT: evidence that the main reason full-time fathers stay home with their children is that they were laid" ******* END TEXT: "ng. The gendering of labor is not fixed, but is dictated largely by social and economic conditions.\n"
9780814751213 - page_60: "START TEXT: In addition to facing societal expectations that they must be the primary breadwinners, men confront" ******* END TEXT: " into “manly” roles as substitute daddies in charge of large motor activity. At a child care center "
9780814751213 - page_61: "START TEXT: that had just hired a male caregiver, a coworker said, “Oh good, now we’ll have someone to do truck " ******* END TEXT: "tary, most frequently for child rearing, while the gaps for men were more likely to be involuntary, "
9780814751213 - page_62: "START TEXT: such as company restructuring. Controlling for other income determinants, they found that men who ex" ******* END TEXT: "een girls and boys and women and men can reinforce gender stereo-types. Boys and girls are expected "
9780814751213 - page_63: "START TEXT: to act in prescribed ways in accordance with their genders. At least in part to receive approval, ch" ******* END TEXT: "rough the passage of laws and the crafting of legal decisions—is the subject of the next chapter.\n\n\n"
9780814751213 - page_100: "START TEXT: even have local rules about appropriate courtroom attire. A 1994 survey of the rules in federal dist" ******* END TEXT: " of decency have changed markedly in twenty or thirty years) or that displays gang affiliation, but "
9780814751213 - page_101: "START TEXT: schools often reach beyond danger and decency to ban clothes that are distracting or inappropriate. " ******* END TEXT: "cause they came dressed in the clothing of the opposite sex: Florence wore a tuxedo and Warren wore "
9780814751213 - page_102: "START TEXT: a dress, stockings, heels, and earrings.105 The federal district court rejected the plaintiffs’ Firs" ******* END TEXT: "ore to launder women’s shirts than men’s. Your neighborhood bar may offer half-price or two-for-one "
9780814751213 - page_103: "START TEXT: drinks for women, while charging men full price. Your local gas station may offer full-service gas p" ******* END TEXT: "eal Act, which makes it illegal for businesses to discriminate by charging one sex more for similar "
9780814751213 - page_104: "START TEXT: services.112 While the act is a step in the right direction, businesses may be able to perpetuate th" ******* END TEXT: "-types that are not based on biological differences, but on the traditional ways of doing things.\n\n\n"
9780814751213 - page_64: "START TEXT: 3How Courts Enforce Gender Separatism\nWhere the law serves to constrain the range of permissible, or" ******* END TEXT: "inative in cases involving civic service responsibilities, the reach of a criminal statute, and the "
9780814751213 - page_65: "START TEXT: extension of disability benefits. In each of these cases the Supreme Court made a social choice abou" ******* END TEXT: "ions based on race require “the strictest judicial scrutiny,” while classifications based on gender "
9780814751213 - page_66: "START TEXT: require the government to demonstrate an “exceedingly persuasive justification.” Equal protection do" ******* END TEXT: "se prevented the state from creating a monopoly on slaughterhouses that would put them out of work, "
9780814751213 - page_67: "START TEXT: Bradley had insisted in dissent that “citizens of the United States, lay claim to every one of the p" ******* END TEXT: "-page brief contained fewer than three pages of legal arguments. The brief attempted to demonstrate "
9780814751213 - page_68: "START TEXT: empirically that women, unlike men, were inherently ill suited for manual labor:\nWoman is badly cons" ******* END TEXT: "decedents’ estates.9 The Court unanimously struck the statute, finding no rational basis to “give a "
9780814751213 - page_69: "START TEXT: mandatory preference to members of either sex over members of the other.” Two years later, in Fronti" ******* END TEXT: "eral cases the Supreme Court capitalized on the intuitive appeal of the “physiological differences” "
9780814751213 - page_70: "START TEXT: argument in contexts in which it was less than clear that such differences were at issue.\nIn 1981, i" ******* END TEXT: "jectives, but was instead a post facto justification the state created for purposes of the lawsuit. "
9780814751213 - page_71: "START TEXT: Thus, sex stereo-types—placing punitive social responsibility on males as sexual aggressors—rather t" ******* END TEXT: "il rights statute because “the disfavoring of abortion ... is not ipso facto sex discrimination.”19\n"
9780814751213 - page_72: "START TEXT: A comparison of the holding in Michael M. with those in Geduldig and Gilbert indicates how the Court" ******* END TEXT: "ifferences that the Court seems to seek. While “potentially pregnant persons” and women constituted "
9780814751213 - page_73: "START TEXT: the same class for the Court in Michael M., in Geduldig the Supreme Court clearly demarcated between" ******* END TEXT: "enting justices thought the separatism of sexual segregation was not only acceptable but desirable.\n"
9780814751213 - page_74: "START TEXT: In various other cases, the dissenters’ refrain has kept alive the idea of biologically based differ" ******* END TEXT: "men and women that justified the difference in treatment. Women, whom the Seventh Circuit described "
9780814751213 - page_75: "START TEXT: as potential “mothers,” might risk the health of their “unborn children.”\nThe Supreme Court reversed" ******* END TEXT: "r men. The company had not banned fertile men from jobs that exposed them to lead, despite evidence "
9780814751213 - page_76: "START TEXT: that sperm exposed to lead may cause birth defects. In fact, the health risks to potential future of" ******* END TEXT: "Court not only assumed that men belonged in the workplace, but virtually ignored their reproductive "
9780814751213 - page_77: "START TEXT: risks.30 What assumptions about masculinity are implicit in this vision of the norm of the male work" ******* END TEXT: "es of the stereo-types of the previous century about the “natural and proper timidity and delicacy” "
9780814751213 - page_78: "START TEXT: of women. The case concerned the opportunities for women to attend a state-funded all-male military " ******* END TEXT: "ning, Virginia actually was adding a “measure of diversity” to its educational system. The district "
9780814751213 - page_79: "START TEXT: court also found that “substantial educational benefits flow from a single-gender environment, be it" ******* END TEXT: "f VMI included “an NCAA competition level indoor track and field facility; a number of multipurpose "
9780814751213 - page_80: "START TEXT: fields; baseball, soccer and lacrosse fields; an obstacle course; large boxing, wrestling and martia" ******* END TEXT: "erience the rigorous military training for which VMI is famed.”40 By all tangible measures—funding, "
9780814751213 - page_81: "START TEXT: resources, facilities, qualifications of faculty and students, curriculum and degree offerings, educ" ******* END TEXT: " learn differently”: “Males tend to need an atmosphere of adversativeness or ritual combat in which "
9780814751213 - page_82: "START TEXT: the teacher is a disciplinarian and a worthy competitor. Females tend to thrive in a cooperative atm" ******* END TEXT: "ex education for men was that they would be “able to focus exclusively on the work at hand, without "
9780814751213 - page_83: "START TEXT: the introduction of any sexual tension.”45 This represents a particular construct of masculinity. It" ******* END TEXT: "duce some human concern into a system intentionally stripped of warmth, compassion, and nurturance. "
9780814751213 - page_84: "START TEXT: But consider the etymology: when upperclassmen performed this function, they were called by a pejora" ******* END TEXT: "girl friend. Does not go to a lady’s house if he is affected by alcohol. He is temperate in the use "
9780814751213 - page_85: "START TEXT: of alcohol. Does not lose his temper; nor exhibit anger, fear, hate, embarrassment, ardor or hilarit" ******* END TEXT: "scription”), in another portion it indulged in stereotypic presuppositions: “It may be assumed, for "
9780814751213 - page_86: "START TEXT: purposes of this decision, that most women would not choose VMI’s adversative method.”52\nSecond, the" ******* END TEXT: "together appropriate governmental pursuit and that single-sex schools can contribute importantly to "
9780814751213 - page_87: "START TEXT: such diversity. Indeed, it is the mission of some single-sex schools ‘to dissipate, rather than perp" ******* END TEXT: " not a majority of the Court that believes that sex-segregated schools are inherently unequal. They "
9780814751213 - page_88: "START TEXT: apparently do not contemplate that the rationale in Brown extends to gender much at all, let alone w" ******* END TEXT: "el—the theme of lost masculinity is mentioned explicitly, again in a dissent. Judge Clyde Hamilton, "
9780814751213 - page_89: "START TEXT: dissenting from the Fourth Circuit’s approval of a preliminary injunction ordering Faulkner’s admiss" ******* END TEXT: "r education at the college level is beneficial to both sexes is a fact established in this case.”65\n"
9780814751213 - page_90: "START TEXT: But the research on which VMI’s experts relied, and that the federal trial and appellate courts cite" ******* END TEXT: "he efficacy of single-sex education may be sex-specific—limited to young women—because it offers an "
9780814751213 - page_91: "START TEXT: environment free from female-specific forms of educational discrimination, such as silencing, discou" ******* END TEXT: "preme Court, because “VMI would be forced to adopt different physical fitness standards and grading "
9780814751213 - page_92: "START TEXT: criteria for men and women, just as West Point has done,”73 “the VMI method would be counterproducti" ******* END TEXT: "lower federal courts still believe in biological constructions of race and gender. If the decisions "
9780814751213 - page_93: "START TEXT: in Rostker, Dothard, and Michael M. were any indication, the Court might be most receptive to argume" ******* END TEXT: " developed a parallel program for women. By the time Faulkner entered the Citadel, she had received "
9780814751213 - page_94: "START TEXT: numerous death threats, and graffiti had been spray painted on the side of her home. A special room," ******* END TEXT: " dismissed, and ten others were punished with demerits, marching tours, and restrictions to campus.\n"
9780814751213 - page_95: "START TEXT: Maybe the hazing was gender-neutral. Less than a month after reports of the sexual harassment incide" ******* END TEXT: "ot as unseemly as they now appear to be for females. We had accepted the assumptions of identifying "
9780814751213 - page_96: "START TEXT: courage with a shaved head and correlating national independence with absolute individual conformity" ******* END TEXT: "le groups,82 and threatened with lawsuits, sex-segregated voluntary associations have also begun to "
9780814751213 - page_97: "START TEXT: open their doors to women. The Jaycees, the Lions, and the Rotary, which formerly had diminutively t" ******* END TEXT: "e, Betty and Wilma chat across the fence about domestic chores and put Bronto burgers on the table.\n"
9780814751213 - page_98: "START TEXT: The last decade has been a time of transition for associational law, with legal challenges to exclus" ******* END TEXT: "uch like the singlesex college, must not be destroyed in a misdirected effort to apply Title IX.”92\n"
9780814751213 - page_99: "START TEXT: In defense of sex segregation in voluntary associations, First Amendment afficionados would point ou" ******* END TEXT: "ve not been hired or have been terminated for having long hair and donning facial jewelry.95 Courts "
9780814751213 - page_105: "START TEXT: 4Making MenThe Socio-Legal Construct of Masculinity\nSometimes—rarely—discrimination results from a m" ******* END TEXT: "ither mythical nor insignificant. Women in America suffer approximately “two million rapes and four "
9780814751213 - page_106: "START TEXT: million beatings” every year; they are more likely to be injured by men they know than by car accide" ******* END TEXT: "s ways.”11 The Court’s ruling in Michael M. perpetuates commonly held perceptions about male sexual "
9780814751213 - page_107: "START TEXT: aggression, while its analysis fosters the belief that this aggression is biologically based.\nJust a" ******* END TEXT: "The Rostker reasoning was an exercise in diversion because the Court simply deferred to legislative "
9780814751213 - page_108: "START TEXT: and executive decisions regarding military affairs. It determined that since women were statutorily " ******* END TEXT: "simply do not want to be observed by male guards and male inmates simply do not want to be observed "
9780814751213 - page_109: "START TEXT: by female guards while dressing and undressing, showering, and using toilet facilities. Granted, thi" ******* END TEXT: "s especially shy—perhaps required by his religion to remain dressed in the presence of the opposite "
9780814751213 - page_110: "START TEXT: sex—and that the guards, knowing this, tormented him by assigning women to watch the toilets and sho" ******* END TEXT: "shment would trivialize the objective component of the Eighth Amendment test and render it absurd.” "
9780814751213 - page_111: "START TEXT: If the same allegations had been made by a female inmate, the decision likely would have looked much" ******* END TEXT: "ts reinforce this silent stoicism. Consider the law regarding sexual harassment of men. This is not "
9780814751213 - page_112: "START TEXT: the only area in which courts accept pervasive social stereo-types, either explicitly or implicitly," ******* END TEXT: "ve and considered private; women feel embarrassed, demeaned, and intimidated by these incidents.”48 "
9780814751213 - page_113: "START TEXT: Importantly, just as women vastly underreport sexual harassment, so may men. A British Institute of " ******* END TEXT: "arassment as outside the purview of Title VII.58 As this book was going to press, the Supreme Court "
9780814751213 - page_114: "START TEXT: granted certiorari on the issue of whether same-sex sexual harassment presents a cognizable claim un" ******* END TEXT: " same-sex sexual harassment. Several subsequent cases have followed the Polly and Goluszek holdings "
9780814751213 - page_115: "START TEXT: without additional analysis in order to dismiss claims by males of same-sex sexual harassment.63\nWhi" ******* END TEXT: "ompany correspondence with the words “S.W.A.K., kiss kiss” written on it; had kissed Hopkins at his "
9780814751213 - page_116: "START TEXT: wedding reception; attempted to squeeze into a revolving door compartment with Hopkins; and had aske" ******* END TEXT: " from the court’s interpretation was any evidence of how these incidents made the plaintiff feel.71\n"
9780814751213 - page_117: "START TEXT: The same pattern of analysis was replayed in Vandeventer v. Wabash National Corp.72 In deciding that" ******* END TEXT: "male bystander could recover for sexual harassment, the direct male victim would not have a remedy.\n"
9780814751213 - page_118: "START TEXT: In holding that same-sex sexual harassment is not an appropriate basis for a Title VII claim, courts" ******* END TEXT: "available, subtle or direct employer actions may discourage men from taking advantage of the leave:\n"
9780814751213 - page_119: "START TEXT: Corporations take a far more negative view of unpaid leaves for men than they do unpaid leaves for w" ******* END TEXT: "encompass a preference for maternal custody of children of tender years.85 In the past two decades, "
9780814751213 - page_120: "START TEXT: most states have abandoned the formal presumption in favor of mothers being awarded custody,86 and a" ******* END TEXT: ".97 Some research suggests that attorneys may advise fathers not to request or fight for custody.98\n"
9780814751213 - page_121: "START TEXT: Custody decisions obviously entail consideration of gender, but how gender frames the terms of the d" ******* END TEXT: "tandard in custody cases is the approach in the theoretical literature to men as parents. Judgments "
9780814751213 - page_122: "START TEXT: about males have come in the form of universals, rather than in the form of particulars of individua" ******* END TEXT: "toward fostering an understanding of how men can nurture and take on child care responsibilities.\n\n\n"
9780814751213 - page_123: "START TEXT: 5The “F” WordFeminism and Its Detractors\nFeminism is a dirty word.... Misconceptions abound. Feminis" ******* END TEXT: "gant level of vitriolic energy battling with each other. Aside from the internal wars, the feminist "
9780814751213 - page_124: "START TEXT: movement also has been hampered by a lack of cohesion and, in part due to its political philosophy, " ******* END TEXT: "ive of efforts to promote equal rights for women, only one-third identify themselves as feminists.3\n"
9780814751213 - page_125: "START TEXT: While women and men do not call themselves feminists, they do embrace the ideals of women’s rights a" ******* END TEXT: "ity and complexity. [They] fear that the identity will dictate and regulate [their] lives.”7 Others "
9780814751213 - page_126: "START TEXT: are concerned about the male-bashing they associate with the term. Some of these women feel that cal" ******* END TEXT: "iarchy and the socially and politically subordinate positions of women. Dworkin never said that all "
9780814751213 - page_127: "START TEXT: heterosexual sex is rape, although she did contrast men’s experience of sex as subjects with women’s" ******* END TEXT: "l image of what it means to be a feminist, with a hostile undertone that implies violent extremism.\n"
9780814751213 - page_128: "START TEXT: While Buchanan’s and Limbaugh’s comments are vivid examples of the twisting of “feminism,” we see th" ******* END TEXT: "ism was, and still is, simply a defense of patriarchy. It is an understandable defense of a concept "
9780814751213 - page_129: "START TEXT: of self, appropriate roles, and relations, and a worldview that is pervasively developed in the mind" ******* END TEXT: " been denied admission to the engineering school entered a classroom armed with a semiautomatic. He "
9780814751213 - page_130: "START TEXT: methodically separated the men from the women, and then, yelling, “You are all a bunch of feminists!" ******* END TEXT: " being indiscriminately lumped together. But from lesbian eroticist Pat Califia to Clark University "
9780814751213 - page_131: "START TEXT: professor Christina Hoff Sommers there’s a commonality of interest strong enough for us to do some d" ******* END TEXT: " for women’s problems lie with individual women. It is just a matter of choosing the right man, the "
9780814751213 - page_132: "START TEXT: right wardrobe, the right career sequence, or the right time-management techniques.18\nThe negative i" ******* END TEXT: "rgely discredited “great man” theory of history—the idea that great individuals shape the direction "
9780814751213 - page_133: "START TEXT: of history. One difference, though, is that in this “great woman” theory of feminist history, the wo" ******* END TEXT: "owledges a variety of epistemological issues in the analysis of women’s history and experiences. It "
9780814751213 - page_134: "START TEXT: develops the idea of multiple perspectives—that an individual black woman, for example, sees the wor" ******* END TEXT: "vision encompasses both poles of these antinomic choices. Feminist theorizing, social programs, and "
9780814751213 - page_135: "START TEXT: laws should “reflect the partial agency of women . . . while addressing the underlying conditions of" ******* END TEXT: " The focus on extreme positions misses many of the simple, mainstream messages of feminism, such as "
9780814751213 - page_136: "START TEXT: equal rights for women or the need for men and women to be free of gender stereo-types. It also pres" ******* END TEXT: "attles culminating in the passage of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, and 1964 (which made it a "
9780814751213 - page_137: "START TEXT: crime to obstruct persons trying to comply with civil rights orders) and the Voting Rights Act, marc" ******* END TEXT: " connection in the popular mind with radical behavior was the high-profile intertwining of feminism "
9780814751213 - page_138: "START TEXT: with the politics of sexual liberation. The sexual revolution’s redefinition of sexuality provoked a" ******* END TEXT: " only two such displays that came close were both organized by men, a disc jockey and an architect, "
9780814751213 - page_139: "START TEXT: who tried to get women to fling their bras into a barrel and the Chicago River as ‘media events.’ On" ******* END TEXT: "l institution of human society, the citadel of orthodoxy.”33 Extreme conservatives are not the only "
9780814751213 - page_140: "START TEXT: ones to hold feminism responsible for the excesses of the sexual revolution. In Feminism Is Not the " ******* END TEXT: "s experiences as recipients of unwanted sexual attention in the workplace. In 1979 she wrote Sexual "
9780814751213 - page_141: "START TEXT: Harassment of Working Women, defining “quid pro quo” and “hostile work environment” harassment. She " ******* END TEXT: "most significant impediments to its advancement.\nFeminism and the Vestiges of Exclusionary Thinking\n"
9780814751213 - page_142: "START TEXT: The stereotype of feminists as opposed to family values is insultingly erroneous. The stereotype of " ******* END TEXT: "vileges. In the mid-nineteenth century Susan B. Anthony refused to assist black women in organizing "
9780814751213 - page_143: "START TEXT: a chapter of the National Women’s Suffrage Association.36 In 1851, at the Akron Convention on Women’" ******* END TEXT: "ite middle-class women.44 Women of color’s voices have been silenced by the essentialism of writing "
9780814751213 - page_144: "START TEXT: about categorical “women’s issues.” Audre Lorde has explained that white women and women of color do" ******* END TEXT: "central focus on women’s issues, feminism never meant to exclude the development of other political "
9780814751213 - page_145: "START TEXT: liberation movements. And it may be a distortion of the feminist mission to suggest that in the mode" ******* END TEXT: "obliterated and gender was no longer visible. In some ways lesbianism presented one of the ultimate "
9780814751213 - page_146: "START TEXT: challenges to the vestiges of biological roles: it raised the specter of an all-out assault on the b" ******* END TEXT: "l women’s issues. The early history of the second wave of feminism saw active exclusion of lesbians "
9780814751213 - page_147: "START TEXT: from the movement as mainstream spokespeople hushed discussion of the need for a distinct lesbian th" ******* END TEXT: "ifesto, shot Andy Warhol for allegedly stealing some material from a play she had written. Although "
9780814751213 - page_148: "START TEXT: Solanas was the founder of SCUM and the only member of the organization, her virulent tract, which d" ******* END TEXT: " Anita Shreve writes, “In the year 1973 alone, some 100,000 women belonged to CR groups nationwide— "
9780814751213 - page_149: "START TEXT: making it one of the largest ever educational and support movements of its kind for women in the his" ******* END TEXT: "hen coupled with combativeness, can undermine moves toward reasoned dialogue.\nThe Politics of Anger\n"
9780814751213 - page_150: "START TEXT: Some of the most revolutionary moments of the feminist movement were born of anger. The NOW demonstr" ******* END TEXT: "ith testicles”; “If they can get one man on the moon, why not the rest of them?”; “When God created "
9780814751213 - page_151: "START TEXT: man, She was only joking.” The media weigh in with helpful reports about “feminists” and “anger”; fr" ******* END TEXT: " anyone—male or female—does not, as a continual conversational strategy, foster reasoned discourse.\n"
9780814751213 - page_152: "START TEXT: In defense of the angry rhetoric, one might question whether it was ever intended to be a conversati" ******* END TEXT: "he principal and consciously analyzed approach must be one of reason.\nFragmentation of the Movement\n"
9780814751213 - page_153: "START TEXT: Infighting: The Factionalism of Feminism\nMany women are alienated from the feminist movement. Some o" ******* END TEXT: "rtion, find more room in the feminist movement for a difference of opinion. Pro-life feminists have "
9780814751213 - page_154: "START TEXT: argued that in several very significant senses reproductive choice does not liberate women, but inst" ******* END TEXT: "), and the misdirection of attention away from individual perpetrators of violence against women.78\n"
9780814751213 - page_155: "START TEXT: Some of the political polarization, however, has been taken to a level of personal vitriol. Leanne K" ******* END TEXT: "ponse, Greer, a longtime opponent of hysterectomies as unnecessary “surgical castration,” ridiculed "
9780814751213 - page_156: "START TEXT: Moore by saying she must be “a feminist of the younger school ... with hair bird’s-nested all over t" ******* END TEXT: "sts spend time feminist-bashing. Even some of those who critique feminism in ways with which others "
9780814751213 - page_157: "START TEXT: do not agree may be trying to gather supporters around unifying concepts, as does Elizabeth Fox-Geno" ******* END TEXT: "iberal feminists, cultural feminists, radical feminists, neoradical feminists, socialist feminists, "
9780814751213 - page_158: "START TEXT: Marxist feminists, postmodern feminists, and post-structuralist feminists. Feminism can be linked wi" ******* END TEXT: "estic Violence, the Family Violence Prevention Fund, Hispanic Women in Action, and the Coalition to "
9780814751213 - page_159: "START TEXT: End Domestic and Sexual Violence. The national groups in particular interest areas have their region" ******* END TEXT: " network in cyberspace. Nominally, however, Virtual Sisterhood seems exclusive to women, and in its "
9780814751213 - page_160: "START TEXT: priority statement, it defines feminist organizing in terms of women’s issues. There seem to be almo" ******* END TEXT: "he United States, picketed outside the Supreme Court after the confirmation of Clarence Thomas, and "
9780814751213 - page_161: "START TEXT: demonstrate against rape and domestic violence outside courthouses during celebrated trials. Pissed " ******* END TEXT: " in some chapters across the nation. NOW even has high school chapters in a dozen states. At recent "
9780814751213 - page_162: "START TEXT: colloquia, these groups have made a conscious effort to highlight the participation of younger femin" ******* END TEXT: "hough, very few of the writers have connected their personal experiences with larger social issues.\n"
9780814751213 - page_163: "START TEXT: In Listen Up, one reads about anorexia and fat oppression, playing ball, hair-dyeing, poor parenting" ******* END TEXT: "cal”—becomes a tautology. Wendy Kaminer is sharper in her criticism of the introverted fascination:\n"
9780814751213 - page_164: "START TEXT: [S]ocial and political commentary requires detachment from the self as well as engagement in its dra" ******* END TEXT: "st coalition building occurs between feminist organizations and groups representing other oppressed "
9780814751213 - page_165: "START TEXT: peoples. The coalition-building efforts appear episodic, but effective when they occur, such as the " ******* END TEXT: "ge of U.S. high school seniors in public and private schools showed that 57 percent of the students "
9780814751213 - page_166: "START TEXT: failed to demonstrate knowledge of basic aspects of American history; only one out of every hundred " ******* END TEXT: "ting requirements), sexual harassment in elementary schools with “skirt-flipping days,” the assault "
9780814751213 - page_167: "START TEXT: of rap lyrics, gender bias in pricing at hair salons and dry cleaners, ladies’ nights at bars, and t" ******* END TEXT: "nt to feminist first principles. In chapter 8 I make the case for the rehabilitation of feminism.\n\n\n"
9780814751213 - page_168: "START TEXT: 6Feminist Legal Theory and the Treatment of Men\nAnd they thought men were ridiculous and delicious a" ******* END TEXT: " apart from and rarely intersecting with feminist legal theory. Largely missing from feminist legal "
9780814751213 - page_169: "START TEXT: theory is a sympathetic critique of the ways the ideology of majority group masculinity is construct" ******* END TEXT: "es is under increasing attack legally, politically, economically, and culturally. It is our mission "
9780814751213 - page_170: "START TEXT: to defend the interests of men, in opposition to the enormity of antimale forces and opinion.” The M" ******* END TEXT: "amily. Our definition of men’s liberation is freedom to be (not from being) men.” One of the issues "
9780814751213 - page_171: "START TEXT: of the Liberator included in its humor section the following joke: “Q: What is the difference betwee" ******* END TEXT: " the 1980s with various men’s retreats, and skyrocketed in popularity in the early 1990s, after the "
9780814751213 - page_172: "START TEXT: publication of Robert Bly’s Iron John: A Book about Men and Sam Keen’s Fire in the Belly. Iron John," ******* END TEXT: " women and the emasculation of men. “Soft males” are often found in the company of “strong women.”7\n"
9780814751213 - page_173: "START TEXT: In its embrace of the central ideas of the gender identity paradigm—the existence of male and female" ******* END TEXT: " is planning its own million man march. Since its inception, close to two million men have attended "
9780814751213 - page_174: "START TEXT: Promise Keepers meetings in football stadiums across the country. The gatherings are male-only, have" ******* END TEXT: "are the protectors, and women are in need of their support. Men are encouraged to treat their wives "
9780814751213 - page_175: "START TEXT: fairly, so that the wives will accept their authority. The message equates responsibility with patri" ******* END TEXT: "nce in 1978 centered on “Men Overcoming Sexism,” the 1989 M & M conference in Pittsburgh was titled "
9780814751213 - page_176: "START TEXT: “Menergy: Celebrating the Profeminist Men’s Movement”; Minnesota hosted the 1997 conference on “Spir" ******* END TEXT: "s “Canada’s only coast-to-coast pro-feminist, gay affirmative, anti-racist, male positive network,” "
9780814751213 - page_177: "START TEXT: says he used to “see a woman with a black eye and I’d look away. I wouldn’t generalize and I wouldn’" ******* END TEXT: "erienced some resentment at the instant commercial success of Promise Keepers. But, Haugen says, he "
9780814751213 - page_178: "START TEXT: and the other pastors at the Promise Keepers Atlanta clergy conference “confessed and repented of th" ******* END TEXT: "beyond that, promote a return to sex segregation.\nTHE RETURN TO STEREOTYPIC PATTERNS OF MASCULINITY\n"
9780814751213 - page_179: "START TEXT: It is not a historical accident that in the 1990s there has been a resurrection of all-male grouping" ******* END TEXT: "he idea is that the most worthwhile bonds of connection that men will forge should be to other men.\n"
9780814751213 - page_180: "START TEXT: The visions for male-female relationships reach only to the limits of the traditional family—with me" ******* END TEXT: "en as breadwinners and providers. Similarly, the mythopoetic ideal accepts as a given that men need "
9780814751213 - page_181: "START TEXT: isolated retreats from their work and family responsibilities, rather than investing thought in chan" ******* END TEXT: "ries of personal growth. The mythopoets and religious men’s movements’ emphasis on inner, spiritual "
9780814751213 - page_182: "START TEXT: development relieves the participants of the need to address pressing social, economic, race, and cl" ******* END TEXT: "to the social roles of breadwinner, protector, and provider. It is no coincidence that men’s rights "
9780814751213 - page_183: "START TEXT: groups seek custody, evangelical groups seek to form closer relations with their family and their fa" ******* END TEXT: "it at a table, with small tea carefully poured.\nSo we pass our time together, calm and delighted.33\n"
9780814751213 - page_184: "START TEXT: Certainly, this male integration of traditionally female pursuits occurs within the sexual polarity " ******* END TEXT: "ypically the perpetrators of domestic violence and women its usual victims with evidence that women "
9780814751213 - page_185: "START TEXT: are more likely to physically assault their spouses and partners.34 What may well be happening in so" ******* END TEXT: "m to heterosexual gender expectations suffer exclusion, torment, and physical violence. Our culture "
9780814751213 - page_186: "START TEXT: censors gay-positive works: Washington, DC’s Corcoran Gallery of Art canceled a retrospective of the" ******* END TEXT: "tions about appropriate male behavior. Deborah David and Robert Brannon cataloged these admonitions "
9780814751213 - page_187: "START TEXT: as “No Sissy Stuff,” “Be a Big Wheel,” “Be a Sturdy Oak,” and “Give ’em Hell.”40\nContemporary theori" ******* END TEXT: " within this cultural context, the male role is defined as almost the opposite of macho: Passivity, "
9780814751213 - page_188: "START TEXT: timidity, and no taste for competitive striving are valued traits.”46 The women of Juchitán, Mexico," ******* END TEXT: " of gender relations, yet see the prospects for empathetic understanding of traditional male roles.\n"
9780814751213 - page_189: "START TEXT: Despite this wealth of recent developments in men’s studies—regarding the hierarchies, complexities," ******* END TEXT: "ns of past and present conditions, rather than evaluations of whether those norms were good or bad.\n"
9780814751213 - page_190: "START TEXT: The model of formal equality was reinforced by court decisions. A significant number of the more pro" ******* END TEXT: "s of women as needing special protection. Even though these theorists made arguments about the dual "
9780814751213 - page_191: "START TEXT: disadvantages of gender stereo-types, they did not spin out the systematic implications of a wide va" ******* END TEXT: "evel, cultural feminists suggest that when women’s experiences and methods of reasoning are brought "
9780814751213 - page_192: "START TEXT: to bear on legal issues, they shape and alter not only traditional outcomes, but also the processes " ******* END TEXT: "ome theorists make the stronger argument that feminist ethics should be privileged over masculinist "
9780814751213 - page_193: "START TEXT: values, and that the application of feminine ideology creates better social outcomes.75\nArguments ab" ******* END TEXT: "ture women. They are, quite literally, the bad guys. The essential social relations between men and "
9780814751213 - page_194: "START TEXT: women are those of domination and submission: male domination and female victimization. Gender is co" ******* END TEXT: "ns.85 An important facet of postmodernism generally, and postmodern feminism in particular, is that "
9780814751213 - page_195: "START TEXT: discourse, perhaps especially legal discourse, constructs social understanding. Some authors suggest" ******* END TEXT: "st subordination of women. Underlying this definition, though, are broader suppositions that gender "
9780814751213 - page_196: "START TEXT: role stereotyping is unjust, that categorical assumptions about people must be closely examined, and" ******* END TEXT: " the book is about men. ... These books do not explore how the experience of being a man structured "
9780814751213 - page_197: "START TEXT: the men’s lives, or the organizations and institutions they created, the events in which they partic" ******* END TEXT: "rtant operating principles, they should be applied to men’s relations to legal theory and doctrine.\n"
9780814751213 - page_198: "START TEXT: Pragmatic feminism teaches the importance of looking at specific situations and the danger of univer" ******* END TEXT: "role stereo-types are both constructed and perpetuated in social relations and by legal doctrine.\n\n\n"
9780814751213 - page_199: "START TEXT: 7Reconstructing Images of Gender in Theory\nUntil women committed to the feminist movement fully acce" ******* END TEXT: " that men suffer is that these are injuries that men sustain—and the double meaning is intentional. "
9780814751213 - page_200: "START TEXT: When I was describing to a feminist friend the harms gender role stereo-types inflict on men, such a" ******* END TEXT: " approach. Instead of constructing an argument of blame, we must ask what is a responsible approach "
9780814751213 - page_201: "START TEXT: for the future in the sense of justice, fairness, and rational ethics. As Professor Angela Harris no" ******* END TEXT: "tion that became law due to its policy of including men.6 At least the vehicles need to be in place "
9780814751213 - page_202: "START TEXT: to permit men to engage in parenting roles. If legislation providing benefits relating to traditiona" ******* END TEXT: " are disadvantaged. You poor schmuck. You are more likely to die in a fight. You belong to the only "
9780814751213 - page_203: "START TEXT: gender that can fight in a war. You are less likely to be given parental leave so that you can stay " ******* END TEXT: " the complex system of structures and beliefs that impel the perpetual superiority of men.12 To the "
9780814751213 - page_204: "START TEXT: extent that men unthinkingly accept the dominant ideology, transformation is possible only through a" ******* END TEXT: "ddress the social and legal experiences of men of color.15 Others focus on the collective treatment "
9780814751213 - page_205: "START TEXT: of gay men.16 Yet experiential discussions regarding the various dimensions of maleness and ideologi" ******* END TEXT: "fies the norm, and what are the experiences, characteristics, and social expectations of nongeneric "
9780814751213 - page_206: "START TEXT: men? If gender and perspectives based on gender are fundamental to knowledge, law, and social relati" ******* END TEXT: "er in an exclusive grouping. If, as sociolinguists are establishing, men and women are acculturated "
9780814751213 - page_207: "START TEXT: to view the world and the process of discourse differently, it is vital to encourage dialogue across" ******* END TEXT: "ties, nor does it mean that the economically entrenched social positions are inalterable over time.\n"
9780814751213 - page_208: "START TEXT: Minimizing the Significance of the Biological Construct\nIn the recent decade, a significant amount o" ******* END TEXT: "ial, for even where biological bases for conduct exist, socialization exacerbates the tendencies.45\n"
9780814751213 - page_209: "START TEXT: The mistaken notion that certain biological impulses are imperatives is also embedded in legal doctr" ******* END TEXT: "eft open the possibility that single-sex education might be appropriate under some circumstances.55\n"
9780814751213 - page_210: "START TEXT: The social message of single-sex educational programs is unmistakable: there is something problemati" ******* END TEXT: "shapes behavior and constrains choices.59 Gender role stereo-types create and maintain occupational "
9780814751213 - page_211: "START TEXT: segregation by sex, inhibit women’s upward mobility, limit women’s earning power, and shunt men away" ******* END TEXT: "ially her employer placed her candidacy on hold and later denied her consideration for partnership. "
9780814751213 - page_212: "START TEXT: Hopkins’s personnel file contained evaluations by various partners of her qualifications for partner" ******* END TEXT: "ments from purportedly genderneutral evaluative remarks is the idea that comments that cumulatively "
9780814751213 - page_213: "START TEXT: indicate that a person acted unconventionally by not conforming with the norms of his or her gender " ******* END TEXT: "epressed wages in the predominantly female school of nursing compared to wages in other departments "
9780814751213 - page_214: "START TEXT: composed primarily of male faculty members. While the male faculty member in the nursing school argu" ******* END TEXT: "on probabilistic theories of knowing. Even the concept of objectivity is changing from one based on "
9780814751213 - page_215: "START TEXT: claims of independent, external reality to one based on transactional, procedural, and methodologica" ******* END TEXT: "al and a sociopolitical level, concentration of thought and resources, and time on a large scale.\n\n\n"
9780814751213 - page_216: "START TEXT: 8Remaking Gender in PracticeLooking Forward\n[I]f the imagination is to transcend and transform exper" ******* END TEXT: "uggestions of ways to recognize and avoid gender separatism and stereotyping.\nReclaiming “Feminism”\n"
9780814751213 - page_217: "START TEXT: If it is so reviled, how can feminism remain a politically useful label? If feminism, stripped of sl" ******* END TEXT: " describe the ways the reclaiming of “queer” confronted homophobia, deconstructed negative cultural "
9780814751213 - page_218: "START TEXT: definitions of homosexuality, and reconstructed a pejorative label into a positive social identity. " ******* END TEXT: "ld not turn on the successes of its detractors or the excesses of its advocates.\nInclusive Feminism\n"
9780814751213 - page_219: "START TEXT: Feminisms\nFeminism has been both reduced and, in a curious sense, promoted by its factionalism. In t" ******* END TEXT: "nist thinking is attitudinal. It requires, as Lea Brilmayer has suggested, a spirit of inclusivity:\n"
9780814751213 - page_220: "START TEXT: Inclusive feminism requires defining the core to include more people rather than fewer. It means tak" ******* END TEXT: "p and the measures of success. Trappist monks may vow silence; an artist colony may wish to exclude "
9780814751213 - page_221: "START TEXT: all non-cubists. But feminist precepts urge inclusivity and connectedness: one of the purposes of th" ******* END TEXT: "es and emotional needs of men, and the ideological construction of maleness over time and cultures.\n"
9780814751213 - page_222: "START TEXT: To realize its potential, feminism cannot center on a politics of separation. The feminist movement " ******* END TEXT: "esponses to feminism, can men generally be encouraged to recognize and understand the oppression of "
9780814751213 - page_223: "START TEXT: women? Further, can large segments of the male population be drawn to the cause of feminism and see " ******* END TEXT: "n previously thought in creating support for or opposition to feminist beliefs and values. A random "
9780814751213 - page_224: "START TEXT: telephone survey of four hundred people in Muncie, Indiana (“Middle-town”), conducted by the Social " ******* END TEXT: "ation, and polite forms) conversational styles; and negotiation approaches that require knowing the "
9780814751213 - page_225: "START TEXT: opposition’s social circumstances, such as children, recreational activities, and social habits (whi" ******* END TEXT: "mmitment to issues of gender justice is directly tied to the development of personal consciousness.\n"
9780814751213 - page_226: "START TEXT: These explorations will need to move beyond ideas of “victim” and “wrongdoer,” while still consideri" ******* END TEXT: "rove to work. The article then discusses some statistics from sociologist Arlie Hochschild’s recent "
9780814751213 - page_227: "START TEXT: book, The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work, showing that many parents seek re" ******* END TEXT: "with an unthinking return to traditional roles, with little consideration for all the participants.\n"
9780814751213 - page_228: "START TEXT: Again, perhaps it is unfair to criticize weekly journalism for being weekly journalism. But as the m" ******* END TEXT: "er of lawsuits charging sexual harassment, the adoption of sexual harassment policies in workplaces "
9780814751213 - page_229: "START TEXT: across the country, heightened sensitivity on the part of men about how their actions in the workpla" ******* END TEXT: "ice in not taking a stand on the institutional construction of gender. They should be encouraged to "
9780814751213 - page_230: "START TEXT: look at both the biological and the social evidence constructing gender, rather than the first princ" ******* END TEXT: "ns: Brown v. Board of Education is a good example of the former; many of the gender cases exemplify "
9780814751213 - page_231: "START TEXT: the latter. The argument that courts should consider the ways law reflects stereotypic views of masc" ******* END TEXT: " sport to its roster since 1982, and thus had no continuing practice of program expansion. Finally, "
9780814751213 - page_232: "START TEXT: the district court rejected Brown’s argument that since it was not accommodating the interests of it" ******* END TEXT: "letic scholarship money, and participation rates.41 The athletic universe needed a watershed event.\n"
9780814751213 - page_233: "START TEXT: But we’re watching a zero-sum game of the girls against the boys. The same paradigm we saw played ou" ******* END TEXT: "d money that otherwise would have gone to attorneys’ fees to enhance its women’s athletics program. "
9780814751213 - page_234: "START TEXT: Under the settlement, the university will upgrade the women’s locker room, provide equal resources f" ******* END TEXT: " conceive of differences, gender and otherwise, in hierarchical terms—to perceive male as normal in "
9780814751213 - page_235: "START TEXT: the workplace, and female as inferior. Most children are still under construction.\nMy suggestions ar" ******* END TEXT: "udy by the American Association of University Women showed that young girls lose self-esteem during "
9780814751213 - page_236: "START TEXT: adolescence and, as a result, their schoolwork suffers. The Ms. Foundation also cites an American Me" ******* END TEXT: "mative action. We cannot afford to let the value of this day go unnoticed, but we need to go beyond "
9780814751213 - page_237: "START TEXT: symbols, beyond days, and beyond affirmative action. While affirmative action is vitally necessary w" ******* END TEXT: " Children’s Day, Role Reversal Day), is a symbolic beginning and an opportunity to focus on gender. "
9780814751213 - page_238: "START TEXT: Unfortunately, the day is being seen and fought over as if its structure is the symbol of gender rel" ******* END TEXT: "conscious, the challenge is to make the constructive processes visible.\nThe Process of Differencing\n"
9780814751213 - page_239: "START TEXT: The sameness-difference model is perplexing, for biologists, psychologists, sociologists, and jurisp" ******* END TEXT: "ruitful is to inquire how to proceed regarding gender in the face of uncertainty about its origins. "
9780814751213 - page_240: "START TEXT: How should we act, socially and legally, if we cannot determine at this juncture in history whether " ******* END TEXT: "r gender identity—male or female—“variations in gender role do not cause psychological problems.”51 "
9780814751213 - page_241: "START TEXT: One key aspect of gender identity is gender constancy, the recognition that one is permanently a boy" ******* END TEXT: " Why not emphasize other forms of diversity between people: on the scales of creativity, endurance, "
9780814751213 - page_242: "START TEXT: linguistic abilities, recreational interests, or empathetic qualities? Rather than engage in labelin" ******* END TEXT: "do not automatically get translated into better and worse in hierarchical terms. But not all people "
9780814751213 - page_243: "START TEXT: currently participate in the construction of differences or in saying whether they matter.\nOf course" ******* END TEXT: "s shirt and down a Diet Coke. Is this egalitarian and empowering—equal opportunity ogling—or is the "
9780814751213 - page_244: "START TEXT: metamessage about how men and women should relate to each other—as sexually charged subjects and obj" ******* END TEXT: "r patterns that promote sex segregation. Consider, on the simplest level, some of the products that "
9780814751213 - page_245: "START TEXT: construct our lives: other than price and nominal gender, is there a difference between “Lady Speed " ******* END TEXT: "ter all, left it down once.) “Shall I also take the scorpions out of her crib?” Tim asked politely.\n"
9780814751213 - page_246: "START TEXT: As I apologized for my rudeness in giving orders to someone who had more primary baby-care experienc" ******* END TEXT: "r global understanding? Does a child have to be a boy to be “Trustworthy, Loyal, Helpful, Friendly, "
9780814751213 - page_247: "START TEXT: Courteous, Kind, Obedient, Cheerful, Thrifty, Brave, Clean, and Reverent”? Don’t we want our girls t" ******* END TEXT: "e or less silent acculturation processes—have such force in shaping gender. Formidable institutions "
9780814751213 - page_248: "START TEXT: take strong positions that gender equality should not exist.54 Perhaps the gendered assumptions and " ******* END TEXT: "ry of feminist thought attests, the very asking of different questions often heralds that change.\n\n\n"
9780814751213 - page_vi: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1998 by New York UniversityAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: "rength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1\n\n\n"
9780814751213 - page_i: "START TEXT: The Gender Line\n" ******* END TEXT: "The Gender Line\n"
9780814751213 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814751213 - page_295: "START TEXT: Index\nAbortion, 71, 153, 230\nAbrams, Kathryn, 134\nAbzug, Bella, 162\nAcademic performance. See Sex di" ******* END TEXT: "ivorce Discrimination, 171, 180\nDavid, Deborah, 186\nDavis, Natalie Zemon, 224\nDelgado, Richard, 220\n"
9780814751213 - page_296: "START TEXT: Denfeld, Rene, 156\nDensmore, Dana, 148\nDewey, John, 242\nDomestic labor. See Housework\nDomestic viole" ******* END TEXT: "Act, 103–104\nGeneral Electric Co. v. Gilbert, 71–72\nGenetic determinism. See Biological determinism\n"
9780814751213 - page_297: "START TEXT: Gilligan, Carol, 55, 91–92, 205\nGingrich, Newt, 128\nGinsburg, Ruth Bader, 80, 85, 190\nGirl Scouts, 4" ******* END TEXT: " 168\nlife expectancy, 10\nNative American, 186\nin nontraditional jobs, 57\nin nurturing roles, 25–26, "
9780814751213 - page_298: "START TEXT: 37–38, 44, 58, 60–61, 73–74, 118–122, 183–184, 191–192, 208\noppressions intertwined with women’s, 13" ******* END TEXT: "at, 127\nRoe v. Wade, 139, 171\nRoiphe, Katie, 134–135\nRostker v. Goldberg, 70, 77, 93, 107, 108, 209\n"
9780814751213 - page_299: "START TEXT: Sabo, Don, 54\nSadker, David and Myra, 45\nSAT test, 27–28\nScalia, Antonin, 84–85, 88\nSchafer v. Board" ******* END TEXT: "144\nWalker, Rebecca, 163\nWebster v. Reproductive Health Services, 139\nWest, Robin, 2, 192, 194, 230\n"
9780814751213 - page_300: "START TEXT: Whitehead, Alfred North, 246\nWilliams, Joan, 208\nWilson, John, 127\nWolf, Naomi, 11, 155, 156\nWomen: " ******* END TEXT: " also Homosexuality, lesbians\nWomen’s issues, 217\nWomen’s Rights Project, 190\nWorell, Judith, 218\n\n\n"
9780814751213 - page_249: "START TEXT: Notes\nNOTES TO CHAPTER 1\n1. Kenneth Karst, The Pursuit of Manhood and the Desegregation of the Armed" ******* END TEXT: "ty, 83 CAL. L. REV. 1 (1995); Joan C. Williams, Deconstructing Gender, 87 MICH. L. REV. 797 (1989).\n"
9780814751213 - page_250: "START TEXT: A number of articles have discussed how men fare in discrete issue areas. See, e.g., Judith Bond Jen" ******* END TEXT: " about “Women”?, 1 UCLA WOMEN’S L.J. 15, 33 n.84 (1991).\n22. NAOMI WOLF, FIRE WITH FIRE 139 (1993).\n"
9780814751213 - page_251: "START TEXT: 23. Marc A. Fajer, Can Two Real Men Eat Quiche Together? Storytelling, Gender Role Stereotypes, and " ******* END TEXT: "e Linked to Neurons, HOUS. CHRON., Nov. 27, 1994, at A4.\n16. Hedges & Nowell, supra note 11, at 41.\n"
9780814751213 - page_252: "START TEXT: 17. HOWARD N. SNYDER & MELISSA SICKMUND, OFFICE OF JUVENILE JUSTICE AND DELINQUENCY PREVENTION, JUVE" ******* END TEXT: "ts, 269 SCIENCE 164, 169 (July 14, 1995).\n32. JOHN ARCHER & BARBARA LLOYD, SEX AND GENDER 7 (1982).\n"
9780814751213 - page_253: "START TEXT: 33. STEPHEN JAY GOULD, DINOSAUR IN A HAYSTACK 125 (1995).\n34. Id. at 126.\n35. Deborah Blum, Do Gende" ******* END TEXT: " the Scholastic Aptitude Test: A Bidirectional Validity Study, 62 HARV. EDUC. REV. 323, 330 (1992).\n"
9780814751213 - page_254: "START TEXT: 53. Katherine Connor & Ellen J. Vargyas, The Legal Implications of Gender Bias in Standardized Testi" ******* END TEXT: "Y: HEURISTICS AND BIASES 3 (Daniel Kahneman et al. eds., 1982).\n72. Heilman, supra note 27, at 6–7.\n"
9780814751213 - page_255: "START TEXT: 73. Katherine Hildebrant Karraker et al., Parents’ Gender-Stereotyped Perceptions of Newborns: The E" ******* END TEXT: "r? There Are Other Explanations than the “Men Are Scum” Theory, CHI. TRIB., May 7, 1995, § 6, at 1.\n"
9780814751213 - page_256: "START TEXT: 91. Ellis Cose, The Daddy Trap: After All the Talk about Equality of the Sexes, a Man Is Still Expec" ******* END TEXT: "96, at D7.\n110. HOSTILE HALLWAYS: THE AAUW SURVEY ON SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN AMERICA’S SCHOOLS (1993).\n"
9780814751213 - page_257: "START TEXT: 111. See Jerry Adler & Debra Rosenberg, Must Boys Always Be Boys?, NEWSWEEK, Oct. 19, 1992, at 77.\n1" ******* END TEXT: "134. See, e.g., Marc D. Weinstein et al., Masculinity and Hockey Violence, 33 SEX ROLES 831 (1995).\n"
9780814751213 - page_258: "START TEXT: 135. Clarence Page, The Truth about Domestic Abuse, CHI. TRIB., June 2, 1996, at C17.\n136. Paul Levy" ******* END TEXT: "nd the Social Construction of Gender, 10 GENDER & SOC’Y. 368, 372 (1996).\n155. Id. at 378.\n156. Id.\n"
9780814751213 - page_259: "START TEXT: 157. Id.\n158. Joy A. Schneer & Frieda Reitman, Effects of Employment Gaps on the Careers of M.B.A.’s" ******* END TEXT: "57, 68 (1986).\n25. 458 U.S. 718, 730 (1982).\n26. 441 U.S. 380 (1979).\n27. 499 U.S. 187, 211 (1991).\n"
9780814751213 - page_260: "START TEXT: 28. Mary Becker, Reproductive Hazards after Johnson Controls, 31 HOUS. L. REV. 43, 53–54 (1994).\n29." ******* END TEXT: "hooling seems limited to benefits for girls, with little evidence that any benefits are empirically "
9780814751213 - page_261: "START TEXT: true for men; even those advantages for girls are modest. See, e.g., Herbert W. Marsh, Effects of At" ******* END TEXT: "er AAUP Brief], United States v. Virginia, No. 94-1941 (filed Nov. 16, 1995), 1995 WL 702833 at 60.\n"
9780814751213 - page_262: "START TEXT: 68. Valerie Lee et al., Sexism in Single-Sex and Coeducational Independent Secondary School Classroo" ******* END TEXT: ". 10, 1997, at A9.\n90. See Sally Frank, The Key to Unlocking the Clubhouse Door: The Application of "
9780814751213 - page_263: "START TEXT: Antidiscrimination Laws to Quasi-Private Clubs, 2 MICH. J. GENDER & L. 27, 60 (1994).\n91. See Welsh " ******* END TEXT: ".N.Y. 1985) (holding that a judge may properly conclude that a male attorney is lacking appropriate "
9780814751213 - page_264: "START TEXT: attire when he does not wear a necktie in the courtroom). But see Carroll v. Talman Sav. & Loan Ass’" ******* END TEXT: "was nevertheless price discrimination based on sex). But cf. Koire v. Metro Car Wash, 707 P.2d 195, "
9780814751213 - page_265: "START TEXT: 201 (Cal. 1985) (ladies’ day at car washes “reinforces harmful stereo-types” for both women and men)" ******* END TEXT: "for escape while a similarly situated female prisoner who escaped would receive a maximum of eleven "
9780814751213 - page_266: "START TEXT: months was justified by the different “risks of violence and danger to inmates, prison personnel, an" ******* END TEXT: "5 S. CAL. L. REV. 1933, 1966 (1992).\n23. See Peach, supra note 18, at 229.\n24. See supra chapter 3.\n"
9780814751213 - page_267: "START TEXT: 25. Katherine M. Franke, The Central Mistake of Sex Discrimination Law: The Disaggregation of Sex fr" ******* END TEXT: "m Styron).\n40. Michael S. Kimmel, Issues for Men in the 1990s, 46 U. MIAMI L. REV. 671, 674 (1992).\n"
9780814751213 - page_268: "START TEXT: 41. For instance, the circuits split regarding whether male plaintiffs suing for sex discrimination," ******* END TEXT: "upp. 822 (D. Md. 1994), aff’d, 70 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 184 (4th Cir. 1996); Polly v. Houston "
9780814751213 - page_269: "START TEXT: Lighting & Power Co., 803 F. Supp. 1 (S.D. Tex. 1992); Dillon v. Frank, 58 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BN" ******* END TEXT: "ual overtones amounted to potential sexual harassment).\n67. 871 F. Supp. at 824–29.\n68. Id. at 835.\n"
9780814751213 - page_270: "START TEXT: 69. See, e.g., Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 23 (1993); King v. Hillen, 21 F.3d at 158" ******* END TEXT: " (1986).\n81. See Martin H. Malin, Fathers and Parental Leave, 72 TEX. L. REV. 1047, 1064–79 (1994).\n"
9780814751213 - page_271: "START TEXT: 82. See, e.g., Ackerman v. Board of Educ., 372 F. Supp. 274 (S.D.N.Y. 1974); Danielson v. Board of H" ******* END TEXT: " 257 (reporting on Utah cases between 1970 and 1993).\n95. Maccoby & Mnookin, supra note 92, at 138.\n"
9780814751213 - page_272: "START TEXT: 96. “If only a small number of mothers and fathers litigate custody, the number of fathers and mothe" ******* END TEXT: ", ESSENCE, Jan. 1996, at 123.\n8. Lisa Marie Hogeland, Fear of Feminism, MS., Nov.–Dec. 1994, at 18.\n"
9780814751213 - page_273: "START TEXT: 9. See, e.g., Richard Cohen, The Wide Net of Sexual Harassment, WASH. POST, June 15, 1993, at A21 (“" ******* END TEXT: "ne 4, 1991, at 48.\n29. SUSAN FALUDI, BACKLASH: THE UNDECLARED WAR AGAINST AMERICAN WOMEN 75 (1991).\n"
9780814751213 - page_274: "START TEXT: 30. Id.\n31. BARBARA EHRENREICH et al., RE-MAKING LOVE: THE FEMINIZATION OF SEX 71 (1986).\n32. Margar" ******* END TEXT: " Straight Sex: The Politics of Pleasure (Book Review), 7 NEW STATESMAN & SOC’Y 39 (Sept. 23, 1994).\n"
9780814751213 - page_275: "START TEXT: 52. Andrew Koppelman, Why Discrimination against Lesbians and Gay Men Is Sex Discrimination, 69 N.Y." ******* END TEXT: "ale business as usual”); Women’s Rally Vows to “Take Back the Night,” SEATTLE TIMES, Feb. 23, 1986, "
9780814751213 - page_276: "START TEXT: at B2 (“Men were asked not to join the march. Instead, they were asked to attend a workshop sponsore" ******* END TEXT: "Alan Bunce, The Barn-Raising Spirit Still Thrives, CHRISTIAN SCI. MONITOR, Apr. 26, 1996, at 10–11.\n"
9780814751213 - page_277: "START TEXT: 91. Joannie M. Schrof, Feminism’s Daughters: Their Agenda Is a Cultural Sea Change, U.S. NEWS & WORL" ******* END TEXT: " Mar. 17, 1996, at 1B.\nNOTES TO CHAPTER 6\n1. National Coalition of Free Men (visited July 31, 1997) "
9780814751213 - page_278: "START TEXT: 6. Michael S. Kimmel & Michael Kaufman, Weekend Warriors: The New Men’s Movement, in THE POLITICS OF" ******* END TEXT: "ra note 7, at 2.\n18. Eugene August, Bringing Us Together, M.E.N. (Nov. 1995) (visited June 9, 1997) "
9780814751213 - page_279: "START TEXT: 30. Clatterbaugh, supra note 26, at 49.\n31. Riley, supra, note 16.\n32. Art Levine, Masculinity’s Cha" ******* END TEXT: "–68 (1989), quoted in David Gross, Excerpts from Domestic Violence Research (visited June 12, 1997) "
9780814751213 - page_280: "START TEXT: 50. Martha L. Fineman, Challenging Law, Establishing Differences: The Future of Feminist Legal Schol" ******* END TEXT: "ase of Pregnancy, 1 BERKELEY WOMEN’S L.J. 1, 22 (1985). While Professor Kay is generally associated "
9780814751213 - page_281: "START TEXT: with sameness feminism, she recognizes the need to make allowances for pregnancy and childbirth, a d" ******* END TEXT: ".\n78. See, e.g., Catharine A. MacKinnon, Not a Moral Issue, 2 YALE L. & POL’Y REV. 321, 325 (1984).\n"
9780814751213 - page_282: "START TEXT: 79. West, supra note 60, at 13.\n80. Andrew Ross, Demonstrating Sexual Difference, in MEN IN FEMINISM" ******* END TEXT: "See generally Margaret Jane Radin, The Pragmatist and the Feminist, 63 S. CAL. L. REV. 1699 (1990).\n"
9780814751213 - page_283: "START TEXT: NOTES TO CHAPTER 7\n1. See, e.g., PHYLLIS CHESLER, MOTHERS ON TRIAL: THE BATTLE FOR CHILDREN AND CUST" ******* END TEXT: "ar”) (emphasis in original); ANDREA DWORKIN, INTERCOURSE 63–67 (1987) (contrasting men’s experience "
9780814751213 - page_284: "START TEXT: of sex as subjects and women’s experience of sex as objects); Lucinda M. Finley, Breaking Women’s Si" ******* END TEXT: "ng consciousness-raising to sensitize men to conduct that might be perceived as sexual harassment).\n"
9780814751213 - page_285: "START TEXT: 24. R. W. Connell, Drumming Up the Wrong Tree, 7 TIKKUN 31, 31 (Jan. 1992).\n25. Philip Walzer, Are W" ******* END TEXT: "RINE OF DNA (1992). But see ROBERT POOL, EVE’S RIB: THE BIOLOGICAL ROOTS OF SEX DIFFERENCES (1994).\n"
9780814751213 - page_286: "START TEXT: 38. See, e.g., ELIZABETH H. WOLGAST, EQUALITY AND THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN 14–15 (1980); Sylvia A. Law, R" ******* END TEXT: "ed States v. Virginia, 44 F.3d 1229, 1238–39 (4th Cir. 1995), cert. granted, 116 S. Ct. 281 (1995).\n"
9780814751213 - page_287: "START TEXT: 55. For a more complete discussion of United States v. Virginia, see chapter 3.\n56. See Faulkner v. " ******* END TEXT: "t court’s determination that appearance standards were not based on stereotypical images of women).\n"
9780814751213 - page_288: "START TEXT: 70. 490 U.S. at 250.\n71. I am indebted to Sam Marcosson for this example.\n72. See, e.g., Watson v. F" ******* END TEXT: "TY AND THE BOUNDARIES OF COMMUNITY: POWER AND ACCOUNTABILITY FROM A PRAGMATIC POINT OF VIEW (1992).\n"
9780814751213 - page_289: "START TEXT: 87. Christine Jolls, The Rule of Law and Economics in Feminist Legal Theory, Presented at the AALS A" ******* END TEXT: "of Cultural Feminist Themes in Religion and Family Law Jurisprudence, 35 B.C. L. REV. 1, 48 (1993).\n"
9780814751213 - page_290: "START TEXT: 9. CATHARINE A. MACKINNON, TOWARD A FEMINIST THEORY OF THE STATE 224 (1989).\n10. A NEW PSYCHOLOGY OF" ******* END TEXT: "Gurin, Women’s Gender Consciousness, 49 PUB. OPINION Q. 143 (1985); Eric Plutzer, Work Life, Family "
9780814751213 - page_291: "START TEXT: Life, and Women’s Support of Feminism, 53 AM. SOC. REV. 640 (1988); Sara Ruddick, Maternal Thinking," ******* END TEXT: "997, at 62.\n31. JANE MEYER & JILL ABRAMSON, STRANGE JUSTICE: THE SELLING OF CLARENCE THOMAS (1994).\n"
9780814751213 - page_292: "START TEXT: 32. See supra chapter 3.\n33. Brief for the Amici Curiae Women Who Have Had Abortions and Friends of " ******* END TEXT: "(Jan. 1, 1997).\n53. See Frances Cerra Whitelsey, SHOP! Information Services (visited June 19, 1997) "
9780814751213 - page_293: "START TEXT: 54. See, e.g., DONALD G. MATHEWS & JANE S. DE HART, SEX, GENDER, AND THE POLITICS OF ERA: A STATE AN" ******* END TEXT: "e affair) or “spousal battery” (a real crime deserving of prosecution) may affect public responses.\n"
9780814751213 - page_294: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814751213 - page_iii: "START TEXT: CRITICAL AMERICAGeneral Editors: RICHARD DELGADO and JEAN STEFANCIC\nWhite by Law:The Legal Construct" ******* END TEXT: "EPHEN M. FELDMAN\nTo Be an American:Cultural Pluralism and the Rhetoric of AssimilationBILL ONG HING\n"
9780814751213 - page_iv: "START TEXT: Negrophobia and Reasonable Racism:The Hidden Costs of Being Black in AmericaJODY DAVID ARMOUR\nBlack " ******* END TEXT: "e Worker, the Family, and the StateRUTH COLKER\nThe Gender Line:Men, Women, and the LawNANCY LEVIT\n\n\n"
9780814751213 - page_v: "START TEXT: Men, Women, and the Law\nNancy Levit\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Men, Women, and the Law\nNancy Levit\n\n\n\n"
9780814751213 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\n1 Introduction\n2 Gender Separatism\n3 How Courts Enforce Gender Separatism\n4" ******* END TEXT: "ges of Gender in Theory\n8 Remaking Gender in Practice: Looking Forward\nNotes\nIndex\nAbout the Author\n"
9780814751213 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_i: "START TEXT: Postmodern Legal Movements" ******* END TEXT: "Postmodern Legal Movements"
9780814755112 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_iii: "START TEXT: Postmodern Legal Movements\nLaw and Jurisprudence at Century’s End\nGary Minda\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Postmodern Legal Movements\nLaw and Jurisprudence at Century’s End\nGary Minda\n\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\n© 1995 by New York UniversityAll rights reserved\nLibrar" ******* END TEXT: "ng materials are chosen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_v: "START TEXT: What appears on one level as the latest fad, advertising pitch and hollow spectacle is part of a slo" ******* END TEXT: "ut transformation it is.\n—Andreas Huyssen, Mapping the Postmodern,33 NEW GERMAN CRITIQUE 5, 8 (1984)"
9780814755112 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\nPreface\nIntroduction\nPart One:  Modern Jurisprudence, 1871–1980\n1.   Origin" ******* END TEXT: "Critical Legal Studies\n7.   Feminist Legal Theory\n8.   Law and Literature\n9.   Critical Race Theory\n"
9780814755112 - page_viii: "START TEXT: Part Three:  Postmodern Jurisprudence, 1990s and Beyond\n10.   Jurisprudence in Transition\n11.   Reac" ******* END TEXT: "gal Scholars\n12.   Postmodern Jurisprudence\nConclusion: Jurisprudence at Century’s End\nNotes\nIndex\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nThis book would not have been possible without the help and insights of many of my l" ******* END TEXT: " Era, 62 COLO. L. REV. 599 (1991); Interest Group Theory and Antitrust, 41 HASTINGS L.J. 907 (1990)."
9780814755112 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Preface\nThe objective of this book is to present a general overview of the state of law and jurispru" ******* END TEXT: "risprudence for the next century.\nIn order to make my task remotely feasible, I have tried to focus "
9780814755112 - page_xii: "START TEXT: on major themes and general theoretical developments in American jurisprudence, with primary emphasi" ******* END TEXT: " and postmodern legal movements and their significance to the contemporary study of jurisprudence.\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\nAfter several decades of interdisciplinary work in academic legal scholarship, it is im" ******* END TEXT: "to share common characteristics. Finally, each movement introduces a new form of jurisprudence that "
9780814755112 - page_10: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_2: "START TEXT: departs from the perspectives and methods of “mainstream” or modern scholarship in the field. One of" ******* END TEXT: "” was used to refer to the rejection of modernist aesthetics in the fields of architecture and art. "
9780814755112 - page_3: "START TEXT: Today, the term is used by a variety of contemporary academics to signify a new mood or aesthetic in" ******* END TEXT: "ar individual subject. They explore the various ways in which the legal and social identity of this "
9780814755112 - page_4: "START TEXT: subject has influenced the construction of texts, discourses, and institutions. Postmodernists claim" ******* END TEXT: "blems. They understand truth as merely the belief structures of a particular professional community "
9780814755112 - page_5: "START TEXT: or social milieu. They emphasize the importance of “common-sense” experimentation and instrumental a" ******* END TEXT: "d reasoning. Normative jurisprudence emphasizes the importance of considering the moral and ethical "
9780814755112 - page_6: "START TEXT: dimension of law. For many legal thinkers, normative legal thought is believed to be pitted against " ******* END TEXT: "f modern jurisprudence from the American legal realist movement to the 1950s theory of adjudication "
9780814755112 - page_7: "START TEXT: known as neutral principles. Chapter 3 examines the modern jurisprudential theories of the 1960s, wh" ******* END TEXT: "w and adjudication would be more fruitfully approached from a literary perspective. Jurisprudential "
9780814755112 - page_8: "START TEXT: discourse mushroomed into a number of different professional discourses that advanced different norm" ******* END TEXT: "sprudential discourses is characteristic of the postmodern aesthetic or temperament in intellectual "
9780814755112 - page_9: "START TEXT: thought. Postmodernism emerges from the view that the search for new legal theories and metanarrativ" ******* END TEXT: "the 1980s have themselves fostered the emergence of this new postmodern jurisprudential perspective."
9780814755112 - page_11: "START TEXT: Part OneModern Jurisprudence, 1871–1980" ******* END TEXT: "Part OneModern Jurisprudence, 1871–1980"
9780814755112 - page_12: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_13: "START TEXT: 1. Origins of Modern Jurisprudence\nModern American jurisprudential studies began when the dean of Ha" ******* END TEXT: " ordered to the extent that its substantive bottom-level rules were coherently derived from a small "
9780814755112 - page_14: "START TEXT: number of relatively abstract principles and concepts, creating a holistic system.8 While it is gene" ******* END TEXT: "ternal moral and ethical concerns.15\nLegal conceptualists who followed Langdell’s orthodoxy assumed "
9780814755112 - page_15: "START TEXT: either that law was a transcendental object possessing universal properties unaffected by analyzing " ******* END TEXT: "octrines. Langdellians believed that the object-forms of the law were immune from the ever-changing "
9780814755112 - page_16: "START TEXT: nature of society. Society might change, but they thought that the universal principles of law would" ******* END TEXT: "om full-flower until Holmes gave a series of lectures at the Lowell Institute in Boston in November "
9780814755112 - page_17: "START TEXT: and December of 1880. These lectures were the basis for Holmes’s great book, THE COMMON LAW, publish" ******* END TEXT: "zed Langdell for giving too much importance to the power of syllogism and logic.41 He believed that "
9780814755112 - page_18: "START TEXT: any generalized theory of law would have to take human social conditions into account and respond to" ******* END TEXT: "resolve doubts generated when experience does not mesh with preconceived theory.”51 This hypothesis "
9780814755112 - page_19: "START TEXT: led modern-day critical legal scholars to argue that law must be understood as a contingent politica" ******* END TEXT: "by other great American legal thinkers, subsequently came to symbolize a new form of jurisprudence.\n"
9780814755112 - page_20: "START TEXT: The Two Sides of Legal Modernism\nIn the legal academy, there are now two dominant professional repre" ******* END TEXT: "jurisprudence has been the belief that Langdellian formalism and Holmesian pragmatism could somehow "
9780814755112 - page_21: "START TEXT: be synthesized to establish an autonomous and universal jurisprudence based on the belief in the ide" ******* END TEXT: "unded in the belief that legal thinkers can remain outside the realm of culture and politics and in "
9780814755112 - page_22: "START TEXT: control of the objective world symbolized by law. The mind-set of the legal subject is only relative" ******* END TEXT: "rder that could be discovered by an autonomous subject who used the correct legal methodology. This "
9780814755112 - page_23: "START TEXT: “depersonalization and deprivileging of the individual subject” remains a hallmark of both the conce" ******* END TEXT: "nceptual legal discourses are thus used by legal moderns to situate law within the larger culture.\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_24: "START TEXT: 2. Modern Conceptual Jurisprudence\nDuring the first part of this century, the study of jurisprudence" ******* END TEXT: "m that were read and studied by New Deal progressives during the 1920s.3 Following their example, a "
9780814755112 - page_25: "START TEXT: new group of legal scholars and teachers emerged offering a response and critique of the Supreme Cou" ******* END TEXT: "essay, which had not identified any realist by name, was viewed by the realists as an unsympathetic "
9780814755112 - page_26: "START TEXT: attack on their movement. Two of the best-known legal realists, Professor Karl Llewellyn of Columbia" ******* END TEXT: "enth Amendment. The issue in Lochner concerned the constitutionality of a New York statute fixing a "
9780814755112 - page_27: "START TEXT: ten-hour day for bakers. The bakers claimed the law violated the clause of the Fourteenth Amendment " ******* END TEXT: "on the law blade, as legal formalists were prone to do, we will fail to see how society contributes "
9780814755112 - page_28: "START TEXT: to the cutting. The relationship between law and society, or as Fuller called it “law and life,” thu" ******* END TEXT: " apt to forget the social forces which mold the law and the social ideals by which the law is to be "
9780814755112 - page_29: "START TEXT: judged.”27 The early work of Karl Llewellyn28 and Jerome Frank,29 based on rule and fact skepticism," ******* END TEXT: "holars who have equated the legal realist movement with the work of progressive realists. Gilmore’s "
9780814755112 - page_30: "START TEXT: revisionist account of the legal realist movement in THE AGES OF AMERICAN LAW, for example, focused " ******* END TEXT: "terest.42 Llewellyn’s proposal for restructuring commercial law by distinguishing between merchants "
9780814755112 - page_31: "START TEXT: and nonmerchants was an example of the progressive realist notion that law should reflect the “reali" ******* END TEXT: "round legal realism in the modern social sciences. The progressive realists attempted to refine the "
9780814755112 - page_32: "START TEXT: pragmatist cast to Holmes’s jurisprudence by giving it a quasi-scientific authenticity.47 The progre" ******* END TEXT: "he ability of the “restaters” to disguise, deny, and marginalize opposing views, contradiction, and "
9780814755112 - page_33: "START TEXT: paradox in doctrinal law. Moreover, the pretense of neutral law disintegrated as President Franklin " ******* END TEXT: "interpretation and interest analysis. Their central jurisprudential project was to tame the radical "
9780814755112 - page_34: "START TEXT: skepticism of legal realism by explaining how the intellectual criticism of the realists could be an" ******* END TEXT: "to expose the antidemocratic nature of judiciary. They never questioned the democratic character of "
9780814755112 - page_35: "START TEXT: the legislative process because they were wedded to a model of political pluralist theory56 that ass" ******* END TEXT: " peculiar understanding of the institution of judging. The rule skepticism of the radical strand of "
9780814755112 - page_36: "START TEXT: legal realist thought was rejected in favor of a new understanding of the institutions of the legal " ******* END TEXT: "reme Court was] predestined … to be the voice of reason [because] reason is the life of the law.”63\n"
9780814755112 - page_37: "START TEXT: Neutral Principles of the 1960s: The “Highwater Mark” for Modern Conceptual Jurisprudence64\nThe gene" ******* END TEXT: " for the same reason Plessy and Lochner were condemned—all disguised politically driven outcomes as "
9780814755112 - page_38: "START TEXT: decision making according to rules. Legal process scholars believed that a methodology was needed to" ******* END TEXT: "assive virtues referred to the various legal doctrines and procedures judges frequently employed to "
9780814755112 - page_39: "START TEXT: limit the court’s power to review cases. Thus, Bickel’s solution to the problem of an unprincipled j" ******* END TEXT: "hus favored the position of those who desired to uphold the racial segregation of public facilities "
9780814755112 - page_40: "START TEXT: in the South.79 As Yale University law professor Jan G. Deutsch argued in the late 1960s: “Adequate " ******* END TEXT: "oo controversial or costly.84\nFinally, former Yale University law professor and former judge Robert "
9780814755112 - page_41: "START TEXT: H. Bork argued in his infamous 1971 INDIANA LAW JOURNAL article85 that “[w]e have not carried the id" ******* END TEXT: "n,” “neutral principles,” or “objective interpretation,” judges would still need guidelines to know "
9780814755112 - page_42: "START TEXT: how to choose between any number of possible competing principles ascertainable from different inter" ******* END TEXT: "nd consistency to explain how judicial law making could be consistent in a constitutional democracy "
9780814755112 - page_43: "START TEXT: that allocated law making authority to the legislature. In public law areas, progressive legal reali" ******* END TEXT: "process rationality and the application of quasi-scientific methods of the social sciences in law.\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_44: "START TEXT: 3. Modern Normative Jurisprudence\nDuring the 1960s, modern legal thinkers sought to be more normativ" ******* END TEXT: ", seemingly recanted, acknowledging that the Supreme Court could not always be a “voice of reason.”\n"
9780814755112 - page_45: "START TEXT: Professor Bickel abandoned the attempt to define neutral principles because he began “to doubt in ma" ******* END TEXT: "the true faith. … [T]he Wechslarians had in practice, if not in theory, strayed not far at all from "
9780814755112 - page_46: "START TEXT: the fold. Their demands of principle were so rigid that they could rarely be met. So their ultimate " ******* END TEXT: "toric is likely to die rich—and soon.”19 He believed that they would accept the role of an activist "
9780814755112 - page_47: "START TEXT: judiciary in a constitutional democracy: “They [had] seen that it can be done: The Warren Court did " ******* END TEXT: "ng law could be found in the simple idea of an order backed by threats.25 Legal positivists believe "
9780814755112 - page_48: "START TEXT: that the study of jurisprudence should concern itself, as Austin believed, with the analytical as op" ******* END TEXT: " the idea of a normative theory of jurisprudence as the Rule of Law for all modern legal systems.29\n"
9780814755112 - page_49: "START TEXT: Modern legal positivists believe that problems of legal indeterminacy (the failure of rules to guide" ******* END TEXT: "e court, the United States Supreme Court, was doing—namely, revising, reinterpreting, and sometimes "
9780814755112 - page_50: "START TEXT: overruling legislation under vaguely worded phrases of the U.S. Constitution. In England, as a resul" ******* END TEXT: "r-changing dynamic of American law is an essential feature that Hart’s positivism fails to explain.\n"
9780814755112 - page_51: "START TEXT: Another reason for the unpopularity of legal positivism in America is the fear that positivism encou" ******* END TEXT: "t the main source of law’s objectivity and legitimacy lies in moral and justificatory argument, not "
9780814755112 - page_52: "START TEXT: divine law of the sovereign. Throughout the late 1960s and 1970s, fundamental rights theorists attem" ******* END TEXT: "ies of the Constitution. Thus, political conservatives such as Richard Epstein argued that property "
9780814755112 - page_53: "START TEXT: rights are fundamental,48 while liberals such as Ronald Dworkin argued that the “right to equal conc" ******* END TEXT: "tarian character by invoking the presumption that a consensus exists for identifying shared values.\n"
9780814755112 - page_54: "START TEXT: Normative Process-Oriented Theories\nProcess theory has also been used by legal scholars seeking to i" ******* END TEXT: "stulated that judges are restrained by established rules, customs, and conventions of legal culture "
9780814755112 - page_55: "START TEXT: reflected in the language of the Constitution, case law, and the prevailing cultural heritage of soc" ******* END TEXT: "onception.”72 Moral theory is relevant, not as an end in itself, but because it helps make sense of "
9780814755112 - page_56: "START TEXT: the law’s commitment to the process of democratic representation for ascertaining moral values.73\nMo" ******* END TEXT: "by the Warren Court.78 This school developed as a result of the Warren Court’s effort to discover a "
9780814755112 - page_57: "START TEXT: number of fundamental rights in various clauses of the Constitution. Of particular significance was " ******* END TEXT: "ective source, whether it be a conceptual theory of legal process or a normative concept of rights.\n"
9780814755112 - page_58: "START TEXT: The most ingenious scholarly explanations of decision making, such as Ronald Dworkin’s late 1970s “H" ******* END TEXT: "nd normative legal thought thus exhibit the Enlightenment vision of one true Rule of Law as the law "
9780814755112 - page_59: "START TEXT: of all rules. This ultimate Rule of Law perspective characterizes much of modern jurisprudential thi" ******* END TEXT: "tenment” to the study of legal objectivity and neutrality. Modern jurisprudential thinkers are thus "
9780814755112 - page_60: "START TEXT: optimistic about the possibility of achieving an autonomous, objective Rule of Law for the legal sys" ******* END TEXT: "ity, and they have little sympathy for or understanding of the “avant-gardist sensibility” of those "
9780814755112 - page_61: "START TEXT: who have recently lost faith in law’s autonomy. Legal moderns reject the view of skeptics who questi" ******* END TEXT: "at they are postmodernists even though their work exhibits an unwittingly postmodern character.103\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_62: "START TEXT: 4. Decline of Modern Jurisprudential Studies\nLegal process and fundamental rights theories dominated" ******* END TEXT: " anxiety over the possibility of sustaining the intellectual projects of modernity. “Postmodernism” "
9780814755112 - page_63: "START TEXT: became the term to describe this “crisis” in the fine arts and within the intellectual disciplines o" ******* END TEXT: "re unable to offer a “principled” argument to justify Brown. The idea that judges should defer from "
9780814755112 - page_64: "START TEXT: deciding controversial policy issues merely because a value choice was required seemed unrealistic.\n" ******* END TEXT: "sis had failed to recognize that law contributes to the construction of social reality. Traditional "
9780814755112 - page_65: "START TEXT: analysis of legal problems adopted a “naive” understanding of the relationship between law and cultu" ******* END TEXT: "surdly remote from any real world of experience, but literally insane.”17 Peller believed that “the "
9780814755112 - page_66: "START TEXT: discourse about the Vietnam War only brought into wider view what was already contained within the p" ******* END TEXT: " a process theory of judicial review was structured to facilitate the representation of minorities, "
9780814755112 - page_67: "START TEXT: but the theory fell prey to the problem of determining which societal groups constitute minorities. " ******* END TEXT: "era and came of age during the 1970s. The current generation, full of angst and disillusionment, is "
9780814755112 - page_68: "START TEXT: even further removed from the Wechslerian generation of the 1950s and 1960s. Its members are enterin" ******* END TEXT: "h and Coase, law as an autonomous discipline was no longer a central tenet of modern jurisprudence.\n"
9780814755112 - page_69: "START TEXT: Charles Reich’s New Property\nCharles Reich’s 1964 article, The New Property,30 attempted to explain " ******* END TEXT: "understood as a function of concrete decisions within a particular social context. Thus, for Cohen, "
9780814755112 - page_70: "START TEXT: “[The] general idea [of] property [was] to be found in all the examples and consequences of … specif" ******* END TEXT: "understanding, which Coase ascribed to the English economist A. C. Pigou, assumed that when private "
9780814755112 - page_71: "START TEXT: production produces an undesirable externality such as smoke pollution, the law should respond by co" ******* END TEXT: "Social Cost is one of two major works credited with launching the law and economics movement of the "
9780814755112 - page_72: "START TEXT: late 1970s,47 and for establishing a theoretical justification for limiting the growth of the modern" ******* END TEXT: "ced from the logic of markets; legal entitlements meant nothing if private bargaining was costless.\n"
9780814755112 - page_73: "START TEXT: Both authors implicitly rejected traditional faith in the efficaciousness of the legal process and t" ******* END TEXT: "laimed that the traditional liberal approach to regulation, which favored state intervention in the "
9780814755112 - page_74: "START TEXT: economy to eliminate the costs of externalities, was “at once impossible and unhelpful,” because the" ******* END TEXT: " over the years.”56 Warren’s interpretation of “equal protection” in Brown looks a lot better today "
9780814755112 - page_75: "START TEXT: because the decision embraces the idea that culture helps define the social and the legal meaning of" ******* END TEXT: " with the technocratic and social changes of the modern bureaucratic state. In Brown, the Court set "
9780814755112 - page_76: "START TEXT: the stage for this when it considered social changes brought about by the growth of compulsory publi" ******* END TEXT: "ndation of autonomous law.\nBy the late 1960s it was apparent that the political and legal consensus "
9780814755112 - page_77: "START TEXT: of the World War II generation of jurisprudence teachers and writers no longer reflected the mood an" ******* END TEXT: " political, and cultural contexts. Law was no longer studied as a purely self-contained, autonomous "
9780814755112 - page_78: "START TEXT: system. Coase’s and Posner’s articles thus helped foster the law and economics movement, while Abe C" ******* END TEXT: "a form of interdisciplinary formalism by bestowing upon law a foreign discipline that was given the "
9780814755112 - page_79: "START TEXT: status of privileged authority.72 Arthur Leff was mistaken about the new “law and” movements, as the" ******* END TEXT: "an its interpretive turn.”77\nThe “interpretive turn” in jurisprudence reflected developments in the "
9780814755112 - page_80: "START TEXT: social sciences and humanities that rejected the scientism and positivism of the social sciences and" ******* END TEXT: " legal theory, we must examine how the new scholarly movements of the 1980s developed and matured.\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_81: "START TEXT: Part TwoJurisprudential Movements of the 1980s" ******* END TEXT: "Part TwoJurisprudential Movements of the 1980s"
9780814755112 - page_82: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_100: "START TEXT: assumes that law can be understood as a rational system of behavior based on economic interest. In r" ******* END TEXT: "elatively stable basis for justifying legal results by universalizing legal propositions abstracted "
9780814755112 - page_101: "START TEXT: from hypothetical examples structured by behavioral assumptions about economic motivations of homoge" ******* END TEXT: "a realistic concept of law in jurisprudence. This socio-economic view seems to be catching on. Even "
9780814755112 - page_102: "START TEXT: the founding father of the law and economics movement, Richard Posner, has softened his economic vie" ******* END TEXT: "erprises,91 and that the primary goal of law is the functional goal of reaching sound effects.92 He "
9780814755112 - page_103: "START TEXT: believes that the true test of every legal analysis is whether it “works” instrumentally to maximize" ******* END TEXT: "ysis, but they now approach economic analysis of law from a more practical, functional perspective. "
9780814755112 - page_104: "START TEXT: Indeed, by the late 1980s the law and economics movement shifted away from deterministic analysis to" ******* END TEXT: "rgued that decision makers should follow a new law and economics perspective. Post-Chicago analysts "
9780814755112 - page_105: "START TEXT: consequently argue in favor of a more sophisticated and complex understanding of transaction costs.1" ******* END TEXT: "is to a more indeterminate, ambivalent stance defined in part by postmodern trends in the academy.\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_83: "START TEXT: 5. Law and Economics\nThe sources responsible for the expansion and transformation of the law and eco" ******* END TEXT: "an two decades, creating two generations of law and economics scholarship united by quite different "
9780814755112 - page_84: "START TEXT: theoretical jurisprudential orientations. The first generation responsible for forming the movement " ******* END TEXT: "ion of their process-oriented and fundamental-rights-oriented mentors and teachers. These two juris "
9780814755112 - page_85: "START TEXT: prudential themes played themselves out differently with different generations of law and economics " ******* END TEXT: "new Langdellians” of the first generation, who embraced Langdell’s “great idea” that law might be a "
9780814755112 - page_86: "START TEXT: science. The second generation now associates itself with a post-Chicago form of economic analyses o" ******* END TEXT: "he idea that there is an affinity between law and economics and legal realism. He believes that the "
9780814755112 - page_87: "START TEXT: relationship between law and economics and the American legal realism movement is “equivocal”;17 tha" ******* END TEXT: "and “theory.”21 The shift from abstract theory to concrete institutional analysis has been nurtured "
9780814755112 - page_88: "START TEXT: by a new understanding of economic theory—an understanding that views “theory” merely as a tool for " ******* END TEXT: "n as a rational maximizer of his self-interest that people respond to incentives—that if a person’s "
9780814755112 - page_89: "START TEXT: surroundings change in such a way that he could increase his satisfaction by altering his behavior, " ******* END TEXT: "ntary exchange—a market—is permitted.”33 Law and economics theorists believe that through a process "
9780814755112 - page_90: "START TEXT: of voluntary exchange, scarce resources will be shifted to those uses that are the most valued by pe" ******* END TEXT: "rsion of economic formalism not unlike legal formalism. Coase’s theorem was seen by legal academics "
9780814755112 - page_91: "START TEXT: as supplying the missing theory of authority lacking in traditional forms of doctrinal legal analysi" ******* END TEXT: "e law should be structured to ensure that all undesirable externalities are “internalized” by those "
9780814755112 - page_92: "START TEXT: responsible for such costs. In THE PROBLEM OF SOCIAL COST, Coase uncovered an apparent oversight in " ******* END TEXT: "on to the importance of transaction costs, the theorem called for a complete change in the standard "
9780814755112 - page_93: "START TEXT: legal analysis of problems involving interfering harmful activities such as pollution. The regulator" ******* END TEXT: "uated on its ability to make accurate predictions, not on the “realism of its assumptions.” Law and "
9780814755112 - page_94: "START TEXT: economics scholars believe that the lack of realism in a theory’s assumptions is a merit, not a deme" ******* END TEXT: "tive standard for evaluating legitimate law and effective legal decision making. They believed that "
9780814755112 - page_95: "START TEXT: law was economics, and economics was a neutral, apolitical science of “reason.” A popular first-gene" ******* END TEXT: "t School of law and economics.54\nThis second generation is now quite diverse. One group attempts to "
9780814755112 - page_96: "START TEXT: construct a more sophisticated understanding of the Chicago School approach by developing nonmarket " ******* END TEXT: "his reason, process-oriented legal pluralists believed that political lawmaking (i.e., legislation) "
9780814755112 - page_97: "START TEXT: was the ultimate authority of lawmaking of all other institutions, particularly the courts.63 The le" ******* END TEXT: "ilton Friedman, Gary Becker, and George Stigler. The second generation is more modest in its claims "
9780814755112 - page_98: "START TEXT: about the role of economics in law, and less accepting of the Chicago School’s conservative orientat" ******* END TEXT: "an provide a useful theory for predicting behavior under rules of law; (2) a normative claim, which "
9780814755112 - page_99: "START TEXT: asserts that the law ought to be efficient; (3) a factual or positive claim, which argues that the c" ******* END TEXT: "s of legal rules.”74 The positive claim of law and economics scholars is now more modest. It simply "
9780814755112 - page_106: "START TEXT: 6. Critical Legal Studies\nWhile law and economics attracted the attention of legal scholars, a disti" ******* END TEXT: "o justify an abstract legal discourse that ignored the politics of power. CLS “spoke to lawyers and "
9780814755112 - page_107: "START TEXT: academics in a way that connected theoretical speculation to their daily experience [of] the law, ra" ******* END TEXT: "l race theorists), a group influenced by recent developments in literary theory (postmodernists), a "
9780814755112 - page_108: "START TEXT: group of cultural radicals (multiculturalists), and a group that stresses the role of the economic s" ******* END TEXT: " psychoanalytic and ideological concepts to explain legal legitimation and hegemony.21 Still others "
9780814755112 - page_109: "START TEXT: sought to develop a new historiography to describe how American legal history can be understood as a" ******* END TEXT: "lism. The contours of CLS jurisprudence developed in stages, involving different generations of CLS "
9780814755112 - page_110: "START TEXT: scholarship—an early modernistic generation and a late postmodern generation.\nEarly Critical Legal S" ******* END TEXT: " coherent way to talk about law because law’s internal logic depends on fundamentally contradictory "
9780814755112 - page_111: "START TEXT: concepts and principles. Moreover, Crits claim that the worldview of modern legal thinkers either ig" ******* END TEXT: " Social behavior became a relevant source for examining the politics of law. Liberal legal scholars "
9780814755112 - page_112: "START TEXT: attempted to defend liberal legal thought by offering new forms of interpretive theory that located " ******* END TEXT: "l profession could not be divorced from the actual social practice occurring outside the convention "
9780814755112 - page_113: "START TEXT: hall doors. A central political goal of CLS is thus aimed at stimulating a more active social consci" ******* END TEXT: " discussion about how people can learn to actually realize the ideals of a participatory democratic "
9780814755112 - page_114: "START TEXT: society. Hence, a popular CLS slogan during the early 1980s was “law is politics.”\nCritical legal th" ******* END TEXT: "scholars set aside questions concerning law’s origin, consequence, and meaning, and focused instead "
9780814755112 - page_115: "START TEXT: on the recurring rhetorical structures of legal texts and legal arguments. The goal was to connect t" ******* END TEXT: "underlying ideology that law reflects. CLS scholars employed ideas and concepts associated with the "
9780814755112 - page_116: "START TEXT: Frankfurt School of Critical Theory, but rejected the Frankfurt School’s attempt to construct an emp" ******* END TEXT: "istence of a fundamental contradiction, can be undermined and reversed by a deconstructive reading.\n"
9780814755112 - page_117: "START TEXT: CLS deconstructionalists revealed how the privileging process of legal hierarchies can be reversed b" ******* END TEXT: "l hierarchies was not an accident, but was reflective of a more general tendency of Western thought "
9780814755112 - page_118: "START TEXT: to ground or foundationalize preferred conceptions and interpretations of phenomena. Derrida called " ******* END TEXT: "law. These legal stories embedded within legal doctrine are said to “share a common structure, they "
9780814755112 - page_119: "START TEXT: attempt to define, distinguish, and render mutually compatible the subjective and objective aspects " ******* END TEXT: "ctivity and subjectivity. Viewed this way, deconstruction in CLS scholarship was neither nihilistic "
9780814755112 - page_120: "START TEXT: nor self-defeating. As Jack M. Balkin explained: “[B]y recalling the elements of human life relegate" ******* END TEXT: "arate from passion. Peller explained how the Supreme Court’s due process analysis viewed government "
9780814755112 - page_121: "START TEXT: intervention as necessarily peripheral to the preserving of the “private” choices of individuals.74 " ******* END TEXT: "ned by a fundamental contradiction. Hence, while early CLS scholarship attempted to produce elegant "
9780814755112 - page_122: "START TEXT: maps of the fault lines along which the fundamental contradictions of American law were organized, C" ******* END TEXT: "ay we think of a scholarly article. The piece “keeps working on you after you have set it aside.”85\n"
9780814755112 - page_123: "START TEXT: Late-1980s Critical Legal Studies\nBy the late 1980s, CLS provoked heated debate and controversy in t" ******* END TEXT: "esist and ultimately reject the normative visions of law and conceptual approaches of liberal legal "
9780814755112 - page_124: "START TEXT: scholars. What is amazing is that of all the different legal perspectives currently in the law, CLS " ******* END TEXT: " science” and Crits resisted the normalization and institutionalization of their movement. Like the "
9780814755112 - page_125: "START TEXT: law and efficiency thesis of law and economics scholars, CLS practitioners viewed the fundamental co" ******* END TEXT: "stmodern identity politics has surfaced within CLS scholarship, exhibiting a postmodern perspective "
9780814755112 - page_126: "START TEXT: that focuses attention on the role and responsibility of interpreting legal subjects in the reproduc" ******* END TEXT: "continuing appeal of CLS.109 Many legal scholars regard CLS as offering valuable insights about the "
9780814755112 - page_127: "START TEXT: nature of law and adjudication. The continuing influence of CLS, however, is mainly felt in the worl" ******* END TEXT: "e the works of the legal realists; a critical project ready to be taken up by the next generation.\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_128: "START TEXT: 7. Feminist Legal Theory\nIn the late 1970s, a powerful new theory of jurisprudence also emerged offe" ******* END TEXT: "ms of gender inequality.3 Assumptions about women’s roles, in particular the primary responsibility "
9780814755112 - page_129: "START TEXT: of women for bearing and rearing children, have historically justified legal exclusion of women from" ******* END TEXT: " It is, however, possible to understand feminist legal theory as a reaction to the jurisprudence of "
9780814755112 - page_130: "START TEXT: modern legal scholars (primarily male scholars) who tend to see law as a process for interpreting an" ******* END TEXT: "cribed, it is the “method of consciousness raising—personal reporting of experience in [a] communal "
9780814755112 - page_131: "START TEXT: setting to explore what has not been said.”20 The methodology of consciousness-raising has caused fe" ******* END TEXT: "ef that describing events or activities ‘from the inside’—that is, from the perspective of a person "
9780814755112 - page_132: "START TEXT: going through them—convey[s] a unique vividness of detail that can be instructive to [legal] decisio" ******* END TEXT: "en, feminists assert that a discourse must be developed within law to prevent the alleged masculine "
9780814755112 - page_133: "START TEXT: discourse of jurisprudence from suppressing the interests and experiences of women. Feminists conseq" ******* END TEXT: "d and problematized the development of the early “schools” or “theories” of feminist jurisprudence.\n"
9780814755112 - page_134: "START TEXT: Early 1980s Legal Feminist Scholarship\nIn the early 1980s, feminist legal theorists presented three " ******* END TEXT: "ecial treatment, arguing that women deserve special benefits because they are different from men.48\n"
9780814755112 - page_135: "START TEXT: Martha Minow provided a version of the difference approach, focusing on the value of difference and " ******* END TEXT: " man named Heinz considers whether or not to steal a drug which he cannot afford to buy in order to "
9780814755112 - page_136: "START TEXT: save the life of his wife.”59 The children were told that Heinz does not have the money for the drug" ******* END TEXT: "lligan used the image of a hierarchy to describe the perspective of Jake (the experience of males), "
9780814755112 - page_137: "START TEXT: and the connection of the web to describe the perspective of Amy (the experience of females). These " ******* END TEXT: "re taken as unobjectionable, natural, and even “intrinsic” to traditional gender roles.78 MacKinnon "
9780814755112 - page_138: "START TEXT: seeks to develop the idea that sexuality was socially constructed by men to establish gender hierarc" ******* END TEXT: "w prevailing jurisprudential notions of American law deny women the opportunity to compete on equal "
9780814755112 - page_139: "START TEXT: terms with men. Feminist legal scholars sought to reveal how law has adopted a conception of human n" ******* END TEXT: "his/her fate and exercise free will.\nFeminist jurisprudence reacted against modern jurisprudence by "
9780814755112 - page_140: "START TEXT: showing how the individual voice of modern legal theory was really a male voice that spoke the langu" ******* END TEXT: "perspective diverges from the political power perspective of the first generation of CLS. Fem-Crits "
9780814755112 - page_141: "START TEXT: claim that patriarchy is the source of law’s ideology; whereas Crits argued that it is hierarchical " ******* END TEXT: "sm in modern feminist scholarship.94 Postmodern feminists emphasize the importance of understanding "
9780814755112 - page_142: "START TEXT: how legal language constructs the law’s understanding of gender and sexual equality based on contest" ******* END TEXT: "iberal ideology. … Gilligan’s work demonstrates the neatly matched binary opposites integral to the "
9780814755112 - page_143: "START TEXT: covert gendering of the liberal pursuit of autonomy. One key dichotomy is between personal affiliati" ******* END TEXT: "cus on a single understanding of women’s experience. Instead, postmodern legal feminists argue that "
9780814755112 - page_144: "START TEXT: feminist theory should bring out the multicultural differences in women’s life experiences by decons" ******* END TEXT: "of gender.”112 In other words, as English feminist Sabina Lovibond asked, “How can anyone ask me to "
9780814755112 - page_145: "START TEXT: say goodbye to ‘emancipatory metanarratives’ when my own emancipation is still such a patchy, hit-an" ******* END TEXT: "ometimes the other, and no theory—only situated judgement—will tell us which one to adopt and when;\n"
9780814755112 - page_146: "START TEXT: (2)We should recognize that the traditional conceptions of the modes of thought … are inadequate ins" ******* END TEXT: "alism and Langdellian formalism. Feminists use the logic and conceptual modes of legal modernism to "
9780814755112 - page_147: "START TEXT: challenge the political vision embedded within the doctrines of modern legal thought itself. In doin" ******* END TEXT: "e our subject position as black women.”127 Crenshaw claimed that the problem is that women of color "
9780814755112 - page_148: "START TEXT: are “overlooked” and sometimes “excluded” by white feminists who claim to speak for all women.128\nBl" ******* END TEXT: "d thereby open up intellectual discourse in law to the diverse cultural politics of postmodernism.\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_149: "START TEXT: 8. Law and Literature\nThe law and literature movement can be traced to the 1973 publication of James" ******* END TEXT: "nd practice offer insight about the human subjects in law. Another claim is that law and literature "
9780814755112 - page_150: "START TEXT: are intimately related because each depends on language and a way of reading, writing, and speaking " ******* END TEXT: "oric.12 This strand of the movement developed from the idea that storytelling is relevant for legal "
9780814755112 - page_151: "START TEXT: studies because, as the late Yale University professor of law Robert Cover claimed,13 law is but ano" ******* END TEXT: "about important uses of literary criticism in analyzing jurisprudential issues (e.g., can the legal "
9780814755112 - page_152: "START TEXT: interpreter go beyond the original author’s intent?), they share a common perspective that legal int" ******* END TEXT: "rs thus reject Posner’s view that literary narrative is an inappropriate or suspect medium for law.\n"
9780814755112 - page_153: "START TEXT: The basic forms of jurisprudence of this movement—literary, interpretive, and narrative—advance diff" ******* END TEXT: "enior officers was instituted to consider the charges brought against Billy, who was charged with a "
9780814755112 - page_154: "START TEXT: capital offense of striking a senior officer at time of war.42 At the court-martial trial, Captain V" ******* END TEXT: "y criticism that Weisberg claims lawyers must understand to avoid the undesirable literary exegesis "
9780814755112 - page_155: "START TEXT: in legal reasoning.51 More recently, Weisberg examined how this form of rhetoric was used in Vichy F" ******* END TEXT: "ves about different social or psychological phenomena. It can also take the form of actual accounts "
9780814755112 - page_156: "START TEXT: of the author’s experiences, or imaginative storytelling offering imagined or “made-up” stories that" ******* END TEXT: "ped from a broad range of hermeneutic interpretive strategies used by legal critics to question the "
9780814755112 - page_157: "START TEXT: official interpretations of legal texts. One strategy is to encourage the reader to discover new mea" ******* END TEXT: "ing serves their partisan views.71\nHence, while it might appear to some that the law and literature "
9780814755112 - page_158: "START TEXT: movement does not have a strong ideological program like the law and economics, critical legal studi" ******* END TEXT: "for capturing the human element missing in legal studies. One might say that the law and literature "
9780814755112 - page_159: "START TEXT: movement advances the modern project of Enlightenment by offering a unique and humanistic foundation" ******* END TEXT: "AW.85 According to West, Kafka’s story reveals the ethical failings of the scientific-like analysis "
9780814755112 - page_160: "START TEXT: used by Posner in his economic analysis of law. West argued that Posner’s vision of the legal world " ******* END TEXT: "ice scholarship,” the genre of law and literature scholarship popular in the late 1980s, had become "
9780814755112 - page_161: "START TEXT: a powerful tool used by feminists and critical race scholars to show how the narrative perspectives " ******* END TEXT: "er, utilized literary criticism and classical literature to develop his particular antifoundational "
9780814755112 - page_162: "START TEXT: philosophy of neopragmatism.97 In CONTINGENCY, IRONY AND SOLIDARITY, he found inspiration in the lit" ******* END TEXT: "lpful for understanding the politics of legal form.106 Thus, the stylistic modes of legal modernism "
9780814755112 - page_163: "START TEXT: project different normative visions of legal argument than those of postmodernism.\nRorty’s style of " ******* END TEXT: "eat the mistakes of foundationalism. According to Fish, judgments in law, as in literary criticism, "
9780814755112 - page_164: "START TEXT: always involve a matter of belief and cannot be based on a legitimating foundation. By claiming that" ******* END TEXT: "bination is indeed less systematic and predictable than is the combination of economics and law.121\n"
9780814755112 - page_165: "START TEXT: Law and literature thus offers a different form of knowledge about law than that offered by modern l" ******* END TEXT: "ed by audiences receptive to them.”127\nPostmoderns have nonetheless moved away from the Great Books "
9780814755112 - page_166: "START TEXT: idea and started experimenting with the narrative and literary mode to justify a multicultural law a" ******* END TEXT: "ism encourages lawyers and judges to approach law from a multicultural and postmodern perspective.\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_167: "START TEXT: 9. Critical Race Theory\nAs the 1980s came to a close, a new movement in legal thought emerged offeri" ******* END TEXT: "nvincing minorities that racial discrimination can only be eradicated through the implementation of "
9780814755112 - page_168: "START TEXT: color-blind meritocratic standards, which accord whites and blacks the same formal rights and proces" ******* END TEXT: " became visible after a number of important conferences were held at the University of Wisconsin to "
9780814755112 - page_169: "START TEXT: consider minority perspectives and approaches for responding to the “crisis of confidence” in the ci" ******* END TEXT: "ars like Sowell believe that the battle for formal equality was won, they argued that the continued "
9780814755112 - page_170: "START TEXT: demand for affirmative action and equality in outcomes made civil rights advocates mere lobbyists fo" ******* END TEXT: "he white majority and fail to respect the reality of racial hierarchy structuring American society. "
9780814755112 - page_171: "START TEXT: For critical race scholars, color-blind meritocracy is part of racist ideology that prevents the law" ******* END TEXT: "arly tradition, their work is rarely cited by the courts because they are not members of the “inner "
9780814755112 - page_172: "START TEXT: circle of about a dozen white, male writers who comment on, take polite issue with, extol, criticize" ******* END TEXT: "ut of modern legal discourse.41\nThe “voice of color” is relevant because it gives importance to the "
9780814755112 - page_173: "START TEXT: perspective of minority groups.42 The rationale for race narratives in legal scholarship is similar " ******* END TEXT: " oppressed.”48 Crenshaw also rejected the standard CLS view of legal ideology as “induced consent,” "
9780814755112 - page_174: "START TEXT: because the CLS view failed to appreciate that racism, not liberal ideology, was the true source of " ******* END TEXT: "in maintaining hegemony, [Freeman’s] explanation simply does not convincingly capture the political "
9780814755112 - page_175: "START TEXT: realities of racism and the inevitability of white backlash against any serious attempts to dismantl" ******* END TEXT: "e racial hierarchies in the law.60 In Kennedy’s view, the problem with “voice of color” scholarship "
9780814755112 - page_176: "START TEXT: is that it derogates the individual’s ability to have an impact in the world. The idea of “race-base" ******* END TEXT: "des minorities and their racially distinctive narratives, is characteristic of the type of critical "
9780814755112 - page_177: "START TEXT: inquiry postmoderns make in connection with their criticism of legal modernism.\nPostmodernists resis" ******* END TEXT: "lly diverse standards. The racial critiques debate spawned within the critical race theory movement "
9780814755112 - page_178: "START TEXT: is arguably another manifestation of the tension and conflict resulting from the diversification of " ******* END TEXT: "seeks to uncover the ideology within the racial view of the law. Critical race theorists claim that "
9780814755112 - page_179: "START TEXT: different racial identities are excluded by the current racial categories used in the law and that t" ******* END TEXT: "posure of race consciousness within color-blind ideology to be the central task for eliminating the "
9780814755112 - page_180: "START TEXT: hegemonic consequence of racist ideology. Challenging racial hierarchy was linked to the goal of sho" ******* END TEXT: "stern thought. The Italian neo-Marxist, Antonio Gramsci, for example, developed a critical approach "
9780814755112 - page_181: "START TEXT: for understanding how domination and oppression operate in Western cultures.90 Gramsci invented the " ******* END TEXT: "hat “race consciousness makes it difficult—at least for whites—to imagine the world differently.”97\n"
9780814755112 - page_182: "START TEXT: Postmodern Nationalism\nCritical race theory reflects the broader intellectual developments that evol" ******* END TEXT: "ace-consciousness critique of critical race theory and asserted the existence of an “Asian American "
9780814755112 - page_183: "START TEXT: movement” in legal studies.104 This “[m]ovement is marked by the increasing presence of Asian Americ" ******* END TEXT: "to good consequences.”112\nOne thing is clear. Critical race scholars have contributed significantly "
9780814755112 - page_184: "START TEXT: to jurisprudence by exposing how traditional legal theorists have ignored the importance and signifi" ******* END TEXT: "omas successfully defended himself by invoking the image of a “high-tech lynching” to associate his "
9780814755112 - page_185: "START TEXT: position with the plight of black men who suffered brutal forms of discrimination, including lynchin" ******* END TEXT: "erstood within the intersections of power relations of a multicultural and racially diverse culture."
9780814755112 - page_186: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_187: "START TEXT: Part ThreePostmodern Jurisprudence, 1990s and Beyond" ******* END TEXT: "Part ThreePostmodern Jurisprudence, 1990s and Beyond"
9780814755112 - page_188: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_189: "START TEXT: 10. Jurisprudence in Transition\nThe jurisprudential movements of the 1980s deepened and advanced a p" ******* END TEXT: "y of the basic issues of jurisprudence have been shown to have a cultural dimension that encouraged "
9780814755112 - page_190: "START TEXT: legal scholars to consider the modes of thought and discourse of diverse cultures in society.\nThese " ******* END TEXT: "t the nature of theory, language, knowledge and the primacy of individual subjects have intensified "
9780814755112 - page_191: "START TEXT: the experience of contradiction and paradox. Instability has been further heightened by proliferatin" ******* END TEXT: "es,” law and economics scholars argue that in the “real world,” what counts are the “facts of life”—"
9780814755112 - page_192: "START TEXT: “scarcity,” “choice,” and “self-interested conduct.”4 Others accept the liberal vision of shared val" ******* END TEXT: "al force of law. It is said that “[l]iterature provides a lively and accessible medium for learning "
9780814755112 - page_193: "START TEXT: about law in an ethical way.”7 The representational practice of law is critiqued to provide a new va" ******* END TEXT: "ng on an official method for legal decision making.14 Law and economics scholars believe that it is "
9780814755112 - page_194: "START TEXT: “wrong” to assume that legal problems can be resolved by one set of premises and one method of argum" ******* END TEXT: "18 Narrative and interpretive jurisprudence of the law and literature movement provide an important "
9780814755112 - page_195: "START TEXT: literary medium for stimulating a more aggressive and humane understanding about how law might serve" ******* END TEXT: "hin jurisprudence has been the shattering of this idea of a dominant language or discourse for law. "
9780814755112 - page_196: "START TEXT: Indeed, a staggering proliferation of different jurisprudential discourses now exists: economic, pol" ******* END TEXT: "to such intimacy, and an insistence upon equal citizenship for bisexuals, gay men, and lesbians.”28\n"
9780814755112 - page_197: "START TEXT: Similarly, Native American legal scholars have argued that Western jurisprudence has developed an as" ******* END TEXT: "how culture shapes and structures the values, beliefs, and thoughts of legal subjects. The study of "
9780814755112 - page_198: "START TEXT: jurisprudence is consequently becoming the study of diverse legal subjects who inhabit the law. Juri" ******* END TEXT: "y to the legal academy, and with that diversity an increasing realization of a nonuniversalist law.\n"
9780814755112 - page_199: "START TEXT: Ironic Shifts and Oscillations\nResistance and reaction against the modern modes of jurisprudence hav" ******* END TEXT: " approaching law. It is said that “[i]n the economic approach to law, legal rights are designed, in "
9780814755112 - page_200: "START TEXT: part, to overcome the conditions under which markets fail.”36 To reach this result, some contemporar" ******* END TEXT: " abstractions distinct from real people and human values. Law and literature scholarship is said to "
9780814755112 - page_201: "START TEXT: offer “a hope of redemption from a technocratic future” depicted in the rights discourse of modern l" ******* END TEXT: "e current intellectual situation in law, however, is too self-consciously rooted in the past,48 too "
9780814755112 - page_202: "START TEXT: caught up in Kantian rational thought, to capture the irony of the current intellectual situation in" ******* END TEXT: "nces of cultural and legal practices.54 Law and economics and critical legal studies movements have "
9780814755112 - page_203: "START TEXT: consequently exhibited oscillations between claims of legal determinacy and legal indeterminacy.\nThe" ******* END TEXT: "d theoretical approach in legal studies. This shift in theoretical perspective has occurred because "
9780814755112 - page_204: "START TEXT: the boundaries of jurisprudence have been challenged, and because the discourses and methodologies o" ******* END TEXT: "n to two equally distinguished legal thinkers chosen at random, we may well get opposite answers.60\n"
9780814755112 - page_205: "START TEXT: This did not mean that legal modernism had ceased to inspire legal scholars at the academy. To the c" ******* END TEXT: "can be found by comparing the early 1980s and late 1980s scholarship of a number of prominent legal "
9780814755112 - page_206: "START TEXT: scholars. For example, Richard Posner’s ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW64 and Roberto Unger’s KNOWLEDGE AND" ******* END TEXT: " it is also becoming evident that the new movements in jurisprudence are in the process of becoming "
9780814755112 - page_207: "START TEXT: institutionalized in the legal academy. The jurisprudential movements of the 1980s are becoming part" ******* END TEXT: "ed by considering how modern legal scholars have reacted to the new developments in jurisprudence.\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_208: "START TEXT: 11. Reaction of Modern Legal Scholars\nHistory indicates that when a new theory or paradigm appears t" ******* END TEXT: "n to the new movements was Paul Carrington’s metaphoric essay, Of Law and the River,5 which several "
9780814755112 - page_209: "START TEXT: years ago sparked a heated controversy in the pages of the JOURNAL OF LEGAL EDUCATION.6 Carrington, " ******* END TEXT: " that law schools had become overly theoretical and of little use to practicing lawyers and judges.\n"
9780814755112 - page_210: "START TEXT: Edwards’s essay sparked a controversy among legal scholars, who voiced their views in a symposium on" ******* END TEXT: "ity of which was critiqued by younger scholars in the academy. And there was now reason to question "
9780814755112 - page_211: "START TEXT: whether those views were sufficient to prepare the next generation of lawyers for the challenges of " ******* END TEXT: "uently heard reason for discouraging new scholarly forms of legal criticism is to require that they "
9780814755112 - page_212: "START TEXT: conform to the legal modernist’s professional standards of civility. Postmodern criticism is rejecte" ******* END TEXT: "on of law and adjudication.33 The reactions of modern legal scholars to the new scholarly movements "
9780814755112 - page_213: "START TEXT: were therefore normal and understandable given their normative orientation.\nMembers of the new schol" ******* END TEXT: "aw and economics movement failed to reflect the way the judiciary understands its own role—” judges "
9780814755112 - page_214: "START TEXT: do not see themselves as instruments of efficiency, but rather as engaged in a process of trying to " ******* END TEXT: "ceptable because they fail to subscribe to the public morality Fiss attributes to the Warren Court.\n"
9780814755112 - page_215: "START TEXT: The conviction that an objective legal process can guarantee and preserve the values of civil rights" ******* END TEXT: "alysis for nearly three decades.\nThus, one can understand why Fiss might fear that the movements of "
9780814755112 - page_216: "START TEXT: the 1980s might lead to the “death of the law.” As Pierre Schlag noted, “[W]hen a discipline is then" ******* END TEXT: " engage in a “main line of conversation in a more constructive direction.”60 Unlike Minow, Ackerman "
9780814755112 - page_217: "START TEXT: called for a “technocratic” discourse to provide a new source of authority and to stabilize the rhet" ******* END TEXT: "of professional discourse too often remains submerged, unexpressed, and unappreciated. If different "
9780814755112 - page_218: "START TEXT: languages and perspectives are allowed to coexist and compete, then perhaps other perspectives can b" ******* END TEXT: "n the law be based on practical “reason and analysis.” For them, “A legal story without analysis is "
9780814755112 - page_219: "START TEXT: much like a judicial opinion with ‘Findings of Fact’ but no ‘Conclusion of Law.’ “73\nGary Peller, a " ******* END TEXT: "joritarians tell stories too. But the ones they tell about—merit, causation, blame, responsibility, "
9780814755112 - page_220: "START TEXT: and racial justice—do not seem to them like stories at all, but the truth.”81 Indeed, Delgado argued" ******* END TEXT: " general, that he is beginning to embrace the kind of philosophical premises that he had throughout "
9780814755112 - page_221: "START TEXT: his career rejected.”85 The same can be said of Farber and Sherry; their recent criticism of narrati" ******* END TEXT: "hip is “much like a judicial opinion” in that it must “contain reason and analysis.” Tushnet argues "
9780814755112 - page_222: "START TEXT: that it must satisfy the requirement of “integrity of judgment.” Ackerman and Minow argue that the d" ******* END TEXT: "rse of acceptable discourse in law. The justification in support of this is the autonomous rational "
9780814755112 - page_223: "START TEXT: subject: it is assumed that normative legal thought “is authored by and addressed to an autonomous, " ******* END TEXT: "observed—which is why it is so powerful.”92 Postmodern jurisprudence enters to break this routine.\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_224: "START TEXT: 12. Postmodern Jurisprudence\nPostmodernism is an elusive idea that is not easily defined. Postmodern" ******* END TEXT: "traditional jurisprudential scholars who shared a common belief in the possibility of systematizing "
9780814755112 - page_225: "START TEXT: legal knowledge using coherent and verifiable propositions about the nature of law and adjudication." ******* END TEXT: "cation is the chaos and diversity of the “industrial process of commodification, bureaucratization, "
9780814755112 - page_226: "START TEXT: consumerization, and saturation” of social and cultural practices.11 Post-moderns are cultural criti" ******* END TEXT: "urban world of Ozzie and Harriet into the Twilight Zone. Dan Aykroyd, playing Rod Serling, began as "
9780814755112 - page_227: "START TEXT: the narrator: “Meet Ricky Nelson, age sixteen. A typical American kid, in a typical American kitchen" ******* END TEXT: " the modernist concept of self.\nIn the Saturday Night Live skit, Ricky Nelson attempted to find his "
9780814755112 - page_228: "START TEXT: identity in relation to the new families he meets. Like the sampling technique of modern rap music, " ******* END TEXT: "he language and theories of modernists attempt to hide, marginalize, and homogenize the fragmentary "
9780814755112 - page_229: "START TEXT: and chaotic nature of our multicultural society. There are many different ways that postmoderns atte" ******* END TEXT: "he problem at hand.38 The neopragmatic critic attempts to use the modernist framework when it seems "
9780814755112 - page_230: "START TEXT: to work, after “correcting] for biases to which the culturally situated framework is prone.”39\nNeopr" ******* END TEXT: "e its own self-referential end.”43\nIronists attempt to “intensify the irony” of modern discourse by "
9780814755112 - page_231: "START TEXT: exposing how the descriptions and prescriptions of the discourse fail to support the objective truth" ******* END TEXT: "attempt to do the same by employing deconstructive interpretive strategies to show the irony of the "
9780814755112 - page_232: "START TEXT: modernists’ political scenarios of “social hope.” The irony is that the modernists’ political scenar" ******* END TEXT: "risprudence soon dissipates as one realizes that the new idea or theory merely recycles an old one.\n"
9780814755112 - page_233: "START TEXT: This experience of pastiche characterizes the routine of modern jurisprudence reflected within the v" ******* END TEXT: "truct. For some postmoderns, “Rational argument is expressed as … a privileging of a perspective, a "
9780814755112 - page_234: "START TEXT: move in a power game.”52 For others, truth can never be transparent because truth is a social constr" ******* END TEXT: "some total perspective.57 Freedom from theory-guilt places neopragmatists in a theoretical position "
9780814755112 - page_235: "START TEXT: that is critical of modern legal theory as well as the interdisciplinary theories associated with th" ******* END TEXT: "h community in order to achieve certain ends. In keeping with the pragmatic philosophy of James and "
9780814755112 - page_236: "START TEXT: Dewey, neopragmatists approach theory as merely a tool or instrument for the achievement of human en" ******* END TEXT: "rhetoric, a discourse that is quite inhospitable to neopragmatism’s own stated aims and projects.65\n"
9780814755112 - page_237: "START TEXT: Neopragmatism’s foundation is the intuition and common sense of the situated pragmatist. Ironists at" ******* END TEXT: "tedness of her context.\nIronists do not share the same intellectual position of antifoundationalist "
9780814755112 - page_238: "START TEXT: philosophers following Rorty.68 In philosophy, antifoundationalism has become a popular theme that r" ******* END TEXT: "anguage game” based on socially contingent rules for determining the truth or falsity of judgments. "
9780814755112 - page_239: "START TEXT: Ironists adopt a similar stance in arguing that language in the law is a “normative language game.”7" ******* END TEXT: "of accepted ‘truths,’ the constant kicking over of sacred cows—in short, a commitment to robust and "
9780814755112 - page_240: "START TEXT: free-wheeling inquiry with no intellectual quarter asked or given.”79 Postmodern neopragmatists beli" ******* END TEXT: "ng postmodern legal criticism, the concept of self is critical. Indeed, one way to understand legal "
9780814755112 - page_241: "START TEXT: postmodernism is to view postmodernism as a subject-formation type of criticism—postmoderns criticiz" ******* END TEXT: "t contemporary legal scholars have uncritically ignored. As Schlag stated: “Postmodernism questions "
9780814755112 - page_242: "START TEXT: the integrity, the coherence, and the actual identity of the humanist individual self—the knowing so" ******* END TEXT: "g “correct” solutions to legal problems based on conceptual formulations of some ideal Rule of Law, "
9780814755112 - page_243: "START TEXT: postmodernists argue for new understandings derived from an awareness of the reciprocal nature of la" ******* END TEXT: "ntrary, judging from the academic hype in the general university, postmodernism is held responsible "
9780814755112 - page_244: "START TEXT: for a multitude of ills in the modern university—multicultural curricula, political correctness, aff" ******* END TEXT: "he subject by structuring the social system of signification in which that subject participates.106 "
9780814755112 - page_245: "START TEXT: Postmoderns argue that “old-style lefties,” liberals, and legal progressives are mistaken in their c" ******* END TEXT: "he argument to the evidence. Postmoderns claim that “evidence” is a contingent social construction, "
9780814755112 - page_246: "START TEXT: and thus reject the belief in a metanarrative of jurisprudence, favoring instead an understanding of" ******* END TEXT: "cause there are no fixed foundations on which one can ground legal justification once and for all.\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_247: "START TEXT: Conclusion: Jurisprudence at Century’s End\nAcademic trends in legal scholarship do not occur in a va" ******* END TEXT: "es in the university curriculum has made the study of history, politics, economics, psychology, and "
9780814755112 - page_248: "START TEXT: art more realistic and relevant to a wider audience of students. It has also inspired a debate about" ******* END TEXT: "ing to life the forms of thought and practice unheard and unseen in the official discourses of law.\n"
9780814755112 - page_249: "START TEXT: New histories, texts, and narrative practices have developed as a new generation of academics turned" ******* END TEXT: "complex normative theories, without ever achieving a successful conceptual or normative theory that "
9780814755112 - page_250: "START TEXT: can withstand the criticism of the next generation. In the face of this, mainstream legal scholars p" ******* END TEXT: "y by studying the different disciplinary families and movements of law: legal process, fundamental, "
9780814755112 - page_251: "START TEXT: rights, law and economics, critical legal studies, feminism, law and literature, critical race theor" ******* END TEXT: "on, have helped foster a new form of jurisprudence without fixed foundations and formal boundaries.\n"
9780814755112 - page_252: "START TEXT: Unlike traditional legal theorists who attempt to define autonomous law from the neutral perspective" ******* END TEXT: "ho cling to foundational accounts of law, and postmodern antifoundationalists. It is also reflected "
9780814755112 - page_253: "START TEXT: in the subtle tension between postmodern neopragmatists and ironists who disagree over the possibili" ******* END TEXT: "en felt in the legal academy. Throughout the 1980s, the legal academy was an intellectual hothouse, "
9780814755112 - page_254: "START TEXT: spinning out new ideas, new discourses, and new solutions for dealing with problems of a changing an" ******* END TEXT: " presupposes or celebrates. The goal of such work is to better understand the type of subjects that "
9780814755112 - page_255: "START TEXT: have been unconsciously reproduced and constituted in legal discourse. Unlike traditional legal theo" ******* END TEXT: "ard not to believe that an era is ending and that the old ways are exhausted.20 Perhaps the current "
9780814755112 - page_256: "START TEXT: postmodern condition is part of a historically anxious, contingent moment. In the next millennium, n" ******* END TEXT: "em can preserve the authority of the Rule of Law while responding to the different perspectives and "
9780814755112 - page_257: "START TEXT: interests of multicultural communities. It is without a doubt an anxious and exciting time for juris" ******* END TEXT: "rrounds us. It simultaneously delimits us and opens our horizons. It’s our problem and our hope.”24 "
9780814755112 - page_258: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_259: "START TEXT: Notes\nNotes to Introduction\n1. Jurisprudence is the branch of legal philosophy devoted to the study " ******* END TEXT: "art.” Id. at 1656. This book attempts to highlight a different understanding of modernism, one that "
9780814755112 - page_260: "START TEXT: takes into account the significance of Enlightenment (Weltanschauung) as an intellectual and politic" ******* END TEXT: "d economics. More recently, however, Posner’s interest has turned to jurisprudence and neopragmatic "
9780814755112 - page_261: "START TEXT: philosophy, which can be identified as a form of postmodern jurisprudence. His recent articles and b" ******* END TEXT: "r as a result of their survival-promoting tendencies.” Thomas C. Grey, Holmes and Legal Pragmatism, "
9780814755112 - page_262: "START TEXT: 41 STAN. L. REV. 787, 796 (1989). This evolutionary form of thinking encouraged philosophers and soc" ******* END TEXT: " 1 HARV. L. REV. 55, 68 (1987), quoted in Pierre Schlag, The Problem of the Subject, supra at 1632.\n"
9780814755112 - page_263: "START TEXT: 14. As Schlag put it, “Langdell’s work reads like law’s immaculate conception.” Schlag, The Problem " ******* END TEXT: ": Little, Brown & Co. 1971).\n25. GILMORE, THE AGES OF AMERICAN LAW, supra at 42. Gilmore also said, "
9780814755112 - page_264: "START TEXT: “Langdell seems to have been an essentially stupid man who, early in his life, had one great idea to" ******* END TEXT: "ysis of this point are developed more fully in Grey, Holmes and Legal Pragmatism, supra at 793–801.\n"
9780814755112 - page_265: "START TEXT: 33. Id. at 805.\n34. Id. at 809.\n35. Id. at 847.\n36. Holmes was a member of the Metaphysical Club, a " ******* END TEXT: " the extent that Holmes rejected Langdell’s thesis that law was a closed, formal system. See, e.g., "
9780814755112 - page_266: "START TEXT: Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen, 244 U.S. 205, 221 (1917): “Ours is not a closed system of existing p" ******* END TEXT: "S E. HERGET, AMERICAN JURISPRUDENCE, 1870–1970: A HISTORY 46 (Houston: Rice University Press 1990).\n"
9780814755112 - page_267: "START TEXT: 57. See POSNER, THE PROBLEMS OF JURISPRUDENCE, supra at 19.\n58. BENJAMIN N. CARDOZO, THE NATURE OF T" ******* END TEXT: "justification of this judicial role,” according to Duncan Kennedy, “was the existence of a peculiar "
9780814755112 - page_268: "START TEXT: legal technique rendering the task of policing the boundaries of spheres an objective, quasi-scienti" ******* END TEXT: "ad and studied.” Id.)\n4. Legal realism began as a critique of legal conceptualism but, as it turned "
9780814755112 - page_269: "START TEXT: out, legal realism served to lay the groundwork for a new form of social science conceptualism that " ******* END TEXT: "l realism emerged from such early nineteenth century traditions as pragmatism, instrumentalism, and "
9780814755112 - page_270: "START TEXT: progressivism. See M. WHITE, SOCIAL THOUGHT IN AMERICA: THE REVOLT AGAINST FORMALISM (Boston: Beacon" ******* END TEXT: " See Felix Cohen, Transcendental Nonsense and the Factional Approach, 35 COLUM. L. REV. 809 (1935).\n"
9780814755112 - page_271: "START TEXT: 23. See Walter Wheeler Cook, Privileges of Labor Unions in the Struggle for Life, 27 YALE L.J. 779 (" ******* END TEXT: "ing staff of the Code in 1946 and served until the staff was disbanded in 1954. He also served as a "
9780814755112 - page_272: "START TEXT: consultant to committees charged with considering revisions of the Code. Karl Llewellyn was the firs" ******* END TEXT: "ivilization”). My view of this is that realism, as an intellectual aesthetic, has re-emerged in the "
9780814755112 - page_273: "START TEXT: post-process tradition known as “post-realist jurisprudence.” The post-process tradition is represen" ******* END TEXT: ", supra at 1–123.\n58. See Peller, Neutral Principles in the 1950s, supra at $86—91.\n59. Id. at 593.\n"
9780814755112 - page_274: "START TEXT: 60. See Hart and Sacks, The Legal Process, supra at 3.\n61. I.e., they believed that judges should av" ******* END TEXT: "versity Press 1962).\n79. This point is accepted by both conservative and progressive legal scholars "
9780814755112 - page_275: "START TEXT: today. See, e.g., Posner, The Material Basis of Jurisprudence, supra at 32–33; Peller, The Neutral P" ******* END TEXT: "mes, and its legacy can be discovered in the work of law and economics and critical legal scholars.\n"
9780814755112 - page_276: "START TEXT: Notes to Chapter 3\n1. While it is true that legal process scholars wanted to avoid making subjective" ******* END TEXT: "on Press 1968).\n13. Wright, Scholarly Tradition, supra at 781.\n14. Id. at 797.\n15. Id. at 780, 799.\n"
9780814755112 - page_277: "START TEXT: 16. Id. at 803.\n17. Id. at 804.\n18. Id.\n19. Id.\n20. Id. at 805.\n21. The Senate’s rejection of Presid" ******* END TEXT: "le-in-the-park” hypothetical. Lon Fuller, Positivism and Fidelity to Law—A Reply to Professor Hart, "
9780814755112 - page_278: "START TEXT: 71 HARV. L. REV. 630 (1958). Fuller gave an example of a truck erected as a war memorial by a group " ******* END TEXT: "“positivism but under another name,” and that legal realism as practiced in the 1930s and 1940s was "
9780814755112 - page_279: "START TEXT: antagonistic to both formalism and positivism. See ANTHONY JAMES SEBOK, LEGAL POSITIVISM AND THE GRO" ******* END TEXT: "JOHN RAWLS, A THEORY OF JUSTICE (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 1971).\n"
9780814755112 - page_280: "START TEXT: 57. Id. at 120.\n58. Id.\n59. This was the “interpretive turn” in constitutional law scholarship. For " ******* END TEXT: " the Politics of Form, supra at 850–51.\n75. See DWORKIN, TAKING RIGHTS SERIOUSLY, supra at 81, 149.\n"
9780814755112 - page_281: "START TEXT: 76. See DWORKIN, LAW’S EMPIRE, supra at 245–49.\n77. See DWORKIN, TAKING RIGHTS SERIOUSLY, supra at c" ******* END TEXT: "e matters in doubt, one choice will cohere better with all the legal materials than any other.” Id.\n"
9780814755112 - page_282: "START TEXT: 94. See, e.g., Cass Sunstein, Beyond the Republican Revival, 97 YALE L.J. 539, 1566–71 (1988) (argui" ******* END TEXT: "mehow inhering in the legal system. The polices were derived either by appeal to an assumed general "
9780814755112 - page_283: "START TEXT: consensus of values (personal security, economic growth), or to an assumed (and assumed to be good) " ******* END TEXT: " and Nowhere to Go, supra at 183–84.\n7. See Gordon, New Developments in Legal Theory, supra at 283.\n"
9780814755112 - page_284: "START TEXT: 8. Gary Peller, Neutral Principles in the 1950s, 21 U. MICH. J.L. REF. 561, 613 (1988). Peller is a " ******* END TEXT: " Ronald H. Coase, Coase on Posner on Coase, 149 J. OF INST’L & THEORETICAL ECONOMICS 96 (1993). See "
9780814755112 - page_285: "START TEXT: also Richard Posner, Ronald Coase and Methodology, in OVERCOMING LAW (1994 forthcoming).\n30. Charles" ******* END TEXT: " Social Cost, supra at 19.\n49. See RONALD COASE, THE FIRM, THE MARKET AND THE LAW, supra at 820–21.\n"
9780814755112 - page_286: "START TEXT: 50. In a world of zero transaction costs, legal rights would not affect efficient transactions unles" ******* END TEXT: "oi”: The Politics of Form and the Domestication of Deconstruction, II CARDOZO L. REV. 1631, 1653–57 "
9780814755112 - page_287: "START TEXT: (1990) (making a similar point about Richard Posner’s law and economics jurisprudence).\n73. Id. at 1" ******* END TEXT: "ury claims that arguments emphasizing intimacy between law and economics and critical legal studies "
9780814755112 - page_288: "START TEXT: have brought about ambivalence about the true jurisprudential pedigree of the law and economics move" ******* END TEXT: " REV. 1653, 1661 (1990).\n16. Id. at 1660–61. Posner now follows the neopragmatism of Richard Rorty. "
9780814755112 - page_289: "START TEXT: See RICHARD A. POSNER, OVERCOMING LAW (forthcoming 1995). See also Richard Rorty, The Banality of Pr" ******* END TEXT: "FARE (New York: AMS Press, 4th ed. 1932).\n43. This point is more fully developed in chap. 4, supra.\n"
9780814755112 - page_290: "START TEXT: 44. See Pierre Schlag, The Problem of Transaction Costs, 62 S. CAL. L. REV. 1661, 1667 (1989).\n45. S" ******* END TEXT: " THEMES FOR THE CONSTITUTION’S THIRD CENTURY 28–36 (St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Company 1993).\n"
9780814755112 - page_291: "START TEXT: 60. See Frank Easterbrook, Ways of Criticizing the Court, 95 HARV. L. REV. 802 (1982).\n61. See, e.g." ******* END TEXT: "4–55.\n72. Id. at 355.\n73. Ulen, Law and Economics: Settled Issues and Open Questions, supra at 210.\n"
9780814755112 - page_292: "START TEXT: 74. R. COOTER AND T. ULEN, LAW AND ECONOMICS 11 (New York: Harper Collins College 1987).\n75. See Pos" ******* END TEXT: "f Form and the Domestication of Deconstruction, II CARDOZO L. REV. 1631, 1655 (1990). See also Mark "
9780814755112 - page_293: "START TEXT: M. Hager, The Emperor’s Clothes Are Not Efficient: Posner’s Jurisprudence of Class, 41 AM. U. L. REV" ******* END TEXT: "rties in those circumstances might typically draw. Third, see whether the central problem which the "
9780814755112 - page_294: "START TEXT: legal rules addresses (given the context) is one of coordination, division or defection uncertainty." ******* END TEXT: ".\n13. Id. at 1517–18.\n14. Martha Minow, Law Turning Outward, 73 TELOS 79, 83 (1986).\n15. Id. at 84.\n"
9780814755112 - page_295: "START TEXT: 16. Id. at 84–85.\n17. Id. at 85.\n18. Id. at 84–85.\n19. See Kennedy, Form and Substance in Private La" ******* END TEXT: "ORNELL L. REV. I (1986); Owen M. Fiss, Objectivity and Interpretation, 34 STAN. L. REV. 739 (1982).\n"
9780814755112 - page_296: "START TEXT: 29. See Duncan Kennedy, Psycho-Social CLS: A Comment on the Cardozo Symposium, 6 CARDOZO L. REV. 101" ******* END TEXT: "econstruction of Contract Doctrine, 94 YALE L.J. 997 (1985); Drucilla Cornell, Toward a Modern/Post "
9780814755112 - page_297: "START TEXT: modern Reconstruction of Ethics, 133 U. PA. L. REV. 291 (1985); Gerald E. Frug, The Ideology of Bure" ******* END TEXT: "merican Law, 73 CAL. L. REV. 1151 (1985).\n72. See Frug, The Ideology of Bureaucracy, supra at 1386.\n"
9780814755112 - page_298: "START TEXT: 74. Id. at 1207–10.\n75. Id. at 1208–9.\n76. See chap. 2, supra.\n77. Peller, Metaphysics of American L" ******* END TEXT: "CTIVISM AND RELATIVISM, SCIENCE, HERMENEUTICS & PRAXIS 18 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania "
9780814755112 - page_299: "START TEXT: Press 1983) (“Either there is some support for our being, a fixed foundation for our knowledge, or w" ******* END TEXT: "versity, for example, critical legal theory networks (CLTNs) were organized to stimulate collective "
9780814755112 - page_300: "START TEXT: self-reflection and common group concerns. CLTNs aimed to advance distinctive programmatic approache" ******* END TEXT: "over 500 books and articles on the subject of CLS or influenced by CLS published by 1984). See also "
9780814755112 - page_301: "START TEXT: Critical Legal Studies Symposium, 36 Stan. L. REV. I (1984); Symposium on Critical Legal Studies, 6 " ******* END TEXT: "); Constitutional Law from a Critical Legal Perspective: A Symposium, 36 BUFF. L. REV. 211 (1987).\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_302: "START TEXT: 17. See Gary Minda, Title VII at the Crossroads of Employment Discrimination Law and Postmodern Femi" ******* END TEXT: "f a feminist jurisprudence, but a modernist framework for analyzing questions of method, the nature "
9780814755112 - page_303: "START TEXT: of feminist knowledge, and the nature of feminist critique, have remained within feminist theory. P" ******* END TEXT: "er, supra at 13, 14.\n58. Id. at 17.\n59. GILLIGAN, IN A DIFFERENT VOICE, supra at 25.\n60. Id. at 26.\n"
9780814755112 - page_304: "START TEXT: 61. Id.\n62. Id.\n63. Id. at 32–33.\n64. Id. at 28.\n65. Id.\n66. Id.\n67. Id.\n68. Id.\n69. Id. at 29.\n70. " ******* END TEXT: "LEGAL LITERATURE: A SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY (F.C. De Coste et al., eds.) (New York: Garland "
9780814755112 - page_305: "START TEXT: Publishers 1991); Paul M. George and Susan McGlamery, Women and Legal Scholarship: A Bibliography, 7" ******* END TEXT: "e State,” 100 YALE L.J. 2247, 2250 (1991).\n118. Williams, Sameness/Difference Debate, supra at 299.\n"
9780814755112 - page_306: "START TEXT: 119. Margaret Jane Radin, The Pragmatist and the Feminist, 63 S. CAL. L. REV. 1699 (1990).\n120. Id. " ******* END TEXT: "GINATION: STUDIES IN THE NATURE OF LEGAL THOUGHT AND EXPRESSION (Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1973).\n"
9780814755112 - page_307: "START TEXT: 2. Law and literature studies were later structured by a “law-in-literature”/“literature-in-law” dic" ******* END TEXT: ", 45 STAN L. REV. 807 (1993).\n15. See id., Pedagogy of Narrative Symposium, 40 J. LEGAL EDUC. 1–250 "
9780814755112 - page_308: "START TEXT: (1990); James R. Elkins, A Bibliography of Narrative, 40 J. LEGAL EDUC. 203 (1990).\n16. Fischer, Rea" ******* END TEXT: "EV. 2411 (1989) (using narrative to examine problems of racial reform); Mari S. Matsuda, Looking to "
9780814755112 - page_309: "START TEXT: the Bottom: Critical Legal Studies and Reparations, 22 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV. 323 (1987) (using nar" ******* END TEXT: ".\n45. Id. at 35.\n46. Id.\n47. Id. at 34–58. Billy Budd was convicted of murdering an officer when he "
9780814755112 - page_310: "START TEXT: violently struck him after refusing to answer in response to a direct order. Billy’s silence and his" ******* END TEXT: "te, Bloom, and Bork: An Essay on the Moral Education of Judges, 137 U. PA. L. REV. 177, 179 (1988).\n"
9780814755112 - page_311: "START TEXT: 60. But see Tushnet, The Degradation of Constitutional Discourse, supra at n. 55.\n61. STEPHEN L. CAR" ******* END TEXT: "Rethinking the Politics of Legal Interpretation, 34 MCGILL L.J. 603, 630–52 (1989).\n83. Id. at 632.\n"
9780814755112 - page_312: "START TEXT: 84. Id.\n85. Id.\n86. Fischer, Reading Literature/Reading Law: Is There a Literary Jurisprudence?, sup" ******* END TEXT: ".\n101. RICHARD RORTY, CONSEQUENCES OF PRAGMATISM (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 1982).\n"
9780814755112 - page_313: "START TEXT: 102. Id. at 221. See also Scott Brewer, Introduction: Choosing Sides in the Racial Critiques Debate," ******* END TEXT: " Post, On the Popular Image of the Lawyer: Reflections on a Dark Glass, 75 CAL. L. REV. 379 (1987).\n"
9780814755112 - page_314: "START TEXT: 123. See Coombe, “Same As It Ever Was”: Rethinking the Politics of Legal Interpretation, supra at 63" ******* END TEXT: ". L. REV. 401 (1987).\n10. Derrick Bell’s imaginative narrative in The Unspoken Limit on Affirmative "
9780814755112 - page_315: "START TEXT: Action: The Chronicle of the DeVine Gift, in AND WE ARE NOT SAVED 140–61 (New York: Basic Books 1987" ******* END TEXT: " [1] wanted to enhance the “immediate credibility of America’s struggle with Communist countries to "
9780814755112 - page_316: "START TEXT: win the hearts and minds of the emerging third world peoples”; [2] wanted to appease African-America" ******* END TEXT: "39. See Matsuda, Affirmative Action and Legal Knowledge: Planting Seeds in Plowed-Up Ground, supra.\n"
9780814755112 - page_317: "START TEXT: 40. Matsuda, Looking to the Bottom: Critical Legal Studies and Reparations, supra at 324.\n41. See, e" ******* END TEXT: "form the study of race-relations law into a zone of limited intellectual competition.” Id. at 1795.\n"
9780814755112 - page_318: "START TEXT: 63. See Richard Delgado, Mindset and Metaphor, 103 HARV. L. REV. 1872, 1874 & n.20 (1990).\n64. See D" ******* END TEXT: "L. REV. 401, 404 n. 4 (1987).\n79. Catharine MacKinnon, Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: An "
9780814755112 - page_319: "START TEXT: Agenda for Theory, 7 SIGNS: J. WOMEN IN CULTURE & SOC’Y 515, 516 (1982).\n80. Matsuda, Looking to the" ******* END TEXT: "ity that had been invoked by some whites to dismiss Black demands.” Id. at n. 103.\n95. Id. at 1371.\n"
9780814755112 - page_320: "START TEXT: 96. Id. at nn. 157–90.\n97. Id. at 1381.\n98. See Gary Peller, Race Consciousness, 1990 DUKE L.J. 758 " ******* END TEXT: "USTICE, EN-GENDERING POWER 402 (T. Morrison, ed.) (New York: Pantheon Books 1992).\n116. Id. at 406.\n"
9780814755112 - page_321: "START TEXT: Notes to Chapter 10\n1. Peter Schanck, Understanding Postmodern Thought, 65 S. CAL. L. REV. 2505 (199" ******* END TEXT: "of Law as an Autonomous Discipline: 1962–1987, 100 HARV. L. REV. 761, 762 (1987). Reacting to Judge "
9780814755112 - page_322: "START TEXT: Posner’s essay, Erwin N. Griswold wrote: “[Judge Richard A. Posner’s] essay is thoughtful and penetr" ******* END TEXT: "ylegal Agenda, 102 YALE L.J. 333, 335 (1992). Eskridge is a law professor at Georgetown Law Center.\n"
9780814755112 - page_323: "START TEXT: 24. Id.\n25. Id. at 366.\n26. The reference is to the generation of gays and lesbians who came of age " ******* END TEXT: "ion, as well as to protect the autonomy we value against the very real threat of annihilation.” Id.\n"
9780814755112 - page_324: "START TEXT: 41. See Peter Teachout, Worlds beyond Theory: Toward the Expression of an Integrative Ethic for Self" ******* END TEXT: "12, infra.\n51. Dennis Patterson, Postmodernism/Feminism/Law, 77 CORNELL L. REV. 254, 276–77 (1992).\n"
9780814755112 - page_325: "START TEXT: 52. See chap. 6, supra.\n53. Second-generation law and economics scholars admit that “[m]ost law and " ******* END TEXT: "own, & Co., 2d ed. 1977).\n65. ROBERTO M. UNGER, KNOWLEDGE AND POLITICS (New York: Free Press 1975).\n"
9780814755112 - page_326: "START TEXT: 66. POSNER, THE PROBLEMS OF JURISPRUDENCE, supra.\n67. ROBERTO M. UNGER, CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES MOVEM" ******* END TEXT: "aw exists, and it is of the essence of academic freedom to allow all sides to speak, even those who "
9780814755112 - page_327: "START TEXT: would answer that question in the negative and thus recommend that our doors be closed and resources" ******* END TEXT: "rial Scholar: Reflections on a Review of Civil Rights Literature, 132 U. PA. L. REV. 561–62 (1984).\n"
9780814755112 - page_328: "START TEXT: 32. Pierre Schlag, The Critique of Normativity, 139 U. PA. L. REV. 801, 932 (1991).\n33. The plea to " ******* END TEXT: "ize the claim to sexual equality as an expression of the ideals and values we hold in common.” Fiss "
9780814755112 - page_329: "START TEXT: thus admonishes feminist legal thinkers to commit their movement to a view of law that embraces the " ******* END TEXT: "it were, intelligible only to the true believers” [footnote omitted]). The problem of communication "
9780814755112 - page_330: "START TEXT: has also been raised in reaction to the new form of power-talk associated with the law and economics" ******* END TEXT: "correctness, to ‘judging,’ which is validated by the exercise of the judicial virtues.” Id. at 256.\n"
9780814755112 - page_331: "START TEXT: 70. Daniel A. Farber and Suzanna Sherry, Telling Stories Out of School: An Essay on Legal Narratives" ******* END TEXT: "r different-voice scholars).\n91. Schlag, Normative and Nowhere to Go, supra at 175.\n92. Id. at 180.\n"
9780814755112 - page_332: "START TEXT: Notes to Chapter 12\n1. COSTAS DOUZINAS, POSTMODERN JURISPRUDENCE: THE LAW OF TEXTS IN THE TEXTS OF L" ******* END TEXT: "nt.” Schanck, Understanding Postmodern Thought, supra at 2518. From this, Schanck concludes that by "
9780814755112 - page_333: "START TEXT: announcing the existence of the postmodern condition, postmoderns declare that “postmodern philosoph" ******* END TEXT: " actions already taken by others; the postmodern subject bases her/his presentation of self on this "
9780814755112 - page_334: "START TEXT: recognition of inter-textuality and quotation. In the postmodern world there are no originals, only " ******* END TEXT: "damentally true or real. Structuralists maintain an objective critical stance, independent of their "
9780814755112 - page_335: "START TEXT: subject, for the purpose of examining and uncovering the true nature of things. Poststructuralism is" ******* END TEXT: "criticism, see Jack Balkin, Understanding Legal Understanding: The Legal Subject and the Problem of "
9780814755112 - page_336: "START TEXT: Legal Coherence, 103 YALE L.J. 105 (1993); Rosemary Coombe, “Same As It Ever Was”: Rethinking the Po" ******* END TEXT: " the Other Side: Wallace Stevens and Pragmatist Legal Theory, 63 S. CAL. L. REV. 1569, 1569 (1990).\n"
9780814755112 - page_337: "START TEXT: 57. Id. at 1576–77.\n58. POSNER, THE PROBLEMS OF JURISPRUDENCE, supra at 464, Posner’s pragmatic appr" ******* END TEXT: "rmative and Nowhere to Go, supra at 174, n. 18.\n85. See Schlag, Politics of Form, supra at 1665–66.\n"
9780814755112 - page_338: "START TEXT: 86. Id. at 1665.\n87. Id. at 1668. According to Schlag, “This self is relatively autonomous in severa" ******* END TEXT: "hlag, Normative and Nowhere to Go, supra at 169.\n106. Id. at 797.\n107. Id. at 806.\n108. Id. at 807.\n"
9780814755112 - page_339: "START TEXT: Notes to Conclusion\n1. See, e.g., DINESH D’SOUZA, ILLIBERAL EDUCATION: THE POLITICS OF RACE AND SEX " ******* END TEXT: "anarratives.” LYOTARD, THE POSTMODERN CONDITION: A REPORT ON KNOWLEDGE (Geoff. Bannington and Brian "
9780814755112 - page_340: "START TEXT: Massumi, trans.) (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 1984). For accounts of postmodern juris" ******* END TEXT: "ting, AALS Conference, San Antonio, Texas, January 1989 (unpublished speech) (recorded transcript).\n"
9780814755112 - page_341: "START TEXT: 15. Id. at 1829.\n16. See Pierre Schlag, The Problem of the Subject, 69 TEX. L. REV. I (1991).\n17. Id" ******* END TEXT: "shifts in the law.\n24. Andreas Huyssen, Mapping the Postmodern, 33 New German Critique 5, 52 (1984)."
9780814755112 - page_342: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814755112 - page_343: "START TEXT: Index\nAbrams, Kathryn, 131\nAckerman, Bruce, 65, 74, 216–17\nAdventures of Ozzie and Harriet, 211, 226" ******* END TEXT: "non debate, 8, 248, 260 n.9\nCapitalist conception of justice, 94\nCardozo, Benjamin N., 19, 267 n.58\n"
9780814755112 - page_344: "START TEXT: Carrington, Paul, 208–9, 210\nCarter, Stephen, 156\nCase method, 16\nChang, Robert, 323 n.31, 331 n.90\n" ******* END TEXT: "31, 249\nmetaphysics of presence, 179\nDerridian dichotomies, 179\nDeutsch, Jan G., 40\nDifférance, 231\n"
9780814755112 - page_345: "START TEXT: Different voice, 151\nCarol Gilligan, 135–37\nDiversity movement, 247\nDouglas, William O., 41\nD’Souza," ******* END TEXT: ", 111, 113, 122\nGadamer, Hans-Georg, 80\nGame. See Language game\nGay and lesbian legal scholars, 196\n"
9780814755112 - page_346: "START TEXT: Gaylegal Agenda, 196\nGenealogy of Morals (Nietzsche), 86\nGeneration X, 68, 248\nGilligan, Carol, 135–" ******* END TEXT: "Kennedy, David, 259 n.2, 295 n.28\nKennedy, Duncan, 77, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 122, 267 nn. 67, 69\n"
9780814755112 - page_347: "START TEXT: Kennedy, John F., 46\nKnowledge and Politics (Unger), 108, 111, 206\nKohlberg, Lawrence, 135\nKuhn, Tho" ******* END TEXT: "13\nLiberty-of-Contract, 28, 29, 121\nLimerick, Patricia Nelson, 211, 339 n.3\nLiterary criticism, 161\n"
9780814755112 - page_348: "START TEXT: Llewellyn, Karl, xi, 29, 30\nGrand Style, 14\nRealistic Jurisprudence, 30\nLochner v. New York, 26–27, " ******* END TEXT: "3, 221–223, 242\nPolitics of identity, 148\nPolitics of law, 106, 107, 109, 110\nPollock, Louis H., 40\n"
9780814755112 - page_349: "START TEXT: Posner, Richard A., 66, 77, 78, 206, 253, 260 n.10\neconomic methodology, 290 n. 48\nlaw and economics" ******* END TEXT: "guished from Kant, 163\nand Holmes, 163\nironist theorist, 335 n. 41\nliterary stylistic paradigm, 162\n"
9780814755112 - page_350: "START TEXT: neopragmatism, 163, 234, 235\nand Posner, 205\nscientific-legal paradigm, 162\nstyle of literary critic" ******* END TEXT: "eration, 77\nWorld War II Wechslerians, 46\nWright, J. Skelly, 45–46\nYoung Turks, 208, 211, 213, 222\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nI am most grateful to the nine women who participated in this study. Without their c" ******* END TEXT: " Finally, I thank Louise Pavelko at Princeton’s Theological Book Agency for her frequent references."
9780814755297 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_137: "START TEXT: Appendix ASample Questionnaire (Voices)1\nYour age_______ Your ethnic background______________\nYour f" ******* END TEXT: " me to be good because . . .\n5. I believe/do not believe in a personal God/Goddess/HP because . . .\n"
9780814755297 - page_138: "START TEXT: II\n6. The time in my life when I felt the most distant from God/Goddess/HP was when I was . . . beca" ******* END TEXT: "P will. . .\nX\n24. I feel that God/Goddess/HP punishes/does not punish you if you. . . because . . .\n"
9780814755297 - page_139: "START TEXT: 25. I think God/Goddess/HP considers my sins/wrongdoings as . . . because . . .\n26. I think the way " ******* END TEXT: "ibe God/Goddess/HP according to experiences, I would say that God/Goddess/HP is . . . because . . .\n"
9780814755297 - page_140: "START TEXT: XVII\n43. The day I changed my way of thinking about God/Goddess/HP was . . . because . . .\nXVIII\n44." ******* END TEXT: "ike my . . . because . . .\n15. In my family we were close/very close/not close at all because . . .\n"
9780814755297 - page_141: "START TEXT: 16. My father was closest to me/to my . . . because . . .\n17. My mother was closest to me/to my . . " ******* END TEXT: "Before I attended a recovery group I felt this way about/in my relationships to:\nMen\nWomen\nChildren\n"
9780814755297 - page_142: "START TEXT: b. After participating in a recovery group I feel this way about: Men Women Children\n8. What is the " ******* END TEXT: "nfluenced your life?\n11. What do you see as the future of recovery groups for survivors of abuse?\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_143: "START TEXT: Appendix BResearch Protocol for Interview Study: “Incest, Eating Disorders, and Religious Self-Descr" ******* END TEXT: "f your history of being sexually abused.\n• How old, how often, how long at a time, in what setting?\n"
9780814755297 - page_144: "START TEXT: • Was anyone else present/Did anyone else know?\n• Any discernible pattern/ritual aspect?\n2. If you h" ******* END TEXT: " did you handle the shame?\n3. Did you ever feel that being female contributed to your abuse?\n• How?\n"
9780814755297 - page_145: "START TEXT: 4. Did you ever feel that your body size/shape had anything to do with your being abused?\n5. How has" ******* END TEXT: "d send a message to people who are ignorant about sexual abuse, what would you want them to know?\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_146: "START TEXT: Appendix CThe Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous\n1. We admitted we were powerless over alcohol—tha" ******* END TEXT: "e tried to carry this message to alcoholics, and to practice these principles in all our affairs.\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_147: "START TEXT: Appendix DBrief History of Twelve-Step Groups\nAlcoholic Anonymous (AA) was founded in 1935 by Bill W" ******* END TEXT: "olute honesty, absolute purity, absolute unselfishness, and absolute love.”2 Oxford groups operated "
9780814755297 - page_148: "START TEXT: throughout the United States until the 1930s and used the practice of “witnessing”3 with the aim of " ******* END TEXT: "re about 160,000 members in the OA fellowship in the United States, Canada, and internationally.8\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_149: "START TEXT: Appendix EThe Feminist Steps\n1. We affirm we have the power to take charge of our lives and stop bei" ******* END TEXT: "at we know, and we feel what we feel.\n11. We promptly acknowledge our mistakes and make amends when "
9780814755297 - page_150: "START TEXT: appropriate, but we do not say we are sorry for things we have not done, and we do not cover up, ana" ******* END TEXT: "errelated with all living things, and we contribute to restoring peace and balance on the planet.\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_151: "START TEXT: Appendix FProfile of Male Perpetrators1\nSociologists David Finkelhor and Linda Meyer Williams have r" ******* END TEXT: "ht, or nine years old.” Men reported various behaviors leading up to the abuse. Some of the fathers "
9780814755297 - page_152: "START TEXT: said they had masturbated while thinking of their daughter, had exposed themselves to her, or had ma" ******* END TEXT: "roused by a daughter after having been away from her for a long time. Sometimes the fathers let the "
9780814755297 - page_153: "START TEXT: attraction build for years, masturbating to fantasies of the daughter, before they acted.\nThese men " ******* END TEXT: "together and would fondle each other. The closeness was very good and loving. Then oral sex began.”\n"
9780814755297 - page_154: "START TEXT: Type 5: Angry Retaliators\nAbout 10 percent of the men were in this category. These fathers were the " ******* END TEXT: "about how child sexual victimization affects male sexual development and male sexual socialization.\n"
9780814755297 - page_155: "START TEXT: Profile of Female Perpetrators2\nWomen who abuse fall into four major categories according to psychol" ******* END TEXT: "l category is male-coerced women—women who abuse children because perpetrating men force them to.\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_156: "START TEXT: Appendix GIncest Laws1\nCriminal Prosecution\nThe narrow legal definitions of incest, together with th" ******* END TEXT: " the District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, "
9780814755297 - page_157: "START TEXT: Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, " ******* END TEXT: "e victims a chance to tell their story in court and to be awarded punitive damages for the pain and "
9780814755297 - page_158: "START TEXT: injury suffered. For many victims, just lodging the complaint gives them a sense of empowerment that" ******* END TEXT: "overy and is based on the fact that someone who has no memory of an act cannot complain about it.\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_159: "START TEXT: Appendix HLetter to Politician1\nReform legislation is imperative if we are to protect children again" ******* END TEXT: " a close blood relationship to establish incest in a criminal prosecution. The definition should be "
9780814755297 - page_160: "START TEXT: expanded to include any other acts of sexual assault by a parent or family member and any and all se" ******* END TEXT: "rm our laws and give our state prosecutors and child victims a real chance for justice.Sincerely,\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_161: "START TEXT: Appendix IThe Quality of Experience: A Feminist Method\nIn this section I will briefly familiarize th" ******* END TEXT: "ts the researcher to collect, analyze, and test hypotheses during the sampling process (rather than "
9780814755297 - page_162: "START TEXT: imposing theoretical categories onto the data). I took my first samples in 1991 by attending a summe" ******* END TEXT: " Presbyterian and mainline Presbyterian. Two grew up going to Protestant services on holidays only. "
9780814755297 - page_163: "START TEXT: One grew up with parents and relatives who publicly attended Protestant worship services and private" ******* END TEXT: "not change the color of her skin, she could at least try to be thin. However, her father, who was a "
9780814755297 - page_164: "START TEXT: working-class cook on a railroad, began bringing home food and insisting that his children were goin" ******* END TEXT: "ly two of them held paying jobs outside the home (one was an elementary school teacher, the other a "
9780814755297 - page_165: "START TEXT: legal secretary). Four of the survivors have mothers who have died (one of whom was a perpetrator). " ******* END TEXT: "dith Herman, Charlotte Davis Kasl, and other feminist theorists. Each woman leads a particular life "
9780814755297 - page_166: "START TEXT: determined by her own talents and temperament, her abilities and experiences, her ethnic and class m" ******* END TEXT: "ng in their self-descriptions.\nI see women as an oppressed group. I seek to recognize the political "
9780814755297 - page_167: "START TEXT: and social context of what it means to be a woman in North American culture. Issues of race, class, " ******* END TEXT: "erviewing Women: A Contradiction in Terms,” that in her previous interviewing experiences she found "
9780814755297 - page_168: "START TEXT: an attitude of refusing to answer questions or offer any kind of personal feedback was not helpful i" ******* END TEXT: "g political that has been a part of female experience and female gender construction for millennia.\n"
9780814755297 - page_169: "START TEXT: Method of Case Presentation\nThe way the cases are presented in the book is at times analogous to a g" ******* END TEXT: " a nonhygienic “instrument” of observation. The data are always messy and require acute observation "
9780814755297 - page_170: "START TEXT: to winnow out. One needs to draw upon one’s background and experience and imagination at all points " ******* END TEXT: "ty to step into the minds of other people, to see and experience the world as they do themselves.27\n"
9780814755297 - page_171: "START TEXT: The applications of the long interview method are many, but for my social-scientific area of study t" ******* END TEXT: "nters, and suggestions that can be used to dive deeper into the remarks of the respondent. I worked "
9780814755297 - page_172: "START TEXT: never to assume but always substantiate and confirm the matches before I considered them thematicall" ******* END TEXT: "tionnaire) with a well-constructed series of “prompts” that give the interview structure and focus.\n"
9780814755297 - page_173: "START TEXT: Self-Interview\nI interviewed myself on tape before interviewing any other respondent.34 This process" ******* END TEXT: "an denomination, and occupation.\nI opened the interview carefully with a general inquiry section in "
9780814755297 - page_174: "START TEXT: which respondent anxieties about being interviewed were laid to rest. The questions and prompting st" ******* END TEXT: "dge qualitative research by quantitative standards. It is important to keep in mind the distinction "
9780814755297 - page_175: "START TEXT: between qualitative and quantitative research visible and clear. In the first, categories take shape" ******* END TEXT: "lf, and this study. Overall, I believe both respondent and interviewer were enriched by the process."
9780814755297 - page_176: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_205: "START TEXT: Selected Bibliography\nAbramson, A., and G. Lucido. “Childhood Sexual Experience and Bulimia.” Addict" ******* END TEXT: "pirituality, Masochism, and Other Flights from the Burden of Selfhood. New York: Basic Books, 1991.\n"
9780814755297 - page_206: "START TEXT: Becker, J., et al. “Time-Limited Therapy with Sexually Dysfunctional Sexually Assaulted Women.” Jour" ******* END TEXT: "s, 1993.\nBulka, R. “Guilt from, Guilt Towards.” Journal of Psychology and Judaism 11 (1987): 71-90.\n"
9780814755297 - page_207: "START TEXT: Bynum, C. W. Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. Berkele" ******* END TEXT: "rs.” Paper read at Boston Institute for the Development of Infants and Parents, Pine Manor College, "
9780814755297 - page_208: "START TEXT: Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts (1988). In T. K. Seghorn, R. A. Prentky; and R. J. Boucher, eds., “Chil" ******* END TEXT: "ogy as Feminist Theory.” Signs: A Journal of women in Culture and Society 12 (1987), no. 4: 761-80.\n"
9780814755297 - page_209: "START TEXT: Garfinkel, P., and D. M. Garner. Anorexia Nervosa: A Multidimensional Perspective. New York: Brunner" ******* END TEXT: "ychologie expérimentale sur les formes inférieures de l’activité humaine. Paris: Félix Alcan, 1889.\n"
9780814755297 - page_210: "START TEXT: Janoff-Bulman, R. “The Aftermath of Victimization: Rebuilding Shattered Assumptions.” In Trauma and " ******* END TEXT: "ew York: W. W. Norton, 1985.\nKolb, L., and L. R. Multipassi. “The Conditioned Emotional Response: A "
9780814755297 - page_211: "START TEXT: Subclass of Chronic and Delayed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.” Psychiatric Annals 12 (1982): 979-8" ******* END TEXT: "tz. New York: Doubleday, 1990.\n——. The Drama of the Gifted Child: How Narcissistic Parents Form and "
9780814755297 - page_212: "START TEXT: Deform the Emotional Lives of Their Children. New York: Basic Books, 1981.\n——. For Your Own Good: Hi" ******* END TEXT: " Bantam Books, 1991.\nPhillips, J. Eve: The History of an Idea. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1984.\n"
9780814755297 - page_213: "START TEXT: Pope-Lance, J., and J. C. Engelsman. Domestic Violence: A Guide for Clergy. Lawrenceville: New Jerse" ******* END TEXT: "ale Savior Save Women?” Sexism and Godtalk: Toward a Feminist Theology. Boston: Beacon Press, 1983.\n"
9780814755297 - page_214: "START TEXT: Ruether, R. R. “The Western Tradition and Violence against Women.” In Christianity, Patriarchy, and " ******* END TEXT: "ery of Incest.” In Sexual Assault and Abuse: A Handbook for Clergy and Religious Professionals. Ed. "
9780814755297 - page_215: "START TEXT: M. Pellauer, Barbara Chester, and Jane Boyajian. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1987.\nTessier, J. “W" ******* END TEXT: "Press, 1986.\nWesterlund, E. Women’s Sexuality after Childhood Incest. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992.\n"
9780814755297 - page_216: "START TEXT: Williams, J. The Bible, Violence and the Sacred: Liberation from the Myth of Sanctioned Violence. Ne" ******* END TEXT: "s: Food, Sex, and Aggression in Female Development.” Paper quoted in Perspective, Winter 1993, 3.\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_1: "START TEXT: 1Who Are We?\nWe are everywhere. We are your daughters, sisters, friends, partners, coworkers, lovers" ******* END TEXT: "If women are not blamed, then they are grossly trivialized. One Pennsylvania judge who “punished” a "
9780814755297 - page_2: "START TEXT: man who raped his date decided that a seven-hundred dollar fine would suffice. The money would allow" ******* END TEXT: "w all too well the repercussions of public exposure, their names have been changed to protect them.\n"
9780814755297 - page_3: "START TEXT: Definitions\nPatriarchy\nBecause I use the term patriarchy throughout this book, it is important that " ******* END TEXT: "sition to women, it creates a hierarchy, in which human value is determined by gender, race, class, "
9780814755297 - page_4: "START TEXT: position, religion, age, appearance, ethnic background, and physical ability.15 Thus it promotes the" ******* END TEXT: "rm I use for parents who were conscious of the abuse but remained silent witnesses is co-offenders.\n"
9780814755297 - page_5: "START TEXT: Eating Disorders\nI use the term eating disorder to describe what seems to be a universal preoccupati" ******* END TEXT: "g cultural expectations and gender-degrading experiences (including the plethora of media images of "
9780814755297 - page_6: "START TEXT: women as sexual objects) set the tone for how she relates to her self. Sexual abuse in the family fu" ******* END TEXT: "ntion to draw out the gendered nature of PTSD as it manifests itself in the form of food, body, and "
9780814755297 - page_7: "START TEXT: weight preoccupations for the survivor of incest. I will also expose the religious roots that often " ******* END TEXT: "lf-starvation in between) and alcoholism. She was physically and sexually abused by her father from "
9780814755297 - page_8: "START TEXT: age seven until age twelve. She is the only one in her family that has chosen not to kill herself.\nN" ******* END TEXT: "ugar addict” in addition to being an alcoholic and former valium addict. She recalls being sexually "
9780814755297 - page_9: "START TEXT: abused by her nanny in early childhood and by her father in adolescence. She has yearly contact with" ******* END TEXT: " brothers sexually abused her. She periodically lives with her family of origin, in between jobs.\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_10: "START TEXT: 2A Horror beyond Tears: Reflections on a History of Abuse\nIt’s hard to explain, but a certain kind o" ******* END TEXT: "“[These] survival skills may include dissociation, hypervigilance, isolation, and/or using sex as a "
9780814755297 - page_11: "START TEXT: negotiating tool.”4 These techniques are necessary to help the child-victim survive a pathological a" ******* END TEXT: "s.”9 Janet named this alteration in consciousness dissociation.10 Breuer and Freud called it double "
9780814755297 - page_12: "START TEXT: consciousness.11 Perhaps a more accurate label would be divided self-construction.\nBy the early 1890" ******* END TEXT: " on behalf of his patients, he retracted his hypothesis. Hysteria was so common among women that if "
9780814755297 - page_13: "START TEXT: his patients’ stories were true, and if his theory were correct, he would be forced to conclude that" ******* END TEXT: "ving been raped by their husbands.24\nAttacks on wives by husbands result in more injuries requiring "
9780814755297 - page_14: "START TEXT: treatment than do rapes, muggings, and automobile accidents combined; one-third of all women murdere" ******* END TEXT: "t context are instrumental to understanding the multiple layers of meaning that shape her identity.\n"
9780814755297 - page_15: "START TEXT: Shared Themes\nSexual invasion by a trusted relation goes beyond a physical injury; it is a narcissis" ******* END TEXT: "hildren learn to “take care of” their parents—to develop a false self or “little adult” to survive. "
9780814755297 - page_16: "START TEXT: In the case of incest, a child-victim develops a “little spouse” persona to survive. This pattern is" ******* END TEXT: "vivors I interviewed who was raped by her grandfather and ignored by her parents). Stephanie claims "
9780814755297 - page_17: "START TEXT: that her abuser inseminated her with evil through incest: “It has always been my firm conviction tha" ******* END TEXT: "f violence is not exercised. Feeling terrorized, Stephanie spoke of feeling “so alone.” Stephanie’s "
9780814755297 - page_18: "START TEXT: sister, twenty years later, confirmed Stephanie’s experience of incest in the family right after bei" ******* END TEXT: "could have been even in infancy, but I know it was going on when I was about three, and possibly up "
9780814755297 - page_19: "START TEXT: through five, six, maybe later than that. So I’m not really sure about when it started and when it e" ******* END TEXT: "ected self-hatred.43 Other mothers, like Samantha’s, do not directly abuse the child but facilitate "
9780814755297 - page_20: "START TEXT: the abuse of their daughters by the men in their family and minimize the offenses against them by no" ******* END TEXT: "ed is trapped in a private, impossibly confusing world that gives no validation to the crime of the "
9780814755297 - page_21: "START TEXT: incest experience. The incestuous intruder into the child’s private world is “like a monster that in" ******* END TEXT: "iends pulled down her pants in a kind of “we’ll-show-you-ours-if-you-show-us-yours” game. She says,\n"
9780814755297 - page_22: "START TEXT: I remember running home crying like I was going to go to hell for sure, and I remember telling my mo" ******* END TEXT: " by calling it an “evil force.” In her words, “I felt that this man planted this evil root and that "
9780814755297 - page_23: "START TEXT: this evil root took hold inside of me because of what was happening. As I child I thought he was a m" ******* END TEXT: "ty, she may begin to doubt her understanding of that reality. Because she is experiencing one thing "
9780814755297 - page_24: "START TEXT: (sexual abuse) but is told that she is actually experiencing something else (love, care, protection," ******* END TEXT: "s through dreams and fantasies. Cherise’s story is a good example of a milder form of dissociation:\n"
9780814755297 - page_25: "START TEXT: I dreamed that there was this alien family that would come and tell me that I really didn’t belong t" ******* END TEXT: "child never feels an innate sense of self-regard, integrity, value, or self-respect. Her chance for "
9780814755297 - page_26: "START TEXT: developing a sense of interdependence in relation and personal sense of agency are seriously hindere" ******* END TEXT: "ank Ochberg’s negative intimacy, a component of post-traumatic stress that the victim must confront "
9780814755297 - page_27: "START TEXT: therapeutically to resolve feelings of repulsion and degradation.58 Negative intimacy is the intrusi" ******* END TEXT: "sts her attacker/seducer often, the offender will escalate the offenses—becoming violent—to further "
9780814755297 - page_28: "START TEXT: humiliate the victim into submission. One survivor told me, “He was nice to me when I was very young" ******* END TEXT: " called multiple personality disorder (MPD) may emerge. Not until the early 1980s did psychiatrists "
9780814755297 - page_29: "START TEXT: make the connection that patients with MPD almost invariably (95%) had been sexually or physically a" ******* END TEXT: "orders is their origin in a history of childhood trauma. In the case of MPD the etiological role of "
9780814755297 - page_30: "START TEXT: severe childhood trauma is at this point firmly established. In a study of one hundred patients with" ******* END TEXT: " the trauma). Her “evil” self is the introjected perpetrator. This splintered experience or divided "
9780814755297 - page_31: "START TEXT: self-construction is inscribed into her sexuality and is central to the psychological “disorders” to" ******* END TEXT: "memories of being with my family. I don’t remember sitting at a table. I don’t remember eating with "
9780814755297 - page_32: "START TEXT: my family until high school. I have no memory. I was really like a walking skeleton. Our house was l" ******* END TEXT: " me, “I lose my sense of who I am. It’s almost like being the same terrified little girl that I was "
9780814755297 - page_33: "START TEXT: with my grandfather and I have to leave and pull myself together. I have to find a place where I can" ******* END TEXT: "nse of shame: “This felt like total proof that I was a horrible person that I could do something so "
9780814755297 - page_34: "START TEXT: awful. I felt like, I’m perverted in some way, that I’m stained, that I’m no good, that I’m horrible" ******* END TEXT: "lized manifestations of trauma: helplessness, lethargy, lack of personal efficacy and depression.83\n"
9780814755297 - page_35: "START TEXT: Most survivors who become extremely depressed tend to withdraw from potentially healthy relationship" ******* END TEXT: "xual encounters with the opposite sex.” Haddock vacillated between alcohol binges and eating binges "
9780814755297 - page_36: "START TEXT: for most of her adult life. Melinda begrudgingly attends Alcoholics Anonymous because she knows she " ******* END TEXT: "d horrible scars that became infected. If I got a bee sting or a mosquito bite or anything that was "
9780814755297 - page_37: "START TEXT: itchy or that was a bump or that wasn’t smooth, I would scratch it down to make it smooth you know. " ******* END TEXT: "dmitted they had been victims of child sexual abuse: “I came to understand that many of them wanted "
9780814755297 - page_38: "START TEXT: to erase the memory of the children they looked like when they were abused.”90\nThere are many reason" ******* END TEXT: "erpetrators of abuse more often. Perhaps because of their cultural devaluation and deep feelings of "
9780814755297 - page_39: "START TEXT: self-loathing, due to internalizing the perpetrator’s perspective, female survivors, unlike males, s" ******* END TEXT: "said, “Well, what are you gonna do? I mean, who’s gonna believe you—you should be glad to even have "
9780814755297 - page_40: "START TEXT: someone like me.” On one level I thought he was right. And then on the other level—this was—this is " ******* END TEXT: "study of women who had been incestuously abused in childhood, two-thirds were subsequently raped.98\n"
9780814755297 - page_41: "START TEXT: Classic psychoanalytic theory has commonly portrayed a woman’s repeated victimizations as clear sign" ******* END TEXT: " reconnect to their agent-centered selves and learn that they have rights that must be respected.\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_42: "START TEXT: 3A Pyrrhic Victory: Contemplating the Physical Cost of Surviving\nEating Disorders and Incest\nAnorexi" ******* END TEXT: "f meaning in the survivor’s mind between her incest experience and her subsequent eating disorder.6\n"
9780814755297 - page_43: "START TEXT: Post-Trauma Manifested along Gender Lines\nA persistent problem with eating may disguise a post-traum" ******* END TEXT: "age healthy twenty-year-old female has 28.7 percent body fat. By middle age, women cross-culturally "
9780814755297 - page_44: "START TEXT: have 38 percent body fat.11 Efforts to be thin are so stubbornly resisted by a healthy body that one" ******* END TEXT: "s vital and must be made if the survivor is to be helped, for a survivor will have a very difficult "
9780814755297 - page_45: "START TEXT: time giving up any of these behaviors without finding alternative and functional ways of addressing " ******* END TEXT: "way from me in terror, so be it. It won’t be because I am not normal. It won’t be because I’m fat.”\n"
9780814755297 - page_46: "START TEXT: Guilt\nGuilt may be distinguished from shame in terms of its focus. Guilt, according to moral philoso" ******* END TEXT: "n that “you get what you deserve.” This comes out in the common belief that victims are responsible "
9780814755297 - page_47: "START TEXT: for their plights. Although the public is more sympathetic to victims of sexual abuse and rape than " ******* END TEXT: "strates how dieting and appearing thin defend her against sadness and against feeling unacceptable:\n"
9780814755297 - page_48: "START TEXT: Though I was abused from 7 to 13 my anorexia didn’t start until I was 18.1 was never really aware of" ******* END TEXT: "he choice of burying the family member’s secret and thus preserving the illusion of a happy family.\n"
9780814755297 - page_49: "START TEXT: To expect a child to tell a family member of another family member’s abuse is to expect that same ch" ******* END TEXT: "ms that block the woman’s ability to lead a full and productive life. For as long as she buries the "
9780814755297 - page_50: "START TEXT: offender’s guilt in her body, the perpetrator remains free to re-offend. A therapist needs to rememb" ******* END TEXT: "ional and physical needs. It is a Pyrrhic victory, a battle that as she fights to win, she loses.30\n"
9780814755297 - page_51: "START TEXT: Powerlessness\nPowerlessness—complete vulnerability and lack of control over the self or the environm" ******* END TEXT: "ing patterns is to feel a threat to her key to power, acceptance, and control. Both groups of women "
9780814755297 - page_52: "START TEXT: have been conditioned to measure their present value by their culturally defined beauty and thinness" ******* END TEXT: "rug of choice, it still is a legal drug.” Such objects of escape become habit forming; they provide "
9780814755297 - page_53: "START TEXT: self-calming effects: “The object of an addiction is to perform an important psychological function " ******* END TEXT: "just eat. I’ve been a binge eater and a compulsive overeater since real early childhood. Whenever I "
9780814755297 - page_54: "START TEXT: was uncomfortable about anything I would eat and find comfort and security in that. I’d feel a lot o" ******* END TEXT: "a missing symbolic dimension would do. In short, when the binger feels stress, chances are she will "
9780814755297 - page_55: "START TEXT: binge or at least overeat. She has no internal structure which allows for self-soothing. The food be" ******* END TEXT: "red for were chocolate, cookies, and candies and that she “could eat the whole bag and nothing else "
9780814755297 - page_56: "START TEXT: in the course of a day.” She claims sweets got her through her childhood and still comfort her throu" ******* END TEXT: "er had the right to touch my body whenever and however he wanted to. I mean, I never had a sense of "
9780814755297 - page_57: "START TEXT: ownership. I was literally trying to survive. I was in a war. I was in a battlefield, so I didn’t ha" ******* END TEXT: "en exploiters of such women.\nFor the survivor of incest, eating and not eating are infused with her "
9780814755297 - page_58: "START TEXT: desire to be seen and yet not seen. Her pain over not being recognized as a human being worthy of re" ******* END TEXT: " her symptoms of post-traumatic stress—shame, anxiety, guilt, and a sense of mistrust of herself.\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_59: "START TEXT: 4Disenchanting Faith and the Female Body: Deconstructing Misogynous Themes in Christian Discourse\nPa" ******* END TEXT: "he women I interviewed, these thin (and often brief) “redemptions” are losses too heavy to justify.\n"
9780814755297 - page_60: "START TEXT: I. Misogynous Christian ThemesChristian Goodness\nI submit that the qualities that make a good Christ" ******* END TEXT: "d forest that has, at one time, helped me and other survivors “make sense” of our victimized pasts.\n"
9780814755297 - page_61: "START TEXT: Most of the survivors interviewed were awakening—still with sleep in their eyes—from an enchanted pe" ******* END TEXT: "ather. These rights culminate in the father’s relationship with his daughter. The biblical mandates "
9780814755297 - page_62: "START TEXT: against incest, in Leviticus 18: 6-18, omit any specific reference to sexual relations between fathe" ******* END TEXT: "us families. Sexual abuse occurs so frequently that it is clearly indicative of structural flaws in "
9780814755297 - page_63: "START TEXT: society that legitimate patriarchal domination. However, residual effects of Western religious tradi" ******* END TEXT: "as focused on the concept of other-regard often epitomized by self-sacrifice. Those theologians who "
9780814755297 - page_64: "START TEXT: emphasize loving one’s neighbor as the highest model of Christian love have had a dangerously critic" ******* END TEXT: "rciful: if one has suffered, one must have sinned. Suffering is part of the punishment meted out to "
9780814755297 - page_65: "START TEXT: those who disobey. And on the other hand, suffering and repentance teach humility and are the way ba" ******* END TEXT: "d. To the survivor, calls for her repentance assume she is at fault. Religious mandates that she be "
9780814755297 - page_66: "START TEXT: forgiving misread the context in which she lives. Such “calls” to repentance should be directed towa" ******* END TEXT: "does the repenting? What is the result of such repentance? What behavioral changes can be measured?\n"
9780814755297 - page_67: "START TEXT: Female Worth through Purity/Virginity\nWomen have been taught that their femininity is pure so long a" ******* END TEXT: "nse of unworthiness. For the child who is sexually abused, the abuse can truly prove that she is in "
9780814755297 - page_68: "START TEXT: need of redemption; it convinces her that she is unworthy of feeling safe or being valued and respec" ******* END TEXT: "er’s rules, she breaks the silence of his secret, and in so doing she may, in fact, redeem herself.\n"
9780814755297 - page_69: "START TEXT: Value of Obedience\nChristian discourse frequently underscores the value of obedience to authority fi" ******* END TEXT: "as to how a survivor relates to those in authority as well as how she relates to her own authority.\n"
9780814755297 - page_70: "START TEXT: II. No RedemptionThe Sin of Being Embodied as Female\nIt is my claim that men project their fear of d" ******* END TEXT: "at humans do not control but are dependent on).47 According to theologian Rosemary Radford Ruether,\n"
9780814755297 - page_71: "START TEXT: Women are symbolized as “closer to nature” than men and thus fall in an intermediate position betwee" ******* END TEXT: "hereby leading to the death of Christ. Read from this perspective, the death of Christ only deepens "
9780814755297 - page_72: "START TEXT: female guilt, while it absolves Adam (and men in general) of any fault and allows men to represent t" ******* END TEXT: "iting in the fifteenth century, link female sinfulness to her “appetitive nature.” They write: “All "
9780814755297 - page_73: "START TEXT: witchcraft comes from carnal lust, which is in women insatiable. . . . She is more carnal than man.”" ******* END TEXT: "hel Foucault call this self-scrutinizing dynamic the indiscriminate normative male gaze63 which has "
9780814755297 - page_74: "START TEXT: been internalized by women. One example of this despotic cultural internalization is described by an" ******* END TEXT: "edieval concern over whether such extreme fasting behavior was the work of God or the devil. Nearly "
9780814755297 - page_75: "START TEXT: half of the forty-two Italian women who lived and died in the thirteenth century and came to be reco" ******* END TEXT: "illing it.\n—Teresa of Avila72\nA full belly does not make for a chaste spirit.\n—Catherine of Siena73\n"
9780814755297 - page_76: "START TEXT: A purity agenda through food-refusal has historical precedent among Catholic saints of the late Midd" ******* END TEXT: "the female body.81 Anthropologist Mary Douglas claims, “The female body, site of processes men have "
9780814755297 - page_77: "START TEXT: perceived historically as mysterious and potentially dangerous, offers a most graphic symbolism of u" ******* END TEXT: "Both sets of women have responded to that fear and are symbolically expressing that fear with their "
9780814755297 - page_78: "START TEXT: very bodies. Paradoxically, they objectify their own bodies as proof that they are acceptable subjec" ******* END TEXT: "timately become victims of a sick system that spells death for those who surrender to its values.\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_79: "START TEXT: 5A Thinly Veiled Skein: Exploring Troublesome Connections among Incest, Eating Disorders, and Religi" ******* END TEXT: "ature, a sense that she is guilty and worthy of blame, and her use of food rituals to find meaning.\n"
9780814755297 - page_80: "START TEXT: I. Shared Religious ThemesGod’s Will\nLong after their liberation, people who have been subjected to " ******* END TEXT: "led them, so they moved into a vertical one. As Stephanie put it, “God’s the only one I can trust.”\n"
9780814755297 - page_81: "START TEXT: As a feminist working with survivors, I find the practice of seeking the will of an external, omnipo" ******* END TEXT: " to eat only vegetables.” Her father fought with her over her refusal to eat meat. She told me, “It "
9780814755297 - page_82: "START TEXT: was a battle that I felt powerful enough to stand up for. I could say no to food but I could not tel" ******* END TEXT: "Every soul-murder victim will be racked by the question “Is there life without father and mother?”3\n"
9780814755297 - page_83: "START TEXT: Survivors of chronic childhood trauma face the task of grieving not only for what was lost but also " ******* END TEXT: " mean he totally ignored me as a child. Even today, I get the feeling that there is something wrong "
9780814755297 - page_84: "START TEXT: with me and I am a freak from outer space and all that stuff. A [male] minister at the Twelve-Step m" ******* END TEXT: "ly encoded itself upon her flesh. Natalie garnered such support by taking a women’s studies course. "
9780814755297 - page_85: "START TEXT: Because of the breadth of questions she could explore there, she was able not only to ponder the rea" ******* END TEXT: "s held regarding female flesh.\nThe contemporary survivor’s behavior with food reveals her desire to "
9780814755297 - page_86: "START TEXT: receive that which she felt was missing in her relationship to her parents, to God, and to herself. " ******* END TEXT: "nishment.” Samantha told me directly that “as a little kid, my parents were God, always shaming and "
9780814755297 - page_87: "START TEXT: forever punishing me.” She claimed the word “God” was just “too loaded.” Instead she used the term H" ******* END TEXT: "t the meaning of her life as a woman. The survivors I interviewed all struggled against the lessons "
9780814755297 - page_88: "START TEXT: that being objectified had taught them. None wanted to believe that the only way she could find rela" ******* END TEXT: "mach,” I’d wear it. So I’d feel like, well if I hadn’t done that ... if I had covered up my body—it "
9780814755297 - page_89: "START TEXT: wouldn’t have happened . . . maybe if I were fat and unattractive, you know, nobody would touch me.\n" ******* END TEXT: "sent having to do it all alone.”\nTheological paternalism is a faulty vehicle of empowerment. Yet no "
9780814755297 - page_90: "START TEXT: survivor can empower herself without help from others. Sharing our social contexts and “unpacking” t" ******* END TEXT: "ute a child can find and experience is food binging, which works to anesthetize her deprivation and "
9780814755297 - page_91: "START TEXT: isolation. As Cherise sees it, “Food is the only legal drug available to a child.”\nFood Rituals Symb" ******* END TEXT: "an eating disorder this identity conflict is intensified. She sees in her eating behavior (like her "
9780814755297 - page_92: "START TEXT: perpetrator) the power that she cannot master. If she had any pleasurable feelings15 during the sexu" ******* END TEXT: "nd food rituals become a very small life-preserver that the survivor holds onto even long after the "
9780814755297 - page_93: "START TEXT: perpetrator is gone. There is a sense that trauma or death lurks nearby and she must always be prepa" ******* END TEXT: "ration anxiety.17 Melinda’s abandonment concerns were quite real at a very early age. In her words,\n"
9780814755297 - page_94: "START TEXT: As a four-year-old, I had this secret ritual of listening to classical music in my bed at night. I w" ******* END TEXT: "ible to those who felt too paralyzed to resist. Note the cases of resistance in Janine and Cherise.\n"
9780814755297 - page_95: "START TEXT: Cherise informed me that her father died of alcoholism when she was sixteen. But when she was twelve" ******* END TEXT: "es.19 It is rare for child-victims to feel empowered enough to resist their perpetrators; for those "
9780814755297 - page_96: "START TEXT: who do, or even attempt to do so, the psychological benefits are enormous. If arming children is the" ******* END TEXT: "relationship with the privileged group. The status of the latter requires the consent of the former "
9780814755297 - page_97: "START TEXT: to the oppressive situation. Recognition of this is redemptive and revelatory knowledge, pointing th" ******* END TEXT: " of sadness. She claimed, “The only way out is by going to a meeting and then seeing someone I know "
9780814755297 - page_98: "START TEXT: there or meeting someone or hearing something I need to hear there. I really can’t say that I have c" ******* END TEXT: "mely difficult for survivors, so steeped in years, layers of shame. But in my experience, it is the "
9780814755297 - page_99: "START TEXT: beginning of a survivor’s “self” excavation. Such work will entail disentangling the mass of social " ******* END TEXT: "king, and their gaining support as they discovered both the courage to be and the courage to see.\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_100: "START TEXT: 6Self-Help or Self-Harm? Analyzing the “Politics” of Twelve-Step Groups for Recovery\nMy relationship" ******* END TEXT: "ery, therefore, is based upon the empowerment of the survivor and the creation of new connections.1\n"
9780814755297 - page_101: "START TEXT: Psychotherapeutic counsel has significantly helped all nine of the survivors interviewed for this st" ******* END TEXT: "s—chilled by the lack of acceptance there—seem to come to the anonymous programs to experiment with "
9780814755297 - page_102: "START TEXT: separating both from their family-of-origin as well as from their patriarchal faith-of-old. They exp" ******* END TEXT: "ctions whose intent is healing transformation, are a significant part of Twelve-Step meetings. They "
9780814755297 - page_103: "START TEXT: work to reshape and reaffirm each member’s personal and collective identity. The ritualizing communi" ******* END TEXT: " from a victimizable role.\nBy participating in safe constellations of relationships, many survivors "
9780814755297 - page_104: "START TEXT: begin experiencing support from others like themselves. The Twelve-Step member simultaneously makes " ******* END TEXT: "he survivor in recovery more often will choose to move into finding relationships and settings that "
9780814755297 - page_105: "START TEXT: reflect her internal change. Self-value and bodily respect (not self-sacrifice or abuse) are the sur" ******* END TEXT: "est and open about who they are and from where they have come. This may explain in part why so many "
9780814755297 - page_106: "START TEXT: people stay in groups for so long. There are few other places for them to find authentic interaction" ******* END TEXT: "hey use to avoid the pain of their past, as well as to safely rage against their offenders. ISA/SLA "
9780814755297 - page_107: "START TEXT: groups reframe the Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous by saying, “We admit we are powerless over o" ******* END TEXT: "eation-centered spirituality.21 When I asked her what she meant by the word spirituality, she said:\n"
9780814755297 - page_108: "START TEXT: Spirituality is a sort of integrated sense of myself, and of all my qualities, good and bad, you kno" ******* END TEXT: " Somewhat nervously she said, “Just knowing that there are other people out there like me. And it’s "
9780814755297 - page_109: "START TEXT: okay. You know, I’m not the only one who sticks her fingers down her throat [laughs]. That’s a big o" ******* END TEXT: "d in this study, “coming out” in these groups “was not an option.” She told me, “The one time I did "
9780814755297 - page_110: "START TEXT: share that I was a lesbian I had two people come over to me and invite me to lunch so they could hel" ******* END TEXT: "es, especially in a “Just Say No” culture that would like to wipe out progressive gains for good.25\n"
9780814755297 - page_111: "START TEXT: Such groups fail female survivors of incest (and people outside the dominant power structure) by pla" ******* END TEXT: "t instigating a social revolution!\nSpeakers in most meetings—whether recounting stories of assault, "
9780814755297 - page_112: "START TEXT: struggles with work, or relationships—rarely mention directly the realities of physical power, econo" ******* END TEXT: "ou do make.”30 Twelve-Step groups, far from offering women a place to deconstruct the sociocultural "
9780814755297 - page_113: "START TEXT: and psychological double-binds in which they feel stuck, instead offer false solutions: “If I surren" ******* END TEXT: "vor of incest, it can work to narrow her contact with the world around her. In Kasl’s words, “While "
9780814755297 - page_114: "START TEXT: people gain support in meetings and have loving experiences and are encouraged to help other (addict" ******* END TEXT: "led her history of attending Twelve-Step groups. She resisted offering any criticism of the program "
9780814755297 - page_115: "START TEXT: and called such attempts “the grandiosity of my disease.” What Cherise wanted Overeaters Anonymous t" ******* END TEXT: " gendered and abuse-related stress. A program for addiction recovery is the wrong model for dealing "
9780814755297 - page_116: "START TEXT: with the reality of incest. Incest is not a disease, habit, or addictive trait—it’s a social crime w" ******* END TEXT: "or.” Natalie had experiences “where people just really weren’t too safe,” and said quietly, “I felt "
9780814755297 - page_117: "START TEXT: really uncomfortable in the meetings with volatile people in the rooms. I don’t know how I would cha" ******* END TEXT: "edeemed by a powerful other.\nIn a Twelve-Step group there is no guarantee that the survivor will be "
9780814755297 - page_118: "START TEXT: protected against being flooded with overwhelming images and feelings or boundary crossings by other" ******* END TEXT: "ed.” She resists the Twelve-Step caveat regarding the unformed nature of God: “Even though they say "
9780814755297 - page_119: "START TEXT: your God can be ‘a God of your understanding however you want to define Him’ I have a problem with s" ******* END TEXT: " men. My Higher Power is my support, my place where I get validation of what I am. The relationship "
9780814755297 - page_120: "START TEXT: we have helps me define me every day in terms of how I see myself. It’s a more completeness of me. T" ******* END TEXT: "are in need of (external) redemption from our wicked flesh or devious wills. According to Samantha:\n"
9780814755297 - page_121: "START TEXT: I think that the Twelve-Steps have a certain amount of blame. The notion of “taking a fearless perso" ******* END TEXT: "en the question: What would you like to see change in your church to facilitate healing from sexual "
9780814755297 - page_122: "START TEXT: abuse? Stephanie answered this way: “I don’t have any real hope that the church can do anything. I m" ******* END TEXT: "narcissism,” where people become obsessed with recovery perfection, ridding themselves of character "
9780814755297 - page_123: "START TEXT: defects and shortcomings, and constantly analyzing their behavior. They lose perspective of the exte" ******* END TEXT: "l and familial messages of her sexual devaluation and objectification. The chronicity of her eating "
9780814755297 - page_124: "START TEXT: problems often mirrors the chronicity of her sexual objectification in the home and family. The sign" ******* END TEXT: "cultural vision. For once a survivor is encouraged to see for herself; nothing ever looks the same.\n"
9780814755297 - page_125: "START TEXT: Theologically, a pastoral counselor who is counseling a Christian survivor has an important role in " ******* END TEXT: "8 Very often a survivor who feels straight jacketed by the patriarchal doctrine of her history will "
9780814755297 - page_126: "START TEXT: turn to self-help settings (like Twelve-Step anonymous programs) to gain a kind of critical freedom." ******* END TEXT: "nce on offenders and fantasy males who will rescue them from their socially enculturated shame.49\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_127: "START TEXT: 7Summary of Key Findings\nI have come to recognize sexual trauma as a common theme among women who ha" ******* END TEXT: " “innocent play.”1 I have found that sexual abuse is socially and religiously sanctioned insofar as "
9780814755297 - page_128: "START TEXT: it is minimalized and “overlooked.” This “averting of the eyes” is a gender-specific lesson for all " ******* END TEXT: " the perpetrator’s guilt, she lives in a chronic state of needing redemption. Until she has support "
9780814755297 - page_129: "START TEXT: and help in learning new tools of coping with the real trauma of her past and meaninglessness in her" ******* END TEXT: "ild who needs your love, as all children do, by promising her more love if she surrenders her power "
9780814755297 - page_130: "START TEXT: often is the dynamic of the crime. Incest is a powerful betrayal that affects the child’s entire wor" ******* END TEXT: "The need to “let go” or escape is primary, especially for one plagued with grief, anxiety, despair. "
9780814755297 - page_131: "START TEXT: But how one “lets go,” and who benefits by the “letting go,” are important questions to consider.\nFi" ******* END TEXT: "ed survivors of incest has helped me discover the traumatic effects of incest in relation to faith. "
9780814755297 - page_132: "START TEXT: My desire is that this work will help raise the consciousness of scholars of religion and society as" ******* END TEXT: "hrough appearance and sexual compliance that one gains such acceptance. If a woman is a survivor of "
9780814755297 - page_133: "START TEXT: sexual abuse in her family, these empty female lessons are embedded even more deeply into her experi" ******* END TEXT: "e aftermath of trauma, focusing on constructively resisting and preventing abuse. As survivors take "
9780814755297 - page_134: "START TEXT: small steps toward their own partial wholeness, they often find connections that lead them to work f" ******* END TEXT: " my mom’s words, “Well at least you’ve drawn nearer to God as a result.” It is a life damaging act. "
9780814755297 - page_135: "START TEXT: That person who is compelled to do this needs help and should get it or lock themselves in a room an" ******* END TEXT: "rk, the way I study, the way I move, the way I don’t move, what I believe, and what I don’t believe."
9780814755297 - page_136: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_v: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\nIntroduction\n1. Who Are We?\n2. A Horror beyond Tears: Reflections on a Hist" ******* END TEXT: "lve-Step Groups for Recovery\n7. Summary of Key Findings\nAppendixes\nNotes\nSelected Bibliography\nIndex"
9780814755297 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_iv: "START TEXT: To protect the privacy of the participants, some of the details that could identify them have been s" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_i: "START TEXT: Faith Born of Seduction\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Faith Born of Seduction\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_217: "START TEXT: Index\nAbandonment: concerns of, 93\ndeath and, 36\nemotional, 47, 68\nfeelings of, 81\nsecond, 84\nAbuse:" ******* END TEXT: " 112\nAugustine, 72\nAuthority: displaced, 112\nexerted over female, 77\nfather God’s, 87\nfigures, 102, "
9780814755297 - page_218: "START TEXT: 145, 160, 167\ninner, 114\nmale, 62, 69, 72, 103, 128\noffending, 83\nparental, 128\nrelation to, 171\nrel" ******* END TEXT: " 93\nDesire: for food, 70, 85\nobject of, 64\nsin as, 76\nDiet/Dieting: ability to, 44\nas atonement, 92\n"
9780814755297 - page_219: "START TEXT: chronic, 129\nto cope, 5, 45, 47, 50–51\nand despair, 47\nmentality, 115\npatterns, 59\nof respondents, 7" ******* END TEXT: "rt and, 90\ncoping techniques and, 7, 86–87, 128–29, 135\nand culture, 5\nand destructive habits, 114, "
9780814755297 - page_220: "START TEXT: 120, 126\nand identity, 166\nand incest, 42–58\nas legal drug, 91\npreoccupied, 171\nproblematic relation" ******* END TEXT: ", 4\nand domination, 73\nand eating disorders, 42–58, 79–99\nforbidding, 62\nhistory, 112\nkey findings, "
9780814755297 - page_221: "START TEXT: 127–36\nletter to politician, 159–60\nand methodology, 161–75\n“not a disease,” 133\nquestionnaire, 141–" ******* END TEXT: "8, 76, 78, 123–24, 132, 151–55\nObsession: with pursuit of thinness, 5\nwith weight, 5\nOrtner, S., 70\n"
9780814755297 - page_222: "START TEXT: Overeaters Anonymous, 45, 56, 107\nand Feminist Step groups, 107\nhistory of, 148\nand interview, 162\nl" ******* END TEXT: "on, 68\nredeemer, 81, 100, 129\nsin and, 111, 113, 120, 122, 126\nspiritual, 77\nand suffering, 62, 129\n"
9780814755297 - page_223: "START TEXT: and surrender, 61\nas a virtue, 63\nwish for, x, 16\nRedmond, S., on Christian “virtues,” 63\nRepentance" ******* END TEXT: "s\nSin: “Better to be a sinner . . . ,” 16, 80\ndefect or, 132\nand disorder, 76\nnature, 46, 62, 70–73\n"
9780814755297 - page_224: "START TEXT: original, 61, 71–72, 88–89\n“planted through incest,” 17, 46\nand repentance, 65\nas self-confidence, 1" ******* END TEXT: "atic context, 5, 6, 33\nuse of Twelve-Step groups, 100–126\nTrust: ability to, x, 20, 35, 39, 81, 83, "
9780814755297 - page_225: "START TEXT: 90–91, 98, 108–9, 131\ndistrust, 54, 91, 130\nestablishing, 161\nin God, 20, 80, 89, 118\ninstincts, 116" ******* END TEXT: "., 57, 164\nWilliams, L. M., 151\nWilson, B., 147–48\nWinnicott, D. W., 93\nYoung-Eisendrath, P., 112\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Introduction\nSince 1983 I have been exploring the theologies of female survivors of sexual and domes" ******* END TEXT: " study in order to explore possible religious links among the women interviewed. All were initially "
9780814755297 - page_x: "START TEXT: sexually abused before age eight. All reveal that such a history has set the stage for their problem" ******* END TEXT: "l forever be a source of conflict.\nA survivor’s psychosocial conflict is not about food but about a "
9780814755297 - page_xi: "START TEXT: particularly gendered identity. As a woman, she has been taught, in myriad ways, to hang her securit" ******* END TEXT: "t power that enabled her to survive.\nAs these women begin to make their own connections among their "
9780814755297 - page_xii: "START TEXT: abuse, their religious discourse, and their nonconstructive coping behaviors, they can slowly shift " ******* END TEXT: "powerment and restoration to a community and themselves. But I also illustrate how such “belonging” "
9780814755297 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: requires a significant sacrifice—they must surrender their will to a “Higher Power.” They remain sed" ******* END TEXT: "f their abuse. Such a model for “recovery” is ultimately bound to fail the survivor of sexual abuse."
9780814755297 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_177: "START TEXT: Notes\nNotes to the Introduction\n1. Hilde Bruch, The Golden Cage: The Enigma of Anorexia Nervosa (Tor" ******* END TEXT: "ng Disorders: A Preliminary Description,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 19 (1985), no. 2/3:357-61."
9780814755297 - page_178: "START TEXT: \n6. Much of my methodology has come from directly working with Charles Strozier, co-director, with R" ******* END TEXT: "ld,” in Christianity, Patriarchy, and Abuse: A Feminist Critique (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1989), 1."
9780814755297 - page_179: "START TEXT: \n13. Ibid., 2.\n14. Mary Daly, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism (Boston: Beacon Press," ******* END TEXT: " Harper and Row, 1988), 136.\n2. Ellyn Kaschak, Engendered Lives (New York: Basic Books, 1992), 141. "
9780814755297 - page_180: "START TEXT: See also Diana Russell, “The Incidence and Prevalence of Intrafamilial and Extrafamilial Sexual Abus" ******* END TEXT: "York: Harper and Row, 1988).\n23. Lenore Walker, The Battered Woman (New York: Harper and Row, 1979)."
9780814755297 - page_181: "START TEXT: \n24. David Finkelhor and K. Yllo, License to Rape: Sexual Abuse of Wives (New York: Holt, Rinehart a" ******* END TEXT: "hildren (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 6. See also idem, For Your Own Good: Hidden Cruelty in Child-"
9780814755297 - page_182: "START TEXT: Rearing and the Roots of Violence (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1984), and idem, Thou Shalt " ******* END TEXT: "egories that see sexual abuse as a process rather than simply a violent event that results in PTSD. "
9780814755297 - page_183: "START TEXT: This process involves the context in which the abuse occurs, the victim’s shame is maintained, and t" ******* END TEXT: "Journal of Women in Culture and Society 18 (1993), no. 2: 274.\n70. Herman, Trauma and Recovery, 125."
9780814755297 - page_184: "START TEXT: \n71. Otto Kernberg, “Borderline Personality Organization,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic As" ******* END TEXT: "d Recovery, 109.\n92. Van der Kolk et al., “Childhood Origins of Self-Destructive Behavior,” 1665-71."
9780814755297 - page_185: "START TEXT: \n93. Herman, Trauma and Recovery, 109.\n94. Though 80 to 90 percent of sexual abuse is committed by m" ******* END TEXT: "g Disorders: A Preliminary Description,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 19 (1985), no. 2/3: 357-61."
9780814755297 - page_186: "START TEXT: \n7. Ochberg, Post-Traumatic Therapy, 7-8.\n8. Ibid.\n9. Over 300 million dollars is spent a year on co" ******* END TEXT: "ll anyone, they’ll take me (or your mother, or you) away. And no one will ever love or protect you.”"
9780814755297 - page_187: "START TEXT: \n26. I use the word “natural” to mean spontaneous expression. Too often, in a patriarchal culture su" ******* END TEXT: "ders 4 (1985): 15-39.\n40. This sentence could be read as mother bashing, which is not my intention. "
9780814755297 - page_188: "START TEXT: It is my belief that no individual should be held solely responsible for another’s well-being. It is" ******* END TEXT: "cular and Christian categories are difficult to distinguish in North America. For how children from "
9780814755297 - page_189: "START TEXT: religious homes are affected by sexual abuse, see Sheila A. Redmond, “Christian Virtues and Child Se" ******* END TEXT: "e. See Courtois, Healing the Incest Wound, 18. See also Russell, “Incidence and Prevalence,” 133-46."
9780814755297 - page_190: "START TEXT: \n18. Karen Horney, Neurosis and Human Growth (New York: W. W. Norton, 1950); idem, The Adolescent Di" ******* END TEXT: ", By Silence Betrayed: Sexual Abuse of Children in America (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 246-47."
9780814755297 - page_191: "START TEXT: \n31. Kathleen Z. Young, “The Imperishable Virginity of Saint Maria Goretti,” Gender and Society 3 (D" ******* END TEXT: "ess, Man’s World (Harmonds-worth, U.K.: Penguin, 1973), 29-30.\n40. Herman, Trauma and Recovery, 210."
9780814755297 - page_192: "START TEXT: \n41. Deuteronomy 5:16, The Bible, Revised Standard Edition.\n42. Miller, For Your Own Good.\n43. J. A." ******* END TEXT: "dson, “The Puritan Transformation of Marriage,” in Women and Religion, ed. R. R. Ruether (New York: "
9780814755297 - page_193: "START TEXT: Harper and Row, 1977), 144-45. For a more recent look at Christian dread of female equality, see the" ******* END TEXT: "ten her weightiness symbolizes her family’s greater material wealth and her reproductive potential. "
9780814755297 - page_194: "START TEXT: For more on the historical trend toward thinness, see Joan J. Brumberg, Fasting Girls: The History o" ******* END TEXT: "), 406. And see Donald Weinstein and Rudolph M. Bell, Saints and Society: The Two Worlds of Western "
9780814755297 - page_195: "START TEXT: Christendom, 1000-1700 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 33-36, cited in Bynum, Holy Fea" ******* END TEXT: "lman and Doris Brothers, “A Self-Psychological Reevaluation of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) "
9780814755297 - page_196: "START TEXT: and Its Treatment: Shattered Fantasies” Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 2 (1987), " ******* END TEXT: "nd Thou, trans. Walter Kaufman (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970), cited in Carter Hey ward, "
9780814755297 - page_197: "START TEXT: Touching Our Strength: The Erotic as Power and the Love of God (New York: Harper and Row, 1989), 14." ******* END TEXT: "In Joseph C. Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, "
9780814755297 - page_198: "START TEXT: 1973), 30. Also see the word monomyth used in James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake (New York: Viking Press, " ******* END TEXT: "eaters Anonymous, 1980), 6.\n32. See step 12 in Appendix C.\n33. Kasl, Many Roads, One Journey, 83-84."
9780814755297 - page_199: "START TEXT: \n34. See traditions 1 and 10 in The Twelve Steps of Overeaters Anonymous, 115.\n35. Fowler, Stages of" ******* END TEXT: "d Gender in Contemporary Social Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), 176-177.\n"
9780814755297 - page_200: "START TEXT: Notes to Chapter 7\n1. I am not referring here to sexually innocent play among “curious peers” (of wh" ******* END TEXT: "taken directly from Heidi Vanderbilt’s “Incest: A Chilling Report,” Lear’s, February 1992.\n2. Ibid.\n"
9780814755297 - page_201: "START TEXT: Notes to Appendix G\n1. All the information below is gathered from Vanderbilt’s “Incest: A Chilling R" ******* END TEXT: "See Thompson, “A Way Outa No Way,” 557.\n9. Westerlund, Women’s Sexuality after Childhood Incest, 72."
9780814755297 - page_202: "START TEXT: \n10. One of the offenders was a male babysitter twelve years older than the child victim.\n11. See Th" ******* END TEXT: "Women’s Sexuality after Childhood Incest.\n30. McCracken, Long Interview, 9.\n31. Ibid.\n32. Ibid., 20."
9780814755297 - page_203: "START TEXT: \n33. “Intensive Interviewing,” in The Research Interview: Uses and Approaches, ed. M. Brenner, J. Br" ******* END TEXT: "dministrative Science Quarterly 24 (December 1979): 590-601, cited in McCracken, Long Interview, 41."
9780814755297 - page_204: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755297 - page_ii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814755297 - page_iii: "START TEXT: FAITH BORN OF SEDUCTION\nSexual Trauma, Body Image, and Religion\nJennifer L. Manlowe\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "FAITH BORN OF SEDUCTION\nSexual Trauma, Body Image, and Religion\nJennifer L. Manlowe\n\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nA project such as this is obviously the product of a number of individuals—not only " ******* END TEXT: "with a project like this; and, as always, my daughters, Carrie and Megan—my contexts in all things.\n"
9780814755471 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_1: "START TEXT: 1Introduction: Identity Politics in the College Classroom,or Whose Issue Is This, Anyway?\nKATHERINE " ******* END TEXT: "ty undergraduate enrollment.1\nWooed and welcomed into institutions where they nevertheless remained "
9780814755471 - page_10: "START TEXT: more generally, from institution to institution. These differences are definable not only in terms o" ******* END TEXT: " experience in a women’s literature class that can serve as a cautionary tale for all faculty about "
9780814755471 - page_11: "START TEXT: the complex identities of every one of our students. Like many essayists in this anthology, her prac" ******* END TEXT: "he material that he or she teaches.\nAccustomed to having her scholarship challenged on the basis of "
9780814755471 - page_12: "START TEXT: her racial identity, Jacqueline Jones, noted historian in the area of African American women’s histo" ******* END TEXT: " from student papers that demonstrate the double bind of “non-Caucasian” teachers, who must contend "
9780814755471 - page_13: "START TEXT: with, on the one hand, students’ low expectations of their ability to teach authoritatively, and on " ******* END TEXT: "is as good a defense of faculty seriousness about teaching as any of us could wish for; his account "
9780814755471 - page_14: "START TEXT: of a twenty-year struggle with “a recalcitrant text (and students)” provides not only a “concrete ac" ******* END TEXT: "es,” not as a function of race, gender, or ethnicity. The potential productiveness of transgressing "
9780814755471 - page_15: "START TEXT: identity lines and disciplinary specializations is demonstrated within his account of student experi" ******* END TEXT: "erican woman about African American women as a way of demonstrating the disadvantages a white woman "
9780814755471 - page_16: "START TEXT: brings to reading or viewing material emerging from a culture not her own. She recognizes that her o" ******* END TEXT: "ss all about itself and its sustaining ideology. Given this context, it is important to foresee any "
9780814755471 - page_17: "START TEXT: implications of the identity/credibility debate that could be used as canon fodder by those whom Bob" ******* END TEXT: ", but none of those reasons constitutes a qualification. These fields have developed the reputation "
9780814755471 - page_18: "START TEXT: of “anybody-can-play pick-up game[s],” to use Ann duCille’s rather chilling phrase,5 which will have" ******* END TEXT: "orted my attempt to understand the position of my challengers. Those in the former camp were almost "
9780814755471 - page_19: "START TEXT: exclusively white, those in the latter, African American. Most interesting (and troubling), the disa" ******* END TEXT: "ine J. “White Feminists Who Study Black Writers.” Chronicle of Higher Education, 12 Oct. 1994, A48.\n"
9780814755471 - page_2: "START TEXT: distinctly marginal, African Americans and other minorities banded into campus communities whose bad" ******* END TEXT: "the creation of a university climate in which knowledge, authority, and relationships are routinely "
9780814755471 - page_20: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_3: "START TEXT: exploded, politicized, or, to use a popular neologism of the 1990s, problematized.\nIn a setting wher" ******* END TEXT: "fy a variety of pedagogical and scholarly offenses conceivable only within a context of politicized "
9780814755471 - page_4: "START TEXT: identity. Those being challenged are for the most part white men and women in the humanities and soc" ******* END TEXT: "ve lawmakers. To borrow the title of a recent book on the subject, higher education is under fire.2\n"
9780814755471 - page_5: "START TEXT: The challenges aimed at higher education constitute a familiar litany: tuitions are too high; facult" ******* END TEXT: " qualifications, and goals as teachers and as scholars. The image of the professoriate that emerges "
9780814755471 - page_6: "START TEXT: from these essays powerfully belies the negative image currently circulated by its critics.\nOne migh" ******* END TEXT: "cated have neglected to subject their teaching to the same interrogations that have so dramatically "
9780814755471 - page_7: "START TEXT: altered what they teach and to whom. To reiterate a crucial point: the current challenges to credibi" ******* END TEXT: "f the course is as much a means as an end—a tool through which certain widely applicable skills and "
9780814755471 - page_8: "START TEXT: perspectives can be developed. For Nancy J. Peterson, teaching American literature means more than t" ******* END TEXT: ", Powers is disturbed by the likelihood that her students will be influenced by her mode of “gazing "
9780814755471 - page_9: "START TEXT: at skin, language, habits of conversation, music, ways of relating that are different from my own.” " ******* END TEXT: "s of the numerous differences that exist in student populations—both within a particular class and, "
9780814755471 - page_195: "START TEXT: 10Pro/(Con)fessing Otherness: Trans(cending)national Identities in the English Classroom\nLAVINA DHIN" ******* END TEXT: "r teaching a language and literature that are not her “own,” in what is not Herland, I will briefly "
9780814755471 - page_196: "START TEXT: analyze In Other Worlds, by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, a simultaneously mainstreamed and yet margin" ******* END TEXT: "e repeatedly finds herself allied with American academics.10 Not surprisingly, Gayatri Spivak takes "
9780814755471 - page_197: "START TEXT: over and begins talking in the same breath about Freud, Marx, Nietzsche, and Derrida. The postcoloni" ******* END TEXT: "scusses issues about “race.”17\nDiscussions focused on cultural diversity, racism, multiculturalism, "
9780814755471 - page_198: "START TEXT: and global awareness evoke a certain resistance even when a “white” teacher informs “white” upper-le" ******* END TEXT: "ich student community to identify with.\nThat is where my question “who are ‘we’?” with reference to "
9780814755471 - page_199: "START TEXT: Spivak’s identity politics becomes relevant. Should “minority” teachers align themselves with “major" ******* END TEXT: "ho were considered “ethnic” not so long ago, such as Jews, Irish, and Italians) perceive themselves "
9780814755471 - page_200: "START TEXT: as a homogeneous community rooted in “Western culture,” as opposed to “them,” all those “other,” “no" ******* END TEXT: " nation, I knew of a different history of Barbados than the spring break haven for American college "
9780814755471 - page_201: "START TEXT: students; having grown up in a poor Third World nation, I had witnessed poverty (if not experienced " ******* END TEXT: "ducation and not by racial heritage, then isn’t the postcolonial feminist teacher also a product of "
9780814755471 - page_202: "START TEXT: “Western” civilization, just like her “Euramerican” students? While growing up in post-British indep" ******* END TEXT: "the majority that is oppressed. However, in imbibing (or unconsciously catering to) the ideological "
9780814755471 - page_203: "START TEXT: positions of my professors in America (both “white” and “colored,” “majority” and “minority,” “nativ" ******* END TEXT: "gry against the “dominant” “white” culture; similarly, I feel alienated from Asian American females "
9780814755471 - page_204: "START TEXT: whose immigrant parents have given them such a strong diet of their native culture and traditions th" ******* END TEXT: "r is very different from the heterosexual authors whose works she may wish to teach. Does it follow "
9780814755471 - page_205: "START TEXT: from this line of thinking that they cannot, therefore, “teach what they are not”?\nIf we must only “" ******* END TEXT: "s in, say, “mainstream” Romantic and Victorian British literature, while academic cultural politics "
9780814755471 - page_206: "START TEXT: dictate that, as a “minority,” she must “teach only what she is,” that is, teach about “race” in mul" ******* END TEXT: "sthetes,”36 consumers of their native culture) for the sake of career advancement in the capitalist "
9780814755471 - page_207: "START TEXT: academic job market “jungle,” where they must “sell” their “selves” yet again as “orientalized”37 ob" ******* END TEXT: "or Conrad into exotic “temples, mosques, caves” or into the “heart of darkness” in the Indian short "
9780814755471 - page_208: "START TEXT: stories that follow. Before espousing the cause of Third World feminism, she perhaps wishes acceptan" ******* END TEXT: "m and Critical Theory,” 92.\n15. The canon revision debate is too lengthy to reproduce here. For the "
9780814755471 - page_209: "START TEXT: various conflicting positions, see especially Paul Lauter, Canons and Contexts (New York: Oxford Uni" ******* END TEXT: "sley an University Press, 1973).\n21. The term “subaltern” has been popularized by Spivak’s renowned "
9780814755471 - page_210: "START TEXT: essay “Can the Subaltern Speak?” in Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, ed. Cary Nelson and L" ******* END TEXT: "irley Garner, Clare Kahane, and Madelon Sprengnether (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985), 258.\n"
9780814755471 - page_211: "START TEXT: 27. Cf. Louis Althusser, “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes towards an Investigation" ******* END TEXT: "n understand Jewish suffering, only formerly colonial subjects can understand colonial experience.\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_212: "START TEXT: Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York: Knopf, 1993), 31. A similar idea is echoed by Spivak" ******* END TEXT: "acques. Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri C. Spivak. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.\n"
9780814755471 - page_213: "START TEXT: D’Souza, Dinesh. Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus. New York: Free Press, " ******* END TEXT: "ssberg, eds. Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986.\n"
9780814755471 - page_214: "START TEXT: Ngugi wa Thiong’o. Decoionising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature. London: Ja" ******* END TEXT: "ry: Dialogues on Feminist Criticism, ed. Linda Kauffman, 121–39. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1989.\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_215: "START TEXT: 11Caliban in the Classroom\nINDIRA KARAMCHETI\nNow don’t get me wrong: I’ve got nothing against Caliba" ******* END TEXT: "ce, often with an imperfectly concealed political agenda. We are the local and the regional opposed "
9780814755471 - page_216: "START TEXT: to the universality of the West, nature to its culture, instinct to its intellect, body to its brain" ******* END TEXT: " personal—the facts of race and ethnicity—with the professional—a teacher’s authority to speak with "
9780814755471 - page_217: "START TEXT: credibility, and thereby to educate, to lead out—came home to me when I first began teaching, as a t" ******* END TEXT: "cal strategies they employed.\nAlmost all the essays began with the claim that the author personally "
9780814755471 - page_218: "START TEXT: had no prejudice; these students claimed to judge whether a teacher was good or not on purely “objec" ******* END TEXT: "ption of her.\n\nImmediately thereafter, the same student chose to describe me to me in these terms:\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_219: "START TEXT: My only other nonCaucasian teacher is my current English teacher. My first impression upon viewing h" ******* END TEXT: "w he was capable of, teaching his language”). On the other hand, an African American man who taught "
9780814755471 - page_220: "START TEXT: biology is judged in retrospect as not competent on the grounds of disorganization and inconsistency" ******* END TEXT: "he differences of race or ethnicity, is granted within the confines of certain more or less clearly "
9780814755471 - page_221: "START TEXT: defined boundaries. And the boundaries, though flexible, are drawn within the shadow lines of authen" ******* END TEXT: "utional prejudice, and so on. Placing “others” center stage has salutary political and disciplinary "
9780814755471 - page_222: "START TEXT: effects in the study of literature. But the hunt for resistance on the part of the subaltern figure " ******* END TEXT: "ce at face value is to confuse the real and important—and political—work that is the proper work of "
9780814755471 - page_223: "START TEXT: academia with a misdirected call to popular, “grassroots” action to replace it. The unspoken subtext" ******* END TEXT: "ait for the minority teacher in the classroom is, of course, Prospero himself. The minority teacher "
9780814755471 - page_224: "START TEXT: can cast himself or herself as the traditional authoritarian personality, the hard-driving, brillian" ******* END TEXT: "o provide intellectual guides, schema, methods of analysis that will lead to more and more accurate "
9780814755471 - page_225: "START TEXT: interpretations has already produced analytical blueprints such as blues ideology, signifying or the" ******* END TEXT: "means to make race visible, and thereby to undermine its authority in the classroom; simultaneously "
9780814755471 - page_226: "START TEXT: to question its meaningfulness and to insist on its importance in shaping our understanding of the w" ******* END TEXT: "e titled “Pedagogy: The Question of the Personal,” held at the Center for Twentieth Century Studies "
9780814755471 - page_227: "START TEXT: at the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, April 15–17, 1993. It is being published by Indiana Unive" ******* END TEXT: "ord University Press, 1988); and Barbara Harlow, Resistance Literature (New York: Methuen, 1987).\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_228: "START TEXT: 12A Paradox of Silence: Reflections of a Man Who Teaches Women s Studies\nCRAIG W. HELLER\nPeople ofte" ******* END TEXT: "essentialism, makes for a moot point) or, worse, supposes that feminist teachers, whether female or "
9780814755471 - page_229: "START TEXT: male, need only follow certain pedagogical principles in order to fit the label. One of the purposes" ******* END TEXT: "tudy found that students see young women teachers as less capable than young men teachers, but that "
9780814755471 - page_230: "START TEXT: older women are believed to be the best teachers even though they are seen to be on a par with older" ******* END TEXT: "tly reprehensible, interpretations of subjectivity that bind our own sense of identity as teachers.\n"
9780814755471 - page_231: "START TEXT: Heald goes on to argue, and I would agree, that a part of feminist pedagogy should be to question th" ******* END TEXT: "ould not always be viewed as counterproductive to our politics. Feminism is a politics that is both "
9780814755471 - page_232: "START TEXT: historical and contingent on existing social relations. I [have] no problem justifying the use of my" ******* END TEXT: "rm a sense of community with their group members and, by extension, with the class as a whole. To a "
9780814755471 - page_233: "START TEXT: large extent, this sense of community replaces any need on my part to exercise control overtly.\nBy r" ******* END TEXT: "t the “norm” and students have been taught that when the “norm” speaks, they should sit up and take "
9780814755471 - page_234: "START TEXT: note. Even after weeks of nearly silent participation, I need only raise my voice or adopt a stern d" ******* END TEXT: "nts as men who respect and support feminist agendas, but, on the other, we represent the patriarchy "
9780814755471 - page_235: "START TEXT: and everything our students expect of it. Where is the balance between male silence and male authori" ******* END TEXT: "orts this perception among all members. This requires that the teacher agree not to exercise all of "
9780814755471 - page_236: "START TEXT: her/his power and to allow the students to explore and experiment with their own senses of identity—" ******* END TEXT: "Nice: bell hooks and Feminist Pedagogy.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Conference on "
9780814755471 - page_237: "START TEXT: College Composition and Communication, San Diego, March 31–April 3, 1993.\nFreire, Paulo. Pedagogy of" ******* END TEXT: "f Feminist Teaching, ed. M. Culley and C. Portuges, 253–64. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985.\n"
9780814755471 - page_238: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_241: "START TEXT: 13Teaching in the Multiracial Classroom:Reconsidering “Benito Cereno”\nROBERT S. LEVINE\nAvailable in " ******* END TEXT: "ous professors. (An emphasis on the synchronic is evident as well in attacks on multiculturalism in "
9780814755471 - page_242: "START TEXT: Paul Berman’s Debating P.C., Roger Kimball’s Tenured Radicals, and Richard Bernstein’s Dictatorship " ******* END TEXT: " the more spectacular novels of Stendhal, Dickens, Tolstoy, and others, in an honors seminar called "
9780814755471 - page_243: "START TEXT: Colloquium on the History, Language, Literature and Philosophy of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centu" ******* END TEXT: "lt, but in many ways one of the most satisfying, things I do as a professor of American literature.\n"
9780814755471 - page_244: "START TEXT: Like many critics of “Benito Cereno,” I read Melville’s novella as an antislavery narrative that, by" ******* END TEXT: " just as Delano was blind to slavery’s evil and the blacks’ humanity, so these elite white liberals "
9780814755471 - page_245: "START TEXT: (and students at Stanford were mostly liberal in those days) were blind to the ways their happy idyl" ******* END TEXT: "licitly revealed as rebels and conspirators. In this way I can foreground interpretive issues: What "
9780814755471 - page_246: "START TEXT: is going on aboard the San Dominick? To what extent should we trust Delano’s perceptions of the blac" ******* END TEXT: "fied. And it must then have been additionally infuriating for them to return to class on the second "
9780814755471 - page_247: "START TEXT: day, when we could talk more knowledgeably about Melville’s narrative tactics and racial politics, t" ******* END TEXT: "uing (as I did in the classroom and in my scholarship) for the transhistorical power of the novella "
9780814755471 - page_248: "START TEXT: inevitably meant that I would have to elide the politics of identity from a text that, in many respe" ******* END TEXT: " whites and blacks alike, and inevitably would have been interpreted in different ways by different "
9780814755471 - page_249: "START TEXT: readers. Indeed, it could be argued that the very multiplicity of interpretations the novella was ca" ******* END TEXT: "perspectives, students can also more authoritatively resist or question Melville’s representational "
9780814755471 - page_250: "START TEXT: strategies, and they feel more confident in resisting and questioning my own admittedly liberal read" ******* END TEXT: "rade on how exaggerated such a depiction was, that there was no one on our faculty that obtuse, and "
9780814755471 - page_251: "START TEXT: so on. What I hadn’t considered at the time was just how similar were my own actions, when teaching " ******* END TEXT: "g, Delano must make sense of Spanish, Catholics, and blacks, and he proceeds to do so in ways that, "
9780814755471 - page_252: "START TEXT: for his time (and for Melville’s), could be called intellectually advanced. Like many Northern advoc" ******* END TEXT: " identity takes precedence over individual identity, will almost always work against good teaching. "
9780814755471 - page_253: "START TEXT: Yet it can be difficult, in the current political context, not to view individuals in relation to a " ******* END TEXT: "orical experiences of groups and individuals.12 Recently, in an effort to personalize my reading of "
9780814755471 - page_254: "START TEXT: the text, and to encourage my black students in particular not to link me historically with Melville" ******* END TEXT: "er breast-beating confession of guilt by someone out to win his liberal spurs. Nevertheless, I will "
9780814755471 - page_255: "START TEXT: continue to worry over the misprisions and gropings so central to my pedagogical experiences, for I " ******* END TEXT: "gro History 41 (October 1956): 311–38; 42 (January 1957): 11–37; H. Bruce Franklin, The Wake of the "
9780814755471 - page_256: "START TEXT: Gods: Melville’s Mythology (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1963); and Robert Lowell, “Benito C" ******* END TEXT: "ity of Chicago Press, i960). For a discussion of racism among antebellum abolitionists, see Leon F. "
9780814755471 - page_257: "START TEXT: Litwack, North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790–1860 (Chicago: University of Chicago P" ******* END TEXT: "constructing American Literature: Courses, Syllabi, Issues. Old Westbury, NY: Feminist Press, 1983.\n"
9780814755471 - page_258: "START TEXT: Lauter, Paul, et al., eds., The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, " ******* END TEXT: "signs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790–1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_259: "START TEXT: 14“Young Man, Tell Our Stories of How We Made It Over”: Beyond the Politics of Identity\nGARY L. LEMO" ******* END TEXT: "ism, and homophobia, I construct a form of identity politics that moves beyond unitary, monolithic, "
9780814755471 - page_260: "START TEXT: heterosexist, nationalist, and essentialized race/gender boundaries of who I am, should be, ought to" ******* END TEXT: "hat engaged pedagogy requires and to make their teaching practices sites of resistance. (1994, 21)\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_261: "START TEXT: As a professor committed to education as a liberatory experience, I interpret hooks to mean that nar" ******* END TEXT: "y” process, laying bare my thoughts on what I choose to call the conundrums of “black/male/feminist "
9780814755471 - page_262: "START TEXT: positionality.” This represents a standpoint fraught with contradiction, in which the notion of “fem" ******* END TEXT: " matter for women” brands feminism as a separatist ideology that subscribes to women only thinking. "
9780814755471 - page_263: "START TEXT: Not only is this idea sexist, it promotes a form of essentialist thought that fails to hold men acco" ******* END TEXT: "eminism from the evils of men who desire nothing more than to take it over, Heath argues a position "
9780814755471 - page_264: "START TEXT: that supports the stance of antifeminist men, who refuse any move to (re)conceptualize manhood and m" ******* END TEXT: "d a radical revisioning of gender relations beyond all forms of domination, including heterosexism.\n"
9780814755471 - page_265: "START TEXT: Teaching Black Lesbian Subjectivity: From Homegirls to Sister Outsider and Back Again\nTeaching cours" ******* END TEXT: "s all forms of domination, it is crucial that black women and women of color theorize the feminine.\n"
9780814755471 - page_266: "START TEXT: For the first time in my teaching career as a college professor, I determined to place at the center" ******* END TEXT: " paradigmatic relationship to an autobiographical short story Lorde composed for Homegirls entitled "
9780814755471 - page_267: "START TEXT: “Tar Beach.” The first piece of fiction we chose to read in the anthology, it represented a space of" ******* END TEXT: "ork City in the late 1950s between the Village and Harlem, “Tar Beach” autobiographically unfolds a "
9780814755471 - page_268: "START TEXT: woman-identified cultural landscape where Lorde describes/represents/celebrates butch/femme fashion," ******* END TEXT: "-yellow dot formed suggestive sculptures that made a great hit with all the women present. (14647)\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_269: "START TEXT: As if in preparation for the erotic entrance of Afrekete into the narrator’s psychic, spiritual, emo" ******* END TEXT: "ure of the couple’s reunion. In the Page Three, a “gay-girl” bar frequented by Audre, she and Kitty "
9780814755471 - page_270: "START TEXT: resume their dancing—this time to Frankie Lymon’s “Goody, Goody” and calypso music by Harry Belafont" ******* END TEXT: "nt of sunlight “through the mass of green plants that Afrekete tended religiously .” In a moment of "
9780814755471 - page_271: "START TEXT: passionate intimacy, she observes hers and Afrekete’s as “sacred” bodies in the moonlight (150–57, i" ******* END TEXT: "bodies into sites for fertile cultivation via fruit from the islands. The most sensually eroticized "
9780814755471 - page_272: "START TEXT: passages in the text poetically depict the central place exotic fruit occupies in their lovemaking.\n" ******* END TEXT: "hip, so nature conspires with the liquid of fruit and body juices to inform the intensity of erotic "
9780814755471 - page_273: "START TEXT: pleasure, dream, desire. Sanctioned by the light of a “Midsummer Eve’s Moon,” Audre and Afrekete “ma" ******* END TEXT: "hetical” (55–56, italics added).\nAs a text constructed in autobiographical reflection, first-person "
9780814755471 - page_274: "START TEXT: telling steers the narrative movement of “Tar Beach”; the voice we hear most often is Audre’s, point" ******* END TEXT: "ete’s] print remains upon [her] life with the resonance and power of an emotional tattoo” (157–58).\n"
9780814755471 - page_275: "START TEXT: “Teaching (Myself) to Transgress”: Putting the Theory of an Engaged Pedagogy into Practice\nThis sect" ******* END TEXT: "by black lesbians, my only contact with fiction centering around lesbian subjectivity, written by a "
9780814755471 - page_276: "START TEXT: lesbian had been through ... a white lesbian writer. I now feel my personal/political views of lesbi" ******* END TEXT: " refocused on the ties within the group while at the same time taking into account the differences. "
9780814755471 - page_277: "START TEXT: They helped me realize that it is possible for us to find unity through difference. (italics added)\n" ******* END TEXT: "ts and what one “is” (as if the sum total of any individual could be reduced to a single identity). "
9780814755471 - page_278: "START TEXT: At times it appeared that the differences between us were too great to overcome. At other times, we " ******* END TEXT: "ts when they are asked to unpack the baggage around the identity problematics they bring with them.\n"
9780814755471 - page_279: "START TEXT: I remember distinctly one class session of the Redefining Womanhood course when certain of the women" ******* END TEXT: "rs of Africa, edited by Margaret Busby, texts that located themselves in a diasporic representation "
9780814755471 - page_280: "START TEXT: of black women/women of color. Many of the essays, stories, poems, and memoirs were by biracial and " ******* END TEXT: "n of sexuality. About the impact of postcolonial nation/state analysis, one woman had this to say:\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_281: "START TEXT: One of the most interesting and intense readings we [did] this semester [was] M. Jacqui Alexander’s " ******* END TEXT: "ationship to Jacqui Alexander affirms the cross-gender comradeship bell hooks speaks of in Feminist "
9780814755471 - page_282: "START TEXT: Theory: From Margin to Center, where women and men struggle together in feminist solidarity to end t" ******* END TEXT: "C”-titled courses neatly cross-referenced under the rubrics of black, gender, feminist, and women’s "
9780814755471 - page_283: "START TEXT: studies, I work across academic and political locations, representing a complex pedagogical practice" ******* END TEXT: " Methuen, 1987.\nhooks, bell. Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. Boston: South End Press, 1984.\n"
9780814755471 - page_284: "START TEXT: ———. Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom. New York: Routledge, 1994.\nJames," ******* END TEXT: ", ed. Homegirls: A Black Feminist Anthology. New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 1983.\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_285: "START TEXT: 15Disciplines and Their Discomforts:The Challenges of Study and Service Abroad\nGERARD ACHING\nBy the " ******* END TEXT: "mplicit criticism of today’s political climate. I was struck by the logic and resonances of Forrest "
9780814755471 - page_286: "START TEXT: Gump’s retort to anyone who questioned his intelligence: “Stupid is as stupid does!”\nGump’s adage do" ******* END TEXT: "isodes, his fatuity appears to function as a disclaimer against politicization. Gump, we are led to "
9780814755471 - page_287: "START TEXT: believe, is such a simpleton that he could not possibly possess a political consciousness. But becau" ******* END TEXT: " how well we do. My goal is to illustrate that this identity-based definition of credibility can be "
9780814755471 - page_288: "START TEXT: misleading and essentialist in a debilitating and counterproductive manner for scholarship and that " ******* END TEXT: "onal discrimination is harmful because it exerts pressures on these scholars to “produce” gendered, "
9780814755471 - page_289: "START TEXT: racialized, or orientalized discourses that are locked into embattled positions within academia. Thi" ******* END TEXT: " delivered at the Sorbonne in 1882), and in literatures also informed by such notions of community, "
9780814755471 - page_290: "START TEXT: nationhood, and citizenship. Such an assessment, of course, is mostly available through critical hin" ******* END TEXT: "“that is not my field”? There is no denying that our academic freedom gives us the right to proffer "
9780814755471 - page_291: "START TEXT: such statements. Understandably, it is also difficult to keep abreast of new developments in every r" ******* END TEXT: "l power. But it is successfully launched into circulation only when etherealized as the ‘something’ "
9780814755471 - page_292: "START TEXT: of a nonreciprocal private self-enrichment” (439). If it is certain that identities can be commodifi" ******* END TEXT: "lroy argues that slavery was “internal to the structure of western civilisation” (9) and posits the "
9780814755471 - page_293: "START TEXT: Black Atlantic as a “counterculture of modernity.” These approaches all engage with ongoing debates " ******* END TEXT: "ly constituted by difference.\nThe personal and intellectual discomforts I describe in the following "
9780814755471 - page_294: "START TEXT: section illustrate some of the ways self-knowledge is constantly being pressured either to respect, " ******* END TEXT: " of deconstructive practices I pointed out earlier in the works of James, Morrison, and Gilroy.1 In "
9780814755471 - page_295: "START TEXT: Limón, Costa Rica, my students and I were not only observers but participants in ongoing cultural ch" ******* END TEXT: "g study abroad with volunteer service. Participants will work closely with Limón’s English-speaking "
9780814755471 - page_296: "START TEXT: community at their invitation. In return for the exceptional responsibility that students undertake," ******* END TEXT: "nding the notion of community beyond national borders. Before leaving for Costa Rica, I had intended"
9780814755471 - page_297: "START TEXT: to develop and evaluate a theory and practice of citizenship that would emphasize the interconnecte" ******* END TEXT: "ns or residents, and their national/cultural backgrounds included Afro-Panamanian, Bermudan, Puerto "
9780814755471 - page_298: "START TEXT: Rican/Dominican, Irish-American, Indo-Trinidadian, Jewish-American, and Honduran/Salvadoran. Their s" ******* END TEXT: "hat teaching English at St. Mark’s was no inconsequential affair. The most immediate and resolvable "
9780814755471 - page_299: "START TEXT: difficulties were logistical. By the beginning of our second week, however, the students began voici" ******* END TEXT: " their children in Costa Rican schools for several generations, preferring instead to teach them in "
9780814755471 - page_300: "START TEXT: their own denominational schools. Today, the official language of instruction is Spanish, and most o" ******* END TEXT: "ly due to disease and the difficult terrain, the government withdrew its own laborers, and American "
9780814755471 - page_301: "START TEXT: contractors brought in workers from nearby British colonies. The advantage of West Indian laborers f" ******* END TEXT: "added a complexity to the presence of mostly white tourists who help “to retard the encroachment of "
9780814755471 - page_302: "START TEXT: Spanish while simultaneously slowing the sagging prestige of English” (Purcell 114). Because “[w]hit" ******* END TEXT: "t this and you learnt that, and you knew a Jack for a Jack and an Ace for an Ace. You were alright. "
9780814755471 - page_303: "START TEXT: Nothing would ever go pop, pop, pop in your head. You had language to safeguard you. (154)\n\nThis “po" ******* END TEXT: "lish at home. Some students, therefore, required English as a foreign language and others needed it "
9780814755471 - page_304: "START TEXT: to be taught as a second language. This situation cannot be resolved unless St. Mark’s also begins t" ******* END TEXT: "ls and efficacy of their vol-unteerism. But this inability to visualize the whole should not hamper "
9780814755471 - page_305: "START TEXT: their and our interest in critiquing institutional and other forms of official knowledge. Our presen" ******* END TEXT: "e poststructuralist activism, my students exhibited their gumption, if you permit me this pun, when "
9780814755471 - page_306: "START TEXT: they began to imagine and appreciate the frontiers of their own self-understanding.\nNOTES\nI would li" ******* END TEXT: "obins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution. 2nd ed. New York: Vintage Books, 1989.\n"
9780814755471 - page_307: "START TEXT: Lamming, George. In the Castle of My Skin. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991.\nMohanty, S" ******* END TEXT: "on, Larry, and Elizabeth Fox-Genovese. “Debating Political Correctness.” Academe 81 (1995): 8-15.\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_308: "START TEXT: 16Scratching Heads: The Importance of Sensitivity in an Analysis of “Others”\nDONNA J. WATSON\nOne dis" ******* END TEXT: "s oral traditions, including idioms such as the verbal “girl” and “chile” and the nonverbal rolling "
9780814755471 - page_309: "START TEXT: of eyes, and sth (sucking of teeth). I personally would be upset listening to an interpretation of a" ******* END TEXT: "re threads connecting the African within us: underlying philosophical trusses, a central cosmology, "
9780814755471 - page_310: "START TEXT: or controlling ideal bind us together as “black” and make us unique, rather than opposite to white N" ******* END TEXT: "a, however, resulted in the repression of our languages and denial of access to the written English "
9780814755471 - page_311: "START TEXT: tradition; the knowledge of books that relate ideas, communicate, educate, and inform was the legacy" ******* END TEXT: "hand in the metamorphosis from a free thinking-acting people to the altered state of slave, usually "
9780814755471 - page_312: "START TEXT: by inciting the fear of death through cultural and racial annihilation, as in the case of Nazi Germa" ******* END TEXT: " for black women writers like Morrison to assist us in understanding and transcending the pain this "
9780814755471 - page_313: "START TEXT: world has inflicted on itself. To name the fears that help us perceive the ghosts, invisible to othe" ******* END TEXT: " object of further exploitation.\nAlthough we are not enemies, still we fear. But what is it that we "
9780814755471 - page_314: "START TEXT: fear? Perhaps by naming it, by scratching heads, by identifying and exchanging our views, whatever o" ******* END TEXT: " put a stop to this fear and this estrangement if we are sensitive, strong, and spiritual enough.\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_315: "START TEXT: 17Who Holds the Mirror? Creating “the Consciousness of the Others”\nMARY ELIZABETH LANSER\nI want to t" ******* END TEXT: "ased education. Ask me to talk about vouchers, or community control of education, and I will likely "
9780814755471 - page_316: "START TEXT: begin my discussion with nineteenth-century African Free Schools. I may then leap the Atlantic to ta" ******* END TEXT: "emented in Africa through official development assistance. The interaction between national policy, "
9780814755471 - page_317: "START TEXT: administrative regulations, ideology, and local needs and conditions was fascinating to me. I wanted" ******* END TEXT: " any real “place” to return from?\nCertainly there was no place where the complexities of my choices "
9780814755471 - page_318: "START TEXT: and my natality were automatically recognized. I was never accepted automatically in the black commu" ******* END TEXT: ", economic considerations, political exigencies, individual preferences, and institutional mandates "
9780814755471 - page_319: "START TEXT: to which individual knowing is frequently subordinated. The collection of experiences and what I hav" ******* END TEXT: "ective among academics, who tend to prefer holding their own mirrors—much as I prefer taking out my "
9780814755471 - page_320: "START TEXT: own splinters. For some scholars, criticism is a matter of perspective—detached, analytical, and dis" ******* END TEXT: "d by mainstream scholarship or appropriated by it. Although W. E. B. Du Bois, with his Philadelphia "
9780814755471 - page_321: "START TEXT: Negro, was one of the earliest pioneers in American sociology, the Carnegie Corporation looked to Sw" ******* END TEXT: "icult to bridge. White scholars who scoff at the defensiveness of black scholars and black students "
9780814755471 - page_322: "START TEXT: or the assertion of “natural” right to self-representation in the academy sound irrationally argumen" ******* END TEXT: "olars of African American life.\nWitvilet is important, in more general terms, because he represents "
9780814755471 - page_323: "START TEXT: a growing interest by European scholars in black studies. In Europe, black American social, politica" ******* END TEXT: " for harm or good to the black community, as he or she defines “community.” Black scholar-activists "
9780814755471 - page_324: "START TEXT: often challenge accepted orthodoxy in any number of disciplines in the social sciences and the human" ******* END TEXT: "ome were maimed; others died.\nVital to understanding the issues of perspective and characterization "
9780814755471 - page_325: "START TEXT: in the teaching of black history and culture, and other disciplines important to black people, is an" ******* END TEXT: "scussions of black studies began in the late 1960s with the inauguration of the first black studies "
9780814755471 - page_326: "START TEXT: department at San Francisco State University, or even later with the first black studies department " ******* END TEXT: "e step removed from “brute creation.”2\nEducation for self-knowledge and self-determination was more "
9780814755471 - page_327: "START TEXT: than a matter of disproving the social Darwinists. Stewart emphasizes that the temporal focus for bl" ******* END TEXT: " the term “African” was used to denote all people of African descent. “African” was replaced in the "
9780814755471 - page_328: "START TEXT: freed black community, in the early decades of the nineteenth century, with the phrase “men of color" ******* END TEXT: "people. The reality of unity-in-blackness and the reality of differences in the black experience do "
9780814755471 - page_329: "START TEXT: not emerge in obvious patterns of cause and result. White scholars and policy makers frequently stre" ******* END TEXT: "rvation by the dominant culture.\nIn order to put this notion of unity and diversity in perspective, "
9780814755471 - page_330: "START TEXT: let us return to yet another nineteenth-century example that still is instructive for the present. C" ******* END TEXT: "more than myth-making a feelgood curriculum. It is the crux of much of the paradox of black history "
9780814755471 - page_331: "START TEXT: and black culture and it is the source of its uniqueness and strength. The focus on Africa and the d" ******* END TEXT: " argue for expanded budgets for black studies programs and departments than to argue the color line "
9780814755471 - page_332: "START TEXT: for black studies faculty, I realize that the present gains have been long in coming, and difficult " ******* END TEXT: " it guide and permeate my research.\nMy last thought is that I have always hoped to be able to forge "
9780814755471 - page_333: "START TEXT: interracial bridges to critical thinking and humane action by teaching and writing what I live. Ther" ******* END TEXT: "s, Their Thoughts, Their Feelings (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976), 238."
9780814755471 - page_334: "START TEXT: \n6. Gerald Graff, Beyond the Culture Wars: How Teaching the Conflict Can Revitalize American Educati" ******* END TEXT: "The Hermeneutical Challenge of Black Theology as Theology of Liberation. London: SCM Press, 1987.\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_335: "START TEXT: 18Daughters of the Dust, the White Woman Viewer, and the Unborn Child\nRENÉE R. CURRY\nThe first featu" ******* END TEXT: " literature.2 Preparation for journeying floods the on-screen imagery in Daughters of the Dust, and "
9780814755471 - page_336: "START TEXT: discussions about journeying abound as the Gullah peoples living on the Sea Islands along the coast " ******* END TEXT: "oni Cade Bambara’s description of the film’s opening reminds me to transcend the general accuracies "
9780814755471 - page_337: "START TEXT: of my “privileged” white gaze. She immediately situates more complex axes of journeys defined by pol" ******* END TEXT: "licated for a white woman, because while trying to study the accuracies of history, while trying to "
9780814755471 - page_338: "START TEXT: shift the weight of whiteness so that I can see and attempt to understand new particulars regarding " ******* END TEXT: "rtainly must undertake a spiritual as well as an intellectual and emotional transformation in order "
9780814755471 - page_339: "START TEXT: to experience this film with any sense of the integrity with which Julie Dash made it.\nThe motif of " ******* END TEXT: "ion we have?14 And Toni Morrison suggests that along with the continued study of racism’s impact on "
9780814755471 - page_340: "START TEXT: African Americans, we should study “the impact of racism on those who perpetuate it.”15 The varied m" ******* END TEXT: " carry the burden and sharing the freedoms it contains—provoke new conversations and new arguments.\n"
9780814755471 - page_341: "START TEXT: This task seems to belong to all white people, but for white women who want more than a rhetorical c" ******* END TEXT: "re, its definition, and its fixity.\nThe mere act of centering the speaking black women in her film, "
9780814755471 - page_342: "START TEXT: complicated by the act of having them speak Gullah, is a radical departure from the way black women " ******* END TEXT: "ent to which the planters, outnumbered nine to one by their slaves, absorbed elements of Gullah.23\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_343: "START TEXT: Julie Dash approximates the position experienced by the white colonizer of the nineteenth century fo" ******* END TEXT: "in a much different way than what popular American culture would allow us to see it. The manners in "
9780814755471 - page_344: "START TEXT: which African women tie their heads with scarves has different meanings.26\n\nI did not notice the int" ******* END TEXT: " used to do hair there.”28 He describes in detail the process that women went through in his Mama’s "
9780814755471 - page_345: "START TEXT: kitchen in order to get their hair straightened. He provides the history of straightening black hair" ******* END TEXT: "sses the issue of hair and hair rituals among women in the African American community. She cites an "
9780814755471 - page_346: "START TEXT: excerpt from historian Elsa Barkley Brown’s work to point out the storytelling and the rituals assoc" ******* END TEXT: " voice to the Unborn Child as a way of sounding this volatile site of discourse. The site houses an "
9780814755471 - page_347: "START TEXT: intersection among the beliefs of the African ancestors about the power of the Unborn, the beliefs o" ******* END TEXT: "mber de call of my grea grandmudda.... A remember de journey home ... A remember de long walk ta de "
9780814755471 - page_348: "START TEXT: family graveyard, ta de house that A would be born in,... ta de picnic site. A remember an A recall," ******* END TEXT: " “White feminist work on motherhood has failed to produce an effective critique of elite white male "
9780814755471 - page_349: "START TEXT: analyses of Black motherhood.”37 White women have colluded in allowing the stereotypes of the mammy," ******* END TEXT: " conception, and the safety of the pregnancy, the woman, her baby and/or the community at large.40\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_350: "START TEXT: Such perceptions about the fetus or unborn child are not peculiar to African-related communities. Ma" ******* END TEXT: " her own, as the story she has already been born into. She is possessive about the story, evidenced "
9780814755471 - page_351: "START TEXT: by the plethora of “my’s”: “my family,” “my story,” “my great grandmother.” This is her story. She h" ******* END TEXT: "Unborn Child’s journey as the most memorable, as the highlight of the movie. She traipses along the "
9780814755471 - page_352: "START TEXT: beach alone, one with the sand, with the dust of the beach, and she stands alone along the horizon, " ******* END TEXT: " Admitting the need to read (and view) anew and to read (and view) again means that the white woman "
9780814755471 - page_353: "START TEXT: viewer must problematize the relationship between the many African Americans and the many U.S. lands" ******* END TEXT: "ew York: New Press, 1992), 31.\n7. Alile Sharon Larkin, “Black Women Film-Makers Defining Ourselves: "
9780814755471 - page_354: "START TEXT: Feminism in Our Own Voice,” in Female Spectators: Looking at Film and Television, ed. E. Deidre Prib" ******* END TEXT: "Collins, 25.\n33. Dash, 53.\n34. bell hooks, Gloria Steinem, Urvashi Vaid, and Naomi Wolf, “Let’s Get "
9780814755471 - page_355: "START TEXT: Real about Feminism: The Backlash, the Myths, the Movement,” Ms. 4, no. 2 (1993): 38.\n35. Dash, 167." ******* END TEXT: "lloway, Joseph E., ed. Africanism in American Culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.\n"
9780814755471 - page_356: "START TEXT: Holmlund, Christine Anne. “Displacing Limits of Difference: Gender, Race, and Colonialism in Edward " ******* END TEXT: "ersity Press, 1988.\nSmith, Barbara. “Toward a Black Feminist Criticism.” In ed. Elaine Showalter.\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_23: "START TEXT: 2Redefining America: Literature, Multiculturalism, Pedagogy\nNANCY J. PETERSON\nIn Teaching to Transgr" ******* END TEXT: " “authority of experience” but rather from the passion of experience, the passion of remembrance.1\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_24: "START TEXT: I have quoted this passage at length because hooks is very careful here to explain her position: she" ******* END TEXT: " responsibility of blacks alone.\nThe separatism that seems inevitably inherent in the arguments for "
9780814755471 - page_25: "START TEXT: identity politics troubles me. While I agree with hooks that every university ought to have black fa" ******* END TEXT: "ust two, white feminists were forced to do some searing soul-searching.6 One bittersweet measure of "
9780814755471 - page_26: "START TEXT: the success of these black feminists is the situation we have today in the 1990s, where black femini" ******* END TEXT: "t devalues such labor; being a Spanish, Spanglish, Tex-Mex speaker in an English-first culture; and "
9780814755471 - page_27: "START TEXT: so on. In articulating these identities, Anzaldúa’s text powerfully requires readers to move beyond " ******* END TEXT: " new species. Elsewhere she argues that “[l]umping the males who deviate from the general norm with "
9780814755471 - page_28: "START TEXT: man, the oppressor, is a gross injustice,” and she asserts that “we [people of color] need to allow " ******* END TEXT: "s of normativity along the lines that African American historian Elsa Barkley Brown has described:\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_29: "START TEXT: How do our students overcome years of notions of what is normative? While trying to think about thes" ******* END TEXT: "sefulness of this distinction. In some part, the distinction offers us a palliative, becomes a sign "
9780814755471 - page_30: "START TEXT: that we have interrogated our own privilege and have now arrived at a nonimperialist position regard" ******* END TEXT: "tegy to address the problems of speaking for / about and not speaking at all. Influenced by Gayatri "
9780814755471 - page_31: "START TEXT: Spivak’s work on the subaltern, Alcoff advocates first of all that we “strive to create wherever pos" ******* END TEXT: "fferences. I have to admit that I cannot answer Alcoff’s challenging question with a resounding yes "
9780814755471 - page_32: "START TEXT: concerning my American literature courses, but I would claim that if my courses help explode my stud" ******* END TEXT: "utralized the subject matter by being heterosexual, that in order to teach such a radical challenge "
9780814755471 - page_33: "START TEXT: to what Rich calls “compulsory heterosexuality,” I too must be outside the system of heterosexuality" ******* END TEXT: "ositionality and the text at hand, but also between the diverse kinds of students we have in class. "
9780814755471 - page_34: "START TEXT: Recently I taught a semester-long class on Toni Morrison to upperlevel undergraduates. Five out of t" ******* END TEXT: "ce and centered so earnestly in the black community that white readers are powerfully immersed in a "
9780814755471 - page_35: "START TEXT: worldview that contradicts many of the assumptions they take for granted; and yet the novels also pr" ******* END TEXT: "s in my Morrison class spent the first half of the semester doing various short writing assignments "
9780814755471 - page_36: "START TEXT: requiring them to do some extracurricular reading: one assignment asked them to read, summarize, and" ******* END TEXT: "ers. One effect of these assignments was to deconstruct monolithic concepts of blackness, to enable "
9780814755471 - page_37: "START TEXT: students to see that we were not dealing with racial essences but various, sometimes conflicting ide" ******* END TEXT: "chose embraced a wide range of approaches, and outlining a few of them will, I hope, illustrate the "
9780814755471 - page_38: "START TEXT: beneficial effects of such a transformed pedagogy. One (white female) student, influenced by Beloved" ******* END TEXT: "ch American Indian texts, and so on coincides with arguments against multiculturalism as “political "
9780814755471 - page_39: "START TEXT: correctness,” the stakes become almost too high for progressive white professors who want to engage " ******* END TEXT: ", despite my reservations about multiculturalism, I have become a reluctant supporter of it. At the "
9780814755471 - page_40: "START TEXT: same time it is crucial to its usefulness that we view multiculturalism not as an obdurate and uncha" ******* END TEXT: "ic of Blackness,” in Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics (Boston: South End Press, 1990).\n"
9780814755471 - page_41: "START TEXT: 3. The recent decision of the University of California Board of Regents to dismantle affirmative act" ******* END TEXT: "ce and culture are issues not only for Leslie Marmon Silko but for Kate Chopin as well. See Gayatri "
9780814755471 - page_42: "START TEXT: Spivak’s theoretical analysis of the kind of curricular transformations that are necessary, “Scatter" ******* END TEXT: "k: Norton, 1986), 51–52.\n25. Rich’s model also allows us to recognize that very effective models of "
9780814755471 - page_43: "START TEXT: lesbian and gay scholarship may come from heterosexual scholars. The work of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick c" ******* END TEXT: "” in Between Borders: Pedagogy and the Politics of Cultural Studies ed. Giroux and McLaren, 181–82.\n"
9780814755471 - page_44: "START TEXT: 33. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society (N" ******* END TEXT: "Conflicts in Feminism, ed. Marianne Hirsch and Evelyn Fox Keller, 60–81. New York: Routledge, 1990.\n"
9780814755471 - page_45: "START TEXT: hooks, bell, and Cornel West. Breaking Bread: Insurgent Black Intellectual Life. Boston: South End P" ******* END TEXT: "ial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues, ed. Sarah Harasym, 59–66. New York: Routledge, 1990.\n"
9780814755471 - page_46: "START TEXT: Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens: Womanist Prose. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovic" ******* END TEXT: "of The Disuniting of America, by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. New Republic, 15–22 July 1991, 41–43.\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_47: "START TEXT: 3Straight Teacher/Queer Classroom: Teaching as an Ally\nBARBARA SCOTT WINKLER\nIn the 1970s and 1980s," ******* END TEXT: "emerged in the pedagogical literature as more potentially fragmented, less “safe,” and less free of "
9780814755471 - page_48: "START TEXT: power relations than previously described. The insight that feminist and liberatory education is not" ******* END TEXT: "astic stance of teacher as ally.\nI am, therefore, proposing the concept of “teaching as an ally” to "
9780814755471 - page_49: "START TEXT: describe what faculty from dominant groups can do to share power, build trust, and create an atmosph" ******* END TEXT: "or purity in applying feminist pedagogical principles. Schilb, a man teaching women’s studies to an "
9780814755471 - page_50: "START TEXT: economically advantaged student population, often felt less distanced from the women and men student" ******* END TEXT: "aculty. She gained a greater appreciation of classroom practices that would avoid premature closure "
9780814755471 - page_51: "START TEXT: or fixity of identity (which she calls a kind of “unknowability”).12 Teaching as an ally, therefore," ******* END TEXT: "udies at West Virginia University. WVU is the flagship school of the state. Morgantown has a summer "
9780814755471 - page_52: "START TEXT: population of twenty-six thousand that is almost doubled when students return in the fall. While the" ******* END TEXT: " social justice officer.16\nI had just received my doctorate in American studies from the University "
9780814755471 - page_53: "START TEXT: of Michigan six months before, where new courses in the history of sexuality and culture of gays and" ******* END TEXT: "ssible limitations this could impose.\nI could not meet all the BIGLM students’ expectations for the "
9780814755471 - page_54: "START TEXT: course. For example, I was not an expert on representations of same-sex intimacy in ancient Greece, " ******* END TEXT: " I chose topics designed to engage and inform the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and straight students who "
9780814755471 - page_55: "START TEXT: wanted to learn more about the history of sexuality in the United States. Lesbigay issues were prese" ******* END TEXT: " of BIGLM, including those who were lesbian, gay, or bisexual, enrolled, and not all members of the "
9780814755471 - page_56: "START TEXT: organization took the course. Eight students who had taken my Fall course, Contemporary U.S. Women’s" ******* END TEXT: "udents were more vocal than before about the ways both straight and gay communities were prejudiced "
9780814755471 - page_57: "START TEXT: against them or misrepresented them. Heightened bisexual awareness may, in part, have been a result " ******* END TEXT: "irst evening, and the class later returned to the topic when we discussed community and identity.23\n"
9780814755471 - page_58: "START TEXT: I also asked the students to brainstorm topics for required group projects (or in the second semeste" ******* END TEXT: "cknowledged students’ commitments outside the classroom. In the first year there were announcements "
9780814755471 - page_59: "START TEXT: of a workshop led by a member of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force on New Right backlash. Ther" ******* END TEXT: "er of their class presentation.\nAnother presentation, on gays in the military, became the basis for "
9780814755471 - page_60: "START TEXT: a joint evening with BIGLM. Armed forces policy toward gays in the military had become a hot campus " ******* END TEXT: "dents set the agenda for the class.\nThe questions offered by students deepened our understanding of "
9780814755471 - page_61: "START TEXT: the issues by providing collective readings of the material. Students felt that the questions democr" ******* END TEXT: "s attempt to historicize sexuality and its emphasis on the mediation of sexual identity by cultural "
9780814755471 - page_62: "START TEXT: and historical factors.31 Students who embraced social constructionist theories argued that such app" ******* END TEXT: " I especially strove to create a community of diverse and differing knowers through activities such "
9780814755471 - page_63: "START TEXT: as the group projects, the evaluation of social construction and essen- tialism, and the student-gen" ******* END TEXT: "r antiracist struggles.38\nTeaching as an ally relies on our recognition of partial perspectives—our "
9780814755471 - page_64: "START TEXT: own and that of our students—and our need to engage in collaborative efforts to recover and make cen" ******* END TEXT: "eminisms and Critical Pedagogy, ed. Carmen Luke and Jennifer Gore (New York: Routledge, 1992), 115.\n"
9780814755471 - page_65: "START TEXT: 4. On the necessity of oppressed groups with different standpoints forming alliances, see Davida J. " ******* END TEXT: "of Arts and Sciences.\n16. In the academic year 1993–94, the staff adviser for BIGLM and a professor "
9780814755471 - page_66: "START TEXT: in the English department brought together a group of faculty, students, and staff to plan a univers" ******* END TEXT: "ess expensive paperback edition before the end of the course became available too late. I intend to "
9780814755471 - page_67: "START TEXT: include it next time I teach the course. See Kate Bornstein, Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women, and the R" ******* END TEXT: "\n33. Barbara Hillyer Davis, “Teaching the Feminist Minority,” in Culley and Portuges, eds., 245–52.\n"
9780814755471 - page_68: "START TEXT: 34. See Ellsworth and Orner, especially 77, 83.\n35. See Maher and Tetreault, 130.\n36. See Maher and " ******* END TEXT: "es 9, no. 1 (spring 1983): 131–50.\nEllsworth, Elizabeth. “Why Doesn’t This Feel Empowering? Working "
9780814755471 - page_69: "START TEXT: Through the Repressive Myths of Critical Pedagogy.” In Feminisms and Critical Pedagogy, ed. Luke and" ******* END TEXT: "rograms, 1970–1985. Ph.D. diss. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International, 1992. PR 9303838.\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_70: "START TEXT: 4The Outsider’s Gaze\nJANET M. POWERS\nAs we in women’s studies struggle with the Insider/Outsider con" ******* END TEXT: " entitled Contemporary Women’s Writing: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. The latter course includes not "
9780814755471 - page_71: "START TEXT: only African American writing, but also writing by Native Americans, Hispanics, Asians, and Africans" ******* END TEXT: "rea, I can claim the rigors of doctoral work, a dissertation, fieldwork in the Indian subcontinent, "
9780814755471 - page_72: "START TEXT: numerous South Asian friends, repeated research trips to many parts of India, and knowledge of India" ******* END TEXT: "another that dealt with women of color, our affluent, white students constantly complained in their "
9780814755471 - page_73: "START TEXT: journals that they could not relate to many of the articles. The whole enterprise took on reality on" ******* END TEXT: "st Eye by Toni Morrison or Bharati Mukherjee’s Wife? Am I teaching the other as the other perceives "
9780814755471 - page_74: "START TEXT: herself, or as the other filtered through an Anglo understanding of what the other might be? Do I yi" ******* END TEXT: "ch gives me a notion of power? Is it a delight in the exotic, which makes me something of a voyeur? "
9780814755471 - page_75: "START TEXT: Is it a reveling in things imagined, which causes me aggressively to explore the boundaries of what " ******* END TEXT: "l cultural knowledge, gained either by direct experience or by scholarly work, that will facilitate "
9780814755471 - page_76: "START TEXT: the student’s access. Presumably, teachers claim as well superior ability to make sense of the words" ******* END TEXT: "tudents’ experiences should be elicited to achieve the same effect whenever possible. Students must "
9780814755471 - page_77: "START TEXT: be encouraged to recognize and seek participant experiences, even if they do not fully understand th" ******* END TEXT: " disturbing elements, ones that don’t fit neatly into conventional explanations or previous ways of "
9780814755471 - page_78: "START TEXT: seeing. It is sometimes difficult not to tell them, if one has already figured everything out, what " ******* END TEXT: " However, the recipient of the gaze may well view this opportunity to tell her story as potentially "
9780814755471 - page_79: "START TEXT: dangerous: “what is given in the context of power relations is likely to be taken back according to " ******* END TEXT: "hat is involved in a stereotype, and although Bhabha’s discussion is difficult, it is illuminating.\n"
9780814755471 - page_80: "START TEXT: In order to provoke a multivalent reading of a novel, the instructor must not ask the question, “Wha" ******* END TEXT: "erent person is what she calls “travel.”23 “Arrogant perception,” on the other hand, is an attitude "
9780814755471 - page_81: "START TEXT: that gets in the way of “world”-travelling, and in particular, inhibits the playfulness involved in " ******* END TEXT: "ols Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House,” Audre Lorde challenges women “to reach down into that "
9780814755471 - page_82: "START TEXT: deep place of knowledge inside herself and touch that terror and loathing of any difference that liv" ******* END TEXT: "lifford, The Predicament of Culture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988), 8.\n2. Clifford, 8.\n"
9780814755471 - page_83: "START TEXT: 3. Clifford, 14.\n4. Trinh T. Minh-Ha, When the Moon Waxes Red: Representation, Gender, and Cultural " ******* END TEXT: "tle the Master’s House,” in Feminist Frontiers III, ed. Richardson and Taylor, 11.\n31. Minh-Ha, 66.\n"
9780814755471 - page_84: "START TEXT: BIBLIOGRAPHY\nBhabha, Homi. “The Other Question: Difference, Discrimination and the Discourse of Colo" ******* END TEXT: " New York: HarperCollins, 1993.\nSilko, Leslie Marmon. Storyteller. New York: Little, Brown, 1981.\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_100: "START TEXT: equality that will allow women (and men) to experience their full humanity. This equality suggests a" ******* END TEXT: "only one side. True equality would inevitably affect all people; therefore, it cannot be approached "
9780814755471 - page_101: "START TEXT: as something one side fights for, or something one side “gives” the other side. It needs to be appro" ******* END TEXT: "lass dominate women as a class, while liberal feminists will find that changing the rules may allow "
9780814755471 - page_102: "START TEXT: the supposed domination to lessen over time. In no case did we find that the gender of the writer wa" ******* END TEXT: "h a different formulation of the issue. By looking at what we feel must have been the reason behind "
9780814755471 - page_103: "START TEXT: the opposition, we think we have found a solution. This is the obvious compromise: identity is an as" ******* END TEXT: "oduction. Boulder: Westview Press, 1989.\nWolf, Naomi. Fire with Fire. New York: Random House, 1993.\n"
9780814755471 - page_104: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_85: "START TEXT: 5No Middle Ground? Men Teaching Feminism\nJ. SCOTT JOHNSON, JENNIFER KELLEN, GREG SEIBERT, and CELIA " ******* END TEXT: "ons as they saw them. However, denying men the opportunity to teach feminist theory is a precaution "
9780814755471 - page_86: "START TEXT: that feminist theory does not need to take. All that is required is a recognition that gender does m" ******* END TEXT: "gue for greater particularized benefits for themselves as a class or group. Students sometimes have "
9780814755471 - page_87: "START TEXT: difficulty separating the analytic portions of a theory from its policy recommendations. They often " ******* END TEXT: "“Is he qualified?” It struck me as odd that this person could not believe that a male could ever be "
9780814755471 - page_88: "START TEXT: qualified to teach feminist theory. Others asked similar questions, such as, “Why would he want to t" ******* END TEXT: " woman, I didn’t feel nervous about the possibility (and later the reality) of disagreeing with the "
9780814755471 - page_89: "START TEXT: feminist mainstream. Johnson did a wonderful thing: he never once laid out what he thought feminist " ******* END TEXT: "me authoritarian. They seem like a club with particular rules, like those proscribing the enjoyment "
9780814755471 - page_90: "START TEXT: of sex because women’s sexuality has been created by the male patriarchal structure for men’s enjoym" ******* END TEXT: " the perfect professor, then even the worst class you can think of can be made worthwhile. However, "
9780814755471 - page_91: "START TEXT: even the most interesting subject matter can be made deathly dull by the wrong professor.\nThese thou" ******* END TEXT: "hat I have in trying to figure out who he is in relation to the material he was trying to teach us.\n"
9780814755471 - page_92: "START TEXT: In the past, whenever I tried to discuss with women issues like rape, gender identity, power, and th" ******* END TEXT: "y way diminished the knowledge I gained. If the world wants men to become better men, then more men "
9780814755471 - page_93: "START TEXT: should teach feminist theory and more men should take classes in it. The information and theories co" ******* END TEXT: " taken a slightly different class.\nOf the many things that unnerved me during the semester I taught "
9780814755471 - page_94: "START TEXT: Feminist Political Theory, some of the comments written by my coauthors were the most disturbing. Wh" ******* END TEXT: ", in class I see my role as being a highly receptive, highly concentrated, highly critical audience "
9780814755471 - page_95: "START TEXT: of one who reflects information back to students in order to help them improve their performance. Th" ******* END TEXT: " my research on feminist theory uncovered several discussions of feminist pedagogy that recommended "
9780814755471 - page_96: "START TEXT: a similar approach. These found that while men tended to be granted authority in the classroom autom" ******* END TEXT: "gh the reasons for and against patriarchy and can construct a cogent argument for their traditional "
9780814755471 - page_97: "START TEXT: position. The main goal informing my philosophy of teaching is getting students to think for themsel" ******* END TEXT: "s into ad hominem attacks as a way of avoiding ideas and critical thought, then no one is learning.\n"
9780814755471 - page_98: "START TEXT: Kellen’s Experience\nWhen I first signed up for this class I thought that I would be very closely rel" ******* END TEXT: "between feminist theorists and traditional theorists, I expanded my view of how the world worked. I "
9780814755471 - page_99: "START TEXT: had a better sense of the relationship between political theory and my politics.\nAs the course progr" ******* END TEXT: ". From what I learned in class, and the way I understood it, the women’s movement is working toward "
9780814755471 - page_107: "START TEXT: 6The Discipline of History and the Demands of Identity Politics\nCHRISTIE FARNHAM\n“When Christie Pope" ******* END TEXT: "ows occasionally out of personal relationships with blacks but more frequently out of an abhorrence "
9780814755471 - page_108: "START TEXT: of the injustices African Americans have suffered in a society that idealizes freedom and equality. " ******* END TEXT: "t no white will see anything positive in Nat Turner and resistance or in Marcus Garvey and cultural "
9780814755471 - page_109: "START TEXT: nationalism, for example. Nor would they expect to see a significant portion of the syllabus in an A" ******* END TEXT: "itation in its aftermath under the auspices of Jim Crow were dependent on the maintenance of racial "
9780814755471 - page_110: "START TEXT: boundaries, a bipolar racial society acquired the aura of being simply a fact of nature.\nYet most Af" ******* END TEXT: "quence, many drop the class or stop coming rather than subject themselves to such intense pressure.\n"
9780814755471 - page_111: "START TEXT: This move to maintain racial solidarity is partially a reaction against the cultural politics of int" ******* END TEXT: "r child labor in other parts of the world.\nNevertheless, as Malcolm X and immigration scholars have "
9780814755471 - page_112: "START TEXT: pointed out, part of the assimilation process for white immigrants was the acceptance of racism. But" ******* END TEXT: "oth cases common experiences promote a feeling of common identity. Undoubtedly, the introduction of "
9780814755471 - page_113: "START TEXT: a male instructor in women’s studies classes or a white instructor in black studies courses changes " ******* END TEXT: "erature and composition classes—it is not always the most useful in large history surveys enrolling "
9780814755471 - page_114: "START TEXT: one hundred or more students, so I make use of it only in a limited fashion in conjunction with a le" ******* END TEXT: "not designed to serve this end.\nSeveral points in relation to history as a discipline are important "
9780814755471 - page_115: "START TEXT: to keep in mind here. First, history is predicated on the notion that the field is not esoteric but " ******* END TEXT: "counts for the profession being comfortable with the view that past events, if not interpretations, "
9780814755471 - page_116: "START TEXT: have an existence independent of language and author and can, therefore, form the basis of a realist" ******* END TEXT: "ucation, have turned to speakers, popular writers, and scholars trained in other areas to construct "
9780814755471 - page_117: "START TEXT: their curricula.13 As a consequence, when these students arrive in upper-division university courses" ******* END TEXT: "s. And resistance is to be expected, because many African American students have something of their "
9780814755471 - page_118: "START TEXT: self-perception tied up in these myths. This situation undoubtedly will become even more widespread " ******* END TEXT: "ered on ancient Egypt. A few even tout a rhetoric of anti-Semitism and theories of racial supremacy "
9780814755471 - page_119: "START TEXT: based on melanin.19 The recent visibility of these views in the national media has resulted in a shi" ******* END TEXT: " used, that people are only to be victimized, that neighborhoods are alien, he or she is capable of "
9780814755471 - page_120: "START TEXT: the worst kinds of actions. Afrocentricity creates a framework for dealing with this type of disloca" ******* END TEXT: "of, and the structure of truth.”24\nBlack studies, like women’s studies, has always had a commitment "
9780814755471 - page_121: "START TEXT: to the community and to liberation; and some of their proponents have sought to challenge empiricism" ******* END TEXT: "rites in reference to Asante and his department at Temple, “I personally find their work parochial, "
9780814755471 - page_122: "START TEXT: misinformed, and trapped in the discourse of the very racism they claim to repudiate”29 Many scholar" ******* END TEXT: "rning environment, I began the course in the fall of 1993 with a discussion of the major schools of "
9780814755471 - page_123: "START TEXT: interpretation in African American history, of which Afrocentrism is one.\nBecause African American h" ******* END TEXT: "tation, often including inaccurate charges made by students who were not even members of the class. "
9780814755471 - page_124: "START TEXT: As a consequence, I was largely perceived either as a Eurocentric racist or an insensitive instructo" ******* END TEXT: "educed to pedagogy or personalities. Certainly, if my classes had been limited to fifteen or twenty "
9780814755471 - page_125: "START TEXT: students, with primary reliance on the discussion method, I might have been able to defuse the situa" ******* END TEXT: "ther; Black and White Languages,” American Prospect, summer 1992, 55–64, that white students locate "
9780814755471 - page_126: "START TEXT: racism in the absence of color blindness, a position that places them in opposition to nationalist v" ******* END TEXT: "position instructor at Iowa State University and reading some of the essays written for this class.\n"
9780814755471 - page_127: "START TEXT: 15. An example of someone whose ideas first appeared in the early seventies who has been rediscovere" ******* END TEXT: "ement in the slave trade and American slavery [is] . . . The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and "
9780814755471 - page_128: "START TEXT: Jews, Volume One (The Nation of Islam, 1991)” (i4n). The Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith peri" ******* END TEXT: "The Challenges Posed by Radical Afrocentrism,” Chronicle of Higher Education, March 30,1993, B1–B3.\n"
9780814755471 - page_129: "START TEXT: 32. Ames Daily Tribune, November 5,1993, A3.\n33. Des Moines Register, December 1, 1993, M1.\nBIBLIOGR" ******* END TEXT: "s, 1995.\nJackson, John G. Introduction to African Civilizations. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press, 1970.\n"
9780814755471 - page_130: "START TEXT: Kalmijn, Matthijs. “Trends in Black/White Intermarriage.” Social Forces 72 (September 1993): 119–46." ******* END TEXT: "lack Studies 2 (May 1993): 65–72.\nWright, Lawrence. “One Drop of Blood.” New Yorker, July 25,1944.\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_131: "START TEXT: 7Teaching What I’m Not: An Abie-Bodied Woman Teaches Literature by Women with Disabilities\nBARBARA D" ******* END TEXT: "umber of nontraditional students, and was quite pleased with my decision to integrate literature by "
9780814755471 - page_132: "START TEXT: women with disabilities into the class. However, my complacency was quickly shattered the first nigh" ******* END TEXT: "ion for which [we need] to take responsibility” (219). Although I started out at the first stage of "
9780814755471 - page_133: "START TEXT: curriculum integration by “adding and stirring” literature by women with disabilities into a course " ******* END TEXT: "l. I could become disabled in a moment, through accident or disease. Joseph Shapiro points out that "
9780814755471 - page_134: "START TEXT: “Fewer than 15 percent of disabled Americans were born with their disabilities” (7). Does this make " ******* END TEXT: "es. Can it then be an “identity”?\nMichelle Fine has pointed out that other factors also influence a "
9780814755471 - page_135: "START TEXT: person’s experience of her or his disability, although most researchers have not acknowledged this i" ******* END TEXT: "tions) of the condition. Obstacles to education, community and political participation, independent "
9780814755471 - page_136: "START TEXT: living, employment, and personal relationships derived not from the incapacities, for example, of in" ******* END TEXT: "t you are disabled.” She says that a close friend would never make that statement, because a friend "
9780814755471 - page_137: "START TEXT: would know how much her disability is a part of her. Joseph Shapiro begins his book No Pity with a s" ******* END TEXT: "s is an important time for people with disabilities to identify as such because previous liberation "
9780814755471 - page_138: "START TEXT: movements in the United States have largely excluded them. During the 1992 election, for example, a " ******* END TEXT: " fact that a feminist [I would substitute “disability”] standpoint is not something that anyone can "
9780814755471 - page_139: "START TEXT: have simply by claiming it. It is an achievement. A standpoint differs in this respect from a perspe" ******* END TEXT: " effort to consciously focus on the experience of people who are different from them. We are always "
9780814755471 - page_140: "START TEXT: balancing disability as a physical and socially constructed identity and human experience as individ" ******* END TEXT: ". There is so much unwritten that needs to be written. . . . It does not matter if in its beginning "
9780814755471 - page_141: "START TEXT: what emerges is not great, or even (as ordinarily defined) “good” writing.\nWhether that is literatur" ******* END TEXT: "hat complicates identity politics. When we did the section on mothers and children, for example, we "
9780814755471 - page_142: "START TEXT: read about the experience of a black slave woman (Brent, excerpts from Incidents in the Life of a Sl" ******* END TEXT: "und-robins. She told me that she liked round-robins better than usual class discussions because the "
9780814755471 - page_143: "START TEXT: person who spoke directly after her would be concentrating on her or his own ideas, not attacking he" ******* END TEXT: "riends. In this way, students have another “safe space” in which to voice their concerns and fears.\n"
9780814755471 - page_144: "START TEXT: When these questions come up in class, I usually try to get students to talk with each other about t" ******* END TEXT: "at accommodates wheelchairs; they don’t know whether the doors of our classroom are wide enough for "
9780814755471 - page_145: "START TEXT: a wheelchair. In this exercise, I want them to realize the practical implications of having this dis" ******* END TEXT: "In response, students have been able to voice the complexities of a “famous” person meeting someone "
9780814755471 - page_146: "START TEXT: she does not know who admires her, as well as of a sighted person meeting someone who is blind who w" ******* END TEXT: "pping Our Language’ to the office where you work. How will you introduce the handout, what will you "
9780814755471 - page_147: "START TEXT: do to let people know it’s important? What will you do to help people begin to make the language cha" ******* END TEXT: "s to write down a passage that moved them emotionally, angered them, or made them think, with a few "
9780814755471 - page_148: "START TEXT: notes as to why it affected them so. Then I asked them to share this with one other person. After th" ******* END TEXT: "at only a cure was worth our contributions, not technology to make living with a disability easier. "
9780814755471 - page_149: "START TEXT: She talked about the threatening implications of the pitches to send money—“You don’t want this to h" ******* END TEXT: " They cannot see privileged locations as locations. They do not see knowledge as socially situated. "
9780814755471 - page_150: "START TEXT: I don’t think that in a fifteen-week semester I can completely transform these students’ view of the" ******* END TEXT: "ndings, I worry sometimes that I may be encouraging stereotypes rather than breaking them down. The "
9780814755471 - page_151: "START TEXT: most notable stereotypes are those of the pitiable “cripple” and the “Super-Crip,” material for a ma" ******* END TEXT: "stion the construction of handicapped entrances in the backs and sides of buildings. And, sometimes "
9780814755471 - page_152: "START TEXT: I’ve looked for entrances and they haven’t been there at all. The other day I met this woman named M" ******* END TEXT: " recently been used by some U.S. feminists to refer to people who used to be called ‘able-bodied.’” "
9780814755471 - page_153: "START TEXT: Cheris Kramarae and Paula Treichler, A Feminist Dictionary (Boston: Pandora Press, 1985), 444–45.\nBI" ******* END TEXT: "rton, 1986.\nRuss, Joanna. How to Suppress Women’s Writing. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983.\n"
9780814755471 - page_154: "START TEXT: Saxton, Marsha, and Florence Howe, eds. With Wings: An Anthology of Literature by and about Women wi" ******* END TEXT: "ovanovich, 1983.\nWoolf, Virginia. A Room of One’s Own. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1929.\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_155: "START TEXT: 8Theory, Practice, and the Battered (Woman) Teacher\nCELESTE M. CONDIT\nPedagogy—understood as the for" ******* END TEXT: "mplexity of their interactions. I will advance this argument by describing the assumptions implicit "
9780814755471 - page_156: "START TEXT: about the teacher’s ethos in efforts to theorize teaching, and by describing my own experiences as a" ******* END TEXT: "died) in the classroom.\nI do not live in this theoretical university. When teaching undergraduates, "
9780814755471 - page_157: "START TEXT: I often feel less like a confident, rational professor than a battered woman who cannot escape a bad" ******* END TEXT: "iences of teaching. One of the most shocking elements of that experience was the repeated nonverbal "
9780814755471 - page_158: "START TEXT: behaviors of male students. Most notably, whenever they wanted me to change their grade or give them" ******* END TEXT: "t I can avoid these battles.\nI believe that this “battle of the sexes” that plays itself out in the "
9780814755471 - page_159: "START TEXT: South is merely an extreme form of something that goes on in most classrooms in America. To put it b" ******* END TEXT: "ced. It does not mean that one enacts the speaking style or values and arguments of Andrea Dworkin. "
9780814755471 - page_160: "START TEXT: In other words, for these students, any equality is too much equality.\nIn my experience, male collea" ******* END TEXT: "o a Southern classroom in pants and short hair she is branded as outside the bounds of the normal—a "
9780814755471 - page_161: "START TEXT: liberal, a feminist, or a dyke. There is little she can do to dispute that automatic rejection. Male" ******* END TEXT: "thirty-five are magnified tenfold when it becomes one professor against the anonymous hundred. Here "
9780814755471 - page_162: "START TEXT: the culture of student resistance becomes enormously powerful. It makes it impossible to run a democ" ******* END TEXT: "onship of our theories to our students as audience. As I have suggested, it appears to me that most "
9780814755471 - page_163: "START TEXT: of the theories we bring to bear in critical pedagogy presume a need to empower students and affirm " ******* END TEXT: "to articulate their reflective selves with eloquence and sensitivity to those with whom they speak. "
9780814755471 - page_164: "START TEXT: In contrast to these values, consider a few statements from student assignments I have received rece" ******* END TEXT: "at as a teacher in this setting, I am teaching who I am not. These students are not at all like me. "
9780814755471 - page_165: "START TEXT: Moreover, in any class where you are grading writing and speaking assignments, teaching who you are " ******* END TEXT: " I would like to deepen that claim by illustrating these pitfalls with regard to three contemporary "
9780814755471 - page_166: "START TEXT: theories that are being suggested for pedagogy. The first two of these theories are “hot” among prog" ******* END TEXT: "n than the notion of “discipline and punish.” There are, however, several incompatibilities here as "
9780814755471 - page_167: "START TEXT: well. When applying the recent findings of audience research to the classroom, we come to notice tha" ******* END TEXT: " I face. Some of these are institutional (and the institution operates on an information processing "
9780814755471 - page_168: "START TEXT: theory). Some of these constraints are personal to the students I teach (and they may operate on inf" ******* END TEXT: " trying to make one’s teaching conform to a singular theory. It may be useful, therefore, to have a "
9780814755471 - page_169: "START TEXT: name for this kind of activity—an activity that would serve the interests of a progressive politics," ******* END TEXT: "ection on teaching in comparison to available theories of communication and social structure. It is "
9780814755471 - page_170: "START TEXT: different from theory in three major respects. Where theory prescribes a rational, coherent plan fro" ******* END TEXT: " that no rigorous theorist would find satisfactory. Coherent, internally consistent, well-organized "
9780814755471 - page_171: "START TEXT: theory is an artifact of academics. It is not descriptive of how people approach living.6\nProgressiv" ******* END TEXT: "resist large classes (because they enable recalcitrant students to gang up on you); and (4) special "
9780814755471 - page_172: "START TEXT: tactics for rednecks: don’t lose your cool, out-bully them (quietly), don’t try to enact democracy f" ******* END TEXT: "dan (New York: Pantheon, 1977).\n4. Two germinal works from, respectively, the United States and the "
9780814755471 - page_173: "START TEXT: United Kingdom are Janice Radway, Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature (Ch" ******* END TEXT: "ver, Eugene. Aristotle’s Rhetoric: An Art of Character. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.\n"
9780814755471 - page_174: "START TEXT: Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Notebooks, trans, and ed. Q. Hoare and G. N. Smith. New" ******* END TEXT: "Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984.\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_177: "START TEXT: 9Teaching What the Truth Compels You to Teach: A Historian’s View\nJACQUELINE JONES\nA few years ago I" ******* END TEXT: "conversation ended on a rather unsatisfying note for all three of us. The students had been looking "
9780814755471 - page_178: "START TEXT: for some personal—even intimate—connection between me and the story I told in the book, and when the" ******* END TEXT: " myself why I had never heard of instances where any number of white male scholars of black history "
9780814755471 - page_179: "START TEXT: were questioned about the “personal” reasons behind the topics they chose to study—slavery, free bla" ******* END TEXT: "or diverged from, the histories of African American men, women, and children. Over the generations, "
9780814755471 - page_180: "START TEXT: within a variety of regional economies, black people and white women and children (not to mention a " ******* END TEXT: "hose in big cities or rural areas? Or perhaps I should confine myself to the history of white women "
9780814755471 - page_181: "START TEXT: academics, preferably those who have married and have had children? Obviously, the whole notion of m" ******* END TEXT: "ites exclusively, on the theory that, for example, African American history is best left to blacks, "
9780814755471 - page_182: "START TEXT: Asian-American history to persons of Asian descent, and so forth. Implicit in this attitude is the n" ******* END TEXT: "ue of history be limited by the economics of the job market and the demographics of the profession?\n"
9780814755471 - page_183: "START TEXT: Over the past few years, the field of American history has been enlivened by attention to groups tha" ******* END TEXT: "n, black people, and workers of all kinds were omitted from standard history courses and textbooks.\n"
9780814755471 - page_184: "START TEXT: My course syllabi include a wide range of voices from the American past, and it is ludicrous that I " ******* END TEXT: "raduate students, from a variety of backgrounds) have gained a deeper appreciation for the study of "
9780814755471 - page_185: "START TEXT: American history as a result of reading these works. I cannot conceive of constructing a syllabus ar" ******* END TEXT: "es of vignette in which she, or members of her family or community, encounter specific incidents of "
9780814755471 - page_186: "START TEXT: racism and then, just as surely, seek to regroup and triumph over mean-spiritedness in its various g" ******* END TEXT: "as a “role model” for their black students. Together, these stories add up to a cautionary tale—the "
9780814755471 - page_187: "START TEXT: hazards of extrapolating much at all about a person on the basis of the kind of history he or she wr" ******* END TEXT: "andeis University in the fall of 1994, I was reminded that my high-minded ideals about the nobility "
9780814755471 - page_188: "START TEXT: of the scholarly enterprise will continue to collide with some of my students’ expectations—personal" ******* END TEXT: "tment providing the “context,” I suppose). They were in for a rude shock. Over the next few weeks I "
9780814755471 - page_189: "START TEXT: found that at least some of the students resisted examining their own ideas about race, and some wer" ******* END TEXT: "The students gave no indication that they considered my race significant one way or the other; they "
9780814755471 - page_190: "START TEXT: saw me first and foremost as a professor—one of the very first they had encountered in college—and I" ******* END TEXT: " own twentieth-century urban, industrial society. On the other hand, at times they seemed unable to "
9780814755471 - page_191: "START TEXT: make the leap of imagination that a study of (for example) the seventeenth-century Southern colonies" ******* END TEXT: " friends. But these discussions seemed curiously circumscribed and muted, considering the fact that "
9780814755471 - page_192: "START TEXT: I thought they would amount to the culmination—or rather, refutation—of a semester-long attempt to c" ******* END TEXT: "edagogical challenges in teaching this course, but my inadequacy as a white person teaching African "
9780814755471 - page_193: "START TEXT: American history was not high on my list. I had to figure out the most effective ways to teach first" ******* END TEXT: "the ratification of the Constitution or the Cult of True Womanhood, the history of the trades union "
9780814755471 - page_194: "START TEXT: movement or the development of American foreign policy, certain notions about “race” have mattered, " ******* END TEXT: " study of history will be diminished, and accordingly rendered suspect as a scholarly enterprise.\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_v: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\n1   Introduction: Identity Politics in the College Classroom, or Whose Issu" ******* END TEXT: "he Class Roster\n6   The Discipline of History and the Demands of Identity Politics\nCHRISTIE FARNHAM\n"
9780814755471 - page_vi: "START TEXT: 7   Teaching What I’m Not: An Abie-Bodied Woman Teaches Literature by Women with Disabilities\nBARBAR" ******* END TEXT: "NS\n15   Disciplines and Their Discomforts: The Challenges of Study and Service Abroad\nGERARD ACHING\n"
9780814755471 - page_vii: "START TEXT: 16   Scratching Heads: The Importance of Sensitivity in an Analysis of “Others”\nDONNA J. WATSON\n17  " ******* END TEXT: "ughters of the Dust, the White Woman Viewer, and the Unborn Child\nRENÉE R. CURRY\nContributors\nIndex\n"
9780814755471 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_357: "START TEXT: Contributors\nGERARD ACHING is Assistant Professor of Spanish and Portuguese at Rutgers University in" ******* END TEXT: "usses the positionality and authorship of twentieth-century white women poets in the United States.\n"
9780814755471 - page_358: "START TEXT: BARBARA DIBERNARD is Director of Women’s Studies and Associate Professor of English at the Universit" ******* END TEXT: "n Professor of American Civilization at Brandeis University. She is the author of The Dispossessed: "
9780814755471 - page_359: "START TEXT: Americas Underclasses from the Civil War to the Present (Basic Books, 1992);Labor of Love, Labor of " ******* END TEXT: "s also a faculty member of the New School’s graduate program in gender studies and feminist theory.\n"
9780814755471 - page_360: "START TEXT: ROBERT S. LEVINE is Associate Professor of English at the University of Maryland, College Park. He i" ******* END TEXT: "iew. Eleven entries in the Encyclopedia of World Literature in the Twentieth Century bear her name.\n"
9780814755471 - page_361: "START TEXT: GREG SEIBERT isa senior political science major at Saint John’s University in Collegeville, Minnesot" ******* END TEXT: "s currently working on a history of the relationship between feminist pedagogy and feminist theory.\n"
9780814755471 - page_362: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1996 by New York University\nAll rights rese" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_i: "START TEXT: Teaching What You’re Not\n" ******* END TEXT: "Teaching What You’re Not\n"
9780814755471 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_363: "START TEXT: Index\nAble-bodied, 132–51\nAbleism, 136, 139\nanti-, 144\nAbortion: politics of, 345–48\nAcademic freedo" ******* END TEXT: "xt Time, 333n\nBambara, Toni Cade, 336–38\nBarbados, 200\nBelafonte, Harry, 270\nBellarmine College, 41\n"
9780814755471 - page_364: "START TEXT: Bell-Scott, Patricia, 25\nBensonhurst, 39\nBenston, Kimberly W., 291–92\nBerman, Paul: Debating P.C., 2" ******* END TEXT: ", 16, 24, 39, 108, 111\ncourse content, 160\ncultural, 40\nand education, 16\neducational, 4\nsexual, 56\n"
9780814755471 - page_365: "START TEXT: “Contact zones” 294–95\nControl: by male students, 157–62\nthrough enrollment, 167\nCook, Timothy, 137\n" ******* END TEXT: " studies\nFeminist: black theory, 265–81\nclassroom, 47–48\npedagogy, 47, 63\npolitical the ory, 85–103\n"
9780814755471 - page_366: "START TEXT: standpoint epistemology, 138–39\ntheory, 9\nFern, Fanny, 249\nFields, Karen: Lemon Swamp and Other Plac" ******* END TEXT: "Tracks on a Road, 195\nIdentity, 54, 97, 132–40\nblack, 328\nblack male, 275–79\nin the classroom, 209n\n"
9780814755471 - page_367: "START TEXT: complexity of, 26–27, 49, 68n, 151, 180, 196–207\ncontested, 332\nand credibility, 3–7, 15, 287–93\ndef" ******* END TEXT: "m, 224\nevaluation of, 140–41\nstudy of, 222\nteaching, 260. See also American; African American; Asia "
9780814755471 - page_368: "START TEXT: English; Multicultural; Native American; Women’s studies\nLocke, Alain, 320\nLocke, John, 98\nLorde, Au" ******* END TEXT: "n, Cary, 254\nNew Criterion, 39\nNew Criticism, 243\nNew Negro movement, 337\nNg, Faye Myenne: Bone, 79\n"
9780814755471 - page_369: "START TEXT: N’gugi wa Thiong’o: Decolonising the Mind, 211\nNietzsche, Friedrich, 197\nNile valley, 119, 121\nNoble" ******* END TEXT: "gical Processes of Childbearing, 349–50\nReader response theory, 79, 247\nReagon, Bernice Johnson, 49\n"
9780814755471 - page_370: "START TEXT: Reconstructing American Literature, 249\nRenan, Ernest, 289\nRepresentation, 76, 226\npolitics of, 36–3" ******* END TEXT: ", 7–9, 14–15, 31, 124–25, 132–33, 150, 165, 180, 195–96, 192–93, 204–5, 261, 315. See also Pedagogy\n"
9780814755471 - page_371: "START TEXT: Teaching What You’re Not, 133\nTempest, A, 223. See also Cesaire, Aime\nTheology: black and white, 322" ******* END TEXT: "illiam, 204, 206, 207n\nWorkers: American, 188–94\nYamamoto, Hisaye, 210n\nYeats, William Butler, 207n\n"
9780814755471 - page_372: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_21: "START TEXT: 1Multiculturalist Pedagogies\n" ******* END TEXT: "1Multiculturalist Pedagogies\n"
9780814755471 - page_22: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_105: "START TEXT: IIThe Class Roster\n" ******* END TEXT: "IIThe Class Roster\n"
9780814755471 - page_106: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_175: "START TEXT: IIIProfessorial Identities\n" ******* END TEXT: "IIIProfessorial Identities\n"
9780814755471 - page_176: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_239: "START TEXT: IVThe Texts and Contexts of Teaching What You’re Not\n" ******* END TEXT: "IVThe Texts and Contexts of Teaching What You’re Not\n"
9780814755471 - page_240: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755471 - page_iii: "START TEXT: Teaching WhatYou’re Not\nIdentity Politics in Higher Education\nEDITED BY\nKatherine J. Mayberry\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Teaching WhatYou’re Not\nIdentity Politics in Higher Education\nEDITED BY\nKatherine J. Mayberry\n\n\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_xi: "START TEXT: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\nThe occasion of completing a book provides one of the rare moments in life in which " ******* END TEXT: "other strong women who have been my teachers, either formally or unofficially. In the former group, "
9780814755969 - page_xii: "START TEXT: Cindy Jenefsky, Celeste Condit, Ramona Liera-Schwichtenberg, and Evelyn Fox Keller taught me much of" ******* END TEXT: " people and the livelihood she cherishes. Her contributions to the clarity of my thought and my writ"
9780814755969 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: ing in this book are immeasurable. With her quiet pride, she stands as a reminder both of the very r" ******* END TEXT: "the reasons we must continue to struggle for full liberation, and of why we ultimately must triumph."
9780814755969 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_195: "START TEXT: ABOUT THE AUTHOR\nDiane Helene Miller received her B. A. in English and Sociology from Trinity Univer" ******* END TEXT: "Center at East Tennessee State University. She now lives in Athens, Georgia. This is her first book."
9780814755969 - page_196: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_175: "START TEXT: BIBLIOGRAPHY\nThe Achtenberg confirmation. 1993. California Journal, July 1.\nAcker, J. 1990. Hierarch" ******* END TEXT: "w York: Basic Books.\nBenecke, M. M., and K. S. Dodge. 1996. Military women: Casualties of the armed "
9780814755969 - page_176: "START TEXT: forces’ war on lesbians and gay men. In Gay rights, military wrongs: Political perspectives on lesbi" ******* END TEXT: ". Man cannot speak for her: A critical study of early feminist rhetoric. Vol. 1. New York: Praeger.\n"
9780814755969 - page_177: "START TEXT: Castle, T. 1993. The apparitional lesbian: Female homosexuality and modern culture. New York: Columb" ******* END TEXT: "as, C. A. 1990. Love and politics: Radical feminist and lesbian theories. San Francisco: ism press.\n"
9780814755969 - page_178: "START TEXT: Dworkin, A., and C. A. MacKinnon. 1988. Pornography and civil rights: A new day for women’s equality" ******* END TEXT: "Reader 73 (January-February): 78-83.\nGeorge, S. 1993. Women and bisexuality. London: Scarlet Press.\n"
9780814755969 - page_179: "START TEXT: Gilligan, C. 1982. In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge: Ha" ******* END TEXT: "4, 1: 42-72.\nKing, J. D., and J. W. Riddlesperger, jr. 1991. Senate confirmation of appointments to "
9780814755969 - page_180: "START TEXT: the cabinet and executive office of the president. Social Science Journal 28, 2: 189-202.\nKinsey, A." ******* END TEXT: "t of plaintiffs motion for summary judgment. 1994. Cammermeyer v. Aspin, 850 F. Supp. 910 (WD.Wa.).\n"
9780814755969 - page_181: "START TEXT: Mendus, S. 1989. Toleration and the limits of liberalism. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press" ******* END TEXT: "ntemporary lesbian writing: Dreams, desire, difference. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.\n"
9780814755969 - page_182: "START TEXT: Pharr, S. 1988. Homophobia, a weapon of sexism. Inverness, Calif.: Chardon Press.\nPhelan, S. 1993. (" ******* END TEXT: "son, R. 1990. Discourses of discrimination and lesbians as (out)laws. Radical America 24, 4: 39-47.\n"
9780814755969 - page_183: "START TEXT: ——. 1992. Lesbian (out)law: Survival under the rule of law. Ithaca, N.Y.: Firebrand Books.\nRolison, " ******* END TEXT: "tence.” In Blood, bread, and poetry: Selected prose 1979-1985, by A. Rich, 68-75. New York: Norton.\n"
9780814755969 - page_184: "START TEXT: Stanback, M. H. 1985. Language and black woman’s place: Evidence from the black middle class. In For" ******* END TEXT: "ckwell.\nWolinsky, M., and K. Sherrill. 1993. Introduction. In Gays and the military: Joseph Steffan "
9780814755969 - page_185: "START TEXT: versus the United States, edited by M. Wolinsky and K. Sherrill, xiii-xxii. Princeton: Princeton Uni" ******* END TEXT: "sbian cultural criticism, edited by S. J. Wolfe and J. Penelope, 33-54. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell."
9780814755969 - page_186: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_1: "START TEXT: 1 CONSTRUCTIONS AND DECONSTRUCTIONSGay Politics, Lesbian Feminism, and Civil Rights\nWhatever is unn" ******* END TEXT: "er mostly Republican opponents.\nColonel Margarethe (Grethe) Cammermeyer had been a highly respected "
9780814755969 - page_10: "START TEXT: women is an indispensable part of assessing the overall consequences of civil rights-based approach" ******* END TEXT: " their move from private to public space, this small group stood up for itself and, in the process, "
9780814755969 - page_11: "START TEXT: spoke out for many others who had lived for too long behind shrouds of invisibility, silence, and sh" ******* END TEXT: " what has been nicknamed the “lesbian baby boom,” legislatures have taken steps to prevent gays and "
9780814755969 - page_12: "START TEXT: lesbians from becoming foster parents or adopting children, while gay and lesbian parents are being " ******* END TEXT: "l have lasting effects on how we see ourselves, sexually and otherwise, well into the next century.\n"
9780814755969 - page_13: "START TEXT: At one level, what is at issue for gays and lesbians today is whether and where we will “fit” in a h" ******* END TEXT: "lized individuals and groups are rarely or never identifiable by outward characteristics. For them, "
9780814755969 - page_14: "START TEXT: visibility requires an act of will, and invisibility may become a strategy for survival. Members of " ******* END TEXT: "ages imposed on gays and lesbians, “there are remarkably few of even the most openly gay people who "
9780814755969 - page_15: "START TEXT: are not deliberately in the closet with someone personally or economically or institutionally import" ******* END TEXT: "of change established by the black Civil Rights movement of the 1960s, the movement for lesbian and "
9780814755969 - page_16: "START TEXT: gay rights argues for the recognition of its members as constituting a “suspect class” as defined by" ******* END TEXT: "al discrimination, for example, “the fact that most race-based suits are brought by people of color "
9780814755969 - page_17: "START TEXT: does not change the fact that anti-discrimination provisions protect all citizens of all races” (Faj" ******* END TEXT: "ificant because they make visible the struggle for control over meanings of lesbianism as it occurs "
9780814755969 - page_18: "START TEXT: within some of the most influential realms of American public life. At the same time, the cases thru" ******* END TEXT: "ho are accepted or, more likely, tolerated, while those who are unable to pass for all but sexually "
9780814755969 - page_19: "START TEXT: straight are excluded. The mainstreaming of a few powerful figures at the expense of, rather than fo" ******* END TEXT: "l framework? Equally important, to whom is this visibility and empowerment available within lesbian "
9780814755969 - page_2: "START TEXT: nurse in the United States National Guard for twenty-seven years when she began preparing to apply f" ******* END TEXT: "Anyone who doubts the dissent that still rages around feminism need only observe the broad-based sup"
9780814755969 - page_20: "START TEXT: communities? If we choose to work within existing institutions, we must examine the kinds of identit" ******* END TEXT: " analysis and critique undertaken by this book. A brief explanation of each field of study follows.\n"
9780814755969 - page_21: "START TEXT: Gay Studies\nGay scholarship would seem an obvious place to start looking for work on lesbians. The t" ******* END TEXT: ". Men who transgress traditional masculine gender expectations are often subject to greater censure "
9780814755969 - page_22: "START TEXT: than are women who are perceived as imitating men. For example, it is relatively acceptable and even" ******* END TEXT: "unities” (Sandoval 1982, 242).\nSuch an awareness suggests that the differences among women are of a "
9780814755969 - page_23: "START TEXT: significance equal to, if not greater than, our commonalities, and that the predominance of white, m" ******* END TEXT: "he source of the true selves and authentic voices that must be reclaimed, revealed, and celebrated.\n"
9780814755969 - page_24: "START TEXT: Although white, middle-class lesbians have responded to mainstream feminism with much the same feeli" ******* END TEXT: "lic ways, as by choosing not to wear a wedding ring or by keeping her own last name after marriage.\n"
9780814755969 - page_25: "START TEXT: Prejudice against lesbians is grounded in sexism and misogyny, as is prejudice against gay men (Bunc" ******* END TEXT: "s such widespread silence. Yet, if one is forced to hide from others and from oneself, this entails "
9780814755969 - page_26: "START TEXT: another kind of loss and another form of deprivation, a diminishing of self into the pain of invisib" ******* END TEXT: "ay work of raising children or running a household, show how women’s influence may be abundantly pre"
9780814755969 - page_27: "START TEXT: sent while women themselves remain concealed. History abounds with examples of extraordinary women w" ******* END TEXT: "emphasis on the body may be used to debase a group, by reducing it to its physical being. Oppressors"
9780814755969 - page_28: "START TEXT: thereby portray minority group members as animals, subject to physical drives unchecked by morality" ******* END TEXT: "ey concern, we prioritize one of two senses, hearing or seeing, and we select a particular framework"
9780814755969 - page_29: "START TEXT: within which to perceive the project of liberation. Feminists as well as lesbian and gay rights adv" ******* END TEXT: "declaration of lesbian identity is momentous. On a national level, where representations of lesbians"
9780814755969 - page_3: "START TEXT: port for the current conservative Republican Congress or the vast radio and television audiences who" ******* END TEXT: "nerated in this country in recent years. While the American public and the mass media in particular "
9780814755969 - page_30: "START TEXT: are especially scarce, the identification of oneself as a lesbian represents a particularly bold an" ******* END TEXT: "tegories that do not fit, that are premised on the denial of our reality” (Becker 1995, 147). Thus, "
9780814755969 - page_31: "START TEXT: although the closet may be seen as a structure that excludes and confines gays and lesbians, from an" ******* END TEXT: "edia, the images may be at best unflattering, at worst inflammatory. These images may incite hatred "
9780814755969 - page_32: "START TEXT: and even violence against us. Portrayals of lesbians and gays in television and film, when they have" ******* END TEXT: "in recent years from earlier scholarship on sexuality. This perspective encompasses theories by and "
9780814755969 - page_33: "START TEXT: about gays, lesbians, bisexuals, transsexuals, and transgendered people (see Wiegman 1994, 17n. 1). " ******* END TEXT: "an illusion produced by our internalization of what is, in fact, a highly politicized and public dis"
9780814755969 - page_34: "START TEXT: course” (Bennett 1993, 96). Far from reflecting our inner selves, such categories compel us, with va" ******* END TEXT: " the latter will always remain subordinate “Others,” the lower rung in a hierarchical relationship.\n"
9780814755969 - page_35: "START TEXT: From this perspective, acceptance, much less celebration, of externally imposed categories as authen" ******* END TEXT: "and Cammermeyer debates a microcosm of the anti-gay and “pro-gay” arguments and to analyze both the "
9780814755969 - page_36: "START TEXT: value and the limitations of these arguments for achieving their respective political goals.19 Such " ******* END TEXT: "investigate the complexity of notions of visibility and voice in assertions of lesbian identity, as "
9780814755969 - page_37: "START TEXT: well as the promise and the threats that accompany the highlighting of these metaphors as liberatory" ******* END TEXT: " at the same time, help define how a group articulates its struggles, its defeats, and its triumphs."
9780814755969 - page_38: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_4: "START TEXT: widely debate the implications of gay and lesbian rights struggles, those who study public discourse" ******* END TEXT: "lar portrayals of the individual and his or her group to the public. Statements of self-identity can"
9780814755969 - page_5: "START TEXT: modify public understandings and portrayals of a group, while a group’s public representations can " ******* END TEXT: " the analysis of lesbian and gay rights initiatives. First, they take as their texts persuasive, non"
9780814755969 - page_6: "START TEXT: fictional public discourse, which enables them to analyze representations that proliferate in some o" ******* END TEXT: "n of lesbians from much of feminist scholarship and gay studies. I offer a brief introduction to the"
9780814755969 - page_7: "START TEXT: mainstream lesbian/gay rights movement and its guiding civil rights agenda, examining how the speci" ******* END TEXT: "of my analysis. Throughout this book I refer to a “dominant” American culture, an identifiable “main"
9780814755969 - page_8: "START TEXT: stream,” and “dominant” groups of people whose views have shaped traditional institutions. Yet it is" ******* END TEXT: " danger of portraying the movement as monolithic and obscuring the rich diversity that is one of its"
9780814755969 - page_9: "START TEXT: greatest strengths. I hesitate, moreover, to represent our movement as a straw person that is easil" ******* END TEXT: "at is in fact a tremendously diverse collectivity” (Phelan 1994, 117). Examining the stories of such"
9780814755969 - page_39: "START TEXT: 2 CLINTON’S “DAMN LESBIAN”Politics and Visibility in the Achtenberg Debate\nThe price of increasing " ******* END TEXT: " severe censure from conservative members of the Senate, most notably Senator Jesse Helms and other "
9780814755969 - page_40: "START TEXT: conservative Republicans. During the acrimonious debate on the Senate floor over Achtenberg’s nomina" ******* END TEXT: "opponents, attempted to limit the understanding of lesbianism to its narrowest possible definition, "
9780814755969 - page_41: "START TEXT: all the while congratulating themselves for their progressiveness. In framing her sexual orientation" ******* END TEXT: ". The result is an oddly ambivalent and, at times, indecipherable relationship between identity and "
9780814755969 - page_42: "START TEXT: behavior, in which the two are presented as neither clearly connected to nor decisively separable fr" ******* END TEXT: " is still permissible in all arenas under the law. This situation explains the seemingly paradoxical"
9780814755969 - page_43: "START TEXT: need for Achtenberg’s supporters to celebrate the breaking down of barriers that her nomination rep" ******* END TEXT: "ights. I also examine how the language employed in the Senate chamber, in particular the metaphor of"
9780814755969 - page_44: "START TEXT: “crossing the line,” used repeatedly to describe the accomplishment of Achtenberg (and, by extensio" ******* END TEXT: "differences; when those in positions of power and privilege genuinely desire such understanding and "
9780814755969 - page_45: "START TEXT: begin to recognize what has been lost for everyone through the marginalization of entire communities" ******* END TEXT: "an be implemented and can take hold when one level is challenged or undermined. In the war of words "
9780814755969 - page_46: "START TEXT: against Roberta Achtenberg and those she is seen to represent,10 it becomes clear that when members " ******* END TEXT: "grounds. Yet just as combining all the colors of light yields not a multicolored spectrum but white "
9780814755969 - page_47: "START TEXT: light, assimilation absorbs difference to uphold the continuing dominance of white institutions, alo" ******* END TEXT: ", it is simultaneously erased, becoming yet another band of color that disappears into white light.\n"
9780814755969 - page_48: "START TEXT: The effort to maintain control over and assimilate difference while claiming respect for diversity p" ******* END TEXT: " (Sedgwick 1993, 57). Such a ruling presents a potent opportunity for attacks based on homosexual be"
9780814755969 - page_49: "START TEXT: havior, broadly defined. This division of agent from act, and private from public, sets up a dichoto" ******* END TEXT: " than a description of behavior. This distinction accounts for a fundamental difference between the "
9780814755969 - page_50: "START TEXT: rhetoric of gay rights supporters and that of opponents. “Pro-gay” rhetoric often considers homosexu" ******* END TEXT: " in this country’s history” (S6201). In the discourse of the confirmation process, the gains of gays"
9780814755969 - page_51: "START TEXT: and lesbians precipitated by the nomination are framed as parallel to those of other, “similar” min" ******* END TEXT: " identification between them.\nLike other categories of identity already protected by law, homosexual"
9780814755969 - page_52: "START TEXT: ity is located by Achtenberg’s supporters in the realm of the private, which they discuss as entirel" ******* END TEXT: "tunity. With the exception of Jesse Helms, who is unreserved in his absolute condemnation of homosex"
9780814755969 - page_53: "START TEXT: uals, Achtenberg’s opponents claim that it is her public actions, not her homosexuality per se, that" ******* END TEXT: "esbian’ (S6333; emphasis mine). In addressing the issue of activism, we reach a key point in the con"
9780814755969 - page_54: "START TEXT: troversy over Achtenberg’s nomination: her political activities become the site of displacement for " ******* END TEXT: " the other float. The importance of this link and the power of these images were not lost on Helms, "
9780814755969 - page_55: "START TEXT: who sent a copy of the parade video to every senator’s office and threatened to send copies to the h" ******* END TEXT: "l perversity and disease.\nMost of the senators carefully avoid using the word lesbian at all, their "
9780814755969 - page_56: "START TEXT: discomfort with the term sometimes resulting in obscure or convoluted speech. In a striking example " ******* END TEXT: "s do not come neatly sliced—they come as a whole loaf. Their personal value systems and their profes"
9780814755969 - page_57: "START TEXT: sional capabilities cannot be compartmentalized” (S6354). Domenici continues, “The debate on this ca" ******* END TEXT: "seen primarily, if not solely, as spokespeople for other women. Their ability to represent or speak "
9780814755969 - page_58: "START TEXT: for a broader constituency is often questioned. This is equally true for racial and other minorities" ******* END TEXT: " compare gays and lesbians to other oppressed minorities. The strategy is, needless to say, a risky "
9780814755969 - page_59: "START TEXT: one. While moderate senators might be persuaded to cease discrimination based on the claim that sexu" ******* END TEXT: " who yearn for success without sacrificing their identities” (1993, 45). Yet, on the other hand, if "
9780814755969 - page_60: "START TEXT: Achtenberg becomes a role model for gay and lesbian youth through her success, she does so at the co" ******* END TEXT: "th their own special interest agenda. This particular discourse of “support” simply repeats a histor"
9780814755969 - page_61: "START TEXT: ical pattern of oppression, familiar to numerous minority groups, that advances one individual at th" ******* END TEXT: "t. The closet may suffocate us yet it may protect us; it may be externally imposed or strategically "
9780814755969 - page_62: "START TEXT: chosen. This understanding continually undermines a unified or stable meaning, making the determinat" ******* END TEXT: "l ontology, there are two distinct groups: ‘Americans’ and ‘gays and lesbians’” (Phelan 1995, 196).\n"
9780814755969 - page_63: "START TEXT: Because it creates false oppositions and simplifies complex relationships, the metaphor of crossing " ******* END TEXT: "that the living of one’s life is confined and shaped by forces and barriers which … are systematical"
9780814755969 - page_64: "START TEXT: ly related to each other in such a way as to catch one between and among them and restrict or penali" ******* END TEXT: "aphor in a quite different manner. The notion of transgression is both implicitly and explicitly pre"
9780814755969 - page_65: "START TEXT: sent in opponents’ discourse, portraying the crossing of established boundaries as an unacceptable i" ******* END TEXT: " thus differs in important ways from the challenges presented by differences of gender or race. The "
9780814755969 - page_66: "START TEXT: metaphor also disguises the way in which heterosexuality itself is a default category that can be pe" ******* END TEXT: "on’s double bind (Frye 1983), Achtenberg is also criticized for failings associated with a feminine "
9780814755969 - page_67: "START TEXT: gender role. She is represented at various places in the discussion either as exhibiting insufficien" ******* END TEXT: " profession. One wonders who would applaud a “passive lawyer” or nominate her for an influential gov"
9780814755969 - page_68: "START TEXT: ernment job. Nevertheless, Lott uses this assessment to assure the senators that “this is not some n" ******* END TEXT: "nuated by her opponents, with Achtenberg seen as a leader of these subversive forces. There is more "
9780814755969 - page_69: "START TEXT: than a hint of “unladylike” aggression and even violence in the discussion of the gay and lesbian co" ******* END TEXT: "ilities, although this charge is not borne out by the evidence presented (Nominations 1993, 36—37).\n"
9780814755969 - page_70: "START TEXT: Achtenberg’s opponents argue repeatedly that her “efforts to destroy the Boy Scout troops in the San" ******* END TEXT: "d membership in the subculture that perpetuated the “immoral” lifestyle of the bathhouses and her de"
9780814755969 - page_71: "START TEXT: cision as a politician to try to keep them open. Smith claims Achtenberg is “the only” American who " ******* END TEXT: "” (S6333). Even biological kinship is thrown into question, as though a lesbian who bears a child is"
9780814755969 - page_72: "START TEXT: not legitimately the child’s mother. At the same time, the claim of a gay or lesbian partner to a f" ******* END TEXT: " that homosexuality is prohibited by the Bible, that it defies the will of God and so is inherently "
9780814755969 - page_73: "START TEXT: sinful. It is hardly surprising, then, that both opponents and supporters attempt to stake a claim t" ******* END TEXT: " to minority groups remain those imposed by the dominant ideology. In the final section of this chap"
9780814755969 - page_74: "START TEXT: ter, I investigate some of the drawbacks that attend these civil rights approaches to lesbian and ga" ******* END TEXT: "lementing the existing fair housing policy—a policy that currently excludes any reference to sexual "
9780814755969 - page_75: "START TEXT: orientation. A civil rights lawyer by trade, her own politics nevertheless strongly support extragov" ******* END TEXT: "r opportunity resulted from gays’ and lesbians’ insistence on being recognized as an influential con"
9780814755969 - page_76: "START TEXT: stituency, from efforts to bring gays and lesbians together as a political force to be reckoned with" ******* END TEXT: "erg’s supporters never challenge the equation of lesbian identity with lesbian sex, as though sexual"
9780814755969 - page_77: "START TEXT: acts between women exhaust the meanings of the word lesbian. With this equation intact, public lesbi" ******* END TEXT: " issue. But this is accompanied by a new distinction between conduct and orientation, between being "
9780814755969 - page_78: "START TEXT: homosexual and acting homosexual” (Fejes and Petrich 1993, 405). As identity is split from action, a" ******* END TEXT: "mnation before returning it decisively to its former status of invisibility and silence.\nCONCLUSION\n"
9780814755969 - page_79: "START TEXT: During the Achtenberg debate, contests over the meanings of “homosexuality” and especially “lesbiani" ******* END TEXT: "alls for a resolute underscoring of sameness and the attendant denial of difference. Achtenberg’s op"
9780814755969 - page_80: "START TEXT: ponents take the opposite approach, presenting “lesbianism” as politically radical and extraordinari" ******* END TEXT: "beration” is always elusive; locking oneself in begins to look more and more like being locked out. "
9780814755969 - page_81: "START TEXT: For Roberta Achtenberg, and for those who aspire to her honesty and achievement, it is crucial to re" ******* END TEXT: "ings. These meanings provide the range of possibility for defining who we are and who we can become."
9780814755969 - page_82: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_100: "START TEXT: nouncing on ABC’s Nightline that he is gay, notes wryly the practical consequence of this policy “ch" ******* END TEXT: "urt deliberately ignored the gender-neutral language of most sodomy laws to conclude that sodomy is "
9780814755969 - page_101: "START TEXT: “the behavior that defines the class” of homosexuals. It is precisely this view that has been adopte" ******* END TEXT: ". That can be educated away, and that is why the[y] call it prejudice. (Policy Hearings 1993, 547)\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_102: "START TEXT: It is difficult to read such a definition without thinking of the subtle but pervasive ways in which" ******* END TEXT: "nits in the military, forbidden from serving in the same units as white male service members. These "
9780814755969 - page_103: "START TEXT: groups therefore sought desegregation of the military, whereas gays and lesbians already serve in ev" ******* END TEXT: "and defeating aggressors are gendered masculine, those entrusted with these responsibilities are per"
9780814755969 - page_104: "START TEXT: ceived and often perceive themselves, in terms of their heterosexual manhood. A comment from a forme" ******* END TEXT: "self reports, “As women have attained more rights and opportunities in the military, the accusation "
9780814755969 - page_105: "START TEXT: of being a lesbian has become a weapon of sexual harassment. Continuing the ban is a perfect mechani" ******* END TEXT: "to sexual harassment, or the ‘masculine’ qualities so valued by the military are particularly vulner"
9780814755969 - page_106: "START TEXT: able to the charge of lesbianism” (Adam 1994, 112). Lesbians are frequently stereotyped as “masculin" ******* END TEXT: " discussion this issue has engendered (Miller 1994, 69). In addition, polls indicate that even among"
9780814755969 - page_107: "START TEXT: civilians, “a significant majority of men in America are opposed to lifting the ban, and a signific" ******* END TEXT: "litary regulations regarding homosexuality have been the way to keep them out for the last decade.\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_108: "START TEXT: As a result, “until proven otherwise, women in the military are often suspected of being lesbian” (S" ******* END TEXT: " philosophy, psychology, and linguistics: What does speech do? What is it that silence contains and "
9780814755969 - page_109: "START TEXT: speech releases? This question also lies at the heart of legal challenges to the new military policy" ******* END TEXT: "Policy Hearings 1993, 556).\nLater in the hearings, Senator Joseph Lieberman counters the claim that "
9780814755969 - page_110: "START TEXT: if soldiers are permitted to be openly gay or lesbian, “the homosexual orientation will become a mor" ******* END TEXT: "ian activism as antithetical to a politician’s role and threatening to a male-dominated government, "
9780814755969 - page_111: "START TEXT: the military ban’s supporters view the expression of homosexuality as antithetical to the soldier’s " ******* END TEXT: "ven in the sodomy statutes themselves, the majority of which do not equate sodomy with a particular "
9780814755969 - page_112: "START TEXT: sexual orientation. Indeed, “the peculiar slippages that attend this definition of the class of ‘hom" ******* END TEXT: "n nicknamed the “Queen for a Day” rule (Otjen 1994, 339). It provides that a service member who has "
9780814755969 - page_113: "START TEXT: committed a sexual act or acts with a member of the same sex will not be dismissed from the military" ******* END TEXT: "re between two people of the same sex, is inappropriate, [and] unnatural” (Otjen 1994, 216; emphasis"
9780814755969 - page_114: "START TEXT: mine). Thus, despite the insistence of many lawmakers and of Clinton himself that “the issue ought t" ******* END TEXT: "uses” of one’s religion or disability in extending equal protection. The argument that if homosexual"
9780814755969 - page_115: "START TEXT: ity is “chosen” it is a matter of personal responsibility, and therefore need not or cannot be prote" ******* END TEXT: "ew authorizes the homophobic construction of “a natural homosexual, a preexisting human class persis"
9780814755969 - page_116: "START TEXT: tently marked and thus adequately defined by the act of sodomy” (Halley 1991, 358). The right-to-pri" ******* END TEXT: "ever have had sex or may engage occasionally or frequently in sexual activity with members of the op"
9780814755969 - page_117: "START TEXT: posite sex. These observations support the claim that what we identify as sexual orientation is inde" ******* END TEXT: " else or oneself a gay or lesbian identity if we can no longer rely on a simplistic equation of same"
9780814755969 - page_118: "START TEXT: sex sexual contact and homosexuality. In the absence of a reliable sign that identifies a preexistin" ******* END TEXT: "viction that homosexuals are more likely than heterosexuals to commit sodomy. He concedes, however, "
9780814755969 - page_119: "START TEXT: that the group did not distinguish between lesbians and gay men in their study of the issue. In resp" ******* END TEXT: "ely be identified as the behavior that defines the class of heterosexuals. As Michael Himes, one of "
9780814755969 - page_120: "START TEXT: Cammermeyer’s civilian attorneys, observes, in light of such findings, it is logical to assume that " ******* END TEXT: "firms its subordination,” while “the ways in which homosexual identity is not sodomy are subject to "
9780814755969 - page_121: "START TEXT: an organized forgetting” (Halley 1993, 1722). The effectiveness of this strategic mental block is ap" ******* END TEXT: "rely through its status as “not homosexual” (Butler 1990; Foucault 1978; Halley 1991; Halley 1993). "
9780814755969 - page_122: "START TEXT: The class of heterosexuals is “a default class, profoundly heterogeneous, unstable, and provisional”" ******* END TEXT: "ass of homosexuals. Of course, this is not the case. It would be equally true to say that in the win"
9780814755969 - page_123: "START TEXT: ter, many heterosexuals catch the flu. The fallacy lies in linking an irrelevant characteristic with" ******* END TEXT: "tly reject[s] the notion that her identification as a lesbian can be reduced to the mere presumption"
9780814755969 - page_124: "START TEXT: of sexual acts with women” (Plaintiffs Memo 1994, 33). The very concept of a sexual orientation may" ******* END TEXT: "ves have offered a broad variety of definitions of lesbianism. The notion of a lesbian continuum pro"
9780814755969 - page_125: "START TEXT: posed by Adrienne Rich (1986), alongside widely varying perspectives on who “is” and who “isn’t” a l" ******* END TEXT: "lates easily into a delineation between conduct and status. This division produces a legal decision "
9780814755969 - page_126: "START TEXT: in Cammermeyer’s favor that nevertheless subjects her, and the gay and lesbian constituency she repr" ******* END TEXT: "t entirely. Virtually any activity can be construed as “nonprivate” and thereby subject to censure.\n"
9780814755969 - page_127: "START TEXT: The status/conduct distinction is appealing because it appears to refute the equation of homosexuali" ******* END TEXT: "At issue, however, is a failure to distinguish between the broad meanings encompassed by the phrase "
9780814755969 - page_128: "START TEXT: “homosexual conduct” and the specific practice of sodomy. The equation of these terms reinforces a “" ******* END TEXT: "as the full range of heterosexual relationships. Like any other intimate relationships, they can be "
9780814755969 - page_129: "START TEXT: highly or not at all sexual, involving any, all, or none of the range of possible sexual acts. For m" ******* END TEXT: "d, so deep and so hidden that it is not identifiable even by the person whose thoughts it inhabits.\n"
9780814755969 - page_130: "START TEXT: THE PERILS OF PRIVACY\nThe argument that supports protecting “private” status while relinquishing the" ******* END TEXT: "ne’s supposedly private life occurs many times every day, without a second thought, in the lives of "
9780814755969 - page_131: "START TEXT: heterosexuals. The command to hide one’s sexuality thus forbids not only explicit statements of iden" ******* END TEXT: ". The structure of daily life and interactions, both in and out of the military, is such that there "
9780814755969 - page_132: "START TEXT: is little space for such secrets to be kept, even with great effort. There is very little informatio" ******* END TEXT: "duct, no action … one lieutenant told me afterwards just simply the fact that on Friday nights, not "
9780814755969 - page_133: "START TEXT: hanging out with him and a few others, and not discussing women at the wardroom table, discussing my" ******* END TEXT: "werment available to us are the same strategies that have been utilized in the struggles of other op"
9780814755969 - page_134: "START TEXT: pressed minorities: the freedom to assemble and to protest the denial of our rights through marches " ******* END TEXT: " jointly support the assertion that despite a “compromise” that ostensibly allows gays and lesbians "
9780814755969 - page_135: "START TEXT: to serve, ultimately it remains the policy of the U.S. military that “as a general rule … homosexual" ******* END TEXT: "firms the acceptability of their present behavior, resolutely reinscribing the military status quo.\n"
9780814755969 - page_136: "START TEXT: CONCLUSION: “OUTING” HOMOPHOBIA IN MILITARY POLICY\nOne of the most evident implications of the Camme" ******* END TEXT: "judices of heterosexuals as responses that are intentionally evoked by gays and lesbians, a line of "
9780814755969 - page_137: "START TEXT: argument that bears a striking similarity to the “logic” that blames women who are battered or raped" ******* END TEXT: " 30). By continuing to focus on “gays in the military” as opposed to prejudice against lesbians and "
9780814755969 - page_138: "START TEXT: gays in the military, we locate the source of the problem in gay and lesbian service members rather " ******* END TEXT: " through which others see us and broaden the horizons within which we are able to view ourselves.\n\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_83: "START TEXT: 3 AND THE BAN PLAYED ONPolitics and Prejudice in the Cammermeyer Case\nMilitary Justice is to Justic" ******* END TEXT: "estimony from her supervisor, who requested a special exception to policy so that Cammermeyer might "
9780814755969 - page_84: "START TEXT: be retained by the military for her superior service despite the charges brought against her. They p" ******* END TEXT: "ring truthfully what she later referred to as “the question [that] would change my life” (1994, 3).\n"
9780814755969 - page_85: "START TEXT: In the decision of the military board hearing of Colonel Margarethe Cammermeyer, rendered July 15, 1" ******* END TEXT: " the military and the Senate debate over Achtenberg’s confirmation took place almost simultaneously "
9780814755969 - page_86: "START TEXT: is neither coincidental nor insignificant. The events of 1993 followed on the heels of a year that w" ******* END TEXT: "ed. Her case illustrates former New Republic editor Andrew Sullivan’s claim that the military debate"
9780814755969 - page_87: "START TEXT: “took place not because radicals besieged the Pentagon, but because of the ordinary and once-anonym" ******* END TEXT: "er’s hearing was convened, and 1993, when Achtenberg was confirmed. Under the guidelines of the new "
9780814755969 - page_88: "START TEXT: policy, status and conduct are considered at least conceptually distinct, while under the old policy" ******* END TEXT: "n Silence, became a network television movie produced by Barbra Streisand and starring Glenn Close.\n"
9780814755969 - page_89: "START TEXT: Cammermeyer’s case is also of particular interest because her discharge preceded the adoption of the" ******* END TEXT: "e gendered nature of the organization and its preoccupation with upholding an image of heterosexual "
9780814755969 - page_90: "START TEXT: masculinity. Through a reading of Defense Department arguments presented at the 1993 hearings on the" ******* END TEXT: "spiring prospect (Robb 1993; Smith 1993). Some writers express misgivings about allocating movement "
9780814755969 - page_91: "START TEXT: resources toward this goal, cautioning that this effort, “while solving one egregious case of hetero" ******* END TEXT: "read prejudice. In this way, while military policy may have no direct influence on the practices of "
9780814755969 - page_92: "START TEXT: civilian life, as an institution that commands great national respect, along with a substantial shar" ******* END TEXT: "persons who engage in homosexual conduct or who, by their statements, demonstrate a propensity to en"
9780814755969 - page_93: "START TEXT: gage in homosexual conduct, seriously impairs the accomplishment of the military mission. The presen" ******* END TEXT: "ew policies was a belief that the presence of lesbians or gay men disrupts unit cohesiveness, an ele"
9780814755969 - page_94: "START TEXT: ment essential to military readiness and effectiveness. This reasoning suggests that homosexuals wou" ******* END TEXT: "ment that the issue of unit cohesion has become so prominent in anti-gay military discourse. The mil"
9780814755969 - page_95: "START TEXT: itary defines unit cohesion as “the bonds of trust among individual service members that make the co" ******* END TEXT: " and this theme was quietly dropped.10 Moreover, as many who supported lifting the ban argued, exist"
9780814755969 - page_96: "START TEXT: ing UCMJ laws could be enforced to prevent or punish inappropriate sexual conduct among gay and lesb" ******* END TEXT: "ee with the existing policy.”\nThe testimony of other military personnel supports this claim. In a de"
9780814755969 - page_97: "START TEXT: position submitted on Cammermeyer’s behalf, General Vance Coleman asserts that anti-gay sentiments c" ******* END TEXT: "994, 88). The policy claimed to limit “the issue” to conduct by allowing gays and lesbians to serve "
9780814755969 - page_98: "START TEXT: as long as their homosexual status was not manifested by homosexual behavior, which remained “conduc" ******* END TEXT: "al behavior. Rather it is considered a reasonable cause for conducting an investigation” that could "
9780814755969 - page_99: "START TEXT: then lead to a discharge (Burrelli 1994, 19). In contrast, the new policy considers the admission it" ******* END TEXT: "ent to do so” (Policy Hearings 1993, 805). Navy lieutenant Tracy Thorne, who was discharged after an"
9780814755969 - page_139: "START TEXT: 4 CONCLUSIONEnvisioning Our Future\nYou can’t live in a post-revolutionary fashion in pre-revolution" ******* END TEXT: "he assertion of difference correlates with an insistence on greater political voice and cultural vis"
9780814755969 - page_140: "START TEXT: ibility for the group and all its members. It demands not only rights, though certainly rights are c" ******* END TEXT: "p in issues of guardianship and inheritance. For gay and lesbian couples, the possibility of having "
9780814755969 - page_141: "START TEXT: our relationships legally recognized and afforded all the benefits granted to heterosexual couples i" ******* END TEXT: "working as a lawyer for lesbian causes), her political activism (appearing at the San Francisco Gay "
9780814755969 - page_142: "START TEXT: and Lesbian Pride parade), and her personal life (choosing a woman as her life partner and deciding " ******* END TEXT: "“privacy,” invisibility, and silence. The act of classification these initiatives undertake thereby "
9780814755969 - page_143: "START TEXT: reinforces a dominant belief system that wants to separate, clearly and finally, an identifiable gro" ******* END TEXT: "and other social distinctions may play a key role in the formation of sexual identities, sexual poli"
9780814755969 - page_144: "START TEXT: tics, and even sexual practice. As a result, notable differences exist among lesbians, and the same " ******* END TEXT: "res of power, denying the abundant and incontrovertible evidence that lesbians and gays are already "
9780814755969 - page_145: "START TEXT: present within all mainstream institutions at all levels, though often hidden. It promotes a view of" ******* END TEXT: "ourt cases involving lesbian and gay rights, victories may impact primarily on those involved in the"
9780814755969 - page_146: "START TEXT: current or in subsequent legal action. Losses, in contrast, may have widespread impact even on thos" ******* END TEXT: "victory, in 1992, Colorado voters passed an anti-gay initiative known as Amendment 2. The amendment "
9780814755969 - page_147: "START TEXT: banned all state and local laws protecting gays and lesbians from discrimination. Although this vote" ******* END TEXT: "nger acceptable” (Herman 1994, 4)- However, the law has a limited range of influence, so that “even "
9780814755969 - page_148: "START TEXT: where there are few legal impediments to homosexuality, social mores may still constitute a very pow" ******* END TEXT: "erican gays and lesbians.\nA final danger of employing legal categories is the risk of confusing the "
9780814755969 - page_149: "START TEXT: terms and concepts that are legally or politically expedient with the terms and concepts that provid" ******* END TEXT: "gardless of sexual orientation.\nThe privileges granted to heterosexual individuals and couples must "
9780814755969 - page_150: "START TEXT: either be revoked or distributed fairly to all. This is but one element of a larger strategy to dism" ******* END TEXT: " compromised, they no longer represent the full freedoms guaranteed to all of us. We must therefore "
9780814755969 - page_151: "START TEXT: always be dissatisfied with acceptance at the price of assimilation, or with any partial granting of" ******* END TEXT: "reatest risk for developing a false sense of security. Assimilation entices us to sacrifice our own "
9780814755969 - page_152: "START TEXT: brilliantly different “colors” in exchange for the perceived safety of mainstream acceptance. Howeve" ******* END TEXT: "ing support for gay and lesbian rights. They facilitate an understanding of gays and lesbians as mul"
9780814755969 - page_153: "START TEXT: tifaceted human beings instead of one-dimensional sexual creatures. For these and other reasons, “th" ******* END TEXT: " settings. When we label people, we narrow their possibilities, presenting them with a limited selec"
9780814755969 - page_154: "START TEXT: tion of categories from which to choose. To a degree, this is a necessary process. Labels lend order" ******* END TEXT: "ur silence will protect us.\nSuch a belief is but another weapon in the armory of our oppressors. As "
9780814755969 - page_155: "START TEXT: we have seen repeatedly, no matter what we do or refrain from doing, no matter how discreet we attem" ******* END TEXT: "rd, not only erasing the picture that hatred has painted of us but providing our own, more accurate "
9780814755969 - page_156: "START TEXT: and more complete portrait of ourselves and the world that we hope to create. Far from the ugly, thr" ******* END TEXT: "of homophobia may become the roots of unmanageable, ultimately insurmountable self-hatred and fear.\n"
9780814755969 - page_157: "START TEXT: These young people stand as reminders to us, in their innocence and, often, their despair, of what w" ******* END TEXT: "afforded by these minimal guarantees we will never get to change anything else. (Phelan 1994, 126)\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_158: "START TEXT: Nevertheless, a civil rights approach is ultimately inadequate for achieving genuine social change b" ******* END TEXT: "st make accessible a vast variety of representations of gay and lesbian individuals, relationships, "
9780814755969 - page_159: "START TEXT: families, and communities—representations created by lesbians and gays for ourselves, for heterosexu" ******* END TEXT: "s. In such a vision, invisibility and silence can play no part. It is painful and even absurd to sug"
9780814755969 - page_160: "START TEXT: gest that a group exclude itself from its own liberatory vision, that it should organize on behalf o" ******* END TEXT: "tence as human beings and crucial to the fulfillment of our human potential: the ability to love.\n\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\n© 1998 by New York UniversityAll rights reserved\nLibrar" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_v: "START TEXT: For Anne and Anon,with love" ******* END TEXT: "For Anne and Anon,with love"
9780814755969 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Freedom to differ is not limited to things that do not matter much. That would be a mere shadow of f" ******* END TEXT: " of the existing order.\n—Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun,from his dissent to Bowers v. Hardwick"
9780814755969 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_i: "START TEXT: FREEDOMTODIFFER" ******* END TEXT: "FREEDOMTODIFFER"
9780814755969 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_187: "START TEXT: INDEX\nAchtenberg, Roberta, 9, 17, 18, 30, 44, 85, 86, 139, 154, 159, 167n. 20\naccused of intolerance" ******* END TEXT: "\nparallel to military, 166–167n. 20\nBrown, Dr. Laura, 116\nBrown, Rita Mae, 66, 139\nBush, George, 72\n"
9780814755969 - page_188: "START TEXT: Cammermeyer, Col. Margarethe, 1–2, 18, 85–89, 96, 141, 159\naccomplishments of, 83, 85\nautobiography " ******* END TEXT: " 134–135\nstatus/ conduct split in, 97, 100. See also Military ban\nDouble bind, 27, 66, 79, 106, 118\n"
9780814755969 - page_189: "START TEXT: Elzie, Sgt. Justin, 97\nEmployment Non–Discrimination Act (ENDA), 12\nEmpowerment: means of, 7, 23, 28" ******* END TEXT: "–111, 113, 118, 127, 128, 133\ncondemned by senators, 49, 52–53, 54–55, 57, 58, 59, 66, 71–72, 76–77\n"
9780814755969 - page_190: "START TEXT: as deviant, 40, 66, 170n. 19\ndiversity within, 128–129, 144, 150\nas emotional orientation, 117, 123–" ******* END TEXT: "; Lesbians; Lesbians and gay men; Sexual orientation\nLesbians: characteristics of, as soldiers, 106\n"
9780814755969 - page_191: "START TEXT: differences among, 9, 22–23, 143–144\nequated with gay men, 20, 66, 77, 118–119, 143, 164n. 18, 171n." ******* END TEXT: "s on, 40\nas tool of sexism, 104–105. See also Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, Don’t Pursue policy; Military; "
9780814755969 - page_192: "START TEXT: Policy Concerning Homosexuality in the Armed Forces, Senate hearings on; Unit cohesion\nMorgan, Mary," ******* END TEXT: "ion: as activism, 110\nand conduct, 112–113\ndistinguished from status, 129\nas mode of communication, "
9780814755969 - page_193: "START TEXT: 4. See also Identity; Status/conduct distinction\nSelland, Lt. Richard Dirk, 132–133\nSenate confirmat" ******* END TEXT: "Urvashi, 140, 141\nVisibility. See Voice and visibility\nVoice and visibility, 15, 18, 19, 36–37, 139\n"
9780814755969 - page_194: "START TEXT: defined, 7\nimportance of, 26–29, 155–156, 159\nincreasing, for lesbians and gay men, 11–12, 44, 45, 8" ******* END TEXT: "56–157, 158, 161n. 1 (Preface)\nand suicide, xv–xvi\nZilly, Judge Thomas S., 117–118, 125, 126, 127\n\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_161: "START TEXT: NOTES\nNOTES TO THE PREFACE\n1. Mark Blasius cites a 1989 study commissioned by the U.S. Department of" ******* END TEXT: " the impact of multiple forms of discrimination on women of color. She explains, “Most applications "
9780814755969 - page_162: "START TEXT: of the concepts of double and triple jeopardy have been overly simplistic in assuming that the relat" ******* END TEXT: " gay and lesbian radicalism on the West Coast and in parts of Europe were already well established. "
9780814755969 - page_163: "START TEXT: Supporting this interpretation, Urvashi Vaid writes, “Stonewall was neither the worst example of pol" ******* END TEXT: "arriage.” However, she continues, “In making this argument, we might lose our own definition of our "
9780814755969 - page_164: "START TEXT: lover. If we refuse to argue this way, based on the belief that our lover is nothing like a wife or " ******* END TEXT: " 1993.\n8. I am grateful to Anne Layton for her reflections on prejudice that are incorporated here.\n"
9780814755969 - page_165: "START TEXT: 9. As the California Journal of July 1, 1993, notes:\nThe Supreme Court is not the only institution i" ******* END TEXT: "e wire, up and down the length of it, and be unable to see why a bird would not just fly around the "
9780814755969 - page_166: "START TEXT: wire any time it wanted to go somewhere.… It is only when you step back, stop looking at the wires o" ******* END TEXT: "oversy, already heated at this time, surrounding gays and lesbians in the military. This antagonism "
9780814755969 - page_167: "START TEXT: may represent a displacement of the military issue that calls on the emotions already aroused by thi" ******* END TEXT: "ay and lesbian rights in the military, despite their misgivings, was not universally shared. In one "
9780814755969 - page_168: "START TEXT: example, a group calling itself QUASH (Queers United Against Straight-acting Homosexuals) posted a d" ******* END TEXT: " since 1987, with 850 people discharged (“Could It Be a Witch-Hunt?” 1997, 15). Such numbers cannot "
9780814755969 - page_169: "START TEXT: account for those gays and lesbians who are harassed, given poor evaluations, or forced out of the m" ******* END TEXT: "ndividual may be sent anywhere—to any ship or station where he is needed. Men on board ship live in "
9780814755969 - page_170: "START TEXT: particularly close association; in their messes, one man sits beside another; their hammocks or bunk" ******* END TEXT: "lthough technically the military recognizes three categories of sexual orientation—heterosexuality, "
9780814755969 - page_171: "START TEXT: homosexuality, and bisexuality—for all practical purposes, bisexuality drops out of the discussion a" ******* END TEXT: "nt, however, is the fact that such an argument excludes lesbians from the class of “gays” entirely, "
9780814755969 - page_172: "START TEXT: for lesbians have a lower rate of infection than gay men or heterosexual men or women and much less " ******* END TEXT: " thank Celeste Condit for drawing my attention to the origins of this distinction in Greek thought.\n"
9780814755969 - page_173: "START TEXT: 30. A simple example is the use of E-mail for “private” discussions, perhaps of illegal activities. " ******* END TEXT: "ated in a commitment ceremony. Still others, with or without a degree of irony, use husband or wife."
9780814755969 - page_174: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_xv: "START TEXT: PREFACE\nI am the child from down the street.\nNow I’ve grown into someone you might never meet.\n—Tret" ******* END TEXT: "ping our internal and external worlds; a belief that scholarly pursuits are intimately connected to "
9780814755969 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: the achievement of social change; and a hope that the visibility of the written word has the potenti" ******* END TEXT: "l of us—as scholars, writers, and simply human beings—in our highest aspirations seek to achieve.\n\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_iii: "START TEXT: FREEDOMTODIFFER\nThe Shaping of the Gay and Lesbian Struggle for Civil Rights\n\nDIANE HELENE MILLER\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "REEDOMTODIFFER\nThe Shaping of the Gay and Lesbian Struggle for Civil Rights\n\nDIANE HELENE MILLER\n\n\n\n"
9780814755969 - page_ix: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nAcknowledgments\nPreface\n1. Constructions and DeconstructionsGay Politics, Lesbian Feminism," ******* END TEXT: "s and Prejudice in the Cammermeyer Case\n4. ConclusionEnvisioning Our Future\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex"
9780814755969 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_245: "START TEXT: ABOUT THE AUTHOR\nCARY NELSON is Jubilee Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of " ******* END TEXT: "y and Dissent in Cultural Studies (1996), and Will Teach for Food: Academic Labor in Crisis (1997).\n"
9780814757970 - page_246: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_231: "START TEXT: BIBLIOGRAPHY\nAllison, Alexander, ed. The Norton Anthology of Poetry. New York: Norton, 1990.\nBaker, " ******* END TEXT: "nd Chris Weedon. Rewriting English: Cultural Politics of Gender and Class. New York: Methuen, 1985.\n"
9780814757970 - page_232: "START TEXT: Benjamin, Ernst. “A Faculty Response to the Fiscal Crisis: From Defense to Offense.” In Higher Educa" ******* END TEXT: "w, and Stow Persons, eds. Socialism and American Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952.\n"
9780814757970 - page_233: "START TEXT: Elam, Diane. “Doing Justice to Feminism.” Paper presented at the conference Rethinking Culture, Univ" ******* END TEXT: "icago Press, 1993.\nHall, Stuart. “Cultural Studies and the Center: Some Problematics and Problems.” "
9780814757970 - page_234: "START TEXT: In Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, ed. Stuart Hall et al. London: Hutc" ******* END TEXT: "987): 27–41.\nLaluah, Aqua. “Lullaby.” In Shadowed Dreams: Women’s Poetry of the Harlem Renaissance, "
9780814757970 - page_235: "START TEXT: ed. Maureen Honey. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1989. The poem was first published in th" ******* END TEXT: "” Keats Bicentenary Conference, Clark Library, University of California at Los Angeles, April 1995.\n"
9780814757970 - page_236: "START TEXT: Perry, Richard, and Patricia Williams. “Freedom of Hate Speech.” Debating P. C.: The Controversy ove" ******* END TEXT: "The Historical Imagination in 19th Century Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.\n"
9780814757970 - page_237: "START TEXT: ———. Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, " ******* END TEXT: "e Significance of a Water Animal.” In The Invisible Musician. Duluth, Minn.: Holy Cow! Press, 1990.\n"
9780814757970 - page_238: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_13: "START TEXT: 1AGAINST ENGLISH AS IT WAS\nTHEORY AND THE POLITICS OF THE DISCIPLINE\n\nOver the past century a series" ******* END TEXT: "ermined the discipline, as Perkins believes, or has it kept it adaptable and enabled it to survive?\n"
9780814757970 - page_14: "START TEXT: There is no question that admitting new texts or theories into the discipline has consequences. You " ******* END TEXT: "instream anthologies published by Norton gave virtually no space to African American writers. So it "
9780814757970 - page_15: "START TEXT: is not surprising that African American writers were not widely taught in white institutions or that" ******* END TEXT: "of identifying themselves with a loose alliance of contemporary intellectual movements. Departments "
9780814757970 - page_16: "START TEXT: occasionally advertise for specialists in theory and talk of teaching courses in theory, a conversat" ******* END TEXT: " in the wake of the poststructuralist revolution, what probably most distinguishes theoretical from "
9780814757970 - page_17: "START TEXT: nontheoretical discourse is its tendency toward self-conscious and reflective interpretive, methodol" ******* END TEXT: "ave come to understand the social construction of much, including gender, that we took as naturally "
9780814757970 - page_18: "START TEXT: given before. We have recognized the political character of cultural products that we once thought w" ******* END TEXT: "eration or doubt is always open to question. Moreover, he generally reads individual texts to raise "
9780814757970 - page_19: "START TEXT: larger critical and social issues. Following Derrida, we may, then, analyze a literary narrative so " ******* END TEXT: "transmission of the canon of English literature to talk about the Vietnam War. If the general 1960s "
9780814757970 - page_20: "START TEXT: politicization of the university did not produce a real theorizing of academic disciplines, it did p" ******* END TEXT: "nley Fish’s “theory’s day is dying,” a statement that may reflect Fish’s continuing resistance—from "
9780814757970 - page_21: "START TEXT: the 1980s through his 1995 Professional Correctness: Literary Studies and Political Change—to the mo" ******* END TEXT: "r its capacity for self-reflection and self-critique, Marxism would have to abandon its fantasmatic "
9780814757970 - page_22: "START TEXT: claims to scientificity before serious self-scrutiny could become widespread.\nIn the 1970s, however," ******* END TEXT: "have wider influence. And the field of theory of history, contained by its own larger discipline in "
9780814757970 - page_23: "START TEXT: much the same way as literary studies contained its threatening subspecializations, slowly attracted" ******* END TEXT: "e return to history. But that was not enough to relieve the burden of a history without guarantees.\n"
9780814757970 - page_24: "START TEXT: One final turn of the wheel of theory delivered the possibility of an end to literary studies as we " ******* END TEXT: " successfully opened the problematics of literary meaning, but it had not put the discipline or the "
9780814757970 - page_25: "START TEXT: institutions of higher education under comparable scrutiny. As a result, as will be clear in the fin" ******* END TEXT: "reviewing anthologies of American literature and course offerings in English departments to see how "
9780814757970 - page_26: "START TEXT: well writings by women and minorities were represented. By then women’s poetry and fiction were bein" ******* END TEXT: "ly, with wide representation of women and minority writers. Here and there around the country a few "
9780814757970 - page_27: "START TEXT: instructors refuse to teach these texts. But it is now very difficult for an undergraduate to take s" ******* END TEXT: "and discourses. We need to inquire how and why certain concepts—like “literature” or “freedom”—have "
9780814757970 - page_28: "START TEXT: their inner contradictions precipitated out and become elevated to a transcendent status within the " ******* END TEXT: "d it is a promise, as I hope to demonstrate in what follows, that we ignore at our certain peril.\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_29: "START TEXT: 2MULTICULTURALISM WITHOUT GUARANTEES\nFROM ANTHOLOGIES TO THE SOCIAL TEXT\n\nThe alien is the nation, n" ******* END TEXT: "r unjustly) analogous structures is neither hypothetical nor improbable. It is one of the immediate "
9780814757970 - page_30: "START TEXT: effects of putting the anthology form to use and it may well be one of the few effects to have a lon" ******* END TEXT: "o detailed policy questions in other arenas entirely too oblique.2 But their role in promoting core "
9780814757970 - page_31: "START TEXT: values that are exclusionary or inclusive, in valuing or devaluing minority and working-class cultur" ******* END TEXT: "rms of literary expression enter the picture, just as what counts as historically important changes "
9780814757970 - page_32: "START TEXT: when a focus on diplomatic, military, and dominant political history is broadened to include disside" ******* END TEXT: "n play and amplified by the other poems in the anthology, especially other poems by Hughes himself. "
9780814757970 - page_33: "START TEXT: Simply placing “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” (“I’ve known rivers ancient as the world and older than " ******* END TEXT: "be able to help put in play again, as Langston Hughes and Arna Bontemps did in their important 1949 "
9780814757970 - page_34: "START TEXT: anthology The Poetry of the Negro, which included a section of poems by white poets. In her 1929 poe" ******* END TEXT: "ems to me, however, to be less a risk inherent in the anthology form than an effect of the kinds of "
9780814757970 - page_35: "START TEXT: anthologies cautiously liberal or politically conservative academic anthologists have assembled in r" ******* END TEXT: "relations in the future.\nWe also lose the capacity to understand the relational nature of both past "
9780814757970 - page_36: "START TEXT: and present identities. Identity comes into existence relationally and sustains or redefines itself " ******* END TEXT: "s for open warfare. Indeed, in a democratic society most of us need some vision of possible grounds "
9780814757970 - page_37: "START TEXT: for improved social relations to justify our present work; except for the far Right, few in a societ" ******* END TEXT: "ety in advance of its emergence. Much like individual texts, anthologies acquire different meanings "
9780814757970 - page_38: "START TEXT: in different contexts. Competing constituencies will construe their intertextual implications in div" ******* END TEXT: "r those institutions to function. They may even function better if we refuse to repress the past.\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_39: "START TEXT: 3RELATIVISM, POLITICS, AND ETHICS\nWRITING LITERARY HISTORY IN THE SHADOW OF POSTSTRUCTURALISM\n\nHow e" ******* END TEXT: "tionship as a problematic.\nAmong the recent developments in literary studies to be most welcomed, I "
9780814757970 - page_40: "START TEXT: believe, are some that make such a negotiation possible, especially the increasingly close relations" ******* END TEXT: ". In the current critical scene it was beginning to be possible to experience these two commitments "
9780814757970 - page_41: "START TEXT: partly—but only partly—as enjoyably and productively competing, rather than as merely impossibly con" ******* END TEXT: "can feminists began to argue for more complex analyses of the social construction of gender; and as "
9780814757970 - page_42: "START TEXT: the new Marxism abandoned an unquestioning belief in the master narratives of its predecessors—the c" ******* END TEXT: ", illustrated poems from books and magazines, and covers to song sheets and magazines. I frequently "
9780814757970 - page_43: "START TEXT: urge people to think about what social uses poetry has served in earlier periods, uses that are ofte" ******* END TEXT: "ely hypothetical entity.\nI suppose that an author’s birth and death dates would represent something "
9780814757970 - page_44: "START TEXT: like the zero degree of facticity, an almost material facticity that seems outside any interpretive " ******* END TEXT: "erpreted and reconstructed. Assuming such dates are not in dispute, the argument, then, is not over "
9780814757970 - page_45: "START TEXT: whether such facts exist but over what they mean. Moreover, if they are only available either in con" ******* END TEXT: "y may have served.\nIt is this effort to rethink the social meaning of poetry that required the most "
9780814757970 - page_46: "START TEXT: elaborate negotiation of multiple theoretical traditions. Combining in particular the poststructural" ******* END TEXT: "iends to read, and all of them found it intolerable to read large numbers of quotes unmoored to any "
9780814757970 - page_47: "START TEXT: writer’s identity. A year or so later I wrote an essay on 1930s political poetry without any authors" ******* END TEXT: " of knowledge but to put them into question in terms of both the book’s argument and its structure.\n"
9780814757970 - page_48: "START TEXT: A more complex historiographical strategy was built into my decision not to break the book into chap" ******* END TEXT: "ed in the fantasy of commentary that pretends it may last for all time. From time to time I comment "
9780814757970 - page_49: "START TEXT: on how readings of particular poets have shifted to meet contemporary interests. To avoid being tire" ******* END TEXT: "ightforward communication or representation when they write. And not so much forgotten as unthought "
9780814757970 - page_50: "START TEXT: was the still more knotty problem of our own historically determined interests and perspectives, int" ******* END TEXT: "and ethical standards, a subject continually exploited by the political Right over the last decade. "
9780814757970 - page_51: "START TEXT: The New Right’s attacks on relativism have made calm, serious discussion of this important issue nea" ******* END TEXT: "he moral value inherent in recovering repressed traditions, but I can do so only for my own time.\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_52: "START TEXT: 4ALWAYS ALREADY CULTURAL STUDIES\nACADEMIC CONFERENCES AND A MANIFESTO\nThe rapidly increasing visibil" ******* END TEXT: "of 1990, a conference organized by Robert Con Davis and Ron Schlieffer where I presented an earlier "
9780814757970 - page_53: "START TEXT: version of this chapter. Cultural studies has also recently been the subject of special sessions at " ******* END TEXT: "th others who have already made such journeys. Leaving open what it will mean to establish cultural "
9780814757970 - page_54: "START TEXT: studies in America, British cultural studies nonetheless illustrates some of what is at stake in the" ******* END TEXT: "at the cost of blocking cultural studies from having any critical purchase on American social life.\n"
9780814757970 - page_55: "START TEXT: People interested in theory have often been universally accused by the Right of facile opportunism. " ******* END TEXT: "—a specialist in feminist cultural studies with a degree in communications—interviewed for cultural "
9780814757970 - page_56: "START TEXT: studies positions at MLA. It was quite clear that many departments hadn’t the faintest idea what cul" ******* END TEXT: "ing. It presents young intellectuals with impossible and equally hopeless alternatives—abandon your "
9780814757970 - page_57: "START TEXT: passions in order to become more palatable, or devote yourself to what matters whatever the conseque" ******* END TEXT: "king at it. Miller’s expected deadline has now long passed, and his prediction remains unfulfilled.\n"
9780814757970 - page_58: "START TEXT: The effect of Miller’s appearance at the first plenary session at Oklahoma was to give the program a" ******* END TEXT: "onceive it could two massive conferences have almost no points of correspondence. In this context I "
9780814757970 - page_59: "START TEXT: do not think an uncritical argument for liberal diversity has much value. Welcoming the opening of t" ******* END TEXT: "nstitutional tenor of cultural studies culture still leaves many wary about departmental authority.\n"
9780814757970 - page_60: "START TEXT: Indeed, the resistance to any effort to define cultural studies—a resistance unique to its Americani" ******* END TEXT: "all, as will virtually anyone else in cultural studies. You leave a Hall talk feeling energized for "
9780814757970 - page_61: "START TEXT: perhaps the next month; it’s not easy to forgo such opportunities. And he is the perfect example, be" ******* END TEXT: "nd I have asked that my expenses be covered. Since that was my status at Oklahoma—expenses paid but "
9780814757970 - page_62: "START TEXT: no honorarium—I am implicated in the structure I now want to question. A somewhat rude way of puttin" ******* END TEXT: "e you a $200 fee.” No doubt some students are desperate enough to go ahead and effectively purchase "
9780814757970 - page_63: "START TEXT: a line on their vitas; my student declined. And people wonder why academia is losing some of its lus" ******* END TEXT: "udies model of a literary genre—leads me to believe some generalizations about the cultural studies "
9780814757970 - page_64: "START TEXT: enterprise can and must be put forward. I think it is important to try to say both what cultural stu" ******* END TEXT: "de to be. There can be a semiotic component to cultural studies, but cultural studies and semiotics "
9780814757970 - page_65: "START TEXT: are not interchangeable. Cultural studies is not satisfied with mapping sign systems. It is concerne" ******* END TEXT: "o treat that history of engagements with Marxism as irrelevant, as many Americans do, is to abandon "
9780814757970 - page_66: "START TEXT: cultural studies for a fake practice that merely borrows its name. None of this is meant to suggest " ******* END TEXT: "mantra of race, class, and gender,” categories that are properly considered both in relation to one "
9780814757970 - page_67: "START TEXT: another and to the culture as a whole. It needs as well to question its recent fetishizing of fandom" ******* END TEXT: "r texts, contexts, and social practices. In literary studies, New Historicism may sometimes succumb "
9780814757970 - page_68: "START TEXT: to an illusion of being able to address only the earlier historical period being analyzed but cultur" ******* END TEXT: "es. Not only our interpretations but also our theories are produced for the world in which we live.\n"
9780814757970 - page_69: "START TEXT: 16. Cultural studies within the academy is inescapably concerned with and critical of the politics o" ******* END TEXT: "an apparently similar practice means in different times and cultures. Some of the problems inherent "
9780814757970 - page_70: "START TEXT: in immanent textual analysis get transferred in this way to the analysis of whole historical conjunc" ******* END TEXT: "ple committed to a clear intellectual project than for people who were uncertain of their direction "
9780814757970 - page_71: "START TEXT: and therefore wanted intimate consultation and support. We were interested in establishing models fo" ******* END TEXT: "e hoped the conference might draw out and establish. The three of us debated over many names before "
9780814757970 - page_72: "START TEXT: agreeing on a few. That debate was often heated, as we discussed similarities and differences and po" ******* END TEXT: "essive projects in humanities departments in universities have a related mission today—the struggle "
9780814757970 - page_73: "START TEXT: against the global inequities following upon the Reagan-Bush era, the struggle against the Allan Blo" ******* END TEXT: "efforts to open up the canon and efforts to expand the cultural reach of academia’s field of vision "
9780814757970 - page_74: "START TEXT: have been scandalized for abandoning the transcendent and eternal standards of Western high culture—" ******* END TEXT: "ticized cultural studies that devotes itself to the kinds of cultural analysis the society needs.\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_77: "START TEXT: 5PROGRESSIVE PEDAGOGY WITHOUT APOLOGIES\nTHE CULTURAL WORK OF TEACHING NONCANONICAL POETRY\nI want to " ******* END TEXT: "undergraduate students. Except for a graduate seminar in contemporary poetry, I thus had not taught "
9780814757970 - page_78: "START TEXT: literature at all for some time. But now I was writing the book about modern poetry that I discussed" ******* END TEXT: "ere is a substantial tradition of progressive resistance to the dominant culture in modern American "
9780814757970 - page_79: "START TEXT: poetry, and I wanted my students to learn about that tradition and reflect on what it said about the" ******* END TEXT: " for them, an agenda determined by my sense of where the country and the profession were culturally "
9780814757970 - page_80: "START TEXT: and politically, an agenda shaped by the cultural work I thought it was most useful for me to do as " ******* END TEXT: "aring by calling for revaluations of texts on an individual basis, though my own position is that a "
9780814757970 - page_81: "START TEXT: major phase of our literary history needs to be remembered, whether or not we admire the texts it pr" ******* END TEXT: "se often concerned about group rights; you empty their work of part of its meaning if you rule such "
9780814757970 - page_82: "START TEXT: issues inappropriate for discussion or curricular planning. This pattern is hardly unique to America" ******* END TEXT: "d an interest in feminist poetry knew only the work of a few poets who came to prominence after the "
9780814757970 - page_83: "START TEXT: Second World War; some knew only Adrienne Rich. Once they had been through the bulk of the course, t" ******* END TEXT: "eed, it was generally clear where I stood and clear as well that I was politically allied with some "
9780814757970 - page_84: "START TEXT: students and not others. For some of the students, therefore, I was a figure to resist or reject. I " ******* END TEXT: "conclusions I agreed with, they need not even be sympathetic, but they had to take on these issues.\n"
9780814757970 - page_85: "START TEXT: Having encouraged all the students to express themselves as openly as they could, it would hardly ha" ******* END TEXT: " comments about our readings. In fact, although the course was called “Modern American Poetry,” I’m "
9780814757970 - page_86: "START TEXT: not sure whether it was really a course in theory or in poetry. Our readings were all poems, in part" ******* END TEXT: " blackboard writing down theoretical terms and defining them. Twenty-minute lectures on theoretical "
9780814757970 - page_87: "START TEXT: issues were frequent and some entire class periods were spent that way. That the class was generical" ******* END TEXT: "uly;\nIf he couldn’t stand up there beside Old Glory\nAnd blow off his mouth like a damned old tory.\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_88: "START TEXT: I told the students that they could, if they liked, think of it as a prophetic poem about Dan Quayle" ******* END TEXT: "at it would receive not a single vote. Originally included in a leaflet distributed during the 1937 "
9780814757970 - page_89: "START TEXT: Timber Workers strike, its seven stanzas lay out the realities of industrial exploitation:\n\nWe told " ******* END TEXT: "was more recognizably and appealingly “literary.” We dealt with a series of depression-era poems on "
9780814757970 - page_90: "START TEXT: working conditions amongst the working class. Included were Edwin Rolfe’s “Asbestos” and Tillie Olse" ******* END TEXT: "d domain of the “poetic.”\nFrom there on the syllabus was structured as a dialogue between the canon "
9780814757970 - page_91: "START TEXT: and its alternatives. In fact I had ended up assigning the Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry, along " ******* END TEXT: "rn period and its critical reconstitution in the decades to follow. And we worked to understand how "
9780814757970 - page_92: "START TEXT: different groups could simultaneously hold very different notions of what properly constituted poetr" ******* END TEXT: "ool in rosa\nalsabrume\nlorabim\nmascaloo\nblueheart of a\nroolata gasta\nmiralotimbana\nallatin\njuanilama\n"
9780814757970 - page_93: "START TEXT: calcium iron hydrogen sodium nickel\nmagnesium cobalt silicon aluminum\ntitanium chromium strontium ma" ******* END TEXT: "le to discuss and evaluate.\nOn the other hand, when students wanted to spend more time with a topic "
9780814757970 - page_94: "START TEXT: we adjusted the syllabus accordingly. Thus when a week on poems about race by white authors stretche" ******* END TEXT: "ll probably the right word for that moment in history. Nervous, the white students were looking for "
9780814757970 - page_95: "START TEXT: the quick, politically correct response. The black student called them to more sustained reflection." ******* END TEXT: "y. That is hardly the way the students would sort themselves out; indeed, if time permits, I’ll let "
9780814757970 - page_96: "START TEXT: students choose their own groups for a second project. The first group, however, will be set accordi" ******* END TEXT: " a socially and politically relevant pedagogy I would challenge the Right to attack if they dare.\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_100: "START TEXT: deplorable state of inner-city social life and education generally and admit black students to speci" ******* END TEXT: "ded ineffectively, certainly not in ways that would work outside the university, and the battle was "
9780814757970 - page_101: "START TEXT: lost. As damaged goods, deconstruction now serves as a conveniently vulnerable figure for the whole " ******* END TEXT: "y thus requires us to go well beyond the selective memory embodied in the canon. Even though secure "
9780814757970 - page_102: "START TEXT: knowledge about literary history is impossible, as I argue in chapter 3, the astonishingly narrow mo" ******* END TEXT: "r or not texts are taught.\nD’Souza takes a somewhat cruder approach, arguing that you cannot simply "
9780814757970 - page_103: "START TEXT: add to the curriculum. “Students can read a limited and defined number of texts,” he would claim in " ******* END TEXT: "major works, their first reactions include not only considerable excitement at the variety of texts "
9780814757970 - page_104: "START TEXT: now available to them but also a certain shock and anger at decades of effective cultural repression" ******* END TEXT: "niversity’s job to do the work of continuing reinterpretation, the work of intricate rearticulation "
9780814757970 - page_105: "START TEXT: of aspiration and materiality, that makes it possible to idealize the dominant traditions of the Wes" ******* END TEXT: " to me because their life as a woman had parallels to my own experience. A writer who had a life as "
9780814757970 - page_106: "START TEXT: a man did not speak to me in quite the same way. It was a remarkable experience. It opened an avenue" ******* END TEXT: "hor is itself the mirror image of the middle passage? It may be that both Cheney and D’Souza felt a "
9780814757970 - page_107: "START TEXT: moment of inner panic. Hence Cheney’s irrelevant reference to quotas in reading lists and D’Souza’s " ******* END TEXT: "problem could be solved by a bit of strong talk from university authorities, whereas the problem is "
9780814757970 - page_108: "START TEXT: embedded in (and partly inseparable from) race relations throughout the culture. Where Bennett is ri" ******* END TEXT: "tacks on political correctness are thus nothing less than the leading edge of an effort to deny the "
9780814757970 - page_109: "START TEXT: faculty any powers of self-governance and any say over state higher education policy.\nBut the danger" ******* END TEXT: " Public Television stations on 7 September 1991.4 The topic of the debate was “Resolved: Freedom of "
9780814757970 - page_110: "START TEXT: Thought is in Danger on American Campuses.” Participants included William Buckley, Glenn Loury, Dine" ******* END TEXT: "confirms the very charges of political correctness being leveled at us. Unlike the Right, moreover, "
9780814757970 - page_111: "START TEXT: the Left has no consensus about a common general cultural program in which this struggle plays a par" ******* END TEXT: " tradition. What is most troubling for many campuses, however, is the first local experience of the "
9780814757970 - page_112: "START TEXT: Dartmouth Reviews ruthless ad hominem attacks. Academics are far more accustomed to attacking positi" ******* END TEXT: "asy to find an English professor here or anywhere else on the planet who wanted to ban Shakespeare. "
9780814757970 - page_113: "START TEXT: On that point, it may be worth publishing a public conversation one of my colleagues had with a youn" ******* END TEXT: "past decades. The product of the Right’s campaign can only be an America of antagonistic ethnic and "
9780814757970 - page_114: "START TEXT: racial groups looking for advantages over one another. As a result, the concept of democracy will gr" ******* END TEXT: "he United States will be an increasingly less admirable place to live. We cannot let that happen.\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_97: "START TEXT: 6CANON FODDER\nAN EVENING WITH WILLIAM BENNETT, LYNNE CHENEY, AND DINESH D’SOUZA\nOn Thursday 4 April " ******* END TEXT: "estion and answer session with what was essentially a hand-picked and altogether friendly audience. "
9780814757970 - page_98: "START TEXT: Both the panelists and the audience were thus well selected to speak collectively for all the moral " ******* END TEXT: "canon revision in research equally strange. Having to deal with people who play fast and loose with "
9780814757970 - page_99: "START TEXT: intellectual concepts, who will link any cultural phenomenon with any other if they think they can g" ******* END TEXT: "es have every right to decide that it is part of their social mission to compensate for the current "
9780814757970 - page_115: "START TEXT: 7HATE SPEECH AND POLITICAL CORRECTNESS\nIn a famous 1925 poem called “Incident,” Countee Cullen descr" ******* END TEXT: "poked out\nHis tongue, and called me “Nigger.”\nI saw the whole of Baltimore\nFrom May until December;\n"
9780814757970 - page_116: "START TEXT: Of all the things that happened there\nThat’s all that I remember.\n\nIt’s not merely that the speaker " ******* END TEXT: " in the last few years.\nPerhaps the first point to make about hate speech is to clear the air about "
9780814757970 - page_117: "START TEXT: some activities that are already either fully or partially prohibited under other laws, laws, moreov" ******* END TEXT: "blem increases significantly when the issue is given wide discussion. Carefully chosen prosecutions "
9780814757970 - page_118: "START TEXT: under existing law could supply some—but certainly not all—of the same educational effect.\nOn the ot" ******* END TEXT: " policies. I share that desire and thus make a case against formal regulation only with difficulty.\n"
9780814757970 - page_119: "START TEXT: In order to legislate all instances of the behavior Cullen describes—and to cover all such aggressio" ******* END TEXT: " freedom to speak them anyway.\nI use these examples because many Americans are likely to assume the "
9780814757970 - page_120: "START TEXT: freedom to criticize public figures could never be imperiled. But those are freedoms we are always i" ******* END TEXT: "rable freedoms we will pay a price in the end more terrible than the speaker does in Cullen’s poem. "
9780814757970 - page_121: "START TEXT: And we will end with a culture that continues to be deeply and institutionally racist. We will have " ******* END TEXT: "ops. These people are fine if what you want to do is keep the Left exercised but not if you want to "
9780814757970 - page_122: "START TEXT: send a strong political message to the Supreme Court. I am not suggesting that everyone on the Right" ******* END TEXT: "ed in multiculturalism will certainly be in favor of hate speech regulation. I am thereby left with "
9780814757970 - page_123: "START TEXT: no subject position in their politics, since I do multicultural research but am against hate speech " ******* END TEXT: "ter of politics throws Fish into a model of politics that is as hopelessly abstract and nonmaterial "
9780814757970 - page_124: "START TEXT: as textuality would have been a decade earlier. The point is that ideals and appeals to idealization" ******* END TEXT: "aw. It is also an error to cede popular interpretation of the First Amendment and other elements of "
9780814757970 - page_125: "START TEXT: the Constitution to the Right. The Right, of course, likes to treat the First Amendment as an untarn" ******* END TEXT: "ng the role of idealization in social life. Again, the proper tactic is more speech, not silence.\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_126: "START TEXT: 8WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE PUT THE LEFT AT THE CENTER?\nSome years ago, when I was beginning to teach from" ******* END TEXT: "terested to note that my colleague was aware of the connection between the Left and Jewish culture, "
9780814757970 - page_127: "START TEXT: something I had not emphasized in the manuscript. In any case, my reader was not ready to hear the p" ******* END TEXT: " of it. To a given subculture this distance may seem unproblematic, even a fact of nature. In terms "
9780814757970 - page_128: "START TEXT: of their daily experience and their collective figuration of social space, the dominant (and usually" ******* END TEXT: "have the power to make that difference if we wish. We can choose to make our work answer to certain "
9780814757970 - page_129: "START TEXT: personal and political needs and desires. In the process, we can certainly alter the way we remember" ******* END TEXT: "that otherwise Left culture falls silent, unable to be spoken of and unable to speak to us, to that "
9780814757970 - page_130: "START TEXT: extent, indeed, it will seem as though the left did not exist. There is a quite practical sense in w" ******* END TEXT: " did the most sustained work about both the Spanish Civil War and McCarthyism. His Collected Poems, "
9780814757970 - page_131: "START TEXT: published in November of 1993, now makes that work available to everyone.4 Here are some representat" ******* END TEXT: "might be out there. In the 1930s I was dealing with Left poetry that had been published but largely "
9780814757970 - page_132: "START TEXT: forgotten. After going through Rolfe’s papers, I began asking what other poetry might have been writ" ******* END TEXT: " also means drawing different elements of other discourses into the foreground to mark their points "
9780814757970 - page_133: "START TEXT: of similarity and difference with the already varied and mutually contentious discourses of the Left" ******* END TEXT: "f its dissemination, all wait upon a future we cannot yet name. That is the nature of a revolution.\n"
9780814757970 - page_134: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_137: "START TEXT: 9DICHOTOMY IS WHERE THE MONEY IS\nANTI-INTELLECTUALISM INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE UNIVERSITY\nAs I have ar" ******* END TEXT: "ctions at one of our most distinguished universities, the campus’s dean of liberal arts mounted the "
9780814757970 - page_138: "START TEXT: stage to say he thought the future fairly bright. There would be ups and downs, but he found strong," ******* END TEXT: "ter demonstrating how academic life supports certain kinds of anti-intellectualism, I will conclude "
9780814757970 - page_139: "START TEXT: by identifying some areas where academic intellectual leadership is currently much needed. That will" ******* END TEXT: "business or politics, in ethnic or religious communities, or elsewhere. Such specific contexts—each "
9780814757970 - page_140: "START TEXT: both productive and constraining—suggest the impossibility of any universal model.\nIs, for example, " ******* END TEXT: "i-intellectual ideologue.\nNeither being placed inside the academy nor outside it, then, necessarily "
9780814757970 - page_141: "START TEXT: offers the best test of intellectual status. On the other hand, I take as refreshing evidence of a w" ******* END TEXT: "rlier texts that express sympathetic enlightenment values. She particularly recommended John Adams, "
9780814757970 - page_142: "START TEXT: and quoted from him at length. Alas, only under pressure from the audience in the question period di" ******* END TEXT: "ead’s letter, I believe, would be to eliminate her from consideration from almost any job for which "
9780814757970 - page_143: "START TEXT: she applied. I would remove any such letter from one of my student’s dossiers. Did Brodhead have a r" ******* END TEXT: "tant contribution to contemporary debate. It’s one of the things I do, so I’d hardly debunk it. But "
9780814757970 - page_144: "START TEXT: she serves no one well by trying to cover up the facts of her author’s career. Nor is she helpful in" ******* END TEXT: "ciplinarity and its attendant professional organizations, is an interlocking late twentieth-century "
9780814757970 - page_145: "START TEXT: morphing technology: it turns dissenters into careerists, intellectuals into anti-intellectual profe" ******* END TEXT: "cation are compromised, imperfect sites that sometimes deploy disingenuous idealization to preserve "
9780814757970 - page_146: "START TEXT: campus inequities. Debates about student unionization are one of the places where idealization is de" ******* END TEXT: "ween two impossible extremes—the Left’s present wholly entailed by the past and the Right’s present "
9780814757970 - page_147: "START TEXT: altogether unencumbered by it—lies the more uncertain and ambiguous present in which we live and in " ******* END TEXT: "act on his or her contemporaries an intellectual may have to identify explicitly with one side of a "
9780814757970 - page_148: "START TEXT: cultural or political controversy. For some that may seem partly anti-intellectual, but it is often " ******* END TEXT: "bout (and learn to work with) different ethnic and racial groups will have less successful careers.\n"
9780814757970 - page_149: "START TEXT: The same thing applies to efforts to open up the literary canon, which the Right has articulated to " ******* END TEXT: "ndeed now reigns as a kind of public prince of virtue. They should long have been discredited or at "
9780814757970 - page_150: "START TEXT: least more successfully marked as controversial figures. If they had been discredited NEH and NEA wo" ******* END TEXT: "need to devote part of their time to either multidisciplinary or more public intellectual activity.\n"
9780814757970 - page_151: "START TEXT: Multidisciplinary research and writing, one of the categories in which Manifesto itself falls, is de" ******* END TEXT: "es. For some of our ideas need not only to be simplified for public consumption but also abandoned. "
9780814757970 - page_152: "START TEXT: And sometimes the process feels like self-betrayal, like willing self-extinction. Cultural struggles" ******* END TEXT: "rom the necessity of thinking. Whatever it means to be an intellectual, that surely cannot be it.\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_153: "START TEXT: 10LATE CAPITALISM ARRIVES ON CAMPUS\nTHE CORPORATE UNIVERSITY’S EXPENDABLE EMPLOYEES\nAs any faculty c" ******* END TEXT: "ds of professional identities many of us take for granted now may no longer be available to us in a "
9780814757970 - page_154: "START TEXT: decade. The life of a college professor will almost certainly no longer resemble what it does now. A" ******* END TEXT: "f high school graduates, and estimated how many new faculty positions would open up, nowhere asking "
9780814757970 - page_155: "START TEXT: whether the social will to authorize those positions would materialize, nowhere asking whether other" ******* END TEXT: "aited too long to make some of these issues central to my life. Meanwhile, events we could not have "
9780814757970 - page_156: "START TEXT: anticipated—like the end of the cold war and the end of the post–Sputnik era’s paranoid commitment t" ******* END TEXT: "eed not only to be a dedicated teacher and a fine scholar but also to project both these capacities "
9780814757970 - page_157: "START TEXT: as mutually exclusive and wholly consuming attributes. Thus demonstrable success at publication—ofte" ******* END TEXT: "n extra fistful of lottery tickets you would not have otherwise. Worst of all, however, is the fact "
9780814757970 - page_158: "START TEXT: that the very book that might get you tenure at, say, Cornell University, could easily keep you from" ******* END TEXT: "re accurately—that you can use to make any imaginable promise to yourself. A published scholar is a "
9780814757970 - page_159: "START TEXT: mere mortal like the rest of us, tethered to intractable material facts and far less pliable psychod" ******* END TEXT: "ing—I caught the declining wake of the sixties boom and got a job at the University of Illinois. As "
9780814757970 - page_160: "START TEXT: I arrived on campus in the fall of 1970, the market collapsed almost entirely; that year there were " ******* END TEXT: "problem is hardly to guarantee any benefit to the long-term candidate. So, once again, is there any "
9780814757970 - page_161: "START TEXT: advice to offer about the psychology of extended candidacy? Or only another cost to be acknowledged—" ******* END TEXT: ", if it were not for the need to entertain the candidate, the dean could have eaten more cheaply at "
9780814757970 - page_162: "START TEXT: home. Seeking only her own counsel, our graduate student wrote to say she’d pay for the hotel as soo" ******* END TEXT: "teed to multiply abuses.\nOf course many abuses are difficult to prove. And certainly some who think "
9780814757970 - page_163: "START TEXT: they have been mistreated have simply succumbed to the paranoia attending an abusive market. But inv" ******* END TEXT: "ere are already here and there across the country full-time faculty earning $25,000 a year to teach "
9780814757970 - page_164: "START TEXT: four or five courses a semester. One American university greeted 1995 by advertising a new kind of p" ******* END TEXT: "lessness we have eagerly embraced for decades, trading safety from public scrutiny and rage for any "
9780814757970 - page_165: "START TEXT: chance of influence. We have embraced political impotence as part of our identity as professors for " ******* END TEXT: " in talks and cocktail parties could win concessions and help awaken faculty to conditions they now "
9780814757970 - page_166: "START TEXT: choose to ignore. (Similarly, serious efforts to unionize graduate students on a campus can win impr" ******* END TEXT: "ood essays, but there wasn’t much evidence of official interest in these topics in the organization "
9780814757970 - page_167: "START TEXT: before then. Meanwhile, these business-as-usual responses look more like structures for representati" ******* END TEXT: "ill have no mechanism for answering this question, though we know that less than half of new Ph.D.s "
9780814757970 - page_168: "START TEXT: have found tenure-track jobs in most of the last twenty-five years and though a national survey of M" ******* END TEXT: ". New faculty of course have completed their dissertations, whereas advanced graduate students have "
9780814757970 - page_169: "START TEXT: merely almost completed their dissertations, a difference often more symbolic than real. All in all," ******* END TEXT: "more obvious consequences.6 While it is unlikely either factory workers or university teachers will "
9780814757970 - page_170: "START TEXT: soon see common cause in their situations, it is time at least that those of us in academia recogniz" ******* END TEXT: " in need of change. In the meantime, take Mao’s advice: dig tunnels deep, store grain everywhere.\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_171: "START TEXT: 11WHAT IS TO BE DONE?\nA TWELVE-STEP PROGRAM FOR ACADEMIA\nLet me begin with a riddle for higher educa" ******* END TEXT: "part, a patchwork of local cultural and political forces will operate—with a logic that no outsider "
9780814757970 - page_172: "START TEXT: could possibly grasp—to select candidates for tenure-track jobs. The academic job market is, in a se" ******* END TEXT: "s have only one economic rationale—they are a source of cheap instructional labor for universities.\n"
9780814757970 - page_173: "START TEXT: In my own department, “teaching assistants” for the most part design their own syllabi, conduct all " ******* END TEXT: "bers’ high cultural murmurings and the reality of looming unemployment on the street makes graduate "
9780814757970 - page_174: "START TEXT: study increasingly embittered for graduate students and increasingly conflicted for all involved. Th" ******* END TEXT: "ome believe industry could fund the only research that matters, applied technological research with "
9780814757970 - page_175: "START TEXT: an immediate commercial payoff. Many of us realize how short-sighted that is, but much of the public" ******* END TEXT: " members have made to this crisis is, unfortunately, well exemplified by the public statements some "
9780814757970 - page_176: "START TEXT: leaders of disciplinary organizations have recently seen fit to make. In “The Job Market and Surviva" ******* END TEXT: " academics of a long-term research degree as a preparation for writing ad copy or working in K-Mart "
9780814757970 - page_177: "START TEXT: is at best cruel and unusual punishment for its victims. About a politically and culturally consciou" ******* END TEXT: "r more years of teaching experience. To undergraduates the message will instead be partly symbolic, "
9780814757970 - page_178: "START TEXT: vaguely invoking disaster or impossibility, and partly incomprehensible. But the symbolism will be n" ******* END TEXT: "ive careers. Students in those programs could do some of the teaching that we cannot afford to hire "
9780814757970 - page_179: "START TEXT: faculty to do. But effective career-oriented master’s programs will take time and ingenuity to devis" ******* END TEXT: " temporary and would eventually be filled by tenure-track faculty. But decades have passed in which "
9780814757970 - page_180: "START TEXT: that strategy hasn’t worked. So it is now time instead to work to upgrade their salaries and guarant" ******* END TEXT: "ators at some elite schools, like Yale, seem to take a certain pride in bad publicity. In any case, "
9780814757970 - page_181: "START TEXT: withholding instruction alone will not win recognition at most institutions. And it will exert surpr" ******* END TEXT: "” she allowed, “made the grade strike at Yale look like kid stuff” (p. 56). While I am amused to be "
9780814757970 - page_182: "START TEXT: characterized as the Bakunin of Urbana, it is also instructively depressing to see a New Yorker writ" ******* END TEXT: "scussion of this issue, combined with an effort to grant graduate students the best of both worlds.\n"
9780814757970 - page_183: "START TEXT: 4. A YEAR’S WORK FOR A YEAR’S WAGE. In my own department most graduate students teach the same load " ******* END TEXT: "Ph.D.s for full-time jobs, a valuable human resource that could benefit both community colleges and "
9780814757970 - page_184: "START TEXT: Ph.D.-granting institutions is being wasted. The disciplinary immersion and commitment and intellect" ******* END TEXT: "culty must exert maximum pressure on their disciplines; to be effective, all those deeply concerned "
9780814757970 - page_185: "START TEXT: about the job crisis must not only act individually but must also gather together to act collectivel" ******* END TEXT: "mocratic suggestion, because it limits “access” to doctoral programs. Broad access is, I believe, a "
9780814757970 - page_186: "START TEXT: terribly important issue for the undergraduate degree, as is class, race, and gender diversity in do" ******* END TEXT: "n I am making, because it is readily subject to the sort of abuse the AAUP has long worked to guard "
9780814757970 - page_187: "START TEXT: against—politically motivated attacks on tenured faculty. Yet the contrast between some dysfunctiona" ******* END TEXT: "nk through the implications and make a decision. Those whose teaching is adequate should be offered "
9780814757970 - page_188: "START TEXT: the opportunity to accept a term contract to teach one course per year after retirement. Of course t" ******* END TEXT: "eir retirement benefits.\nSome restrictions often apply, but few are insurmountable. Faculty members "
9780814757970 - page_189: "START TEXT: generally need to terminate employment before drawing on their annuities. Most faculty on these plan" ******* END TEXT: "victims and no losers.\nIf what I have just said is to be true, however, it is important that senior "
9780814757970 - page_190: "START TEXT: scholar appointments be available to faculty in all disciplines. I have in mind that these positions" ******* END TEXT: "y them. Once this option were widely available and widely present as a budget item, visiting senior "
9780814757970 - page_191: "START TEXT: scholar appointments and senior scholar exchanges would be easy to arrange. That would benefit both " ******* END TEXT: "bt these connections exist should remember, as I pointed out in chapter 9, that two former heads of "
9780814757970 - page_192: "START TEXT: the National Endowment for the Humanities testified before Congress in the spring of 1995 that the E" ******* END TEXT: "wo recent generations of faculty members—their salaries, teaching loads, job security, and sense of "
9780814757970 - page_193: "START TEXT: professional satisfaction—and found many young faculty leading very different lives from their paren" ******* END TEXT: " our resources for a major struggle of some duration. We are already past the best time to begin.\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_194: "START TEXT: 12REACTION AND RESISTANCE AT YALE AND THE MLA\nUNION ORGANIZING AND THE JOB MARKET\nIt was late in the" ******* END TEXT: "s. Now it was to be boxed wine. Could the wine be sending a message? Either universities had fallen "
9780814757970 - page_195: "START TEXT: on even harder times than I had thought or the sponsors of this party knew it did not matter.\nIn a r" ******* END TEXT: "lized they hadn’t gotten around to requesting writing samples from candidates. Instead of reviewing "
9780814757970 - page_196: "START TEXT: the applications and making a first cut, eliminating at least those wholly inappropriate for the job" ******* END TEXT: "al. Peter Brooks, distinguished professor of English and Comparative Literature at Yale, was rising "
9780814757970 - page_197: "START TEXT: from the floor to read a Yale faculty resolution repudiating a job action organized by the emerging " ******* END TEXT: "nother institutionalized incapacity to see oneself through others’ eyes, for with that argument the "
9780814757970 - page_198: "START TEXT: assembled historians could not contain a response. They did what Cott asked, put themselves in Yale’" ******* END TEXT: "ore anonymous working-class institutions that so many Yale faculty can more wholeheartedly despise; "
9780814757970 - page_199: "START TEXT: third, it disguises interested investments in long-term negotiations over relative power as a though" ******* END TEXT: "f they wanted the union leaders’ heads on pikes ringing the campus. If we are talking about desire, "
9780814757970 - page_200: "START TEXT: about the punishment fitting the crime of academic treason, the proper violence with which to meet h" ******* END TEXT: "r that, they are largely on their own, often not only teaching but designing courses. At many large "
9780814757970 - page_201: "START TEXT: universities graduate students teach three or four courses a year for seven years or more. Only an i" ******* END TEXT: "ents available to new Ph.Ds. who cannot find jobs. Many schools are already initiating or enlarging "
9780814757970 - page_202: "START TEXT: such programs for their own graduates, but it is fine to have MLA’s encouragement on record. Then Gi" ******* END TEXT: " treating their postdocs and adjuncts better, but we need to remember that much of corporate higher "
9780814757970 - page_203: "START TEXT: education is now without shame. What is really needed are national disciplinary standards for fair t" ******* END TEXT: ", full-time tenured faculty toward adjuncts, part-timers, and now postdocs. Such people have little "
9780814757970 - page_204: "START TEXT: control over a school’s policies and curriculum, fewer free speech guarantees, less support for rese" ******* END TEXT: "working conditions.\nThe analogy with unionization efforts outside academia is particularly telling, "
9780814757970 - page_205: "START TEXT: because it puts Yale’s high-minded righteousness in its proper context. Efforts to force private uni" ******* END TEXT: "ory of good hires—of hiring faculty who improve the quality of the department—administrators should "
9780814757970 - page_206: "START TEXT: allow them to make the visitor an offer of a permanent appointment without conducting a search. If t" ******* END TEXT: "iveness, and intimidation. Because what is threatened is an illusory and increasingly unsustainable "
9780814757970 - page_207: "START TEXT: self-image. An ideology is under siege, and Yale is more than happy to defend it by sacrificing peop" ******* END TEXT: "e my own. Yet when told their students aren’t getting jobs Yale faculty first look puzzled and then "
9780814757970 - page_208: "START TEXT: adopt what I shall call the “Yale Tableau.” It’s not an argument, mind you, rather more of a gestura" ******* END TEXT: "h inbred resistance. Few on the faculty are eager to admit the existence of such a dynamic. What is "
9780814757970 - page_209: "START TEXT: clear is that if we do not begin to have such conversations tenured faculty will eventually be as ra" ******* END TEXT: "wer and privilege, but the point here is that it is up to employees themselves, not their employers "
9780814757970 - page_210: "START TEXT: or supervisors, to decide whether and how they should be represented. Like other employees, teaching" ******* END TEXT: " of a student’s future behavior as a colleague. . . . Nor do the AAUP’s guidelines exist to shelter "
9780814757970 - page_211: "START TEXT: unprofessional and dishonest behavior of the kind that some students have engaged in in the name of " ******* END TEXT: "fe can be extended. In one of the many features that make the scenario so well adapted to academia, "
9780814757970 - page_212: "START TEXT: Tyrell does not just refuse; like the Yale faculty, he declares the change in status a categorical i" ******* END TEXT: "he country, part of the problem is clearly with the unfettered, unreflective sense of privilege and "
9780814757970 - page_213: "START TEXT: noblesse oblige departments feel entitled to flaunt. One might like to imagine the National Labor Re" ******* END TEXT: "ever know. Even at the time I was as much amused and incredulous as annoyed. I had other interviews "
9780814757970 - page_214: "START TEXT: and, as it happened, got a job, though the job came from the school where the interview—or so it see" ******* END TEXT: " it was nonetheless. The woman being interviewed took it as a studied provocation, a test to see if "
9780814757970 - page_215: "START TEXT: she was the sort of feminist who had a sense of humor and replied in kind. She had nothing to gain f" ******* END TEXT: "tly resigned if it was not.\nBoth the departments interviewing at the MLA and those in power at Yale "
9780814757970 - page_216: "START TEXT: and Cambridge imagine that negative consequences flow only one way in academia—toward those most vul" ******* END TEXT: "n to decide your future—bright pennants waving over their vitas—let them know that you are there.\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_v: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nINTRODUCTION\nI THE POLITICS OF ENGLISH\n1. AGAINST ENGLISH AS IT WAS\nTHEORY AND THE POLITICS" ******* END TEXT: "’SOUZA\n7. HATE SPEECH AND POLITICAL CORRECTNESS\n8. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE PUT THE LEFT AT THE CENTER?\n"
9780814757970 - page_vi: "START TEXT: III LESSONS FROM THE JOB WARS\n9. DICHOTOMY IS WHERE THE MONEY IS\nANTI-INTELLECTUALISM INSIDE AND OUT" ******* END TEXT: "AT YALE AND THE MLA\nUNION ORGANIZING AND THE JOB MARKET\nNOTES\nBIBLIOGRAPHY\nINDEX\nABOUT THE AUTHOR\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1997 by New York University\nAll rights rese" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_ii: "START TEXT: CULTURAL FRONT\nGENERAL EDITOR: MICHAEL BÉRUBÉ\nMANIFESTO OF A TENURED RADICAL\nCARY NELSON\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "CULTURAL FRONT\nGENERAL EDITOR: MICHAEL BÉRUBÉ\nMANIFESTO OF A TENURED RADICAL\nCARY NELSON\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_i: "START TEXT: MANIFESTO OF A TENURED RADICAL\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "MANIFESTO OF A TENURED RADICAL\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_vii: "START TEXT: MANIFESTO OF A TENURED RADICAL\n" ******* END TEXT: "MANIFESTO OF A TENURED RADICAL\n"
9780814757970 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_239: "START TEXT: INDEX\nAcademic freedom, 108\nAffirmative action, 98–101, 108, 122, 148\nAfro-American studies, 20\nAfro" ******* END TEXT: " (ch.7)\nBarthes, Roland, 86\nBass, Perry, 143, 210, 228n. 7\nBate, Walter Jackson, 18, 219n. 2 (ch.1)\n"
9780814757970 - page_240: "START TEXT: Batsleer, Janet, 20, 26\nBenjamin, Ernst, 178, 225n. 1\nBennett, William, 24, 97, 98, 99, 101–2, 105–8" ******* END TEXT: "3\nGilbert, Sandra, 154, 176, 177, 179, 209, 211, 212\nGilman, Sander, 176, 201–4\nGingrich, Newt, 140\n"
9780814757970 - page_241: "START TEXT: Graduate Employee Student Organization (GESO), 141–44\nand Yale grade strike, 143, 197–212, 224n. 2 (" ******* END TEXT: "ssent in Cultural Studies (1996), 59, 220n. 1\nHigher Education Under Fire: Politics, Economics, and "
9780814757970 - page_242: "START TEXT: the Crisis of the Humanities (1994), 226nn. 3, 4\nMarxism and the Interpretation of Culture (1988), 7" ******* END TEXT: ", 81\nWashington, University of, 100\nWatkins, Evan, 20\nWatt, Stephen, 166, 227n. 1\nWeedon, Chris, 20\n"
9780814757970 - page_243: "START TEXT: Wheelwright, John, 222n. 2 (ch.5)\nWhite, Hayden, 43, 86\nWilliams, Patricia, 122–23\nWilliams, Raymond" ******* END TEXT: "rd, 227n. 4\nYeshiva University, 154, 205\nYoung Bear, Ray, 32, 33, 36\nYoung, Cynthia, 225n. 3 (ch.9)\n"
9780814757970 - page_244: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_1: "START TEXT: INTRODUCTION\nWalk the halls of almost any large university anthropology, English, or history departm" ******* END TEXT: "rned to me and said, “Now I can see the tunnel at the end of the light.” The tenured faculty rarely "
9780814757970 - page_10: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_2: "START TEXT: think of such matters. Focused on their careers, they assume we all earn our fates. The scholarship " ******* END TEXT: "ocial implications and can be positioned in relation to contemporary debates. More perhaps than any "
9780814757970 - page_3: "START TEXT: other discipline, literary studies has reformed and opened its intellectual life in such a way as to" ******* END TEXT: "d has declined steadily for nearly two decades, in part because library budgets are falling farther "
9780814757970 - page_4: "START TEXT: and farther behind acquisition costs. A scholarly book that could easily sell 2,000 copies in 1970 n" ******* END TEXT: "arket. The reality is that the academic job crisis began in 1970 and 1971. We have had intermittent "
9780814757970 - page_5: "START TEXT: periods of relative improvement since then, but even the best years have left many long-term candida" ******* END TEXT: " not programmatically or conventionally so. In a number of areas—from its commitment to maintaining "
9780814757970 - page_6: "START TEXT: substantial portions of the traditional canon in the curriculum to its rejection of hate speech ordi" ******* END TEXT: "rrived at his first job was join the American Association of University Professors, a group devoted "
9780814757970 - page_7: "START TEXT: to defining and promulgating general professional principles, not to individual career advancement. " ******* END TEXT: " the social formations in which we as academics are embedded. It is critical to do so collectively.\n"
9780814757970 - page_8: "START TEXT: Secondly, here and there are sources of inspiration. In September of 1995 I had dinner with a group " ******* END TEXT: "same time. All these forces must be resisted, but faculty members cannot do so without collectively "
9780814757970 - page_9: "START TEXT: looking outward at the world for the first time in decades. The process can only succeed if we under" ******* END TEXT: " and Changing Classroom Practices: Resources for Literary and Cultural Studies (ed. David Downing).\n"
9780814757970 - page_217: "START TEXT: NOTES\nNOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION\n1. As Michael Bérubé points out in Public Access, the title of Roger" ******* END TEXT: "tiated when the late Robert Maxwell decided libraries were a captive audience for such publications "
9780814757970 - page_218: "START TEXT: and started a number of new journals (with salaried editors) that had prices ten or more times what " ******* END TEXT: "idavit criticizing the administration unless he or she had an exceptionally strong case for tenure.\n"
9780814757970 - page_219: "START TEXT: NOTES TO CHAPTER 1\n1. See, for example, Baker et al., eds., Black British Cultural Studies.\n2. At ta" ******* END TEXT: "w Modernism.”\n2. See Hayden White’s Tropics of Discourse, Metahistory, and The Content of the Form.\n"
9780814757970 - page_220: "START TEXT: 3. A number of reviews of Repression and Recovery have taken up the bait I set down and paid some at" ******* END TEXT: "l studies when they are not following the tradition that Nelson has in mind. . . . Indeed, there is "
9780814757970 - page_221: "START TEXT: a curious colonial allegiance in Nelson’s stringent—even strident— defense of a strictly British her" ******* END TEXT: "own, “Scotty Has His Say,” “Slim in Hell,” Witter Bynner, “Defeat,” Hart Crane, “Black Tambourine,” "
9780814757970 - page_222: "START TEXT: Countee Cullen, “Incident,” “For a Lady I Know,” e. e. cummings, “Theys SO Alive,” Charles Henri For" ******* END TEXT: "one class or another class, or as a person living in a period of history as opposed to another. The "
9780814757970 - page_223: "START TEXT: denial of transcendence that is implicit in all these statements is inimicable to the very life of t" ******* END TEXT: "are the massive two-volume Socialism and American Life, ed. Donald Drew Egbert and Stow Persons and "
9780814757970 - page_224: "START TEXT: the Encyclopedia of the American Left, ed. Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, and Dan Georgakas.\n2. See Hest" ******* END TEXT: " being paid. It was at that point, in February 1994, that the whole issue broke into public debate.\n"
9780814757970 - page_225: "START TEXT: The graduate student in question had actually signed two letters about the course on behalf of GESO—" ******* END TEXT: "those departments that offer very large lecture courses where the graduate students meet discussion "
9780814757970 - page_226: "START TEXT: sections and grade exams. That might require changing the nature of the courses taught. The costs th" ******* END TEXT: "only real opportunity I would have for measurable financial gain. Now if we could close the English "
9780814757970 - page_227: "START TEXT: Ph.D. programs at Berkeley, Chicago, Duke, Harvard, Hopkins, UC-Irvine, Princeton, UCLA, and Yale, t" ******* END TEXT: "g that increases the size of their grant requests may make them less competitive than campuses that "
9780814757970 - page_228: "START TEXT: do not monitor research assistant working hours or conditions closely or that offer fewer benefits. " ******* END TEXT: "only once, without comments in the margins and without reviewing earlier work. According to the new "
9780814757970 - page_229: "START TEXT: guidelines for the course, tutors need not even read the themes in advance: they simply look quickly" ******* END TEXT: "scuss the possibility of professional ethics committees, then they will have served their function.\n"
9780814757970 - page_230: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_11: "START TEXT: ITHE POLITICS OF ENGLISH\n" ******* END TEXT: "ITHE POLITICS OF ENGLISH\n"
9780814757970 - page_12: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_75: "START TEXT: IITHE ACADEMY AND THE CULTURE DEBATES\n" ******* END TEXT: "IITHE ACADEMY AND THE CULTURE DEBATES\n"
9780814757970 - page_76: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_135: "START TEXT: IIILESSONS FROM THE JOB WARS\n" ******* END TEXT: "IIILESSONS FROM THE JOB WARS\n"
9780814757970 - page_136: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814757970 - page_iii: "START TEXT: MANIFESTO OF A TENURED RADICAL\nCARY NELSON\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "MANIFESTO OF A TENURED RADICAL\nCARY NELSON\n\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_i: "START TEXT: EMBRACING THE OTHER\n" ******* END TEXT: "EMBRACING THE OTHER\n"
9780814761908 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_iii: "START TEXT: EMBRACING THE OTHER\nPHILOSOPHICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, ANDHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ALTRUISM\nEdited by P" ******* END TEXT: "ner, Samuel P. Oliner,Lawrence Baron, Lawrence A. Blum,Dennis L. Krebs, and M. Zuzanna Smolenska\n\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1992 by New York UniversityAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: " for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\nc 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_v: "START TEXT: We dedicate this book to all those individualswho reflect the Altruistic Spirit in theirwords as wel" ******* END TEXT: " to all those individualswho reflect the Altruistic Spirit in theirwords as well as in their deeds.\n"
9780814761908 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_ix: "START TEXT: 14. The Role of Polish Nuns in the Rescue of Jews, 1939–1945\nEwa Kurek-Lesik\n15. Political Altruism:" ******* END TEXT: "ligion\nWendy M. Heller and Hoda Mahmoudi\n20. Altruism in the Socialist World\nWiktor Osiatynski\nIndex"
9780814761908 - page_vii: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nContributors\nPART ONE: PREFACE AND INTRODUCTION\nPreface\nJanusz Reykowski\nIntroduction\nPearl" ******* END TEXT: "Morality\nVictor J. Seidler\nPART THREE: SOCIOBIOLOGY AND MORAL ALTRUISM\nIntroduction\nDennis L. Krebs\n"
9780814761908 - page_viii: "START TEXT: 4. Altruism and Human Nature: Resolving the Evolutionary Paradox\nIan Vine\n5. Altruism and the Evolut" ******* END TEXT: " Hovannisian\n13. The Dutchness of Dutch Rescuers: The National Dimension of Altruism\nLawrence Baron\n"
9780814761908 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_xi: "START TEXT: CONTRIBUTORS\nLawrence Baron is Director of the Lipinsky Institute and Nasatir Professor of Modern Je" ******* END TEXT: "he Endowed Chair in Armenian and Near Eastern History at the University of California, Los Angeles. "
9780814761908 - page_xii: "START TEXT: He is the author or editor of nine books including The Armenian Genocide: History, Politics, Ethics." ******* END TEXT: "ia, and is the founder and director of the Altruistic Personality and Prosocial Behavior Institute.\n"
9780814761908 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: Wiktor Osiatynski is Program Director at the Center for Study and Education in Human Rights, Warsaw," ******* END TEXT: "r-member of the MOSAIC morality research network, studying the sociobiology of moral consciousness.\n"
9780814761908 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_1: "START TEXT: PART ONEPREFACE AND INTRODUCTION\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART ONEPREFACE AND INTRODUCTION\n"
9780814761908 - page_2: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_3: "START TEXT: PREFACE\nJanusz Reykowski\nThis book was initiated at the international conference titled “Theoretical" ******* END TEXT: "aggressive urges. Subsequent studies on the authoritarian personality, prejudice, Machiavellianism, "
9780814761908 - page_4: "START TEXT: “crimes of obedience,” cognitive biases, etc., contributed to the reinforcement of a rather unflatte" ******* END TEXT: "ich is the outcome of that conference.\nThe organizers of the conference would like to express their "
9780814761908 - page_5: "START TEXT: appreciation to the following institutions, which by offering their generous support made the whole " ******* END TEXT: "he Altruistic Personality and Prosocial Behavior Institute, and the Institute of Noetic Sciences.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_10: "START TEXT: denies differences and obscures them, preserving people as a distinct people affirms their valued sp" ******* END TEXT: "e which human options we cultivate.”\nAlthough he conceptualizes it somewhat differently, Cohen also "
9780814761908 - page_11: "START TEXT: proposes an interactionist model between biology and culture, in which choice features. Altruism, in" ******* END TEXT: "as their capacity to respond more adequately. Van Hesteren (chapter 7) expands on the developmental "
9780814761908 - page_12: "START TEXT: aspect of the model, particularly as it relates to the most highly developed, ideal type. Drawing on" ******* END TEXT: "t kinds of altruism in different situations. The motivation for prosocial activities, says Montada, "
9780814761908 - page_13: "START TEXT: varies with the social structure and the relationships between the potential helper and the needy. O" ******* END TEXT: "ity requires—a point with which Blum and Seidler would probably agree. Yet Hovannisian acknowledges "
9780814761908 - page_14: "START TEXT: that conversion and Turkification occurred in an historical and cultural context where they implied " ******* END TEXT: "d by socialist/Zionist ideology has put him at the margins of Israeli society. In describing him as "
9780814761908 - page_15: "START TEXT: an individual committed “to people” as well as “to abstract principles of justice, the national legi" ******* END TEXT: "trusive listening, personal knowledge of the experience and its accompanying despair, nonthreatening"
9780814761908 - page_16: "START TEXT: intimacy, honest supportive reassurances, as well as tireless concern, time, attention, and empathy" ******* END TEXT: "ible in a paternalistic or autocratic collectivist society, but that altruism cannot exist in it.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_6: "START TEXT: INTRODUCTION\nPearl M. Oliner\nIn the summer of 1989, we met with a group of international scholars in" ******* END TEXT: " timing. Poland suffered one of the most cruel Nazi occupations and was the center of most of their "
9780814761908 - page_7: "START TEXT: exterminating centers, yet it also mounted an impressive resistance. Testimonies about that period w" ******* END TEXT: "st unanimously rejected behaviorist definitions as adequate. And while they also did not accept the "
9780814761908 - page_8: "START TEXT: motivations identified by others as quite sufficient to explain rescue, they largely agreed that the" ******* END TEXT: "n affirmation of national political traditions, whereas among Christian Reformed groups in Holland, "
9780814761908 - page_9: "START TEXT: it appeared to be largely an affirmation of religious culture in which Jews were perceived as God’s " ******* END TEXT: "y innovative component by introducing the moral value of “affirming cultures.” Whereas universality "
9780814761908 - page_17: "START TEXT: PART TWOPHILOSOPHICAL, DEFINITIONAL, AND CONCEPTUAL ISSUES\nEdited by Lawrence A. Blum" ******* END TEXT: "PART TWOPHILOSOPHICAL, DEFINITIONAL, AND CONCEPTUAL ISSUES\nEdited by Lawrence A. Blum"
9780814761908 - page_18: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_19: "START TEXT: INTRODUCTION\nLawrence A. Blum\nIn Plato’s Republic, Thrasymachus argues that self-interest motivates " ******* END TEXT: "necessary for protest motivation.\nLawrence Blum, an American philosopher, explores distinct aspects "
9780814761908 - page_20: "START TEXT: of the moral accomplishment of rescuers. He distinguishes between altruism as the concern for anothe" ******* END TEXT: " deepest sense of value and identity.\nSeidler’s rejection of the dichotomies of egoism/altruism and "
9780814761908 - page_21: "START TEXT: duty/inclination dovetail with his rejection of the idea that rescuers have superior moral merit. He" ******* END TEXT: "value in its own right, namely, respect for specific cultural identity, in oneself and in others.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_22: "START TEXT: 1EMPATHY AND PROTEST: TWO ROOTS OF HEROIC ALTRUISM\nKrzysztof Konarzewski\nAs the world moves away fro" ******* END TEXT: "ense that the fear and pain of another becomes his own fear and pain. He rescues others as he would "
9780814761908 - page_23: "START TEXT: rescue himself if he were in a similar situation. The other becomes the vicarious self. Rescuing of " ******* END TEXT: " person involved in the act of altruism to be one whose “ego boundaries were sufficiently broadened "
9780814761908 - page_24: "START TEXT: so that other people were experienced as part of the self” (183). The main obstacle to altruism is e" ******* END TEXT: " aiming at the formless community of the whole mankind would have to take place, as in the pedagogy "
9780814761908 - page_25: "START TEXT: of J. J. Rousseau, outside the society and against it. There is, however, some way to soften this li" ******* END TEXT: " puts the main emphasis on obedience.\nTwo kinds of obedience may be distinguished: “positional” and "
9780814761908 - page_26: "START TEXT: mercenary. The first implies uncritical acceptance of claims advanced by persons of higher social ra" ******* END TEXT: "sition of its source. Little wonder that many nonrescuers perceived punishments inflicted upon them "
9780814761908 - page_27: "START TEXT: as a mere unloading of parents’ emotions rather than a deliberate response to the intrinsic evil of " ******* END TEXT: "ther’s distress, makes attempts similar to those he would make, should he suffer himself. But there "
9780814761908 - page_28: "START TEXT: is a limit to those attempts: the sufferings he exposes himself to. If someone denied it, he would h" ******* END TEXT: "s of their behavior may escape notice.\nThe combination of the training of empathy with the training "
9780814761908 - page_29: "START TEXT: of protest, while not logically impossible, is by no means easy to achieve. That may explain why the" ******* END TEXT: "gh, and S. A. Karp (1962) Psychological Differentiation: Studies of Development. New York: Wiley.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_30: "START TEXT: 2ALTRUISM AND THE MORAL VALUE OF RESCUE: RESISTING PERSECUTION, RACISM, AND GENOCIDE\nLawrence A. Blu" ******* END TEXT: "s necessarily an “agent-centered” value, rather than a “consequence-centered” value. To call an act "
9780814761908 - page_31: "START TEXT: altruistic is to say more than that it produces beneficial consequences for someone; it is to confer" ******* END TEXT: "risk is of course central to the case of rescue and surely does constitute an important part of why "
9780814761908 - page_32: "START TEXT: rescue activities are admirable. Nevertheless, building self-sacrifice into the very definition of a" ******* END TEXT: "lization” (or “altruistic specialization”). His altruism is targeted to a specific group of persons—"
9780814761908 - page_33: "START TEXT: defined residentially or by a shared condition. To explore the significance of this fact, let us ima" ******* END TEXT: "borhood. But this is not the only reason. Even if her need were at the same level as his neighbors, "
9780814761908 - page_34: "START TEXT: it would still be a deficiency were he to fail to have some concern for her and willingness to help." ******* END TEXT: "zi context, and on other situations in which the normal moral specializations prove insufficient or "
9780814761908 - page_35: "START TEXT: inadequate, it might be tempting to define altruism not as concern for others but as concern for oth" ******* END TEXT: "altruism itself. The first of these is the extraordinary riskiness and danger of rescue activities.\n"
9780814761908 - page_36: "START TEXT: I will discuss two further dimensions of rescue of Jews in Nazi Europe—resistance to evil, and prese" ******* END TEXT: " of natural or technological disasters.\nThe failure to mention the aspect of persecution could stem "
9780814761908 - page_37: "START TEXT: partly from the fact that the rescuers took its significance for granted. But there may be another r" ******* END TEXT: "character of rescue activities.\nI say that resistance to the evil of persecution is an element over "
9780814761908 - page_38: "START TEXT: and above altruism in the rescue of Jews, and it is an element that need not (though it may) functio" ******* END TEXT: "n of persons because of their [imagined or actual] race, ethnicity, religious affiliation, national "
9780814761908 - page_39: "START TEXT: heritage, and the like.) Racism is a particularly virulent scourge, beyond that of persecution itsel" ******* END TEXT: "ities of these rescuers, and in honoring them for their moral accomplishment, I think we implicitly "
9780814761908 - page_40: "START TEXT: place these acts in a wider framework than that of altruism alone. We see the actions as resisting t" ******* END TEXT: "e Conception describing a meeting called by one of the sisters, Wanda Garczynska, to decide whether "
9780814761908 - page_41: "START TEXT: to continue sheltering several (possibly many) children and adult Jews. The nun remembers,\nShe expla" ******* END TEXT: "ion and racism, and these are distinct elements in our understanding of their moral accomplishment.\n"
9780814761908 - page_42: "START TEXT: ALTRUISM AND AFFIRMING CULTURES\nFinally, there is one further element of moral significance, beyond " ******* END TEXT: "pecial worth” implies a greater worthiness than other groups. But “distinct worth” simply implies a "
9780814761908 - page_43: "START TEXT: kind of worth that is different from but neither more nor less than that of other peoples. The value" ******* END TEXT: "t they, in contrast to the Germans, saw the Jew as a human being. Several expressed this by saying, "
9780814761908 - page_44: "START TEXT: in essence, “I did not see him as a Jew, but as a human being.” (see Oliner and Oliner 1988, 154: “I" ******* END TEXT: "ch Calvinists discussed in Lawrence Baron’s chapter in this book, “The Dutchness of Dutch Rescuers: "
9780814761908 - page_45: "START TEXT: The National Dimension of Altruism.” It was part of the theological outlook of these Calvinists to t" ******* END TEXT: "llie’s Lest Innocent Blood Be Shed.\nAffirming the value of distinct peoples is, or anyway can be, a "
9780814761908 - page_46: "START TEXT: third extensive value as well, embracing almost all persons. For almost every person has some cultur" ******* END TEXT: " are taken into account. “Altruism” alone cannot express that accomplishment and that significance.\n"
9780814761908 - page_47: "START TEXT: BIBLIOGRAPHY\nBlum, L. (1988) “Moral Exemplars: Reflections on Schindler, the Trocmés, and Others.” M" ******* END TEXT: "he Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland. New York: Oxford University Press.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_48: "START TEXT: 3RESCUE, RIGHTEOUSNESS, AND MORALITY\nVictor J. Seidler\n1. MORALITY AND MODERNITY\nCan our moral theor" ******* END TEXT: "sophical tradition that has in large part sustained this tradition. At the close of the 1980s, when "
9780814761908 - page_49: "START TEXT: the dream of science and progress begins to fade and as we become more aware of the injuries that we" ******* END TEXT: "h” and “irrational” and so tends to present moral education as a denial of our emotional lives. Our "
9780814761908 - page_50: "START TEXT: inner lives can only be occupied by reason alone, for our emotions and feelings are presented as ess" ******* END TEXT: " protested loudly at the treatment of their fellow Jews? This question touches on the effectiveness "
9780814761908 - page_51: "START TEXT: of a Kantian morality of duty and principle for which such a morality could sustain individual voice" ******* END TEXT: " notion of citizenship was flawed within European cultures that insisted upon assimilation into the "
9780814761908 - page_52: "START TEXT: dominant culture as the price of acceptance. It is only as “citizens” that we can be “free and equal" ******* END TEXT: "es it a confidence in its own decisions. So it is also that a language of rights teaches us that we "
9780814761908 - page_53: "START TEXT: respect others by leaving them alone. We learn not to infringe on their legal and political rights. " ******* END TEXT: "oes not matter. It is an insight our moral theory has yet to learn, trapped as it is within a moral "
9780814761908 - page_54: "START TEXT: psychology, as Iris Murdoch indicates in The Sovereignty of Good, that is yet to come to terms with " ******* END TEXT: "at would educate us into morality in terms of impartial and universal principles. They look towards "
9780814761908 - page_55: "START TEXT: an ethic of care and concern, recognizing that some of the rescuers who were interviewed had friends" ******* END TEXT: "Philip Hallie reflects upon the story of the village of Le Chambon and how the Protestant community "
9780814761908 - page_56: "START TEXT: organized itself to rescue so many Jews. He follows the experience of André and Magda Trocmé, who in" ******* END TEXT: "mply different personalities, but different ethical sensibilities that are still very much with us.\n"
9780814761908 - page_57: "START TEXT: Magda Trocmé believes that something is evil because it hurts people. Hers is an ethic of benevolenc" ******* END TEXT: "is set against our “animal natures.” This undermines, I would argue, the sense of the pre-ciousness "
9780814761908 - page_58: "START TEXT: or dignity of human life for it means that our emotions, feelings, and desires cannot serve as sourc" ******* END TEXT: "e in tension with a language of altruism that sees the necessity of putting the self aside in order "
9780814761908 - page_59: "START TEXT: to help others. It is the impersonality and detachment that is so often part of a Kantian tradition " ******* END TEXT: "thout frowning that pious and moral Christians read the records of men too “human” for their taste. "
9780814761908 - page_60: "START TEXT: Jacob the liar, Moses the murderer, David the adulterer, Solomon the idolatrous. … The concept of Go" ******* END TEXT: "ons, calling for a different relationship between self and other, between individual and community:\n"
9780814761908 - page_61: "START TEXT: “If I am not for myself, who is for me?\n“If I care only for myself, what am I?\n“If not now, when?”\nI" ******* END TEXT: " getting at in his insistent questioning about why she put herself in such danger to bring refugees "
9780814761908 - page_62: "START TEXT: into her house. He was looking for reasons because within a Kantian tradition we assume that to act " ******* END TEXT: "cause it was not a matter of individual moral actions but of sustained, often dangerous, difficult, "
9780814761908 - page_63: "START TEXT: and frustrating relationships over a considerable period of time. This took considerable moral resou" ******* END TEXT: "isempowered those like blacks, Jews, and women, whose integrity and dignity lies partly in honoring "
9780814761908 - page_64: "START TEXT: and remembering their separate histories and the pain and suffering of slavery, the witch burnings, " ******* END TEXT: "trength of a Judaic tradition is its refusal to polarize. This can help us recognize both “rescuer” "
9780814761908 - page_65: "START TEXT: and “Nazi” as being part of “our” moral universe in the West. We cannot reject Nazism as an aberrati" ******* END TEXT: "lonsky (Ed.), pp. 134–43. London: Routledge.\nWeil, S. (1952) The Need for Roots. London: Routledge.\n"
9780814761908 - page_66: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_67: "START TEXT: PART THREESOCIOBIOLOGY AND MORAL ALTRUISM\nEdited by Dennis L. Krebs" ******* END TEXT: "PART THREESOCIOBIOLOGY AND MORAL ALTRUISM\nEdited by Dennis L. Krebs"
9780814761908 - page_68: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_69: "START TEXT: INTRODUCTION\nDennis L. Krebs\nEvidence of altruism, defined as behavior that enhances the biological " ******* END TEXT: "cultural inputs. Vine traces the origin of altruism ontogenetically to interactions between mothers "
9780814761908 - page_70: "START TEXT: and children during the first year of life, and Cohen attributes it to more broadly based aspects of" ******* END TEXT: "thus confusion, between self and other, Vine suggests that infants acquire both a “self-with-other” "
9780814761908 - page_71: "START TEXT: schema—a “we” identity—and a sense of self-other differentiation during early reciprocal exchanges w" ******* END TEXT: " injustice and the imagined effects of social change, may exert a more directional influence. Cohen "
9780814761908 - page_72: "START TEXT: suggests there may be an optimal range of accepted variation, with resistance to radical change.\nIn " ******* END TEXT: "volved dispositions perhaps, will appraise the world scene and come to a less hopeful conclusion.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_100: "START TEXT: acknowledge his or her own capacity to act upon subjective formulations of the end that his or her a" ******* END TEXT: "humans jointly created and discovered their subjective, but still functionally real, social selves.\n"
9780814761908 - page_101: "START TEXT: BIBLIOGRAPHY\nAlexander, R. D. (1987) The biology of moral systems. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.\nAxel" ******* END TEXT: "and culture: Links between ethology and the social sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\n"
9780814761908 - page_102: "START TEXT: Hoffman, M. L. (1981) The development of empathy. In J. P. Rushton and R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Altr" ******* END TEXT: " development of deception in young children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 9:173–88.\n"
9780814761908 - page_103: "START TEXT: Stern, D. N. (1977) The first relationship: Infant and mother. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Pre" ******* END TEXT: "Francisco: Freeman.\nWilson, E. O. (1975) Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_73: "START TEXT: 4ALTRUISM AND HUMAN NATURE: RESOLVING THE EVOLUTIONARY PARADOX\nIan Vine\nAlmost every society values " ******* END TEXT: "als, and only slowly acquire the full personhood that constitutes us as responsible and accountable "
9780814761908 - page_74: "START TEXT: moral agents. The excesses of “first-generation” sociobiology must not blind us to its human relevan" ******* END TEXT: "social activity was long in coming.\nDarwin himself had acknowledged prosocial instincts in animals, "
9780814761908 - page_75: "START TEXT: involving feelings of “sympathy.” He saw an inherited readiness for such an affective motivation as " ******* END TEXT: "rwin saw that some evolutionary lines had specialized in parental care to enhance the survival of a "
9780814761908 - page_76: "START TEXT: few offspring, rather than producing myriads of fertilized eggs, of which only a tiny proportion rea" ******* END TEXT: "hat their presence makes some positive behavioral difference to any individual’s inclusive fitness. "
9780814761908 - page_77: "START TEXT: (But we must remember that such processes are inherently probabilistic, and relative to the fitnesse" ******* END TEXT: " trait, would not normally spread through future generations of a breeding population. For it would "
9780814761908 - page_78: "START TEXT: tend to reduce the bearer’s own reproductive success while enhancing that of beneficiaries unlikely " ******* END TEXT: "ize fitness to dispense low cost/risk help quite indiscriminately when eliciting cues are detected.\n"
9780814761908 - page_79: "START TEXT: 2. Reciprocity Selection\nKin selection can only view bio-altruism towards nonrelatives as occurring " ******* END TEXT: "mode (rather than cheating followed by cycles of revenge). Regular interaction facilitates intimate "
9780814761908 - page_80: "START TEXT: knowledge, as well as frequent chances to exchange small favors, and to develop liking and related d" ******* END TEXT: " are bio-altruistic. One animal may accidentally benefit another in the ordinary pursuit of its own "
9780814761908 - page_81: "START TEXT: Jacob the liar, Moses the murderer, David the adulterer, Solomon the idolatrous. … The concept of Go" ******* END TEXT: "ons, calling for a different relationship between self and other, between individual and community: "
9780814761908 - page_82: "START TEXT: sacrificing their lives for the “national interest”—with some doing so quite intentionally on “kamik" ******* END TEXT: "y of the brain as a mediator of behavior is of course the flexibility to cope rapidly with changing "
9780814761908 - page_83: "START TEXT: environments and new adaptive niches. The success of Homo sapiens shows that so far the gamble has p" ******* END TEXT: "kes both biological reductionism and appreciable genetic determinism as axiomatic for human nature.\n"
9780814761908 - page_84: "START TEXT: 2. Functional Extrapolation (FE)\nThis approach retains an indirect, functional variant of biological" ******* END TEXT: " impact of cultural systems upon our natures. It is usually admitted that cultures often manipulate "
9780814761908 - page_85: "START TEXT: at least a minority of individuals into sacrificing their fitness interests. And FE theorists like A" ******* END TEXT: "es permitting reflective partial awareness of our states and processes of mind are likely to play a "
9780814761908 - page_86: "START TEXT: crucial role. Crook (1980, 242) argues that “the most crucial evolutionary emergent in the phylogeny" ******* END TEXT: "marginally more bio-altruistic in its material consequences than optimizing inclusive fitness would "
9780814761908 - page_87: "START TEXT: dictate. Modestly expensive prosocial acts invite cynical interpretations if the prepotency of egoce" ******* END TEXT: "nterest can still yield pro-socially helpful conduct, and so differs from selfishness. I shall take "
9780814761908 - page_88: "START TEXT: the latter to be present when someone fails to show authentic altruism or reciprocity where it is no" ******* END TEXT: "nvoke tension-reduction goals—including ones that become other directed through mental assimilation "
9780814761908 - page_89: "START TEXT: of those in need to the subjective self (e.g., Hornstein 1978). Yet he does this on the basis of exp" ******* END TEXT: "gs when understood subjectively rather than materially—especially if the experienced self sometimes "
9780814761908 - page_90: "START TEXT: embraces other persons (including ones beyond our circles of close kith and kin).\nCapacities for sel" ******* END TEXT: " that a new, rapid, symbolic-cultural mode of adaptation and evolution could transform our history.\n"
9780814761908 - page_91: "START TEXT: For such claims to be appreciated, the source, nature, and essential functional uses of self-awarene" ******* END TEXT: "ings and dispositions. The adaptive advantage accrues because in a complex, dynamic social nexus of "
9780814761908 - page_92: "START TEXT: manipulative individuals, every second can count in many types of encounters. Success in exploitativ" ******* END TEXT: "ed” members of a species will have essentially similar genomes and developmental histories—ensuring "
9780814761908 - page_93: "START TEXT: that members’ brains do indeed function on very similar principles. Role-taking skills imply a capac" ******* END TEXT: "nduring, distinct subject and intentional agent cannot be studied directly with objective empirical "
9780814761908 - page_94: "START TEXT: methods. Indirect evidence suggests that awareness of ego’s physical powers emerges clearly in the s" ******* END TEXT: "s. If such a social self-identity has total mental priority at a given time, these elements will be "
9780814761908 - page_95: "START TEXT: experienced as inseparable. If the conscious self both embraces the other and yet retains its ego-ce" ******* END TEXT: "ented self-processes, I have argued that we should in fact expect to find that the individual shows "
9780814761908 - page_96: "START TEXT: inbuilt systematic ego biases—which somewhat undermine the idealized picture (Vine 1987). Greenwald’" ******* END TEXT: "control of ego impulses that altruistic sacrifices demand can begin to be explained. In particular, "
9780814761908 - page_97: "START TEXT: if bands of our hominid ancestors were able to encourage children to develop loyalty to all their gr" ******* END TEXT: "se expressive responsiveness provides the child with repeated contingency experiences, is initially "
9780814761908 - page_98: "START TEXT: just perceived as an exceptionally potent and familiar source of rewarding stimulation. This is the " ******* END TEXT: "ion. In thus implicitly derogating members of small-scale societies where the self is predominantly "
9780814761908 - page_99: "START TEXT: experienced in a more collectivist or group-oriented way, we also radically obscure the basic form i" ******* END TEXT: "w an infant can begin to appropriate conscious understanding of meanings from interactions—and thus "
9780814761908 - page_104: "START TEXT: 5ALTRUISM AND THE EVOLUTION OF CIVIL SOCIETY\nRonald Cohen\nINTRODUCTION\nThe question of what people d" ******* END TEXT: "ic morality in both belief and practice—if we choose, individually and collectively, to make it so.\n"
9780814761908 - page_105: "START TEXT: Culture and Altruism\nSome years ago I argued (Cohen 1978) that the standard wisdom of the sociobiolo" ******* END TEXT: "the cultural evolution of compensatory rules of behaviors, which offset the effects of individuated "
9780814761908 - page_106: "START TEXT: reward seeking and dominance striving when the latter drive decreases the competitive position of a " ******* END TEXT: "behaviors. If I then demonstrated variation in altruistic behaviors across cultures—associated with "
9780814761908 - page_107: "START TEXT: an assumedly constant genetic feature—I would weaken or dismiss altruism’s biological basis. Campbel" ******* END TEXT: "e sociobiological strategy of searching for explanations that rely solely on fitness logics through "
9780814761908 - page_108: "START TEXT: biological reproduction. Boyd and Richerson (1985) go beyond this by adding cultural transmissions t" ******* END TEXT: "logists have concluded that group selection is improbable (Barash 1982). Possibly then the priest’s "
9780814761908 - page_109: "START TEXT: celibacy is a form of inclusive fitness—that is, he sacrifices his own reproductive capacity so his " ******* END TEXT: "s observers have recorded concepts of the public good for which egoistic motives must be sacrificed "
9780814761908 - page_110: "START TEXT: or else everyone in the group will suffer. Thus Freuchen (1961) observed an Eskimo encampment in whi" ******* END TEXT: "ormative regulations governing the role. Secondly, migrations provide for variants in transmissable "
9780814761908 - page_111: "START TEXT: behavioral terms similar to those observed in biased sampling effects or genetic drift. European mig" ******* END TEXT: "accelerated rates because they are based on brain-processed, rather than gene-processed information "
9780814761908 - page_112: "START TEXT: transfers. Where genes must await biological reproduction effects on population genetics, sociocultu" ******* END TEXT: "re going on to a new perspective on sociocultural syndromes, including altruism, that I now imagine "
9780814761908 - page_113: "START TEXT: to have evolved as a biological and sociocultural set of traits—and that are still evolving to enhan" ******* END TEXT: "tterned reactions to this information that allow for more adaptive responses—that is, for learning.\n"
9780814761908 - page_114: "START TEXT: Learning—from Authority\nHaving to constrain to achieve rewards within a group enables other forms of" ******* END TEXT: "a capacity to evaluate one’s own behavior and that of others in moral terms is a basic prerequisite "
9780814761908 - page_115: "START TEXT: for the working of the dual inheritance model—meaning our capacity to use both genes and culture as " ******* END TEXT: "ns generalization, the perception of causality, and of metaphor—the bases of human understanding—is "
9780814761908 - page_116: "START TEXT: the notion of critical assessment. What we learn, and learn to expect, can be compared with what we " ******* END TEXT: "how by far the greatest (biologically based?) capacity both for experiencing guilt and for bringing "
9780814761908 - page_117: "START TEXT: shame and blame on others (Zahn-Waxler 1986, 312). Clearly, this feature enables and supports the de" ******* END TEXT: "en with us for a long time. Early Enlightenment writers used it to refer to humanity’s gain under a "
9780814761908 - page_118: "START TEXT: social contract in which unrestrained egoism is restricted in accordance with the legitimate rights " ******* END TEXT: "rcentralized governments (Wunsch and Olowu 1990), have now revived interest in these earlier ideas.\n"
9780814761908 - page_119: "START TEXT: Elsewhere (Cohen 1992), I have theorized that the capacity for assessment, for the evolution of incr" ******* END TEXT: "is, empathic, sympathetic, and gratuituous generosity or sacrifice. Together these features make up "
9780814761908 - page_120: "START TEXT: what I am calling the civil society, one in which altruistic actions can become incorporated into cu" ******* END TEXT: "ies, and business ethics. Reasons for such actions may be prudential rather than altruistic but the "
9780814761908 - page_121: "START TEXT: end result is a more civil society, one whose actors perform more altruistically. In the West an eno" ******* END TEXT: "nterethnic conflicts in the Third World, and both leftist and rightist extremism almost everywhere, "
9780814761908 - page_122: "START TEXT: illustrate the point just as well. The Near East may be an exception or a means by which the world c" ******* END TEXT: "f personnel, emotional investment in persons is destructive for the smooth operations of households "
9780814761908 - page_123: "START TEXT: (Cohen 1971). In more general terms, the affective aspects of adult personality can be inhibited by " ******* END TEXT: "ring variables are not always in exact congruence. One’s religion may incorporate a number of group "
9780814761908 - page_124: "START TEXT: memberships, one’s region of birth another set, and one’s citizenship still another. This lack of ne" ******* END TEXT: " enemies, people beyond the sphere of mutual trust to whom moral rules do not apply. The same thing "
9780814761908 - page_125: "START TEXT: occurs for institutions of blood brotherhood, in which a stranger, for reasons of trade or some othe" ******* END TEXT: " with whom, historically, the force of the moral life is more intensely shared. Those outside these "
9780814761908 - page_126: "START TEXT: groups are less deserving, less likely to be included in the moral universe. In this sense each comm" ******* END TEXT: "s of upbringings that produced the altruistic or civil response, one that made them sympathetic and "
9780814761908 - page_127: "START TEXT: empathic with the sufferers. Their generosity and possible sacrifice of personal safety for Jewish v" ******* END TEXT: "or our future. As with almost everything else, something good came out of something awesomely evil.\n"
9780814761908 - page_128: "START TEXT: REFERENCES\nAckerman, B. 1980. Social Justice in the Liberal State. New Haven: Yale University Press." ******* END TEXT: "Unmentionable in the History of British Social Anthropology. Annual Review of Anthropology 13:1–23.\n"
9780814761908 - page_129: "START TEXT: Locke, J. 1946. The Second Treatise of Civil Government. In M. Curtis (ed.), The Great Political The" ******* END TEXT: "m and Aggression: Biological and Social Origins. Pp. 303–24. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\n"
9780814761908 - page_130: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_131: "START TEXT: PART FOURTHE DEVELOPMENT AND ENACTMENT OF ALTRUISM\nEdited by Dennis L. Krebs and M. Zuzanna Smolensk" ******* END TEXT: "ART FOURTHE DEVELOPMENT AND ENACTMENT OF ALTRUISM\nEdited by Dennis L. Krebs and M. Zuzanna Smolenska"
9780814761908 - page_132: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_133: "START TEXT: INTRODUCTION\nDennis L. Krebs and M. Zuzanna Smolenska\nAs the title suggests, the chapters in this se" ******* END TEXT: "between thought and action? Second, in what sense—on what basis—can the forms of prosocial behavior "
9780814761908 - page_134: "START TEXT: that stem from relatively high stages be said to be more altruistic than the forms that stem from lo" ******* END TEXT: "advanced capacity for altruism. According to Van Hesteren, individuals who have achieved the apogee "
9780814761908 - page_135: "START TEXT: of altruism have reached the post–formal operational stage of cognitive development and the final st" ******* END TEXT: "ng force behind both “vertical” development and “horizontal” consistency in behavior is the need to "
9780814761908 - page_136: "START TEXT: uphold the values in one’s ideal self and to be true to one’s self (to behave in accordance with one" ******* END TEXT: "people, in effect, maintain a “watching brief” for situations involving altruism. It is for reasons "
9780814761908 - page_137: "START TEXT: such as these that such people tend to behave consistently altruistically across situations.\nOne of " ******* END TEXT: "f distinctiveness between oneself and one’s reference group is necessary to take the perspective of "
9780814761908 - page_138: "START TEXT: people outside one’s reference group, and the absence of this differentiation leads to an exclusiona" ******* END TEXT: "altruism. Krebs and Van Hesteren’s “Stage 3” mutual and “Stage 4” conscientious altruism correspond "
9780814761908 - page_139: "START TEXT: to Smolenska and Reykowski’s normocentric types, and Krebs and Van Hesteren’s “Stage 5” autonomous a" ******* END TEXT: "s that they do not deserve their fate and that they are unable to help themselves, one may not feel "
9780814761908 - page_140: "START TEXT: inclined to help them. Unlike sympathy, moral outrage and existential guilt are associated with mora" ******* END TEXT: "ionary models of altruism, there is good reason to expect the capacity for altruism to advance with "
9780814761908 - page_141: "START TEXT: age. Elizabeth Midlarsky reports the results of four studies that demonstrate that the elderly are m" ******* END TEXT: "prise: the elderly have a lot to offer, and helping others makes them feel good about themselves.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_142: "START TEXT: 6THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALTRUISTIC PERSONALITY\nDennis L. Krebs and Frank Van Hesteren\nSocial scientists " ******* END TEXT: " that individuals who consistently display a relatively high incidence of prosocial behavior across "
9780814761908 - page_143: "START TEXT: different situations possess an internal personality trait of altruism. A major proponent of this ap" ******* END TEXT: "ruistic behavior (see Krebs and Miller 1985). Experimenters select measures of altruism prifpmarily "
9780814761908 - page_144: "START TEXT: for their convenience in measurement, not for their ability to represent the forms of altruism subje" ******* END TEXT: "ent of helping is given the same weight—that is, all are considered equally altruistic. Self-report "
9780814761908 - page_145: "START TEXT: measures fail to assess the motives guiding the helping behaviors subjects report, and they fail to " ******* END TEXT: "r, he characterizes the personality factor he assessed as a “prosocial orientation.”) In an article "
9780814761908 - page_146: "START TEXT: entitled “Where Is the Altruism in the Altruistic Personality?” Batson et al. (1986) contend that th" ******* END TEXT: "pret altruistic personality in terms of the defense mechanism “altruistic surrender” (Kaplan 1984).\n"
9780814761908 - page_147: "START TEXT: To support the contention that an individual possesses an altruistic personality, an investigator mu" ******* END TEXT: "eria for altruism. It is reassuring to note that the survivors who were interviewed also attributed "
9780814761908 - page_148: "START TEXT: their rescuers’ behavior predominantly to care and universal care, though to a somewhat lower extent" ******* END TEXT: "ifferent forms of altruism; and\n4. to account for the interaction between characteristics of people "
9780814761908 - page_149: "START TEXT: and characteristics of situations in the determination of altruism.\nIn addition, past approaches ten" ******* END TEXT: "ve frameworks, and modes of meaning making that guide information processing and organize behavior.\n"
9780814761908 - page_150: "START TEXT: 2. People normally pass through several stages of development during their lives in an invariant seq" ******* END TEXT: "s, and the social and moral relations between them give rise to the forms of altruism they display.\n"
9780814761908 - page_151: "START TEXT: 2. Different stage structures give rise to qualitatively different forms of altruism.\n3. Each succee" ******* END TEXT: "an be exemplified by considering the selected characterizations of Stage 3 summarized in table 6.1.\n"
9780814761908 - page_152: "START TEXT: Table 6.1Parallels in Different Theorists’ Descriptions of Stage 3\n\n“Hard,” Structure-based Parallel" ******* END TEXT: "comes to rely on shared norms and expectations; survival is seen to depend on acceptance by others.\n"
9780814761908 - page_153: "START TEXT: Eisenberg: Approval and Interpersonal OrientationStereotyped images of good and bad persons and beha" ******* END TEXT: "et not feel like helping—“the salient recognition that a person needs help evokes in most people an "
9780814761908 - page_154: "START TEXT: uncomfortable state akin to a lack of closure or a sense of cognitive inconsistency that presses for" ******* END TEXT: "asserts that different stage structures give rise to qualitatively different forms of altruism. The "
9780814761908 - page_155: "START TEXT: ideal types of altruism we derived from the aligned stages of relevant developmental theorists are o" ******* END TEXT: "hers, and (c) altruistic acts more purely directed toward the enhancement of the welfare of others.\n"
9780814761908 - page_156: "START TEXT: Table 6.2Forms of Altruism\n\nUndifferentiated Affective Responsiveness (Stage 0)\nSurvival-maintaining" ******* END TEXT: "sustain one’s conception of oneself as a good person in the eyes of those with whom one identifies.\n"
9780814761908 - page_157: "START TEXT: Conscientious Altruism (Stage 4)\nConscientious altruism is oriented toward fulfilling internalized, " ******* END TEXT: "entral goal of integrated altruism is to foster perfectly balanced and integrated social relations.\n"
9780814761908 - page_158: "START TEXT: Universal Love (Stage 7)\nAltruism stems from a cosmic feeling of oneness with the universe, identifi" ******* END TEXT: " with less sophisticated abilities; thus, they end up engaging in more altruistic forms of helping.\n"
9780814761908 - page_159: "START TEXT: The general reason why advanced stages give rise to more adequate forms of altruism than earlier sta" ******* END TEXT: "ement of the welfare of others as an end in itself. The types of altruism outlined in table 6.2 all "
9780814761908 - page_160: "START TEXT: fall within the domain of altruistic behavior in the sense that they are all directed toward enhanci" ******* END TEXT: "er senses in which it is heterogeneous.\nClearly, people do not change in every way all at once, but "
9780814761908 - page_161: "START TEXT: equally clearly, people do not develop independently in every domain. Individuals may differ in the " ******* END TEXT: "rs such as stages of development (see Snyder and Ickes 1985). Similarly, stage structures differ in "
9780814761908 - page_162: "START TEXT: their power to “construct” situations, with higher stages containing more constructive power than lo" ******* END TEXT: "ho engages in exactly the same behavior to conform to the (Stage 3) expectations of an experimenter "
9780814761908 - page_163: "START TEXT: in a psychological experiment. Similarly, the criteria of consistency for stage-based altruism lie i" ******* END TEXT: "ehaviors to which they give rise.\nFinally, the developmental-interactional approach is attentive to "
9780814761908 - page_164: "START TEXT: the dynamic interaction between stage structures and situations. Individuals are not expected to dis" ******* END TEXT: "nt to which they meet the ideal of altruism. To determine the degree of altruism in an act, we must "
9780814761908 - page_165: "START TEXT: identify its source and purpose. In the right place and the right time, everyone may engage in some " ******* END TEXT: "l Education, 13, 25–30.\nDeutsch, M. (1975). Equity, equality, and need: What determines which value "
9780814761908 - page_166: "START TEXT: will be used as the basis of distributive justice? Journal of Social Issues, 31, 137–50.\nEisenberg, " ******* END TEXT: "e evolving self: Problem and process in human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\n"
9780814761908 - page_167: "START TEXT: Kohlberg, L. (1981). The philosophy of moral development: Moral stages and the idea of justice (Vol." ******* END TEXT: ", 193–213.\nMarkus, H. (1983). Self-knowledge: An expanded view. Journal of Personality, 52, 543–65.\n"
9780814761908 - page_168: "START TEXT: Maslow, A. (1970). Motivation and personality (2nd Ed.). New York: Harper & Row.\nNoam, G. (1988). Th" ******* END TEXT: "Lindzey and E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (3rd Ed.). New York: Random House.\n"
9780814761908 - page_169: "START TEXT: Snyder, C., and Higgins, R. (1988). Excuses: Their effective role in the negotiation of reality. Psy" ******* END TEXT: "mensions of prosocial behavior in adolescent males. Journal of Social Psychology, 123(2), 159–68.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_170: "START TEXT: 7THE SELF IN MORAL AGENCY: TOWARD A THEORETICAL MODEL OF THE IDEAL ALTRUISTIC PERSONALITY\nFrank Van " ******* END TEXT: "hapter will contribute to a better understanding of the inner motivational dynamics of such people.\n"
9780814761908 - page_171: "START TEXT: A PORTRAIT OF THE IDEAL ALTRUISTIC PERSONALITY\nA point of departure in providing a portrait of the i" ******* END TEXT: "lopment may … be simultaneous and equivalent” (28) and that, therefore, the end stages of a variety "
9780814761908 - page_172: "START TEXT: of developmental theories may be regarded as reflecting the moral maturity characteristics of self-a" ******* END TEXT: "ied with the phenomenon of agape (see Nygren 1982; Sorokin 1950), which is an “ethic of responsible "
9780814761908 - page_173: "START TEXT: universal love, service, or sacrifice—an ethic of supererogation” (Kohlberg and Power 1981, 349). It" ******* END TEXT: " coordination of cognitive and affective considerations in the making of altruistic moral judgments "
9780814761908 - page_174: "START TEXT: on the part of the ideal altruistic personality. In the second usage, the term will refer to the org" ******* END TEXT: "gnificant in relation to the model to be presented is the capacity of the self to mediate cognition "
9780814761908 - page_175: "START TEXT: and affect (see Edelstein and Noam 1982; Kegan 1982; Noam, Kohlberg, and Snarey 1983). In this regar" ******* END TEXT: "tenance process—that is, those by which he maintains his identity and existence” (Kelly 1955, 482).\n"
9780814761908 - page_176: "START TEXT: THE “PERSONALITY IDEAL” AS A SHAPER OF DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR\nGiven the high priority assigned to " ******* END TEXT: "haracterization of a “prosocial orientation” in terms of a three-dimensional “cognitive network” is "
9780814761908 - page_177: "START TEXT: particularly compatible with the way in which the phenomenon of “conceptual support” is being interp" ******* END TEXT: " behavior. Each aspect of the model stems from, and is consistent with, the work of other theorists "
9780814761908 - page_178: "START TEXT: and particular emphasis is placed upon integrating aspects of cognitive-developmental theory with as" ******* END TEXT: "s, in turn, means that there is a monotonic increase in the proportion of subjects acting ‘morally’ "
9780814761908 - page_179: "START TEXT: or in consistency with their deontic judgments made outside the situation” (57–58).\nBlasi (1983, 198" ******* END TEXT: " self” has incorporated within it a concept of the person one would ideally like to be and that the "
9780814761908 - page_180: "START TEXT: motivation for self-consistency striving is not only to live up to the self that one is presently, b" ******* END TEXT: "ituation?” and “What course of action does that attitude suggest that I pursue in this situation?”, "
9780814761908 - page_181: "START TEXT: and then to instruct themselves, “If that is what my attitude says that I should do, then that is wh" ******* END TEXT: "r central location within his/her identity structure. That is, prosocial-altruistic constructs have "
9780814761908 - page_182: "START TEXT: a high activation potential because of the central significance of altruism as a value and aspect of" ******* END TEXT: "f-discrepancy, for instance a discrepancy between a moral principle and morally relevant actions. … "
9780814761908 - page_183: "START TEXT: As a motivational state, self-awareness is presumed to move an individual to close the gap between b" ******* END TEXT: "e category of internal dynamics that serves to explain, in part, the nature of the self-consistency "
9780814761908 - page_184: "START TEXT: strivings assumed to mediate between self-structures and altruistic behavior at the high development" ******* END TEXT: "tening of (i.e., an increase in) empathic arousal (cf. Coke, Batson, and McDavis 1978). At the high "
9780814761908 - page_185: "START TEXT: developmental level characteristic of the ideal altruistic personality, such heightened empathic aro" ******* END TEXT: "hold needed to override the egoistic motives. Activating one’s moral principles may thus provide an "
9780814761908 - page_186: "START TEXT: additional source of empathic affect, with a resulting increase in one’s overall motivation for mora" ******* END TEXT: "d Existential Guilt. The final phenomenon assumed to mediate altruistic behavior on the part of the "
9780814761908 - page_187: "START TEXT: ideal altruistic personality and to explain the nature of the self-consistency striving engaged in b" ******* END TEXT: "ed how responsibility self-attributions may contribute to transforming empathic arousal into guilt:\n"
9780814761908 - page_188: "START TEXT: Once aware of the identity of others beyond the immediate situation, one’s empathic response to thei" ******* END TEXT: "must assume responsibility for responding to the need of the other in a way that is consistent with "
9780814761908 - page_189: "START TEXT: my ‘personality ideal’ if I am to maintain my sense of integrity as a moral person.”\nSUMMARY AND CON" ******* END TEXT: "d to have the last word on the topic. Instead, I will defer to Thomas Merton (1981), who, in a book "
9780814761908 - page_190: "START TEXT: entitled The Ascent to Truth, seems to capture something of the essence of what all of this has been" ******* END TEXT: "ndon: Gryf.\nDabrowski, K., and Piechowski, M. M. (1977). Theory of levels of emotional development. "
9780814761908 - page_191: "START TEXT: Vol. 1, Multilevelness and positive disintegration. Oceanside, NY: Dabor Science Publications.\nDanie" ******* END TEXT: "w York: Academic Press.\n———(1983). Empathy, guilt, and social cognition. In W.S. Overton (Ed.), The "
9780814761908 - page_192: "START TEXT: relationship between social and cognitive development (pp. 1–52). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.\n———(1986)." ******* END TEXT: " Wiley.\nMaslow, A.H. (1970). Motivation and personality (Second Edition). New York: Harper and Row.\n"
9780814761908 - page_193: "START TEXT: Merton, T. (1981). The ascent to truth. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.\nNoam, G.G., Kohlberg, L" ******* END TEXT: " Suls (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 1, pp. 209–30). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_194: "START TEXT: 8SELF, WE, AND OTHER(S): SCHEMATA, DISTINCTIVENESS, AND ALTRUISM\nMaria Jarymowicz\nMECHANISMS OF ALTR" ******* END TEXT: "ture development, it implies an absence of personal standards of evaluation and internal sources of "
9780814761908 - page_195: "START TEXT: motivation and reinforcement. Altruistic involvement is regulated by external social factors, which " ******* END TEXT: "n now to empirical evidence collected in our laboratory that supports the framework proposed above.\n"
9780814761908 - page_196: "START TEXT: SELF-DISTINCTIVENESS AND EXOCENTRIC MANIFESTATIONS OF ALTRUISTIC INVOLVEMENT\nThe Self-distinctivenes" ******* END TEXT: "categories indicated as prototypical for the we (SDw). In addition, we obtained a wedistinctiveness "
9780814761908 - page_197: "START TEXT: score by comparing categories of attributes indicated as prototypical for the we and categories indi" ******* END TEXT: "ated as an index of his or her dominant type of altruistic involvement (endocentric or exocentric).\n"
9780814761908 - page_198: "START TEXT: STUDIES ON SELF-DISTINCTIVENESS AND ENDOCENTRIC VERSUS EXOCENTRIC ALTRUISM\nWe expected people with d" ******* END TEXT: "s of in-group involvement such as loyalty, effort in realization of common goals, etc. We, however, "
9780814761908 - page_199: "START TEXT: argue (on the basis of the previously presented theoretical conception and empirical findings) that " ******* END TEXT: " Brown and Turner 1981). But before discussing this premise further, we will present empirical data "
9780814761908 - page_200: "START TEXT: showing that lack of cognitive me-we distinctiveness is related to personal identity problems that c" ******* END TEXT: "ta from Jarymowicz and Codol 1979).\nAs may be seen, the higher the objective similarity scores, the "
9780814761908 - page_201: "START TEXT: greater the degree of similarity underestimation. More specifically, there is no similarity underest" ******* END TEXT: " relationship between the self-description and description of the target person was quite different "
9780814761908 - page_202: "START TEXT: in the two groups. The description of the unknown student (in-group member) was significantly more s" ******* END TEXT: "ifferentiation is much more important than me-they differentiation for personal identity formation. "
9780814761908 - page_203: "START TEXT: This interpretation is consistent with some predictions from Festinger’s classical theory of social " ******* END TEXT: " and to accept their control. The group with the lowest level of self-distinctiveness expressed the "
9780814761908 - page_204: "START TEXT: strongest motivation to control in-group members, relative to their motivation to accept control.\n\nF" ******* END TEXT: "es not imply that people with low self-distinctiveness are not able to identify with their in-group "
9780814761908 - page_205: "START TEXT: goals, to be loyal and strongly involved. We argue that in such conditions the mechanisms of involve" ******* END TEXT: "-we differentiation, the more negative the reactions towards the out-group members (Israeli Arabs).\n"
9780814761908 - page_206: "START TEXT: \nFigure 8.5aMean scores on tolerance of behaviors (TB) of dissimilar versus similar partners in the " ******* END TEXT: "partner, whereas subjects with high self-distinctiveness rated both partners as equally attractive.\n"
9780814761908 - page_207: "START TEXT: \nFigure 8.5bMean scores on tolerance of opinions (TO) of dissimilar versus similar partners in the l" ******* END TEXT: "ness estimation (Attr) of dissimilar versus similar partners in the low self-distinctiveness group.\n"
9780814761908 - page_208: "START TEXT: \nFigure 8.6aMean scores on tolerance of behaviors (TB) of dissimilar versus similar partners in the " ******* END TEXT: "s of self-distinctiveness appear to find dissimilar partners more attractive than similar partners.\n"
9780814761908 - page_209: "START TEXT: \nFigure 8.6bMean scores on tolerance of opinions (TO) of dissimilar versus similar partners in the h" ******* END TEXT: "ess estimation (Attr) of dissimilar versus similar partners in the high self-distinctiveness group.\n"
9780814761908 - page_210: "START TEXT: \nFigure 8.7Partner’s attractiveness as a function of degree of self-distinctiveness and self-partner" ******* END TEXT: "influence. Third, low levels of self-distinctiveness appear to stimulate generalization of personal "
9780814761908 - page_211: "START TEXT: standards and the tendency to treat others from the self’s perspective. Because generalization seems" ******* END TEXT: "oznawcze wyodrebnienie wlasnej osoby a funkcjonowanie spoleczne. In M. Jarymowicz (Ed.), Studia nad "
9780814761908 - page_212: "START TEXT: spostrzeganiem relacji Ja-Inni: Tozsamosc, indywiduacja, przynaleznosc. Ossolineum.\nJarymowicz, M., " ******* END TEXT: "ation between social groups: Studies in social psychology of intergroup behavior. Academic Press.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_213: "START TEXT: 9MOTIVATIONS OF PEOPLE WHO HELPED JEWS SURVIVE THE NAZI OCCUPATION\nM. Zuzanna Smolenska and Janusz R" ******* END TEXT: "centration camp. It should be emphasized that such rescue behavior was not, as a rule, an impulsive "
9780814761908 - page_214: "START TEXT: response to an immediate situation, but rather an ongoing activity, carried out over a period of wee" ******* END TEXT: " is recognition of their needs (Latane and Darley 1970; Schwartz 1977). Recognition of needs is the "
9780814761908 - page_215: "START TEXT: basis for goal setting, in this case for setting a prosocial goal (Staub 1980). We may leave aside t" ******* END TEXT: "uires the ability cognitively to transform the existing situation into another one. There were many "
9780814761908 - page_216: "START TEXT: people who, for different reasons, apparently were incapable of making such transformations. For the" ******* END TEXT: " of rescuers, we examined the following data: (a) self-reports of motives (answers to the question, "
9780814761908 - page_217: "START TEXT: “Now, can you summarize for me the main reasons why you became involved in this activity?”); (b) inf" ******* END TEXT: "tuations, and emotional states of those they rescued. For example, when asked for their main reason "
9780814761908 - page_218: "START TEXT: for helping, they gave answers such as, “I knew they needed help. It was the most important” (R.101)" ******* END TEXT: "mpass” lies within themselves.\nGood examples of normocentric motives are reflected in the following "
9780814761908 - page_219: "START TEXT: answers to questions about reasons for helping: “Because I was a Christian. It was our duty” (R.005)" ******* END TEXT: "eir origin: while internalized norms can be traced directly back to particular groups (authorities) "
9780814761908 - page_220: "START TEXT: who were the source of the norm, principles seem to develop, to a great extent, on the basis of indi" ******* END TEXT: "ple. Such support is unnecessary in the case of axiological and allocentric motives. In the case of "
9780814761908 - page_221: "START TEXT: the latter, personal contacts with the needy person seem to play an important role in supporting the" ******* END TEXT: "eper insight into the fate of the victim and a much deeper appreciation for his or her basic needs. "
9780814761908 - page_222: "START TEXT: Thus, the initial, simple sympathetic response might become transformed into a much more stable and " ******* END TEXT: "e term “justice” may be invoked to give a moral justification for an individual’s or group’s claim; "
9780814761908 - page_223: "START TEXT: it may justify certain kinds of norms, such as harsh treatment to criminals or feeding the poor, or " ******* END TEXT: "ehavior of rescuers. We believe that they played a major role in undertaking the altruistic action.\n"
9780814761908 - page_224: "START TEXT: REFERENCES\nAtkinson, J.W., and Birch, D. (1978). Introduction to motivation. New York: Van Nostrand." ******* END TEXT: "hology, 1, 149–75.\nWeiner, B., Russell, D., and Lerman, D. (1978). Affective consequences of causal "
9780814761908 - page_225: "START TEXT: ascription. In J.H. Harvey, W.J. Ickes, and R.F. Kidd (Eds.), New directions in attribution research" ******* END TEXT: "—(1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151–75.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_226: "START TEXT: 10PREDICTING PROSOCIAL COMMITMENT IN DIFFERENT SOCIAL CONTEXTS\nLeo Montada\nResearch on altruism is c" ******* END TEXT: " the influence of social systems into account. Aspects of social systems such as role expectancies, "
9780814761908 - page_227: "START TEXT: status, norms, prejudices, solidarities, responsibilities, and so forth make it difficult to design " ******* END TEXT: "he needy, existential guilt, moral outrage, anger, fear of losing one’s own advantages, contentment "
9780814761908 - page_228: "START TEXT: with one’s own better life, and hopelessness concerning the fate of the needy. Three “prosocial” emo" ******* END TEXT: "r she were persecuted, helping even at the risk of our own life. But do we feel the same way toward "
9780814761908 - page_229: "START TEXT: people outside close relationships? What was assessed as existential guilt toward strangers in this " ******* END TEXT: "l guilt toward needy people is most prevalent in subjects who consider the need principle just, who "
9780814761908 - page_230: "START TEXT: consider the equity principle unjust, and who believe that they have at least some potential to cont" ******* END TEXT: " than support or help for the victim.\nYet, help has many faces. There is “downstream” helping, such "
9780814761908 - page_231: "START TEXT: as charity or rescuing people; there is “upstream” helping, focusing on prevention, and sometimes in" ******* END TEXT: "tuation. Again, as anticipated for existential guilt and moral outrage, social attitudes expressing "
9780814761908 - page_232: "START TEXT: social distance or closeness should be predictive; for example, it is not likely that we feel sympat" ******* END TEXT: "er having self-inflicted their fate or for not having tried hard enough to improve their situation. "
9780814761908 - page_233: "START TEXT: Angry blame interferes with readiness to support and help. Expressions of contentment vis-à-vis peop" ******* END TEXT: "nces, perception of a causal interrelatedness between one’s own advantages and the disadvantages of "
9780814761908 - page_234: "START TEXT: the needy, perception of disadvantages as self-inflicted, perception of one’s own advantages as just" ******* END TEXT: "ic changes. Overall, the stability of interindividual differences and relationships among variables "
9780814761908 - page_235: "START TEXT: was high. Most of the correlations (zero-order as well as multiple) were higher in the replication s" ******* END TEXT: " to) and the disadvantaged, followed by existential guilt because of one’s own relative advantages.\n"
9780814761908 - page_236: "START TEXT: Table 10.2Multiple Regression from Different Forms of Prosocial Activities on the Emotions Guilt, Mo" ******* END TEXT: " one’s own advantages and anger about the disadvantaged also were among the significant predictors.\n"
9780814761908 - page_237: "START TEXT: The negative effects of these emotions are easy to understand. Anger implies blaming the disadvantag" ******* END TEXT: "their existence and remedy. In the case of guilt, attributions are made to the subjects themselves; "
9780814761908 - page_238: "START TEXT: in the case of outrage they are made to others who are held responsible. Conceptually, sympathy does" ******* END TEXT: "tead of merely following the equity principle, which means proportional to achievements and merits.\n"
9780814761908 - page_239: "START TEXT: Table 10.3Partial Correlations (p " ******* END TEXT: "Table 10.3Partial Correlations (p "
9780814761908 - page_240: "START TEXT: Table 10.4Partial Correlation Coefficients of the Three Prosocial Emotions Existential Guilt, Sympat" ******* END TEXT: "athy was not assumed to be based on the acknowledgment of the entitlements of the needy, while both "
9780814761908 - page_241: "START TEXT: moral outrage and existential guilt were. Using the set of predictors assessed in this study, acknow" ******* END TEXT: "ocial commitment. While guilt and outrage reflect the morality of a person, this is not necessarily "
9780814761908 - page_242: "START TEXT: the case for sympathy. Guilt and outrage are based on the notion that individuals feel that moral no" ******* END TEXT: "one main interest in the study.\nAlthough we were primarily interested in the analysis of caretaking "
9780814761908 - page_243: "START TEXT: for disabled mothers, we also included younger cohorts of daughters in the study whose mothers were " ******* END TEXT: "in, and Rodin 1975), the degree of perceived self-infliction of current needs by the mother herself "
9780814761908 - page_244: "START TEXT: (Meyer and Mulherin 1980), and ability and opportunity to help and comply with mother’s desires (Mid" ******* END TEXT: "ach one addressed to one of the five needs or desires selected individually. All items started with "
9780814761908 - page_245: "START TEXT: the introductory phrase: “In the past—meaning up to today—I …” This phrase was completed with one of" ******* END TEXT: " between variables as in the first data collection. This confirms the reliability of the procedure.\n"
9780814761908 - page_246: "START TEXT: Table 10.5Regression from Prosocial Activities on Twenty-one Predictors (Including Aspects of Relati" ******* END TEXT: "f the Predicament, Anticipated Guilt Feelings, and Critique in Case of Noncompliance) (N = 496; pFb "
9780814761908 - page_247: "START TEXT: Table 10.6Regression from Intention to Act Prosocially on Twenty-one Predictors (see head of table 1" ******* END TEXT: "n from Intention to Act Prosocially on Twenty-one Predictors (see head of table 10.5) (N = 522; pFb "
9780814761908 - page_248: "START TEXT: The further two predictors were more motivational: the quality of the relationship (loving the mothe" ******* END TEXT: "be more a matter of reasoned decision making in which personal norms and justice-related appraisals "
9780814761908 - page_249: "START TEXT: of the situation are considered. Actual behavior may follow the intentions, but it does not necessar" ******* END TEXT: "(Rosenhan et al. 1982). This study features two relatively neglected emotions—existential guilt and "
9780814761908 - page_250: "START TEXT: moral outrage. Both are key concepts in ethics as well as in the psychology of morality. These emoti" ******* END TEXT: "ne altruistic act on the likelihood of performing another. Journal of Social Psychology, 88, 65–73.\n"
9780814761908 - page_251: "START TEXT: Hoffman, M.L. (1976). Empathy, role-taking, guilt, and development of altruistic motives. In Lickona" ******* END TEXT: "d Montada, L. (Eds.), Altruismus—Bedingungen der Hilfsbereitschaft. Göttingen: Hogrefe. Pp. 130–53.\n"
9780814761908 - page_252: "START TEXT: Piliavin, I.M., Piliavin, J.A., and Rodin, J. (1975). Costs, diffusion, and the stigmatized victim. " ******* END TEXT: "Baeyer, W.R., Haefner, H., and Kisker, K.P. (1964). Psychiatrie der Verfolgten. Berlin: Springer.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_253: "START TEXT: 11HELPING IN LATE LIFE\nElizabeth Midlarsky\nWork on this Chapter was supported by grants awarded by t" ******* END TEXT: "truism, or nonreciprocal helping, given serious consideration (Kahana, Midlarsky, and Kahana 1987).\n"
9780814761908 - page_254: "START TEXT: There is, however, an irony inherent in the focus on old age as a period in which help is received o" ******* END TEXT: "sume that altruism is or, from a societal perspective, should be a product of development. “Mature” "
9780814761908 - page_255: "START TEXT: individuals, willing to put aside their own needs, at least at times, to consider the rights and nee" ******* END TEXT: " great care was exercised in order to assure situational equivalence across age groups. In planning "
9780814761908 - page_256: "START TEXT: these studies we also took cognizance of the possibility that altruism and helping are of at least t" ******* END TEXT: "ncy. Late life becomes, once again, a period of relatively little concern for others because of the "
9780814761908 - page_257: "START TEXT: focus on one’s own need for autonomy, enhanced dependency, or a consciousness of inequitable treatme" ******* END TEXT: "yielded the finding that more people 15–24 years of age donated than did those 5–14 years of age (p "
9780814761908 - page_258: "START TEXT: of amounts donated yielded a significant main effect for donor age (F (7,2700) = 194.13, p " ******* END TEXT: "of amounts donated yielded a significant main effect for donor age (F (7,2700) = 194.13, p "
9780814761908 - page_259: "START TEXT: from ages 5–14 through ages 35–44, followed by a plateau until the age of 65, at which time there wa" ******* END TEXT: "ne. Results of Newman-Keuls tests indicated that all of the mean differences were significant (at p "
9780814761908 - page_260: "START TEXT: in the first experiment, with more older persons than younger persons proffering help. As in Study 1" ******* END TEXT: "ever pulls, is depicted in figure 11.2. ANOVA of amount donated resulted in F (7, 2681) = 611.08, p "
9780814761908 - page_261: "START TEXT: \nFigure 11.2Motoric response by age to solicitation for donation to a fund for infants with birth de" ******* END TEXT: "search was to evaluate the possibility that the relationship between age and rescue behavior may be "
9780814761908 - page_262: "START TEXT: different than the relationship between age and donation behavior. Because the decrease in resources" ******* END TEXT: "ikely to sign up for and attend such classes than were younger adults aged 18–24, (χ2 (1) = 46.1, p "
9780814761908 - page_263: "START TEXT: accessible, than people in the other three age groups. In order to obtain an estimate of cost in the" ******* END TEXT: " of the older adults attempted to help than either people in the 18–34 age range (χ2 (1) = 10.73, p "
9780814761908 - page_264: "START TEXT: parison with older people who were not yet trained, and with both trained and untrained younger peop" ******* END TEXT: "n with older people who were not yet trained, and with both trained and untrained younger people (p "
9780814761908 - page_265: "START TEXT: SURVEY RESEARCH ON HELPING BY THE ELDERLY\nExperimental studies have the advantage of permitting the " ******* END TEXT: " (80 + ) reported a decrease in helping with age than did the younger old (62–79): x2 (3) = 62.1, p "
9780814761908 - page_266: "START TEXT: their social context rather than limiting their helping to any one group.\nIn order to determine the " ******* END TEXT: "h as tangible forms of reciprocal helping, money, or recognition. There are, of course, limitations "
9780814761908 - page_267: "START TEXT: to the study based on the fact that a self-report methodology was used. If the self-attributions are" ******* END TEXT: "larsky, and Kahana 1987).\nTable 11.2Percentages of Respondents Reporting Diverse Helping Behaviors\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_268: "START TEXT: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF HELPING ON PSYCHOSOCIAL WELL-BEING\nIn addition to explor" ******* END TEXT: " predictor of subjective social integration. However, this research consisted of the application of "
9780814761908 - page_269: "START TEXT: regression analyses to cross-sectional data, so that the direction of causation could not be directl" ******* END TEXT: " were formed in the following way. First, we randomly selected a group of sixty people from the 517 "
9780814761908 - page_270: "START TEXT: interviewed in the prior survey research projects. These sixty people are referred to as the pretest" ******* END TEXT: "t the community. Results of this investigation indicated that the intervention (F (1,116) = 8.71, p "
9780814761908 - page_271: "START TEXT: significantly augmented the efficacy of the intervention in its effect on helping and volunteering. " ******* END TEXT: " the interactive effect of the pretest and the intervention on overall helping (F (1,116) = 9.30, p "
9780814761908 - page_272: "START TEXT: is that which appears to spring from altruistic motives. In the studies reported here, a group of he" ******* END TEXT: "e resource value of the “third age” may ultimately benefit both society and the elderly themselves.\n"
9780814761908 - page_273: "START TEXT: REFERENCES\nAdamchak, D. J., and Friedmann, E. A. (1983). Societal aging and generational dependency " ******* END TEXT: "n G. Lesnoff-Caravaglia (Ed.), Handbook of applied gerontology. N.Y.: Human Sciences Press, 310–40.\n"
9780814761908 - page_274: "START TEXT: Gergen, K. J. (1977). The social construction of self-knowledge. In T. Mischel (Ed.), The self. Oxfo" ******* END TEXT: " 49 (3), 346–51.\nMidlarsky, E., and Kahana, E. (1983). Helping by the elderly. In M. Kleiman (Ed.), "
9780814761908 - page_275: "START TEXT: Interdisciplinary topics in gerontology, vol. 17. Basel, Switzerland: Karger, 10–24.\n———(forthcoming" ******* END TEXT: "i, G. J. (1981). Reciprocity and the coping strategies of older people. Gerontologist, 21, 600–609.\n"
9780814761908 - page_276: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_277: "START TEXT: PART FIVEEMBRACING THE “OUTSIDER”\nEdited by Lawrence Baron" ******* END TEXT: "PART FIVEEMBRACING THE “OUTSIDER”\nEdited by Lawrence Baron"
9780814761908 - page_278: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_279: "START TEXT: INTRODUCTION\nLawrence Baron\nIn situations where the dangers facing a person or group are the result " ******* END TEXT: "families, labor is a way of life for all family members.” Similarly, in the minds of devout Turkish "
9780814761908 - page_280: "START TEXT: Moslems, the conversions of the rescued were “good deeds essential to the physical and spiritual wel" ******* END TEXT: "ism, or rise above it in the name of a higher ideal.” “Motivated by a Christian duty towards others "
9780814761908 - page_281: "START TEXT: and by their fidelity to the ideals” expressed in their religious vows, they focused on the humanity" ******* END TEXT: "ion to embrace the despised other in his or her hour of need has public causes and repercussions.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_282: "START TEXT: 12THE QUESTION OF ALTRUISM DURING THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE OF 1915\nRichard G. Hovannisian\nIntervention " ******* END TEXT: "ide there were thousands of cases of participation in or approval of the measures applied. In fact, "
9780814761908 - page_283: "START TEXT: the proportion of public involvement was very high. The hundreds of thousands of Armenians in the de" ******* END TEXT: "sanctions, such as promotions and the incentive to loot or, conversely, dismissal and punishment of "
9780814761908 - page_284: "START TEXT: recalcitrant officials and intimidation of persons who might be inclined to harbor members of the vi" ******* END TEXT: ", or Mehmed Agha had intervened, and that act has been critical to the survival of the storyteller.\n"
9780814761908 - page_285: "START TEXT: The interventions were not seen as final rescue or emancipation—that came only after World War I, wh" ******* END TEXT: "alf a century after the fact and may be colored or conditioned by time or by the stories of others.\n"
9780814761908 - page_286: "START TEXT: Table 12.1aUCLA Armenian Oral History Project Summary of Interviews\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Table 12.1aUCLA Armenian Oral History Project Summary of Interviews\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_287: "START TEXT: Table 12.1bUCLA Armenian Oral History Project Summary of Interviews\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Table 12.1bUCLA Armenian Oral History Project Summary of Interviews\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_288: "START TEXT: Nearly three-quarters of this group of respondents were fifteen years old or younger in 1915. Of the" ******* END TEXT: "kish, 147 (65.9%), Arab, thirty-nine (17.5%), Kurdish, twenty-nine (13%), and Assyrian, Circassian, "
9780814761908 - page_289: "START TEXT: Danish, and American collectively forming eight (3.6%). From other sources, it is learned that along" ******* END TEXT: "s study is the qualification and quantification of the motives of those who intervened. There are a "
9780814761908 - page_290: "START TEXT: few clear-cut cases of sexual exploitation, bribery, forced labor, piety or moral sentiment, and ado" ******* END TEXT: "ed to create a Turkic empire and eliminate all obstacles to the realization of that goal. The Turks "
9780814761908 - page_291: "START TEXT: had absorbed subject peoples for centuries, and the continued absorption of powerless and defenseles" ******* END TEXT: "eir house, saying, “You are going to stay here now. Although you are young, our son is also young.”\n"
9780814761908 - page_292: "START TEXT: THE ECONOMIC FACTOR\nEconomic motives for intervention are dominant in 102 (43.8%) of the 233 instanc" ******* END TEXT: "ported. Marie Aprahamian (b. 1901) of Aintab, whose family eventually reached Port Said, emphasizes "
9780814761908 - page_293: "START TEXT: that the possibility of survival was much higher if one had a lot of money. In all these and similar" ******* END TEXT: "hour from Aintab. And it happened that way. He stayed there, and we remained in our home in Aintab.\n"
9780814761908 - page_294: "START TEXT: Of the interventions for economic purposes, domestic and field labor and herding are the reasons mos" ******* END TEXT: " very much but was always gambling. I would go to the fields of others and help in the harvest, and "
9780814761908 - page_295: "START TEXT: with the money I earned provide for our house. The man’s mother continued to look after me like my o" ******* END TEXT: "sidered it an obligation to lead us as far as Tarsus so that nothing would happen to us on the way.\n"
9780814761908 - page_296: "START TEXT: Religious sentiment may also have affected the situation at Zonguldak, where, according to Hagop Ada" ******* END TEXT: " renounce their Christ for Muhammad.\nThe broad grey zone in assigning a primary motivation in cases "
9780814761908 - page_297: "START TEXT: where there is overlap is evidenced in the story of Grigor Ookhtentz (b. 1909) of Sivrihisar:\nMy bro" ******* END TEXT: "men and children was regarded as both humanitarian and pious, especially since many of the children "
9780814761908 - page_298: "START TEXT: were converted and adopted. In their own altruism, many converted Armenians tried to help other Arme" ******* END TEXT: "nterview, Zabel relates the joy she and her sister felt when their mother was brought to join them.\n"
9780814761908 - page_299: "START TEXT: The family of Aram Kilichjian (b. 1903) of Kirshehir and some other fellow townspeople were for unex" ******* END TEXT: "circles. He had a friend by the name of Ali Effendi.… He is a Turk, but a beautiful man. A man with "
9780814761908 - page_300: "START TEXT: a soul.… The systematic exile and genocide began. Ali Effendi said that he has to bring us from Zara" ******* END TEXT: "o better than “pets or senseless creatures.” On the deportation route at Killis, Christine’s father "
9780814761908 - page_301: "START TEXT: entrusted his two daughters to a Kurd, who kept one and gave the other to his brother. Despite her b" ******* END TEXT: "ish names. My name was Shahseda. In this Turkish home, we had to follow Turkish rules. Girls had to "
9780814761908 - page_302: "START TEXT: cover their faces when speaking or spoken to. There were about five Armenian orphans in the house.\nO" ******* END TEXT: "ernment. This man, no matter what, did not lay a hand on us. We hid in a place dug into the ground, "
9780814761908 - page_303: "START TEXT: and until the end this man did not lay a hand on us. In this way we passed very difficult days.\nFina" ******* END TEXT: "numerous individuals, families, and even entire villages that were moved to intervene. Without such "
9780814761908 - page_304: "START TEXT: intercession, many Armenians could not have survived the death and destruction that surrounded them " ******* END TEXT: " the genocidal policies of the Young Turk regime, would go a long way in alleviating the continuing "
9780814761908 - page_305: "START TEXT: Armenian trauma. Such a positive change could open the way to a possible rapprochement that would ho" ******* END TEXT: "hers who intervened during the most extreme situation in the long history of the Armenian people.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_306: "START TEXT: 13THE DUTCHNESS OF DUTCH RESCUERS: THE NATIONAL DIMENSION OF ALTRUISM\nLawrence Baron\nShortly before " ******* END TEXT: "ifying the recurring patterns of psychosocial variables that fostered and sustained their decisions "
9780814761908 - page_307: "START TEXT: to help persecuted Jews.3 This second kind of approach understandably has not examined the interacti" ******* END TEXT: "he nineteenth and twentieth centuries.7\nAlthough the Dutch population was not immune to fascist and "
9780814761908 - page_308: "START TEXT: anti-Semitic ideas in the 1930s, their popular appeal remained limited to a small minority. The prec" ******* END TEXT: "the enforcement of Nazi anti-Semitic policies, especially the deportations of Jews. As Raul Hilberg "
9780814761908 - page_309: "START TEXT: has observed, “It was as though the Dutch Jews had already been placed in a natural trap.”10\nSince H" ******* END TEXT: "identified for eventual transfer to German owners. In January of 1941 Jews were ordered to register "
9780814761908 - page_310: "START TEXT: with the authorities. This information enabled the government to bar them from most public places, j" ******* END TEXT: "fight for Germany abroad, and twelve thousand joined the WA, the Dutch stormtroopers who terrorized "
9780814761908 - page_311: "START TEXT: and informed on political and racial enemies at home. Nevertheless, no more than 1.25 percent of the" ******* END TEXT: "for Jews employed by the council or the Germans. By publishing a newspaper informing the Jews about "
9780814761908 - page_312: "START TEXT: each anti-Semitic decree, the council, in effect, insulated Dutch gentiles from these alarming devel" ******* END TEXT: "work six months in Germany after graduating, attempting to intern three hundred thousand Dutch army "
9780814761908 - page_313: "START TEXT: veterans, and requiring all men between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five to register for forced " ******* END TEXT: "n law and its accompanying pledge to work six months in Germany following his graduation. Since the "
9780814761908 - page_314: "START TEXT: punishment for not signing was immediate conscription for such labor, he joined the underground, whe" ******* END TEXT: "us with the general rebellion against Germany.26 The French reaction to the persecution of the Jews "
9780814761908 - page_315: "START TEXT: paralleled that of the Dutch. During the first two years of the occupation, the majority of the popu" ******* END TEXT: "refuge behind this phony wall. Three months before the end of the war, the SS raided the Scholtens’ "
9780814761908 - page_316: "START TEXT: residence and killed Louisa’s husband and Jewish friend. In the tumult Louisa fled on foot and went " ******* END TEXT: "veloped with Jews. Of course, the frequency of these relationships was a byproduct of Jewish social "
9780814761908 - page_317: "START TEXT: integration, which, in turn, had been fostered by Dutch democratic values. When the Altruistic Perso" ******* END TEXT: "ult to place in other safe houses, like pregnant women and handicapped individuals, could stay with "
9780814761908 - page_318: "START TEXT: them for prolonged periods or the duration of the war. During the occupation, the Wytemas harbored a" ******* END TEXT: "tly. You see it like Jesus sees it. You see the need. The Jews were his people, and his people were "
9780814761908 - page_319: "START TEXT: in need.” Finally, her Calvinist stress on predestination inclined her to view every opportunity to " ******* END TEXT: " opposed liberal secularism, Socialist radicalism, and Catholic sectarianism. Most of the religious "
9780814761908 - page_320: "START TEXT: rescuers I have interviewed were members of one of these two parties and associated their religious " ******* END TEXT: "arents and congregations. They grew up in close, strict families that were deeply involved in their "
9780814761908 - page_321: "START TEXT: churches. Thus, their religious subculture reinforced the beliefs and behaviors taught by their pare" ******* END TEXT: "s not always the case. Regrettably, there are too few Dutch Catholics in the Altruistic Personality "
9780814761908 - page_322: "START TEXT: Project’s interview pool to provide a meaningful comparison with their Calvinist counterparts.\nCompa" ******* END TEXT: "hield Jewish acquaintances and friends from harm’s way. The Calvinist rescuers acted on beliefs and "
9780814761908 - page_323: "START TEXT: through organizations that had deep roots in the soil of Dutch history. None of them ever tottered o" ******* END TEXT: "1963), pp. 25–42.\n12. J. C. H. Blom, “The Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands: A Comparative "
9780814761908 - page_324: "START TEXT: Western European Perspective,” European History Quarterly, XIX:3 (July 1989), pp. 338–39. Blom’s mor" ******* END TEXT: " confidentiality.\n25. Altruistic Personality Project Data Base, VE 15, VE 15A. Themes of resistance "
9780814761908 - page_325: "START TEXT: are often mixed with other motivations. See Interview of Gretje D. by Lawrence Baron, October 30, 19" ******* END TEXT: "ew York, 1974).\n39. Clark M. Williamson, Has God Rejected His People: Anti-Judaism in the Christian "
9780814761908 - page_326: "START TEXT: Church (Nashville, 1982), pp. 102–3; Solomon Rappaport, Jew and Gentile: The Philo-Semitic Aspect (N" ******* END TEXT: "ianity under the Impact of National Socialism (Jerusalem, 1987), pp. 341–47; Warmbrunn, pp. 156–64.\n"
9780814761908 - page_327: "START TEXT: 49. See the article by Zusanna Smolenska in this volume.\n50. See the article by Ewa Kurek-Lesik in t" ******* END TEXT: "i questions whether the marginality theory can be applied to Italian rescuers.\n55. Frank, p. 130.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_328: "START TEXT: 14THE ROLE OF POLISH NUNS IN THE RESCUE OF JEWS, 1939–1945\nEwa Kurek-Lesik\nIf we look at it from a c" ******* END TEXT: "ws and their children in Poland was carried out clandestinely. Obviously, the nuns would not record "
9780814761908 - page_329: "START TEXT: their activities. After the war, political conditions and the pressure of day-to-day work for the si" ******* END TEXT: "tion received from nuns themselves and from Jews who were rescued by nuns. There is today no way of "
9780814761908 - page_330: "START TEXT: ascertaining the actual number of children rescued by orphanages and boarding schools. Nevertheless," ******* END TEXT: "istian duty towards others and by their fidelity to the ideals that they were pledged to do so in a "
9780814761908 - page_331: "START TEXT: special way by their vows. This is what a nun from one of the Warsaw houses, sister Maria Ena, said:" ******* END TEXT: "f the war. If they distributed soup, they distributed it among all the hungry people without asking "
9780814761908 - page_332: "START TEXT: who they were. If they dressed a guerrilla’s wounds, they did not ask him to which political side he" ******* END TEXT: "y a nine-year-old girl. The nuns, informed by the priest about this situation, christened the girl, "
9780814761908 - page_333: "START TEXT: keeping it secret from other children with whom she went to Communion. (Bartoszewski and Lewin 1969)" ******* END TEXT: "n Przemysl, recently has written from Israel: “My leaving the nuns was only physical. Spiritually I "
9780814761908 - page_334: "START TEXT: always try to live in such a way that I could look into their eyes with a clear conscience.”\n“To kno" ******* END TEXT: "Waclaw Zajaczkowski. Martyrs of Charity. Washington, D.C.: St. Maximilian Kolbe Foundation, 1988.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_335: "START TEXT: 15POLITICAL ALTRUISM: A CASE STUDY\nRachel Hertz-Lazarowitz\nINTRODUCTION\nThe present chapter is a cas" ******* END TEXT: "is family moved to Nahalal, the first moshav, and established a farm. Dov’s childhood was shaped by "
9780814761908 - page_336: "START TEXT: his life in Nahalal, and the daily hardships of being the son of a farming family (Halutzim-Haklaim)" ******* END TEXT: ", Dov recalls that he was always “his mother’s son.” He identified with her and worked hard to help "
9780814761908 - page_337: "START TEXT: her. But at the same time Dov was attracted to his father’s extensive knowledge of farming, music, a" ******* END TEXT: " an activist in the struggle for equality for the Israeli Arabs and participated in actions against "
9780814761908 - page_338: "START TEXT: the military rule over the Arab minority. Dov saw the continuation of military rule beyond the end o" ******* END TEXT: "d are described in the second part of the present chapter. Yirmiya’s effort to aid the refugees and "
9780814761908 - page_339: "START TEXT: publicize their plight was recognized in December 1983, when he was granted the Emil Grinzweig Award" ******* END TEXT: " a highly provocative one, Dov and the committee members held a counterdemonstration. Once Kahane’s "
9780814761908 - page_340: "START TEXT: platform was recognized as racist and he was no longer able to be reelected to the Knesset, the comm" ******* END TEXT: " was sentenced to prison. Dov comments, “At that time, I argued against this, believing that it was "
9780814761908 - page_341: "START TEXT: better that people with a conscience would serve in order to moderate and curb IDF behavior there. N" ******* END TEXT: "ources with them (Bar-Tal 1985–1986; Staub 1978; Eisenberg 1986), and even more so, taking personal "
9780814761908 - page_342: "START TEXT: risks in order to rescue people (Oliner and Oliner 1988). The second entails public and political ac" ******* END TEXT: "sary and unjustified. His wife, Menuha (the daughter of Yaffe, the founding family of Nahalal and a "
9780814761908 - page_343: "START TEXT: prominent figure in the Halutzim generation) implored him not to go. She said, “After all, you are a" ******* END TEXT: "ought and behaved in a humanitarian way.… They looked at the other side and saw not only the enemy, "
9780814761908 - page_344: "START TEXT: but also human beings. They distinguished between soldiers and children, between enemy outposts and " ******* END TEXT: "bat zone for only twenty-five days, and wrote seventy pages in the evenings after his tireless work "
9780814761908 - page_345: "START TEXT: helping the civilian population. In his diary, Dov bitterly criticizes the Israeli government’s poli" ******* END TEXT: "shed in Hotam (July 1982). The commander’s letter described the situation in Lebanon from the point "
9780814761908 - page_346: "START TEXT: of view of the IDF, justifying the destruction in the Palestinian camps with the claim that the terr" ******* END TEXT: "occurrences. Many of the IDF’s activities are controversial within the Israeli society. Dov’s book, "
9780814761908 - page_347: "START TEXT: published in 1983, can be seen today as a raging prophecy. It was the first book that described the " ******* END TEXT: "rmiya has been collecting for many years was like entering into and searching among the many layers "
9780814761908 - page_348: "START TEXT: of his soul. While reading the material, I kept wondering how it must have felt to have seen a publi" ******* END TEXT: " to report the incident, thereby initiating the only military court-martial for such a crime during "
9780814761908 - page_349: "START TEXT: that war. The officer was sentenced to a seven-year prison term but was pardoned shortly thereafter." ******* END TEXT: "eals his emotions and involvement. At the same time, he has a very charming and humble disposition.\n"
9780814761908 - page_350: "START TEXT: Reviewing his files, I read many letters to the editor and short articles sent to newspapers and ret" ******* END TEXT: " life Dov declared himself a member of Mapam, at one time the most leftist Socialist-Zionist party. "
9780814761908 - page_351: "START TEXT: In the thirties and forties, Mapam was very dogmatic and in line with Russian ideology. Yet, the par" ******* END TEXT: "he rest is down hill. I cannot stop thinking about how short life is.” He added, “I am disappointed "
9780814761908 - page_352: "START TEXT: with the fact that a single lifetime is too short to realize the fulfillment and attainment of one’s" ******* END TEXT: "others feel the way I do but do nothing about it. What I am doing is in my name as well as theirs.”\n"
9780814761908 - page_353: "START TEXT: Analyzing the years that have passed since 1948, Dov thinks that Israeli Jews have committed many im" ******* END TEXT: "eded to become a national leader.\nYirmiya reflects on his life with modesty, uncertainty, searching "
9780814761908 - page_354: "START TEXT: for answers. He sees many of his one-time partners in action, soldiers under his command, friends, a" ******* END TEXT: "d political activist in a way that unfolds a different type of altruist, not described or discussed "
9780814761908 - page_355: "START TEXT: earlier in the literature. In certain respects, Dov cannot be analyzed merely according to the profi" ******* END TEXT: "we breathe and the streets we walk.\nThis unique setting has a profound impact on many Israelis, and "
9780814761908 - page_356: "START TEXT: in this context, Dov represents the majority. In 1948, the newly born fragile nation was forced to f" ******* END TEXT: "es that he was driven by guilt and shame for the collective Israeli society, who had again expanded "
9780814761908 - page_357: "START TEXT: its geographic borders and harmed the Palestinians. Dov expresses this very clearly when he says tha" ******* END TEXT: "tinian/Arabs’ plight, may be the result of his own self-reflection and cognitive analysis that have "
9780814761908 - page_358: "START TEXT: gradually shaped his political thinking. The Israeli sociopolitical drama is forever changing, which" ******* END TEXT: "be purposeful and is forever examining himself. He is aware of mortality and frightened by it on an "
9780814761908 - page_359: "START TEXT: existential-philosophical level. For observers like myself and for others with whom I talked about Y" ******* END TEXT: " 8, 3, 347–65.\nKohn, A. (1989). Evidence for a moral tradition. Psychology Today, January–February, "
9780814761908 - page_360: "START TEXT: 72–73 (Reviewing Oliner, S., and Oliner, P. book The altruistic personality: Rescuers of Jews in Naz" ******* END TEXT: " Press.\nYirmiya, Dov (1983). My War Diary: Lebanon, June 5-July 1, 1982. Boston: South End Press.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_361: "START TEXT: PART SIXPROMOTING ALTRUISTIC BONDS\nEdited by Samuel P. Oliner" ******* END TEXT: "PART SIXPROMOTING ALTRUISTIC BONDS\nEdited by Samuel P. Oliner"
9780814761908 - page_362: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_363: "START TEXT: INTRODUCTION\nSamuel P. Oliner\nThis section of the book addresses the factors and processes that help" ******* END TEXT: "behavior. And four processes are related to inclusiveness, which involves diversifying, networking, "
9780814761908 - page_364: "START TEXT: reasoning, and forming global connections. By “bonding,” the Oliners mean forming enduring emotional" ******* END TEXT: "ideals, moral rules, empathy, and attachment are processes that help develop a better understanding "
9780814761908 - page_365: "START TEXT: of others, and thereby lead to nonaggression while helping to connect people with each other.\nPositi" ******* END TEXT: "evolence that involves moral intuitions and a kind of spirituality. Altruism must be taught because "
9780814761908 - page_366: "START TEXT: one cannot innately acquire it. Teaching love and sensitivity to children involves risk. One has to " ******* END TEXT: "ociety such as the USSR is more altruistic than an individualistic society, and whether the current "
9780814761908 - page_367: "START TEXT: transformation of Soviet society from collectivism to individualism will reduce prosocial orientatio" ******* END TEXT: "ld not effect help for “the fallen,” Osiatynski feels that only through a successful transfermation "
9780814761908 - page_368: "START TEXT: from collectivism to individualism will there be a foundation laid for individualistic altruism.\nIn " ******* END TEXT: "viet person, with free will and the possibility of choices, will altruism take shape in the USSR.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_369: "START TEXT: 16PROMOTING EXTENSIVE ALTRUISTIC BONDS: A CONCEPTUAL ELABORATION AND SOME PRAGMATIC IMPLICATIONS\nPea" ******* END TEXT: "gin by explaining this concept and its evolution as suggested by the theoretical and empirical work "
9780814761908 - page_370: "START TEXT: of others, and describe its empirical basis as it emerged from our study of rescuers. We then sugges" ******* END TEXT: "ing of the self with the other—which he views as one of the two ongoing processes of making meaning "
9780814761908 - page_371: "START TEXT: throughout life (the other, object relations, involves disembeddedness and separation.) Chodorow (19" ******* END TEXT: "erloff 1987; Waterman 1981). Individualism is commonly associated with firm ego boundaries, so that "
9780814761908 - page_372: "START TEXT: the sense of self in effect “stops at one’s skin and clearly demarks self from nonself” (Spence 1985" ******* END TEXT: "ts of the bounded self concept perceive such relationships emerging from autonomous and independent "
9780814761908 - page_373: "START TEXT: selves who may rationally conclude that self-interest is best served by recognizing the mutual inter" ******* END TEXT: " to say that it is a personality orientation that is rooted both in the particular and the general.\n"
9780814761908 - page_374: "START TEXT: Conceptualizing extensivity as a two-dimensional continuum allows us to better understand the respon" ******* END TEXT: "ged the variables into four major orthogonal factors. Based upon the themes common to the variables "
9780814761908 - page_375: "START TEXT: that loaded highly on each factor, the factors were labeled Family Attachments, Jewish Friends, Broa" ******* END TEXT: "orms, and participating in caring behaviors—relate to forming attachments and a sense of obligation "
9780814761908 - page_376: "START TEXT: to others in the immediate environment. The remaining four—diversifying, networking, developing prob" ******* END TEXT: "ly one process among many others.\nOur focus on multiple social institutions, rather than the family "
9780814761908 - page_377: "START TEXT: alone, stems from considerations regarding the age during which an extensive altruistic orientation " ******* END TEXT: "ntial for encouraging the above processes without forfeiting other primary goals. In fact, examples "
9780814761908 - page_378: "START TEXT: of these social processes already exist in embryonic form in all types of social institutions, and m" ******* END TEXT: "suggests that the voluntary readiness to jeopardize life and limb for others does not depend on it.\n"
9780814761908 - page_379: "START TEXT: THE SOCIAL PROCESSES\nWith the above assumptions in mind, we now proceed to a brief description of ea" ******* END TEXT: "sed by Staub (this volume), implying an independent self that is nonetheless connected with others.\n"
9780814761908 - page_380: "START TEXT: The second process, empathizing, means understanding others’ thoughts and feelings and feeling with " ******* END TEXT: "-taking skills for instrumental purposes—to achieve better ratings from supervisors or to be better "
9780814761908 - page_381: "START TEXT: liked—may eventually become concerned with their clients as ends unto themselves.\nCaring norms—inclu" ******* END TEXT: "oing them in varied circumstances (Freeman and Fraser 1966; Beaman et al. 1983; Staub, this volume)\n"
9780814761908 - page_382: "START TEXT: Participation can range from reasonably low-cost behaviors, such as listening and supportive interch" ******* END TEXT: " to be most beneficial if it encompasses both those characteristics that indicate a shared humanity "
9780814761908 - page_383: "START TEXT: as well as those conditions or characteristics that render the group distinct. As Blum and Seidler p" ******* END TEXT: "ple, devised by Aronson et al. (1978), as a teaching technique, has been demonstrated to cause such "
9780814761908 - page_384: "START TEXT: effects in diverse classrooms, including those marked by high racial tension (Aronson and Yates 1983" ******* END TEXT: "orms (Rubenstein and Roth 1987).\nOther skills relate to resolutions of conflict through negotiation "
9780814761908 - page_385: "START TEXT: and arbitration in which peace and harmony, rather than justice or care, are the prevailing objectiv" ******* END TEXT: " cannot remain the province of specialized individuals with enlightened views. The linkages between "
9780814761908 - page_386: "START TEXT: small local behaviors in the contexts of habitual living in families, schools, the workplace, and th" ******* END TEXT: "hat all social institutions have the potential to include more of them in their routine activities.\n"
9780814761908 - page_387: "START TEXT: REFERENCES\nAinsworth, M. D. S. (1979). Infant-mother attachment, American Psychologist 34, 932–37.\n—" ******* END TEXT: "and M. Brewer (Eds.), Groups in contact: The psychology of desegregation. New York: Academic Press.\n"
9780814761908 - page_388: "START TEXT: Eisenberg, N. (1986). Altruistic emotion, cognition, and behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.\nEisenberg" ******* END TEXT: " 42, 3–11.\nReykowski, J. (1984). Spatial organization of a cognitive system and intrinsic prosocial "
9780814761908 - page_389: "START TEXT: motivation. In E. Staub, D. Bar-Tal, J. Karylowski, and J. Reykowski (Eds.), Development and mainten" ******* END TEXT: "(1982). New rules: Searching for self-fulfillment in a world turned upside-down. Toronto: Bantam.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_390: "START TEXT: 17THE ORIGINS OF CARING, HELPING, AND NONAGGRESSION: PARENTAL SOCIALIZATION, THE FAMILY SYSTEM, SCHO" ******* END TEXT: "pporting and reinforcing each other.\nSociobiologists (Trivers 1971; Wilson 1975) have proposed that "
9780814761908 - page_391: "START TEXT: altruism, the willingness to sacrifice in order to benefit others, is part of the human genetic make" ******* END TEXT: "te principle is offered by utilitarianism, which regards the best conduct as the one that maximizes "
9780814761908 - page_392: "START TEXT: the ratio of benefit to harm (the greatest good for the greatest number). The combination of an abso" ******* END TEXT: "istress. It was found to be more strongly related to self-reports of helping than either moral rule "
9780814761908 - page_393: "START TEXT: orientation or empathy (Staub 1990b). Nonetheless, a combination of these characteristics, especiall" ******* END TEXT: " them with a stranger, more loving and responsive when he or she returns. They show less anxiety in "
9780814761908 - page_394: "START TEXT: strange situations and appear secure and loving with the person who is the object of their attachmen" ******* END TEXT: " and caring may remain restricted to a narrow in-group (Oliner and Oliner 1988; Staub 1989; 1990a).\n"
9780814761908 - page_395: "START TEXT: Positive Socialization and the Child’s Experience\nResearch findings from the last two or three decad" ******* END TEXT: "finding. Nursery school children who were cared for, over a two-week period, by either a warm or an "
9780814761908 - page_396: "START TEXT: indifferent adult remembered the same number of actions of small dolls that were manipulated by the " ******* END TEXT: "mportance for helping and harmdoing.\nIn a series of studies my associates and I found that children "
9780814761908 - page_397: "START TEXT: who teach younger children, or make toys for poor hospitalized children, or write letters to hospita" ******* END TEXT: "hat I described, especially if they are combined with parents setting relatively high standards for "
9780814761908 - page_398: "START TEXT: their children that they can successfully fulfill at least some of the time, will also lead to the e" ******* END TEXT: "nment are optimal, however, children require help to correctly read and code their own feelings and "
9780814761908 - page_399: "START TEXT: those of others. They require support to experience and be aware of their own sadness, disappointmen" ******* END TEXT: " people great courage, physical and moral. Frequently such courage serves destruction, as evidenced "
9780814761908 - page_400: "START TEXT: by kamikaze pilots, Shiite terrorists, or men in battle. However, great courage is evident as well i" ******* END TEXT: "e by the other. Once the system evolves around this division of power, change will be resisted. The "
9780814761908 - page_401: "START TEXT: greater power of one parent may arise from, or may be maintained by, a coalition with children. The " ******* END TEXT: " care, and emotional support are unfulfilled, and if they lack a feeling of reasonable control over "
9780814761908 - page_402: "START TEXT: their lives, positive socialization becomes less likely. When unemployment increases, reports of chi" ******* END TEXT: " impress them with our caring and unselfish actions and intentions. The best way to accomplish this "
9780814761908 - page_403: "START TEXT: is to be caring and unselfish. Self-assertion is also important, standing up for one’s rights, so th" ******* END TEXT: "ing, and their possible results. Such services may someday be practical tools to increase happiness "
9780814761908 - page_404: "START TEXT: and well-being in families, decrease the frequency of divorce, and contribute to the positive social" ******* END TEXT: "eptable and valued. The rules also influence how children interact with each other, aggressively or "
9780814761908 - page_405: "START TEXT: prosocially, cooperatively or competitively, and thereby influence what children learn in their inte" ******* END TEXT: "ngs, feelings of joy and sorrow, and physical and other needs. Orwell described his profound change "
9780814761908 - page_406: "START TEXT: of attitude during World War I when he saw, from his trench, an enemy soldier pull down his pants an" ******* END TEXT: "ed, underachieving, minority children. In addition, they help evolve positive self-esteem, positive "
9780814761908 - page_407: "START TEXT: interpersonal behaviors that extend across group lines, and the capacity to listen to and communicat" ******* END TEXT: "oblems? Can we see each culture as an integrated whole, as a mode of adaptation? As we become aware "
9780814761908 - page_408: "START TEXT: of processes of change, we see cultures less as static entities. We will come to see our own culture" ******* END TEXT: "ing their own role in it. Moreover, rarely are people aware of their basic tendencies in perception "
9780814761908 - page_409: "START TEXT: and thinking, which powerfully influence their actions and emotions. They often see their own behavi" ******* END TEXT: "shaping those policies and practices.\nIn sum, developing caring and the tendency to help others, as "
9780814761908 - page_410: "START TEXT: well as promoting the capacity to resist influences that would lead to harming others, depend on var" ******* END TEXT: "(1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161–79.\n"
9780814761908 - page_411: "START TEXT: Grodman, S. M. (1979). The role of personality and situational variables in responding to and helpin" ******* END TEXT: "k: Academic Press.\n———(1975). To rear a prosocial child: Reasoning, learning by doing, and learning "
9780814761908 - page_412: "START TEXT: by teaching others. In D. DePalma and J. Folley (Eds.), Moral development: Current theory and resear" ******* END TEXT: "6). Altruism and aggression: Biological and social origins. New York: Cambridge University Press.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_413: "START TEXT: 18ALTRUISM AMONG ALCOHOLICS\nDaniel M. Boland\nIn practice altruism means giving more to others than w" ******* END TEXT: ", religious, geographical, age, and language barrier and is still growing. AA’s success exemplifies "
9780814761908 - page_414: "START TEXT: altruism’s role in physical healing, psychological recovery, and spiritual transformation.\nAlcoholis" ******* END TEXT: "reservations or expectations of personal reward. These are the beneficial traits that newly arrived "
9780814761908 - page_415: "START TEXT: alcoholics routinely encounter, the psychological sparks that ignite AA’s effectiveness.\nAA is a sur" ******* END TEXT: "meeting. As each speaker addresses the group, the meeting becomes an arena of intense listening. No "
9780814761908 - page_416: "START TEXT: one speaks very long, a few minutes at most. No one interrupts. Group members (all of whom have “hit" ******* END TEXT: "nd at last they grasp the basic message that it’s taken them their lifetimes to appreciate: if they "
9780814761908 - page_417: "START TEXT: don’t drink alcohol, they won’t get drunk! Thus, self-revelation is the first step to sobriety and s" ******* END TEXT: "iety a taxing and stressful experience.\nAt some point in their recovery, the newcomers may select a "
9780814761908 - page_418: "START TEXT: “sponsor”—a more experienced recovering alcoholic whose sobriety and wisdom have been tested, someon" ******* END TEXT: "erenity. Success in AA terms is measured “one day at a time”; each day’s success means life itself.\n"
9780814761908 - page_419: "START TEXT: REFERENCES\nAl-Anon (1982), Living with an Alcoholic, Eleventh Printing. New York: Al-Anon Family Gro" ******* END TEXT: "The effects and costs of alcoholism treatment. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_420: "START TEXT: 19ALTRUISM AND EXTENSIVITY IN THE BAHÁ’Í RELIGION\nWendy M. Heller and Hoda Mahmoudi\nThroughout histo" ******* END TEXT: "under, Bahá’u’lláh (1817–1892); his son and successor, ‘Abdu’1-Bahá (1844–1921); and ‘Abdu’1-Bahá’s "
9780814761908 - page_421: "START TEXT: grandson and successor, Shoghi Effendi (1897–1957). Bahá’ís accept these works as authoritative text" ******* END TEXT: "ons the advantage of the part is best to be reached by the advantage of the whole, and … no abiding "
9780814761908 - page_422: "START TEXT: benefit can be conferred upon the component parts if the general interests of the entity itself are " ******* END TEXT: "ught in a way that leads to idleness and to the acceptance of oppression; it is acquired to free us "
9780814761908 - page_423: "START TEXT: from our own material interests in order to dedicate ourselves to the well-being of others. To this " ******* END TEXT: "ife, beginning with the fundamental teachings of the oneness of humanity and the unity of religion. "
9780814761908 - page_424: "START TEXT: The Bahá’í teachings view divine revelation not as a static, unique event, but as a continuing proce" ******* END TEXT: " communions of the earth, and the manifold systems of religious belief,” Bahá’u’lláh (1952) writes, "
9780814761908 - page_425: "START TEXT: “should never be allowed to foster the feelings of animosity among men, is, in this Day, of the esse" ******* END TEXT: " if oppressed rescue him. …\nWhat profit is there in agreeing that universal friendship is good, and "
9780814761908 - page_426: "START TEXT: talking of the solidarity of the human race as a grand ideal? Unless these thoughts are translated i" ******* END TEXT: "is repeatedly placed upon behavior, rather than professions of belief—on deeds, not words. Thus the "
9780814761908 - page_427: "START TEXT: most powerful method by which children can be taught a prosocial orientation is the model of parents" ******* END TEXT: " of spiritual, altruistic qualities remains the aim and central focus of life for the adult Bahá’í.\n"
9780814761908 - page_428: "START TEXT: In the light of recent research, it is noteworthy that both the ethical principles of justice and of" ******* END TEXT: "ant in comparison to the rest of the group. In Bahá’í society, this situation is reversed: altruism "
9780814761908 - page_429: "START TEXT: is not an aberrant behavior contrary to convention, because the normative expectations (which indivi" ******* END TEXT: "t, the process does not necessarily require reduction to duality: alternatives need not be narrowed "
9780814761908 - page_430: "START TEXT: down to the two poles “for” and “against.” Instead, the consultative process itself, drawing on the " ******* END TEXT: "f the community” (Shoghi Effendi 1963, 30). In addition to its direct effect in increasing minority "
9780814761908 - page_431: "START TEXT: representation in Bahá’í administrative institutions, the practice of this rule heightens the sensit" ******* END TEXT: "tistics. Encyclopedia Britannica book of the year (1988, p. 303). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.\n"
9780814761908 - page_432: "START TEXT: Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, " ******* END TEXT: "t, P., and Waxler, C. Z. (1973). Learning concern for others. Developmental Psychology 8, 240–60.\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_433: "START TEXT: 20ALTRUISM IN THE SOCIALIST WORLD\nWiktor Osiatynski\nThe subject of this discussion is “ordinary” alt" ******* END TEXT: "vidualism and the related rise in egoism. Moreover, individualism and altruism oppose collectivism: "
9780814761908 - page_434: "START TEXT: thus a lessening of collectivism and reinforcement of individualism may pave the way for a rise in a" ******* END TEXT: "vided by the community; 4) the conviction, related to the claim for the sense of security, that the "
9780814761908 - page_435: "START TEXT: individual is not responsible for his/her own fate; 5) weakness of the civil society composed of an " ******* END TEXT: "ccording to the Orthodox religion, the faithful are obliged to give alms and render help to orphans "
9780814761908 - page_436: "START TEXT: and the destitute and to protect widows. Yet those “charitable acts are to serve the giver’s moral h" ******* END TEXT: "ed by the periodic redistribution of land within the commune, to give an equal portion to every man "
9780814761908 - page_437: "START TEXT: and boy. Those who had previously had more land lost, while those who had a greater number of childr" ******* END TEXT: "rly in the case of the populists, referred to the good of the individual. The populists (narodniks) "
9780814761908 - page_438: "START TEXT: intended to improve the village commune to create the best possible conditions for the development o" ******* END TEXT: "g of individual responsibility for human acts and life, thus consolidating the people’s immaturity.\n"
9780814761908 - page_439: "START TEXT: Rejecting the intellectuals’ concern for the abstract “cause” of the people, the authors of Landmark" ******* END TEXT: "ce of a nonrevolutionary and basically religious social transformation. In turn, the implementation "
9780814761908 - page_440: "START TEXT: of the dictate of charity should be the chief aim of the state. The state should renounce the tradit" ******* END TEXT: "n charity, but unlike alms and charity, which rendered help directly to those in need, philanthropy "
9780814761908 - page_441: "START TEXT: involved the establishment of permanent institutions of social welfare: schools, almshouses, hospita" ******* END TEXT: "long to civil society, there is no room for such bonds or for interpersonal relations in the public "
9780814761908 - page_442: "START TEXT: sphere—that is, in the state-controlled society. In Marx’s ideal society, all activities are to be p" ******* END TEXT: "original blend of Marxism with traditional tenets of Russian Orthodoxy, populism, and collectivism.\n"
9780814761908 - page_443: "START TEXT: 2.2. Rejection of Altruism and Charity in Communist Russia\nIn the early years of communism, a number" ******* END TEXT: " or help to others and of such feelings as compassion or pity. As Danil Granin puts it, the natural "
9780814761908 - page_444: "START TEXT: sensitivity to others’ pain ceases to exist when it is not upheld by education or exercised daily. T" ******* END TEXT: "ries between an individual and various collectives he/she is part of are blurred and imprecise. One "
9780814761908 - page_445: "START TEXT: has a feeling that a greater part of the individual’s identity rests in the collective. Such nonindi" ******* END TEXT: "war literature and movies, where expressions of humane feelings and charitable acts were permitted.\n"
9780814761908 - page_446: "START TEXT: Another literary arena in which moral issues were present was the wave of rustic literature in the 1" ******* END TEXT: "ultural magazine Literaturnaya Gazeta. Granin, who defended his city during the siege of Leningrad, "
9780814761908 - page_447: "START TEXT: was a coauthor of the Book of the Siege. Based on his personal experience during the war and the res" ******* END TEXT: "e who more or less accidentally helped others and liked it. This is the source of Granin’s ultimate "
9780814761908 - page_448: "START TEXT: optimism, and proof that the only requirement for the spread of charitable acts is simply to create " ******* END TEXT: "ivities pursued “in the name of the people.” Definite individuals disappeared entirely from view in "
9780814761908 - page_449: "START TEXT: Marxist-Leninist philosophy and in Communist social practice, where the state was the only recipient" ******* END TEXT: " precisely that attempt to remove such primitive bonds or at least to subordinate them to the state "
9780814761908 - page_450: "START TEXT: and party control. The fact that this attempt proved not fully effective might indicate that the onl" ******* END TEXT: "ed, encouraging helplessness and a lack of responsibility for one’s own fate. Unconditional helping "
9780814761908 - page_451: "START TEXT: did not allow for the “tough love” where, as a result of refusal to help, the fallen person must mak" ******* END TEXT: "ttitude cannot be accomplished if the traditional anti-individualism is preserved. Such change will "
9780814761908 - page_452: "START TEXT: also be impossible if the traditional conception of charity is revived, as a large part of the moder" ******* END TEXT: "imir Soloviev and his messianic work (Translated by Elizabeth Meyendorff). Belmont, Mass.: Norland.\n"
9780814761908 - page_453: "START TEXT: Walicki, A. (1979). A history of Russian thought: From the enlightenment to Marxism. Stanford, Cal.:" ******* END TEXT: "n History. Vol. 50. Edited by Joseph L. Wieczynski. Gulf Breeze, Fl.: Academic International Press.\n"
9780814761908 - page_454: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814761908 - page_455: "START TEXT: INDEX\n‘Abdu’l-Bahá, 420, 423, 425, 426, 428\nAbstraction, 112, 115–16\n“Affirming cultures,” 9–10, 21," ******* END TEXT: "s\nCalvinism, 45, 280, 317–23\nCampbell, D. T., 106, 107, 122\nCaring, ethic of, 45, 53, 55, 138, 147, "
9780814761908 - page_456: "START TEXT: 172, 186, 219, 222, 359, 423, 428\nnorms, learning, 363, 381\nCarlson, R., 371\nCatholicism, 44, 322, 3" ******* END TEXT: "raud, Madame, 61–62\nFamily, 426–27;\nnuclearization of, 122, 123\nsystems, 400–404\nFestinger, K., 203\n"
9780814761908 - page_457: "START TEXT: Fitness, 70, 76, 105, 109, 110\nrestraint as, 112, 113\nFrance, Jews in, 55–58\nFrank, Anne, 306, 317, " ******* END TEXT: ", 150, 152, 370\nKierkegaard, S., 53\nKilichjian, Aram, 299\nKlein, Maria, 333–34\nKobuszewska, E., 198\n"
9780814761908 - page_458: "START TEXT: Kohlberg, Lawrence, 134, 136, 151, 152, 155, 161, 172, 173, 178\nKonarzewski, Krzysztof, 9, 19, 20, 2" ******* END TEXT: "87, 195, 205, 211, 217, 380\nPiaget, Jean, 150, 151, 152\nPlato, 19\nanti-Semitism in, 44, 64, 280–81, "
9780814761908 - page_459: "START TEXT: 330\nPoland; altruism conference in, 3–5, 6–9\nNazi occupation of, 6–7, 14, 328\nrescue in, 213–14, 328" ******* END TEXT: "hy, 70, 95. See also Empathy\nTajfel, H., 96, 198\nTec, Nechama, 44, 62, 315, 322\nTischner, Josef, 54\n"
9780814761908 - page_460: "START TEXT: Trevarthen, C., 97, 98\nTrivers, R. L., 79, 80, 108\nTrocmé, André and Magda, 44, 56–59, 61\nTurks, as " ******* END TEXT: "7–19, 321\nYirmiya, Dov, 14, 281, 335–59\nMy War Diary, 338, 344–47\nYoung Turks, 283, 290, 303, 304\n\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_i: "START TEXT: Imagined Human Beings" ******* END TEXT: "Imagined Human Beings"
9780814766569 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_iii: "START TEXT: LITERATURE AND PSYCHOANALYSISGeneral Editor: Jeffrey Berman\nThe Beginning of TerrorA Psychological S" ******* END TEXT: "magined Human BeingsA Psychological Approach to Character and Conflict in LiteratureBERNARD J. PARIS"
9780814766569 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_v: "START TEXT: Imagined Human Beings\nA Psychological Approach to Character and Conflict in Literature\nBernard J. Pa" ******* END TEXT: "ed Human Beings\nA Psychological Approach to Character and Conflict in Literature\nBernard J. Paris\n\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_vi: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS\nNew York and London\n© 1997 by New York University\nAll rights reserved\nLibr" ******* END TEXT: "sen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_vii: "START TEXT: For Shirleystill my inspiration" ******* END TEXT: "For Shirleystill my inspiration"
9780814766569 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Contents\nPreface\nI   Introduction\n1   Applications of a Horneyan Approach\n2   Horney’s Mature Theory" ******* END TEXT: " Bovary\n12   The Awakening\n13   Wuthering Heights\nConclusion\nNotes\nReferences\nIndex\nAbout the Author"
9780814766569 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Preface\nWhat fascinates me most about literature is its portrayal of human beings and their relation" ******* END TEXT: "logical approach to literature in previous critical works (Paris 1974, 1978b, 1986a, 1991a, 1991b).\n"
9780814766569 - page_xii: "START TEXT: I have entitled this book Imagined Human Beings because it is largely about mimetic characters who c" ******* END TEXT: "es or others. A Horneyan approach helps us not only to see disparities between rhetoric and mimesis "
9780814766569 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: but also to understand the forces in the implied author’s personality that generate them. There are " ******* END TEXT: "s I hope others will benefit by engaging with mine. Critical controversies have often alerted me to "
9780814766569 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: contradictory elements in literary works that I might not have seen on my own.\nI have profited from " ******* END TEXT: "f Psychoanalysis (Paris 1997). A portion of chapter 13 was published in Women and Literature (Paris "
9780814766569 - page_xv: "START TEXT: 1982) and another portion in “Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature, Biography, Critici" ******* END TEXT: "cated my first book to her in 1965. It is time for me to dedicate another book to my very dear wife."
9780814766569 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_1: "START TEXT: PART IIntroduction" ******* END TEXT: "PART IIntroduction"
9780814766569 - page_2: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_10: "START TEXT: Employing a Horneyan approach to character has led me to perceive that the great mimetic creations a" ******* END TEXT: ", “we see the same structural principles” that we find in their pure form in myth (136). There is a "
9780814766569 - page_11: "START TEXT: built-in conflict between myth and mimesis: “the realistic writer soon finds that the requirements o" ******* END TEXT: " responses to a character, their sympathy and antipathy, their emotional closeness or distance (see "
9780814766569 - page_12: "START TEXT: Booth 1961). When we understand mimetic characters in motivational terms, we usually find ourselves " ******* END TEXT: " choose to make as much sense of things as I can, according to my best lights, rather than to dwell "
9780814766569 - page_13: "START TEXT: on the uncertainty of knowledge. Although I shall not be constantly calling attention to the fact, l" ******* END TEXT: " narration, can we believe the narrator’s accounts of self and others, even when they are presented "
9780814766569 - page_14: "START TEXT: dramatically? The perceptions and recollections of an anxious, defensive, insecure narrator may well" ******* END TEXT: " in which mimesis functions as a subversive force. I shall focus on six novels: Great Expectations, "
9780814766569 - page_15: "START TEXT: Jane Eyre, The Mayor of Casterbridge, Madame Bovary, The Awakening, and Wuthering Heights. Some of t" ******* END TEXT: "our access to our inner life.\nI have found Horney’s theory to be a powerful instrument of analysis, "
9780814766569 - page_16: "START TEXT: and I am eager to share this discovery with others so that their understanding of literature and lif" ******* END TEXT: "n the following chapter. Those who know her theory well may wish to proceed directly to chapter 3.\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_3: "START TEXT: 1Applications of a Horneyan Approach\nIt is not difficult to see why psychoanalytic theory has been w" ******* END TEXT: "ggestion of a colleague in psychology, I was deeply impressed by her theory. She not only described "
9780814766569 - page_4: "START TEXT: my behavior in an immediately recognizable way, but she seemed to have invaded my privacy and to hav" ******* END TEXT: "n it was Horney who helped me to understand what was mystifying me. While arguing that the novel is "
9780814766569 - page_5: "START TEXT: full of contradictions and does not make sense thematically, I suddenly remembered Horney’s statemen" ******* END TEXT: "yan approach to all of Jane Austen’s and all of Shakespeare’s major characters (Paris 1978b, 1991a, "
9780814766569 - page_6: "START TEXT: 1991b). The fact that Horney works well with literature from a wide variety of periods and cultures" ******* END TEXT: "g as whole human beings.” We try to understand “the principle they illustrate through their actions "
9780814766569 - page_7: "START TEXT: in a narrative framework” (88). Behind realistic literature there is a strong “psychological impulse" ******* END TEXT: "ers will outlive every interpretation, each age has to make sense of them for itself, using its own "
9780814766569 - page_8: "START TEXT: modes of explanation. Any theory we use will be culture-bound and reductive; still, we must use some" ******* END TEXT: " psychoanalytic study of character has been its reliance on infantile experience to account for the "
9780814766569 - page_9: "START TEXT: behavior of the adult. Since literature usually provides little information about early childhood, p" ******* END TEXT: "other things, that a Horneyan approach is applicable to works from Antigone to The End of the Road.\n"
9780814766569 - page_17: "START TEXT: 2Horney’s Mature Theory\nBorn in a suburb of Hamburg in 1885, Karen Horney (née Danielsen) attended m" ******* END TEXT: "or in terms of its current function.\nIn her last two books, Our Inner Conflicts (1945) and Neurosis "
9780814766569 - page_18: "START TEXT: and Human Growth (1950), Horney described in a systematic way the interpersonal and intrapsychic str" ******* END TEXT: "n intrapsychic process of self-glorification. These strategies constitute our effort to fulfill our "
9780814766569 - page_19: "START TEXT: now insatiable needs for safety, love and belonging, and esteem. They are also designed to reduce ou" ******* END TEXT: "h, where she combines the interpersonal and the intrapsychic. The two sets of terms clearly overlap "
9780814766569 - page_20: "START TEXT: and can often be used interchangeably. In Neurosis and Human Growth, there are three distinct expans" ******* END TEXT: "thers and justify themselves.\nThe compliant defense brings with it not only certain ways of feeling "
9780814766569 - page_21: "START TEXT: and behaving, but also a special set of values and beliefs. The values “lie in the direction of good" ******* END TEXT: "demona, Duke Vincentio in Measure for Measure, Timon of Athens, Prospero (Paris 1991a), the poet in "
9780814766569 - page_22: "START TEXT: Shakespeare’s sonnets (Lewis 1985; Paris 1991a), and Antony in Antony and Cleopatra (Paris 1991b). I" ******* END TEXT: "achieves more . . . , wields more power, or in any way questions [their] superiority” (Horney 1950, "
9780814766569 - page_23: "START TEXT: 198). They have to drag their rivals down or defeat them. They retaliate when injured by hurting the" ******* END TEXT: "y form of sympathy as a sort of fifth column, an enemy operating from within” (Horney 1945, 69–70). "
9780814766569 - page_24: "START TEXT: They fear the emergence of compliant trends because this would make them vulnerable in an evil world" ******* END TEXT: "to an unhealthy environment.\nAs adults, narcissists seek to master life “by self-admiration and the "
9780814766569 - page_25: "START TEXT: exercise of charm” (Horney 1950, 212). They have an “unquestioned belief in [their] greatness and un" ******* END TEXT: "8b), Mathilde de la Mole in The Red and the Black (Paris 1974), and Conrad’s Lord Jim (Paris 1974).\n"
9780814766569 - page_26: "START TEXT: In Neurosis and Human Growth, Horney gives the least amount of attention to the perfectionistic solu" ******* END TEXT: "he is entitled to fair treatment by others and by life in general. This conviction of an infallible "
9780814766569 - page_27: "START TEXT: justice operating in life gives him a feeling of mastery” (Horney 1950, 197). Success is not a matte" ******* END TEXT: "of behavior, or, indeed, anything that interferes with their absolute freedom. They want to do what "
9780814766569 - page_28: "START TEXT: they please when they please, but since they are alienated from their spontaneous desires, their fre" ******* END TEXT: "ed people believe, “consciously or unconsciously, that is it better not to wish or expect anything. "
9780814766569 - page_29: "START TEXT: Sometimes this goes with a conscious pessimistic outlook on life, a sense of its being futile anyhow" ******* END TEXT: "nlimited powers” and “exalted faculties” (Horney 1950, 22). The idealized image, in turn, generates "
9780814766569 - page_30: "START TEXT: neurotic claims, tyrannical “shoulds,” and neurotic pride, all of which ultimately increase self-hat" ******* END TEXT: " actual self is what a person really is—a mixture of strengths and weaknesses, health and neurosis. "
9780814766569 - page_31: "START TEXT: The distance between the actual and real selves will vary, depending on the degree of self-alienatio" ******* END TEXT: "isregard for feasibility, imperviousness to psychic laws, and reliance on willpower for fulfillment "
9780814766569 - page_32: "START TEXT: and imagination for denial of failure. There is a good deal of externalization connected with the sh" ******* END TEXT: "y tenacious, since we depend on them for self-aggrandizement and a sense of control over our lives.\n"
9780814766569 - page_33: "START TEXT: The claims are what we feel entitled to according to the conception of justice that is part of our p" ******* END TEXT: "ilables—in short, through finding ways to make things appear different from what they are” (91–94).\n"
9780814766569 - page_34: "START TEXT: Pride is a vitally important defense, but since it is based on illusion and self-deception, it incre" ******* END TEXT: "neither characters in books nor people in life who correspond exactly to Horney’s descriptions. Her "
9780814766569 - page_35: "START TEXT: types are composites, drawn from her experience with people who share certain dominant trends but wh" ******* END TEXT: "ief description, her theory seems highly schematic, but when properly employed it is quite flexible."
9780814766569 - page_36: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_37: "START TEXT: PART IICharacters and Relationships " ******* END TEXT: "PART IICharacters and Relationships "
9780814766569 - page_38: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_39: "START TEXT: 3A Doll’s House and Hedda Gabler\nThe first person to look at literature from a Horneyan perspective " ******* END TEXT: "about. In the first two acts of the play, Nora Helmer is a striking example of feminine compliance, "
9780814766569 - page_40: "START TEXT: while in the last act she rebels against her doll-like role and asserts her claim to full humanity.\n" ******* END TEXT: "she has never been more sure of herself, but she is full of self-doubt, and her flight from Torvald "
9780814766569 - page_41: "START TEXT: and her children is compulsive. Turning against her failed self-effacing solution, Nora is now drive" ******* END TEXT: "d dress-up and act for him” (act 1).\nIn the meantime, it gives her “something to be proud and happy "
9780814766569 - page_42: "START TEXT: about.” She is proud partly because “working like that and earning money” has given her a feeling of" ******* END TEXT: "g Torvald does for her shows how valuable she is to him and assures her that she will be taken care "
9780814766569 - page_43: "START TEXT: of. She does not mind being weak as long as his strength is at her service. She controls him through" ******* END TEXT: "for fails to materialize” (1950, 252). The turning point for Nora comes with Torvald’s reactions to "
9780814766569 - page_44: "START TEXT: Krogstad’s letter. He neither praises her for having earned so much money and saved his life nor off" ******* END TEXT: "ers.” Torvald’s attack on her moral character exacerbates her doubts about her fitness as a mother.\n"
9780814766569 - page_45: "START TEXT: A good deal of self-hate is generated also by Nora’s emerging aggressive trends. She perceives that " ******* END TEXT: "ay from them, because they threaten to rouse up her self-effacing side, of which she is now afraid. "
9780814766569 - page_46: "START TEXT: There is something decidedly cold-blooded about Nora at the end. She is not allowing herself to be a" ******* END TEXT: "r’s existence. Torvald was as emotionally dependent on Nora as she on him; at the end, it is he who "
9780814766569 - page_47: "START TEXT: cannot bear the thought of their separation. Each was “in love” with an idealization of the other ra" ******* END TEXT: "fe is a tissue of lies and deception. She, too, has committed forgery, and she has deceived Torvald "
9780814766569 - page_48: "START TEXT: about the loan. She lies habitually, about eating macaroons, about what she does with the money Torv" ******* END TEXT: " strength of ten because his heart is pure. His bargain is that he will ultimately triumph and have "
9780814766569 - page_49: "START TEXT: nothing to fear as long as his conduct is unimpeachable. At the beginning of the play, his bargain s" ******* END TEXT: "e so.” She is expressing values that belong to her defense system and he values that belong to his.\n"
9780814766569 - page_50: "START TEXT: Krogstad’s letter plunges Torvald into a state of psychological crisis. His solution has failed and " ******* END TEXT: " as Torvald’s success feeds Nora’s pride. He has blinded himself to anything faulty in Nora because "
9780814766569 - page_51: "START TEXT: he does not want to relinquish his idealization of her or to have any flaw in their relationship.\nTh" ******* END TEXT: "re reason why she should go, but perhaps she recognizes that she must be cruel in order to be kind.\n"
9780814766569 - page_52: "START TEXT: The question we are left with at the end of the play is whether Nora and Torvald can change enough s" ******* END TEXT: " exercise a more powerful influence of her own by turning Lövborg back into the man he was when she "
9780814766569 - page_53: "START TEXT: knew him. She seeks to disrupt Ejlert’s relationship with Thea and to replace her as the dominant fo" ******* END TEXT: "ich she outwardly conforms but against which she inwardly rebels. Her “secret intimacy” with Ejlert "
9780814766569 - page_54: "START TEXT: Lövborg enabled her to escape these constraints vicariously, since he acted out her forbidden impuls" ******* END TEXT: "spoiled, but mostly because she feels desperate and is searching for distractions. She becomes even "
9780814766569 - page_55: "START TEXT: more frustrated when she learns that they will have to curtail their expenses.\nHedda’s plight is viv" ******* END TEXT: "ppalled by the prospect of motherhood, again because of her detachment: “That sort of thing doesn’t "
9780814766569 - page_56: "START TEXT: appeal to me, Judge. I’m not fitted for it. No responsibilities for me!” Terribly frustrated herself" ******* END TEXT: ": “But, Thea, my darling!”—exclaims Hedda—“How did you dare do such a thing?” (act 1; my emphasis). "
9780814766569 - page_57: "START TEXT: When Thea declares that she will never go back to her husband, Hedda is shocked: “But what will peop" ******* END TEXT: "cts boldly on his behalf but is terribly anxious for him. Hedda feels a similar anxiety for herself "
9780814766569 - page_58: "START TEXT: at the thought of daring behavior, but she wants to believe that Lövborg can act upon his impulses w" ******* END TEXT: "“child,” Lövborg tells Thea that he has torn the manuscript into a thousand pieces and that he will "
9780814766569 - page_59: "START TEXT: “do no more work, from now on” (act 3). Thea “despairingly” asks what she will “have to live for,” a" ******* END TEXT: "k’s effort to blackmail her.\nAs soon as she returns from her wedding journey, Brack begins pressing "
9780814766569 - page_60: "START TEXT: for “a triangular friendship” in which he will be her lover (act 2). Hedda welcomes Brack’s attentio" ******* END TEXT: "eking to influence the fate of an important man. Being subject to Brack’s wishes and commands would "
9780814766569 - page_61: "START TEXT: render her utterly powerless and would be as unendurable as the consequences of defiance.\nHedda’s ne" ******* END TEXT: " and in the process has thwarted Hedda’s effort to gain a sense of power by burning the manuscript.\n"
9780814766569 - page_62: "START TEXT: Thea’s triumph is all the more complete because she has now begun to influence Jörgen, who says he w" ******* END TEXT: "of Horney’s defensive strategies, they are mixed cases, not to be thought of simply in terms of one "
9780814766569 - page_63: "START TEXT: personality type. Nora Helmer is strikingly self-effacing through much of the play, but when her pre" ******* END TEXT: "she tries to use him to escape her inner conflicts through the vicarious fulfillment of her needs.\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_64: "START TEXT: 4The End of the Road\nWhile Ibsen’s plays clearly lend themselves to Horneyan analysis, it may seem t" ******* END TEXT: " likely to be familiar, I shall tell more of the story than when I discuss other works. The novel’s "
9780814766569 - page_65: "START TEXT: narrator and central character, Jake Horner, is a Masters candidate in English at Johns Hopkins who " ******* END TEXT: "ed with others—the underground man with Liza and Jake with Joe and Rennie—who engage their emotions "
9780814766569 - page_66: "START TEXT: and activate their conflicts. Traumatized by their involvement, they become even more detached.\nJake" ******* END TEXT: "the ego as an assemblage of masks reinforces Jake’s rationalizations and makes him more comfortable "
9780814766569 - page_67: "START TEXT: with his neurosis; but the Doctor’s therapies cannot help Jake to resolve his problems, since they d" ******* END TEXT: "d to undermine Joe is incompatible with his detachment, however, and activates his inner conflicts.\n"
9780814766569 - page_68: "START TEXT: Jake is alarmed by Joe at their first encounter, during his interview for a position at Wicomico Sta" ******* END TEXT: "hen Rennie becomes troubled and defensive, Jake presses the attack: “For that matter, what could be "
9780814766569 - page_69: "START TEXT: sillier than this whole aim of living coherently?” This is really hitting Joe and Rennie where they " ******* END TEXT: " a mistake, his reasons for doing what he did are clearer and sharper than anybody else’s” (ch. 5).\n"
9780814766569 - page_70: "START TEXT: Given what he wants in a marriage, Joe seems to have made a big mistake in choosing Rennie. He says " ******* END TEXT: "become the partner he desires.\nJoe makes his marriage the center of his life, with the remolding of "
9780814766569 - page_71: "START TEXT: Rennie his primary project, more important to him than “career or ambition or anything else” (ch. 5)" ******* END TEXT: "ng about him, and will make the same demands, both on herself and on him, that he makes on himself.\n"
9780814766569 - page_72: "START TEXT: It seems at first that Joe is looking for a clone and that he has found a person who is willing to b" ******* END TEXT: "ble to give up his dream, he still misperceives her, exposing her to a situation she cannot handle. "
9780814766569 - page_73: "START TEXT: “What scares me,” she tells Jake, “is that anybody could grant all of Joe’s premises—our premises . " ******* END TEXT: "nie’s image of Joe is shattered.\nJake continues his aggression by cuckolding Joe while he is out of "
9780814766569 - page_74: "START TEXT: town (Jake’s namesake is Jack Horner in Wycherly’s The Country Wife). He claims that “the whole busi" ******* END TEXT: " not work: “It was useless to try to read or sleep: there was no slipping into someone else’s world "
9780814766569 - page_75: "START TEXT: or otherwise escaping my own, which had me by the throat” (ch. 7). He feels such “loathing” for hims" ******* END TEXT: "threat to his freedom, his detachment reasserts itself. Jake’s conflicting tendencies are sometimes "
9780814766569 - page_76: "START TEXT: so evenly balanced that he holds contradictory attitudes simultaneously, as when he feels “both guil" ******* END TEXT: "cts, and in order to escape his anxiety, he contemplates leaving Wicomico: “In a new town, with new "
9780814766569 - page_77: "START TEXT: friends, even under a new name—perhaps one could pretend enough unity to be a person and live in the" ******* END TEXT: " is still not facing the facts.\nBut he is “behaving pretty consistently with his position,” and, as "
9780814766569 - page_78: "START TEXT: Jake observes, “that knowledge can be comforting even in cases where the position leads to defeat or" ******* END TEXT: "rson whose choices validate him. The fact that she does not want the baby because it might possibly "
9780814766569 - page_79: "START TEXT: be Jake’s signifies her choice of Joe. She would rather die than have a child that might not be his." ******* END TEXT: "ears pour down his face, “but he neither sobbed nor made any kind of noise” (ch. 12). When he calls "
9780814766569 - page_80: "START TEXT: Jake later to ask what he thinks about things, his voice is “bright” and “clear.” Rennie’s apparent " ******* END TEXT: "lso feels more perceptive than his fellows. He is paralyzed at the end because his limbs are “bound "
9780814766569 - page_81: "START TEXT: like Laocoön’s—by the serpents Knowledge and Imagination, which, grown great in the fullness of time" ******* END TEXT: "Jake, Joe, and Rennie behave in extreme ways, but so do many characters in great works of fiction.\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_82: "START TEXT: 5“The Clerk’s Tale”\nAmong the most extreme characters in literature are Walter and Griselda in Chauc" ******* END TEXT: "problematic. Walter’s testing of Griselda is compared to God’s testing of “what He wrought” (1152), "
9780814766569 - page_83: "START TEXT: but Walter is hardly comparable to God, since he is described by the Clerk as obsessive and cruel. G" ******* END TEXT: " is a model of feminine virtue, an embodiment of her society’s teachings about the subordination of "
9780814766569 - page_84: "START TEXT: women. Walter proposes a bargain to Griselda: he will marry her and raise her to the heights if she " ******* END TEXT: "is “not a-moved” (498) and “not agrieved” (500): “My child and I, with hearty obeisance, / Be yours "
9780814766569 - page_85: "START TEXT: all, and you may save or spill / Your own thing; worketh after your will” (502–4). We can interpret " ******* END TEXT: " as she honors their bargain, her submission gives her a sense of control over him and her destiny.\n"
9780814766569 - page_86: "START TEXT: One of Walter’s conditions is that whether he offers “laugh or smart,” she must be “ready with good " ******* END TEXT: "ruel behavior, but he is repeatedly condemned. The resentment that Griselda cannot allow herself to "
9780814766569 - page_87: "START TEXT: feel is expressed by others. Before the first test, the Clerk describes Walter as obsessed by his ne" ******* END TEXT: "ases. Griselda has given him no cause for complaint, but he cannot be sure of her submission unless "
9780814766569 - page_88: "START TEXT: he offers her woe. Like many detached people, Walter compulsively needs to prove that he is free. Th" ******* END TEXT: "ocially accomplished despite having been “born and fed in rudeness” (397), but Walter may be afraid "
9780814766569 - page_89: "START TEXT: that she will instill her lowly spirit in his child. He wants his wife to be a doormat but not his d" ******* END TEXT: "eritance. The danger of the daughter’s being too much like her mother has been averted. As Griselda "
9780814766569 - page_90: "START TEXT: herself warns, the girl has been “fostered in her nourishing / More tenderly” (1040–41) and must not" ******* END TEXT: "firms the sense of inferiority that Griselda has never shaken off, and this makes it easier for her "
9780814766569 - page_91: "START TEXT: to reconcile herself to her fate. His treatment of her as unworthy has a value to Griselda, for, as " ******* END TEXT: " share in his high magnificence.\nAlthough Desdemona’s self-effacing defense leads to her death (see "
9780814766569 - page_92: "START TEXT: Paris 1991a), Griselda’s is successful because Walter has always intended to honor their bargain (he" ******* END TEXT: " Walter are two sick people in a pathological relationship, and Chaucer seems to be aware of this.\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_100: "START TEXT: from the triumphs of act 4, but no one is ever treated as well as when he is facing death. Antonio h" ******* END TEXT: "lty in the first place.\nThe answer, I think, is that Antonio and Shylock are opposite psychological "
9780814766569 - page_101: "START TEXT: types, each of whom represents what the other despises and fears in himself. Antonio and Shylock hav" ******* END TEXT: " behavior that he is in despair about his life, but he cannot express resentment toward his friend. "
9780814766569 - page_102: "START TEXT: Instead, he bends over backward to be “the ultimate of helpfulness, generosity, considerateness, und" ******* END TEXT: " way of life. It is not only his hatred of Antonio but his dread of self-contempt that makes him so "
9780814766569 - page_103: "START TEXT: intransigent. In seeking to cut out Antonio’s heart, Shylock is trying to cut out the last of his ow" ******* END TEXT: "ays to express his sadistic and vindictive impulses without violating his stronger need to be noble "
9780814766569 - page_104: "START TEXT: and loving (Paris 1991a). His solution is to create situations that permit disguised or justified ag" ******* END TEXT: "s, he is at once celebrating self-effacing values and enjoying disguised and justified aggression.\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_93: "START TEXT: 6The Merchant of Venice\nWestern literature is full of self-effacing women, although few so extreme a" ******* END TEXT: "or is compulsively self-sacrificial and that a contradictory side of his personality emerges in his "
9780814766569 - page_94: "START TEXT: treatment of Shylock. His defenses and inner conflicts are reflected in the drama as a whole and are" ******* END TEXT: "re at his disposal, despite the fact that Bassanio is heavily indebted to him already and admits to "
9780814766569 - page_95: "START TEXT: improvidence. Bassanio does him “more wrong,” he protests, in questioning his “uttermost / Than if [" ******* END TEXT: "“A kinder gentleman treads not the earth” (2.8.35), there is a good deal more than kindness at work "
9780814766569 - page_96: "START TEXT: here. Bassanio’s promise of a speedy return seems like a response to Antonio’s distress; but Antonio" ******* END TEXT: " Antonio but also her marriage.\nFor his part, Antonio has little wish to be saved. He seems to have "
9780814766569 - page_97: "START TEXT: no interest in fulfilling his needs for intimacy through a heterosexual relationship, but his devoti" ******* END TEXT: " him how it can be paid:\nCommend me to your honourable wife;\nTell her the process of Antonio’s end;\n"
9780814766569 - page_98: "START TEXT: Say how I lov’d you, speak me fair in death;\nAnd when the tale is told, bid her be judge\nWhether Bas" ******* END TEXT: "nt of life. When Portia castigates Bassanio for giving away her ring, Antonio becomes uncomfortable "
9780814766569 - page_99: "START TEXT: at having provoked the tension between husband and wife. Neither he nor Portia can bear for Bassanio" ******* END TEXT: "y at the end. His problem has been resolved as well as it possibly could be. There is a falling off "
9780814766569 - page_105: "START TEXT: 7Antigone\nThe conflict between Creon and Antigone is usually considered in thematic terms, as a cont" ******* END TEXT: "d / when it is right, and even when it’s not”1 (665–67). Only those who accept this can be trusted. "
9780814766569 - page_106: "START TEXT: The greatest wrong is disobedience, which “ruins cities,” “tears down our homes,” and “breaks the ba" ******* END TEXT: "is human fallibility and the limits of his authority. Hungry for glory, he makes irrational claims.\n"
9780814766569 - page_107: "START TEXT: A closer look at Creon reveals, however, that accompanying his grandiosity is an insecurity about hi" ******* END TEXT: "s of his potency, he reacts defensively in every situation and makes a series of terrible mistakes. "
9780814766569 - page_108: "START TEXT: After he recognizes his errors, Creon says that “it was a god” who drove him “to wild / strange ways" ******* END TEXT: "ents for his philosophy of government ends on a similar note of personal anxiety and defensiveness:\n"
9780814766569 - page_109: "START TEXT: I must guard the men who yield to order,\nnot let myself be beaten by a woman.\nBetter, if it must hap" ******* END TEXT: " wait” for him (1075), but even then only with great difficulty, for “To yield is dreadful” (1095).\n"
9780814766569 - page_110: "START TEXT: Yielding is so dreadful to Creon because it means giving up his claims and becoming his despised sel" ******* END TEXT: "e” about Antigone as well as about Creon. When Ismene says that although she is afraid to assist in "
9780814766569 - page_111: "START TEXT: the act of burial she will keep it hidden, Antigone becomes enraged and urges her sister to “denounc" ******* END TEXT: "the bitterness\nthere will be in your lives, how you must live\nbefore the world. At what assemblages\n"
9780814766569 - page_112: "START TEXT: of citizens will you make one? to what\ngay company will you go and not come home\nin tears instead of" ******* END TEXT: "with those who have shared her doom. She has devoted herself to the service of her family, and life "
9780814766569 - page_113: "START TEXT: seems to have no meaning for her outside of this activity. The burial of Polyneices is her final ser" ******* END TEXT: " and for her there could be no greater suffering than “dying with a lack of grace” (97). By burying "
9780814766569 - page_114: "START TEXT: Polyneices she avoids self-hate and actualizes her idealized image: “what greater glory could I find" ******* END TEXT: "his girl, / unjustly doomed” (693–94). Antigone glories in her fate and seeks to portray it as more "
9780814766569 - page_115: "START TEXT: terrible than that of anyone else in her spectacularly ill-fated family: “Look what I suffer” (942)." ******* END TEXT: "t her life died long ago has specific sources in her culture, but her hopelessness, alienation, and "
9780814766569 - page_116: "START TEXT: despair are familiar emotions, as is her longing for vindication. Her combination of suicidal impuls" ******* END TEXT: "gy of coping with a feeling of worthlessness through absolute rectitude is one we shall see again.\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_117: "START TEXT: PART IIICharacter, Plot, Rhetoric, and Narrative Technique " ******* END TEXT: "PART IIICharacter, Plot, Rhetoric, and Narrative Technique "
9780814766569 - page_118: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_119: "START TEXT: 8Great Expectations\nPerhaps the major division among critics of Great Expectations is between those " ******* END TEXT: "ric, this reading is not supported by the mimetic portrayal of Pip. The entire novel comes to us in "
9780814766569 - page_120: "START TEXT: the words of Pip the narrator, but we must distinguish between his detailed portrayal of his experie" ******* END TEXT: "her scorn. Instead, her contempt gives him a way of coping with the profound sense of worthlessness "
9780814766569 - page_121: "START TEXT: he has carried through childhood and of explaining it in a manner that is comforting to himself. Pip" ******* END TEXT: "se so aggravates Pip that he “should have liked to pull it until he howled” (ch. 4). Another reason "
9780814766569 - page_122: "START TEXT: Pip is regarded as ungrateful is that he is not perceived as having any rights, any fair claim to ca" ******* END TEXT: "ushes him over to the Town Hall to sign his indentures “exactly as if [he] had that moment picked a "
9780814766569 - page_123: "START TEXT: pocket or fired a rick” (ch. 13). He reports that while his indentures are being attested, Pumblecho" ******* END TEXT: "ness, anxiety, and guilt that led to his identification with Magwitch in the first place. Before he "
9780814766569 - page_124: "START TEXT: visits Miss Havisham, Pip has no way of coping with these feelings. He tries compliance and detachme" ******* END TEXT: "sense of criminality but also of his claustrophobic feeling that he is already unbearably confined.\n"
9780814766569 - page_125: "START TEXT: Detachment fails for Pip not only because people will not leave him alone but also because he cannot" ******* END TEXT: "eature at the bottom of the pecking order, Pip has become the family’s hope for social advancement.\n"
9780814766569 - page_126: "START TEXT: When he returns from Miss Havisham’s, Pip drives his sister into a frenzy by his lack of response to" ******* END TEXT: "ster and Pumblechook by acquiring a veneer of gentility. His hunger for education, his fantasies of "
9780814766569 - page_127: "START TEXT: becoming a gentleman, and his compulsive attachment to Estella are all driven by his need to escape " ******* END TEXT: "ess I can lead a very different sort of life” (ch. 17). Pip can try to define himself at this point "
9780814766569 - page_128: "START TEXT: only by refusing the identity that life is forcing upon him. His unhappiness is a means of maintaini" ******* END TEXT: "rd the other. In his present discomfort he thinks he would have been “happier and better” if he had "
9780814766569 - page_129: "START TEXT: never seen Miss Havisham (ch. 34), but he still would have suffered from the problems that preceded " ******* END TEXT: "entral issue for Pip has been his true identity. He is afraid here that in his essence, his marrow, "
9780814766569 - page_130: "START TEXT: he is the Pip who has offended the outraged majesty of the law. He fears that contact with these con" ******* END TEXT: "rrence,” “repugnance,” and “dread,” and “recoil[s] from his touch as if he had been a snake.” It is "
9780814766569 - page_131: "START TEXT: striking that although he shrinks from Magwitch when he first reappears, he recognizes “something go" ******* END TEXT: "h at Clara’s, he is not “at all clear or comfortable” about breaking with him once they are abroad, "
9780814766569 - page_132: "START TEXT: and he is surprised at how “heavy and anxious” his “heart” is “at parting from him” (ch. 46). Pip at" ******* END TEXT: "d no occasion to say, after that,” explains Pip, “that he had conceived an aversion for my patron.” "
9780814766569 - page_133: "START TEXT: Again, why should Herbert’s feelings be so similar to Pip’s when Magwitch does not have the same sig" ******* END TEXT: "but if Herbert feels a similar aversion, it is not he but Magwitch who is to blame. By exaggerating "
9780814766569 - page_134: "START TEXT: the external world, Pip justifies his extreme response. It is impossible to say whether Herbert actu" ******* END TEXT: "benefactor, Pip perceives him (in Herbert’s words!) as a “fierce” and “desperate” man and is filled "
9780814766569 - page_135: "START TEXT: with dread and repugnance (ch. 51). He describes Magwitch to Herbert as “the miserable wretch who te" ******* END TEXT: "feriority. Pip is unaware of this motive, but he is conscious of his desire to invest Magwitch with "
9780814766569 - page_136: "START TEXT: romantic interest. With the collapse of his dream of marrying Estella and restoring Satis House, Pip" ******* END TEXT: "lity, Pip begins to see himself from the perspectives of Joe and Biddy, Herbert and Clara, and even "
9780814766569 - page_137: "START TEXT: Magwitch, and to despise himself for his snobbery, greed, and ingratitude. He feels “deservedly humb" ******* END TEXT: " see Magwitch as “a much better man than [he] had been to Joe,” a man “who had felt affectionately, "
9780814766569 - page_138: "START TEXT: gratefully, and generously towards [him] with great constancy through a series of years” (ch. 54). P" ******* END TEXT: " with the rest of his life. His solution is to regress to a childlike dependency. When Joe comes to "
9780814766569 - page_139: "START TEXT: care for him during his illness, he fancies he is “little Pip again,” enjoys being carried about as " ******* END TEXT: "e is a comic figure at whose discomfiture we laugh, partly because of the incongruity of a muscular "
9780814766569 - page_140: "START TEXT: blacksmith being knocked about, scolded, and dosed like a child. He means well but cannot protect Pi" ******* END TEXT: "is imaginary declaration, he addresses Biddy not as a prospective partner with whom he will have an "
9780814766569 - page_141: "START TEXT: adult relationship, but as a mother who will comfort him and tell him what to do with his life: “if " ******* END TEXT: "ly made it on his own. His original perception of Herbert had been supported by a wealth of detail:\n"
9780814766569 - page_142: "START TEXT: Every morning, with an air ever new, Herbert went into the City to look about him. I often paid him " ******* END TEXT: " old bachelor” (ch. 59). Pip is so afraid of himself that he leads a sterile, embedded existence in "
9780814766569 - page_143: "START TEXT: order to keep himself straight. His true psychological state is obscured by the novel’s celebration " ******* END TEXT: "se of verisimilitude, while the original ending provides verisimilitude at the expense of closure.\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_144: "START TEXT: 9Jane Eyre\nAs we have seen, psychological analysis of realistically drawn characters reveals them to" ******* END TEXT: "lidated by the plot. Jane Eyre’s emotional problems are presented in vivid detail, but the world of "
9780814766569 - page_145: "START TEXT: the novel is manipulated so as to obscure the compulsiveness of her behavior, to satisfy her conflic" ******* END TEXT: "ion, Jane’s is one of the worst. As despised and rejected as Heathcliff, she is even more isolated, "
9780814766569 - page_146: "START TEXT: since Heathcliff has Cathy, whereas Jane has no ally at all. Like Pip’s sister, Jane’s aunt feels bu" ******* END TEXT: "r”: “She’s an underhand little thing: I never saw a girl of her age with so much cover.” Before her "
9780814766569 - page_147: "START TEXT: explosion, Jane is a sullen, brooding, silently accusing child (John Reed calls her “Madam Mope”) wh" ******* END TEXT: "y positive. Her hysterical behavior brings about the intervention of the apothecary, Mr. Lloyd, and "
9780814766569 - page_148: "START TEXT: arouses Bessie’s sympathy for the first time. She is to be sent away from Gateshead, to be sure, but" ******* END TEXT: ". John’s appreciation of her sterling qualities. She proves herself fearless, truthful, and good in "
9780814766569 - page_149: "START TEXT: every situation; and her poverty, low status, lack of family, and frustration in love are all remove" ******* END TEXT: "me in the afterlife. She urges Jane to disregard ill-usage, to try to forget Mrs. Reed’s “severity, "
9780814766569 - page_150: "START TEXT: together with the passionate emotions it excited” (ch. 6). Why “should we ever sink overwhelmed with" ******* END TEXT: " education is established by Helen Burns. Jane cannot immediately follow Helen’s injunction to love "
9780814766569 - page_151: "START TEXT: her enemies, but when she fully and freely forgives Mrs. Reed, who is unrelenting even on her deathb" ******* END TEXT: "s what she pursues when she advertises for a situation as a governess. Although she longs for “life "
9780814766569 - page_152: "START TEXT: and movement,” she is pleased by the old-fashioned character of Mrs. Fairfax’s response. She had bee" ******* END TEXT: "n eye.” He is a “sleek gander” to Rochester’s “fierce falcon.” Rochester is a domineering man whose "
9780814766569 - page_153: "START TEXT: “dark, irate, and piercing” eyes frighten others but not her (ch. 13). The fact that she is not inti" ******* END TEXT: "cer and the mother of Adèle. Rochester’s lurid history is part of his appeal because it allows Jane "
9780814766569 - page_154: "START TEXT: glimpses of corrupt scenes and wicked ways in which she really is interested, but it also makes her " ******* END TEXT: "aughty gentleman” (ch. 16). Her vindictiveness and haughtiness must be concealed (although they are "
9780814766569 - page_155: "START TEXT: evident in her narration), but she can relish such qualities in Rochester. She is critical of him at" ******* END TEXT: "nfield and finds what he has been looking for in Jane. He thinks her “good, gifted, lovely”; she is "
9780814766569 - page_156: "START TEXT: his “better self,” his “good angel” (ch. 23). In Horneyan terms, Rochester perceives Bertha and Jane" ******* END TEXT: "ide of propriety. Far from being a free spirit who rebels against the constrictions of her feminine "
9780814766569 - page_157: "START TEXT: lot, she is a compulsively conventional woman who must live her life according to rule.\nAt first Jan" ******* END TEXT: "ow she is ready to risk her life not to win love but to preserve her virtue. When she finds herself "
9780814766569 - page_158: "START TEXT: solitary, rebuffed, and in danger of starving, she does not regret her decision or murmur against he" ******* END TEXT: "s, who are among the handful of people in her world whose esteem is worth having, and she becomes a "
9780814766569 - page_159: "START TEXT: favorite with her pupils and their parents when she teaches at the village school. She receives an i" ******* END TEXT: "mpulsions, and conflicts induced by her childhood, she does not have to outgrow them to avoid their "
9780814766569 - page_160: "START TEXT: destructive effects. By solving her problems for her, the author encourages us to see Jane as a stro" ******* END TEXT: "right” (ch. 20). She can assert her independence only when he asks her to do wrong. Jane feels that "
9780814766569 - page_161: "START TEXT: Diana Rivers “far excel[s]” her in beauty and “animal spirits” (ch. 30) and explains that “it was my" ******* END TEXT: "f validation, whether they be other people, God, or a set of absolute values. She can rebel against "
9780814766569 - page_162: "START TEXT: Rochester when he threatens her need for rectitude, but she has difficulty resisting a righteous man" ******* END TEXT: "e, and there lose my own”: “Religion called—Angels beckoned—God commanded—life rolled together like "
9780814766569 - page_163: "START TEXT: a scroll—death’s gates opening, showed eternity beyond: it seemed, that for safety and bliss there, " ******* END TEXT: "escribed herself as one of the insignificant little people who should keep out of St. John’s way—as "
9780814766569 - page_164: "START TEXT: long as she can continue to see Rochester as a majestic being whom she possesses through her submiss" ******* END TEXT: "rriage, Jane holds herself “supremely blest” (ch. 38), and her happiness is understandable. She has "
9780814766569 - page_165: "START TEXT: received the love, the validation of her worth, and the social position she deserves in a way that d" ******* END TEXT: ", she replies that she wants “to clean down Moor House from chamber to cellar,” “to rub it up . . . "
9780814766569 - page_166: "START TEXT: till it glitters again,” and “to arrange every chair, table, bed, carpet with mathematical precision" ******* END TEXT: "rer to her mate than I am: ever more absolutely bone of his bone, and flesh of his flesh” (ch. 38). "
9780814766569 - page_167: "START TEXT: Whereas love is for most men a thing apart, it is Rochester’s whole existence. Because of his disabi" ******* END TEXT: "es, since she becomes a writer. But she is writing from a safe retreat, like Jacob Horner and Pip.\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_168: "START TEXT: 10The Mayor of Casterbridge\nCritical discussion of The Mayor of Casterbridge has focused on Michael " ******* END TEXT: " and reliable. Hardy’s omniscient narrator also presents interpretations and judgments that are out "
9780814766569 - page_169: "START TEXT: of harmony with the mimesis, however. As we saw in the case of Great Expectations, novels of educati" ******* END TEXT: "dencies that haunt him in the midst of success and become dominant when his fortunes collapse. With "
9780814766569 - page_170: "START TEXT: the failure of his effort to live for love, he feels everything to be folly and becomes predominantl" ******* END TEXT: "ils because he is so ashamed of what he has done that he does not publicize the search effectively.\n"
9780814766569 - page_171: "START TEXT: Henchard is still full of conflict when we see him again, after the passage of nineteen years. A “ma" ******* END TEXT: "laining that he is “a lonely man” (ch. 12), he impulsively confides in Farfrae and seeks his advice "
9780814766569 - page_172: "START TEXT: about how he should behave toward Susan and Lucetta. After she moves into Henchard’s house, Elizabet" ******* END TEXT: "has sacrificed everything to achieve his position and cannot bear to be deprived of it. He imagines "
9780814766569 - page_173: "START TEXT: that once his rival is removed, he will prove he can manage without him and will regain his preemine" ******* END TEXT: "ect his conflicting defenses. Although he often rebels against his fate and seeks to control it, he "
9780814766569 - page_174: "START TEXT: also has strong tendencies toward detachment. After his bankruptcy, he literally moves away from his" ******* END TEXT: "fragile creature. He had begun to want Lucetta strongly himself only when she became feisty and was "
9780814766569 - page_175: "START TEXT: enveloped by the glamour of having inherited money and being courted by another man. Now that he see" ******* END TEXT: "ould happiness lie” (ch. 41).\nElizabeth-Jane is both a source of affection and a means of restoring "
9780814766569 - page_176: "START TEXT: his pride. After he discovered that she was not really his daughter, he became irritated with her hu" ******* END TEXT: "hat what Henchard regards as a decline is really an advance? Or is there a conflict in the narrator "
9780814766569 - page_177: "START TEXT: similar to that in Henchard, so that his expansive side regards the dependence as a decline while hi" ******* END TEXT: "on had not returned. He feels that the “privilege of being in the house” with Elizabeth-Jane “would "
9780814766569 - page_178: "START TEXT: almost outweigh the personal humiliation” (ch. 43). The crucial word here is almost. It is impossibl" ******* END TEXT: "trarious inconsistencies” of Nature. He is indulging in the same kind of externalization that is so "
9780814766569 - page_179: "START TEXT: typical of Thomas Hardy: the problem is not in me but in the nature of the universe (see Paris 1976a" ******* END TEXT: "he cannot go on alone. Despite his pride in his ability to endure suffering, he is not the stuff of "
9780814766569 - page_180: "START TEXT: which stoics are made. He determines “to plead his cause” and “endeavour strenuously” to hold a plac" ******* END TEXT: "s dying day, and bidding her not only good night but good-bye. He seems to want to leave her in the "
9780814766569 - page_181: "START TEXT: position of having wounded him mortally, hoping, perhaps, that she will regret what she has done.\nHe" ******* END TEXT: " good while,” which is exactly what Henchard would have wanted. He is hardly a caveman or a bull in "
9780814766569 - page_182: "START TEXT: a china shop, but a very complicated, vulnerable man who is destroyed by his inner conflicts.\nWhile " ******* END TEXT: " and celebrates her virtues.\nHardy tends to praise Elizabeth-Jane for characteristics that are much "
9780814766569 - page_183: "START TEXT: like his own, such as her deep feeling, thirst for knowledge, and seriousness of mind. In one passag" ******* END TEXT: "ffacing traits. She feels it degrading to serve at the Three Mariners, but, like the mother on whom "
9780814766569 - page_184: "START TEXT: she models herself, she always has “a willingness to sacrifice her personal comfort and dignity to t" ******* END TEXT: "of their past relationship Lucetta must marry Henchard or no one at all, the narrator explains that\n"
9780814766569 - page_185: "START TEXT: any suspicion of impropriety was to Elizabeth-Jane like a red rag to a bull. Her craving for correct" ******* END TEXT: "gaiety were interludes, and no part of the actual drama” (ch. 8). During the “triumphant” time when "
9780814766569 - page_186: "START TEXT: she is being indulged by Henchard, she guards herself against her “lighter moods” (ch. 14). Because " ******* END TEXT: "h she had tried so many times to be delivered for the girl’s sake. The woman had long perceived how "
9780814766569 - page_187: "START TEXT: zealously and constantly the young mind of her companion was struggling for enlargement; and yet now" ******* END TEXT: " Elizabeth-Jane, he sees the world as a mere painted scene. His is a bitter resignation in which he "
9780814766569 - page_188: "START TEXT: wants to wash his hands of a life that he sees as capricious. Even then, as I have said, he is not t" ******* END TEXT: "has not yet appeared), but Elizabeth-Jane tries to prevent herself from seeing and thinking of him.\n"
9780814766569 - page_189: "START TEXT: Although Hardy is capable of seeing the morbidity of Elizabeth-Jane’s cravings for acquirements and " ******* END TEXT: "half dissipated by her sense of its humourousness. When Lucetta had pricked her finger they were as "
9780814766569 - page_190: "START TEXT: deeply concerned as if she were dying; when she herself had been seriously sick or in danger they ut" ******* END TEXT: "hy, of course, especially when our opportunities have been narrowed by forces over which we have no "
9780814766569 - page_191: "START TEXT: control and it behooves us to relish the small pleasures available to us. But there are wider intere" ******* END TEXT: "which there is no relation between people’s fates and their deserts and in which frustration is far "
9780814766569 - page_192: "START TEXT: more frequent than happiness. Whereas a predominantly self-effacing person would see happiness as a " ******* END TEXT: " like Henchard, because she will never allow herself to be tricked into expecting much from life.\n\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_193: "START TEXT: 11Madame Bovary\nAt first glance Madame Bovary and The Mayor of Casterbridge may not seem to have muc" ******* END TEXT: "t of her character that is simply there when we meet her. In the fullest psychological study of the "
9780814766569 - page_194: "START TEXT: novel to date, Giles Mitchell tries to explain Emma’s romanticism as the product of “pathological na" ******* END TEXT: " sense of superiority to her surroundings, to which she makes little effort to accommodate herself.\n"
9780814766569 - page_195: "START TEXT: By the time Emma goes to school at the convent, she has a vague idea of herself as an exceptional be" ******* END TEXT: "yardstick of infinitude, of the attainment of fantastic happiness, he cannot help sensing a painful "
9780814766569 - page_196: "START TEXT: disparity in his life.” Since he is not given to conscious self-doubts, he feels that “the discrepan" ******* END TEXT: "n his arrangement of the materials. One of Flaubert’s favorite rhetorical devices is to mock Emma’s "
9780814766569 - page_197: "START TEXT: dreams by showing the contrast between her illusions and the truth. He often lets us know in advance" ******* END TEXT: "che[s] forth two long thin arms from beneath the sheets, put[s] them round his neck,” and complains "
9780814766569 - page_198: "START TEXT: that he is neglecting her. She turns out not to be rich, and Charles’s father accuses his wife “of h" ******* END TEXT: "iness of bourgeois life, to be sure, but he also ridicules Emma’s romanticism, which he presents as "
9780814766569 - page_199: "START TEXT: equally conventional and full of clichés. To “taste the full sweetness” of her honeymoon,\nit would n" ******* END TEXT: "to him enlarged, especially when, on waking up, she opened and shut her eyelids rapidly many times. "
9780814766569 - page_200: "START TEXT: Black in the shade, dark blue in broad daylight, they had, as it were, depths of successive colors t" ******* END TEXT: "al. In the world of high society, as Emma imagines it, the duchesses are all pale, and they all get "
9780814766569 - page_201: "START TEXT: up at four in the afternoon. The men all have “talents hidden under a frivolous appearance” and ride" ******* END TEXT: " has the prospect of some form of glory that will confirm her idealized image of herself. She gives "
9780814766569 - page_202: "START TEXT: up music: “Since she could never, in a velvet gown with short sleeves, striking with her light finge" ******* END TEXT: "etter in a new place, but through his description of Yonville-l’Abbaye before her arrival, Flaubert "
9780814766569 - page_203: "START TEXT: once again lets us know that she is deluding herself. The land is poor, the cheese is bad, the decay" ******* END TEXT: " in the other a means of escaping a mundane existence, and both are caught between desire and fear.\n"
9780814766569 - page_204: "START TEXT: Her love for Léon, and his for her, throws Emma into conflict. Deliriously happy, she wants to consu" ******* END TEXT: "nds money lavishly, becomes increasingly unstable, and develops psychosomatic ailments. Her despair "
9780814766569 - page_205: "START TEXT: is so great that she reacts with indifference when she begins to spit blood: “what does it matter?”\n" ******* END TEXT: "th, Emma feels that she has succeeded in rising above the mediocrity that surrounds her. Before the "
9780814766569 - page_206: "START TEXT: affair is consummated, Rodolphe flatters her skillfully, telling her that although he has tried to s" ******* END TEXT: "so intelligent—could have allowed herself to be deceived again.” The remnants of her virtue crumble "
9780814766569 - page_207: "START TEXT: “away beneath the furious blows of her pride,” and she resumes her affair with Rodolphe.\nHer relatio" ******* END TEXT: " pride, at length found rest in Christian humility, and tasting the joy of weakness, she saw within "
9780814766569 - page_208: "START TEXT: herself the destruction of her will opening wide the gates for heavenly grace to conquer her.”\nFlaub" ******* END TEXT: "d to give her eternal bliss.”\nOnce again, Flaubert mocks Emma’s illusion, and, indeed, for a moment "
9780814766569 - page_209: "START TEXT: she sees through it herself. She realizes that the bliss of which she dreams is “a lie, a mockery to" ******* END TEXT: ", he seems to Emma “incapable of heroism, weak, banal, more spiritless than a woman, avaricious and "
9780814766569 - page_210: "START TEXT: timorous as well” (III, vi). On his side, Léon resents Emma’s domination and the “increased absorpti" ******* END TEXT: "nd “soften[ing] the bitterness of her life” (III, vii). Flaubert meticulously details her purchases "
9780814766569 - page_211: "START TEXT: after every disappointment. The more her other resources fail her, the more she consoles herself wit" ******* END TEXT: "sly, Emma’s mood is not one of despair. She takes arsenic in “an ecstasy of heroism” that makes her "
9780814766569 - page_212: "START TEXT: “almost joyous,” and when no symptoms immediately appear, she believes that death is “but a little t" ******* END TEXT: "ry object of Flaubert’s satire is Emma’s romanticism, which is shown to be foolish, derivative, and "
9780814766569 - page_213: "START TEXT: destructive. Many critics feel that Flaubert sympathizes with Emma’s frustrations, which are blamed " ******* END TEXT: "sents a side of himself that he despises, pities, and fears. He needs to expose her folly again and "
9780814766569 - page_214: "START TEXT: again in order to reinforce his own resignation. What he is telling himself through Emma’s story is " ******* END TEXT: " venerated, disdainful, demonic, benign, dedicated, dignified, and, above all, omniscient artist.\n\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_215: "START TEXT: 12The Awakening\nThe Awakening has frequently been compared to Madame Bovary. Like Emma Bovary, Edna " ******* END TEXT: "arrator usually presents her heroine as a woman struggling toward freedom and self-realization, she "
9780814766569 - page_216: "START TEXT: engages at times in a Flaubert-like mockery of Edna’s romanticism and describes her as foolish or im" ******* END TEXT: "(ch. 32). She now apprehends “the deeper undercurrents of life” and no longer feeds on opinion. The "
9780814766569 - page_217: "START TEXT: narrator does not specify what Edna apprehends, but the reference may be to her sexual awakening. Af" ******* END TEXT: "he message here seems to be that those who try to go where no others have gone before are in danger "
9780814766569 - page_218: "START TEXT: of perishing. The rhetoric is no longer exculpatory, since it seems to suggest that Edna is too reck" ******* END TEXT: "r love to Robert: “I suppose this is what you would call unwomanly,” she says, “but I have got into "
9780814766569 - page_219: "START TEXT: the habit of expressing myself” (ch. 36). The one thing she cannot do is to be totally indifferent t" ******* END TEXT: "or as throwing off adult responsibilities so that she can behave in an idle, aimless, unguided way?\n"
9780814766569 - page_220: "START TEXT: Finally, Chopin presents Edna with Flaubertian mockery as a woman who is given to romantic fantasies" ******* END TEXT: "her as it was doing then with the biting conviction that she had lost that which she had held, that "
9780814766569 - page_221: "START TEXT: she had been denied that which her impassioned, newly awakened being demanded. (Ch. 15)\nThe narrator" ******* END TEXT: " procreate, they are trapped by conditions they feel obliged to maintain. This may not be a problem "
9780814766569 - page_222: "START TEXT: for nurturing women like Adèle Ratignolle, but Edna, like Hedda Gabler, feels oppressed by “a respon" ******* END TEXT: "etic depiction of Edna and to ask what story it tells. Although Chopin did not know what to make of "
9780814766569 - page_223: "START TEXT: her heroine, she understood her intuitively and had a gift for characterization. A Horneyan approach" ******* END TEXT: "oerced his wife into her grave.”\nEdna grows up, then, with a gloomy, tyrannical father who believes "
9780814766569 - page_224: "START TEXT: that women must be managed with authority and whose coercion has driven her mother into the grave. S" ******* END TEXT: "ven to confidences” herself and is unaccustomed “to an outward and spoken expression of affection.”\n"
9780814766569 - page_225: "START TEXT: Edna wants to be self-sufficient, but she cannot help hungering for intimacy and love. Her hunger ex" ******* END TEXT: "er inward questioning. She habitually yields to Léonce’s desires, “not with any sense of submission "
9780814766569 - page_226: "START TEXT: or obedience to his compelling wishes, but unthinkingly, as we walk, move, sit, stand, go through t" ******* END TEXT: "rciveness of her father but had never dared to act upon them, except, perhaps, in the matter of her "
9780814766569 - page_227: "START TEXT: marriage. Léonce, however, is a much less formidable figure. He is a doting, indulgent husband, emot" ******* END TEXT: " she wanted to hear” (ch. 18). Chopin tells us that Edna is “seeking and finding herself,” and in a "
9780814766569 - page_228: "START TEXT: sense this is true. She is getting in touch with the resentment and fury she has been suppressing, f" ******* END TEXT: "er sketches; and when she moves, she takes only the things that are hers. She resolves “never again "
9780814766569 - page_229: "START TEXT: to belong to another than herself” and feels that her financial autonomy frees her of her “allegianc" ******* END TEXT: " and love that expressed themselves in the form of romantic fantasies about inaccessible men. Under "
9780814766569 - page_230: "START TEXT: the influence of Adèle Ratignolle and Robert Lebrun, this side of Edna’s nature reemerges, more high" ******* END TEXT: "man who paddled away with her lover one night in a pirogue and never came back. They were lost amid "
9780814766569 - page_231: "START TEXT: the Baratarian Islands, and no one ever heard of them or found trace of them from that day to this” " ******* END TEXT: "s promise unfulfilled but is repeatedly led on by youthful dreams. Like Flaubert, she is a detached "
9780814766569 - page_232: "START TEXT: observer who sees through the illusions and follies of mankind. There are times when she looks at li" ******* END TEXT: "ow what to make of this. In terms of rhetoric, Chopin may be emphasizing the speciousness of Edna’s "
9780814766569 - page_233: "START TEXT: romanticism by having her become involved in a purely physical relationship with Arobin despite the " ******* END TEXT: "rly on that she is not one of the mother-women, like Adèle, but she is drawn to Adèle, admires her, "
9780814766569 - page_234: "START TEXT: and cannot free herself entirely from her sense of maternal responsibility. This clashes with her ne" ******* END TEXT: "r hypersensitivity to any form of constraint, which has become intolerable to her. She has entirely "
9780814766569 - page_235: "START TEXT: lost her capacity for outward conformity. The children would interfere with her life not only by dis" ******* END TEXT: "om which Edna awakens at the end but also her dream of romantic love. Robert’s departure is a blow, "
9780814766569 - page_236: "START TEXT: of course, but she knows that he still loves her. The decisive factor is her realization “that the d" ******* END TEXT: "ind of erotic fulfillment: “The touch of the sea is sensuous, enfolding the body in its soft, close "
9780814766569 - page_237: "START TEXT: embrace” (ch. 39). The sea is a lover with whom she can be alone and unencumbered. It offers her the" ******* END TEXT: "ntic love and her deception by the fresh promises held out to her by her youth. Her aggressive side "
9780814766569 - page_238: "START TEXT: is aligned with her detachment. She seems to criticize Edna for not having the courage to trample on" ******* END TEXT: " fruit of her folly. Unlike Flaubert, she takes pity on her heroine and grants her a death in which "
9780814766569 - page_239: "START TEXT: her cravings for love and freedom are fulfilled, if only fleetingly, in her erotic union with the se" ******* END TEXT: "he broken wing that is “reeling, fluttering, circling disabled down, down to the water” (ch. 39).\n\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_240: "START TEXT: 13Wuthering Heights\nIn the opening chapter of this book, I observed that a Horneyan approach has led" ******* END TEXT: "reconcile it with the others. Emily Brontë had at least as many inner conflicts as Kate Chopin, but "
9780814766569 - page_241: "START TEXT: she found a way of giving expression to the different sides of her personality that enriches rather " ******* END TEXT: "al phenomenon is the fact that several characters articulate the principle that bad treatment leads "
9780814766569 - page_242: "START TEXT: to vindictiveness and several others illustrate its operation. Even the pampered, innocuous Linton g" ******* END TEXT: "acquired, the art of language. When Mr. Earnshaw picks him up, his very survival is in jeopardy. He "
9780814766569 - page_243: "START TEXT: has been living, for we know not how long, in a state that is radically devoid of safety, love and b" ******* END TEXT: "ve little trouble.” He gives little trouble because he does not expect anyone to be concerned about "
9780814766569 - page_244: "START TEXT: him, and it is important for him to feel that he is not dependent on them.\nHeathcliff practices a re" ******* END TEXT: "hment to Cathy. Wuthering Heights is above all the story of the formation of that attachment and of "
9780814766569 - page_245: "START TEXT: the sufferings of the partners when their bond with each other is threatened. Heathcliff’s needs for" ******* END TEXT: " because he shares in her triumphs. Her love and superiority are so important that he represses his "
9780814766569 - page_246: "START TEXT: vindictive impulses toward her when she hurts him and displaces them onto others. If she extends her" ******* END TEXT: "e world only through his existence.\nHeathcliff and Cathy seem to be engaged, in effect, in a mutual "
9780814766569 - page_247: "START TEXT: morbid dependency which is so intense that they do not have a sense of themselves as autonomous bein" ******* END TEXT: "ot based on genuine mutuality, especially after Cathy becomes more refined and Heathcliff begins to "
9780814766569 - page_248: "START TEXT: degenerate, but on a sense of necessity. Cathy explains to Nelly that her love for Linton “is like t" ******* END TEXT: " painful feelings of inadequacy and self-hate. He becomes envious of Edgar Linton and feels that in "
9780814766569 - page_249: "START TEXT: order to please Cathy he must become something quite different from what he is. As the social and cu" ******* END TEXT: "hy’s return from the Lintons’, Heathcliff had wanted to be rich and refined like Edgar; and he runs "
9780814766569 - page_250: "START TEXT: away when he hears Cathy telling Nelly that it would degrade her to marry him now. His objective is " ******* END TEXT: " turns, forbidding Heathcliff admission to the house and telling Cathy that she must choose between "
9780814766569 - page_251: "START TEXT: them. This renewed separation, coming so soon after their reunion, is more than Cathy can bear. Enra" ******* END TEXT: "d his despair at losing her, and it subsides only when he senses the prospect of achieving reunion.\n"
9780814766569 - page_252: "START TEXT: The harshness of his early experience leads Heathcliff to develop arrogant-vindictive trends. He is " ******* END TEXT: "ition he once occupied. His sadistic behavior toward Isabella and Cathy II is fueled in part by his "
9780814766569 - page_253: "START TEXT: particular animosity toward Edgar, who has taken Catherine away from him. Since he is restrained by " ******* END TEXT: "You have nobody to love you; and, however miserable you make us, we shall still have the revenge of "
9780814766569 - page_254: "START TEXT: thinking that your cruelty rises from your greater misery! You are miserable, are you not? Lonely, l" ******* END TEXT: "f their dust so that they can no longer be identified as separate entities. He dies with a “gaze of "
9780814766569 - page_255: "START TEXT: exultation” in his eyes that Nelly is unable to remove. He has finally reentered his heaven.\nExcept " ******* END TEXT: " and toward sympathy with genuine passions, no matter how destructive or violent” (Sale 1963, 338).\n"
9780814766569 - page_256: "START TEXT: There is clearly a system of contrasts in the novel involving Heathcliff, Cathy, and the Heights on " ******* END TEXT: "hould learn to forgive” (ch. 7). She later urges Isabella to “be more charitable” toward Heathcliff "
9780814766569 - page_257: "START TEXT: and scolds her for her vindictiveness: “One might suppose you had never opened a Bible in your life”" ******* END TEXT: "and it is “the crown” of Nelly’s wishes: “I shall envy no one on their wedding-day—there won’t be a "
9780814766569 - page_258: "START TEXT: happier woman than myself in England!” (ch. 33). The fact that Cathy and Hareton are going to move t" ******* END TEXT: "us’ “(ch. 8). But “the soft thing” is “doomed, and flies to his fate!” A blow to the pride is often "
9780814766569 - page_259: "START TEXT: what precipitates love in a self-effacing person, and a display of suffering usually has a coercive " ******* END TEXT: "epresentative of detachment. He comes to the region in order to get away from his fellows and finds "
9780814766569 - page_260: "START TEXT: it “a perfect misanthrope’s heaven” (ch. 1). He tells us a great deal about himself in his reaction " ******* END TEXT: "r gets off the ground, and he goes away with nothing. In comparison to theirs, his life is sterile.\n"
9780814766569 - page_261: "START TEXT: The detached side of Emily Brontë is attracted by the intensity of Cathy and Heathcliff, just as Loc" ******* END TEXT: "uch to produce the novel’s richness and complexity, its elusiveness and never-ending fascination.\n\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_262: "START TEXT: Conclusion\nI have tried to show that Karen Horney’s mature theory has an important contribution to m" ******* END TEXT: "tegy or show it leading to a character’s downfall, and some show a change from a failed strategy to "
9780814766569 - page_263: "START TEXT: a favored one. Plots ending in disenchantment portray irreconcilable inner conflicts and the inabili" ******* END TEXT: "es, as well as others, the good and evil consequences of the various trends that are warring within "
9780814766569 - page_264: "START TEXT: them. They will tend to glorify characters whose strategies are similar to their own and to satirize" ******* END TEXT: "they forgive their enemies, who are then permanently transformed. In these plays, the self-effacing "
9780814766569 - page_265: "START TEXT: solution, with its accompanying bargain, works very well, but only because the plays are unrealistic" ******* END TEXT: "ies, the kinds of characters and relationships they habitually create, and their rhetorical stance.\n"
9780814766569 - page_266: "START TEXT: In order to determine what the implied author and the authorial personality tell us about the writer" ******* END TEXT: "etation of his subject. He saw Frost as a man who developed a search for glory in response to early "
9780814766569 - page_267: "START TEXT: humiliations and who longed to triumph over and retaliate against those who had hurt him. Frost’s co" ******* END TEXT: "pectives, as in Lord Jim (Paris 1974) and Wuthering Heights. If we are to understand what motivates "
9780814766569 - page_268: "START TEXT: the telling of the story, we must analyze both omniscient and dramatized narrators, along with the i" ******* END TEXT: " defend Thackeray against charges of sentimentality, cynicism, and inconsistency by pointing to his "
9780814766569 - page_269: "START TEXT: irony. The irony is there, but these critics ignore the self-effacing and expansive components of th" ******* END TEXT: " Horney-inspired readings of major works of Western literature from Antigone to The End of the Road."
9780814766569 - page_270: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_271: "START TEXT: Notes\nNOTES TO CHAPTER 1\n1. Horneyan studies have been previously published on the following authors" ******* END TEXT: "n Horney: A Psychoanalyst’s Search for Self-Understanding (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994).\n"
9780814766569 - page_272: "START TEXT: NOTES TO CHAPTER 3\n1. I am using the Eva Le Gallienne translation of A Doll’s House and Hedda Gabler" ******* END TEXT: "f Antigone, published in The Complete Greek Tragedies, ed. David Grene and Richmond Lattimore, Vol. "
9780814766569 - page_273: "START TEXT: 2 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959). References are to line numbers.\n2. I am using the D" ******* END TEXT: "anslation of Madame Bovary, published in the Norton Critical Edition (New York: W. W. Norton, 1965)."
9780814766569 - page_274: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_275: "START TEXT: References\nAllott, Miriam. 1970. Wuthering Heights: The Rejection of Heathcliff. In Wuthering Height" ******* END TEXT: " In Norton Critical Edition of Wuthering Heights. Ed. W. M. Sale, Jr. 1963. New York: W. W. Norton.\n"
9780814766569 - page_276: "START TEXT: Culley, Margo, ed. 1994. Norton Critical Edition of The Awakening, 2d ed. New York: W. W. Norton.\nde" ******* END TEXT: "niversity Press.\nHorney, Karen. 1937. The Neurotic Personality of Our Time. New York: W. W. Norton.\n"
9780814766569 - page_277: "START TEXT: ———. 1939. New Ways in Psychoanalysis. New York: W. W. Norton.\n———. 1942. Self-Analysis. New York: W" ******* END TEXT: "mas Hardy. In The Victorian Experience. Ed. Richard A. Levine. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press.\n"
9780814766569 - page_278: "START TEXT: Paris, B. J. 1976b. Herzog the Man: An Analytic View of a Literary Figure. American Journal of Psych" ******* END TEXT: "earch for Glory in Madame Bovary: A Horneyan Analysis. American Journal of Psychoanalysis 57: 5–24.\n"
9780814766569 - page_279: "START TEXT: Portnoy, Isidore. 1949. “The Magic Skin”: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation. American Journal of Psych" ******* END TEXT: "sis 10: 53–60.\nWalker, Nancy, ed. 1993. The Awakening. New York: Bedford Books, St. Martin’s Press.\n"
9780814766569 - page_280: "START TEXT: Watt, Stephen. 1984. Neurotic Responses to a Failed Marriage: George Meredith’s Modern Love. Mosaic " ******* END TEXT: "You, Wenjia. 1995. A Horneyan Analysis of Lao Li in Lao She’s Divorce. Chinese Culture 36: 89–99.\n\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_281: "START TEXT: Index\nAbraham, Karl, 17\nAbsolom, Absolom! (Faulkner), 29\nActual self, 30–31\nAdler, Alfred, 3\nAggress" ******* END TEXT: ";\nformal analysis of, 6;\na Horneyan approach to, xi, 8–9;\nas imagined human beings, xi, 10;\nmimetic "
9780814766569 - page_282: "START TEXT: in conflict with plot and rhetoric, 10–11, 262–63;\npsychological analysis of, xi, 89, 262;\nthematic " ******* END TEXT: "ovary: analysis of, 193–212;\nand Edna Pontellier, 215, 220, 221, 231, 232\nEmma Woodhouse (Emma), 25\n"
9780814766569 - page_283: "START TEXT: End of the Road, The (Barth), 267;\nanalysis of, 64–81\nEpistemological problems, 269\nEsther Summerson" ******* END TEXT: ", 24, 102, 253\nIbsen, Henrik, 64, 217, 271 n. 1;\nanalysis of A Doll’s House and Hedda Gabler, 39–63\n"
9780814766569 - page_284: "START TEXT: Icarus, 218\nIdealized image, 29–32\nIdealized self, 30–31\nImplied author: Horneyan analysis of, 263–6" ******* END TEXT: ", 13–15, 267–68;\nof Jane Eyre, 15;\nof Madame Bovary, 15;\nof The Mayor of Casterbridge, 15;\nmultiple "
9780814766569 - page_285: "START TEXT: narration, 14, 240, 267;\nomniscient narration, 13–14, 267;\npsychological analysis of, 14;\nof Wutheri" ******* END TEXT: "\nSelf-hate, 34\nSelves in Horneyan theory: actual, 30–31;\ndespised, 30;\nidealized, 30–31;\nreal, 3031\n"
9780814766569 - page_286: "START TEXT: Sense and Sensibility (Austen), 27\nShakespeare, 5, 13, 33;\naggressive women in, 93;\nanalysis of The " ******* END TEXT: ", 3\nWolfe, Thomas, 271 n. 1\nWright, Richard, 271 n. 1\nWuthering Heights, 267;\nanalysis of, 240–61\n\n\n"
9780814766569 - page_287: "START TEXT: About the Author\nBERNARD J. PARIS is the leading authority on Karen Horney and the application of he" ******* END TEXT: "can Journal of Psychoanalysis. He is founder and director of the International Karen Horney Society."
9780814766569 - page_288: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_i: "START TEXT: Queer Words, Queer Images\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Queer Words, Queer Images\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_ii: "START TEXT: ASSOCIATE EDITORS\nJames Darsey, Ohio State University\nJoseph A. DeVito, Hunter College\nKaren A. Foss" ******* END TEXT: "Bernardino\nMercilee Jenkins, San Francisco State University\nLynn C. Miller, University of Houston\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_iii: "START TEXT: QUEER WORDS,QUEER IMAGES\nCommunication and theConstruction of Homosexuality\nEDITED BY\nR. Jeffrey Rin" ******* END TEXT: "ORDS,QUEER IMAGES\nCommunication and theConstruction of Homosexuality\nEDITED BY\nR. Jeffrey Ringer\n\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS\nNew York and London\nCopyright © 1994 by New York University\nAll rights res" ******* END TEXT: "osen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_v: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\nIntroduction by R. Jeffrey Ringer\nPART ONE: Gay and Lesbian Rhetoric\n1. The" ******* END TEXT: " (Non) Sexuality and Television’s Perpetuation of Hetero/Sexism\nDARLENE M. HANTZIS AND VALERIE LEHR\n"
9780814774410 - page_vi: "START TEXT: 7. Old Strategies for New Texts: How American Television Is Creating and Treating Lesbian Characters" ******* END TEXT: "esbian Couple Relationships\nMARY ANNE FITZPATRICK, FRED E. JANDT, FRED L. MYRICK, AND TIMOTHY EDGAR\n"
9780814774410 - page_vii: "START TEXT: 16. Reflections on Interpersonal Communication in Gay and Lesbian Relationships\nDOROTHY S. PAINTER\nP" ******* END TEXT: "R\n20. Ways of Coming Out in the Classroom\nMERCILEE M. JENKINS\nContributors\nName Index\nSubject Index "
9780814774410 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nMany people have contributed to this project. At the beginning six associate editors" ******* END TEXT: "tterst were extremely supportive of me while I was working on this project. I appreciate all of the "
9780814774410 - page_x: "START TEXT: support I have received from the entire department. Financial assistance and support were provided b" ******* END TEXT: "nd understand the communication in our lives.\nR. JEFFREY RINGER, PH.D.\nSt. Cloud State University\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Queer Words, Queer Images " ******* END TEXT: "Queer Words, Queer Images "
9780814774410 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\nR. Jeffrey Ringer\nThe origin of this book dates back to 1981. At that time, the Caucus " ******* END TEXT: "pline, have been acknowledged as pioneering efforts in understanding gay and lesbian communication.\n"
9780814774410 - page_2: "START TEXT: The current anthology is based on premises similar to those that motivated its predecessor. The Cauc" ******* END TEXT: "y inform us about gay and lesbian communication but inform us about human communication in general.\n"
9780814774410 - page_3: "START TEXT: For each of the five sections in this collection, we have invited a distinguished author to comment " ******* END TEXT: "peak: Gay Male and Lesbian Communication, edited by James Chesebro, 58-67. New York: Pilgrim Press. "
9780814774410 - page_4: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_5: "START TEXT: PART ONEGay and Lesbian Rhetoric " ******* END TEXT: "PART ONEGay and Lesbian Rhetoric "
9780814774410 - page_6: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_10: "START TEXT: in those moments that are outside the usual social order and thus is a phenomenon marked by marginal" ******* END TEXT: "for a society beyond mere entertainment. When watching a fool “fool around” in terms of worldviews, "
9780814774410 - page_11: "START TEXT: meanings, values, and norms, laughter often seems to be “the only sensible response” to the performa" ******* END TEXT: " aim was to avoid offending as many segments of their audience as possible. In contrast, Milk was a "
9780814774410 - page_12: "START TEXT: hippie, which violated traditional values of the political realm about lifestyle and dress; in fact," ******* END TEXT: "back instead into a ponytail. He was also given to making outrageous statements that only confirmed "
9780814774410 - page_13: "START TEXT: the beliefs of many about him—that he was at best foolish and at worst crazy. Michael Wong, who late" ******* END TEXT: " one. … We can start overnight. We don’t have to wait for budgets to be passed, surveys to be made, "
9780814774410 - page_14: "START TEXT: political wheelings and dealings … for it takes no money … it takes no compromising to give the peop" ******* END TEXT: "he streetsweepers, the gays with the union workers, and police officers with small-business owners.\n"
9780814774410 - page_15: "START TEXT: Another example of Milk’s ability to facilitate the exchange of ideas where normally there would be " ******* END TEXT: "nces with marginalized groups. Whereas in his first campaign, he linked underrepresented groups and "
9780814774410 - page_16: "START TEXT: appealed to voters to see them as a collective source of power ignored by the political establishmen" ******* END TEXT: "these opposing groups came in large part from his personal ability to talk the language of whatever "
9780814774410 - page_17: "START TEXT: audience he was with. A labor leader praised Milk this way: “A lot of our guys think gays are little" ******* END TEXT: " of agreement. In highlighting the differences among these groups, Milk created an awareness of the "
9780814774410 - page_18: "START TEXT: need for a common rallying point and offered himself as the appropriate candidate to handle this rol" ******* END TEXT: "outside the political machine and would keep the people’s needs, not those of the machine, in mind.\n"
9780814774410 - page_19: "START TEXT: While Milk began the campaign by presenting himself as outside the political establishment, he rever" ******* END TEXT: "itch at numerous candidates’ forums, Agnos is said to have suggested that Milk needed a more upbeat "
9780814774410 - page_20: "START TEXT: finish to his speeches.49 Milk began to conclude his speeches with an appeal to hope with which all " ******* END TEXT: "ences of his decision to run for Assembly in order to distinguish himself from the political status "
9780814774410 - page_21: "START TEXT: quo and to portray himself as its victim: “Harvey was appointed to the Board of Permit Appeals, the " ******* END TEXT: "and lesbians.\nThe importance of dialogue as an outcome of the fool’s performance also characterized "
9780814774410 - page_22: "START TEXT: Milk’s relationship with another new member of the Board of Supervisors—Dan White. The elections of " ******* END TEXT: ", too, may help explain Milk’s assassination. Perhaps the oppositions set in place by the mirroring "
9780814774410 - page_23: "START TEXT: of alternative realities cannot be completely overcome by laughter. The divisiveness of folly may no" ******* END TEXT: " an extremely effective way to give voice to a silenced group: the public did not have to appear to "
9780814774410 - page_24: "START TEXT: take Milk seriously, yet they could not avoid thinking about the issues he raised. Milk also introdu" ******* END TEXT: "cal establishment. He ran as if he were an incumbent, although he had never held office, citing his "
9780814774410 - page_25: "START TEXT: extensive record of political activity. At the same time, he did not divorce himself from the margin" ******* END TEXT: " image of the fool to fit the changing circumstances. This role may not be an effective strategy in "
9780814774410 - page_26: "START TEXT: only a single run for office because it does not allow the candidate time to counter the early antic" ******* END TEXT: "ss: Rationality through an Analysis of Traditional Folly (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1937), 1.\n"
9780814774410 - page_27: "START TEXT: 11. Arnold van Gennep, The Rites of Passage, trans. Monika B. Vizedom and Gabrielle L. Caffee (Chica" ******* END TEXT: "er, September 28, 1973: 4.\n32. Shilts, 353-54.\n33. “Harvey Milk for Supervisor: ‘Positions’ Paper.”\n"
9780814774410 - page_28: "START TEXT: 34. “S.F.’s Strange Alliance,” September 22, 1973, San Francisco Chronicle; and “An Open Letter to t" ******* END TEXT: "and Eugene Robinson, “A Wild Debate—Briggs vs. Milk,” San Francisco Chronicle, October 12, 1978: 6.\n"
9780814774410 - page_29: "START TEXT: 58. Lamble, Harvey Milk Remembered.\n59. Shilts, 185.\n60. Kenneth Burke, Attitudes toward History, 3d" ******* END TEXT: "York Times, October 9, 1962; cited in Orrin Klapp, Symbolic Leaders (Chicago: Albine, 1964), 207.\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_7: "START TEXT: 1. The Logic of Folly in the Political Campaigns of Harvey Milk\nKaren A. Foss\nHarvey Milk did not en" ******* END TEXT: "analyst. He was fired for burning his BankAmericard during a protest against the Vietnam War, after "
9780814774410 - page_8: "START TEXT: which he returned to New York to again work in theater. Milk settled permanently in San Francisco in" ******* END TEXT: "an Francisco, was not a political force, created a rhetorical situation that was far from ordinary.\n"
9780814774410 - page_9: "START TEXT: In this essay, I suggest that the logic of folly provides a means of explaining how Milk’s political" ******* END TEXT: "s of folly is its parasitic status—it is simultaneously outside of and in society. Folly flourishes "
9780814774410 - page_30: "START TEXT: 2. On the Owning of Words: Reflections on San Francisco Arts and Athletics vs. United States Olympic" ******* END TEXT: "Olympics” case. After briefly reviewing the facts of the case and its adjudication, we will examine "
9780814774410 - page_31: "START TEXT: three contested issues arising from it. The first of these found the courts engaged in the process o" ******* END TEXT: "he Supreme Court was in essence a replay of the 1982 litigation, with the appellate court this time "
9780814774410 - page_32: "START TEXT: having upheld the trial court’s issuance of a permanent injunction against SFAA’s use of the “Olympi" ******* END TEXT: "stake, to deceive, or to falsely suggest a connection with the Corporation or any Olympic activity; "
9780814774410 - page_33: "START TEXT: shall be subject to suit in a civil action by the Corporation for the remedies provided in [the Lanh" ******* END TEXT: "admits that “on a strictly linguistic level, both of the parties’ interpretations are tenable” (7).\n"
9780814774410 - page_34: "START TEXT: The federal district court, in any event, ruled that an unauthorized use even of the word “Olympic” " ******* END TEXT: "d’s soon to be published memoirs, resulting in a 6-3 decision upholding Harper and Row’s copyright.\n"
9780814774410 - page_35: "START TEXT: So too in trademark law, the recognition that protection of trademarks or service marks may sometime" ******* END TEXT: "d, and the extent to which our public discourse can thereby be impoverished (789 F. 2d at 1320-23).\n"
9780814774410 - page_36: "START TEXT: The Supreme Court majority rejected Kozinski’s and his colleagues’ reasoning, but found no need to r" ******* END TEXT: " commerce for an appreciable period of time and that the public had come to associate the mark with "
9780814774410 - page_37: "START TEXT: its own company, to the exclusion of others (Brown and Denicola 1985, 508; Goldstein 1980, 322).\nThe" ******* END TEXT: "SFAA, whose use of the word has clear political overtones. Again, the most powerful articulation of "
9780814774410 - page_38: "START TEXT: this viewpoint appears in the dissent from the appellate court’s decision not to rehear the case en " ******* END TEXT: "itical statement—that lesbians and gay males strive for excellence too (and especially with respect "
9780814774410 - page_39: "START TEXT: to gay males, that they are not “sissies” uninterested in athletic pursuits). The more clearly SFAA " ******* END TEXT: "r if the Court had so held, it would have to at least address the issue of “selective enforcement.” "
9780814774410 - page_40: "START TEXT: Since only the government can, by definition, “discriminate” in the legal sense (in this case, viola" ******* END TEXT: "usive prerogative of the government (483 U.S. at 548; Lockhart, Kamisar, and Choper 1981, 1051-52).\n"
9780814774410 - page_41: "START TEXT: On this point, Justice Powell observed correctly that “neither the conduct nor the coordination of a" ******* END TEXT: "e could have suggested that the state’s action issue is not resolvable simply by taking note of how "
9780814774410 - page_42: "START TEXT: directly or indirectly President Carter would have needed to act against USOC to obtain his desired " ******* END TEXT: "st salient issue for this group—that is, were the gay litigants victims of a discriminatory action? "
9780814774410 - page_43: "START TEXT: The issue was not addressed in any definitive way in Powell’s opinion, in that he fails to find any " ******* END TEXT: "the emerging rationales for the protection of trade symbols.” Wisconsin Law Review (1982): 158-207.\n"
9780814774410 - page_44: "START TEXT: Goldstein, Paul. 1980. Copyright, patent, trademark and related state doctrines. Mineola, N.Y.: Foun" ******* END TEXT: "Reporter 77: 216-47.\nTaylor, Stuart. 1985. “Conflict over copyright.” New York Times, 21 May: 11.\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_45: "START TEXT: 3. Die Non: Gay Liberation and the Rhetoric of Pure Tolerance\nJames Darsey\nWe see not our signs: the" ******* END TEXT: "ess.2 It is possible to take a cynical view of Aristotle’s advice and to see in it no more than the "
9780814774410 - page_46: "START TEXT: exercise of those resources that best serve the case, but it is equally plausible to see an inviolab" ******* END TEXT: "have condemned such a rhetorical stance as morally corrupt, and their condemnation has been largely "
9780814774410 - page_47: "START TEXT: identified with conservative philosophies. Modern American liberals, on the other hand, have tended " ******* END TEXT: "social change, and Weber’s conclusion that society, in this process of diffusion and participation, "
9780814774410 - page_48: "START TEXT: becomes “demystified” is particularly revealing for our purposes. A world where there is no center, " ******* END TEXT: "ms. It is much easier to accept a compromise between competing interests—particularly when they are "
9780814774410 - page_49: "START TEXT: expressible in terms of a numerical scale like money—than between opposed principles which purport t" ******* END TEXT: " church as immoral, and the medical profession as perverse, if not psychopathic.”19 This statement, "
9780814774410 - page_50: "START TEXT: from Howard Brown’s posthumously published book Familiar Faces, Hidden Lives, is representative in i" ******* END TEXT: "were at last able to take root.23\nThe two World Wars and the Great Depression had focused America’s "
9780814774410 - page_51: "START TEXT: attention for a time on our common devils, granting us the illusion of community, but as soon as the" ******* END TEXT: " insinuates.28 The first so-called “Kinsey report” and the almost simultaneous genesis of homophile "
9780814774410 - page_52: "START TEXT: liberation groups were both made possible, not only by the evanescence of sacred prohibitions, but b" ******* END TEXT: "ust to change, which is inevitable, in a continuing process which will be orderly, gradual, and, to "
9780814774410 - page_53: "START TEXT: the extent that such a thing is possible in human affairs, rational. The function of the lawyer is t" ******* END TEXT: "tests. The law is based solely on religious-biblical taboos. Historically homosexuality was only an "
9780814774410 - page_54: "START TEXT: ecclesiastical sin introduced into British Common Law (later U.S.) from Henry VIII’s divorce from Ro" ******* END TEXT: "y gay activists before the law is revealing. A March 1977 editorial in The Advocate illustrates the "
9780814774410 - page_55: "START TEXT: gay community’s reaction to the exposure of widespread domestic spying by the FBI. The editorial den" ******* END TEXT: "sota, Eugene, Oregon, Seattle, Washington, and California,45 made a significant impact on the sales "
9780814774410 - page_56: "START TEXT: of Florida citrus products, still looms large in the considerations of gay rights activists, and rev" ******* END TEXT: "legislatively taken away. But the ad, which begins with an appeal to the Constitution, concludes by "
9780814774410 - page_57: "START TEXT: urging the reader to “Vote against Repeal of Human Rights.” The oxymoron is left unresolved.\nThe rhe" ******* END TEXT: "aneously welcoming nonpracticing homosexuals as members and endorsing gay rights legislation.54 The "
9780814774410 - page_58: "START TEXT: logic of this position derives from two separate sources: (1) The rejection of the idea that homosex" ******* END TEXT: "do not condone the practice of homosexuality and consider this practice incompatible with Christian "
9780814774410 - page_59: "START TEXT: teaching.”59 Robert S. Wilch, Bishop of the Wisconsin-Upper Michigan Synod of the Lutheran Church in" ******* END TEXT: "gate the coercive force of duty. Without clashing over questions concerning the validity of certain "
9780814774410 - page_60: "START TEXT: sacred truths, gays and lesbians have simply asked to be excluded from their purview. It is a passiv" ******* END TEXT: " a-new by a new Legislative, when their Legislators have acted contrary to their trust, by invading "
9780814774410 - page_61: "START TEXT: their Property, is the best fence against Rebellion, and the probablest means to hinder it. For Rebe" ******* END TEXT: "zations to hold this view, it could be dismissed as marginal, but the attitude is not restricted to "
9780814774410 - page_62: "START TEXT: a time or to an organization. Lee Goodman, writing in the GPU News (Milwaukee) following the Miami d" ******* END TEXT: "eir assent. Among the provisos: “1. Our attitude will be one of openness and respect for all people "
9780814774410 - page_63: "START TEXT: we encounter. 2. We will not engage in physical violence, even in the face of hostility. 3. We will " ******* END TEXT: " the book, is interesting for the way in which the metaphors of cleanliness cross into the literal:\n"
9780814774410 - page_64: "START TEXT: After the Ball has now detailed a comprehensive public-relations campaign that should go a long way " ******* END TEXT: "troversies surrounding campaigns of the past reveal, it also represents an idealized version of the "
9780814774410 - page_65: "START TEXT: scientized, demystified, rationalized discourse of postmodern capitalist societies identified by Web" ******* END TEXT: "hey fail to gain much, if any support for us. If anything, they make the rest of us look like total "
9780814774410 - page_66: "START TEXT: fools; an image that I do not think the gay women’s groups enjoy very much!”88 In a 1984 article in " ******* END TEXT: "e legislature and the courts are touted as the proper locus of appeal; alienation and confrontation "
9780814774410 - page_67: "START TEXT: are dismissed as puerile. Writing less than a year before the eruption in Miami, the authors of this" ******* END TEXT: "he “Romans” battle the lions. The society that reduces moral issues to sport is genuinely decadent.\n"
9780814774410 - page_68: "START TEXT: The battle over gay rights is seen as an ongoing process. Gay rights activists tend to maintain a li" ******* END TEXT: "he Spiritual Crisis of Western Civilization (New York: Viking-Penguin, 1985); T. J. Clark, “Clement "
9780814774410 - page_69: "START TEXT: Greenberg’s Theory of Art,” in The Politics of Interpretation, ed. W. J. T. Mitchell (Chicago: Unive" ******* END TEXT: "vil Religion in Time of Trial (New York: Seabury Press, 1975); see also “The Stone Which the Modern "
9780814774410 - page_70: "START TEXT: Builders Rejected,” in Interpreting the Prophetic Tradition: The Goldensen Lectures, 1955-1966, ed. " ******* END TEXT: "nd Religion (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday-Anchor, 1954). On the demystifying tendencies in science, "
9780814774410 - page_71: "START TEXT: Burke notes: “There is, in science, a tendency to substitute for ritual, routine. To this extent, th" ******* END TEXT: "\n35. Mattachine Review, September 1956, November 1957.\n36. Mattachine Times, October-November 1971.\n"
9780814774410 - page_72: "START TEXT: 37. See for example, California Scene (Summer 1975), esp. “Editorial,” 2, and David Johns, “Penal Co" ******* END TEXT: "itant Homosexuality (Old Tappan, N.J.: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1977), 37-38, quoted in Fishcli, 267.\n"
9780814774410 - page_73: "START TEXT: 52. See Steele; Fischli, esp. 270.\n53. Fischli, 270.\n54. For some representative views, see “Homosex" ******* END TEXT: "d Wisconsin’s Gay Rights Bill,” New York Native, March 15-28, 1982, 15.\n64. Stroebel, 15.\n65. Ibid.\n"
9780814774410 - page_74: "START TEXT: 66. For some germane remarks on “liberty” as a “feminization of power,” see Michael Calvin McGee, “T" ******* END TEXT: "the rights of others” (Mattachine Midwest Newsletter 11 [July 1967]: 1). When a gay rights bill was "
9780814774410 - page_75: "START TEXT: being debated in the city council in 1985, Chicago gays were encouraged to engage in “’quiet’ lobbyi" ******* END TEXT: "s sound unreflectively Skinnerian, but so does their emphasis on behavior and its modification. See "
9780814774410 - page_76: "START TEXT: 357, the ten “misbehaviors” in Chapter 1, passim. Finally, their naive view of the immutability of s" ******* END TEXT: ". See Jan Carl Park, “Referendum Campaigns vs. Gay Rights,” in Chesebro, 286-90.\n98. Marcuse, 94.\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_77: "START TEXT: 4. Reflections on Gay and Lesbian Rhetoric\nJames W. Chesebro\nOver a decade has passed since Gayspeak" ******* END TEXT: "y explicitly the shifts that have occurred since 1980, and then to provide a placement of the three "
9780814774410 - page_78: "START TEXT: rhetorical analyses that define the “Gay and Lesbian Rhetoric” section of Queer Words, Queer Images " ******* END TEXT: " aptly reflected this new orientation toward homosexuality which “is not the result of a search for "
9780814774410 - page_79: "START TEXT: knowledge; it is the creation of knowledge through the evolution of discourse.”5\nYet a dramatic reve" ******* END TEXT: "o get AIDS from homosexual activity,’ about the same as the 36 percent who expressed such sentiment "
9780814774410 - page_80: "START TEXT: in 1988.”9 Finally, it should be noted that many common AIDS educational programs apparently make pe" ******* END TEXT: "igns of Harvey Milk” are most appropriately perceived as pre-AIDS analyses, constrained by symbolic "
9780814774410 - page_81: "START TEXT: orientations of the 1970s, and are probably not to be understood as rhetorical events that have had " ******* END TEXT: "enter and the periphery, is a world without the mystery and separation necessary to the sacred, and "
9780814774410 - page_82: "START TEXT: where there is no externalization of truth, there is no principle that commands assent except self-i" ******* END TEXT: " were complex. He held that AIDS has not diminished the need to formulate demands of society: “From "
9780814774410 - page_83: "START TEXT: 1977 to 1990, as the emerging prominence of work-determination-strength appeals suggests, there is l" ******* END TEXT: "torical theory and criticism, developed in the mid-1960s in Western Europe, has perhaps offered the "
9780814774410 - page_84: "START TEXT: most thorough challenge to traditional American rhetorical theory and criticism. Indeed, Karen A. Fo" ******* END TEXT: "t amendment rights of gay males and lesbians have and have not been extended by the Supreme Court’s "
9780814774410 - page_85: "START TEXT: June 1987 San Francisco Arts and Athletics vs. United States Olympic Committee decision. Additionall" ******* END TEXT: "ealing the decision of today? Not justice. And what moral duty does the population have to respond?\n"
9780814774410 - page_86: "START TEXT: Rhetorical Strategies as Ideology\nSince the publication of Gayspeak in 1981, some rhetorical critics" ******* END TEXT: "ingle and cohesive unit, it remains unclear if one or many objectives govern the lifestyle concerns "
9780814774410 - page_87: "START TEXT: of gay males and lesbians. And assuming that a governing objective or set of objectives can be disco" ******* END TEXT: ", 246.\n5. Ibid., 247.\n6. “Sex in America,” The Gallup Poll Monthly, 313, October 1991, 62.\n7. Ibid.\n"
9780814774410 - page_88: "START TEXT: 8. Ibid.\n9. Michael R. Kagay, “Poll Finds AIDS Causes Single People to Alter Behavior,” New York Tim" ******* END TEXT: "ication Quarterly 39 (Summer 1991): 197-225; see esp. Table 5 and the related discussion, 214-19.\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_89: "START TEXT: PART TWOPortrayals of Gay Men and Lesbians in the Media " ******* END TEXT: "PART TWOPortrayals of Gay Men and Lesbians in the Media "
9780814774410 - page_90: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_100: "START TEXT: Woman: [Stops walking and turns to look at him]\nCop: I mean dating a girl!\nThe same undercover cop i" ******* END TEXT: " with homosexuality; one need worry about the disease only if planning to reciprocate another man’s "
9780814774410 - page_101: "START TEXT: advances. This is an honest enough scene—after all, most PWAs in 1988 in this country were gay. The " ******* END TEXT: "lies, “What you’re getting is strange.” The assertion that one of the “good guys” in the show would "
9780814774410 - page_102: "START TEXT: mistreat a person simply because that person was gay is disturbing (although certainly not out of co" ******* END TEXT: " the heterosexuality and masculinity of male characters. These programs have the potential to erode "
9780814774410 - page_103: "START TEXT: the conception of AIDS as a gay disease by using characters who contract HIV through means other tha" ******* END TEXT: " education (1987, 5-6). A self-proclaimed mission of television has been to provide AIDS education. "
9780814774410 - page_104: "START TEXT: The prime-time television programs in this study participate in this informational mission—they say " ******* END TEXT: "moking guns aplenty. Gratuitously injecting homosexuality into all discussion of AIDS—even when the "
9780814774410 - page_105: "START TEXT: specific case being discussed does not involve same-sex sexual transmission—imputes blame. The perce" ******* END TEXT: "tle to help. Understanding AIDS as a “gay disease” is easy and comfortable. But if television is to "
9780814774410 - page_106: "START TEXT: play a proactive role in helping society cope with AIDS, it must explore new ways of framing the AID" ******* END TEXT: "tory, edited by Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox, 12-32. Berkeley: University of California Press.\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_91: "START TEXT: 5. Guilt by Association: Homosexuality and AIDS on Prime-Time Television\nEmile C. Netzhammer and Sco" ******* END TEXT: "special power to influence people’s perceptions of AIDS and those who have it (Cathcart 1986, 207).\n"
9780814774410 - page_92: "START TEXT: However, the constraints imposed on prime-time, episodic television influence the way these programs" ******* END TEXT: "rograms’ treatments of AIDS. Specifically, it focuses on the rhetorical impact of the programs that "
9780814774410 - page_93: "START TEXT: tie AIDS to a particular lifestyle as opposed to particular behaviors. The first section examines th" ******* END TEXT: "forces Claire to rethink her relationship. In a conversation with Willy, a female colleague, Claire "
9780814774410 - page_94: "START TEXT: complains: “I like him. I like him a lot. [But] It’s all clouded over with my work, the case I’m wor" ******* END TEXT: "ffecting everyone, but it implicitly blames gays. This argument is evident in the other programs as "
9780814774410 - page_95: "START TEXT: well. Like Leg Work, Midnight Caller subtly encourages the perception that gays are guilty of spread" ******* END TEXT: "ls posed by same-sex promiscuity.\nMidnight Caller and Leg Work approach the subject of AIDS through "
9780814774410 - page_96: "START TEXT: similar plot devices resulting in a similar rhetorical stance, that AIDS is a disease gays have unle" ******* END TEXT: "le certainly critical, is discussed as a means of protecting our children, not as a way to stop the "
9780814774410 - page_97: "START TEXT: spread of AIDS. Once again, for heterosexuals, the issue is one of susceptibility to a disease that " ******* END TEXT: "en the character AIDS. A child in The Equalizer contracts AIDS in the womb from his heroin-addicted "
9780814774410 - page_98: "START TEXT: mother. In each case, the character who is or may be HIV infected is free from what Rosenberg calls " ******* END TEXT: "sexuality and AIDS are inseparable.\nTwo situation comedies, Designing Women and Mr. Belvedere, have "
9780814774410 - page_99: "START TEXT: aired AIDS episodes. As mentioned earlier, the AIDS episode of Designing Women includes a gay man wi" ******* END TEXT: "\nWoman: I’m tired of dating a guy and then finding out that he has a whole other life.\nCop: Me too!\n"
9780814774410 - page_107: "START TEXT: 6. Whose Desire? Lesbian (Non)Sexuality and Television’s Perpetuation of Hetero/Sexism\nDarlene M. Ha" ******* END TEXT: "tainly within the interests of the patriarchy to keep women from examining their … relationships to "
9780814774410 - page_108: "START TEXT: other women, for the greatest threat to male dominance lies precisely in women redefining their own " ******* END TEXT: "appearing; a few gay characters have appeared in continuing or repeated, though not central, roles.\n"
9780814774410 - page_109: "START TEXT: Recent popular programs that have featured more positively viewed gay characters in single episodes " ******* END TEXT: " the numbers indicate that television fails to mirror the “real” proportion of gays and lesbians in "
9780814774410 - page_110: "START TEXT: the population. Information from the Alliance of Gay and Lesbian Artists, which tracks appearances o" ******* END TEXT: "eal attention to teaching or self-help programming is given nor is any demystification of processes "
9780814774410 - page_111: "START TEXT: attempted. Although pro-bono work is discussed, the only depicted probono case is treating an extrem" ******* END TEXT: "vision is evidence of the potential for such representations to disrupt televisual codes and genres "
9780814774410 - page_112: "START TEXT: and perhaps of the disruptive potential of such relationships in the real world as well” (Zeck, 135)" ******* END TEXT: " Straayer comments on the absence-presence tension in the depiction of lesbians: “when one searches "
9780814774410 - page_113: "START TEXT: for lesbian exchange … one finds a constant flux between competing forces to suggest and deny it” (S" ******* END TEXT: "hat bothers me.” Rather, her anger emerges from feelings of abandonment, jealousy, and confusion.13\n"
9780814774410 - page_114: "START TEXT: The scripts deny Marilyn any recognition of homophobia as a factor in her relationship with Allison." ******* END TEXT: "at is not wholly defined as private. Heterosexual couples are shown in various sexual encounters in "
9780814774410 - page_115: "START TEXT: both public and private spaces; Marilyn and Patti are not. Their infrequent touches are gestures of " ******* END TEXT: " because her sexual desire is replaced with maternalism. Heartbeat affirms the patriarchal value of "
9780814774410 - page_116: "START TEXT: mothering to further counter the threat issued by women doctors and lesbianism.\nMaternalism\nThe port" ******* END TEXT: "ed in a normative manner—that touching other women is controlled by lesbians who feel vulnerable to "
9780814774410 - page_117: "START TEXT: charges of sexual seduction. The show’s denial of physical contact in Marilyn’s life allows the writ" ******* END TEXT: "of three, attempts to adopt an abandoned child and persuades her husband not to have a vasectomy.20\n"
9780814774410 - page_118: "START TEXT: The particular circumstances of the lives of these women further instruct that it may be possible to" ******* END TEXT: "cept of heterosexuality, grounded in a misogynistic denial of women’s desire, which produces sexism "
9780814774410 - page_119: "START TEXT: and heterosexism simultaneously. The character of Marilyn illustrates the denial of women’s desire m" ******* END TEXT: "aries. Research that examines and articulates the construction of sexuality and human relationships "
9780814774410 - page_120: "START TEXT: on television is also necessary. Popular culture discourse functions as a powerful perpetuation of d" ******* END TEXT: "e relationship between Cagney and Lacey; Hantzis and Fuoss discuss the response in Designing Women.\n"
9780814774410 - page_121: "START TEXT: 10. Premiere episode.\n11. “Abandoned Baby” episode, teleplay by Jean Vallely, directed by Dale White" ******* END TEXT: ".\nZeck, Shari. 1989. “Female Bonding in Cagney and Lacey.” Journal of Popular Culture 23: 143-54.\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_122: "START TEXT: 7. Old Strategies for New Texts: How American Television Is Creating and Treating Lesbian Characters" ******* END TEXT: "s entertainment value in storytelling. The similarities and connections between film and television "
9780814774410 - page_123: "START TEXT: are also clear from an institutional standpoint: indeed, many Hollywood studios now routinely produc" ******* END TEXT: "about the collapse of all social and moral order in her world. … In the face of impending chaos and "
9780814774410 - page_124: "START TEXT: confusion the patriarchal order is called upon to reassert itself and take the Law back into its own" ******* END TEXT: "r, the Bree Daniels role is simply an updated version of the evil woman created in 1940s film noir.\n"
9780814774410 - page_125: "START TEXT: The film is trying to articulate, within the ambience of the thriller, a modern version of the indep" ******* END TEXT: "an characters because these scripts might be seen as network television’s most progressive efforts.\n"
9780814774410 - page_126: "START TEXT: Homosexuality and American Television\nDuring most of its history, American television effectively ba" ******* END TEXT: "n parts. My Two Loves, an ABC Monday Night Movie, explored in uncommonly explicit visual detail two "
9780814774410 - page_127: "START TEXT: women involved in a love affair. In addition, ABC introduced a series in the spring of 1988 that fea" ******* END TEXT: "tting away with murder and an $80 million fortune. Eventually Hunter uncovers the fact that the cop "
9780814774410 - page_128: "START TEXT: and the widow are actually lovers, but he still can’t prove that they are murderers. Hunter now prep" ******* END TEXT: " … [Carol and I have] been together for six years now, Dad. Like they say, I guess it must be love.\n"
9780814774410 - page_129: "START TEXT: Enraged, the father now storms into the office of the hotel’s top executive, Mr. McDermott, and accu" ******* END TEXT: "er does after all admit that he wants and needs to know about his daughter’s life, and that he will "
9780814774410 - page_130: "START TEXT: rely on her lover to give him that very personal information. Even though the daughter and her lover" ******* END TEXT: " I want to be with my partner.”) Her lover, however, assures her that she has done the right thing.\n"
9780814774410 - page_131: "START TEXT: It is Patti who urges Marilyn to make amends with her daughter (“It’s your daughter and it’s the big" ******* END TEXT: "seductive Eve appears, makes sarcastic note of his depression, and strikes a very responsive chord.\n"
9780814774410 - page_132: "START TEXT: Eve: What’s the matter Stan? No one to dance with?\nStan (the psychiatrist): I don’t feel much like d" ******* END TEXT: "the extent that the lesbian couple, after a considerable struggle, has achieved a victory. But even "
9780814774410 - page_133: "START TEXT: though they have obtained permission to come to the wedding, this narrative closure does not permit " ******* END TEXT: "chocolate chip noses. The gesture epitomizes Rose’s lack of sophistication and general inability to "
9780814774410 - page_134: "START TEXT: grasp what is going on around her and prompts Jean to deliver this aside to Dorothy.\nJean: It’ll jus" ******* END TEXT: "gain willing to take risks and to engage with people. Thanks to Rose, she now realizes she can have "
9780814774410 - page_135: "START TEXT: feelings for women other than her deceased lover. Rose will also carry on with her life but will be " ******* END TEXT: "ions in mind, examining specifically how television treats lesbian characters with respect to three "
9780814774410 - page_136: "START TEXT: significant areas of depiction: sexuality, personal rights, and publicity or public disclosure.\nSexu" ******* END TEXT: "d high heels. Like the Carol Bowman character in Hotel, like Marilyn and Patti in Heartbeat, she is "
9780814774410 - page_137: "START TEXT: depicted visually as distinctly feminine. This kind of visual rendering combines with narrative stor" ******* END TEXT: "counts what happened when she revealed her sexual identity to her husband several years earlier. He "
9780814774410 - page_138: "START TEXT: effectively banished her from their home and demanded that she give up any claim on custody of their" ******* END TEXT: ".\nCarol: Will this affect my job? I know people can be, well, oversensitive about… [pause]… things.\n"
9780814774410 - page_139: "START TEXT: McDermott: You should know by now: the only thing Miss Frances and I are sensitive about is the way " ******* END TEXT: "tatingly comforts him, her subservience to him emphasized all the more by her kneeling at his feet.\n"
9780814774410 - page_140: "START TEXT: Public Disclosure\nThe idea of public disclosure appears in the scripts of all five shows. In Hunter," ******* END TEXT: "oy a certain amount of ambiguity in that lesbian characters are permitted some degree of victory in "
9780814774410 - page_141: "START TEXT: their own personal battles. But in almost every instance, that victory is balanced by other messages" ******* END TEXT: "ersity of Colorado School of Journalism and Mass Communication, for the opportunity to participate.\n"
9780814774410 - page_142: "START TEXT: Works Cited\nCook, Pam. 1978. “Duplicity in Mildred Pierce.” In Women and Film Noir, edited by E. Ann" ******* END TEXT: " In Film Readers: Feminist Film Criticism, 164-72. Evanston, 111.: Northwestern University Press.\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_143: "START TEXT: 8. What Is Wrong with This Picture? Lesbian Women and Gay Men on Television\nLarry Gross\nThe Medium a" ******* END TEXT: " mostly male, mostly middle- and uppermiddle class, and (at least in public) entirely heterosexual.\n"
9780814774410 - page_144: "START TEXT: Mainstream film and television are nearly always presented as transparent mediators of reality that " ******* END TEXT: "herpes did not ring down the curtain on the sexual revolution. Perhaps the extent of the “epidemic” "
9780814774410 - page_145: "START TEXT: was exaggerated, or perhaps herpes, while incurable at present, wasn’t a sufficient deterrent to pla" ******* END TEXT: " about the nature of AIDS and the ways in which it is transmitted. Studies are beginning to suggest "
9780814774410 - page_146: "START TEXT: “that anti-gay attitudes foster exaggerated beliefs about AIDS transmission and prevent accurate inf" ******* END TEXT: "y, and when treated well by the authors they end by being tearfully reconciled with their families.\n"
9780814774410 - page_147: "START TEXT: Programs that are less family-centered, such as the ones discussed by Netzhammer and Shamp, are more" ******* END TEXT: "ked militant agitation for reforms in the testing and approval of drugs; of coalition building with "
9780814774410 - page_148: "START TEXT: other marginalized groups suffering from disproportionate AIDS risk; and pushing the issue of health" ******* END TEXT: "k television’s first (relatively) sympathetic portrait of a gay man appeared on the ABC made-for-TV "
9780814774410 - page_149: "START TEXT: movie That Certain Summer, in which two gay men actually were shown touching (on the shoulder), and " ******* END TEXT: "efforts of the organized gay movement to improve the ways network programmers handle gay characters "
9780814774410 - page_150: "START TEXT: and themes. In particular she describes the writing and production of a made-for-TV network movie th" ******* END TEXT: "both focus centrally on the depiction of the lesbian physicians’ aide Marilyn McGrath on Heartbeat, "
9780814774410 - page_151: "START TEXT: played by Gail Strickland, and they agree that behind the superficial feminism of the program beats " ******* END TEXT: "’s response to the “kiss.” In the last few episodes of the season the recipient of the famous kiss, "
9780814774410 - page_152: "START TEXT: Abby Perkins (played by Michele Green), seemed eager to push things even further, only to have C. J." ******* END TEXT: "in Los Angeles operating under the impressive title of the Gay Media Task Force. By the time Moritz "
9780814774410 - page_153: "START TEXT: spoke to network executives and gay activists in the late 1980s, there was an Alliance of Gay and Le" ******* END TEXT: "e isn’t anything they don’t know about pretending to be straight. Hollywood is where a lesbian rock "
9780814774410 - page_154: "START TEXT: singer arrives at the American Music Awards on the arm of a gay superstar. Hollywood is where Joan R" ******* END TEXT: "y film, pornography—should provide more than enough terra incognita to tempt adventurous explorers.\n"
9780814774410 - page_155: "START TEXT: Notes\n1. Ronald Milavsky, then Vice President of NBC, described the coverage of AIDS.\nThe most strik" ******* END TEXT: "d\nComstock, Gary. 1991. Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men. New York: Columbia University Press.\n"
9780814774410 - page_156: "START TEXT: Custen, George. 1992. Biographical Movies: How Hollywood Constructed Public History. New Brunswick, " ******* END TEXT: "row, Joseph. 1984. Media Industries: The Production of News and Entertainment. New York: Longman.\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_157: "START TEXT: PART THREEPortrayals of Gay Men and Lesbians in Language and Text" ******* END TEXT: "PART THREEPortrayals of Gay Men and Lesbians in Language and Text"
9780814774410 - page_158: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_159: "START TEXT: 9. A Portrait of the Adolescent as a Young Gay: The Politics of Male Homosexuality in Young Adult Fi" ******* END TEXT: "ncies has been that questions of sexual orientation in fact begin in adolescence.”3 The publication "
9780814774410 - page_160: "START TEXT: in 1986 of One Teenager in Ten, a collection of personal narratives by gay and lesbian adolescents, " ******* END TEXT: " result in an apolitical, objective, and disinterested reading but only in a reading that denies or "
9780814774410 - page_161: "START TEXT: effaces its political grounding. If, for example, I suggest that I will bracket off the political an" ******* END TEXT: "covery still lies ahead.7\nWhile it is difficult to identify the first problem-realism text, no such "
9780814774410 - page_162: "START TEXT: difficulty arises in identifying the first problem-realism text to include a “homosexual incident.” " ******* END TEXT: "textual representations.\nWhile it appears obvious that there are signifying presences in a text, it "
9780814774410 - page_163: "START TEXT: is perhaps less obvious that there are signifying absences as well. What a text means depends not on" ******* END TEXT: "k, Mother tells me that she has just hung up, that Douglas is a wonderful boy, that Mrs. Altschuler "
9780814774410 - page_164: "START TEXT: thinks I’m a wonderful boy, and that Douglas and I are going to have a wonderful day together. He is" ******* END TEXT: "on against depicting acts of homophobic violence. Sandra Scoppettone’s Trying Hard to Hear You, for "
9780814774410 - page_165: "START TEXT: example, remains circumspect with regard to acts of physical endearment between Jeff and Phil (the n" ******* END TEXT: "hing to permit talk about homosexuality, it is quite another matter to permit a homosexual to talk.\n"
9780814774410 - page_166: "START TEXT: A second political strategy, containment, acquires its potency by maintaining a distinction between " ******* END TEXT: "themselves alone precipitates the homosexual experience. In each of these novels, the homosexuality "
9780814774410 - page_167: "START TEXT: presumably belongs only in the characters’ pasts, not in their futures.\nA third political strategy c" ******* END TEXT: " gay or bisexual. While these characters—the unambiguously gay or bisexual—account for just over 50 "
9780814774410 - page_168: "START TEXT: percent of the twenty-one sexually suspect characters, 80 percent of the deaths are concentrated in " ******* END TEXT: "t.” What I am claiming is that when YA texts include homosexuality as a dimension of their content, "
9780814774410 - page_169: "START TEXT: the reviewers exhibit a pronounced tendency to vigorously downplay this dimension. The implication s" ******* END TEXT: "ity of presence and absence. The homosexual character, both present in and absenced from the novel, "
9780814774410 - page_170: "START TEXT: functions as a sort of ghost in the machine, a gay poltergeist whose role is central to the novel bu" ******* END TEXT: "assumption the topic it explores. At one point in the novel, the selfidentified gay narrator notes:\n"
9780814774410 - page_171: "START TEXT: I was going to write pages more about those seven weeks. I wanted you to understand what we were lik" ******* END TEXT: "that complacency in the face of oppression is not a neutral attitude. There is no happy, complacent "
9780814774410 - page_172: "START TEXT: medium: failure to actively resist oppression—whether that oppression appears in the courtroom, the " ******* END TEXT: "lume bibliography of young adult literature that includes the subject heading “male homosexuality.” "
9780814774410 - page_173: "START TEXT: I followed the lead of this reference guide not because the depictions of homosexuality in the novel" ******* END TEXT: "Judy Blume, review of Sticks and Stones, by Lynn Hall, New York Times Book Review, May 28, 1972: 8.\n"
9780814774410 - page_174: "START TEXT: 22. Review of The Center: From a Troubled Past to a New Life, by Carolyn Meyers, Kirkus Review, Sept" ******* END TEXT: "dman, Languages of Art (Indianapolis: Hacket, 1976), 38.\n25. Chambers, 163-64.\n26. Gittings, 108.\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_175: "START TEXT: 10. Self as Other: The Politics of Identity in the Works of Edmund White\nNicholas F. Radel\nThough Ed" ******* END TEXT: "al order” (1979, 115).\nWhite’s novels demonstrate the conflicting cultural impulses and ideological "
9780814774410 - page_176: "START TEXT: imperatives that undermine gay identity and, ultimately, gay community. They reveal the ways sociall" ******* END TEXT: "that homosexual acts would be seen as sinful and unorthodox. As is commonly known, the English word "
9780814774410 - page_177: "START TEXT: “buggery”—for a long time the preferred popular term that referred to a homosexual act—derives from " ******* END TEXT: "State”). More to the point, the development of this community, which seems posited on the idea of a "
9780814774410 - page_178: "START TEXT: distinct homosexual identity and culture, precludes the possibility of seeing homosexual behavior as" ******* END TEXT: " identify themselves as Subjects or they have been seduced by the advantages of remaining protected "
9780814774410 - page_179: "START TEXT: objects. Meredith Tax describes this collusion as being necessitated by the recognition of power. Fo" ******* END TEXT: "e growth and maturation of a young gay man. These novels were also written after White’s nonfiction "
9780814774410 - page_180: "START TEXT: travelogue States of Desire (1980b), a highly subjective account of White’s travels in gay America i" ******* END TEXT: "ng homosexual since we would have practiced homosexuality together. He’d be powerless” (1982, 213).\n"
9780814774410 - page_181: "START TEXT: The narrator’s action brings into focus two conflicting desires, the desire for sexual fulfillment a" ******* END TEXT: "ecognized, is to render the victim powerless and to label him unnatural. The narrator tells us that "
9780814774410 - page_182: "START TEXT: “each night Kevin [still] came to my bed, though now I no longer elaborated daydreams of running awa" ******* END TEXT: "e approached them as enemies to whom he must extend an ambiguous hand, one that when not offering a "
9780814774410 - page_183: "START TEXT: cold greeting could contract into a fist” (172). The novel reveals that these power relationships ar" ******* END TEXT: " and the sense of the narrator’s victimization is central to the ending of A Boy’s Own Story. White "
9780814774410 - page_184: "START TEXT: carefully avoids closing his novel tidily or giving the impression that it is progressing to a clima" ******* END TEXT: "etimes is that and is attractive to the narrator because it is); rather, the so-called crime proves "
9780814774410 - page_185: "START TEXT: to be no more than a normative definition of homosexuality that ostracizes gay men and divides them " ******* END TEXT: "resses himself and is not the victim of external forces, but rather, that he cannot challenge those "
9780814774410 - page_186: "START TEXT: forces. Dangerous public sex remains for the narrator the only outlet in a society that denies him l" ******* END TEXT: "ellow in a community. And yet, the ultimate effect of this insight is compromised, for the world at "
9780814774410 - page_187: "START TEXT: large fails to respond to the initial glimpse of gay men’s self-definition. Heady with anticipation," ******* END TEXT: " love, he fears, will make him local in place and time and define him as his lover’s accessory. The "
9780814774410 - page_188: "START TEXT: tension that results from his fear provides the surface meaning of the novel, and we find the narrat" ******* END TEXT: "rrator’s fleeing that self.\nIn a less abstract sense, the novel suggests that the narrator’s tragic "
9780814774410 - page_189: "START TEXT: limitation resides in his being objectified as an image. But though he imagines it is his ex-lover’s" ******* END TEXT: " though it explores that reality through the personal experience of one man. It is no accident that "
9780814774410 - page_190: "START TEXT: the novel opens and closes by evoking the rituals of promiscuous cruising—those fragments of gay lif" ******* END TEXT: "r her will (1983, 54-55). The novels make clear that cultural control of ideas about the homosexual "
9780814774410 - page_191: "START TEXT: directs the individual gay man’s control of himself. By internalizing his homosexual self as Other—a" ******* END TEXT: "though Sartre’s theory helps clarify White’s work, these novels—in the long run—interrogate Sartre.\n"
9780814774410 - page_192: "START TEXT: 3. Much of the following material has been synthesized from Donovan 1985, Chapter 5, “Feminism and E" ******* END TEXT: "ts, edited by George Stambolian and Elaine Marks, 114-21. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_193: "START TEXT: 11. Female Athlete = Lesbian: A Myth Constructed from Gendex Role Expectations and Lesbiphobia\nKaren" ******* END TEXT: "paign. He thanked me and sent me on my way. I never got past the front desk on a follow-up visit. I "
9780814774410 - page_194: "START TEXT: decided it was going to be an uphill battle to find a spot on any organized ballfield.\nIn junior and" ******* END TEXT: "st, lesbiphobic patriarchy. The first section will explore how role expectations in general are (1) "
9780814774410 - page_195: "START TEXT: socially constructed, (2) psychologically balanced, and (3) linguistically and nonlinguistically com" ******* END TEXT: "n serves to effectively limit the number and type of “roles” an individual may choose to construct.\n"
9780814774410 - page_196: "START TEXT: Maintaining a Psychological Balance\nAn important component of “self-definition” and thereby of its b" ******* END TEXT: "makes our physical world a manageable place, or helps us accept life’s mysteries … with serenity.”4\n"
9780814774410 - page_197: "START TEXT: Alan M. Olson, in his book Myth, Symbol, and Reality, writes, “It is difficult to think of a myth th" ******* END TEXT: "metaphors is their capability to direct or “clue” us as to how we should conceive a particular role "
9780814774410 - page_198: "START TEXT: because “we act according to the way we conceive of things.”11 One ramification of this “acting” res" ******* END TEXT: "ie Anderson and Judith Zinsser confirm that “women traditionally have been viewed first as women, a "
9780814774410 - page_199: "START TEXT: separate category of being.”13 These researchers confirm that division by sex seems to override “dif" ******* END TEXT: "tive to but less admirable in women or with an unfavorable implication to such qualities in men,”15 "
9780814774410 - page_200: "START TEXT: while “mannish” simply states “affectation of masculine traits or style by women.”16\nAnother listed " ******* END TEXT: "s. In the case of athletic activity, it has been males who have been most often equated as engaging "
9780814774410 - page_201: "START TEXT: in athletics. Nonlinguistically, the individuals most often perceived as playing the role of “athlet" ******* END TEXT: "papers reveals a sports section that includes stories on “girls’ track and field” as well as “boys’ "
9780814774410 - page_202: "START TEXT: track and field.” On the surface, this practice appears to be evidence of “progress” in regard to re" ******* END TEXT: "uberty. At this point, the emotional support is withdrawn and parental and peer pressure is exerted "
9780814774410 - page_203: "START TEXT: on the female to move from participation as an athlete to supportive spectator of male athletes.\nA f" ******* END TEXT: "g “lesbian.” The prototype operating in both cases is the female who is stepping out of her rigidly "
9780814774410 - page_204: "START TEXT: defined gendex role. The family resemblance allows individuals to construct a psychologically balanc" ******* END TEXT: "” and of the “lesbian” seem to merge together as each identifies as an “outsider” from their gendex "
9780814774410 - page_205: "START TEXT: role. The “reputation” of athletics as a haven for lesbians may encourage women who are in the proce" ******* END TEXT: "en to expand their socially constructed gendex roles. Both processes focus on learning to achieve a "
9780814774410 - page_206: "START TEXT: psychological balance that is centered around “choice” rather than “prescription.” Both processes co" ******* END TEXT: "leday-Anchor, 1959).\n13. Bonnie S. Anderson and Judith P. Zinsser, A History of Their Own: Women in "
9780814774410 - page_207: "START TEXT: Europe from Prehistory to the Present, vol. 1 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), xv.\n14. Ibid.\n15. Wi" ******* END TEXT: "Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\n"
9780814774410 - page_208: "START TEXT: Lowry, Shirley Park. 1982. Familiar Mysteries: The Truth in Myth. New York: Oxford University Press." ******* END TEXT: "ert Mead on Social Psychology: Selected Papers. Revised ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_209: "START TEXT: 12. The Politics of Self and Other\nLynn C. Miller\nIn Writing a Woman’s Life, Carolyn G. Heilbrun des" ******* END TEXT: "” marginalizes homosexuals, minorities, and those with physical/mental/emotional differences, among "
9780814774410 - page_210: "START TEXT: others. As the recent and continuing struggle over canon formation and maintenance demonstrates, cul" ******* END TEXT: "f these essays and issues for communication studies and suggest possibilities for further research.\n"
9780814774410 - page_211: "START TEXT: Silence and Self-Concept\nIn “Female Athlete = Lesbian,” Karen Peper relates her confusion as a young" ******* END TEXT: "lity is the natural sexuality.” Even now, the expression of homosexuality is muted in these novels, "
9780814774410 - page_212: "START TEXT: far more than depictions of violence against homosexuals. Fuoss goes on to say that “the texts publi" ******* END TEXT: " as never before.”4 He answers the skeptics who dismiss gay fiction as specialized or “ghettoized”:\n"
9780814774410 - page_213: "START TEXT: But those of us who write it are convinced that the potential audience for our work is no more circu" ******* END TEXT: "” The woman athlete is in a double bind, for precisely the qualities that are rewarded in athletics—"
9780814774410 - page_214: "START TEXT: aggression, independence, strength, power—are ascribed to masculinity in our culture. Thus for the f" ******* END TEXT: "ly those of marginality, silence, and the performance of gender, have been central to feminist film "
9780814774410 - page_215: "START TEXT: and literary studies, gender studies, and communication studies for some time. Concerns of marginali" ******* END TEXT: " relationships as frequently within a couple, the more masculine partner is seen by society as more "
9780814774410 - page_216: "START TEXT: powerful. As communication scholars, we need to study how communication patterns evolve in these int" ******* END TEXT: "hat feature nontraditional and cross-gender casting, need to be explored and analyzed. Cross-gender "
9780814774410 - page_217: "START TEXT: experiments in production expose the foundations of gender construction, illuminating our cultural p" ******* END TEXT: "ng Nonverbal Gender Display in Cross-Gender Performances,” Women’s Studies in Communication 9 (Fall "
9780814774410 - page_218: "START TEXT: 1986): 76-88; Sande Zeig, “The Actor as Activator: Deconstructing Gender through Gesture,” Women and" ******* END TEXT: ",” The Poetics of Gender, ed. Nancy K. Miller (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), 19-41.\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_219: "START TEXT: PART FOURInterpersonal Communication in Gay and Lesbian Relationships" ******* END TEXT: "PART FOURInterpersonal Communication in Gay and Lesbian Relationships"
9780814774410 - page_220: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_221: "START TEXT: 13. Self-Disclosure Behaviors of the Stigmatized: Strategies and Outcomes for the Revelation of Sexu" ******* END TEXT: "to tell, to let on or not to let on, to lie or not to lie, and in each case to whom, how, when, and "
9780814774410 - page_222: "START TEXT: where” (42). If one chooses to continue concealment, then one must develop strategies for covering a" ******* END TEXT: " trapping the listener into responding in a way which is not extraordinary. For instance, one might "
9780814774410 - page_223: "START TEXT: interject into a conversation, “As someone who is gay, I can speak to that issue” (101). If the gay " ******* END TEXT: "sions “could gain some useful perspective on this complex psychosocial process, and free themselves "
9780814774410 - page_224: "START TEXT: of some of the misleading and even dangerous assumptions, ignorance, and misinformation of the past”" ******* END TEXT: " to provide some important information for purposes other than that of estimating population norms” "
9780814774410 - page_225: "START TEXT: (Joseph et al., 1299). The aim of this project was to select a diverse sample of gay men from which " ******* END TEXT: "a. These three dimensions were direct-indirect, initiated-noninitiated, and justified-nonjustified. "
9780814774410 - page_226: "START TEXT: The dimensions were derived by expanding upon the classification system created by Wells and Kline (" ******* END TEXT: " among the three coders was reached, the three scores for each dimension were summed and divided by "
9780814774410 - page_227: "START TEXT: three so that every subject would have one composite score for each of the three dimensions.\nThe thr" ******* END TEXT: "ndirect, initiatednoninitiated, and justified-nonjustified. In the following pages these dimensions "
9780814774410 - page_228: "START TEXT: are described in greater detail. Examples of the actual episodes as described by the subjects are us" ******* END TEXT: "that Steve is gay?” I said no, that my roommate, Joe [in college] was gay and there was no problem. "
9780814774410 - page_229: "START TEXT: (Silence.) I faltered and said, “Would it bother you if your son was gay?” (Dead silence.) “Well,” I" ******* END TEXT: "est to those who study human relationships. When an important and risky message is revealed in this "
9780814774410 - page_230: "START TEXT: manner, the participants must truly interact The recipient of the disclosure is forced to extend his" ******* END TEXT: "highly justified, the rationale was linked to the relationship with the other person. By using this "
9780814774410 - page_231: "START TEXT: strategy, the gay man may have tried to soften the blow through flattery. If the discloser indicated" ******* END TEXT: "e on which to tell them. I gave myself a month to prepare. I then wrote to my uncle who I suspected "
9780814774410 - page_232: "START TEXT: was gay and told him about myself. He gave some advice. As it happens, my parents knew about him. On" ******* END TEXT: " as any to tell him. I said, “Father, I think that it is possible that I’m gay.” He said, “I know.”\n"
9780814774410 - page_233: "START TEXT: The data revealed the variability of the initiation of stigmatizing disclosure; however, further inv" ******* END TEXT: ", 3). The complexity of the process frequently has been ignored. The findings in this study vividly "
9780814774410 - page_234: "START TEXT: illustrate the vital role the recipient of the disclosure plays in the formulation and the timing of" ******* END TEXT: " with different stigmatizing attributes and rely on data from both parties involved in the process.\n"
9780814774410 - page_235: "START TEXT: Perhaps an even more important issue is the nature of the communication that occurs in the days, wee" ******* END TEXT: "e persons after they disclose. See Ponse (330-31) and Schneider and Conrad (36) for vivid examples.\n"
9780814774410 - page_236: "START TEXT: 4. In addition to the studies that have discussed gay individuals (Cass, 219-35; Coleman, 31-43; Dan" ******* END TEXT: " Homosexuality 3: 31-43.\nDank, Barry M. 1971. “Coming Out in the Gay World.” Psychiatry 34: 180-95.\n"
9780814774410 - page_237: "START TEXT: de Monteflores, Carmen, and Stephen J. Schultz. 1978. “Coming Out: Similarities and Differences for " ******* END TEXT: "ine. 1987. “Self-Disclosure of Homosexual Orientation.” Journal of Social Psychology 127: 191-97.\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_238: "START TEXT: 14. Gender and Relationship Crises: Contrasting Reasons, Responses, and Relational Orientations\nJuli" ******* END TEXT: "stallized major reasons for ending relationships. Hill et al. found common reasons for break-ups to "
9780814774410 - page_239: "START TEXT: be boredom, divergent interests, and one or both partners’ preference for independence.5 Similarly, " ******* END TEXT: "y responsive than men.15\nExisting research further suggests women are inclined to address problems, "
9780814774410 - page_240: "START TEXT: while men tend to deny or avoid them.16 Support for this difference came from Wood’s finding that wo" ******* END TEXT: "ionship centered.”27\nFinally, directly relevant to the present research was Rusbult and Iwaniszek’s "
9780814774410 - page_241: "START TEXT: report that males, both heterosexual and gay, are more likely than females to respond to relational " ******* END TEXT: "ch attempts to understand individuals in their own terms, rather than those imposed by researchers.\n"
9780814774410 - page_242: "START TEXT: Analysis of Data\nFor this study, I examined gay men and lesbians’ retrospective accounts of crises i" ******* END TEXT: "d two lesbians academics to place themes I discerned within the context of gay and lesbian culture.\n"
9780814774410 - page_243: "START TEXT: Table 1Reported Reasons for Crises\n\nDefinition of Relationship Crises\nThere were striking and consis" ******* END TEXT: "nomy, seemed interrelated. A third reason, relationship dynamics, was far less salient in accounts.\n"
9780814774410 - page_244: "START TEXT: Problems in Partners. Seventeen of 20 gay men cited problems in partners as reasons for relationship" ******* END TEXT: "o elaborate these problems suggests they regarded them as self-evident reasons for dissatisfaction.\n"
9780814774410 - page_245: "START TEXT: A final category of partner problems was financial irresponsibility. Mentioned by over one-third of " ******* END TEXT: "e morality of rights relies on rules for what is fair, equal, or earned rather than what is needed.\n"
9780814774410 - page_246: "START TEXT: Relationship Dynamics. Only three men mentioned this reason and each cited a single, distinct issue:" ******* END TEXT: "others. Just as self and other are not conceived apart from a relationship, neither is a particular "
9780814774410 - page_247: "START TEXT: relationship isolated from a larger network. Thus, crisis may result when one commitment does not co" ******* END TEXT: " gave this woman a clear sense of what endangered her. While she wanted to accommodate her partner, "
9780814774410 - page_248: "START TEXT: neglecting or violating her own identity was too great a cost to incur. Other responses reiterated t" ******* END TEXT: "sonal growth was impeded.\nMy lover was 11 years younger. She had not realized her own potential. It "
9780814774410 - page_249: "START TEXT: became necessary for her to strike out on her own in order to put her life into perspective.\nMy love" ******* END TEXT: "ese differences, like those in definitions of crises, cohere with research on gender socialization.\n"
9780814774410 - page_250: "START TEXT: Table 2Reported Responses to Crises\n\nGay Responses to Crises\nGay men reported their primary ways of " ******* END TEXT: "strategies: unilateral decision making, confrontation, and going to outsiders for personal support.\n"
9780814774410 - page_251: "START TEXT: The most often reported form of excluding partners was refusal to talk until a unilateral decision h" ******* END TEXT: " and a friend.\nI couldn’t talk with him [partner].\nI talked with friends who supported what I felt.\n"
9780814774410 - page_252: "START TEXT: Seeking counsel with others likely to agree with one’s position both excludes partners and protects " ******* END TEXT: "ntimates, and grounds moral judgments on abstract principles for which fairness is the cornerstone. "
9780814774410 - page_253: "START TEXT: Equally consistent with research on sex roles and with interpretations previously presented in this " ******* END TEXT: "ived crises as competitions in which one person wins at another’s expense: battle lines were drawn.\n"
9780814774410 - page_254: "START TEXT: Conceiving relationships hierarchically has been cogently critiqued by Bellah and his colleagues, wh" ******* END TEXT: "on our relationship.\nAnn and I talked often as we kept trying to make it work—sort of like progress "
9780814774410 - page_255: "START TEXT: checks to see how each other was. … We finally did split, but we were both glad we worked it through" ******* END TEXT: "ive up just because there was a problem. We both expressed a desire to find ways of making it work.\n"
9780814774410 - page_256: "START TEXT: I was scared, unsure that S and I could work it out, but it surely seemed worth the effort.\nWe tried" ******* END TEXT: "r and incorporating it into my psyche, I have [learned] … to juggle the unromantic, scary notion of "
9780814774410 - page_257: "START TEXT: being alone with the romantic, necessary ability to compromise.” Such critical self-scrutiny was rep" ******* END TEXT: "and attempts to accommodate a partner by adjusting personal expectations, behaviors, and attitudes.\n"
9780814774410 - page_258: "START TEXT: Eight women reported that understanding their partners’ views was essential to their overall respons" ******* END TEXT: "s in deference to those of another. To honor another may require reviewing one’s own values, but it "
9780814774410 - page_259: "START TEXT: does not call for abandoning them. This demonstrates the highest level of women’s moral development " ******* END TEXT: "wing consideration to partners.\n5. The predominant way gay men reported responding to crisis was to "
9780814774410 - page_260: "START TEXT: avoid interaction with partners. Gays also described substantial efforts to protect self-interest.\n6" ******* END TEXT: "and other studies awards primacy to individuals rather than relationships, separateness rather than "
9780814774410 - page_261: "START TEXT: interdependence, and rules to determine fairness rather than flexible criteria processually derived " ******* END TEXT: "Academic Press, 1982).\n4. L. A. Baxter, “Strategies for Ending Relationships: Two Studies,” Western "
9780814774410 - page_262: "START TEXT: Journal of Speech Communication 46 (1982): 223-41; L. A. Baxter, “Trajectories of Relationship Disen" ******* END TEXT: "evelopment, Dynamics, and Deterioration, ed. D. Pereleman and S. Duck (London: Sage, 1987), 209-38.\n"
9780814774410 - page_263: "START TEXT: 19. Gilligan 1982; C. Gilligan and G. Wiggins, “The Origins of Morality in Early Childhood Relations" ******* END TEXT: "rt: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).\n"
9780814774410 - page_264: "START TEXT: 39. Gilligan 1982: 12-19.\n40. Wood 1986.\n41. Rusbult 1987: 227.\n42. Rubin etal. 1981; A. W. Schaef, " ******* END TEXT: "o Men and Women Love Differently?” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 1 (1984): 177-95.\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_265: "START TEXT: 15. Gay and Lesbian Couple Relationships\nMary Anne Fitzpatrick, Fred E. Jandt, Fred L. Myrick, and T" ******* END TEXT: "les (Best 1979; Williamson and Fitzpatrick 1985) as well as patterns of conversational involvement, "
9780814774410 - page_266: "START TEXT: affect, and self-disclosure (Fitzpatrick 1988). Although we argue for the theoretical inclusiveness " ******* END TEXT: "mosexual couples has been through sexual exclusivity. That is, to what degree are partners sexually "
9780814774410 - page_267: "START TEXT: faithful to one another? Primarily, researchers have used this variable to create a dichotomous typo" ******* END TEXT: "rete types exist. And these types of couples communicate in different ways with different outcomes.\n"
9780814774410 - page_268: "START TEXT: A Typology of Marriage\nRelational typologies constitute a major breakthrough for therapists/counselo" ******* END TEXT: " offices), and do not keep regular time schedules yet tend to engage in rather than avoid conflict. "
9780814774410 - page_269: "START TEXT: Finally, couples who define themselves as separates are conventional on marital and family issues ye" ******* END TEXT: "ly but maintain both psychological and spatial distance. Most separates seek emotional support/rein "
9780814774410 - page_270: "START TEXT: forcement outside the relationship. Overall separates experience little direct conflict in their mar" ******* END TEXT: "s to a major random sample of heterosexual couples (Fitzpatrick and Indvik 1982). And we considered "
9780814774410 - page_271: "START TEXT: differences across the various types of couples on a number of factors such as demographics, sexual " ******* END TEXT: "did not compare responses before returning them to us. Of our 74 couples, 28 are traditional, 6 are "
9780814774410 - page_272: "START TEXT: independents and 10 are separates. The rest are evenly split among the mixed couples (e.g., traditio" ******* END TEXT: "nificant differences across the couple type as to views on monogamy (chi-square = 18.51; df = 10; p "
9780814774410 - page_273: "START TEXT: Our previous comparisons across couple types have grouped the lesbian and gay male couples. We have " ******* END TEXT: "y times the respondent admits to breaking the agreement on monogamy (chi-square = 36.26; df = 15; p "
9780814774410 - page_274: "START TEXT: couples say that AIDS had no effect on their intention to stay together. The data also suggest that " ******* END TEXT: "ere are significant differences by couple type concerning self risk (chi-square = 24.84; df = 15; p "
9780814774410 - page_275: "START TEXT: relational variables although not on the sociodemographic ones. This pattern of findings is in line " ******* END TEXT: "ve become more accepting of individual gay men and lesbians, but it may ironically still reject gay "
9780814774410 - page_276: "START TEXT: couples who are more likely to be traditional in values and roles than heterosexual couples.\nThe res" ******* END TEXT: ". Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press.\n———. 1988. Between Husbands and Wives. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.\n"
9780814774410 - page_277: "START TEXT: Fitzpatrick, M. A., and J. Indvik. 1982. “The instrumental and expressive domains of marital communi" ******* END TEXT: "terosexual couples on the circumplex model: An initial investigation.” Family Process 27: 471-84.\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_278: "START TEXT: 16. Reflections on Interpersonal Communication in Gay and Lesbian Relationships\nDorothy S. Painter\nP" ******* END TEXT: " both their questions and their answers from their theoretical assumptions, and all three are quite "
9780814774410 - page_279: "START TEXT: clear in this regard. The piece by Edgar is well grounded in the literature of self-disclosure resea" ******* END TEXT: "reted as strategies for relationship termination rather than crisis management (when crisis is used "
9780814774410 - page_280: "START TEXT: in a broader sense as it is in much of communication research). If the men and women in Wood’s study" ******* END TEXT: " opposite sex partner. In lesbian and gay partnerships, however, she states that one may see a more "
9780814774410 - page_281: "START TEXT: pure form of the sex-specific communication strategies that flow from the differing underlying value" ******* END TEXT: "ralizability. However, perhaps due to the heterosexual as norm phenomenon, when we (lesbian and gay "
9780814774410 - page_282: "START TEXT: researchers) do studies of gay and lesbian populations, there is a tendency to specifically name and" ******* END TEXT: "onal counselors need information to help them work with lesbian and gay couples; and the article by "
9780814774410 - page_283: "START TEXT: Fitzpatrick, Jandt, Myrick, and Edgar suggests that the information provided about couples can be us" ******* END TEXT: "ious aspects of meaning are accomplished by gay and lesbian speakers. Since identity is often a key "
9780814774410 - page_284: "START TEXT: element in “reading” the meaning of an utterance of a given speaker, we need to be concerned with ho" ******* END TEXT: "tures is a subject that permits examination of how the very nature of the concept of “community” is "
9780814774410 - page_285: "START TEXT: constituted and maintained. Areas of lesbian and gay people’s lives usually made invisible by the la" ******* END TEXT: "prehensive and in-depth understanding of the very nature and process of interpersonal communication."
9780814774410 - page_286: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_287: "START TEXT: PART FIVEComing Out in the Classroom" ******* END TEXT: "PART FIVEComing Out in the Classroom"
9780814774410 - page_288: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_289: "START TEXT: 17. Performing the (Lesbian) Self: Teacher as Text\nJacqueline Taylor\nCollege teaching is not new for" ******* END TEXT: " that this date is not, strictly speaking, prefeminist, prestructuralist, and pre-Stonewall, but at "
9780814774410 - page_290: "START TEXT: the small college I attended in Kentucky, and I suspect at many large metropolitan institutions as w" ******* END TEXT: "al experience as a source of knowledge. This is, of course, what “the personal is political” means.\n"
9780814774410 - page_291: "START TEXT: 5. Critiques hierarchical structures including the teacher-student hierarchy.\nPerformance of literat" ******* END TEXT: "al tradition, a gay male professor came out to the vice president and dean of faculties a few years "
9780814774410 - page_292: "START TEXT: ago. She assured him that she had known he was gay all along, and that DePaul did not care what he d" ******* END TEXT: " by any other means. The important point is that if I am to adequately account for how I see things "
9780814774410 - page_293: "START TEXT: from where I stand, I have to account for that in a lesbian voice. And teaching in a lesbian voice (" ******* END TEXT: "ica to bear on the discussion.\nIs my approach working? By some measures, it is working well. I have "
9780814774410 - page_294: "START TEXT: my job, I have tenure, I have the respect and trust of my colleagues to the extent that they have el" ******* END TEXT: "ice, I must acknowledge that it is a lesbian voice. Anything less than that is death to the spirit.\n"
9780814774410 - page_295: "START TEXT: Notes\n1. The work of Wallace Bacon is strongly identified with this argument. See, for instance, his" ******* END TEXT: "klash Clouds Reactions to Increased Tolerance.” Chronicle of Higher Education, September 23, A17.\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_296: "START TEXT: 18. Coming Out to Students: Notes from the College Classroom\nElenie Opffer\nSince the Stonewall Rebel" ******* END TEXT: "onfirming these reports, a number of college instructors have written of their personal experiences "
9780814774410 - page_297: "START TEXT: with homophobia on campus (Beck 1982; Bennett 1982; Brogan 1978; Gurko 1980; Manahan 1982; McDaniel " ******* END TEXT: " Jourard 1968). Educational researchers have found self-acceptance and self-disclosure particularly "
9780814774410 - page_298: "START TEXT: relevant to the teaching profession (Rogers 1983; Shui 1983). College teaching evaluators have found" ******* END TEXT: "ies used a personal approach to teaching about problems in personal and social identity (Beck 1982; "
9780814774410 - page_299: "START TEXT: Brogan 1978; Davenport 1982; Fontaine 1982; McDaniel 1980). They found a need to model reflection an" ******* END TEXT: "and terrifying” to students. Those students unsure of their own sexuality tended to feel threatened "
9780814774410 - page_300: "START TEXT: while closeted lesbians felt pressured to come out. However, she felt that the stress offered a uniq" ******* END TEXT: "he classroom. I interviewed a total of seventeen college instructors in the San Francisco Bay Area.\n"
9780814774410 - page_301: "START TEXT: I obtained topical life histories in private, face-to-face, intensive interviews. The interviews wer" ******* END TEXT: "ductive professional. The openness of the instructor may also serve an affective need. The openness "
9780814774410 - page_302: "START TEXT: of the instructor frequently creates a safer climate for students, gay or straight, to disclose pers" ******* END TEXT: "ons for coming out. Coming out increased effectiveness in a variety of ways. First of all, it freed "
9780814774410 - page_303: "START TEXT: teachers from worries that students would discover they were gay and lose respect for them. The ener" ******* END TEXT: "y rights rallies or riots. Eight subjects stated they felt a need to be honest while one emphasized "
9780814774410 - page_304: "START TEXT: ethical reasons for coming out. Six people expressed a need to feel fully integrated as human beings" ******* END TEXT: "ire to see more lesbian and gay teachers hold power positions in academia as a gay rights strategy.\n"
9780814774410 - page_305: "START TEXT: How Did You Choose to Come Out?\nThe previous section on reasons for coming out to students underscor" ******* END TEXT: "ationships, or discussed lesbian or gay issues and culture from a personal perspective. Discussions "
9780814774410 - page_306: "START TEXT: on communication, relationships, philosophy, contemporary events, or social issues sparked a need to" ******* END TEXT: "sbian and gay issues. She noted that students frequently research areas they themselves are dealing "
9780814774410 - page_307: "START TEXT: with, and feels her coming out serves an affective as well as academic function.\nSix participants re" ******* END TEXT: " her lesbian identity very overt. In her experience, just announcing she worked in the gay movement "
9780814774410 - page_308: "START TEXT: did not clue all students into her lesbian identity. Kerry stated that she incorporated it into her " ******* END TEXT: " I needed to be very cautious, to close back up again. To be more tentative, so for about a week, I "
9780814774410 - page_309: "START TEXT: wavered back and forth with all sorts of weird feelings. And all of a sudden, it became very comfort" ******* END TEXT: " until they had tenure to assure themselves of university backing. One instructor felt it was safer "
9780814774410 - page_310: "START TEXT: once she had received favorable results on a formal teaching effectiveness evaluation. Three instruc" ******* END TEXT: "school level by announcing myself in class as a second phase. I finally got to the point where if I "
9780814774410 - page_311: "START TEXT: made public appearances, like out in the community or on TV or something, I was capable of saying I " ******* END TEXT: " I don’t play a lot of games. So I’m more likely to come out than some people because I can’t stand "
9780814774410 - page_312: "START TEXT: any kind of dishonesty. It bothers me a lot. I’m less likely than other people because I can’t stand" ******* END TEXT: "ns and stereotypes. Individuals stated that they measured effects by looking at the class dynamics.\n"
9780814774410 - page_313: "START TEXT: Christine: Later on the repercussions in that class [were] that the class got even better than it wa" ******* END TEXT: "g. … She was convinced that this writing was trash, and that I had just decided that because it was "
9780814774410 - page_314: "START TEXT: lesbian, and I was a lesbian, I didn’t have proper standards because my thinking was skewed toward m" ******* END TEXT: "en expectations aren’t met.\nThe effect on individual students mirrored the classroom responses, but "
9780814774410 - page_315: "START TEXT: was reflected in students’ individual work. Students felt safe to disclose more personal information" ******* END TEXT: "an and that I had something else beside that. I lost my whole career with my being a lesbian thing. "
9780814774410 - page_316: "START TEXT: So since 1971, it’s been a process of regaining my professional life in the face of my being open ab" ******* END TEXT: "preference to the entire class. Such an approach was made possible by the symbols such as clothing, "
9780814774410 - page_317: "START TEXT: jewelry, dress, buttons, and hairstyles that can indicate membership in the lesbian, gay, or bisexua" ******* END TEXT: "mfort and practice with one’s sexual identity and teaching also played a significant role in easing "
9780814774410 - page_318: "START TEXT: public disclosure. Finally, individuals with strong convictions on the necessity of coming out found" ******* END TEXT: "icating a need to get a more representative sample. Given the sensitivity of the subject matter and "
9780814774410 - page_319: "START TEXT: impossibility of a random sample, a quota sampling method may generate a more representative group.\n" ******* END TEXT: ". “Introduction.” In Gayspeak: Gay Male and Lesbian Communication, ix-xvi. New York: Pilgrim Press.\n"
9780814774410 - page_320: "START TEXT: Crew, L. 1978a. “Before Emancipation: Gay Persons as Viewed by Chairpersons in English.” In The Gay " ******* END TEXT: "Lesbian Professor.” In The Lesbian Path, ed. M. Cruikshank, 160-65. Tallahassee, Fla.: Naiad Press.\n"
9780814774410 - page_321: "START TEXT: McKeachie, W. J. 1970. “Research on College Teaching: A Review.” Washington, D.C.: Educational Resou" ******* END TEXT: ". J. Barry. 1975. College Professors and Their Impact on Students. New York: John Wiley and Sons.\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_322: "START TEXT: 19. Coming Out in the Classroom: Faculty Disclosures of Sexuality\nR. Jeffrey Ringer\nThe Caucus for G" ******* END TEXT: "ed said that hiring a known homosexual would pose serious difficulties, and 84 percent held serious "
9780814774410 - page_323: "START TEXT: reservations about hiring a gay activist. Similar attitudes were found among the chairs of English d" ******* END TEXT: "xtent do members of the caucus reveal their sexuality and what is the context of these discussions?\n"
9780814774410 - page_324: "START TEXT: R3: What issues are important to consider when deciding whether or not to reveal one’s sexuality in " ******* END TEXT: "cation, Social Studies, Women’s Studies, Humanities, and Rhetoric and Communication Studies. Twenty "
9780814774410 - page_325: "START TEXT: three of the respondents identified themselves as homosexual (including both gay men and lesbians), " ******* END TEXT: "eterosexual and homosexual relationships\n• language and sublanguage\n• consistency needs\n• semantics\n"
9780814774410 - page_326: "START TEXT: • gay slang\n• sexuality\n• responses to a joke about a person with AIDS\nFor the Fundamentals course t" ******* END TEXT: "o the first research question. This question asked if respondents had ever brought a gay or lesbian "
9780814774410 - page_327: "START TEXT: person into their classes to discuss homosexuality. Six individuals indicated that they had. One per" ******* END TEXT: "lass evaluations months later. Another person revealed his homosexuality during a person-perception "
9780814774410 - page_328: "START TEXT: exercise in which students talk about their self-image and compare it to how others see them. This p" ******* END TEXT: "the personal purposes were: grandslamming, catharsis, and expected outcome (e.g., role model). Five "
9780814774410 - page_329: "START TEXT: said job security. Four said the effect on learning. These responses implied that the disclosure mig" ******* END TEXT: " are considering coming out.\nThis research project was limited by several factors, particularly the "
9780814774410 - page_330: "START TEXT: sample. The questionnaire was distributed to members of the Caucus on Gay and Lesbian Concerns. Ther" ******* END TEXT: "iewed by Chairpersons in English.” In The Gay Academic, 3-48. Palm Springs, Cal.: ETC Publications.\n"
9780814774410 - page_331: "START TEXT: D’Emilio, John. 1987a. “Homosexual Professors Owe It to Their Students to Come Out.” Chronicle of Hi" ******* END TEXT: " In Communication Yearbook 4, edited by Dan Nimmo, 533-52. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books.\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_332: "START TEXT: 20. Ways of Coming Out in the Classroom\nMercilee M. Jenkins\nComing out in the classroom is a strikin" ******* END TEXT: " the classroom? Most don’t. Those who did not reveal their own sexuality acknowledged that it might "
9780814774410 - page_333: "START TEXT: be appropriate at times for gay and lesbian faculty members to do so, but they considered their own " ******* END TEXT: "studies done on homosexuals.\nAs a bisexual feminist, I feel we are a group whose existence needs to "
9780814774410 - page_334: "START TEXT: be acknowledged by the gay and lesbian academic community. We are a very rich source of data on all " ******* END TEXT: "erience for students and teachers that is as important as anything else to be learned at college.\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_335: "START TEXT: Contributors\nJAMES W. CHESEBRO (Ph.D., University of Minnesota, 1972) is Chair and Professor of Comm" ******* END TEXT: "85) is Assistant Professor in the Department of Speech and Theatre Arts at St. Lawrence University.\n"
9780814774410 - page_336: "START TEXT: LARRY GROSS (Ph.D., Columbia University, 1968) is Professor of Communication at the Annenberg School" ******* END TEXT: "iversity, 1978) is Academic Counselor and Staff Assistant in the Colleges of the Arts and Sciences, "
9780814774410 - page_337: "START TEXT: and is Adjunct Assistant Professor of Women’s Studies, both at the Ohio State University.\nKAREN PEPE" ******* END TEXT: "ersity, 1975) is Professor of Speech Communication at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill."
9780814774410 - page_338: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_339: "START TEXT: Name Index\nAddessa, R., 145, 156\nAlioto, J. L., 27\nAllen, R. C, 92, 106\nAltaian, D., 50, 70, 71, 92," ******* END TEXT: "bach, D., 58\nCline, R., 233, 236\nCoates, D., 222, 236\nCobhen, L., 206\nCochran, S. D., 263, 267, 276\n"
9780814774410 - page_340: "START TEXT: Cody, M., 239, 262\nColby, D. C, 91, 92, 106\nColeman, D., 236\nComstock, G., 145, 155\nConger, R., 61, " ******* END TEXT: "ck, W. A., 277\nGross, L., 144, 145, 146, 153, 156\nGurko, J., 297, 299, 320\nGuthrie, S. R., 203, 207\n"
9780814774410 - page_341: "START TEXT: Habermas, J., 48, 69\nHale, J. L., 265, 276\nHall, L., 162, 167, 173\nHall, S., 28\nHalpern, D., 192\nHam" ******* END TEXT: "., 263\nMalinowski, B., 70\nManahan, N., 297, 299, 321\nMannion, K., 263\nMarcuse, H., 69\nMarks, M., 19\n"
9780814774410 - page_342: "START TEXT: Marmor, J., 70\nMarrow, J., 267, 277\nMatthews, M., 58\nMattison, A. M., 267, 276\nMcCall, G. J., 300, 3" ******* END TEXT: " 237\nSchultz, S., 237\nSchur, E., 51\nSchwartz, P., 240, 245, 260, 263, 276\nSchweickart, P., 216, 217\n"
9780814774410 - page_343: "START TEXT: Scoppettone, S., 164, 172\nScott, M., 237, 330, 331\nScott, R. L., 88\nSedgwick, E., 212, 217\nSegrest, " ******* END TEXT: " 107, 108, 121\nZeig, S., 216, 218\nZijderveld, A. C, 26, 27\nZimmerman, B., 290\nZinnser, J., 198, 206 "
9780814774410 - page_344: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774410 - page_345: "START TEXT: Subject Index\nAB70 (Wisconsin’s gay rights bill), 58-60\nAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), " ******* END TEXT: "disclosure\nCommunication, in gay and lesbian relationships, 265-66;\nand relationship crisis, 239-41\n"
9780814774410 - page_346: "START TEXT: Compulsory heterosexuality, 107\nConflict, and relationship crisis, 239-41;\nin RDI, 268, 270\nContainm" ******* END TEXT: "tion, 32-34;\nand trademark law, 34-39\nInterpersonal conflict. See Conflict, and relationship crisis\n"
9780814774410 - page_347: "START TEXT: Intimacy, 241\nItalian humanists, 10\nJustified-nonjustified disclosure of sexual orientation, 227, 23" ******* END TEXT: "mittee (SFAA vs. USOC), 30, 31, 81, 85;\nand state action, 39-42;\nand statutory construction, 32-34;\n"
9780814774410 - page_348: "START TEXT: and trademark law, 34-39\nSartre, Jean-Paul, 178, 191\nSave Our Children, 55-57\nSecond Sex, The, 192\nS" ******* END TEXT: "09\nYear in the Life, A, 92-106\nYoung adult (YA) fiction, 211, 213;\ngeneral description of, 161-62\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_10: "START TEXT: CONTRIBUTIONS TO OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY\nThe task of identifying various contributions, other than F" ******* END TEXT: "sposal of its sadistic tendencies—with its teeth, nails and excreta and with the whole of its body, "
9780814774434 - page_11: "START TEXT: transformed in imagination into all kinds of dangerous weapons—presents a horrifying, not to say unb" ******* END TEXT: "ate goal of libido is the objert” (1952, 31; italics Fairbairn’s). Although Fairbairn did not fully "
9780814774434 - page_12: "START TEXT: and officially liberate himself from the concept of libido, he may be said to have done so in a virt" ******* END TEXT: "s influence. Not being a systematic theorist may have made it easier for him to retain his official "
9780814774434 - page_13: "START TEXT: allegiance to traditional instinct theory while in practice he sustained a decidedly person-oriented" ******* END TEXT: "xuality and/or aggression could not be understood in object-relational terms, as resulting from too "
9780814774434 - page_14: "START TEXT: great and too early deprivations of mothering and general frustration of healthy development in his " ******* END TEXT: "ces tension in the mothering one, which tension is experienced as tenderness and as an impulsion to "
9780814774434 - page_15: "START TEXT: activities toward the relief of the infant’s needs” (1953, 39). The second one reads, “The tension o" ******* END TEXT: "mary psychological configuration. . . . The primary psychological configuration (of which the drive "
9780814774434 - page_16: "START TEXT: is only a constituent) is the experience of the relation between the self and the empathic self-obje" ******* END TEXT: "d with philosophical and factual errors and fallacies that nothing less than discarding the concept "
9780814774434 - page_17: "START TEXT: of drive or instinct will do” (1976, 159). He proposes, in lieu of it, to focus on Freud’s concept o" ******* END TEXT: "). In Modern Psychoanalytic Concepts in a General Psychology (1977) they elaborate those paradigms.\n"
9780814774434 - page_18: "START TEXT: Breger’s critique of Freud’s theory of sexuality contends that the meta-psychology brings together “" ******* END TEXT: ". Little continues: “I did not know what ‘myself’ was; sexuality (even if known) was totally irrele "
9780814774434 - page_19: "START TEXT: vant and meaningless unless existence and survival could be taken for granted, and personal identity" ******* END TEXT: "ing that humans are inescapably individual creatures and the other that they are unavoidably social "
9780814774434 - page_20: "START TEXT: creatures (1983, 403). Claiming further that “model mixing is unstable” (403), they argue that “it i" ******* END TEXT: "A Theory in Crisis (1988), especially that portion of the work focusing on the theory of sexuality. "
9780814774434 - page_21: "START TEXT: We have but to weed the garden of psychoanalysis of its stagnating, choking overgrowth, believes Ede" ******* END TEXT: "s not ordinarily take precedence over the need of human beings for emotionally significant personal "
9780814774434 - page_22: "START TEXT: attachments, including not only the initial and highly instinctive attachment of child to parent but" ******* END TEXT: " relationship of self to other in this scheme of things constitutes a separate but related issue.\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_3: "START TEXT: 1.DRIVE VERSUS PERSON: TWO ORIENTATIONS\nOne’s choice of terms always has consequences. So does one’s" ******* END TEXT: "ponse to his work in this area. Can we rely on the innovations of Melanie Klein, who still has many "
9780814774434 - page_4: "START TEXT: followers? Or can we perhaps find better guidance in the work of Fair-bairn, or Winnicott, or Guntri" ******* END TEXT: "detail for sexual behavior?\nThe essential problem for the psychoanalyst, as Schafer sees it, is the "
9780814774434 - page_5: "START TEXT: problem of “finding the right balance” (1983, 293). He refers specifically to how much emphasis shou" ******* END TEXT: "d some of his followers without excluding the possibility of the presence of traces of drive theory "
9780814774434 - page_6: "START TEXT: in the positions of figures who are fundamentally person-oriented, like Winnicott. A clearer, more p" ******* END TEXT: "ne: “A child’s first erotic object is the mother’s breast that nourishes it; love has its origin in "
9780814774434 - page_7: "START TEXT: attachment to the satisfied need for nourishment” (1940, 188). He adds, in the language of seduction" ******* END TEXT: "r-communicating pipes” (15In); these “mental forces” can be dammed up, and “diverted” (178), and of "
9780814774434 - page_8: "START TEXT: course “repressed”; in some cases “the libido behaves like a stream whose main bed has become blocke" ******* END TEXT: "to sexual factors “no more significance than any other emotional source of feeling” (1906, 272), he "
9780814774434 - page_9: "START TEXT: eventually arrives at a different decision: “The unique significance of sexual experiences in the ae" ******* END TEXT: " “libidinal” by “emotional” for such a passage to be harmonious with a person-oriented perspective.\n"
9780814774434 - page_23: "START TEXT: 2.TOWARD A UNIFIED THEORY OF OBJECT RELATIONS\nOne of the tasks facing anyone discussing object relat" ******* END TEXT: "tinguished from Kohut’s self psychology) overlap so much as to make their concerns virtually insepa "
9780814774434 - page_24: "START TEXT: rable within the territory of psychoanalysis, provided, of course, that one assumes that psychoanaly" ******* END TEXT: "4) aligns his views of object relations theory with attachment theory. Though other examples of par "
9780814774434 - page_25: "START TEXT: rial integration of these theories could be mentioned, the task of systematically combining the most" ******* END TEXT: ", speaking of attachment theory, “The central importance of social relationships (in psychoanalytic "
9780814774434 - page_26: "START TEXT: terms, ‘object relations’) in shaping the person’s emotional and cognitive growth is the clinical es" ******* END TEXT: " his followers’ contributions.\nAfter relating the anecdote about Fairbairn’s question to the abused "
9780814774434 - page_27: "START TEXT: child, Guntrip mentions that the story illustrates Fairbairn’s concern about the quality of parent-c" ******* END TEXT: " they are not erotic, the need for attachment itself being the primary instinct in operation. What, "
9780814774434 - page_28: "START TEXT: then, may be said concerning the relation of attachment behavior to sexual behavior, especially when" ******* END TEXT: " particularly good instance of Bowlby’s use of “presence” and “absence” in a non-literal way occurs "
9780814774434 - page_29: "START TEXT: when he writes, “A mother can be physically present but “emotionally’absent. What this means, of cou" ******* END TEXT: "unconsciously be projected onto outside others, or invested, by identification, in some outside per "
9780814774434 - page_30: "START TEXT: son, such as a religious or political leader (Freud 1921). And, to complicate the situation, what wa" ******* END TEXT: "lyst for whom the object-relationship has to be studied essentially in terms of phantasy (though of "
9780814774434 - page_31: "START TEXT: course phantasies can modify the apprehension of reality and actions directed towards reality)” (197" ******* END TEXT: " a plane,\n\nHe jumped into the rocket and its trajectoryDrilled clean through her heart he kept on\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_32: "START TEXT: And it was cosy in the rocket, he could not see muchBut he peered out through the portholes at Creat" ******* END TEXT: "ecomes internalized by Hughes, then eventually projected onto Crow’s Mama, an attribution that I as "
9780814774434 - page_33: "START TEXT: reader subsequently introject, match with internalizations of my own, and then respond to—or not, as" ******* END TEXT: "t of experience (1983, 299) and that for Mahler the self is “less a functional unit than a critical "
9780814774434 - page_34: "START TEXT: developmental achievement” (300). Winnicott postulates the existence of a spectrum of selfhood integ" ******* END TEXT: "chology eventually confesses, “My investigation contains hundreds of pages dealing with the psychol "
9780814774434 - page_35: "START TEXT: ogy of the self—yet it never assigns an inflexible meaning to the term self, it never explains how t" ******* END TEXT: "s to commit a category mistake in that controlling anything is one of the constitutive features, or "
9780814774434 - page_36: "START TEXT: one of the referents, of what we mean by self. We would not say that a thermostat controls a thermos" ******* END TEXT: "system,” which for him is essentially “an organization of educative experience called into being by "
9780814774434 - page_37: "START TEXT: the necessity to avoid or to minimize incidents of anxiety” (1953, 165). The father of systems theor" ******* END TEXT: "dess continue to be formulated, it seems almost inevitable that the more valuable ones will incorpo "
9780814774434 - page_38: "START TEXT: rate systemic perspectives. If systems models of self become increasingly accepted in psychoanalysis" ******* END TEXT: " Lichtenstein’s theory of selfhood, as identity theory, focuses as much on self as on other. As for "
9780814774434 - page_39: "START TEXT: the implication that self theory appears by its very name to favor self over other, what matters in " ******* END TEXT: "such as “internal objects.” When analysts employ the term internalization, he writes, “we refer not "
9780814774434 - page_40: "START TEXT: to a fantasy but to a psychological process, and we are saying that a shift of event, action, or sit" ******* END TEXT: "play in this warehouse, in addition to a series of six selfobjects, the first of which he calls the "
9780814774434 - page_41: "START TEXT: “Background Subject-Object of Primary Identification,” the bedazzled reader encounters—successively—" ******* END TEXT: "ct is conceptualized as interiorized interaction, rather than unilateral action per se” (1986, 28).\n"
9780814774434 - page_42: "START TEXT: One topic of immense significance for object relations theory is the internalization of personal mea" ******* END TEXT: "l course of giving up the lost object at the behest of reality is not available because “grief is a "
9780814774434 - page_43: "START TEXT: reaction to the disintegration of the whole structure of meaning dependent on this relationship rath" ******* END TEXT: "9) of the kind that develops into areas of interest in the (superficially) nonpersonal world.\n* * *\n"
9780814774434 - page_44: "START TEXT: REORIENTING PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY\nWhereas Pine (1988) speaks with uncritical syncretism about “the f" ******* END TEXT: "logy. It will build a theory of motivation and conflict on the foundation provided by an attachment "
9780814774434 - page_45: "START TEXT: theory expanded to include all meaningful features of object relations theory, classical and contemp" ******* END TEXT: " environment as it regulates itself and its organism’s personal interaction with the outside world.\n"
9780814774434 - page_46: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_49: "START TEXT: 3.FREUD’S CASES REREAD\nBy early in the last decade of the nineteenth century Freud had become preocc" ******* END TEXT: " rereading of Freud’s cases shows that his explanations along libidinal lines do not hold up, being "
9780814774434 - page_50: "START TEXT: variously ancillary, forced, inconsistent, irrelevant, exaggerated, suppositions, and sometimes down" ******* END TEXT: ", Anna envisions, during the night at her father’s bedside, a waking dream (hallucination) of being "
9780814774434 - page_51: "START TEXT: unable to prevent a menacing black snake from approaching her father’s bed (for the purpose of bitin" ******* END TEXT: "ment” in “all the intimate information given me by the patient” (103). Freud simply assumes she has "
9780814774434 - page_52: "START TEXT: emended her life story in this regard into “a bowdlerized edition.” He freely concedes that he feels" ******* END TEXT: "the man who made the sexual advances was not Katharina’s uncle but her father! While admitting that "
9780814774434 - page_53: "START TEXT: this “distortion” was a mistake, Freud neglects to elaborate in any way on the implications of this " ******* END TEXT: "s thought flashes through her mind concerning her sister’s husband: “Now he is free again and I can "
9780814774434 - page_54: "START TEXT: be his wife” (156). As part of his overview of the case, Freud concludes that the hysterical pain in" ******* END TEXT: " of Freud’s attention to sexual matters increases exponentially as compared to Studies on Hysteria. "
9780814774434 - page_55: "START TEXT: “Sexuality is the key,” he trumpets in his finale to the case. “Sexuality provides the motive power " ******* END TEXT: "that constitute, insofar as they become synthesized, her adult, genitally oriented sexuality, these "
9780814774434 - page_56: "START TEXT: questions remain: To what extent do sexual factors affect her adult object relations and to what ext" ******* END TEXT: " following one, Freud speaks of matters allowing today’s readers to switch to the object-relational "
9780814774434 - page_57: "START TEXT: track instead. Freud writes of the probability that the traces of oedipal feeling in all of us “must" ******* END TEXT: "hments of children to parental figures must be regarded as founded on physical closeness, emotional "
9780814774434 - page_58: "START TEXT: responsiveness, security, a sense of self-worth, and above all on what Erikson calls basic trust, th" ******* END TEXT: "can he make wee-wee without conflict? When he is three and a half years old, his mother, seeing his "
9780814774434 - page_59: "START TEXT: hand on his penis, spontaneously performs her official Freudian function by threatening him: “If you" ******* END TEXT: "hat bites. When Hans mentions what Lizzi’s father said to her as she was departing,—“Don’t put your "
9780814774434 - page_60: "START TEXT: finger to the white horse or it’ll bite you”—Freud responds to this undistorted report of a real eve" ******* END TEXT: "he sees through the lens of attachment theory is the evidence the case provides that Hans’s anxiety "
9780814774434 - page_61: "START TEXT: about leaving home precedes the form it later takes of an animal phobia, and that the phobia signifi" ******* END TEXT: "ather and Freud! By the time they are through indoctrinating him with their explanations (of things "
9780814774434 - page_62: "START TEXT: like widdlers that bite), it is no wonder his castration anxiety becomes heightened.\nIronically, it " ******* END TEXT: "figure, and at the same time relating to his beloved father by identifying with his marital status.\n"
9780814774434 - page_63: "START TEXT: RAT MAN\nOf all the cases being discussed, that of Rat Man (“Notes Upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosi" ******* END TEXT: "ainst his father at the age of three when, innocent of swear words, he hurls such terms of abuse at "
9780814774434 - page_64: "START TEXT: his father as “You lamp! You towel! You plate!” (205). Another explanatory line takes the form of hy" ******* END TEXT: " that there was “an occurrence of this kind” in early childhood, only, as it turns out when Rat Man "
9780814774434 - page_65: "START TEXT: interrogates his mother, what he had done at the age of three was to bite someone. This was the occa" ******* END TEXT: "ository of moral authority in the nuclear family, he will carry out punishment for any misbehavior, "
9780814774434 - page_66: "START TEXT: just as he presumably did in the biting episode. “Something must happen” includes both the fear of e" ******* END TEXT: "ines, in session, that Freud’s mother stands in despair as all her children are being hanged (284). "
9780814774434 - page_67: "START TEXT: Distinct from such nonsexual, nonanal fantasies are the following ones. Rat Man thinks about Frau Pr" ******* END TEXT: "his family picks out for him to marry. Even Gisela comes in for her share of Rat Man’s ambivalence. "
9780814774434 - page_68: "START TEXT: Once, when she lies ill in bed, Rat Man suddenly wishes “she might lie like that forever” (1909b, 19" ******* END TEXT: "the extent to which they are sexual in nature). Freud even goes so far as to venture this startling "
9780814774434 - page_69: "START TEXT: comparison: “Schreber’s ‘rays of God,’ which are made up of a condensation of the sun’s rays, of ner" ******* END TEXT: "the transformation of a male object into a female object.) Freud shows, of course, that the “he” is "
9780814774434 - page_70: "START TEXT: God, and also Dr. Flechsig, and by extension the psychological father, though Freud explicidy discri" ******* END TEXT: "ion of adultomorphization, how, in so patriarchical a society, would the highly stratified power is "
9780814774434 - page_71: "START TEXT: relationships of father and son be represented metaphorically when those relationships were loving o" ******* END TEXT: "stress-plus-separation as distinct from what Freud claims, namely that “the mere presence of his is "
9780814774434 - page_72: "START TEXT: wife must have acted as a protection against the attractive power of the men about him” (1911, 45). " ******* END TEXT: " Freud ever satisfactorily understood this patient” (1969, 262). True or not, the case does pose is "
9780814774434 - page_73: "START TEXT: many problems, Freud’s apologies notwithstanding. One problem arises because Freud decided to write—" ******* END TEXT: "d, and then take hold of his genitals.” Far from regarding this episode as comical and harmless, is "
9780814774434 - page_74: "START TEXT: Freud holds this “seduction” responsible for inducing sexual passivity in the boy and for stimulatin" ******* END TEXT: "ects to be concerned about veridicality, depicts the recovery by Wolf Man of the recollection of is "
9780814774434 - page_75: "START TEXT: anxiety he experiences as a child at seeing a butterfly he had been chasing land on a flower, a scen" ******* END TEXT: "at did he need analysis for?\nThis question leads to a brief consideration of some of the object- is "
9780814774434 - page_76: "START TEXT: relational features of the case, beginning with the ambiguity surrounding the events and circumstanc" ******* END TEXT: " who eventually becomes his wife: Therese. Regarding the depression he had been suffering at the is "
9780814774434 - page_77: "START TEXT: school in St. Petersburg, Wolf Man says that whereas “the main symptom of my condition had been the " ******* END TEXT: "cts lay in the experience of painful encounters with, or losses of, emotionally important others.\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_100: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_78: "START TEXT: 4.GABRIELLE, ANNA, RENEE, JOEY: FOUR CASE HISTORIES\nThe cases discussed in this chapter have been se" ******* END TEXT: "hat what the group of analysts whose approach he criticizes have in common conforms to the drive is "
9780814774434 - page_79: "START TEXT: oriented approach, whereas Peterfreund’s own assumptions reflect the person-oriented approach to obj" ******* END TEXT: "ted.” Like the as-if and false-self figures to be discussed in Chapter 6, Mrs. A. feels she must is "
9780814774434 - page_80: "START TEXT: “create a superstructure, a facade to conceal the nothingness. I always copy and become like others." ******* END TEXT: "babacar,” Winnicott launches one of his most crucial interpretations when Gabrielle asks him during "
9780814774434 - page_81: "START TEXT: the second session, “Do you know about the babacar?” After twice asking her to tell him what it is, " ******* END TEXT: "nd hostility. She no longer plays “with any concentration now” (7). Identity problems crop up. “She "
9780814774434 - page_82: "START TEXT: hardly even admits to being herself. She is either the baba, or more often the mummy. ‘The Piga [Pig" ******* END TEXT: "nicott cannot credit the undeniable importance in this case of the theme of birth without insisting "
9780814774434 - page_83: "START TEXT: simultaneously on the probable relevance, even for a two-year-old, of the mechanics of begetting bab" ******* END TEXT: "decrease of attention from her mother subsequendy. Thus it may be that many of Winnicott’s sexually "
9780814774434 - page_84: "START TEXT: oriented interpretations serve Gabrielle’s needs—not because of but in spite of their sexual focus—f" ******* END TEXT: "ein’s famous paper on “Identity and Sexuality” (1961) was a prostitute, it would seem to be impossi "
9780814774434 - page_85: "START TEXT: ble to erase the significance of sexual elements in the case history of Anna, the principal source o" ******* END TEXT: "er, who often places her in foster homes while she is on the road, is profoundly ambivalent, “being "
9780814774434 - page_86: "START TEXT: at once both passionate and deeply resentful” (213). “For Anna, her mother was the most beautiful wo" ******* END TEXT: "man—or madness itself. “He comes to make love to her, but while doing so, he destroys both her body "
9780814774434 - page_87: "START TEXT: and her mind,” an experience she imagines as one of ecstatic happiness (219). Anna calls the followi" ******* END TEXT: "at has caused him his miseries and I feel compassion so deep that I usually have indigestion. (229)\n"
9780814774434 - page_88: "START TEXT: For Lichtenstein, the implications of this letter are mixed. Anna’s capacity to fall in love with a " ******* END TEXT: "f being at one with Ray, not just in intercourse, metaphorically expresses a virtually universal hu "
9780814774434 - page_89: "START TEXT: man need for emotional intimacy. If Anna voices her personal need with a cry that is stronger than o" ******* END TEXT: " loses her sense of perspective), Renee manages to perform well in school for the most part, and to "
9780814774434 - page_90: "START TEXT: help take care of her younger siblings until the age of seventeen, when she is diagnosed as lapsing " ******* END TEXT: "which she refuses to eat. At eighteen months a sibling appears, after which Renee begins to spit at "
9780814774434 - page_91: "START TEXT: people, including her little sister. At the age of two a servant girl tells her, “Someone must have " ******* END TEXT: " the farmer’s wife where she is staying at the time gets angry with her for picking apples that are "
9780814774434 - page_92: "START TEXT: still green, she feels there is nothing left for her to eat. She flees in rage, shame, and despair, " ******* END TEXT: "serving as Mama’s surrogate goes on vacation: “All night long I sobbed in anger and grief; my whole "
9780814774434 - page_93: "START TEXT: world had fallen to pieces. Her absence was simply unbearable. ... I felt a pervasive sense of aband" ******* END TEXT: "n Mama’s body.” When the pain passes, her greatest joy is to lie peacefully “in the green light, my "
9780814774434 - page_94: "START TEXT: hand in Mama’s, Ezekiel on her heart. My contact with Mama persisted without interruption. Her sweet" ******* END TEXT: "tors in the case, Sechehaye emphasizes that by “maternal love” she means something like “functional "
9780814774434 - page_95: "START TEXT: maternal love,” that is, a responsible, loving, and operationally effective response to all of the c" ******* END TEXT: "peech but does not communicate. To observers he seems like a robot, devoid of all that is human and "
9780814774434 - page_96: "START TEXT: childlike. His only play, and all of his fantasies, pertain to machinery. In what looks like a trave" ******* END TEXT: " Bettelheim infers that “Joey must have felt that his emotional demands on his mother were a burden "
9780814774434 - page_97: "START TEXT: to her, of which he should free her by not asking for affection any more” (260).\nJoey exhibits marke" ******* END TEXT: "his own positive feelings toward Lou, his most-favored adult at the time. Initially he does this by "
9780814774434 - page_98: "START TEXT: putting blankets over himself and Lou, the blankets serving as a safety net to prevent Lou’s escape " ******* END TEXT: "ike a valve, he can turn himself on or off: “Through Valvus he achieved autonomy, that is, personal "
9780814774434 - page_99: "START TEXT: contact of his own elimination [processes]” (314). For a period of time Joey enjoys being fed like a" ******* END TEXT: " with parenting figures, and how devastating the guilt-laden rage toward inadequate parents can be.\n"
9780814774434 - page_103: "START TEXT: 5.THE STEPMOTHER WORLD OF MOBY DICK\nIn a chapter called “The Symphony,” Ahab muses about the natural" ******* END TEXT: "thought I had been his wife,” reminds him of the uncanny experience of the supernatural hand—except "
9780814774434 - page_104: "START TEXT: for the absence of terror—the associative linkage to the childhood event being the resemblance betwe" ******* END TEXT: "ersal cannibalism of the sea,” where all creatures prey upon each other in contrast to “the verdant "
9780814774434 - page_105: "START TEXT: land” of “this green, gentle, and most docile earth,” Ishmael declares, “In the soul of man there li" ******* END TEXT: "ndering heroes are phallic heroes, in a permanent state of erection, pricking o’er the plain” (50).\n"
9780814774434 - page_106: "START TEXT: Such views of the psychology of questing activity can be placed beside the more person-oriented idea" ******* END TEXT: "ss of joy.” This astonishing assertion of a sense of profound spiritual and psychological stability "
9780814774434 - page_107: "START TEXT: intimates the existence of something like what Stern refers to, in a rather reifying way, as the “co" ******* END TEXT: " from the “chalice” end of the harpoons: “A wild, mystical, sympathetica! feeling was in me; Ahab’s "
9780814774434 - page_108: "START TEXT: quenchless feud seemed mine.” When Ishmael declares much earlier, “No more my splintered heart and m" ******* END TEXT: " back to their infants some sense of what is going on in themselves (1971, 111–12), the point being "
9780814774434 - page_109: "START TEXT: that Ahab’s reverie (“I say again he has no face”) implies a significant degree of withholding behav" ******* END TEXT: "ntal aurality thus seems to mitigate the imagined dangers of a potentially engulfing orality.\n* * *\n"
9780814774434 - page_110: "START TEXT: The psychological entities so glibly referred to in object relations theory as self and other cannot" ******* END TEXT: "g fool, kept kicking at it.” Later in the dream “a sort of badger-haired old merman, with a hump on "
9780814774434 - page_111: "START TEXT: his back” bends over and invites Stubb to kick his rear. To Stubb’s dismay, “his stern was stuck ful" ******* END TEXT: "is soon mended because the mother returns in x plus y minutes. . . . But in x plus y plus z minutes "
9780814774434 - page_112: "START TEXT: the baby has become traumatized” (1971, 97). In this case the eventual return of the mother does not" ******* END TEXT: ", only found another orphan.”\nThe innumerable references in the novel to such themes as separation, "
9780814774434 - page_113: "START TEXT: abandonment, and homelessness may be thought of as constituting an emotional backdrop foregrounded b" ******* END TEXT: "atrimonial style”; the passage immediately following Queequeg’s declaration that they were married: "
9780814774434 - page_114: "START TEXT: “In a countryman, this sudden flame of friendship would have seemed far too premature, a thing to be" ******* END TEXT: " and connecting ropes merge in the memorable dialogue between Pip and Ahab. Pip cries, “Ding, dong, "
9780814774434 - page_115: "START TEXT: ding? Who’s seen Pip the coward?” As Ahab responds, “Oh, ye frozen heavens! look down here. Ye did b" ******* END TEXT: " the theme of string with her son. She finds him to be “eager to talk about his relation to her and "
9780814774434 - page_116: "START TEXT: his fear of lack of contact with her,” and from the time of this conversation, at least for a long w" ******* END TEXT: " earlier. At the Spouter Inn Queequeg becomes “a bosom friend” whom Ishmael thinks of as a paternal "
9780814774434 - page_117: "START TEXT: figure: “George Washington, cannibalistically developed.” And Ishmael describes the transformation t" ******* END TEXT: "bjectivity. Perhaps not least among the implications of this reading has to do with the merit of an "
9780814774434 - page_118: "START TEXT: expansion of attachment theory in such a way as to pay greater attention to permutations in adult li" ******* END TEXT: "hrow “affectionate arms round his stubborn neck” and “find it in her heart to save and to bless.”\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_119: "START TEXT: 6.MEURSAULT’S ESTRANGEMENT\nCamus’ The Stranger begins with the right word, “Mother,” in precisely th" ******* END TEXT: "sault declares he had no intention of killing the Arab. Pressed for his motives, Meursault responds "
9780814774434 - page_120: "START TEXT: this way: “I tried to explain that it was because of the sun, but I spoke too quickly and ran my wor" ******* END TEXT: "Such an exploration leads to the inference that what Meursault describes at the end of his story as "
9780814774434 - page_121: "START TEXT: “the benign indifference of the universe” may be seen as a world view originating in an object-relat" ******* END TEXT: "rranging for his own (263)! Reading the character of Meursault as though he were a real person, but "
9780814774434 - page_122: "START TEXT: not as an extension of Camus, Leites locates this unconscious anger and guilt not only in the time f" ******* END TEXT: " how the behavior of this type “forces on the observer the inescapable impression that the individu "
9780814774434 - page_123: "START TEXT: al’s whole relationship to life has something about it which is lacking in genuineness and yet outwa" ******* END TEXT: "Though technically in mourning, he goes along with Marie’s desire to see a Fernandel film. Emmanuel "
9780814774434 - page_124: "START TEXT: suggests they run so as to catch a ride on the back of a truck, and Meursault obliges. Raymond asks " ******* END TEXT: "ps” (146). It is interesting to note in regard to Winnicott’s claim that “only the True Self can be "
9780814774434 - page_125: "START TEXT: creative” (148) that Meursault shows no signs of being a productive, creative person—unlike his crea" ******* END TEXT: "s going to be tolerated at all, the young child inhibits attachment behavior.” Certain consequences "
9780814774434 - page_126: "START TEXT: follow: “As with all forms of avoidance, once the child has learned to avoid the dangerous or punish" ******* END TEXT: "ldren and her own mother after the death of her husband in October 1914, when Albert Camus was less "
9780814774434 - page_127: "START TEXT: than one year old. Camus’s mother seldom spoke, presumably because of her deafness. She also deferre" ******* END TEXT: " in the fact that the story of the father Meursault says he “never set eyes on,” the anecdote about "
9780814774434 - page_128: "START TEXT: seeing a murderer executed, replicates exacdy the only story about his father Camus remembers having" ******* END TEXT: "ketch called “Les Voix du quartier pauvre” in a passage based on his mother’s affair with a married "
9780814774434 - page_129: "START TEXT: man: “Catherine’s lover brought her flowers, oranges, and liqueurs which he won at carnivals. It was" ******* END TEXT: "etween them “was a kind of illness. . . . Camus talked of” my profound indifference which is like a "
9780814774434 - page_130: "START TEXT: natural infirmity.’ The long hours spent with his mother [after he contracted tuberculosis] were a d" ******* END TEXT: "glare of the morning sun, with everything shimmering in the heat haze, there was something inhuman, "
9780814774434 - page_131: "START TEXT: discouraging, about this landscape.” On the morning of the day he kills the Arab, Meursault feels “u" ******* END TEXT: " and gouging into my eyeballs.\nThen everything began to reel before my eyes, a fiery gust came from "
9780814774434 - page_132: "START TEXT: the sea, while the sky cracked in two, from end to end, and a great sheet of flame poured down throu" ******* END TEXT: "no truths, but only objects of love.” He adds, “Absurdity is king, but love saves us from it” (93).\n"
9780814774434 - page_133: "START TEXT: Meursault may be said to understand but deny this truth, or, alternatively, Camus may be said to und" ******* END TEXT: "hment to his pet and the shallowness of Meursault’s emotions in the face of the loss of his mother.\n"
9780814774434 - page_134: "START TEXT: Meursault passes up his last opportunity for a meaningful personal attachment, even if only a symbol" ******* END TEXT: "om our unconscious identification with Meursault at this terminal point where, as a scapegoat hero, "
9780814774434 - page_135: "START TEXT: he is driven from the community of our collective guilt by those imagined howls of execration (befor" ******* END TEXT: "or less desired the death of those they loved, at some time or another,” even if only in infancy.\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_136: "START TEXT: 7.THE SEQUESTERED SELF OF EMILY DICKINSON\n\nDeprived of other BanquetI entertained Myself—At first—a " ******* END TEXT: "ight © renewed 1957, 1963 by Mary L. Hampson, Reprinted by permission of Little, Brown and Company.\n"
9780814774434 - page_137: "START TEXT: When Dickinson elects to write the poetry constituting her letter to the world (“This is my letter t" ******* END TEXT: "and the plaintive objections about God’s withholding of all but a crumb frequendy involve the repre "
9780814774434 - page_138: "START TEXT: sentation of self in the form of metaphorical roles: the “Prince of Mines,” for example, and the Red" ******* END TEXT: " “who teases words into the shapes of rococo valentines.” She is a far cry from the Emily who tells "
9780814774434 - page_139: "START TEXT: T. W. Higginson that her business is circumference, this being a Dickinson whose mind, for Brinnin, " ******* END TEXT: "onary way. Many readers may prefer to see Dickinson as a poet who happens to be a woman rather than "
9780814774434 - page_140: "START TEXT: simply as a woman poet. Later Juhasz stands on firmer ground when she observes that “woman” and “poe" ******* END TEXT: "r omniscient Poet—a genderless voice issuing from afar, sometimes even from beyond the grave.\n* * *\n"
9780814774434 - page_141: "START TEXT: Commentaries alleging the presence of pathological elements in Dickinson’s personality, such as the " ******* END TEXT: "isonment in her father’s household, along with a concomitant exclusion from the passionate drama of "
9780814774434 - page_142: "START TEXT: adult sexuality” (595). What they choose to ignore, here, is that both of these behavioral patterns " ******* END TEXT: "try is poetry in which she wishes there were, or she fantasizes about there being, or she documents "
9780814774434 - page_143: "START TEXT: the absence of . . . Yet a man can put himself there as a reader quite easily.” Keller adds, “She cr" ******* END TEXT: "n nontechnical terms his reservations about his perception of inhibition in Dickinson’s eroticism.\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_144: "START TEXT: A narrow Fellow in the GrassOccasionally rides—You may have met him—did you notHis notice sudden is—" ******* END TEXT: "lytic theory and with considerably more finesse. Although his readings of the imagery coincide with "
9780814774434 - page_145: "START TEXT: Keller’s for the most part, Willbern is careful not to insist that the meanings of the poem are excl" ******* END TEXT: " was driving at when she told Higginson, “Could you tell me what home is”? “I never had a mother. I "
9780814774434 - page_146: "START TEXT: suppose a mother is one to whom you hurry when you are troubled” (Letters 2: 475).\nCody, who intuiti" ******* END TEXT: "Although she was undoubtedly loving and well intentioned, she did not have an intimate relationship "
9780814774434 - page_147: "START TEXT: with any of her three children. Despite her constant presence, there was an abiding sense of emotion" ******* END TEXT: " against the God of her religious upbringing. One hint of her rebelliousness emerges in a letter to "
9780814774434 - page_148: "START TEXT: Austin: ‘We do not have many jokes tho’ now[that you are away]; it is pretty much all sobriety, and " ******* END TEXT: "nderstood that, although Austin was the indisputable heir to the public offices and material prizes "
9780814774434 - page_149: "START TEXT: constituting the patriarchal House of Dickinson, “her writing was a profound act of rebellion agains" ******* END TEXT: " in part from the rather special conception of selfhood, presented three years earlier by Winnicott "
9780814774434 - page_150: "START TEXT: (1960), in the form of the dichotomous model he calls the True and False Self. These readers may als" ******* END TEXT: "at can observe self and society “with complete safety” This is a sequestered self but not a totally "
9780814774434 - page_151: "START TEXT: disengaged, isolated one. It is a self “yearning to be seen, acknowledged, and known”—and succeeding" ******* END TEXT: "g ultimate isolation, perhaps that of madness, and the other that of illumination, or soul-making:\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_152: "START TEXT: I fear me this—is Loneliness—The Maker of the soulIts Caverns and its CorridorsIlluminate—or seal—.\n" ******* END TEXT: "uld manage face to face. An early hint of this preference appears in a chatty letter to her brother "
9780814774434 - page_153: "START TEXT: written when she is twenty: “We miss you more and more, we do not become accustomed to separation fr" ******* END TEXT: "mmediate family and passionate love both” even for Judge Lord “necessarilyentail separation” (404).\n"
9780814774434 - page_154: "START TEXT: * * *\nDickinson remarks that as a child she was “always attached to Mud, because of what it typifies" ******* END TEXT: "ot cheated wake—Some grinning morn—To find the Sunrise left—An Orchards—unbereft—And Dollie—gone!\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_155: "START TEXT: I need not start—you’re sure—That night will never be—When frightened—home to Thee I run—To find the" ******* END TEXT: "Her Voice among the AislesIncite the timid prayerOf the minutest Cricket—To most unworthy Flower—\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_156: "START TEXT: When all the Children sleep—She turns as long awayAs will suffice to light Her lamps—Then bending fr" ******* END TEXT: "lake in Wilderness—And in the Desert—cloy—An instinct for the Hoar, the Bald—Lapland’s—necessity—\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_157: "START TEXT: The Hemlock’s nature thrives—on cold—The Gnash of Northern windsIs sweetest nutriment—to—him—His bes" ******* END TEXT: "stic as well as spiritual immortality. In any case, the transformation from the precarious state of "
9780814774434 - page_158: "START TEXT: life into the more stable state involving a permanent relation to God may be understood to represent" ******* END TEXT: "ngs” to “so esteemed a size” that it became “sumptuous” enough for her—and a feast for posterity.\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_159: "START TEXT: 8.SELF AND OTHER IN SHAKESPEAREAN TRAGEDY\nSometimes many are one in dreams and other works of the im" ******* END TEXT: "narrative can be thought of as breaking up into constellations of self and other that enact through "
9780814774434 - page_160: "START TEXT: the medium of interpersonal relationships the predispositions to conflict present in a single person" ******* END TEXT: "as been so influential that it constitutes a necessary point of departure for alternative readings.\n"
9780814774434 - page_161: "START TEXT: When I discussed the topic of Hamlet’s losses in an earlier paper (Rogers, 1982), much of my comment" ******* END TEXT: " noble mind is here o’erthrown!”\nBesides serving in part as a model for the oedipus complex, Hamlet "
9780814774434 - page_162: "START TEXT: also functions as a model for melancholia. Freud mentions only one individual in “Mourning and Melan" ******* END TEXT: " enough, given her emphasis. That Freud makes no such distinction in his discussion of splitting in "
9780814774434 - page_163: "START TEXT: melancholia seems rather more surprising. Freud concentrates on subjective splitting, a splitting of" ******* END TEXT: "the loss of his father in part by generating a radically split pair of paternal imagos, the gist of "
9780814774434 - page_164: "START TEXT: his fantasy being: “I must destroy my bad father in order to revenge [make reparation to] my good fa" ******* END TEXT: "for Hamlet here. So short a period has passed since the death of his father that Hamlet himself has "
9780814774434 - page_165: "START TEXT: had insufficient time to perform the labor of mourning, the difficulty of which, in his case, is com" ******* END TEXT: "helia. In other words, this reading attributes Hamlet’s indecision both to the conflict involved in "
9780814774434 - page_166: "START TEXT: mourning his losses—the oedipal conflict between waning impulses being a spinoff of that process—and" ******* END TEXT: "s in the play subscribe to the sexual double standard by either idealizing or denigrating women. As "
9780814774434 - page_167: "START TEXT: for Cassio, I point out that Shakespeare allows him an overelaborate verbiage in speaking of Desdemo" ******* END TEXT: "ur bright swords, for the dew will rust them”), awareness of reality, and self-respect. This is the "
9780814774434 - page_168: "START TEXT: “noble Moor whom our full senate/Call all in all sufficient,” the man “whom passion could not shake." ******* END TEXT: " a boon;Tis as I should entreat you wear your gloves,Or feed on nourishing dishes, or keep you warm,"
9780814774434 - page_169: "START TEXT: Or sue to you to do a peculiar profitTo your person.\n(3.3.76–80)\n\nI would point especially to the ps" ******* END TEXT: "wise minor scene of Othello’s reunion with Desdemona after their separation during the sea voyage—a "
9780814774434 - page_170: "START TEXT: scene that falls so naturally into the story’s sequence of events as to excite comparatively little " ******* END TEXT: "ther in the presence of the other. I describe his loss at the beginning of this chapter as deriving "
9780814774434 - page_171: "START TEXT: primarily from counterfeit nurture and maternal aggression. He also suffers the loss of a dimension " ******* END TEXT: "dipus conflict . . . an earlier, oral understructure that shapes the form of the phallic or oedipal "
9780814774434 - page_172: "START TEXT: conflict in development” (1966, 227). Barron links the influence of the witches as evil mother figur" ******* END TEXT: " king:\n\n                      Why do I yield to that suggestionWhose horrid image doth unfix my hair"
9780814774434 - page_173: "START TEXT: And make my seated heart knock at my ribsAgainst the use of nature? Present fearsAre less than horri" ******* END TEXT: "attachment behavior] at particularly high intensities” (Main and Weston, 1982, 33). In other words,\n"
9780814774434 - page_174: "START TEXT: when an attached infant is subjected to threats from an attachment figure who simultaneously rejects" ******* END TEXT: "e” (1986, 527). Willbern reads this “perfect mirroring” as symbiotically destructive: “This paradox "
9780814774434 - page_175: "START TEXT: ical pathology suggests a potential hazard of the necessary reciprocity between mother and infant in" ******* END TEXT: " destructive personality. Her own fell phallicism has been “imprinted” on him in a way that obliges "
9780814774434 - page_176: "START TEXT: him to screw his courage to the sticking place, thereby complying with an imposed identity theme, or" ******* END TEXT: ", a vortex out of which emerge lines as various as Gloucester’s despairing “As flies to wanton boys "
9780814774434 - page_177: "START TEXT: are we to the gods;/They kill us for their sport” and Lear’s cosmic cry of “Howl, howl, howl!” The p" ******* END TEXT: "t her claim that that is the primary basis for Lear’s rage. Her claim rests entirely on the supposi "
9780814774434 - page_178: "START TEXT: tion that Child Lear stands in for Child Shakespeare, who must have been angry about his mother’s pr" ******* END TEXT: "han designating her as a good mother figure, might have paid more attention to the attachment impli "
9780814774434 - page_179: "START TEXT: cations of Lear’s remark about Cordelia: “I loved her most, and thought to set my rest/On her kind n" ******* END TEXT: "King Lear. His own explanation of the power of the play involves his perception of its mythic dimen "
9780814774434 - page_180: "START TEXT: sions. At the end, Lear is an old man, a dying man, and when Lear carries the dead body of Cordelia " ******* END TEXT: "words but Shakespeare’s can register the pain of such a severance following so close upon reunion:\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_181: "START TEXT: Howl, howl, howl! O, you are men of stones.Had I your tongues and eyes, I’d use them soThat heaven’s" ******* END TEXT: " a looking glass.If that her breath will mist or stain the stone,Why then she lives.\n(5.3.258–264)\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_182: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_ix: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nForeword\nPreface\nPART I. Modeling Interpersonal Relations\n1. Drive versus Person: Two Orien" ******* END TEXT: "The Sequestered Self of Emily Dickinson\n8. Self and Other in Shakespearean Tragedy\nReferences\nIndex\n"
9780814774434 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_iv: "START TEXT: Copyright © 1991 by New York UniversityAll rights reservedManufactured in the United States of Ameri" ******* END TEXT: "re printed on acid-free paper,and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability.\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_v: "START TEXT: For my mother and father: in memoriam\n" ******* END TEXT: "For my mother and father: in memoriam\n"
9780814774434 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_ii: "START TEXT: PSYCHOANALYTIC CROSSCURRENTSGeneral Editor: Leo Goldberger\nTHE DEATH OF DESIRE: A STUDY IN PSYCHOPAT" ******* END TEXT: "by J. C. Smith\nSELF AND OTHER: OBJECT RELATIONS IN PSYCHOANALYSIS AND LITERATURE\nby Robert Rogers\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_vii: "START TEXT:             This is most strange,That she whom even but now was your best object,The argument of you" ******* END TEXT: "ual reality of others with whom one lives.\n—Stephen Mitchell, RelationalConcepts in Psychoanalysis\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_xi: "START TEXT: FOREWORD\nThe Psychoanalytic Crosscurrents series presents selected books and monographs that reveal " ******* END TEXT: "f the individual and society.\nA rich and flowering literature, falling under the rubric of “applied "
9780814774434 - page_xii: "START TEXT: psychoanalysis,” came into being, reached its zenith many decades ago, and then almost vanished. Ear" ******* END TEXT: " boundaries of psychoanalysis. The books and monographs are from a variety of sources: authors will "
9780814774434 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: be psychoanalysts—traditional, neo- and post-Freudian, existential, object relational, Kohutian, Lac" ******* END TEXT: "d to foster its further unhampered growth.\nLeo GoldbergerProfessor of PsychologyNew York University\n"
9780814774434 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_i: "START TEXT: Self and Other\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Self and Other\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_191: "START TEXT: INDEX\nAbandonment, 79–80, 91–92, 95, 111–13, 160, 162, 165, 178–80\nAbsurd, theme of, 120, 132\nAffect" ******* END TEXT: "–53\nLucy R., 52\nRat Man, 63–68\nRenee, 89–95\nDr. Schreber, 68–72\nWolf Man, 72–77\nChase, R., 107, 157\n"
9780814774434 - page_192: "START TEXT: Child: psychoanalytic models of, 177–78\nCody J., 141–42, 146\nCompliance, 123–24, 129, 171, 176\nConfl" ******* END TEXT: " theory, 34, 85–88, 150\nIncest, 52, 57–58, 121\nIncorporation, 9\nIndifference, 119, 126, 129–30, 134\n"
9780814774434 - page_193: "START TEXT: Individuation, 175\nInformation: object relations as, 30\nInteractional anxiety, 172–76\nInternalizatio" ******* END TEXT: "ed theory of object relations, 5\nOvesey, L., 69, 71\nParanoia, 68–72\nParanoid-schizoid position, 134\n"
9780814774434 - page_194: "START TEXT: Parkes, C. M., 125–26\nParkes, C. M., and Stevenson-Hinde, J., 27\nPersecutory other, 109\nPerson-orien" ******* END TEXT: "ces of self and other, 150\nevoked companion, 41\nStoller, R. J., 69\nStranger, The: discussed, 119–35\n"
9780814774434 - page_195: "START TEXT: Subject, 5, 38\nSubjective objects, 39\nSuffocating symbiosis, 175\nSullivan, H. S., 14–15, 36–37\nSyste" ******* END TEXT: "mena, 13\nthe use of an object, 13\nWolff, C. G., 140, 148–50, 153\nWords as transitional objects, 166\n"
9780814774434 - page_196: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_1: "START TEXT: IMODELING INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS\n" ******* END TEXT: "IMODELING INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS\n"
9780814774434 - page_2: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_47: "START TEXT: IISTORIES OF REAL PERSONS\n" ******* END TEXT: "IISTORIES OF REAL PERSONS\n"
9780814774434 - page_48: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_101: "START TEXT: IIITHE IMAGINED SELF AND OTHER\n" ******* END TEXT: "IIITHE IMAGINED SELF AND OTHER\n"
9780814774434 - page_102: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_xv: "START TEXT: PREFACE\nA memorable comic moment in the psychological high jinks of High Anxiety occurs when the psy" ******* END TEXT: " theory was almost entirely confined to oedipal configurations and was almost exclusively drive ori "
9780814774434 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: ented. As I wrote Metaphor: A Psychoanalytic View (1978), I was only beginning to have doubts about " ******* END TEXT: "g of all of Freud’s major cases in a way that deemphasizes sexual factors while stressing inter per "
9780814774434 - page_xvii: "START TEXT: sonal conflict and attachment deficits. Chapter 4 continues the same strategy using published case h" ******* END TEXT: "l their help. Finally, and most important of all, I want to thank my wife for her untiring support.\n"
9780814774434 - page_xviii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_183: "START TEXT: REFERENCES\nAristotle, 1958. On poetry and style, trans. G. M. A. Grube. New York: Bobbs Merrill.\nArv" ******* END TEXT: "rs University Press.\nBreger, L. 1981. Freud’s unfinished journey. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.\n"
9780814774434 - page_184: "START TEXT: Brinnin, J. M. 1960. Emily Dickinson. New York: Dell.\nBrooks, C. 1947. The naked babe and the cloak " ******* END TEXT: "SE.\n———. 1893–1895. Studies on hysteria. SE 2.\n———. 1900. The interpretation of dreams. SE 4 and 5.\n"
9780814774434 - page_185: "START TEXT: ———. 1905a. Fragment of an analysis of a case of hysteria. SE 7: 3–122.\n———. 1905b. Three essays on " ******* END TEXT: "egan Paul.\nHartmann, H. 1964. Essays on ego psychology. New York: International Universities Press.\n"
9780814774434 - page_186: "START TEXT: Holland, N. N. 1966. Psychoanalysis and Shakespeare. New York: McGraw Hill\n———. 1968. The dynamics o" ******* END TEXT: "In Envy and gratitude and other works, 1946–1963. New York: Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence, 1975.\n"
9780814774434 - page_187: "START TEXT: Kohut, H. 1971. The analysis of the self. New York: International Universities Press.\n———. 1977. The" ******* END TEXT: "e Schreber case: psychoanalytic profile of a paranoid personality. Hillsdale, N.J.: Analytic Press.\n"
9780814774434 - page_188: "START TEXT: Olson, C. 1947. Call me Ishmael. San Francisco: City Lights.\nOvesey, L. 1969. Homosexuality andpseud" ******* END TEXT: "ted papers on schizophrenia and related subjects. New York: International Universities Press, 1965.\n"
9780814774434 - page_189: "START TEXT: ———. 1960. The nonhuman environment in normal development and in schizophrenia. New York: Internatio" ******* END TEXT: "ison, Conn.: International Universities Press.\nWolff, C. G. 1986. Emily Dickinson. New York: Knopf. "
9780814774434 - page_190: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774434 - page_iii: "START TEXT: SELF AND OTHER\nObject Relations inPsychoanalysis and Literature\nRobert Rogers\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "SELF AND OTHER\nObject Relations inPsychoanalysis and Literature\nRobert Rogers\n\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_xix: "START TEXT: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\nFirst and foremost, I am deeply grateful to the 470 women who took the time to parti" ******* END TEXT: "pted it as part of her series “The Cutting Edge,” all the editors and anonymous reviewers along the "
9780814774458 - page_xx: "START TEXT: way who taught me the writing skills I thought I had, my mother Mildred Rust who eagerly reads every" ******* END TEXT: "s. I saw her through her board exams, and now she has seen me through the birth of my first book.\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_365: "START TEXT: Author Index\nAbbott, S., 132, 135, 326 nn. 2, 5, 327 nn. 6, 13, 330 n. 29, 331 n. 34, 333 n. 44, 334" ******* END TEXT: " M., 31\nDixon, J., 140, 141, 143, 326 n. 2, 329 n. 22\nDurgahdas, G., 245\nDwinell, J., 20, 322 n. 27\n"
9780814774458 - page_366: "START TEXT: Echols, A., 156, 157, 326 n. 4, 329 n. 21, 330 n. 28, 332 nn. 37–38, 42\nElliot, B., 343 n. 84\nEllis," ******* END TEXT: " n. 46–48, 334 nn. 51–52, 55\nMcintosh, M., 323 n. 4\nMiller, B., 14\nMillett, K., 327 n. 8, 331 n. 34\n"
9780814774458 - page_367: "START TEXT: Money, J., 323 n. 8\nMoraga, C., 134, 142, 157\nMurphy, M., 21, 22, 322 nn. 31, 34\nMurray, S., 18\nMyro" ******* END TEXT: "olf, T. J., 32, 324 n. 6\nWolff, C., 33\nWood, J., 132\nWright, J., 146\nZinik, G., 28–29, 33, 323 n. 8\n"
9780814774458 - page_368: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_261: "START TEXT: APPENDIX A: FIGURES\n" ******* END TEXT: "APPENDIX A: FIGURES\n"
9780814774458 - page_262: "START TEXT: Figure 3.1: SEXUAL SELF-IDENTITY\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Figure 3.1: SEXUAL SELF-IDENTITY\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_263: "START TEXT: Figure 3.2: EMPLOYMENT STATUS\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Figure 3.2: EMPLOYMENT STATUS\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_264: "START TEXT: Figure 3.3: INCOME\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Figure 3.3: INCOME\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_265: "START TEXT: Figure 3.4: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICIPANTS, AND PREVALENCE OF LESBIAN AND BISEXUAL IDENTITIES AMON" ******* END TEXT: "ANTS, AND PREVALENCE OF LESBIAN AND BISEXUAL IDENTITIES AMONG PARTICIPANTS IN DIFFERENT AGE RANGES\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_266: "START TEXT: Figure 3.5: HISTORY OF HETEROSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS BY SEXUAL SELF-IDENTITY\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Figure 3.5: HISTORY OF HETEROSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS BY SEXUAL SELF-IDENTITY\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_267: "START TEXT: Figure 3.6: FEELINGS OF SEXUAL ATTRACTION TOWARD WOMEN AND MEN BY SEXUAL SELF-IDENTITY\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Figure 3.6: FEELINGS OF SEXUAL ATTRACTION TOWARD WOMEN AND MEN BY SEXUAL SELF-IDENTITY\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_268: "START TEXT: Figure 4.1: LESBIANS’ SPONTANEOUSLY MENTIONED BELIEFS ABOUT WHETHER BISEXUALITY EXISTS\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Figure 4.1: LESBIANS’ SPONTANEOUSLY MENTIONED BELIEFS ABOUT WHETHER BISEXUALITY EXISTS\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_269: "START TEXT: Figure 4.2: FREQUENCY OF LESBIANS’ SPONTANEOUSLY MENTIONED IMAGES OF BISEXUALITY\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Figure 4.2: FREQUENCY OF LESBIANS’ SPONTANEOUSLY MENTIONED IMAGES OF BISEXUALITY\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_270: "START TEXT: Figure 4.3: LESBIANS’ BELIEFS ABOUT BISEXUAL WOMEN’S LEVELS OF COMMITMENT AND TRUSTWORTHINESS\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Figure 4.3: LESBIANS’ BELIEFS ABOUT BISEXUAL WOMEN’S LEVELS OF COMMITMENT AND TRUSTWORTHINESS\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_271: "START TEXT: Figure 4.4: LESBIANS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE RELATIVE DEGREE OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION EXPERIENCED" ******* END TEXT: " OF THE RELATIVE DEGREE OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION EXPERIENCED BY BISEXUAL WOMEN AND LESBIANS\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_272: "START TEXT: Figure 4.5: LESBIANS’ PREFERENCES FOR ASSOCIATING SOCIALLY WITH BISEXUALS OR WITH OTHER LESBIANS\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Figure 4.5: LESBIANS’ PREFERENCES FOR ASSOCIATING SOCIALLY WITH BISEXUALS OR WITH OTHER LESBIANS\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_273: "START TEXT: Figure 4.6: LESBIANS’ PREFERENCES FOR ASSOCIATING POLITICALLY WITH BISEXUALS OR WITH OTHER LESBIANS\n" ******* END TEXT: "igure 4.6: LESBIANS’ PREFERENCES FOR ASSOCIATING POLITICALLY WITH BISEXUALS OR WITH OTHER LESBIANS\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_274: "START TEXT: Figure 5.1: DIFFERENCES IN BELIEFS ABOUT BISEXUALITY AMONG LESBIANS WHO ARE CONCERNED ABOUT LESBIAN " ******* END TEXT: "LUSIVELY AND LESBIANS WHO ARE CONCERNED ABOUT GAY ISSUES GENERALLY OR WHO ARE NOT CONCERNED AT ALL\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_275: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814774458 - page_276: "START TEXT: Figure 5.2: DIFFERENCES IN FEELINGS TOWARD BISEXUALS AMONG LESBIANS WHO ARE CONCERNED ABOUT LESBIAN " ******* END TEXT: "LUSIVELY AND LESBIANS WHO ARE CONCERNED ABOUT GAY ISSUES GENERALLY OR WHO ARE NOT CONCERNED AT ALL\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_277: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814774458 - page_278: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814774458 - page_279: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814774458 - page_280: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814774458 - page_281: "START TEXT: Figure 5.3: EXCLUSIVITY OF LESBIANS’ SEXUAL ATTRACTION TOWARD WOMEN AND BELIEFS ABOUT THE RELATIVE A" ******* END TEXT: "ACTION TOWARD WOMEN AND BELIEFS ABOUT THE RELATIVE AUTHENTICITY OF BISEXUAL AND LESBIAN IDENTITIES\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_282: "START TEXT: Figure 5.4: EXCLUSIVITY OF LESBIANS’ SEXUAL ATTRACTION TOWARD WOMEN AND BELIEFS ABOUT BISEXUAL WOMEN" ******* END TEXT: "AL ATTRACTION TOWARD WOMEN AND BELIEFS ABOUT BISEXUAL WOMEN’S TRUSTWORTHINESS COMPARED TO LESBIANS\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_283: "START TEXT: Figure 5.5: EXCLUSIVITY OF LESBIANS’ SEXUAL ATTRACTION TOWARD WOMEN AND LESBIANS’ FEELINGS TOWARD BI" ******* END TEXT: "5: EXCLUSIVITY OF LESBIANS’ SEXUAL ATTRACTION TOWARD WOMEN AND LESBIANS’ FEELINGS TOWARD BISEXUALS\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_284: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814774458 - page_285: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814774458 - page_286: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814774458 - page_287: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814774458 - page_288: "START TEXT: Figure 5.6: LESBIANS’ IDENTITY HISTORIES AND BELIEFS ABOUT THE DIFFERENCES IN TRUSTWORTHINESS OF BIS" ******* END TEXT: "TORIES AND BELIEFS ABOUT THE DIFFERENCES IN TRUSTWORTHINESS OF BISEXUAL WOMEN COMPARED TO LESBIANS\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_289: "START TEXT: Figure 5.7: LESBIANS’ IDENTITY HISTORIES AND BELIEFS ABOUT THE RELATIVE AUTHENTICITY OF BISEXUAL AND" ******* END TEXT: " IDENTITY HISTORIES AND BELIEFS ABOUT THE RELATIVE AUTHENTICITY OF BISEXUAL AND LESBIAN IDENTITIES\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_290: "START TEXT: Figure 5.8: LESBIANS’ IDENTITY HISTORIES AND FEELINGS ABOUT BISEXUAL WOMEN\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Figure 5.8: LESBIANS’ IDENTITY HISTORIES AND FEELINGS ABOUT BISEXUAL WOMEN\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_291: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814774458 - page_292: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814774458 - page_293: "START TEXT: Figure 7.1: COMPARISON BETWEEN BISEXUAL WOMEN’S AND LESBIANS’ BELIEFS ABOUT THE RELATIVE AUTHENTICIT" ******* END TEXT: "L WOMEN’S AND LESBIANS’ BELIEFS ABOUT THE RELATIVE AUTHENTICITY OF BISEXUAL AND LESBIAN IDENTITIES\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_294: "START TEXT: Figure 7.2: COMPARISON BETWEEN BISEXUAL WOMEN’S AND LESBIANS’ BELIEFS ABOUT THE RELATIVE LIKELIHOOD " ******* END TEXT: "IEFS ABOUT THE RELATIVE LIKELIHOOD THAT BISEXUAL WOMEN’S AND LESBIANS’ IDENTITIES ARE TRANSITIONAL\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_295: "START TEXT: Figure 7.3: BISEXUAL WOMEN’S BELIEFS ABOUT BISEXUAL WOMEN’S LEVELS OF COMMITMENT AND TRUSTWORTHINESS" ******* END TEXT: "MEN’S BELIEFS ABOUT BISEXUAL WOMEN’S LEVELS OF COMMITMENT AND TRUSTWORTHINESS COMPARED TO LESBIANS\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_296: "START TEXT: Figure 7.4: COMPARISON BETWEEN BISEXUAL WOMEN’S AND LESBIANS’ BELIEFS ABOUT BISEXUAL WOMEN’S AND LES" ******* END TEXT: " LESBIANS’ BELIEFS ABOUT BISEXUAL WOMEN’S AND LESBIANS’ RELATIVE ABILITIES TO PASS AS HETEROSEXUAL\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_297: "START TEXT: Figure 7.5: COMPARISON BETWEEN BISEXUAL WOMEN’S AND LESBIANS’ BELIEFS ABOUT THE RELATIVE LIKELIHOOD " ******* END TEXT: "IEFS ABOUT THE RELATIVE LIKELIHOOD THAT BISEXUAL WOMEN AND LESBIANS DESIRE TO PASS AS HETEROSEXUAL\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_298: "START TEXT: Figure 7.6: BISEXUAL WOMEN’S PERCEPTIONS OF THE RELATIVE DEGREE OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION EXPE" ******* END TEXT: " OF THE RELATIVE DEGREE OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION EXPERIENCED BY BISEXUAL WOMEN AND LESBIANS\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_299: "START TEXT: Figure 7.7: BISEXUAL WOMEN’S PREFERENCES FOR ASSOCIATING SOCIALLY WITH OTHER BISEXUALS OR WITH LESBI" ******* END TEXT: "e 7.7: BISEXUAL WOMEN’S PREFERENCES FOR ASSOCIATING SOCIALLY WITH OTHER BISEXUALS OR WITH LESBIANS\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_300: "START TEXT: Figure 7.8: BISEXUAL WOMEN’S PREFERENCES FOR ASSOCIATING POLITICALLY WITH OTHER BISEXUALS OR WITH LE" ******* END TEXT: ".8: BISEXUAL WOMEN’S PREFERENCES FOR ASSOCIATING POLITICALLY WITH OTHER BISEXUALS OR WITH LESBIANS\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_301: "START TEXT: Figure 7.9: STRENGTH OF BISEXUAL WOMEN’S HETEROSEXUAL FEELINGS AND THEIR FEELINGS TOWARD OTHER BISEX" ******* END TEXT: " STRENGTH OF BISEXUAL WOMEN’S HETEROSEXUAL FEELINGS AND THEIR FEELINGS TOWARD OTHER BISEXUAL WOMEN\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_302: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814774458 - page_303: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814774458 - page_304: "START TEXT: Figure 7.10: GENDER OF BISEXUAL WOMEN’S CURRENT PARTNERS AND THEIR FEELINGS TOWARD OTHER BISEXUAL WO" ******* END TEXT: "e 7.10: GENDER OF BISEXUAL WOMEN’S CURRENT PARTNERS AND THEIR FEELINGS TOWARD OTHER BISEXUAL WOMEN\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_305: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814774458 - page_306: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814774458 - page_307: "START TEXT: Figure 7.11: GENDER OF BISEXUAL WOMEN’S CURRENT PARTNERS AND THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF THE RELATIVE DEGRE" ******* END TEXT: "D THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF THE RELATIVE DEGREE OF PREJUDICE EXPERIENCED BY BISEXUAL WOMEN AND LESBIANS\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_308: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_309: "START TEXT: APPENDIX B: TABLES\n" ******* END TEXT: "APPENDIX B: TABLES\n"
9780814774458 - page_310: "START TEXT: Table 4.1LESBIANS’ BELIEFS ABOUT THE PROPORTIONS OF BISEXUAL WOMEN AND LESBIANS WHOSE IDENTITIES ARE" ******* END TEXT: "TRANSITIONAL\n\nTable 4.2LESBIANS’ BELIEFS ABOUT THE AUTHENTICITY OF BISEXUAL AND LESBIAN IDENTITIES\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_311: "START TEXT: Table 4.3LESBIANS’ BELIEFS ABOUT BISEXUAL WOMEN’S AND LESBIANS’ ABILITIES TO PASS AS HETEROSEXUAL\n\nT" ******* END TEXT: "L\n\nTable 4.4LESBIANS’ BELIEFS ABOUT BISEXUAL WOMEN’S AND LESBIANS’ DESIRES TO PASS AS HETEROSEXUAL\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_312: "START TEXT: Table 4.5LESBIANS’ BELIEFS ABOUT THE DEGREES OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION EXPERIENCED BY BISEXUAL" ******* END TEXT: "LIEFS ABOUT THE DEGREES OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION EXPERIENCED BY BISEXUAL WOMEN AND LESBIANS\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_313: "START TEXT: Table 5.1EXCLUSIVITY OF LESBIANS’ SEXUAL ATTRACTION TOWARD WOMEN AND BELIEFS ABOUT THE AUTHENTICITY " ******* END TEXT: "XUAL ATTRACTION TOWARD WOMEN AND BELIEFS ABOUT THE AUTHENTICITY OF BISEXUAL AND LESBIAN IDENTITIES\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_314: "START TEXT: Table 5.2LESBIANS’ IDENTITY HISTORIES AND BELIEFS ABOUT THE AUTHENTICITY OF BISEXUAL AND LESBIAN IDE" ******* END TEXT: "LESBIANS’ IDENTITY HISTORIES AND BELIEFS ABOUT THE AUTHENTICITY OF BISEXUAL AND LESBIAN IDENTITIES\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_315: "START TEXT: Table 7.1BISEXUALS’ BELIEFS ABOUT THE AUTHENTICITY OF BISEXUAL AND LESBIAN IDENTITIES\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Table 7.1BISEXUALS’ BELIEFS ABOUT THE AUTHENTICITY OF BISEXUAL AND LESBIAN IDENTITIES\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_316: "START TEXT: Table 7.2BISEXUALS’ BELIEFS ABOUT THE PROPORTIONS OF BISEXUAL WOMEN AND LESBIANS WHOSE IDENTITIES AR" ******* END TEXT: "LS’ BELIEFS ABOUT THE PROPORTIONS OF BISEXUAL WOMEN AND LESBIANS WHOSE IDENTITIES ARE TRANSITIONAL\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_317: "START TEXT: Table 7.3BISEXUAL WOMEN’S BELIEFS ABOUT BISEXUAL WOMEN’S AND LESBIANS’ ABILITIES TO PASS AS HETEROSE" ******* END TEXT: "7.3BISEXUAL WOMEN’S BELIEFS ABOUT BISEXUAL WOMEN’S AND LESBIANS’ ABILITIES TO PASS AS HETEROSEXUAL\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_318: "START TEXT: Table 7.4BISEXUAL WOMEN’S BELIEFS ABOUT BISEXUAL WOMEN’S AND LESBIANS’ DESIRES TO PASS AS HETEROSEXU" ******* END TEXT: "e 7.4BISEXUAL WOMEN’S BELIEFS ABOUT BISEXUAL WOMEN’S AND LESBIANS’ DESIRES TO PASS AS HETEROSEXUAL\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_319: "START TEXT: Table 7.5BISEXUAL WOMEN’S BELIEFS ABOUT THE DEGREES OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION EXPERIENCED BY B" ******* END TEXT: "LIEFS ABOUT THE DEGREES OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION EXPERIENCED BY BISEXUAL WOMEN AND LESBIANS\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_320: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_345: "START TEXT: BIBLIOGRAPHY\nAbbott, Sidney, & Barbara Love. 1971. “Is women’s liberation a lesbian plot?” In Woman " ******* END TEXT: "ings from the Women’s Liberation Movement, edited by Robin Morgan, 382–396. New York: Random House.\n"
9780814774458 - page_346: "START TEXT: Bell, Allan P., & Martin S. Weinberg. 1978. Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Wome" ******* END TEXT: "s.\n———. 1976d. “Living with other women.” In A Plain Brown Rapper, 73–77. Oakland, CA: Diana Press.\n"
9780814774458 - page_347: "START TEXT: ————. 1976e. “Take a lesbian to lunch.” In A Plain Brown Rapper, 79–95. Oakland, CA: Diana Press.\n——" ******* END TEXT: "ings from the Women’s Liberation Movement, edited by Robin Morgan, 333–343. New York: Random House.\n"
9780814774458 - page_348: "START TEXT: DeCecco, John P., & Michael G. Shively. 1983/84. “From sexual identity to sexual relationships: A co" ******* END TEXT: "eople Speak Out, edited by Loraine Hutchins & Lani Kaahumanu, 285–298. Boston: Alyson Publications.\n"
9780814774458 - page_349: "START TEXT: Frye, Marilyn. 1977/1983a. “Some reflections on separatism and power.” First presented at a meeting " ******* END TEXT: "orgons, May/June 1973.)\nHamblin, Angela. 1983. “Is a feminist heterosexuality possible?” In Sex and "
9780814774458 - page_350: "START TEXT: Love: New Thoughts on Old Contradictions, edited by Sue Cartledge & Joanna Ryan, 105–123. London: Wo" ******* END TEXT: "itings from the Women’s Liberation Movement, edited by Robin Morgan, 49–66. New York: Random House.\n"
9780814774458 - page_351: "START TEXT: Jones, Justine. 1981. “Why I liked screwing? Or, is heterosexual enjoyment based on sexual violence?" ******* END TEXT: "oks, 1973. (Originally copyrighted by Anne Koedt and published in Notes from the Third Year, 1971.)\n"
9780814774458 - page_352: "START TEXT: Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, & Stuart Michaels. 1994. The Social Organizat" ******* END TEXT: " Baltimore, MD: Diana Press.\nNorrgard, Lenore. 1991. “Can bisexuals be monogamous?” In Bi Any Other "
9780814774458 - page_353: "START TEXT: Name: Bisexual People Speak Out, edited by Loraine Hutchins & Lani Kaahumanu, 281–284. Boston: Alyso" ******* END TEXT: "sentiality in homosexual theory.” Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 9, no. 2/3 (Winter/Spring), 79–90.\n"
9780814774458 - page_354: "START TEXT: ————. 1992. “Constructing lesbian sexualities.” In Modern Homosexualities: Fragments of Lesbian and " ******* END TEXT: " P. DeCecco. 1977. “Components of sexual identity.” Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 3, no. 1, 41–48.\n"
9780814774458 - page_355: "START TEXT: Shuster, Rebecca. 1991. “Beyond defense: Considering next steps for bisexual liberation.” In Bi Any " ******* END TEXT: "gische Studien über urnische Liebe. [Anthropological studies in homosexual love]. Leipzig: Matthes.\n"
9780814774458 - page_356: "START TEXT: Vicinus, Martha. 1982. “Sexuality and power: A review of current work in the history of sexuality.” " ******* END TEXT: "daptive flexibility? Bisexuality reconsidered.” Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 11, no. 1/2, 7–19.\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_10: "START TEXT: THE PUBLICATIONS\nThe Advocate, Out/Look, 10 Percent, and Lesbian Contradiction claim national reader" ******* END TEXT: "published. Out/Look focused on lesbian and gay male culture and ran cover and feature stories about "
9780814774458 - page_11: "START TEXT: political and cultural issues that arose within the lesbian and gay communities rather than news abo" ******* END TEXT: "n is a forum for the debate of the “issues” that are so plentiful in lesbian feminism. Published on "
9780814774458 - page_12: "START TEXT: newsprint four times a year, Lesbian Contradiction does not accept commercial advertising and report" ******* END TEXT: "tities. Laine did not mention bisexuality once. On the contrary, Laine considered herself no less a "
9780814774458 - page_13: "START TEXT: lesbian because she was having sex with a man and would “like to think that the definition of lesbia" ******* END TEXT: "e beginning to think about bisexuality as an issue and to communicate this view to the magazine. In "
9780814774458 - page_14: "START TEXT: 1985, two letters to the editor criticized the magazine’s previous year-in-review issue for missing " ******* END TEXT: "inted a one-page article written by bisexual activists Lani Kaahumanu and Loraine Hutchins entitled "
9780814774458 - page_15: "START TEXT: “Do bisexuals have a place in the gay movement?”14 Kaahumanu and Hutchins, who had just published th" ******* END TEXT: "l extremists, whereas bisexuals themselves are applauded for their humanism and liberated thinking.\n"
9780814774458 - page_16: "START TEXT: In contrast, Out/Look presented bisexuality as a controversial issue with important implications for" ******* END TEXT: "ale readers defended Clausen against the critical letters published the previous Spring and Summer.\n"
9780814774458 - page_17: "START TEXT: The flurry of letters following Clausen’s article clearly presented bisexuality as a controversial i" ******* END TEXT: "ity included fifteen pages of cartoons and a selection of articles titled “What do bisexuals want?” "
9780814774458 - page_18: "START TEXT: “Just add water: Searching for the Bisexual politic,” “Strangers at home: Bisexuals in the queer mov" ******* END TEXT: "s they were in The Advocate. But by 1992, these objections were replaced by the voices of bisexuals "
9780814774458 - page_19: "START TEXT: themselves. The debate among lesbians about the place of bisexuals in the lesbian community had beco" ******* END TEXT: "ns, Lesbian Contradiction initially constructed the issue as one of lesbians who have sex with men. "
9780814774458 - page_20: "START TEXT: In issue number 2, “Many Lesbians Are Going Straight Now . . .—A Conversation” consisted of thirteen" ******* END TEXT: "gratitude for a fourth letter, an “anonymous response from a woman whose way of relating to men and "
9780814774458 - page_21: "START TEXT: to lesbians reminds us how many more variations there are in these matters than we might think.” The" ******* END TEXT: "t it is. Political integrity is not based on whether we sleep with men or with women, but on how we "
9780814774458 - page_22: "START TEXT: live our lives.” Again, the fact that this reader chose to remain anonymous says as much as her lett" ******* END TEXT: "eam returns to its humanist origins. The bisexual movement is the wave of the future. Bisexuals not "
9780814774458 - page_23: "START TEXT: only exist and belong in the lesbian and gay movement, but they have interests, issues, and a voice " ******* END TEXT: "of this book that these implications cut right to the heart of the meaning of lesbianism itself. As "
9780814774458 - page_24: "START TEXT: lesbians, we have fought long and hard for our lesbian identities and communities, and bisexuality c" ******* END TEXT: " today is none other than the energy with which we struggled to define ourselves two decades ago.\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_7: "START TEXT: 1DEBATE IN THE LESBIAN PRESS: INTRODUCING THE ISSUES\nWhat does The Lesbian Community think about bis" ******* END TEXT: "e lesbian community you share, they would probably draw pictures that were very different from each "
9780814774458 - page_8: "START TEXT: other and different from the picture you would draw. We are all individuals. We have different needs" ******* END TEXT: "ave been more important than another issue that was not covered, but it soon becomes more important "
9780814774458 - page_9: "START TEXT: because it is the issue that “everyone is talking about.” Soon, because we have been talking about t" ******* END TEXT: "o reads each publication, and whose view of The Lesbian Community is portrayed by each publication?\n"
9780814774458 - page_25: "START TEXT: 2“EXPERTS’” VOICES: LESBIANISM, BISEXUALITY, AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES\nWe live in an age of science an" ******* END TEXT: " infected women, preventing women from receiving financial and medical opportunities available only "
9780814774458 - page_26: "START TEXT: to people with an AIDS diagnosis. We know almost nothing about lesbian health issues; we do not even" ******* END TEXT: "be able to see new aspects of the chair, but she would no longer be able to see the aspects she saw "
9780814774458 - page_27: "START TEXT: before. The chair looks different from each angle, and each angle displays some aspects while concea" ******* END TEXT: "s that we interpret our desires using the concepts and possibilities made available by our culture, "
9780814774458 - page_28: "START TEXT: and that we perceive our desires as indications of the types of people we are. It also does not mean" ******* END TEXT: "he public recognized two types of sexual people who are essentially distinct from each other. Zinik "
9780814774458 - page_29: "START TEXT: (1985) called this dichotomous model of essential sexuality the “conflict model” of sexuality, becau" ******* END TEXT: "and psychic lives. On this seven-point scale, a “0” indicates a person whose erotic experiences and "
9780814774458 - page_30: "START TEXT: responses are entirely heterosexual, a “6” indicates a person whose erotic experiences and responses" ******* END TEXT: "does heterosexism affect the lives of gay and lesbian people?” “What is the process of coming out?” "
9780814774458 - page_31: "START TEXT: and “What are the gay and lesbian communities like, how do people meet each other, and what kinds of" ******* END TEXT: "ion occurred because scientists failed to question the simplistic model of sexuality in which there "
9780814774458 - page_32: "START TEXT: are only two uncomplicated types of people, homosexuals and heterosexuals.\nNew Models of Sexuality\nS" ******* END TEXT: "exuality is a distinct form of sexual orientation and that researchers should recognize it as such.\n"
9780814774458 - page_33: "START TEXT: Brierley rejected the idea that bisexuality, heterosexuality, and homosexuality are distinct forms o" ******* END TEXT: "p as the unit of analysis. Ross (1984), Kaplan and Rogers (1984), and Freimuth and Hornstein (1982) "
9780814774458 - page_34: "START TEXT: argued that social scientists should remove the emphasis on the biological sex characteristics of th" ******* END TEXT: "e categories. As MacDonald (1983) pointed out, these practices lead not only to a lack of knowledge "
9780814774458 - page_35: "START TEXT: about bisexuals, but also to poor quality knowledge about lesbians and gays, because people with var" ******* END TEXT: "ce and a way to show respect for the self-identities of the women who participated in this study.\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_36: "START TEXT: 3BEHIND THE SCENES: HOW THE STUDY WAS DONE AND WHO PARTICIPATED IN IT\nA BRIEF AND NONTECHNICAL LESSO" ******* END TEXT: " population and survey these people. In other words, we take a sample of the population and then we "
9780814774458 - page_37: "START TEXT: use the information these people give us to draw informed conclusions about the population as a whol" ******* END TEXT: "o be interpreted with special care. For example, if I had been able to draw a representative sample "
9780814774458 - page_38: "START TEXT: of lesbians and I found that 15% had children, then I would be able to say, with a known degree of c" ******* END TEXT: "tainty, and so on. Significance tests were designed for use on representative samples, and they are "
9780814774458 - page_39: "START TEXT: accurate for these types of samples. Because the sample on which this study is based is not a repres" ******* END TEXT: "e were self-explanatory, thus eliminating the need for potential respondents to speak directly to a "
9780814774458 - page_40: "START TEXT: member of the survey staff before participating in the study. This enabled the questionnaire to be p" ******* END TEXT: "o potential respondents that the following people were eligible to participate in the study: “women "
9780814774458 - page_41: "START TEXT: who consider themselves to be lesbian or bisexual, or who choose not to label their sexual orientati" ******* END TEXT: "tified themselves as Bisexual. Three women failed to answer the question about sexual self-identity "
9780814774458 - page_42: "START TEXT: but followed the instructions for bisexual women throughout the questionnaire and were assumed to id" ******* END TEXT: "exual. Younger women, on the other hand, were more likely to say that they were “heterosexuals with "
9780814774458 - page_43: "START TEXT: bisexual tendencies” or to say that they did not know what their orientation was or that they prefer" ******* END TEXT: "ch in common as not with respect to their feelings of sexual attraction. Figure 3.6 illustrates the "
9780814774458 - page_44: "START TEXT: range of sexual feelings toward women and men that were reported by lesbian and bisexual women, and " ******* END TEXT: "not before, coming out as lesbians.\nAmong bisexuals, 84% had called themselves lesbian in the past.\n"
9780814774458 - page_45: "START TEXT: For these women also, bisexuality was not merely a stepping stone on the way to coming out as a lesb" ******* END TEXT: "d in this study, if we keep these facts in mind. Now, it’s time to find out what they had to say.\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_100: "START TEXT: asked for their opinions on bisexuality, most lesbian respondents made no spontaneous statements wha" ******* END TEXT: " a speech about alternative lifestyles to a general audience as much as they would trust a lesbian.\n"
9780814774458 - page_101: "START TEXT: Summary\nIn summary, the majority of lesbian respondents are reluctant to be socially or politically " ******* END TEXT: "and they do not trust bisexual women because bisexual women appear to be connected to that world.\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_46: "START TEXT: 4LESBIANS’ VOICES: WHAT DO LESBIANS THINK ABOUT BISEXUALITY AND ITS ROLE IN SEXUAL POLITICS?\nA few o" ******* END TEXT: "several questions about their attitudes toward sexuality, bisexuality, and bisexual women. The most "
9780814774458 - page_47: "START TEXT: important question was a very simple open-ended one, “What is your opinion of bisexuality?” Although" ******* END TEXT: "isexuality. It is a fundamental issue over which there is considerable disagreement among lesbians, "
9780814774458 - page_48: "START TEXT: setting the stage for further disputes over the finer points of bisexuality. While some women answer" ******* END TEXT: "sn’t matter whom one has sex with; she defines sexuality in terms of “consistent” feelings of love.\n"
9780814774458 - page_49: "START TEXT: Naomi is the most restrictive, defining a bisexual as someone who has exactly equal feelings of love" ******* END TEXT: "le, Jerri wrote, “I find it hard to believe that people can be bisexual since it is so removed from "
9780814774458 - page_50: "START TEXT: my experience.” She left open the possibility that bisexuality really does exist and that her disbel" ******* END TEXT: "to be bisexual or who call themselves bisexual there are a few women who really are truly bisexual.\n"
9780814774458 - page_51: "START TEXT: Liberal Opinions and Mixed Feelings\nSeveral lesbian women in this study stated that sexuality is a p" ******* END TEXT: "e question “Does bisexuality exist?” to be “yes.” Respondents who believe that bisexuality does not "
9780814774458 - page_52: "START TEXT: exist could not answer the question as asked. Before they could answer the question, they had to cha" ******* END TEXT: "both sexes (not undecided). I prefer not to socialize with them. When they do I feel intruded upon.\n"
9780814774458 - page_53: "START TEXT: I have no interest in dating or having sex with bisexual women. They have men in their lives and I w" ******* END TEXT: "y of people have this potential. All three believe that bisexuality is no more than a potential and "
9780814774458 - page_54: "START TEXT: that many people might never realize this potential by having actual feelings or sexual experiences " ******* END TEXT: "choice if we were not taught to identify as either straight or gay. (Jane)\nor personal experiences:\n"
9780814774458 - page_55: "START TEXT: . . . by nature we are all bisexual. . . Our choices are based mostly on social sex roles, somewhat " ******* END TEXT: "t or all people are bisexual used concepts like “potential” or “ideal” to explain this belief. Many "
9780814774458 - page_56: "START TEXT: asserted that bisexuality is universal or widespread here and now. Among these lesbians, references " ******* END TEXT: " this issue more or less directly in their answers. This finding is all the more remarkable because "
9780814774458 - page_57: "START TEXT: many of those who addressed the issue believe that bisexuality exists. Within the context of a quest" ******* END TEXT: "pondents believe bisexuality exists, for many this is the only point on which they agree; there are "
9780814774458 - page_58: "START TEXT: almost as many conceptions of bisexuality among lesbians as there are lesbians who believe it exists" ******* END TEXT: " order to be considered bisexual? Must one enjoy these sexual contacts? Must one have exactly equal "
9780814774458 - page_59: "START TEXT: amounts of homosexual and heterosexual experience? Can homosexual and heterosexual experiences occur" ******* END TEXT: "Greta reserves the term for those people who enjoy the two sexes equally. Therefore, in the opinion "
9780814774458 - page_60: "START TEXT: of the first woman almost everyone is bisexual, whereas in the opinion of the second woman bisexuali" ******* END TEXT: "relationship with both men and women. Sad that the inner conflict prevents the person to experience "
9780814774458 - page_61: "START TEXT: a complete commitment to one person in order to build a lasting relationship. (Cori)\nThe implication" ******* END TEXT: "esbian respondents were asked to discuss their opinions about “bisexual women,” they pictured women "
9780814774458 - page_62: "START TEXT: who behave bisexually. But they have different opinions about what constitutes bisexual behavior. Fo" ******* END TEXT: "erence,” or simply “feelings.”\nFor the most part, these differences appear to be merely differences "
9780814774458 - page_63: "START TEXT: in wording rather than differences of opinion. The only issue over which these lesbians are substant" ******* END TEXT: ". These difficulties include personal problems, such as combining two very different types of love, "
9780814774458 - page_64: "START TEXT: and social hardships, such as a lack of acceptance by both the lesbian and heterosexual societies:\nI" ******* END TEXT: "even though many admit that they cannot relate personally because they are not bisexual themselves.\n"
9780814774458 - page_65: "START TEXT: Bisexuality as a Matter of Identity—Or a Denial of Identity\nIn an early phase of this research, 26 p" ******* END TEXT: "ple I know that say they are bisexual.” Others commented that their impressions of bisexuality came "
9780814774458 - page_66: "START TEXT: primarily from their own experiences. They recalled that they identified themselves as bisexual befo" ******* END TEXT: " identities by inauthenticating their own and others’ bisexual identities, and the cycle continues.\n"
9780814774458 - page_67: "START TEXT: But not all lesbian respondents who mentioned bisexual identity did so to cast doubt on its authenti" ******* END TEXT: "sexual. In fact, some believe that essence should not be the determining factor in identity at all. "
9780814774458 - page_68: "START TEXT: Loretta, for example, believes that although women might be essentially bisexual, they make choices " ******* END TEXT: "ctions, not her sexual behaviors or feelings. To them, the issue is not authenticity, but politics.\n"
9780814774458 - page_69: "START TEXT: Bisexuality as a Matter of Preferences or Choices\nSome lesbians simply referred to bisexuality, or s" ******* END TEXT: "se definitions of bisexuality retain the emphasis on the gender(s) of one’s partner(s), an emphasis "
9780814774458 - page_70: "START TEXT: derived from the gender-specific definitions of homosexuality and heterosexuality.\nA very small numb" ******* END TEXT: "use the same criterion to define bisexuality, there is considerable variation in the way they apply "
9780814774458 - page_71: "START TEXT: this criterion to distinguish bisexuality from homosexuality and heterosexuality. But whether define" ******* END TEXT: "rences in the effort to find similarities. Without this skill, we would be unable to learn from our "
9780814774458 - page_72: "START TEXT: experiences, unable to plan future activity, largely unable to communicate with each other, and unab" ******* END TEXT: "ns and as more homogeneous than lesbians?” It is not very useful to know that some lesbians believe "
9780814774458 - page_73: "START TEXT: that bisexual women are confused, for example, unless we also know whether or not they believe that " ******* END TEXT: "out the beliefs that bisexuals are really lesbians, that bisexuals are in transition to lesbianism, "
9780814774458 - page_74: "START TEXT: that bisexuals are less committed to their female friends than lesbians are, that bisexuals are less" ******* END TEXT: "men?\nHow much prejudice do you feel there is in the general U.S. population against bisexual women?\n"
9780814774458 - page_75: "START TEXT: Each question was followed by a seven-point response scale that ranged from “No prejudice at all” (1" ******* END TEXT: "tements as possible. For example, the pair of questions used to measure the belief that bisexuality "
9780814774458 - page_76: "START TEXT: is a transitional phase that women go through before coming out as lesbians was:\n“Women who say they" ******* END TEXT: "cussion of lesbian respondents’ answers to the closed-ended questions are referred to Rust (1993b).\n"
9780814774458 - page_77: "START TEXT: Unflattering Images\nIn their responses to the question “What is your opinion of bisexuality?” many l" ******* END TEXT: "ls are not as committed to other women as lesbians are; they are more likely to desert their female "
9780814774458 - page_78: "START TEXT: friends,” 61% of lesbian respondents agreed (figure 4.3). When asked to agree or disagree with the s" ******* END TEXT: "tion, lack of self-knowledge or self-awareness, a tendency to be more “sexually” than “emotionally” "
9780814774458 - page_79: "START TEXT: oriented, faddishness, a potential or tendency to exploit or hurt others, and a lack of fulfillment." ******* END TEXT: "d behave bisexually or call themselves bisexuals because they are confused. Perhaps they are merely "
9780814774458 - page_80: "START TEXT: experimenting with same-sex sexuality, or have not yet decided what their sexual orientations are. P" ******* END TEXT: "ng that comes along.” Other lesbians, like Holly, nonchalantly dismiss bisexuals as people who have "
9780814774458 - page_81: "START TEXT: not yet decided whether they are lesbian or heterosexual: “Doesn’t interest me. I feel a bisexual is" ******* END TEXT: "e other. That is, she’s really a lesbian but will not allow herself to realize that fully. (Janene)\n"
9780814774458 - page_82: "START TEXT: whereas others believe that bisexual-identified women know that they are really lesbians, and are us" ******* END TEXT: "with their lives. The time spent making an informed decision could be interpreted as bisexual. I do "
9780814774458 - page_83: "START TEXT: have problems with understanding a long term or convinced bisexual as I wonder if it is a cop out or" ******* END TEXT: "Society makes it difficult to be a lesbian, so some women claim to be bisexual when they are really "
9780814774458 - page_84: "START TEXT: lesbians who are afraid to admit it,” 83% agreed. Comparing these responses to lesbians’ responses t" ******* END TEXT: " choose. (Leah)\nthe social costs associated with committing oneself publicly to a lesbian identity,\n"
9780814774458 - page_85: "START TEXT: . . . some claim to be bisexual so they can be somewhat accepted by both “sides.” (Jodie)\nand the po" ******* END TEXT: "4.3), and 83% gave higher estimates of the ease of passing for bisexuals than they did for lesbians "
9780814774458 - page_86: "START TEXT: (Rust 1993b). When asked to estimate the proportion of bisexuals who would want to pass, 61% estimat" ******* END TEXT: " be abandoned leads some lesbians to avoid becoming involved in personal or political relationships "
9780814774458 - page_87: "START TEXT: with bisexual women, or to enter into these relationships carefully and reservedly, a reaction that " ******* END TEXT: "t gives energy (from women) to the “enemy” (men). (Patricia)\nIn short, bisexuality is bad politics.\n"
9780814774458 - page_88: "START TEXT: Perhaps, in the ideal world of the future, in which sexual inequality has been eradicated, men will " ******* END TEXT: "lesbians that I don’t understand.”\nConcerns about bisexuals’ particular disadvantages are as common "
9780814774458 - page_89: "START TEXT: among lesbians as concern over their double advantages (figure 4.2). In all, 36 lesbian respondents," ******* END TEXT: "tually have an advantage, but they certainly agree that bisexuals are less oppressed than lesbians.\n"
9780814774458 - page_90: "START TEXT: What about the 4.4% of lesbians who expressed concerns about the difficulties bisexuals face because" ******* END TEXT: " forth between these two lifestyles and societies. It is this ability to move freely back and forth "
9780814774458 - page_91: "START TEXT: between heterosexuality and lesbianism, and to appear to belong in all situations, that allows bisex" ******* END TEXT: "indecisive, transitional, fence-sitting, untrustworthy lovers, or political traitors. In comparison "
9780814774458 - page_92: "START TEXT: to the number of lesbians who expressed these beliefs about bisexual women, the number who rejected " ******* END TEXT: "se lack of political acumen is exactly what these lesbians find objectionable about bisexual women.\n"
9780814774458 - page_93: "START TEXT: Summary\nLesbians have a variety of images of bisexual women, both positive and negative, but negativ" ******* END TEXT: " negative images to all bisexual women; most lesbians stopped short of saying, for example, that all"
9780814774458 - page_94: "START TEXT: bisexual women are confused or in transition to lesbian identity. Most lesbians also agreed that som" ******* END TEXT: "might be just that—stereotypes.\nDespite the variety in lesbians’ images of bisexuals, most have two "
9780814774458 - page_95: "START TEXT: things in common. First, most of lesbians’ images of bisexuals, both positive and negative, are base" ******* END TEXT: "al statements to the effect that they prefer not to interact with bisexual women, that they find it "
9780814774458 - page_96: "START TEXT: difficult to relate to bisexual women, or that they feel uncomfortable interacting with them. Deirdr" ******* END TEXT: "the fear that she will go to the other side. It’s very stressful in a love relationship. (Angelina)\n"
9780814774458 - page_97: "START TEXT: Other lesbians are more reluctant to become romantically involved with bisexual women. Like Maxine a" ******* END TEXT: "men lovers for men lovers, but to the heterosexual aspect of the bisexual woman herself. Some would "
9780814774458 - page_98: "START TEXT: not want to have intimate sexual contact with a woman who had also been in close sexual contact with" ******* END TEXT: "women as lovers also reject them as friends? Some do, and some don’t. Women like Thelma refuse only "
9780814774458 - page_99: "START TEXT: romantic involvement; Thelma is willing to accept friendship with bisexual women and reported that s" ******* END TEXT: "y a vocal minority of lesbians with extremely negative attitudes about bisexuality. After all, when "
9780814774458 - page_102: "START TEXT: 5WHO BELIEVES WHAT? THE IMPACT OF LESBIANS’ PERSONAL POLITICS AND EXPERIENCES ON THEIR ATTITUDES TOW" ******* END TEXT: "al and political distance from bisexual women, from the handful of lesbians who don’t care if their "
9780814774458 - page_103: "START TEXT: dates, friends, and comrades are bisexual? Are there racial or generational differences in lesbians’" ******* END TEXT: "r lesbians of Color, and White lesbians show more similarity than difference. Compare, for example, "
9780814774458 - page_104: "START TEXT: these three quotes from lesbians who do not believe that bisexuality exists as a legitimate form of " ******* END TEXT: "titudes about bisexuality would be to overstate them, and perhaps to engage in racial stereotyping.\n"
9780814774458 - page_105: "START TEXT: There are no educational and few social class differences in lesbians’ attitudes toward bisexuality." ******* END TEXT: "e 1970s experienced very different historical circumstances. Lesbians who came out before Stonewall "
9780814774458 - page_106: "START TEXT: did not have the luxury of debating the relative political merits of lesbianism and bisexuality or t" ******* END TEXT: " to be differences that have been extinguished over time as lesbians of different ages and lesbians "
9780814774458 - page_107: "START TEXT: who came out at different stages of their lives mingle in the community and share their opinions wit" ******* END TEXT: "ible that lesbian feminists’ objections to bisexuality are in fact fundamentally based on political "
9780814774458 - page_108: "START TEXT: concerns, it would be naive to assume that this is true simply because lesbian feminists say that it" ******* END TEXT: "bian activists are no more likely than nonactivists and pocketbook or armchair activists to believe "
9780814774458 - page_109: "START TEXT: that bisexuality does not exist. Nor is the degree to which lesbians are actively involved in femini" ******* END TEXT: "rmer and 58% of the latter agreed that bisexual women lack commitment to their woman friends—a very "
9780814774458 - page_110: "START TEXT: small difference—but the former were more than twice as likely as the latter (25% versus 11%) to agr" ******* END TEXT: "riends to be lesbians. Lesbians who mentioned lesbian issues were also more than twice as likely as "
9780814774458 - page_111: "START TEXT: other lesbians to indicate that their preferences for lesbian friends were very strong. Similarly, 9" ******* END TEXT: "personal history of bisexuality.\nWhen I began exploring the relationship between lesbians’ personal "
9780814774458 - page_112: "START TEXT: experiences and their attitudes about bisexuality, I expected to find that lesbians whose own lives " ******* END TEXT: "hesis that I will call the “Identity Defense” hypothesis. In fact, I found quite the opposite to be "
9780814774458 - page_113: "START TEXT: true. Lesbians who reported that they feel some sexual attraction toward men are more, not less, lik" ******* END TEXT: "ve an easier time understanding heterosexuality in the sense that it is a total attraction. (Ginny)\n"
9780814774458 - page_114: "START TEXT: Because Ginny is totally attracted to women, she can understand heterosexuality as a total attractio" ******* END TEXT: " afraid to express. If not for this fear, these lesbian respondents might call themselves bisexual. "
9780814774458 - page_115: "START TEXT: To the extent that this is the case, their interest lies not in defending a broad definition of lesb" ******* END TEXT: "ciate with bisexual women socially and politically. Moreover, among those who have had heterosexual "
9780814774458 - page_116: "START TEXT: relationships, the seriousness of those relationships does not matter; lesbians who have been hetero" ******* END TEXT: "the heterosexual feelings reported by women in this study were feelings they had at the time of the "
9780814774458 - page_117: "START TEXT: study, not feelings they had had in the past. The passage of time creates a psychological distance; " ******* END TEXT: "ical loyalties than lesbians who never identified themselves as bisexual (figure 5.6). Thirty-seven "
9780814774458 - page_118: "START TEXT: percent of lesbians who previously identified as bisexual, compared to 28% of lesbians who did not, " ******* END TEXT: " lesbians are extremely unwilling to date bisexual women: 90% prefer to date lesbians, and 65% have "
9780814774458 - page_119: "START TEXT: very strong preferences in this area. But the desire to avoid dating bisexual women is even more pre" ******* END TEXT: " of lesbians who never identified themselves as bisexual and, in some cases, are even more extreme.\n"
9780814774458 - page_120: "START TEXT: Some readers might wonder whether the effects of heterosexual feelings and bisexual identity history" ******* END TEXT: "attitudes toward bisexual women unless she currently feels some attraction to men. If she does not, "
9780814774458 - page_121: "START TEXT: then she is either no longer bisexual or she never was, and again she sees little resemblance betwee" ******* END TEXT: "tical about bisexuality, prefer more strongly to confine their social and political interactions to "
9780814774458 - page_122: "START TEXT: other lesbians, and believe that lesbians are very different from bisexual women.\nThe impact of prev" ******* END TEXT: "ism and their images of lesbians. In other words, lesbianism, not bisexuality, is the real issue.\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_123: "START TEXT: 6THE PINK AND BLUE HERRING:1 THE ISSUE IS LESBIANISM, NOT BISEXUALITY\nWhy is the topic of bisexualit" ******* END TEXT: "we are. Disputes occur over how we should classify that which is lesbian by one definition, but not "
9780814774458 - page_124: "START TEXT: by another. Sometimes we refer to it as heterosexuality, sometimes we refer to it as lesbianism, and" ******* END TEXT: "ans as a special interest group.\nBy the early 1970s, some lesbians were no longer content to remain "
9780814774458 - page_125: "START TEXT: hidden and no longer willing to let their concerns as lesbians be dismissed or put on the back burne" ******* END TEXT: "istorical treatments of the development of particular strains of feminist or lesbian ideology, such "
9780814774458 - page_126: "START TEXT: as radical feminism, cultural feminism, lesbian separatism, and lesbian feminist reformism, are refe" ******* END TEXT: "Radicalesbians5 argued that “lesbian” is a term that is used to keep women in line; it is thrown at "
9780814774458 - page_127: "START TEXT: women who do not conform to the feminine gender role, and it is used to keep women from becoming too" ******* END TEXT: "lizes relations among women and causes women to perceive intimate relations between women according "
9780814774458 - page_128: "START TEXT: to the heterosexual models they have been taught, e.g., to lay “a surrogate male role on the lesbian" ******* END TEXT: "ed different arguments to construct lesbianism as a political issue. The Furies, a lesbian-feminist "
9780814774458 - page_129: "START TEXT: collective in Washington, D.C., and the Leeds Revolutionary Feminist Group began by politicizing het" ******* END TEXT: "ty is defined by her sexual function (1976a). Heterosexual socialization is backed up by norms that "
9780814774458 - page_130: "START TEXT: proscribe non-heterosexual forms of sexuality (Purple September 1975), and by male behaviors, cultur" ******* END TEXT: "ccess by the powerful to the powerless. Therefore, lesbianism, insofar as it represents a denial of "
9780814774458 - page_131: "START TEXT: men’s right to sexual access to women on the part of individual women, reclaims women’s power and ch" ******* END TEXT: "sbianism is a feminist lifestyle in practical, as well as theoretical, ways. Myron and Bunch (1975) "
9780814774458 - page_132: "START TEXT: argued that lesbianism is feminist not merely because lesbians’ existence poses an implicit challeng" ******* END TEXT: " that we are weak, incomplete—needing a man for strength, fulfillment, and protection—tells us that "
9780814774458 - page_133: "START TEXT: we cannot love women, even ourselves, that we must serve men; it also tells us to include ourselves " ******* END TEXT: " heterosexuality and then linking heterosexuality to the political institution of male supremacy in "
9780814774458 - page_134: "START TEXT: order to conclude that lesbianism, as an alternative to heterosexuality, is politically feminist, th" ******* END TEXT: "y possess by virtue of their perspective as outsiders to the institution. In good feminist fashion, "
9780814774458 - page_135: "START TEXT: Coletta Reid drew on her own personal experience to explain that lesbianism reveals the workings of " ******* END TEXT: "g., Abbott and Love 1972). Because they have no vested interest in male-dominated culture, they are "
9780814774458 - page_136: "START TEXT: free to develop a different culture; lesbian musicians, healers, etc., have been the source of much " ******* END TEXT: "avender herring” that would distract feminists from the needs of “real,” i.e., heterosexual, women.\n"
9780814774458 - page_137: "START TEXT: The arguments that lesbians have greater vision, resources, opportunities, and superior womanhood co" ******* END TEXT: "r personal and political commitments, and that these conflicts prevent them from achieving the full "
9780814774458 - page_138: "START TEXT: understanding of sexism that lesbians can achieve. Val Carpenter, for example, felt that heterosexua" ******* END TEXT: "2). As Johnston put it, “If you’re not part of the solution you’re part of the problem” (1973:181).\n"
9780814774458 - page_139: "START TEXT: Barbara Solomon argued that the reformist politics of heterosexual feminists are not only nonrevolut" ******* END TEXT: "ed: “If you cannot find it in yourself to love another woman, and that includes physical love, then "
9780814774458 - page_140: "START TEXT: how can you truly say you care about women’s liberation? If you don’t feel other women are worthy of" ******* END TEXT: " through living a separatist lifestyle” (1988:77). Atkinson, Johnston, and the three Furies members "
9780814774458 - page_141: "START TEXT: quoted above all specifically included sexual love in their arguments, clearly arguing that sexual l" ******* END TEXT: " the powerful male rather than challenge society’s valuation of him. Lesbians who buy into romantic "
9780814774458 - page_142: "START TEXT: notions of monogamous love or who participate in either butch or femme roles are also examples of le" ******* END TEXT: "he deemphasis of its sexual aspect.\nThus, Brown and Bunch distinguished the original concept of the "
9780814774458 - page_143: "START TEXT: Lesbian as a sexual type from the concept of the woman-identified woman, and then dismissed it as a " ******* END TEXT: "ical tradition, the ethnic political tradition that had become increasingly prominent in mainstream "
9780814774458 - page_144: "START TEXT: politics since the popularization of the Black civil rights movement of the 1950s. The concepts of l" ******* END TEXT: "“Political lesbianism” paper was that it was reductionist; it reduced the problem of male supremacy "
9780814774458 - page_145: "START TEXT: to the act of heterosexual intercourse, and it reduced feminist strategy to the withdrawal of sexual" ******* END TEXT: " political reasons’, or ‘to further the revolution’—would any woman do so anyway? Saying lesbianism "
9780814774458 - page_146: "START TEXT: can be and is a political as well as a personal choice doesn’t imply that, does it?” (1981:22). Jane" ******* END TEXT: "bian, can be feminists; it’s just that some women—namely, lesbians—are “more feminist” than others.\n"
9780814774458 - page_147: "START TEXT: Finally, the Leeds feminists and other lesbian feminists who put forth similar arguments were critic" ******* END TEXT: "not heterosexual women. They wrote, “Some lesbians and some heterosexual feminists saw the paper as "
9780814774458 - page_148: "START TEXT: an attack on heterosexual women: in fact, we were criticizing heterosexuality as the accepted form o" ******* END TEXT: "en can also be feminists, that is, they can also challenge heterosexuality. “The real difference is "
9780814774458 - page_149: "START TEXT: between woman-identified women—those who are serious about feminist struggle and loving women—and wo" ******* END TEXT: "rst. To establish lesbianism as a feminist issue, lesbian feminists first politicized lesbianism as "
9780814774458 - page_150: "START TEXT: a feminist lifestyle and as a political challenge to the institution of heterosexuality. Having esta" ******* END TEXT: "nly because of heterosexist training, and to find ways of showing them that this is the case. . . . "
9780814774458 - page_151: "START TEXT: Lesbians oughtn’t to try to force other women into it; just keep pointing out the blocks which keep " ******* END TEXT: " them, acknowledging that lesbianism cannot be based on political convictions alone because it must "
9780814774458 - page_152: "START TEXT: involve female eroticism. As she developed this eroticism herself, she found herself sharing real le" ******* END TEXT: "this relationship and, at a deeper level, the internal contradictions in lesbian feminist ideology.\n"
9780814774458 - page_153: "START TEXT: Controversy over the Relationship of Lesbian Sex to Lesbianism\nFrom the foregoing, it is clear that " ******* END TEXT: "function.” In other words, the redefinition of lesbianism in nonsexual terms not only de-privatized "
9780814774458 - page_154: "START TEXT: and politicized lesbianism, but challenged male-dominated views of women.\nThe desexualization of les" ******* END TEXT: "trong, unmarried women did in fact engage in lesbian sex of which, of course, there is no record.35\n"
9780814774458 - page_155: "START TEXT: Faderman was also not hampered in her construction of nineteenth-century romantic friends as the anc" ******* END TEXT: "th-loving culture men had created, women would naturally create a nurturant, life-centered society.\n"
9780814774458 - page_156: "START TEXT: The desexualized political lesbian was welcomed enthusiastically by cultural feminists. As a politic" ******* END TEXT: "nism and essentializing womanhood, cultural feminism also revitalized the antipornography movement, "
9780814774458 - page_157: "START TEXT: critiqued the “sexual revolution” as a social movement that liberated men at the expense of women, a" ******* END TEXT: "a means to be used for political purposes by both sides in the war between patriarchy and feminism.\n"
9780814774458 - page_158: "START TEXT: On the surface, the Sex Wars of the 1980s were debates over issues such as the correct feminist stan" ******* END TEXT: "ed, or the political nature of society’s reactions to lesbianism, or the validity of women who come "
9780814774458 - page_159: "START TEXT: to a lesbian identity out of political conscience—but it identifies the foundation of the entire les" ******* END TEXT: "he Radicalesbians referred to “the cultural revolution,” they did not mean a cultural revolution in "
9780814774458 - page_160: "START TEXT: which women’s life-loving essence would triumph over men’s death-loving essence; they meant a revolu" ******* END TEXT: " live in that world before it exists, we will in fact prevent its actual achievement. Thus, lesbian "
9780814774458 - page_161: "START TEXT: feminists are justified in refusing to relate to men even as they argue that the ultimate goal is th" ******* END TEXT: "ty” as an entity that oppresses both women and men, thereby removing the blame from men themselves.\n"
9780814774458 - page_162: "START TEXT: Radical feminists, cultural feminists, and other feminists do not disagree so much about the fact th" ******* END TEXT: "ed by lesbians in the feminist tradition conflict with the concepts and arguments that emerged from "
9780814774458 - page_163: "START TEXT: the ethnic political tradition. The conflict between feminist and ethnic modes of discourse produced" ******* END TEXT: "e possibility of losing their personal servants, heterosexual women are threatened because lesbians "
9780814774458 - page_164: "START TEXT: represent the possibility that they themselves could become liberated. This threat, too, rests on th" ******* END TEXT: "n who can not, rather than women who will not, fulfill their “proper political function in society” "
9780814774458 - page_165: "START TEXT: (1972/1973:12). In other words, patriarchy co-opts lesbians by constructing them as failed heterosex" ******* END TEXT: "ents began with the assertion that every woman is inherently bisexual. Therefore, every woman has a "
9780814774458 - page_166: "START TEXT: “lesbian aspect” which, most proponents of this view argued, had been suppressed by heterosexual tra" ******* END TEXT: "m is a choice by citing their own personal experience. For example, Barbara Solomon generalized her "
9780814774458 - page_167: "START TEXT: own experience to all lesbians when she asserted that “Lesbians are not born. We have made a conscio" ******* END TEXT: "nd subtle ways that heterosexuality destroyed your true power; you will discover how male supremacy "
9780814774458 - page_168: "START TEXT: destroys all women and eventually the creators of it, men” (1972/1975:73). The reconstruction of les" ******* END TEXT: "itive ties among women establishes lesbianism as a possibility for all women in two ways. First, it "
9780814774458 - page_169: "START TEXT: defines any woman who has a friendship with another woman as a lesbian. Since few women have no fema" ******* END TEXT: "sed instead on the question of whether lesbians choose to unite in struggle, a choice that could be "
9780814774458 - page_170: "START TEXT: made by born lesbians as well as political lesbians. But having incorporated born lesbians into her " ******* END TEXT: "as immaterial because each succeeded in providing lesbian feminism with what it needed at the time. "
9780814774458 - page_171: "START TEXT: But a problem arose nevertheless, because the concept of lesbianism as a choice, as critical as it w" ******* END TEXT: "ack on these ancestors with pride by claiming their accomplishments and contributions to society as "
9780814774458 - page_172: "START TEXT: the achievements of the ethnic group as a whole. One can look up to these ancestors—or to their cont" ******* END TEXT: "uses it to oppress the oppressed; therefore, the task of the oppressed is to empower itself. It can "
9780814774458 - page_173: "START TEXT: do this by asking the oppressor for a piece of the pie (the civil rights approach), by making the pi" ******* END TEXT: "roup can use the slogans to elicit the associated emotional responses without much fear of scrutiny "
9780814774458 - page_174: "START TEXT: by theoretical purists. Many non-African-American ethnic groups, including white immigrants as well " ******* END TEXT: "s and other separatist spaces did succeed in producing a feminist women’s culture. This new culture "
9780814774458 - page_175: "START TEXT: includes feminist humor, women’s music, a new genre of literature, and feminist social structures, s" ******* END TEXT: "as even more problematic for lesbians than it was for feminists. Like women in general, lesbians in "
9780814774458 - page_176: "START TEXT: particular lacked a preexisting cultural heritage and ancestry. But unlike women, lesbians also lack" ******* END TEXT: "estry, lesbians used the same methods used by feminists. In fact, to a large extent the development "
9780814774458 - page_177: "START TEXT: of lesbian heritage and the development of women’s heritage were one and the same effort. Cultural r" ******* END TEXT: "ark of a mature culture might be the ability to make fun of itself; contemporary lesbian culture is "
9780814774458 - page_178: "START TEXT: complex enough to support not only a serial comic strip, Alison Bechdel’s “Dykes to Watch Out For,” " ******* END TEXT: "st lawyer and civil rights activist, told DOB-New York that “being lesbian was like being black.”52\n"
9780814774458 - page_179: "START TEXT: Because of the similarities between female, lesbian, and ethnic oppression, many lesbian activists a" ******* END TEXT: "ave created in the male world. We know they are the beginning of the end for male supremacy and its "
9780814774458 - page_180: "START TEXT: hideous younger brothers, racial oppression and class oppression” (1976f :128).55\nThe argument that " ******* END TEXT: "move the color and find a white person underneath, or remove the lesbianism and find a heterosexual "
9780814774458 - page_181: "START TEXT: underneath. The fallacy of this logic is evident to people who are members of multiple oppressed gro" ******* END TEXT: " traditions undermined and conflicted with each other, complicating lesbians’ efforts to constitute "
9780814774458 - page_182: "START TEXT: themselves as a legitimate interest group. Within the feminist political tradition, political issues" ******* END TEXT: "the 1980s and 1990s. The issue of bisexuality exposes these faultlines, and the heated debates that "
9780814774458 - page_183: "START TEXT: occur among lesbians over bisexuality have less to do with bisexuality than with the controversies a" ******* END TEXT: "ons, each argument defined what is not lesbianism and gave non-lesbianism political implications as "
9780814774458 - page_184: "START TEXT: well. That which is bisexual is not lesbian; otherwise bisexuality per se would not exist except as " ******* END TEXT: "hen bisexuality must involve willingness to become involved in heterosexual relationships—otherwise "
9780814774458 - page_185: "START TEXT: it would be lesbianism. By this definition, a woman’s feelings of actual sexual attraction are fairl" ******* END TEXT: "ality.58 Thus, the argument that lesbianism is form of protest against male supremacy because it is "
9780814774458 - page_186: "START TEXT: an alternative to heterosexuality defines bisexuality as a willingness to engage in heterosexual rel" ******* END TEXT: "dge of herself that she gained through relations with women was gained because relations with women "
9780814774458 - page_187: "START TEXT: provided her with a context free from male definitions of women. By putting herself in a heterosexua" ******* END TEXT: "nd to support her interest in the patriarchy. In doing so, she hampers other women’s efforts toward "
9780814774458 - page_188: "START TEXT: feminist liberation. If the heterosexual woman is unhelpful, the bisexual woman—defined as a woman w" ******* END TEXT: "feminism than heterosexuality is, and expected that as women did examine the political implications "
9780814774458 - page_189: "START TEXT: of their sexuality, they would choose to move toward lesbianism. The feminist imperative therefore b" ******* END TEXT: "are a political commitment to women. The advent of the political lesbian reopened the feminist door "
9780814774458 - page_190: "START TEXT: to bisexual women, as it did to heterosexual women. Bisexual women, like heterosexual women, could b" ******* END TEXT: "ose continued heterosexual “desire” merely reflects her ignorance of the joys of relating to women.\n"
9780814774458 - page_191: "START TEXT: The sex positivist movement that arose in reaction to the desexualization of the lesbian was better " ******* END TEXT: "but no one would be bisexual, because if the concept of gender were truly eliminated the concept of "
9780814774458 - page_192: "START TEXT: bisexuality would be either meaningless in its failure to distinguish between people, or wholly unth" ******* END TEXT: " for example, patriarchy were eventually overthrown—then the concept of universal bisexuality would "
9780814774458 - page_193: "START TEXT: come back to haunt lesbian feminists with its implication that bisexuality is the ultimate feminist " ******* END TEXT: "hnicity produced unintended implications for bisexuality. The greater impact of the ethnic argument "
9780814774458 - page_194: "START TEXT: vis-à-vis bisexuality, however, was not to create implications for bisexuality, but to make lesbian " ******* END TEXT: "ality. By desexualizing the lesbian in order to claim independent women as lesbian ancestors in the "
9780814774458 - page_195: "START TEXT: absence of information about their sexual behaviors, cultural feminists and historians effectively d" ******* END TEXT: "superior insight and resources to offer the feminist struggle, and that all feminists should become "
9780814774458 - page_196: "START TEXT: lesbians in either the sexual or the political sense, are unconcerned about the possibility that wom" ******* END TEXT: "and completely irrelevant.\nMost of lesbians’ arguments ascribe very definite political implications "
9780814774458 - page_197: "START TEXT: to bisexual identity. If lesbianism is an implicit protest against patriarchy, then bisexual identit" ******* END TEXT: "s slightly more feminist than the complete heterosexual. For example, the arguments that lesbianism "
9780814774458 - page_198: "START TEXT: is an implicit protest against patriarchy, that the lesbian lifestyle embodies the feminist ideal of" ******* END TEXT: "ive terms possible—as nonexistent.\nOther interesting implications follow from the argument that the "
9780814774458 - page_199: "START TEXT: goal of gay liberation is the elimination of gender, and the argument that all women are inherently " ******* END TEXT: "reements about the nature of lesbianism in order to get on with the important business of living as "
9780814774458 - page_200: "START TEXT: lesbians, but when they discuss bisexuality they are forced to reexamine their own old issues. The d" ******* END TEXT: "lore in chapter 8. But first, I turn to the topic of bisexuals’ own attitudes toward bisexuality.\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_201: "START TEXT: 7BISEXUAL WOMEN’S VOICES: WHAT DO BISEXUAL WOMEN THINK ABOUT BISEXUALITY AND THE ROLE OF BISEXUALS I" ******* END TEXT: "ogether, opting to participate in the lesbian community insofar as they can benefit from it without "
9780814774458 - page_202: "START TEXT: either assimilating or rebelling against the attitudes that dominate that community? What do bisexua" ******* END TEXT: "e stated simply, “I think it’s healthy and natural.” Several other bisexual respondents did not use "
9780814774458 - page_203: "START TEXT: the word “natural” itself, but argued that most or all people would be bisexual if not for socializa" ******* END TEXT: "all people are really bisexual or that bisexuality is much more common than it appears to be. Faced "
9780814774458 - page_204: "START TEXT: with the reality that few people actually identify themselves as bisexual or appear to be bisexual, " ******* END TEXT: "iduals to choose to live either a homosexual or heterosexual life are social. She believes that the "
9780814774458 - page_205: "START TEXT: necessity for a “choice” stems from the inherent conflicts present in bisexuality itself:\nAs a bisex" ******* END TEXT: "are more likely than lesbians to assert that most or all people are bisexual. On a practical level, "
9780814774458 - page_206: "START TEXT: bisexual women like any minority have an interest in maximizing their numbers, whereas lesbians have" ******* END TEXT: "d, believe that bisexuality exists in the current society and they find it acceptable here and now; "
9780814774458 - page_207: "START TEXT: they have no need to hypothesize an ideal society in which such would be the case. In other words, t" ******* END TEXT: " than do definitions that depend upon actual experiences. It is this definition of bisexuality that "
9780814774458 - page_208: "START TEXT: underlies the belief in universal or almost universal bisexuality discussed above, and that accounts" ******* END TEXT: "ss bisexual. Both also refer to people who are attracted to both women and men as bisexual, even if "
9780814774458 - page_209: "START TEXT: they are more attracted to one sex or the other and even if they are sexually active with only one s" ******* END TEXT: " likes both sexes,” and Rosa, who argued that bisexuality “should be the preferred lifestyle of the "
9780814774458 - page_210: "START TEXT: majority of people who, eventually, come to understand both their masculine and feminine needs and n" ******* END TEXT: " form of sexuality. They share this conceptualization with 65% of the bisexual women in this study.\n"
9780814774458 - page_211: "START TEXT: BISEXUALS’ IMAGES AND FEELINGS ABOUT THEMSELVES\nHow do bisexuals perceive themselves as a group? How" ******* END TEXT: " freer,” and Michelle finds bisexuality “liberating.” Healthiness/naturalness and openness were the "
9780814774458 - page_212: "START TEXT: only two positive images of bisexuality mentioned by more than one bisexual respondent.\nUnflattering" ******* END TEXT: "ians’ accusations that bisexuals have difficulty making commitments to other people. She feels that "
9780814774458 - page_213: "START TEXT: “unfortunately, [bisexuality] can be used not to make a commitment.” Similarly, Charlotte agrees wit" ******* END TEXT: "em,” three-quarters (73%) agreed; in other words, bisexuals were more likely to state that lesbians "
9780814774458 - page_214: "START TEXT: deny their bisexuality than that bisexuals deny their lesbianism. So far, it appears that bisexuals " ******* END TEXT: "that these bisexual-identified women believe that women who call themselves bisexual generally have "
9780814774458 - page_215: "START TEXT: less insight and knowledge of their own sexuality than women who call themselves lesbians, this 44% " ******* END TEXT: "ir female friends,” and “It can be dangerous for lesbians to trust bisexuals too much, because when "
9780814774458 - page_216: "START TEXT: the going really gets rough, they are not as likely to stick around and fight it out,” the majority " ******* END TEXT: "reveals that three-quarters (73%) of bisexual women believe that it is easier for bisexuals to pass "
9780814774458 - page_217: "START TEXT: than for lesbians to pass (figure 7.4). When asked to estimate the percentages of bisexual and of le" ******* END TEXT: "nts about the forces that oppress them indicate that bisexuals generally do not perceive themselves "
9780814774458 - page_218: "START TEXT: as being oppressed as bisexuals per se. Instead, they perceive themselves as being oppressed for the" ******* END TEXT: "al, but it’s hard to express it when everyone expects you to choose one sex or the other. (Beverly)\n"
9780814774458 - page_219: "START TEXT: Social and Political Preferences—Images Translate into Feelings\nLesbians’ negative and apolitical im" ******* END TEXT: "in comparison to the finding that so many bisexuals prefer to associate with lesbians, not bisexual "
9780814774458 - page_220: "START TEXT: women. Unfortunately, it might be difficult for bisexual women to find lesbians to date or befriend," ******* END TEXT: "n might feel that a bisexual speaker would be able to relate to the audience better than a lesbian.\n"
9780814774458 - page_221: "START TEXT: THE IMPACT OF BISEXUAL WOMEN’S PERSONAL POLITICS AND EXPERIENCES ON THEIR ATTITUDES TOWARD BISEXUALI" ******* END TEXT: " in general women’s and gay issues than in issues pertaining specifically to their own orientation. "
9780814774458 - page_222: "START TEXT: Seventy-seven percent listed women’s or feminist issues and 49% listed gay issues, but only five res" ******* END TEXT: "ied themselves as bisexual or who feel attracted to men are less adamant about avoiding association "
9780814774458 - page_223: "START TEXT: with bisexual women than are lesbians whose past and current experiences are more “purely” lesbian. " ******* END TEXT: "se they share the experience of being attracted to both women and men. But if other bisexuals share "
9780814774458 - page_224: "START TEXT: both their attractions to women and their attractions to men, why then would any bisexuals—even thos" ******* END TEXT: "d be represented by lesbian lobbyists in the struggle for “gay rights.” Those who are involved with "
9780814774458 - page_225: "START TEXT: both women and men simultaneously, whose relationships with women are only casual, or who are not ro" ******* END TEXT: "ntly, everything else is not equal. Bisexuals who are in relationships with women, even though they "
9780814774458 - page_226: "START TEXT: continue to call themselves bisexual, obviously feel they have more in common with lesbians on the b" ******* END TEXT: "isexuals, and not with the possibly more antagonistic attitudes of the larger heterosexist society, "
9780814774458 - page_227: "START TEXT: reflects not lesbians’ greater blame in the oppression of bisexuals, but their closer cultural relat" ******* END TEXT: "mselves, which is almost as low as the value given them by the majority of lesbians, who shun them.\n"
9780814774458 - page_228: "START TEXT: Bisexuals’ definitions of bisexuality also closely resemble lesbians’. The majority of bisexual wome" ******* END TEXT: "isexual identity, but on the gender of their current romantic partners; if they are involved with a "
9780814774458 - page_229: "START TEXT: woman they prefer to associate with lesbians, and if they are involved with a man they prefer to ass" ******* END TEXT: "xuals made in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and the impact of these claims on lesbian politics.\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_230: "START TEXT: 8ANOTHER REVOLUTION ON THE POLITICAL WHEEL: THE POLITICIZATION OF BISEXUALITY\nSince the study descri" ******* END TEXT: "hough, structurally, the bisexual movement already resembles an advanced political movement—largely "
9780814774458 - page_231: "START TEXT: because many bisexual activists are experienced veterans of the left, feminist, and lesbian movement" ******* END TEXT: "t only in the languages of feminism and ethnicity, but in the language of sexual identity politics.\n"
9780814774458 - page_232: "START TEXT: In many ways, the arguments bisexuals are using to politicize bisexuality resemble the arguments les" ******* END TEXT: "thcoming bisexual anthologies and other publications, and announcements of the results of elections "
9780814774458 - page_233: "START TEXT: in local and national bisexual groups, of the formation of new groups and publications, and of the t" ******* END TEXT: "ation that reflected the issues organizers and attendees considered important. In March 1994, North "
9780814774458 - page_234: "START TEXT: Bi Northwest reported the formation of a new local bisexual group, describing the group’s goals inst" ******* END TEXT: "s about even this libertarian definition. Other authors offer their own definitions of bisexuality, "
9780814774458 - page_235: "START TEXT: usually emphasizing that they are personal definitions that might not work for everyone or in every " ******* END TEXT: "ity. Of course, one aspect of this diversity is the very sexual diversity that renders a definition "
9780814774458 - page_236: "START TEXT: of bisexuality problematic—not only differences in relationship status and views of bisexuality, but" ******* END TEXT: "koff about being an Arab-American bisexual woman, and by Thyme S. Siegel on anti-Jewish oppression. "
9780814774458 - page_237: "START TEXT: The Seattle Bisexual Women’s Network (SBWN) held a workshop on racism for itself because White membe" ******* END TEXT: "mous conceptualization of sexuality in which people are divided into homosexuals and heterosexuals, "
9780814774458 - page_238: "START TEXT: but also dichotomous gender in which people are classified as either women or men.27\nIn keeping with" ******* END TEXT: "ady seen that bisexuals are in no hurry to develop a simple definition of bisexuality by which they "
9780814774458 - page_239: "START TEXT: could reconstruct themselves as a group in the ethnic tradition. In addition to celebrating the dive" ******* END TEXT: " sexuality, it also challenges the dichotomous distinction between women and men. Different authors "
9780814774458 - page_240: "START TEXT: have offered slightly different explanations of how bisexuality subverts gender. Smith perceives bis" ******* END TEXT: " not bi or lesbian,” but her argument establishes bisexuality itself as not only feminist, but more "
9780814774458 - page_241: "START TEXT: feminist than lesbianism.42 Other bisexuals make the more modest claim that “a politicized bisexual " ******* END TEXT: "als as people whose common characteristic is their refusal to practice gender exclusivity. As such, "
9780814774458 - page_242: "START TEXT: it is a definition that has the potential to create an ethnic bisexual identity. But, as I mentioned" ******* END TEXT: " nature and source of the oppression that prevents liberty. One of the forms of bisexual oppression "
9780814774458 - page_243: "START TEXT: that bisexuals have identified is a general misunderstanding of bisexuality. This misunderstanding i" ******* END TEXT: "this movement is taking shape, one of its goals is to counteract the negative publicity. As part of "
9780814774458 - page_244: "START TEXT: this effort, bisexual newsletters monitor coverage of bisexuality in the mainstream media, where bis" ******* END TEXT: "rts. To give bisexuals an opportunity to be visible, BiNet USA—whose statement of purpose lists the "
9780814774458 - page_245: "START TEXT: facilitation of “bisexual visibility” as one of its primary goals—declared Valentine’s Day, 1992, to" ******* END TEXT: "ything That Moves reviewed Outweek’s article “The Bisexual Revolution.” It described the article as "
9780814774458 - page_246: "START TEXT: “well-balanced,” in contrast to the “bi-bashing article” more characteristic of the lesbian/gay pres" ******* END TEXT: " respond to bisexuals’ demands for nominal inclusion by arguing that “lesbian/gay” already includes "
9780814774458 - page_247: "START TEXT: bisexuals; after all, “bi liberation is gay liberation.” Robyn Ochs and Pam Ellis responded to this " ******* END TEXT: "ect that women and men would engage in mutual cooperation. But complete cooperation is prevented by "
9780814774458 - page_248: "START TEXT: several factors, most notably the fact that gender is still a very real phenomenon. Women and men ha" ******* END TEXT: "on Bisexual Men’s Network folded.\nTransgender issues are also problematic in the bisexual movement, "
9780814774458 - page_249: "START TEXT: particularly in some bisexual women’s groups. In the bisexual movement as a whole, transgendered ind" ******* END TEXT: " attend large meetings and mixed-gender meetings, but not the Newcomers Group and social gatherings "
9780814774458 - page_250: "START TEXT: defined as “women-born-women only.” One year later, discussion was reopened and, in May 1994, transg" ******* END TEXT: "bisexual movement of the early 1990s.\nThe bisexual movement’s roots in the lesbian/gay movement are "
9780814774458 - page_251: "START TEXT: analogous to the lesbian movement’s roots in the feminist and gay movements. Contemporary bisexual a" ******* END TEXT: "minine gender that defines a “real woman” as a female who has sex with men. Contrary to the feeling "
9780814774458 - page_252: "START TEXT: of feminists at the time that lesbians were marginal constituents of the feminist movement and that " ******* END TEXT: "tributed to the construction of dichotomous sexuality, primarily through their efforts to construct "
9780814774458 - page_253: "START TEXT: lesbians as an ethnic group. To become an ethnic group, lesbians had to distinguish themselves from " ******* END TEXT: "city, and of the strategies for liberation that flow from ethnicity.\nIf bisexuals were to construct "
9780814774458 - page_254: "START TEXT: themselves as an ethnic group, then the threat to lesbianism would be alleviated. The sexual dichoto" ******* END TEXT: "support their claim. Among the specific problems they face are how to build a mixed-gender movement "
9780814774458 - page_255: "START TEXT: that is feminist, and whether to welcome transgenderists to women’s space within that movement. Buil" ******* END TEXT: "bians did not have to take into account other already established identity-based sexual minorities.\n"
9780814774458 - page_256: "START TEXT: This does not imply that lesbian feminists did not also consider self-identity important. They did, " ******* END TEXT: " Therefore, they do not spend a great deal of energy asserting that the bisexual movement should be "
9780814774458 - page_257: "START TEXT: multicultural. From its inception, bisexuals declared the movement to be multicultural; the work tha" ******* END TEXT: "itical ideology they began to see lesbian identity as an identity every woman can and should adopt. "
9780814774458 - page_258: "START TEXT: Contemporary bisexual activists advocate respect for individuals’ sexual self-definitions, but they " ******* END TEXT: "ecame independent of its feminist and gay parent movements, passed through the stage of ideological "
9780814774458 - page_259: "START TEXT: coalescence followed by ideological rigidity, and eventually lost sight of its original goals. The c" ******* END TEXT: "on? If it does, it might prove to be the final revolution on the wheel of sexual identity politics.\n"
9780814774458 - page_260: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_xi: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nForeword by Karla Jay\nAcknowledgments\nIntroduction\n1. Debate in the Lesbian Press: Introduc" ******* END TEXT: "out Bisexuality and Its Role in Sexual Politics?\nDoes Bisexuality Exist?\nLesbians Who Are Skeptical\n"
9780814774458 - page_xii: "START TEXT: Liberal Opinions and Mixed Feelings\nBisexuality Exists\nEveryone Is Bisexual\nSummary\nWhat Is Bisexual" ******* END TEXT: "s, and Other Demographic Differences\nPolitical Differences: Do Political Lesbians Speak for Us All?\n"
9780814774458 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: Politics and the Issue of Bisexual Existence\nPolitics and Sexual Conceptualizations, Beliefs, and Fe" ******* END TEXT: "y? Or, Why Is Everyone Standing Up?\nBisexuals’ Images and Feelings about Themselves\nPositive Images\n"
9780814774458 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: Unflattering and Existentially Invalidating Images\nPolitical Images\nSocial and Political Preferences" ******* END TEXT: "ity Politics\nAppendix A: Figures\nAppendix B: Tables\nNotes\nBibliography\nSubject Index\nAuthor Index\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_viii: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\n© 1995 by New York University\nAll rights reserved\nLibra" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Dedicated\nto all the women who made this study possibleby taking the time to complete a very long qu" ******* END TEXT: "in P. Levinewhose encouragement and mentorshipmade this book, and my career as I know it, possible.\n"
9780814774458 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_iii: "START TEXT: THE CUTTING EDGE:Lesbian Life and Literature•Series Editor: Karla Jay\nThe Cook and the Carpenter: A " ******* END TEXT: "R. Farwell\nDiana: A Strange AutobiographyBy Diana FredericsWith an Introduction by Julie L. Abraham\n"
9780814774458 - page_iv: "START TEXT: LoverBy Bertha Harris\nElizabeth Bowen: A Reputation in WritingBy renée c. hoogland\nLesbian EroticsEd" ******* END TEXT: "lena Whitbread\nNo Priest but Love: The Journals of Anne Lister, 1824–26Edited by Helena Whitbread\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_v: "START TEXT: THE CUTTING EDGE:Lesbian Life and Literature•Series Editor: Karla JayProfessor of English and Women’" ******* END TEXT: " on Theory and CultureNEW YORK UNIVERSITY\nBonnie ZimmermanWomen’s StudiesSAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY\n"
9780814774458 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_xv: "START TEXT: FOREWORD\nDespite the efforts of lesbian and feminist publishing houses and a few university presses," ******* END TEXT: "neglected works, which constitute the vast majority of lesbian writing, the attention they deserve.\n"
9780814774458 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: A second but no less important aim of this series is to present the “cutting edge” of contemporary l" ******* END TEXT: "aders can also find the work of academics and independent scholars who write about other aspects of "
9780814774458 - page_xvii: "START TEXT: life from a distinctly lesbian viewpoint. These visions are not only various but intentionally contr" ******* END TEXT: "hology by Celia Kitzinger and Rachel Perkins, Rust tackles a controversial topic within the lesbian "
9780814774458 - page_xviii: "START TEXT: community. In a thoughtful study that is both enlightening and provocative, Rust analyzes the bisexu" ******* END TEXT: " a treasure of useful knowledge.\nKARLA JAYProfessor of English and Women’s StudiesPace University\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_i: "START TEXT: BISEXUALITY AND THE CHALLENGE TO LESBIAN POLITICS\nTHE CUTTING EDGE:Lesbian Life and Literature\n" ******* END TEXT: "BISEXUALITY AND THE CHALLENGE TO LESBIAN POLITICS\nTHE CUTTING EDGE:Lesbian Life and Literature\n"
9780814774458 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_1: "START TEXT: INTRODUCTION\n\n—I feel people who think they are bisexual are confused about it, or in transition.\n—I" ******* END TEXT: "am; in April of 1993, bisexuals marched in the National March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi "
9780814774458 - page_2: "START TEXT: Rights and Liberation; and in June of 1994, the Third International Conference Celebrating Bisexuali" ******* END TEXT: "nvironment as the people they study. Their opinions serve as a particular kind of mirror for social "
9780814774458 - page_3: "START TEXT: issues, a mirror that dissects and detects but that ultimately reflects light produced by other sour" ******* END TEXT: " attitudes toward, among other things, bisexuality. Over four hundred women took part in the study, "
9780814774458 - page_4: "START TEXT: which forms the basis of this book and is described in greater detail in chapter 3. As a result of t" ******* END TEXT: "onceptualize sexuality, and where do lesbianism and bisexuality fit into these models of sexuality?\n"
9780814774458 - page_5: "START TEXT: Chapter 3 introduces the study of lesbian and bisexual women that forms the basis of most of the boo" ******* END TEXT: "r I examine the profound challenge it poses to the future of lesbian identity and lesbian politics.\n"
9780814774458 - page_6: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_321: "START TEXT: Notes\nINTRODUCTION\n1. This organization has since been renamed the “Bisexual Network of the USA” or " ******* END TEXT: " Goodkin, The Advocate, no. 412.\n12. The Advocate, no. 523 (April 1989).\n13. The Advocate, no. 564.\n"
9780814774458 - page_322: "START TEXT: 14. The Advocate, no. 578.\n15. Kevin Koffler, “A New Sandra Bernhard?” The Advocate, no. 554.\n16. Lo" ******* END TEXT: "o an essentialist concept akin to the modern concept of the “homosexual.” See also Bullough (1990).\n"
9780814774458 - page_323: "START TEXT: 2. The debate between essentialism and constructionism is not the same as the debate over whether se" ******* END TEXT: "imes choose to give certain members of a population a greater chance of being selected than others.\n"
9780814774458 - page_324: "START TEXT: 2. The self-administered questionnaire was based on the results of preliminary pilot and pre-test st" ******* END TEXT: "onnaire length, I judged the single scale sufficient for the purposes of the current research. This "
9780814774458 - page_325: "START TEXT: compromise was made with respect to the measurement of sexual feelings only; participants’ past and " ******* END TEXT: " explained by the fact that most women, when they begin to come out, seek lesbians of their own age "
9780814774458 - page_326: "START TEXT: for support. They therefore learn the attitudes and definitions that are pertinent to lesbians of th" ******* END TEXT: " usually attributed to the Radicalesbians and sometimes erroneously to Rita Mae Brown individually.\n"
9780814774458 - page_327: "START TEXT: 6. See also Abbott and Love (1971).\n7. See also Goodman et al. (1983).\n8. See also Berson’s 1972 ess" ******* END TEXT: "itz (1984) for documentation of the emergence of feminist and lesbian feminist ideas in The Ladder.\n"
9780814774458 - page_328: "START TEXT: 16. Shelley’s invitation to lesbians to be proud of their lesbianism should be compared to the senti" ******* END TEXT: " but equally exclusive of heterosexual women: “While we do not see straight women as our oppressors "
9780814774458 - page_329: "START TEXT: or as our enemy, their interests are often opposite to ours, and, as the agents of men, their behavi" ******* END TEXT: "tead of men. For example, pointing out that it is a personal solution to a political problem, Koedt "
9780814774458 - page_330: "START TEXT: argued that the moral imperative to be a lesbian was a perversion of the phrase “the personal is pol" ******* END TEXT: "ge the difficulties real lesbians had to face. In their experience, heterosexual women who chose to "
9780814774458 - page_331: "START TEXT: be celibate for feminist reasons and accepted “the fact that true feminism should ultimately lead to" ******* END TEXT: "tly lead to the erroneous assumption that they are ‘sexless’ beings. Most of the leaders of the DOB "
9780814774458 - page_332: "START TEXT: agree that countless hundreds of thousands of women who can never conform to Kinsey statistics, are " ******* END TEXT: " gay ideologies, see Adam (1987), Echols (1984), Evans (1993), Faderman (1991), and Seidman (1993).\n"
9780814774458 - page_333: "START TEXT: 43. Shelley wrote, “Maybe after the revolution, people will be able to love each other regardless of" ******* END TEXT: " 1990s, the contemporary gay men’s movement retains a primarily essentialist ideology. Contemporary "
9780814774458 - page_334: "START TEXT: essentialist views among gay men cannot be attributed to internalized heterosexism; 1990s gay ideolo" ******* END TEXT: "ications of their own arguments for bisexuality. Usually these discussions were brief (e.g., Abbott "
9780814774458 - page_335: "START TEXT: and Love 1972; Brown 1972/1975), but the interested reader can find fairly detailed discussions in A" ******* END TEXT: "ly and also provided an answer to the question “What is your opinion of bisexuality?” The quotes in "
9780814774458 - page_336: "START TEXT: this chapter are all drawn from these latter 40 women, and all percentages are calculated on a base " ******* END TEXT: "but unlike other bisexuals with predominantly heterosexual feelings, she reported that she strongly "
9780814774458 - page_337: "START TEXT: preferred to associate with lesbians. She came out as a lesbian in the mid 1970s and retains a stron" ******* END TEXT: "p. 20 (Spring 1991).\n8. Kathleen Bennett, “The sweet bi and bi: Male-female couples in the bisexual "
9780814774458 - page_338: "START TEXT: world,” North Bi Northwest, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 13 (October/November 1991).\n9. Deborah M. Anapol, “The" ******* END TEXT: "plied that it was not also interested in nonracial/ethnic forms of diversity. Elias Farajajé-Jones, "
9780814774458 - page_339: "START TEXT: who did not perceive “multiculturalism” in solely racial/ethnic terms, argued that eliminating “mult" ******* END TEXT: ": The personal and the political,” North Bi Northwest, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 1 (December/January 1993).\n"
9780814774458 - page_340: "START TEXT: 31. Raven Gildea, “Pride: The challenge of working for change,” North Bi Northwest, vol. 5, no. 4, p" ******* END TEXT: "ead, he values it because it represents the overthrow of imbalanced “gender roles and gender power” "
9780814774458 - page_341: "START TEXT: (North Bi Northwest, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 9, 11, December/January 1993). Liz Highleyman contrasted the" ******* END TEXT: "tober/November 1990).\n56. Ellen Brenner, “The article I have been threatening to write ever since I "
9780814774458 - page_342: "START TEXT: joined the network, or My life as a lesbian-identified bisexual fag hag,” Bi Women, vol. 7, no. 3, p" ******* END TEXT: "h, “The straight poop: A political opinion column,” Anything That Moves, no. 2, p. 5 (Spring 1991).\n"
9780814774458 - page_343: "START TEXT: 71. Michele Moore, “Notes from all over,” Bi Women, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 2 (February/March 1988).\n72. R" ******* END TEXT: "nity: Viable reality or revolutionary pipe dream?” Anything That Moves, no. 2, p. 21, Spring 1991).\n"
9780814774458 - page_344: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_357: "START TEXT: Subject Index\nAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), 19, 25–26, 31, 78, 243–244, 245\nAdvocate, " ******* END TEXT: " n. 61. See also Images of bisexuals\nBiPOL, 1\nBirmingham Revolutionary Feminist Group, 151–152, 158\n"
9780814774458 - page_358: "START TEXT: Bisexual: political movement, 1–2, 4, 15, 18, 22, 23, 230–232, 240–243, 245, 247–259\npolitics, 5, 15" ******* END TEXT: "\ngender as, or essential womanhood, 127, 155–156, 159–162, 191, 332 n. 39\nEssentialism. See Essence\n"
9780814774458 - page_359: "START TEXT: Ethnicity. See Ethnic political tradition; Race/ethnicity\nEthnic political tradition, 125, 143, 144," ******* END TEXT: "exuality among lesbians, 213–214\namong bisexuals, 222–226, 336 n. 6\nabstention from, 61\nas a “white "
9780814774458 - page_360: "START TEXT: disease,” 181\nin secondary homosexuality, 32. See also Attractions, sexual; Lesbian, feminist moral " ******* END TEXT: "rientation Grid (KSOG), 32\nLadder, The, 134, 167, 326 n. 2, 327 nn. 9, 13, 15, 333 n. 49, 334 n. 50\n"
9780814774458 - page_361: "START TEXT: Leeds Revolutionary Feminist Group, 129, 144, 145, 147–148, 149, 151, 327 n. 8, 328 n. 20, 329 nn. 2" ******* END TEXT: ", 246, 322 nn. 19–22\nOutweek, 245\nParents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (P-FLAG), 247, 342 n. 57\n"
9780814774458 - page_362: "START TEXT: Patriarchy, 17, 87–88, 107, 127, 129–171, 174, 175, 178–180, 184, 185, 187, 190, 192, 193, 195, 197," ******* END TEXT: "ite, 19. See also Transgender\nWITCH, 174, 333 n. 47\nWoman-defined woman. See Woman-identified woman\n"
9780814774458 - page_363: "START TEXT: Woman-identified woman, 17, 68, 98, 126, 132, 137, 141, 142, 143, 147, 149, 153, 154, 158, 159, 166," ******* END TEXT: "9 n. 24, 332 n. 38, 334 n. 50. See also Feminism\nWomen’s Movement. See Feminism; Women’s liberation\n"
9780814774458 - page_364: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774458 - page_vii: "START TEXT: BISEXUALITY AND THE CHALLENGE TO LESBIAN POLITICS\nSex, Loyalty, and Revolution\nPaula C. Rust\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "BISEXUALITY AND THE CHALLENGE TO LESBIAN POLITICS\nSex, Loyalty, and Revolution\nPaula C. Rust\n\n\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_i: "START TEXT: HIGH HOPES " ******* END TEXT: "HIGH HOPES "
9780814774632 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_iii: "START TEXT: HIGH HOPES\nThe Clinton Presidency and the Politics of Ambition\nSTANLEY A. RENSHON\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "HIGH HOPES\nThe Clinton Presidency and the Politics of Ambition\nSTANLEY A. RENSHON\n\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1996 by Stanley A. Renshon\nAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: "sen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_v: "START TEXT: To my children, David and Jonathan, with love,in the hope that they realize their dreams,find comfor" ******* END TEXT: "realize their dreams,find comfort in their ideals,and are surrounded by love throughout their lives "
9780814774632 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_vii: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nAcknowledgments\nPreface\nIntroduction\nPART I. PRESIDENTS, PSYCHOLOGY, AND THE PUBLIC\nCHAPTER" ******* END TEXT: "ration and Abandonment: The Clinton Family\nCHAPTER 9 Some Consequences of Hope: A Tale of Two Women\n"
9780814774632 - page_viii: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 10 Vietnam and the Draft\nCHAPTER 11 A Life’s Choice: Hillary Rodham Clinton\nPART IV. THE POL" ******* END TEXT: "ill Clinton’s Character and Presidency: A Note on Method\nNotes\nReferences\nSubject Index\nName Index\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_ix: "START TEXT: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\nIn the effort to clarify and refine my analysis, to address and where possible integ" ******* END TEXT: "y Paul, Doris Brothers, and Richard Ulman. They were very helpful in refining my thinking regarding "
9780814774632 - page_x: "START TEXT: ambition, idealization, and the object relations implications of the theory of character presented h" ******* END TEXT: " and the great pleasure of my life. Their support was my constant companion throughout my writing.\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_xi: "START TEXT: PREFACE\nA president’s personal strengths and limitations are the foundation of what he will accompli" ******* END TEXT: "and has proposed the most ambitious schedule of policy initiatives in thirty years. Indeed, Clinton "
9780814774632 - page_xii: "START TEXT: may be the most ambitious and knowledgeable president in the last two decades.\nYet he is also widely" ******* END TEXT: "ogy. More specifically, I make use of psychological theories of character and personality, theories "
9780814774632 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: of presidential leadership and performance, and theories of public psychology.\nA psychologically fra" ******* END TEXT: " his puzzling contradictions, his missteps, and his accomplishments be fully understood without it. "
9780814774632 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_1: "START TEXT: INTRODUCTION\nThis book’s title, High Hopes, refers to the public’s investment in the success of the " ******* END TEXT: "t in Clinton’s character. Yet character, however conspicuous, gains its importance not so much from "
9780814774632 - page_10: "START TEXT: answers to complex and controversial questions. Moreover, Clinton’s capacity to reinvent himself, bo" ******* END TEXT: "ortant political period.\nSuch analyses are needed because biographies of Clinton and his presidency "
9780814774632 - page_11: "START TEXT: have generally been content to portray him through anecdotes.9 For example, Michiko Kakutani, review" ******* END TEXT: "r approval”? Do the two exist independently of each other, like disembodied ghosts wandering though "
9780814774632 - page_12: "START TEXT: Clinton’s psyche, or is there some theoretically and psychologically plausible relationship between " ******* END TEXT: "raits and their associated personal and political characteristics came into being. Most biographies "
9780814774632 - page_13: "START TEXT: of Clinton, even the most useful of them, are content to detail his path from Hope, Arkansas, to the" ******* END TEXT: "imself—his policies, his personal and public identity, leadership, and judgment. My purpose in this "
9780814774632 - page_14: "START TEXT: book is to develop a psychologically framed portrait of Clinton’s interior and interpersonal psychol" ******* END TEXT: "ships with others. In the three chapters that immediately follow, I examine each of these character "
9780814774632 - page_15: "START TEXT: elements in some detail with regard to Clinton. In chapter 6, I trace the effects of Clinton’s chara" ******* END TEXT: "he quality of his judgments.\nIn the final chapter, I consider the meaning of the 1994 elections and "
9780814774632 - page_16: "START TEXT: Clinton’s performance as president. I draw some conclusions about his performance as president durin" ******* END TEXT: "ues that arise in connection with a psychologically framed analysis of Clinton and his presidency.\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_2: "START TEXT: its prominence as from its effects. Hence, the term “politics of ambition” reflects not only the imp" ******* END TEXT: "ntinued to decline, as the rise of a serious third party challenge in 1992 underscored. Rather than "
9780814774632 - page_3: "START TEXT: fading away, Ross Perot and his followers continue to play an important public role. Speculation abo" ******* END TEXT: "ticular circumstances. The purpose of a psychologically informed analysis, however, is not to prove "
9780814774632 - page_4: "START TEXT: that character or presidential psychology explains everything. It will rarely do that in any event. " ******* END TEXT: "pact. A president does not have to change history in order for his presidency to have consequences. "
9780814774632 - page_5: "START TEXT: The presidency has become a highly developed and institutionalized fulcrum of governmental activity." ******* END TEXT: "al array of problems. In foreign affairs the basic question is how exactly the United States should "
9780814774632 - page_6: "START TEXT: view and respond to its responsibilities and interests in a paradoxical environment where it is the " ******* END TEXT: "him could tell stories of his inhaling apples in a few massive bites, swallowing them core and all. "
9780814774632 - page_7: "START TEXT: Hot dogs went down so fast they barely touched his teeth … what else. What else. What else. (Maranis" ******* END TEXT: "bedded in, influenced by, and even grow out of an interior psychological constellation. Sometimes a "
9780814774632 - page_8: "START TEXT: president’s psychology reinforces his talents; sometimes it inhibits their full use.6\nThis helps exp" ******* END TEXT: "ly assembled a compilation of remembrances of Clinton by those who knew and worked with him, wrote,\n"
9780814774632 - page_9: "START TEXT: Few Americans have ever had the exterior gifts of a politician in such abundance.\nBill Clinton was h" ******* END TEXT: "nt attests to his strong intellectual abilities, as does his capacity to give detailed, intelligent "
9780814774632 - page_17: "START TEXT: IPRESIDENTS,PSYCHOLOGY,AND THE PUBLIC " ******* END TEXT: "IPRESIDENTS,PSYCHOLOGY,AND THE PUBLIC "
9780814774632 - page_18: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_19: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 1PUBLIC PSYCHOLOGY: THE LEGACY OF HISTORY\nThe analysis of every presidency is a story consis" ******* END TEXT: "ge, but some historical periods involve managing change within a more stable framework, while other "
9780814774632 - page_20: "START TEXT: times require the president and his advisers to develop the framework itself. These two contexts cal" ******* END TEXT: "nterest (Walt 1989), an attempt to make the world safe for democracy (T. Smith 1993), neo-Wilsonian "
9780814774632 - page_21: "START TEXT: pragmatism (Tucker 1993–94; Zoellick 1994), principles of human rights (Burkhalter 1993; Manning 199" ******* END TEXT: "have allowed candidates’ organizations and support to bypass traditional bases of party support. As "
9780814774632 - page_22: "START TEXT: a result, the traditional apparatus of the major political parties has become increasing less import" ******* END TEXT: "the conservative Republican was not a mortal foe of liberal welfare programs. In fact, he attempted "
9780814774632 - page_23: "START TEXT: to reform and improve several of these programs. In answer to whether Nixon was a moderate, liberal," ******* END TEXT: "s now, was clear. On the one hand, a president needs sufficient power to govern effectively. On the "
9780814774632 - page_24: "START TEXT: other hand, too much unrestrained power might lead to the very excesses that fueled the American Rev" ******* END TEXT: "ormance, but its opposite, a decline in confidence and trust in public leadership and institutions.\n"
9780814774632 - page_25: "START TEXT: THE DECLINE OF PUBLIC CONFIDENCE INPOLICY SOLUTIONS\nAmericans have traditionally been optimistic abo" ******* END TEXT: "use (Jenks 1994). Each of these problems, in turn, are complex, difficult, and not easily resolved.\n"
9780814774632 - page_26: "START TEXT: Not only have social problems proved difficult to eradicate, but large-scale government policy progr" ******* END TEXT: ". Alternatives seldom were evaluated carefully, and effectiveness was rarely calculated accurately” "
9780814774632 - page_27: "START TEXT: (1975, 242). One result was that costs were substantially underestimated and expected, and actual re" ******* END TEXT: " set of relationships between presidents and citizens. In the American system, citizens temporarily "
9780814774632 - page_28: "START TEXT: cede to presidents the power to make decisions and implement them. However, they do so with certain " ******* END TEXT: "and thereby increasing the risk of disappointment and cynicism. Addressing complex policy dilemmas, "
9780814774632 - page_29: "START TEXT: however, requires of citizens that they support plausible policy initiatives in the face of uncertai" ******* END TEXT: "trust in its leaders and institutions has enormous consequences for governing. Martin P. Wattenberg "
9780814774632 - page_30: "START TEXT: notes that “candidate-centered politics may dominate the process today, but candidates have become l" ******* END TEXT: "uestion about public policy, but rather the public’s psychological connections to its institutions, "
9780814774632 - page_31: "START TEXT: leaders, and political process. This unresolved public concern underlies and frames more specific po" ******* END TEXT: "earest message of 1992 was the majority’s demand for active government engaged to relieve America’s "
9780814774632 - page_32: "START TEXT: discontents and reclaim the future” (1993, 194). Perhaps so. But this public aspiration has a number" ******* END TEXT: "d commitments. New government programs are touted as “investments,” payments to government entities "
9780814774632 - page_33: "START TEXT: such as health alliances are listed as “premiums,” and so on. The question remains unanswered as to " ******* END TEXT: "econd depends on his ability to successfully address and begin to resolve the basic public dilemma. "
9780814774632 - page_34: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_35: "START TEXT: IITHE CHARACTEROF BILL CLINTON " ******* END TEXT: "IITHE CHARACTEROF BILL CLINTON "
9780814774632 - page_36: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_37: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 2CHARACTER AND THE PRESIDENCY\nAt its center, the powers of the presidency are set into motio" ******* END TEXT: "s one has developed to satisfy them. The consequences of character choice accumulate, and certainly "
9780814774632 - page_38: "START TEXT: by mid-adulthood, who one is carries more psychological weight than who one might become.\nThe term c" ******* END TEXT: "ities even more so. In Clinton’s case, when one adds a tendency toward high levels of activity (see "
9780814774632 - page_39: "START TEXT: chapter 3), there is even less inclination, not to mention time, to look inward.7 Clinton’s enormous" ******* END TEXT: "odulated by empathetically attuned others and “optimally frustrating” experience, ambition does not "
9780814774632 - page_40: "START TEXT: run the risk of careening out of control and interfering with judgment and behavior (Kohut 1971, 8–9" ******* END TEXT: "s. We do not ordinarily equate integrity with the unbridled pursuit of ambition or wealth. The term "
9780814774632 - page_41: "START TEXT: character integrity shares these perspectives but approaches the term’s meaning from a more psycholo" ******* END TEXT: " for the self” (1959, 160).\nThe process of developing ideals and values begins early in life. Early "
9780814774632 - page_42: "START TEXT: ideals come primarily, but not exclusively, from parents and the other early models who try to guide" ******* END TEXT: "ys justify self-interest to oneself. However, it is a measure of the power and importance of ideals "
9780814774632 - page_43: "START TEXT: that the selfish often feel obligated to provide some less self-referential reasons (to themselves a" ******* END TEXT: " the pursuit of ideals, many of them socially valuable, is an integral part of the development of a "
9780814774632 - page_44: "START TEXT: strong and favorable sense of self (Kohut 1971, 248). In other words, in Clinton’s case, we must att" ******* END TEXT: "t personas. They can use personas to reframe circumstances. Candidate Bill Clinton’s self-described "
9780814774632 - page_45: "START TEXT: persona as the “comeback kid,” after placing second in the New Hampshire primary, was a deft twist. " ******* END TEXT: "s stance toward relationships with others and the psychology that shapes it. This sphere contains a "
9780814774632 - page_46: "START TEXT: continuum of interpersonal relationships, ranging from antagonistic, unfriendly relationships at one" ******* END TEXT: "with others, cooperating with others, or simply measuring our own accomplishments against others.13\n"
9780814774632 - page_47: "START TEXT: CHARACTER AND STYLE\nCharacter forms the foundation of a president’s overall psychological functionin" ******* END TEXT: " well as with broad segments of the American public (Jones 1988). On the other hand, the failure to "
9780814774632 - page_48: "START TEXT: develop a good interpersonal style is frequently suggested as one reason that the Carter presidency " ******* END TEXT: "are related to the underlying character elements that shape them—that is, what motivates his style.\n"
9780814774632 - page_49: "START TEXT: In short, we need to analyze how the president’s style fits in relation to his overall psychological" ******* END TEXT: "r his own ends but might nonetheless have developed gracious social skills to do so. There are very "
9780814774632 - page_50: "START TEXT: practical political reasons for presidents to mask the operation of certain character elements, even" ******* END TEXT: "nd early adulthood. Let me first turn to the cornerstone of presidential accomplishment, ambition.\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_51: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 3AMBITION\nPresident Clinton’s character has been as controversial as his administration. Whi" ******* END TEXT: " School, an accomplished student at Georgetown University, a Rhodes Scholar, and a graduate of Yale "
9780814774632 - page_52: "START TEXT: Law School. These accomplishments precede his substantial and upwardly directed political career, wh" ******* END TEXT: "get there” (Levin 1992, 5).\nHis mother, Virginia Kelley, dated Clinton’s political ambitions to the "
9780814774632 - page_53: "START TEXT: time he attended Boys Nation as a sixteen-year-old and shook hands with President Kennedy. Clinton h" ******* END TEXT: "n lead to difficulties. In the analysis that follows I examine both the usefulness and limitations, "
9780814774632 - page_54: "START TEXT: when they are relevant, of these skills and talents as they affect Clinton’s approach to his preside" ******* END TEXT: "lly when you consider his schedule today. Mr. Clinton shuttled from a breakfast and news conference "
9780814774632 - page_55: "START TEXT: with Boris N. Yeltsin to an announcement with Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa. By mid-afternoon he wa" ******* END TEXT: "linton did the same thing when this student came to Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar (Levin 1992, 67–68). "
9780814774632 - page_56: "START TEXT: Clinton appears to be someone who served as well as joined many organizations.\nThe same pattern of i" ******* END TEXT: ". The demands for it are enormous. Programs must be touted, allies consulted, Congress lobbied, and "
9780814774632 - page_57: "START TEXT: the public informed. Added to this are the demands on the president by aides—especially if there are" ******* END TEXT: " activity demands scrutiny. Many have said “wonderingly that he was the most frenetic president the "
9780814774632 - page_58: "START TEXT: nation had ever seen” (Kelly 1992a). However, it is not enough to admire Clinton’s high level of act" ******* END TEXT: " inconsequential” (Oakley 1994, 41). Speaking of Clinton’s aversion to spending time at Camp David, "
9780814774632 - page_59: "START TEXT: John Brummett observed, “The quiet (at Camp David) bothered him too. Clinton is not proficient at be" ******* END TEXT: "rs as governor of Arkansas. Clinton has displayed the same intellectual skills as president in such "
9780814774632 - page_60: "START TEXT: public contexts as the “economic summit” he chaired in December 1992. Many commentaries at the time " ******* END TEXT: " confidence resulting in an improved economic climate, Clinton turned red with anger and disbelief, "
9780814774632 - page_61: "START TEXT: asking, “You mean to tell me that the success of the program and my reelection hinges on the Federal" ******* END TEXT: "og on it. Our project was a solar hot dog cooker … we got the ‘D’ we deserved” (Levin 1992, 28–29).\n"
9780814774632 - page_62: "START TEXT: At Oxford Clinton was known to read a lot, but was also “known to be lackadaisical about his studies" ******* END TEXT: " many proposals, not clearly enough thought through, has been a problem at the Clinton White House.\n"
9780814774632 - page_63: "START TEXT: Clinton’s substantial intelligence has been a tremendous advantage, but it has also paradoxically re" ******* END TEXT: "gence tell us much about the uses to which he puts it. These are matters of judgment and character.\n"
9780814774632 - page_64: "START TEXT: When Clinton’s advisers met during the campaign to discuss the middle-class tax cut, there was disag" ******* END TEXT: "would continue to march straight ahead to his own political demise, and Clinton is no fool. But his "
9780814774632 - page_65: "START TEXT: short-term flexibility masks a more profound set of questions. Why is he so frequently in the positi" ******* END TEXT: "e had taken” (1995, 398). This was one of a long string of efforts by Clinton to have it both ways.\n"
9780814774632 - page_66: "START TEXT: His campaign slogan was “You can’t lead without listening,” which reflected the view that he had los" ******* END TEXT: "d an ambitious plan for change. In his first term, “He had not one or two priorities, but scores of "
9780814774632 - page_67: "START TEXT: them, encompassing virtually every area of public policy” (Oakley 1994, 198). In his first appearanc" ******* END TEXT: "by saying he understood the limits of government, but, upon gaining office, immediately launched an "
9780814774632 - page_68: "START TEXT: ambitious personal and public agenda. In both cases, he recruited inexperienced but ideologically co" ******* END TEXT: "of what he has already been doing, it is clear that he believes he is already on the right course.\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_69: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 4CHARACTER INTEGRITY\nCharacter integrity lies at the core of presidential performance. Psych" ******* END TEXT: ", these questions can be reduced to two basic questions: Is Clinton honest? Can Clinton be trusted?\n"
9780814774632 - page_70: "START TEXT: Questions of honesty and integrity go to the heart of Clinton’s presidency. If by honesty one means " ******* END TEXT: "policy positions is that their utility and even necessity are often in the eyes of the beholder. Is "
9780814774632 - page_71: "START TEXT: Clinton’s passage of a National Service Program a plus in the character column? Conservatives and li" ******* END TEXT: "ncies,3 whatever specific policy controversies might have taken place during their administrations. "
9780814774632 - page_72: "START TEXT: They emerged with greater force, and for better reasons, in the Johnson and Nixon presidencies. The " ******* END TEXT: " issues for President Clinton.\nExamining these issues for any president requires us to focus on the "
9780814774632 - page_73: "START TEXT: four interrelated dimensions of character integrity. The first are the president’s ideals and values" ******* END TEXT: " functions of political ideology. From the psychological standpoint, authentic political identities "
9780814774632 - page_74: "START TEXT: as “traditional Democrat,” “New Deal liberal,” “Goldwater conservative,” or “New Democrat” all have " ******* END TEXT: "rsus old ideas” (Ifill 1992c).\nSome disagree and argue, “Nuance and lengthy analysis aside, Clinton "
9780814774632 - page_75: "START TEXT: in his soul is a fairly conventional liberal Democrat” (Brummett 1994, 26). Others see a moderate an" ******* END TEXT: "ever saw. I know who I am; I know what I believe…. Maybe (the problem is) my so-called New Democrat "
9780814774632 - page_76: "START TEXT: philosophy has some liberal elements and some conservative elements. Most thinking people, particula" ******* END TEXT: "ent’s ideals and values, and his commitment to them, are particularly important resources. The fact "
9780814774632 - page_77: "START TEXT: that a president has a strong, coherent set of ideals, that he does not lightly undertake actions th" ******* END TEXT: "ke a laser beam”; or very specific pledges like Lyndon Johnson’s never “to send American boys 9,000 "
9780814774632 - page_78: "START TEXT: miles away from home to do what Asian boys ought to be doing for themselves.”\nGeneral promises commi" ******* END TEXT: "backing away from a constitutional amendment to allow school prayer (Verhovek 1994); his promise to "
9780814774632 - page_79: "START TEXT: be tougher on dictators like Syria’s Hafez al-Assad; his promise to link most favored trade status f" ******* END TEXT: "the last four days, voters cited the campaign pledges that Mr. Clinton already seemed to be pulling "
9780814774632 - page_80: "START TEXT: back on, like a tax cut for the middle class, and easing the immigration of Haitians. Some people we" ******* END TEXT: " he would not raise taxes on the middle class, he always added the phrase “to pay for my programs.” "
9780814774632 - page_81: "START TEXT: By this logic, an adviser stated, “Mr. Clinton’s legalistic construct was a ‘distinction with a diff" ******* END TEXT: "mmed in part from the ambiguity of his own beliefs, in part in getting past the complexities in his "
9780814774632 - page_82: "START TEXT: own mind, and the fact that there were too many cooks involved in almost every significant speech he" ******* END TEXT: "lack of a system to deal with them: “There is no system. He has a decision making method which is a "
9780814774632 - page_83: "START TEXT: postponement process” (Drew 1994, 232). Under these circumstances, the ambiguities of Clinton’s beha" ******* END TEXT: "e so he would be able to hear conflicting advice and then go on to make his decision, secure in the "
9780814774632 - page_84: "START TEXT: understanding of how his already-held convictions shaped the diverse considerations at hand.\nSpecifi" ******* END TEXT: " about Clinton’s view of himself is how few doubts he entertains about his own motives, values, and "
9780814774632 - page_85: "START TEXT: candor. He responded to the press and others who raised questions about him during the campaign by p" ******* END TEXT: " life and it’s all driven by ambition. That’s bull, and I’m tired of it. (New York Times 1992b, D9)\n"
9780814774632 - page_86: "START TEXT: One of the most striking pieces of evidence along these lines is contained in a 1993 Rolling Stone i" ******* END TEXT: " here appears very responsive not to what is right, but to how it would look in the morning papers.\n"
9780814774632 - page_87: "START TEXT: The other striking aspect of this exchange occurs directly afterwards, when he is asked what the mos" ******* END TEXT: "to bring further opportunities. However, there is another situational element to self-confidence in "
9780814774632 - page_88: "START TEXT: political leaders. Both governors and presidents do not in many respects live in the real world.\nThe" ******* END TEXT: "ange of subjects. Clinton was one of the most verbal presidential candidates in modern history. Few "
9780814774632 - page_89: "START TEXT: candidates have felt so secure talking at length in a variety of settings. Yet another indication of" ******* END TEXT: "confidence masks a deeper sense of insecurity. As evidence they could point to Clinton’s difficulty "
9780814774632 - page_90: "START TEXT: in making decisions. Ordinarily, people with high self-confidence do not have great difficulty reach" ******* END TEXT: "c appraisal of the obstacles facing him, success may reinforce grandiosity rather than restrain it.\n"
9780814774632 - page_91: "START TEXT: Perhaps the most public manifestations of this danger took place in an interview Clinton gave before" ******* END TEXT: "from consumption to investment; a political reform bill, including reform of campaign financing and "
9780814774632 - page_92: "START TEXT: new restrictions on lobbying; a national service bill; welfare reform; comprehensive reform of healt" ******* END TEXT: "ans, without a secure foundation in place, seems to reflect a triumph of confidence over prudence.\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_100: "START TEXT: confidence. Second, the idea of a “need to be liked” does not fully come to grips with Clinton’s wel" ******* END TEXT: "presidency at least two such areas have emerged. The first is Clinton’s view of himself as a man of "
9780814774632 - page_101: "START TEXT: accomplishments. The acknowledgment that he is doing things and succeeding is very important to Clin" ******* END TEXT: "d his efforts, while all the time marveling that, despite this, he is so misunderstood. (1994, 4–5)\n"
9780814774632 - page_102: "START TEXT: Aside from the relatively mild public displays of anger (when contrasted to the severity of his ange" ******* END TEXT: " get no credit around here for fighting and bleeding…. And if you hold me to an impossible standard "
9780814774632 - page_103: "START TEXT: and never give us any credit… that’s exactly what will happen, guys like that will think like that. " ******* END TEXT: "s been constructed and operates in one way, but whose deeper psychology operates quite differently.\n"
9780814774632 - page_104: "START TEXT: In clinical work, analysts have long been familiar with masked character traits and types. There is," ******* END TEXT: "throughout his political career. Some long-time Clinton observers note, “The Arkansas landscape was "
9780814774632 - page_105: "START TEXT: strewn with people who believed that Clinton had lied to them, double crossed them, or left them out" ******* END TEXT: " doing so is one obvious strategy for a man like Clinton, who has such strong interpersonal skills.\n"
9780814774632 - page_106: "START TEXT: The Dual Nature of Empathy\nOne of the major controversies regarding Clinton is the question of wheth" ******* END TEXT: "t he was for each of them.\nIn evaluating a president’s psychology, we need to distinguish strategic "
9780814774632 - page_107: "START TEXT: empathy13 from empathetic attunement—which is a temporary, limited, but nonetheless real attempt to " ******* END TEXT: "r that can have an adverse impact on others.\nAfter his gubernatorial campaign loss in 1980, Clinton\n"
9780814774632 - page_108: "START TEXT: invited several aides to lunch … and launched into a melodramatic soliloquy on what he should do nex" ******* END TEXT: "d close quarters, were legitimate issues on which people might hold different and legitimate views.\n"
9780814774632 - page_109: "START TEXT: CLINTON’S ANGER\nWhile Clinton is a charming man, he is also frequently an angry one. There are by no" ******* END TEXT: "economic program would mean higher taxes for everyone making over $36,000 a year, Clinton flew in a "
9780814774632 - page_110: "START TEXT: rage, yelling, “I want to put a fist halfway down their throats with this. I don’t want subtlety. I " ******* END TEXT: "tic rage shares “the need for revenge, for righting a wrong, for undoing a hurt by whatever means.” "
9780814774632 - page_111: "START TEXT: Once this rage is triggered, “there is utter disregard for reasonable limitations” (1972, 383, 385)." ******* END TEXT: "House Democrats feeling “they had voted for things that the administration had then offered to give "
9780814774632 - page_112: "START TEXT: away in the Senate,” which led them to wonder “was this the way the administration would handle the " ******* END TEXT: "e president, and now it’s reported the president walked away from us” (Hilzenrath and Marcus 1993).\n"
9780814774632 - page_113: "START TEXT: While change to accommodate new circumstances is certainly part of presidential bargaining, Clinton’" ******* END TEXT: "Others who have followed Clinton have noted a strong element of expediency in his behavior. Clinton "
9780814774632 - page_114: "START TEXT: works hard to convince others that he will work his heart out to get them what he has promised he wi" ******* END TEXT: "sident Clinton backed off it too.\nDrew calls Clinton’s behavior “well-intended equivocation” (1994, "
9780814774632 - page_115: "START TEXT: 241). Others are not so charitable. J. Bill Becker, a labor organizer and leader who worked with Cli" ******* END TEXT: "he thinks at the time he can” (Brummett 1994, 263). This is an argument that pleads for forbearance "
9780814774632 - page_116: "START TEXT: because of Clinton’s good intentions. However, it also points to another set of explanations having " ******* END TEXT: "Johnson (Baker 1993). Others have seen Clinton as resembling presidents as diverse as Reagan, Bush, "
9780814774632 - page_117: "START TEXT: Ford, Carter, and Kennedy (Solomon 1993). The diversity of these perceptions reflects Clinton public" ******* END TEXT: "to win back a measure of their reputations, they have even used similar public techniques to do so. "
9780814774632 - page_118: "START TEXT: Nixon’s famous “Checker’s Speech,” given to diffuse public concern about his moral character, is not" ******* END TEXT: " to understand Clinton more fully. “Tricky Dick” and “Slick Willy” are characterological siblings.\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_93: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 5RELATEDNESS\nThere have been few presidents for whom interpersonal relations have played suc" ******* END TEXT: "by many accounts, a charming, gregarious, and friendly man. Unlike Gary Hart and Richard Nixon, two "
9780814774632 - page_94: "START TEXT: men with a tendency toward interpersonal isolation, Clinton is often surrounded by a group of admiri" ******* END TEXT: "er is the president, in the first outer ring are his most intimate and trusted advisers, and so on. "
9780814774632 - page_95: "START TEXT: However, another way to approach the relational presidency is to examine the function of others in t" ******* END TEXT: "iews, but know how each view fits in (or doesn’t) with his own, and feel comfortable with doing so.\n"
9780814774632 - page_96: "START TEXT: The president’s primary experience with others is critical to how he treats his staff, his advisers," ******* END TEXT: " stage of his development. George Wright, Jr., a childhood friend of Clinton’s, recalls that at age "
9780814774632 - page_97: "START TEXT: six, Clinton “wanted to be everybody’s friend” (1993, 29). Donna Taylor, who first met Clinton when " ******* END TEXT: "ely supportive of Clinton and his accomplishments. In a number of cases, one sees strong tendencies "
9780814774632 - page_98: "START TEXT: toward uncritical idealization (see, e.g., Levin 1992; Dumas 1993). A number of them “have dedicated" ******* END TEXT: "biographer, Robert Levin, it was Fulbright to whom Clinton turned for a recommendation for a Rhodes "
9780814774632 - page_99: "START TEXT: Scholarship, an endorsement that Clinton said was “crucial to his acceptance for the honor” (1992, 5" ******* END TEXT: "vel of self-confidence. Ordinarily, the need to be liked would not be associated with such personal "
9780814774632 - page_119: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 6CHARACTER AND PRESIDENTIALPSYCHOLOGY\nA president’s psychology is not synonymous with his ch" ******* END TEXT: "tion,” for example, is critical for Clinton, but its actual use can be either positive or negative. "
9780814774632 - page_120: "START TEXT: Being able to deal effectively with others is clearly one important element of presidential leadersh" ******* END TEXT: "gn’s ability to weather them (Tierney 1992). A less self-confident and determined candidate, it was "
9780814774632 - page_121: "START TEXT: reasoned, would not have been able to do so. Clinton also used the “comeback kid” persona with some " ******* END TEXT: "quoted in Levin 1992, 133).\nClinton himself has traced his impatience to the early and tragic death "
9780814774632 - page_122: "START TEXT: of his father in a highway accident. He told one of his early biographers, Charles Flynn Allen,\nI th" ******* END TEXT: " the transition but after the administration had been in office and ought to have known better. For "
9780814774632 - page_123: "START TEXT: instance, Clinton told Senator Orrin Hatch on June 7, 1993, that he would have a Supreme Court nomin" ******* END TEXT: "at have their own important and historical legislative role cannot simply be expected to perform as "
9780814774632 - page_124: "START TEXT: uncritical conduits for large numbers of presidential initiatives with far-reaching consequences. A " ******* END TEXT: "mersed himself in a wide range of policy, personnel, and administrative details. In his educational "
9780814774632 - page_125: "START TEXT: role as president and in his private behavior, he has taken short-cuts that often skirt ethical boun" ******* END TEXT: "lls that when her son Roger expressed disappointment about not winning a football competition, Bill "
9780814774632 - page_126: "START TEXT: wrote to him encouraging him to keep trying because “determination will finally pay off—if you want " ******* END TEXT: "one to respond forcefully. Certainly a competitive president can improve his position domestically, "
9780814774632 - page_127: "START TEXT: with regard both to his rivals and to his own policy agenda, by wanting and trying to win.\nOne drawb" ******* END TEXT: "the Republicans. Al Gore asked that all present agree not to work with Republicans, and that is how "
9780814774632 - page_128: "START TEXT: the meeting ended (Woodward 1994, 181). The bill passed in the Senate with Vice President Gore casti" ******* END TEXT: "s and a mastery of facts that comes from decades of immersion in policy, and he wants the public to "
9780814774632 - page_129: "START TEXT: know it. He believes in his abilities to solve the public’s problems, and it is crucially important " ******* END TEXT: "pose as well as reveal it.\nIt is not be surprising that someone with Clinton’s large and successful "
9780814774632 - page_130: "START TEXT: ambitions, sometimes realized against great odds, would come to think of himself as special and uniq" ******* END TEXT: " Clinton often seems unaware of the discrepancies between what he says and what he does. In matters "
9780814774632 - page_131: "START TEXT: large and small, there is an element in Clinton of not wishing to, or perhaps thinking that he does " ******* END TEXT: "ents differ from previous big government efforts and thus to build public support for his programs.\n"
9780814774632 - page_132: "START TEXT: Another dilemma posed by this fundamental contradiction was how Clinton was going to get the money t" ******* END TEXT: "executive office of the president and who work for the White House (Friedman 1993a). These included "
9780814774632 - page_133: "START TEXT: hundreds of military communications workers, as well as workers in the trade representative’s office" ******* END TEXT: "resident who has difficulty following through on his professed commitments. Further, they suggest a "
9780814774632 - page_134: "START TEXT: president who wishes to give the appearance of following through on commitments, while acting in a m" ******* END TEXT: ", the budget package first proposed in August 1994 called for increased government spending (during "
9780814774632 - page_135: "START TEXT: his first term in office) and cuts in government spending to reduce the deficit in 1996 and after (o" ******* END TEXT: "ccomplish what has eluded others and that he knows more than they did leads him to take large risks "
9780814774632 - page_136: "START TEXT: and attempt to mask rather than hedge them. One prime example is the president’s ambitious, complex " ******* END TEXT: "ions were at risk.\nClinton’s attention to foreign policy is characterized by the same selfindulgent "
9780814774632 - page_137: "START TEXT: risk-taking. Clinton is well known for his interest in and knowledge of domestic rather than foreign" ******* END TEXT: "While talking with reporters in an attempt to explain a remark he had made that Americans seemed to "
9780814774632 - page_138: "START TEXT: be in a “funk,” Clinton went on at some length. When his spokesman, Michael McCurry, tried to get hi" ******* END TEXT: " official who actually made the decision, thereby discounting his own knowledge and final authority—"
9780814774632 - page_139: "START TEXT: which he could have exercised to stop the operation, but did not—he invites the public to believe th" ******* END TEXT: "n the U.S. Senate who sought to make it an issue early on … they control the timing of this not me” "
9780814774632 - page_140: "START TEXT: (Clinton 1993j). This is simply untrue. The Republicans had made such a threat, but Clinton had intr" ******* END TEXT: "sibility to lead them (Purdum 1995c). Too much information and not enough understanding of the “big "
9780814774632 - page_141: "START TEXT: picture” were at the root of this problem. Clinton alluded to his ambitious agenda during his first " ******* END TEXT: "s complex man without a more accurate understanding of what he experienced, survived, and built on. "
9780814774632 - page_142: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_143: "START TEXT: IIIGROWING UP, COMING OF AGE" ******* END TEXT: "IIIGROWING UP, COMING OF AGE"
9780814774632 - page_144: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_145: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 7HIS MOTHER’S SON\nAn analysis of the Clinton family myth requires us to focus in particular " ******* END TEXT: "narrative presented in “The Man from Hope” are of tragedy endured and adversity overcome by courage "
9780814774632 - page_146: "START TEXT: and persistence. It is a story of a family struggling and ultimately succeeding against great odds, " ******* END TEXT: "raphy and its associated developmental experiences. Like the Clinton family myth, it focuses on the "
9780814774632 - page_147: "START TEXT: implications of Clinton’s experiences to help us more fully understand and appreciate what we know o" ******* END TEXT: "ne 19, 1950, at which time young Bill was just shy of his fourth birthday, his mother twenty-seven, "
9780814774632 - page_148: "START TEXT: and Roger forty. The marriage was a tempestuous one. A major reason was Roger Clinton’s alcoholism, " ******* END TEXT: " admiring friends, Bill Clinton’s adolescence was in most outward respects a developmental success.\n"
9780814774632 - page_149: "START TEXT: THE CLINTON FAMILY: A PSYCHOLOGICALLY FRAMED NARRATIVE\nBiographical elements help account for the ch" ******* END TEXT: "ersona’” (1994a, 16, 157). Perhaps the best brief summary of her life and persona is as a woman who\n"
9780814774632 - page_150: "START TEXT: worked hard and played hard, with an affinity for the nightclubs and the thoroughbred horse-racing t" ******* END TEXT: "fe gets constructed, often on shaky ground. Keeping this in mind, Bill Clinton is his mother’s son. "
9780814774632 - page_151: "START TEXT: Her character had a direct effect on his because it helped to create the circumstances of his childh" ******* END TEXT: ". Inside is white, outside is black: The only grey I trust is the streak in my hair. Inside is love "
9780814774632 - page_152: "START TEXT: and friends and optimism. Outside is negativity, can’t-doism, and any criticism of me and mine. Most" ******* END TEXT: "t met his family and all I knew of him was what he had chosen to reveal to me. For many people that "
9780814774632 - page_153: "START TEXT: wouldn’t have been enough but for me, the important part was not the past or the future. … For whate" ******* END TEXT: "o charm and apparently did not mind taking risks. She paid a price for not being in touch with what "
9780814774632 - page_154: "START TEXT: was going on in her life, but her children also paid a price for her insistence on looking on the br" ******* END TEXT: ". Kelley, on the other hand, spends several pages describing the details of that process, which are "
9780814774632 - page_155: "START TEXT: clearly important to her and her persona. Later on we learn that she was disciplined in nursing scho" ******* END TEXT: "ater, when describing the first evening he came over for a date with her, Kelley notes that she was "
9780814774632 - page_156: "START TEXT: surprised at how attracted she was to him. She then asked herself why she felt that way. The answer " ******* END TEXT: "nly pored over her books, but also continued to keep the house, prepare meals, and take care of her "
9780814774632 - page_157: "START TEXT: daughter. The picture that emerges is of a smart, ambitious woman determined to succeed.\nWhat of Kel" ******* END TEXT: "serving, caring, etc.). At the same time, her pursuit of the party life moved her further away from "
9780814774632 - page_158: "START TEXT: realizing her ambition in a framework of ideals that could have provided a substantive foundation fo" ******* END TEXT: "urvived, but rather the degree of risk that was taken. Kelley thought she knew best. It was she who "
9780814774632 - page_159: "START TEXT: would define which hospital rules she would abide by—and if she thought them “silly,” well, as she n" ******* END TEXT: "rimarily instrumental quality for Kelley. She chose nursing for its romantic quality and because it "
9780814774632 - page_160: "START TEXT: provided a means of being independent of her mother. When she returned to Hope during the last years" ******* END TEXT: "d the social conventions she was willing to ignore in pursuit of fun, stimulation, and a good time.\n"
9780814774632 - page_161: "START TEXT: Here again, our interest is not in the fact that she wanted to, or enjoyed, having a good time. Most" ******* END TEXT: " to be bent, and money and power—however you got them—were the total measure of a man” (1994a, 73). "
9780814774632 - page_162: "START TEXT: After returning from her two-year stint in New Orleans to get her advanced nursing degree, she and R" ******* END TEXT: "Auntie Mame” persona to joining name entertainers on stage, Kelley liked the spotlight. As she says "
9780814774632 - page_163: "START TEXT: of her partying in Hot Springs, “I was obviously born with a flashy streak inside me, just waiting t" ******* END TEXT: "s to have had a substantial problem here. In her autobiography the sheer number of references (over "
9780814774632 - page_164: "START TEXT: twenty-six) to her drinking is startling.22 The list begins in nursing school and continues through " ******* END TEXT: " in the context of ideals and values. Kelley did have ambition, and she pursued it. She was clearly "
9780814774632 - page_165: "START TEXT: motivated to get the training necessary to build a career. However, her ambition was substantially t" ******* END TEXT: "apter, I discuss how these characteristics played out in the context of Bill Clinton’s early life.\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_166: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 8ADORATION AND ABANDONMENT: THE CLINTON FAMILY\nAdoration is the experience of oneself as a b" ******* END TEXT: "his childhood experiences in Hope and Hot Springs, not, as the myth suggests, because of them. That "
9780814774632 - page_167: "START TEXT: the triumph of destiny depicted in the Clinton family myth does not comport with actuality is not su" ******* END TEXT: "s fathers (father-present homes) in the development of personal characteristics; the other compares "
9780814774632 - page_168: "START TEXT: children with and without both parents (father-absent homes). The early literature comparing mothers" ******* END TEXT: "d—some immediately obvious, some not (Muir 1989, 47–48). He helps to regulate the mother-child dyad "
9780814774632 - page_169: "START TEXT: relationship by providing an alternative and differentially responding attachment figure (object). H" ******* END TEXT: "han a negative thing” (1991, 20).7\nChildren who lose a parent also long for him or her. They become "
9780814774632 - page_170: "START TEXT: “object hungry” (Neubauer 1989, 68), which is to say they search for persons able to provide what wa" ******* END TEXT: "of the jokes and jibes of his friends” (Moore 1992, 22). They “used to tease him because his mother "
9780814774632 - page_171: "START TEXT: kept so many pictures of him around the house” (Allen 1991, 19). Carolyn (Yeldell) Staley, a very cl" ******* END TEXT: "the child to be overwhelmed. Second, in helping the child, parents provide the important experience "
9780814774632 - page_172: "START TEXT: of having been appropriately responded to by someone who cares, knows him or her, and is able to hel" ******* END TEXT: " for helping the child understand the ways in which his own ideals and values can, in actuality, be "
9780814774632 - page_173: "START TEXT: made a realistic part of his life. Finally, it requires of parents the capacity to persist in their " ******* END TEXT: "used lightly. In addition to physical absence, it refers to a fundamental emotional unavailability. "
9780814774632 - page_174: "START TEXT: Virginia Kelley and her mother already had a long history of not getting along. When Bill Clinton wa" ******* END TEXT: "by with her to New Orleans for “the year of additional training” (1994a, 70, emphasis added). While "
9780814774632 - page_175: "START TEXT: the additional training may have taken a year, Kelley was away from Hope for two years, from the tim" ******* END TEXT: " and also because “for much of the time I was married to him, I had no idea of Roger’s whereabouts” "
9780814774632 - page_176: "START TEXT: (1994a, 124). She hired a nanny who worked for her and her husband for eleven years, starting from t" ******* END TEXT: "my heart, that there was a problem of some sort” (1994a, 245, emphasis mine). Kelley’s idea here is "
9780814774632 - page_177: "START TEXT: that better mothering would have consisted of allowing Roger to stand or fall or his own. “Mothering" ******* END TEXT: "f she did, not to have been deterred by—the question of what would happen to her child if, in fact, "
9780814774632 - page_178: "START TEXT: she caught Roger Clinton with another woman. Given her agitated state and the rage she felt when she" ******* END TEXT: "ing functions of rules can be learned to some degree by admonition or discussion. However, they can "
9780814774632 - page_179: "START TEXT: only be internalized by making difficult choices and following through in one’s actual behavior.\nIn " ******* END TEXT: "ability to stick with one’s understanding. However, the theme that “rules are made to be broken” is "
9780814774632 - page_180: "START TEXT: consistent in Kelley’s autobiography. She remembers that on the night of her first date with Bill Bl" ******* END TEXT: "h and Sunday school, are, if nothing else, places where the basic ideals and values associated with "
9780814774632 - page_181: "START TEXT: religion are taught and extolled. As Clinton himself says, “When I was a kid I walked alone a mile o" ******* END TEXT: "; see also Baer 1991, 40).16\nThe story of his stepfather’s alcoholism is by now well known and will "
9780814774632 - page_182: "START TEXT: not concern us in detail here. However, it is important to note that as a young adolescent, Clinton " ******* END TEXT: "little he was able to count on all of the adults in his family is the subject of the next chapter.\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_183: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 9SOME CONSEQUENCES OF HOPE: A TALE OF TWO WOMEN\nIn the last two chapters I have examined the" ******* END TEXT: "ee ways. She always worked, did a good job as a parent; and we had plenty of adversity in our lives "
9780814774632 - page_184: "START TEXT: when I was growing up and I think she handled it real well, and I think she … gave me a high pain th" ******* END TEXT: "most popular watering holes, and … made the rounds whenever possible, occasionally dragging her son "
9780814774632 - page_185: "START TEXT: Billy on the night’s merriment” (Oakley 1994, 27, 96, emphasis mine; see also Sheehy 1992, 214). Kel" ******* END TEXT: "ividual, specific relationships. This runs counter to the widely held view that Clinton is a person "
9780814774632 - page_186: "START TEXT: who, like his mother, is very concerned with others and with winning them over. In chapter 5, I argu" ******* END TEXT: "nton to seek out other people.3\nOne other factor crucial to understanding Clinton as a person and a "
9780814774632 - page_187: "START TEXT: president bears scrutiny, although it has been totally overlooked. It concerns the trustworthiness o" ******* END TEXT: " sweet wonderful Richard, I told this total stranger that my ring didn’t mean a thing” (1994a, 42).\n"
9780814774632 - page_188: "START TEXT: The most telling component of this tale and its implication for Kelley’s way of dealing with others " ******* END TEXT: "es as well. She had called on them, then aged sixteen and six to cheer her up but mostly to protect "
9780814774632 - page_189: "START TEXT: her, and they had responded. She had at last separated from this abusive situation, again seeking he" ******* END TEXT: "er success and may have helped him to surmount the troubles of his subsequent years in Hot Springs. "
9780814774632 - page_190: "START TEXT: Clinton has spoken with great affection about his grandfather as the kindest man he ever met. Althou" ******* END TEXT: "w her father was always kidded because “he liked to stop off and have coffee with various customers—"
9780814774632 - page_191: "START TEXT: usually … the prettiest ones. The boys would drive on and keep delivering, and Daddy would catch up " ******* END TEXT: " saying to herself, “You are your mother! … You are your mother! … You will destroy yourself if you "
9780814774632 - page_192: "START TEXT: don’t get hold of this!” (1994a, 37). According to Kelley this was the last temper tantrum she threw" ******* END TEXT: "on resided with his grandparents, and his grandmother was the dominant daily force in his life. Not "
9780814774632 - page_193: "START TEXT: surprisingly, Kelley notes that in her two-year absence her mother “had already grown incredibly att" ******* END TEXT: ", “Bill frequently went to visit his grandparents in Hope, leaving by bus on Friday and coming back "
9780814774632 - page_194: "START TEXT: to Hot Springs on Sunday afternoon. He always loved Hope—he once said he felt like he was surrounded" ******* END TEXT: "rsonal) are subject to change, sometimes abruptly so. In this he more clearly resembles his mother.\n"
9780814774632 - page_195: "START TEXT: CLINTON AS THE ADULT CHILD OF AN ALCOHOLIC\nClinton’s stepfather’s drunken rages and Clinton’s confro" ******* END TEXT: "ies mask those of other family members; (4) the lost one, a role in which the child disengages from "
9780814774632 - page_196: "START TEXT: his experiences; (5) the placator, a role of conciliation and reducing family tension; and (6) the c" ******* END TEXT: "use he cannot afford to lose both parents (in Clinton’s case three parents). Political commentators "
9780814774632 - page_197: "START TEXT: and biographers have focused on Clinton’s stepfather because he was a newsworthy subject—it is not o" ******* END TEXT: "ns is that other needs, not his, come first. Thus, later, he feels entitled to put his needs first.\n"
9780814774632 - page_198: "START TEXT: When parents are not attuned to a child and require him to submit to their needs, the child has diff" ******* END TEXT: "h the sense that one is special and entitled, can result in an adult with strong appetites. Another "
9780814774632 - page_199: "START TEXT: likely outcome of this two-pronged experience of deprivation and adoration is the sense that one nee" ******* END TEXT: "dequately explained solely by these experiences, neither can it be fully understood without them.\n\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_200: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 10VIETNAM AND THE DRAFT\nThe Vietnam War was the litmus test of a generation. The conflict di" ******* END TEXT: "als about Clinton as an adult and, importantly, as a smart and ambitious young adult facing perhaps "
9780814774632 - page_201: "START TEXT: the gravest moral, practical, and physical crisis of his life. Vietnam was for Clinton, as for many " ******* END TEXT: " received the call. This turned out to be an only partially accurate and extremely limited account.\n"
9780814774632 - page_202: "START TEXT: After the appearance of the Wall Street Journal article, journalists and others raised questions abo" ******* END TEXT: "e received a high number in the lottery? Did he make a principled decision to give up his deferment "
9780814774632 - page_203: "START TEXT: and put himself at risk for his values? Both in public (e.g., Ifill 1992c) and in private to his sta" ******* END TEXT: ", ensuring that he would not be called in the draft. On December 2, he submitted his application to "
9780814774632 - page_204: "START TEXT: Yale Law School. His letter withdrawing from his ROTC promise and thanking Colonel Holmes for “savin" ******* END TEXT: "e back to the University of Arkansas” as soon as possible. Just what “as soon as possible” meant is "
9780814774632 - page_205: "START TEXT: unclear. In the same article, Holmes said he would not have given Clinton another full-year defermen" ******* END TEXT: " incomplete or contradictory,” the full and accurate story may never be known (Maraniss 1995, 190).\n"
9780814774632 - page_206: "START TEXT: Did Clinton Ask For and Receive Special Treatment?\nDid others who saw little or no purpose in servin" ******* END TEXT: "etired Navy commander who had supervised the Naval Reserve program in Hot Springs, Arkansas, at the "
9780814774632 - page_207: "START TEXT: time in question. Clinton said, “I did not know about any effort to secure a Naval Reserve assignmen" ******* END TEXT: "o 1992). On September 16, just before the New York Times story came out, Clinton aide Betsey Wright "
9780814774632 - page_208: "START TEXT: said, “Governor Clinton has no specific recollection of any specific actions” (Suro 1992). The Septe" ******* END TEXT: " to do with a relatively minor issue, namely, whether Clinton had ever in fact received a notice of "
9780814774632 - page_209: "START TEXT: induction. Clinton, it will be recalled, had stated during his 1978 election campaign for the govern" ******* END TEXT: "t he led protest demonstrations against American involvement in Vietnam. Years later he would claim "
9780814774632 - page_210: "START TEXT: not to have protested actively within the United States. He lied” (Oakley 1994, 72).\nWhether Clinton" ******* END TEXT: "nce four of his friends had fought and died in Vietnam (Rosenbaum 1992). This was Clinton’s view of "
9780814774632 - page_211: "START TEXT: himself as he asked to be seen. However, this self-idealized view is at variance with the much more " ******* END TEXT: "s to Vietnam) would serve no purpose other than to punish himself. This is an interesting argument.\n"
9780814774632 - page_212: "START TEXT: Clinton decided, on his own, that no purpose was served by his entering the army. Like his mother, h" ******* END TEXT: "e in other parts of his life.\nNote too the differentiation between deception and lies. According to "
9780814774632 - page_213: "START TEXT: Clinton, he did not say anything that was directly untruthful. Rather, he began to worry that he had" ******* END TEXT: "s forced to admit that powerful others, such as Senator Fulbright, had interceded on his behalf, he "
9780814774632 - page_214: "START TEXT: responded by offering a new definition of “special treatment” as being exclusively reliant on money " ******* END TEXT: ", in which he wrote that he now came to see Vietnam as a mistake, were published, Clinton was asked "
9780814774632 - page_215: "START TEXT: if he viewed McNamara’s admission as a vindication of his opposition to the war (and presumably his " ******* END TEXT: "t, although in this case no longer solely within himself, but rather between himself and his wife.\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_216: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 11A LIFE’S CHOICE: HILLARY RODHAM CLINTON\nMarriage represents a coming together of two indiv" ******* END TEXT: " entitled “Partners in Time” (Oakley 1994, 89–108). A similar chapter in a different book is called "
9780814774632 - page_217: "START TEXT: “Rodham and Clinton,” conveying the sense of two independent people coming together by choice (Maran" ******* END TEXT: "as been vastly more extensive and important than merely that of heading the health-care task force:\n"
9780814774632 - page_218: "START TEXT: Though it was never announced, she was basically put in charge of domestic policy. Economic policy e" ******* END TEXT: "(January 30–31, 1992), at which the major direction of the Clinton presidency was charted (Woodward "
9780814774632 - page_219: "START TEXT: 1994, 33, 49, 87, 109–11, passim). At that meeting, “Hillary Clinton spoke to this group in a way no" ******* END TEXT: " also reflects the attempt to blend together two separate but, ideally, complementary psychologies.\n"
9780814774632 - page_220: "START TEXT: Love, romance, idealization, fantasy, and conscious considerations all play a role in the selection " ******* END TEXT: "tness” as “the perfect counterpoint to Bill Clinton’s southern charm” (Maraniss 1995, 246–48, 426). "
9780814774632 - page_221: "START TEXT: Hillary Clinton’s approach to life is “focused, pragmatic, and aggressive” (Oakley 1994, 89). Bill C" ******* END TEXT: "milar to her husband, both in her views of her own philosophy and of those who see her differently. "
9780814774632 - page_222: "START TEXT: However, unlike her husband’s, Hillary Clinton’s political views have deep family roots. The same is" ******* END TEXT: "place that kind of drop-dead stability, it’s just the best parents can give” (Radcliffe 1993, 260).\n"
9780814774632 - page_223: "START TEXT: HILLARY RODHAM’S CHARACTER\nHow did Hillary’s ambition, talents, ideals, and relationships evolve as " ******* END TEXT: "ister was lots of fun when she wasn’t studying, “but she was always studying” (Radcliffe 1993, 39).\n"
9780814774632 - page_224: "START TEXT: In the Rodham family, natural talents, however abundant, were not taken for granted. Hard work, focu" ******* END TEXT: "of Methodism” (Maraniss 1995, 432).\nThe Rodhams were Republican, as was Hillary until she gradually "
9780814774632 - page_225: "START TEXT: moved politically left as an undergraduate at Wellesley and as a law student at Yale. Some sense of " ******* END TEXT: "ding of what she wished to accomplish in her life parallels her husband’s clear ambitions. Although "
9780814774632 - page_226: "START TEXT: this is not in and of itself exceptional for someone so smart and purposeful, and someone trained at" ******* END TEXT: " forma commencement speech”; she was “outraged and insulted” (Radcliffe 1993, 81). According to her "
9780814774632 - page_227: "START TEXT: friendly biographer Judith Warner, Rodham told the audience that Brooke’s remarks “represented just " ******* END TEXT: "d and being “very hardworking at friendship” (Radcliffe 1993, 39). Though apparently contradictory, "
9780814774632 - page_228: "START TEXT: these two aspects of her relationships are not necessarily inconsistent.\nHillary Rodham appears to h" ******* END TEXT: "mper like you would not believe. It’s not so much that she screams—it’s more the tone in her voice, "
9780814774632 - page_229: "START TEXT: the body language, the facial expressions. It’s the ‘Wrath of Khan.’” (Bruck 1994, 66).\nThis style h" ******* END TEXT: "he Arkansas Times and who was appointed by Clinton to be a judge, said of her, “She always disliked "
9780814774632 - page_230: "START TEXT: the press. Her attitude is ‘We’re the ones who are trying to accomplish some good, we’re doing the b" ******* END TEXT: "l of ambition. Here the data are quite consistent: Hillary Clinton’s ambition trumps her husband’s. "
9780814774632 - page_231: "START TEXT: Together, two people with strong ambition and high self-confidence will multiply each partner’s ambi" ******* END TEXT: "ch unchecked. A congressional aide who has dealt with her has said her staff is “terrified of her … "
9780814774632 - page_232: "START TEXT: they are very loyal … but they are scared to death … she will fire them if they tell her the truth” " ******* END TEXT: "t of pragmatism, even in connection with this one bill, requires more than a look at one provision.\n"
9780814774632 - page_233: "START TEXT: Becoming More Alike\nOver time, a couple’s individual psychologies develop in relation to each other." ******* END TEXT: " governor. One of these was a desegregation case brought against the Little Rock school system. The "
9780814774632 - page_234: "START TEXT: judge, Henry Woods, appointed a three-person committee to try to resolve the suit, naming Hillary Cl" ******* END TEXT: "ton, on behalf of her client, Madison Guaranty, asking state regulators appointed by her husband to "
9780814774632 - page_235: "START TEXT: make a favorable ruling for her client, James McDougal, with whom she and her husband were business " ******* END TEXT: " a sense of entitlement. Hers appears to stem from her strong self-confidence in the correctness of "
9780814774632 - page_236: "START TEXT: whatever she does. In both cases, the results are the same: a tendency to not want to be bound by li" ******* END TEXT: "When Lancaster complained to Hillary Clinton that she had double crossed him, “she replied that the "
9780814774632 - page_237: "START TEXT: administration had lived up to its pledge. ‘Tobacco has not been singled out,’ she said. The convers" ******* END TEXT: "ssociation (which opposed the teacher competency tests), thought the meetings were designed to look "
9780814774632 - page_238: "START TEXT: like an exhaustive fact-finding process, but in fact were political—“basically getting people to agr" ******* END TEXT: "r picking on the governor’s wife.17 The Rose law firm issued a memo stating that fees from the case "
9780814774632 - page_239: "START TEXT: had been segregated and were distributed to members other than Hillary Clinton, so that she in fact " ******* END TEXT: " in the very risky cattle futures market (Gerth 1994b). Her response to that unfolding story and to "
9780814774632 - page_240: "START TEXT: aspects of the Whitewater investigation parallel her husband’s response to the draft controversy: te" ******* END TEXT: "for the old check stubs. However, the White House had these records well before they were released; "
9780814774632 - page_241: "START TEXT: they had been shown to a reporter who was not given permission to copy them (Dowd 1994b). Questions " ******* END TEXT: "n traveling, and I’m more committed to health care than anything else I do” (H. Clinton 1994, A12).\n"
9780814774632 - page_242: "START TEXT: CONCLUSION\nWhile the question of whether Hillary Clinton and her husband did anything illegal is deb" ******* END TEXT: "ews, and convinced that they are entitled, for these reasons, to enjoy the fruits of their labors.\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_243: "START TEXT: IVTHE POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES OF CHARACTER" ******* END TEXT: "IVTHE POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES OF CHARACTER"
9780814774632 - page_244: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_245: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 12JUDGMENT AND LEADERSHIP: THE CORE OF PRESIDENTIAL PERFORMANCE\nWhy are there such conflicti" ******* END TEXT: " during Clinton’s first three years, and the passage of time may ultimately not prove of much help. "
9780814774632 - page_246: "START TEXT: Even today, there is substantial disagreement about how much Clinton accomplished as governor and it" ******* END TEXT: "ional disaster itself. … Lincoln’s response to the sectional crisis of the 1850s plunged the nation "
9780814774632 - page_247: "START TEXT: into the Civil War, and Roosevelt’s New Deal failed to pull the nation out of the Great Depression. " ******* END TEXT: "asks that every president, regardless of character or party, faces: decision making and leadership.\n"
9780814774632 - page_248: "START TEXT: THE CORE OF PRESIDENTIAL PERFORMANCE\nThe modern presidency is accumulating a growing number of expec" ******* END TEXT: "d insight that informs the making of consequential decisions.6 Only decisions that pose significant "
9780814774632 - page_249: "START TEXT: questions and therefore have significant consequences for presidential responsibility raise the issu" ******* END TEXT: "rtainly demonstrated that.\nHowever, it is not clear that cognitive complexity is necessary for high "
9780814774632 - page_250: "START TEXT: quality decisions (Suedfeld 1994; see also Tetlock 1992) or that complex thinking necessarily leads " ******* END TEXT: "onsolidated the diverse demands with which it must deal.11 A president must be able to modulate but "
9780814774632 - page_251: "START TEXT: still satisfy basic (developmentally normal and appropriate) wishes for accomplishment and recogniti" ******* END TEXT: "o threaten, to fight, or a mix of the four? Are there other less costly means that could accomplish "
9780814774632 - page_252: "START TEXT: the same ends? The means a president chooses reflect not only on his judgment, but on his character." ******* END TEXT: "ident are so similar to his first two years as governor, and that both ended with stinging defeats.\n"
9780814774632 - page_253: "START TEXT: Empathy and Good Judgment\nThe president acts in a world of others, many of whom do not share his val" ******* END TEXT: "understanding. There are several motivational variations of this strategy, each of which reflects a "
9780814774632 - page_254: "START TEXT: different level of interpersonal connectedness (see chapter 5). One source of strategic empathy is t" ******* END TEXT: "se they are honest, sincere, and principled. A very few are honest, sincere, principled, and tough.\n"
9780814774632 - page_255: "START TEXT: Much has been made of the consensual nature of presidential power. Presidents bargain, they persuade" ******* END TEXT: "eed of solution and convey that need to the public. In arousing the public, education is ultimately "
9780814774632 - page_256: "START TEXT: more productive than anxiety. Creating a sense of crisis or danger does arouse people, but at a pric" ******* END TEXT: " earn it. Why do I place so much emphasis on trust and trustworthiness? Because policy problems are "
9780814774632 - page_257: "START TEXT: pervasive, and proven answers are in short supply. Realistically, presidents can promise only to add" ******* END TEXT: "It shouldn’t. I have simply described a president whose character development allows him to express "
9780814774632 - page_258: "START TEXT: his aspirations for accomplishment in a context of well-realized ideals, tempered by a sense of his " ******* END TEXT: "theory and not from some idealistic fantasy, seems so far removed from our realistic expectations.\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_259: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 13CLINTON’S PRESIDENCY\nEvery president has two responsibilities: to make decisions and to tr" ******* END TEXT: "ht be merely preferable. Clinton’s promise, however, has floundered on the shoals of his character.\n"
9780814774632 - page_260: "START TEXT: Clinton’s inability to recognize and accept limits has often hampered his judgment. For instance, he" ******* END TEXT: "t Reno), Clinton has done more than ensure he will get conflicting views; he has set himself as the "
9780814774632 - page_261: "START TEXT: center, as the person to be convinced, the person toward whom all debate is addressed.1\nClinton is n" ******* END TEXT: "sive (grandiose) thinking. Good policy and political judgment requires time, as well as information "
9780814774632 - page_262: "START TEXT: and perspective. Even for a very smart president, the more he undertakes the less time he will have " ******* END TEXT: " White House one can do everything without adverse consequences, as long as one works relentlessly.\n"
9780814774632 - page_263: "START TEXT: Chemistry and Advice\nThe Clinton presidency is in many ways a remarkably personal one. People are cr" ******* END TEXT: " advisers who are either without national experience or much younger” (Blumenthal 1993b, 37).5 Drew "
9780814774632 - page_264: "START TEXT: observes that, “with the exception of Anthony Lake, who was on the foreign policy side, not a single" ******* END TEXT: "only if there are a number of side agreements acceptable to labor and environmentalists (Drew 1994, "
9780814774632 - page_265: "START TEXT: 288). More generally, he is for free trade but feels we must protect vital industries (Bradsher 1993" ******* END TEXT: "ow integration.9 A president who selects his advisers on the basis of “chemistry” and loyalty might "
9780814774632 - page_266: "START TEXT: risk less differentiation in policy thinking and therefore less possibility of real integration. And" ******* END TEXT: "n by his administration in its first year alone. A partial list would include his economic stimulus "
9780814774632 - page_267: "START TEXT: package, reform of the banking system, his “reinventing government” initiative, the family-leave pol" ******* END TEXT: "t his power would diminish as time passed (Drew 1994, 94). But even when Clinton had ample time, as "
9780814774632 - page_268: "START TEXT: governor of Arkansas from 1982 on, his agenda was still crowded every term. In 1983 Clinton gave the" ******* END TEXT: "ch less clear that he has made progress in resolving the basic public dilemma his presidency faces.\n"
9780814774632 - page_269: "START TEXT: A president must be able to educate the public if he wishes to gain its trust. An ambitious agenda m" ******* END TEXT: "h the appointment process (Kimba Wood, Zoe Baird, Lani Guinier, Bobby Ray Inman, Henry Foster); the "
9780814774632 - page_270: "START TEXT: controversial nature of the people nominated, confirmed, and forced to resign (Dr. Joycelyn Elders [" ******* END TEXT: " of the country is only the beginning of an explanation. Part of the episodic nature of the Clinton "
9780814774632 - page_271: "START TEXT: presidency has to do not only with this basic dilemma, but with Clinton’s response to it. In choosin" ******* END TEXT: "ton had argued, an example of private enterprise in action. The report by the Government Accounting "
9780814774632 - page_272: "START TEXT: Office (GAO), “put its finger on something the Administration was loath to acknowledge: Mr. Clinton’" ******* END TEXT: "d (3) “voter surveys would be used in similarly perpetual fashion, taking poll results to shape the "
9780814774632 - page_273: "START TEXT: substance and rhetoric of policy debates” (Maraniss 1995, 407–8). The third axiom in particular hold" ******* END TEXT: "in back public confidence “by doing a better job of communicating our foreign policy” (Jehl 1994f).\n"
9780814774632 - page_274: "START TEXT: In May 1993, Clinton sent Secretary of State Warren Christopher to Europe to convince the allies to " ******* END TEXT: "for the administration, Vice President Gore insisted that the Clinton health-care proposal could be "
9780814774632 - page_275: "START TEXT: paid for largely by eliminating “unnecessary paperwork and bureaucracy” (Clymer 1993c). Many experts" ******* END TEXT: " 1993). The administration and the then-Democratic Congress inserted a provision in the 1993 Budget "
9780814774632 - page_276: "START TEXT: Reconciliation bill that required the CBO and the Office of Management and the Budget to exclude fed" ******* END TEXT: "given the most prominence were those already in substantial agreement with Clinton’s views or those "
9780814774632 - page_277: "START TEXT: designed to make his appear more moderate.23 The conference simply affirmed publicly that President " ******* END TEXT: "iven the current public distrust of government that he and his administration face and his personal "
9780814774632 - page_278: "START TEXT: problems with issues of honesty and trust, this disingenuousness is most unfortunate.\nThe July 1993 " ******* END TEXT: "rivial, the Clintons themselves and members of their administration have behaved in ways that raise "
9780814774632 - page_279: "START TEXT: serious concerns. Other administrations have had their share of criminal and ethical lapses.28 Howev" ******* END TEXT: "use and Treasury Department regarding sensitive Whitewater-related investigations (Bradsher 1994a). "
9780814774632 - page_280: "START TEXT: Altman, who at the time was also acting head of the Resolution Trust Corporation (which made him the" ******* END TEXT: " For example, in order to defray costs connected with their legal difficulties regarding Whitewater "
9780814774632 - page_281: "START TEXT: and the sexual harassment suit filed against the president, the Clintons created a legal defense fun" ******* END TEXT: "ulos called an official in the Treasury Department to complain angrily about its decision to hire a "
9780814774632 - page_282: "START TEXT: former Republican prosecutor to investigate the collapse of the Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan As" ******* END TEXT: " the normal boundaries that govern others don’t apply to President Clinton and his administration.\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_283: "START TEXT: VCONCLUSION" ******* END TEXT: "VCONCLUSION"
9780814774632 - page_284: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_285: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 14LOST OPPORTUNITIES: PRESIDENT CLINTON’S FIRST TERM\nBill Clinton began his administration w" ******* END TEXT: "can midterm victories may prove to be a source of Clinton’s salvation should he gain a second term.\n"
9780814774632 - page_286: "START TEXT: The puzzle of the Clinton presidency is not only to be found in the discrepancies between his enormo" ******* END TEXT: " A president who would be clear in telling them what was at stake in the policies he proposed: what "
9780814774632 - page_287: "START TEXT: the dangers were, what the potential gains were, and how he would address and manage the risks. A pr" ******* END TEXT: " and politically safe goal. It reflects a government’s responsibility for the basic physical health "
9780814774632 - page_288: "START TEXT: of its citizens and saves lives, money, and suffering. However, the Clinton vaccine program serves a" ******* END TEXT: "he federal government imposed an excise tax on vaccinations from 1988 to 1992; and companies had to "
9780814774632 - page_289: "START TEXT: absorb the cost of litigation associated with the small percentage of people who experience adverse " ******* END TEXT: " already bought twice the amount of free vaccine needed to immunize all poor children. Moreover, in "
9780814774632 - page_290: "START TEXT: the eleven states that already bought and distributed free vaccine to all who needed it, immunizatio" ******* END TEXT: "though lower socioeconomic status is definitely associated with undervaccination, this relationship "
9780814774632 - page_291: "START TEXT: does not appear to function through cost, but rather through other factors associated with poverty. " ******* END TEXT: "gned to benefit a relatively small group of uninsured children, was transformed into a bureaucratic "
9780814774632 - page_292: "START TEXT: nightmare that put the safety and availability of a third of our nation’s vaccine supply at risk” (P" ******* END TEXT: "ressional hearings was correct: There was no real “crisis,” but rather pockets of undervaccination.\n"
9780814774632 - page_293: "START TEXT: Clinton had committed the government to a major new entitlement that required it to take over and es" ******* END TEXT: "ing the same thing, or both.\nThe vaccine program is a virtual catalogue of all the issues that have "
9780814774632 - page_294: "START TEXT: made Clinton’s first term so problematic. Another crucial factor, however, is the mismatch between C" ******* END TEXT: "ton, but it is decidedly less so for many citizens worried about the present as well as the future.\n"
9780814774632 - page_295: "START TEXT: Clinton has recognized this fact, but he has not yet connected the contribution that his own commitm" ******* END TEXT: "lic would support the needed measures, or unwilling to put forward a modest incremental program for "
9780814774632 - page_296: "START TEXT: reasons of personal or other policy ambitions, the administration resorted to mobilization by misdir" ******* END TEXT: "ghts law, it didn’t matter because the president is the ultimate source of any discretionary power.\n"
9780814774632 - page_297: "START TEXT: The problem with this view is that it makes the public highly dependent on Clinton as the arbiter of" ******* END TEXT: "is, that 600,000 people were homeless on any night and “seven million have experienced homelessness "
9780814774632 - page_298: "START TEXT: … at some point in the latter half of the 1980’s” (HUD 1994, 2)? That report was the pretext for jus" ******* END TEXT: "ies and limits of the government’s role and the benefits and limitations of its doing more or less?\n"
9780814774632 - page_299: "START TEXT: Debates about whether President Clinton is really a “New Democrat” and what exactly that means are n" ******* END TEXT: " will have exacerbated rather than resolved it. It is a sad conclusion to such a hopeful beginning.\n"
9780814774632 - page_300: "START TEXT: WHY A SECOND CLINTON TERM MIGHT BE BETTER THAN THE FIRST\nAs contradictory as it might seem, Clinton " ******* END TEXT: "to the front ever since.\nShould he win reelection, however, it will mark the first time in his life "
9780814774632 - page_301: "START TEXT: since his mid-adolescence that Clinton is where he has always wanted to be and can aspire to no high" ******* END TEXT: "bstantial set of internal constraints, but in Congress there was no countervailing center of power.\n"
9780814774632 - page_302: "START TEXT: The first two years of the Clinton presidency provide the most accurate readings of his administrati" ******* END TEXT: "ow he can endorse so many seemingly incompatible positions, he can now directly, honestly, and more "
9780814774632 - page_303: "START TEXT: clearly find where he really stands. He no longer has to be for many things; he can now be for and a" ******* END TEXT: "hey think of their presidency.\nThe Clintons may turn to other avenues to fulfill their ambitions in "
9780814774632 - page_304: "START TEXT: these circumstances, one of which might be to govern more directly by executive order and veto. A se" ******* END TEXT: "musement and incredulity at Clinton’s reversal and explanation. Democrats expressed outrage at what "
9780814774632 - page_305: "START TEXT: they felt was Clinton’s latest betrayal in the service of his own self-interest. And herein lies the" ******* END TEXT: " government be successfully addressed and resolved by this strategy, even if Clinton is successful?\n"
9780814774632 - page_306: "START TEXT: CONCLUSION\nGearing up for his reelection campaign, President Clinton was asked what the most importa" ******* END TEXT: "ctions beyond his own self-interest is perhaps the most basic question for the Clinton presidency.\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_307: "START TEXT: APPENDIXBILL CLINTON’S CHARACTER ANDPRESIDENCY: A NOTE ON METHOD\nWhat is the best way to understand " ******* END TEXT: "ee traits adhere like this for Clinton, and why Perot and Bush have very different configurations.1\n"
9780814774632 - page_308: "START TEXT: Finally, a focus on traits, however many and however central, omits a critical element of psychologi" ******* END TEXT: "eories today must be conversant with the developments of ego psychology, object relations theories, "
9780814774632 - page_309: "START TEXT: interpersonal and relational theories, and the various forms of self psychology.\nThis does not mean " ******* END TEXT: "heories that best frame and support them. However, facts alone, even facts that are consistent with "
9780814774632 - page_310: "START TEXT: theories, do not automatically confer a meaning or psychological significance. How is the analyst to" ******* END TEXT: "sarily their recollections of their children’s early years, that may be of most use to the analyst.\n"
9780814774632 - page_311: "START TEXT: Fortunately, in this respect the analyst is enormously helped by Virginia Kelley’s autobiography (19" ******* END TEXT: ", therefore, has the effect of helping to undercut the Clinton family myth. In doing so, it reveals "
9780814774632 - page_312: "START TEXT: much about the gravity of the emotional issues Clinton faced, which has not been fully in front of u" ******* END TEXT: " sources have to say that their … anonymity seems superfluous.” Worst of all, according to Rich, is "
9780814774632 - page_313: "START TEXT: that the book’s characterization of the Clintons “is familiar—he can’t make decisions; she (Hillary)" ******* END TEXT: "g presidential news conferences and interviews, interviews with major actors, documentary evidence, "
9780814774632 - page_314: "START TEXT: and so on—none of which, as I have shown elsewhere (1996, 405–8), are without flaws. Each can be vie" ******* END TEXT: " of Woodrow Wilson focused on a self-defeating pattern in his behavior that resulted in unnecessary "
9780814774632 - page_315: "START TEXT: political losses three times in a long and otherwise successful political career. Yet it would be di" ******* END TEXT: "be an overly generous tax credit.\nIs there enough independent evidence to suggest the incident took "
9780814774632 - page_316: "START TEXT: place as generally described? It would appear so.11 Does the characteristic revealed in the anecdote" ******* END TEXT: "his recent biography that he would have preferred to write the book without contacting Clinton (but "
9780814774632 - page_317: "START TEXT: in the end spoke to him on the phone) because “Clinton prefers contact: he believes he can persuade " ******* END TEXT: "r puzzle the analyst?\nThe analyst, especially one who makes use of and is trained in psychoanalytic "
9780814774632 - page_318: "START TEXT: psychology, has a particular obligation to be clear in these matters. No analyst can avoid personal " ******* END TEXT: "sive? These questions, and not the analyst’s personal views, are what must ultimately be primary.\n\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_319: "START TEXT: NOTES\nNOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION\n1. I use the masculine pronoun here and throughout this book for two" ******* END TEXT: "ligence, will, or character, and not dependent on accidents of position. While not denying that the "
9780814774632 - page_320: "START TEXT: eventful man’s actions have causal consequences, Hook’s focus is on “greatness,” that combination of" ******* END TEXT: " alcoholism is certainly possible, if one believes, after examining the record more carefully, that "
9780814774632 - page_321: "START TEXT: Clinton does in fact have strong mediation abilities. Still, a closer look at the literature on the " ******* END TEXT: "e basic public dilemma to which I refer may be, but is not necessarily, related to either of these.\n"
9780814774632 - page_322: "START TEXT: 7. Understanding the inner workings of an administration is part of the attempt to explain its polic" ******* END TEXT: "l as satisfy their needs.\n4. The following discussion draws on a more extensive discussion found in "
9780814774632 - page_323: "START TEXT: Renshon (1996). On the question of the development of character and its potential for change over th" ******* END TEXT: "t, a staple (but not always true) understanding of the ACOA literature. There is some evidence that "
9780814774632 - page_324: "START TEXT: Clinton was considering other, perhaps more difficult, issues. Clinton’s next-door neighbor and old " ******* END TEXT: "tions (Greenberg and Mitchell 1983). Kohut’s (1971, 3–6) concept of a “selfobject” and the clinical "
9780814774632 - page_325: "START TEXT: work that has followed it (Goldberg 1988; Wolf 1988) have confirmed the importance of the role of ot" ******* END TEXT: " experiences in Washington at local civic clubs such as the Elks, Optimists, and Heart Association.\n"
9780814774632 - page_326: "START TEXT: 5. At Georgetown he ran for freshman class president (and won), sophomore class president (and was r" ******* END TEXT: "rmation he was given.\n10. Drew (1994, 85), in reviewing Clinton’s first year in office, offers this "
9780814774632 - page_327: "START TEXT: tempered assessment: “He had to learn to discipline himself in many ways once he gained the Presiden" ******* END TEXT: "ipation in the Iran-Contra affair. The point is that none of these presidents is broadly considered "
9780814774632 - page_328: "START TEXT: by scholars to be widely and generally dishonest in his public life, even though questions in specif" ******* END TEXT: "e part of who he is.\n12. It can have other results too. Oakley notes, “At times Clinton’s arrogance "
9780814774632 - page_329: "START TEXT: … overwhelmed his pragmatism” (1994, 4). Arrogance is fueled both by a sense of one’s certainty (sel" ******* END TEXT: "he person’s own self-definition. That connection is central, however, to the concept of validation.\n"
9780814774632 - page_330: "START TEXT: Validation is a more comprehensive concept than respect, affection, or, more generally, an individua" ******* END TEXT: "nton’s character and his mother’s, I am not arguing that the latter caused the former. For example, "
9780814774632 - page_331: "START TEXT: in noting Kelley’s charm, I am not implying that Clinton is charming because his mother was, or that" ******* END TEXT: "ee who was responsible and had made an innocent mistake. By that time, Clinton’s temper had cooled.\n"
9780814774632 - page_332: "START TEXT: 21. Readers familiar with clinical or psychoanalytic theory will immediately recognize these factors" ******* END TEXT: "icy flexibility as they attempt to orchestrate their initiatives. It may also be used as a gauge to "
9780814774632 - page_333: "START TEXT: ascertain responses to one side of an issue or another; alternately, it may be used to reassure ever" ******* END TEXT: " of Clinton’s tenure as governor, recalls, “We were talking about the Gary Hart factor in politics, "
9780814774632 - page_334: "START TEXT: and I asked him something to the effect of ‘well, you haven’t done anything like that have you?’ You" ******* END TEXT: " both Mac McLarty and Vincent Foster to look into it (Drew, 1994, 175–82). Only one employee, Billy "
9780814774632 - page_335: "START TEXT: R. Dale, was eventually accused of specific wrongdoing, and he was acquitted of charges that he misu" ******* END TEXT: "her new son returned from the hospital in August 1946 and was told there was an eight-month backlog "
9780814774632 - page_336: "START TEXT: in admissions (1994a, 70–71). Assuming that the nursing program started in either August or Septembe" ******* END TEXT: "rony is, Buddy Klugh is a charming man—tall, handsome, smart. He is someone I could’ve been friends "
9780814774632 - page_337: "START TEXT: with” (1994a, 121). As with the other men she was drawn to, charming, tall, and handsome lead the li" ******* END TEXT: "boundary issues.\n19. The worry about the diminution of looks, and the need for constant reassurance "
9780814774632 - page_338: "START TEXT: in early middle age, is a typical pattern in narcissistic men (Masterson 1988, 88).\n20. Kelley notes" ******* END TEXT: "to conceptualize and document empirically a psychological theory of development as a process. It is "
9780814774632 - page_339: "START TEXT: a process that does not begin at five (or even one and a half) and end at four (or six).\nThe fact th" ******* END TEXT: "quite possible that she was depressed after the tragic loss of her husband, for whom she had waited "
9780814774632 - page_340: "START TEXT: through the war years and with whom she was to have left Hope for a new life in Chicago.\n13. The dra" ******* END TEXT: "on is accurate, the pattern of his stepfather’s abuse, both verbal and physical, continued unabated "
9780814774632 - page_341: "START TEXT: up to the separation and divorce. If his deposition is accurate, the decisive apocryphal confrontati" ******* END TEXT: " lot in the first year or so of his life and thus was not very “sociable” as an infant (1994a, 70).\n"
9780814774632 - page_342: "START TEXT: 4. There are obviously oedipal overtones to this situation. One could view this as Clinton’s unconsc" ******* END TEXT: "sudden loss. However, she does not give any indication in her autobiography that this was the case.\n"
9780814774632 - page_343: "START TEXT: 13. Which is preferable? The answer is that within broad limits either approach is all right so long" ******* END TEXT: "in his exhibitionism, undoing the damage that had resulted from the earlier psychological interplay "
9780814774632 - page_344: "START TEXT: with an insufficiently mirroring mother” (1977, 13, emphasis mine; see also 212, 218).\n19. This is t" ******* END TEXT: "rate in his choice of words and did not begin to appreciate how his views would have be seen by the "
9780814774632 - page_345: "START TEXT: Colonel Holmes until after he had successfully obtained his deferment. The failure to see this obvio" ******* END TEXT: "influence exercised by Hillary Clinton crosses some boundary, and exactly what that boundary is and "
9780814774632 - page_346: "START TEXT: represents. This is obviously a controversial issue regarding Hillary Clinton, and one can gain some" ******* END TEXT: "st major decisions made by her husband—and some minor ones as well” (Drew 1994, 101, emphasis mine)\n"
9780814774632 - page_347: "START TEXT: At the Camp David retreat early in Clinton’s presidency, when major themes of his administration wer" ******* END TEXT: "on’s close confidant and constant traveling companion Bruce Lindsey, has said that she “didn’t know "
9780814774632 - page_348: "START TEXT: what Hillary’s relationship with Bill Clinton really was” (Bruck 1994, 75). Drew notes that “the rea" ******* END TEXT: "logical skills facilitate analysis. Clinton’s intellectual capacities appear more geared to drawing "
9780814774632 - page_349: "START TEXT: larger interconnections, although he, too, is quite able in some areas (for example, voting statisti" ******* END TEXT: "ation’s health-care plan provides another illustration of what can happen when two smart, ambitious "
9780814774632 - page_350: "START TEXT: people with strong ideas about what they know is needed collaborate: “Each had long evidenced an ext" ******* END TEXT: "orms.” Dale Bumpers and David Pryor (1994), senators from Arkansas responding to the Kelly article, "
9780814774632 - page_351: "START TEXT: saw the same list as reflecting a somewhat more substantial contribution, given the circumstances in" ******* END TEXT: "n occurs between the quality of a decision and its acceptability. A decision might be sound but not "
9780814774632 - page_352: "START TEXT: feasible or, alternatively, feasible but not sound. Reconciling these two is a critical task of any " ******* END TEXT: "rong empathetic attunement with others can combine with other characterological elements to produce "
9780814774632 - page_353: "START TEXT: effects that run counter to good judgment. A president can become pulled too much by the emotional w" ******* END TEXT: "ng the presidency.\n2. Perhaps the clearest case of this concerned Clinton’s decision-making process "
9780814774632 - page_354: "START TEXT: in selecting his two nominees to the Supreme Court. In both instances, chemistry played a key role. " ******* END TEXT: "s Supreme Court nominee Stephen Breyer, “It was Gore’s style to argue hard for a position and then, "
9780814774632 - page_355: "START TEXT: if he thought the president was somewhere else, to say, Of course, if you’re not comfortable with th" ******* END TEXT: "a time” (Drew 1994, 340).\n18. Jim Moore, an “FOB” who wrote a short political biography of Clinton, "
9780814774632 - page_356: "START TEXT: mentions having some doubts about Clinton’s truthfulness regarding his relationship with Gennifer Fl" ******* END TEXT: "conomist James Tobin on the program to present his argument for a $60 billion stimulus program, “so "
9780814774632 - page_357: "START TEXT: that Clinton’s forthcoming proposal, whatever it was, would look more middle of the road” (Drew 1994" ******* END TEXT: " adverse to assigning himself whatever title would enhance his standing before people of influence” "
9780814774632 - page_358: "START TEXT: (Oakley 1994, 117). In June 1972 he boasted to the Arkansas Gazette that he had been a member of Geo" ******* END TEXT: "en villainized the teacher’s union, which had been their ally” (Woodward 1994, 110, emphasis mine).\n"
9780814774632 - page_359: "START TEXT: Examining the working papers of the health-care task force, one reporter noted, “The mindset of some" ******* END TEXT: " for staff who would use vaccine-ordering software had not yet begun; CDC had chosen the Government "
9780814774632 - page_360: "START TEXT: Services Administration (GSA) to manage the distribution function without any review of other option" ******* END TEXT: "s was 18 percent. In other words, the program failed to help over 80 percent of those who began it.\n"
9780814774632 - page_361: "START TEXT: My point here is not that such programs are useless (they do help some) or should not be tried. It i" ******* END TEXT: "igns and gains the presidency has already demonstrated substantial personal and political ambition. "
9780814774632 - page_362: "START TEXT: What, then, does a high (or low) score on achievement motivation mean in this context? It makes some" ******* END TEXT: "er biography. Ordinarily, the analyst is confined to these facts and cannot verify them in the ways "
9780814774632 - page_363: "START TEXT: that are available to scholars and to other analysts of public figures. A psychoanalyst treating Vir" ******* END TEXT: "r require that researchers be aware of the advantages and limitations of the method(s) they select.\n"
9780814774632 - page_364: "START TEXT: 10. A related but somewhat different question is whether a particular incident reflects something ab" ******* END TEXT: "age ceremony for her and her husband, and the Clintons were often houseguests of theirs and visited "
9780814774632 - page_365: "START TEXT: the Blairs many times at their lake house (1993, 65, 69). Moreover, Engelberg (1995a) notes that Bla" ******* END TEXT: "many respects a backward state, which had a long way to go before it would be in the rank of states "
9780814774632 - page_366: "START TEXT: with progressive, effective, and focused governmental policies. For many of his admirers, Clinton’s " ******* END TEXT: "will be able to make use of these observations for purposes beyond the intentions of the authors.\n\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_367: "START TEXT: REFERENCES\nAbelin, E. 1975. “Some Further Observations and Comments on the Earliest Role of the Fath" ******* END TEXT: " Jr. 1994a. “Many Democrats Accuse Bill Clinton of Incompetence,” New York Times, 16 February, D21.\n"
9780814774632 - page_368: "START TEXT: ——–. 1994b. “Bring Another Presidency and Inquiry to Mind,” New York Times, 7 March, Al.\n——–. 1993. " ******* END TEXT: "y, 18.\n——–. 1992a. “Easing Friction, Clinton Meets with Jackson,” New York Times, 23 November, A14.\n"
9780814774632 - page_369: "START TEXT: ——–. 1992b. “Many Will Escape Ethics Restriction,” New York Times, 9 December, A1.\n——–. 1992c. “’Let" ******* END TEXT: "nton’s Shopping List for Votes Has Ring of Grocery Buyer’s List,” New York Times, 17 November, A21.\n"
9780814774632 - page_370: "START TEXT: Brinkley, Joel. 1992. “Clinton Remakes Home State in Own Image,” New York Times, 31 March, A1.\nBrown" ******* END TEXT: "alia,” Foreign Affairs 72:109-23.\nClift, Eleanor. 1993. “Playing Hardball,” Newsweek, 19 April, 24.\n"
9780814774632 - page_371: "START TEXT: ——–. 1992. “Political Ambitions, Personal Choices: Bill Clinton Talks about Work, Love and Faith,” N" ******* END TEXT: "“Transcript of President’s News Conference on Whitewater Affair, New York Times, 25 March, A18-A19.\n"
9780814774632 - page_372: "START TEXT: ——–. 1993a. “Remarks to the National Governors’ Association in Tulsa, Oklahoma (August 16, 1993),” W" ******* END TEXT: ".\n——–. 1993b. “Americans Have High Hopes for Clinton, Poll Finds,” New York Times, 19 January, A13.\n"
9780814774632 - page_373: "START TEXT: ——–. 1993c. “Attacked, White House Defends Proposal,” New York Times, 13 September, A16.\n——–. 1993d." ******* END TEXT: "Dugger, Celia A. 1993a. “A Roof for All, Made of Rulings and Red Tape,” New York Times, 4 July, Al.\n"
9780814774632 - page_374: "START TEXT: ——–. 1993b. “Setbacks and Surprise Temper a Mayor’s Hopes to House All,” New York Times, 5 July, A1." ******* END TEXT: "ition 18:69-143.\n——–. 1918. “From the History of an Infantile Neurosis,” Standard Edition 17:7–122.\n"
9780814774632 - page_375: "START TEXT: Freudenheim, Milt. 1995. “Drug Prices Overstated, G.A.O. Says,” New York Times, 30 May, D9.\n——–. 199" ******* END TEXT: "udy of Personality and Politics, edited by Fred I. Greenstein and Michael Lerner. Chicago: Markham.\n"
9780814774632 - page_376: "START TEXT: George, Alexander L., and Juliette George. 1956. Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House: A Personality Stu" ******* END TEXT: "ly 108:589-601.\n——–. 1982. The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower As Leader. New York: Basic Books.\n"
9780814774632 - page_377: "START TEXT: ——–. 1969. Personality and Politics: Problems of Evidence, Inference, and Conceptualization. Chicago" ******* END TEXT: "y, A1.\n——–. 1993a. “A Campaigner Adjusts to Life As the President,” New York Times, 15 January, C6.\n"
9780814774632 - page_378: "START TEXT: ——–. 1993b. “Fifty-six Long Days of Coordinated Persuasion,” New York Times, 19 November, A28.\n——–. " ******* END TEXT: "1994f. “Packing for Europe, Clinton Hopes to Find a Boost in Ratings,” New York Times, 1 June, A13.\n"
9780814774632 - page_379: "START TEXT: ——–. 1993. “Bill, Hillary and Other Plain Folks Are All Set for One Heady Weekend,” New York Times, " ******* END TEXT: " A1.\n——–. 1992a. “Clinton’s 4-Day Holiday: Exhaustive Relaxation,” New York Times, 1 September, B9.\n"
9780814774632 - page_380: "START TEXT: ——–. 1992b. “Given a Good Lead, Clinton Is No Longer Talking Tough,” New York Times, 18 September, A" ******* END TEXT: "s, Clifford. 1993. “Skeptics and Lobbyists Besiege Student Loan Plan,” New York Times, 2 June, A14.\n"
9780814774632 - page_381: "START TEXT: Kritsberg, Wayne. 1988. The Adult Children of Alcoholics Syndrome: From Discovery to Recovery. Pompa" ******* END TEXT: "sas Won’t Take a Back Seat to Any Presidential Drive, Clinton Vows,” Arkansas Gazette, 22 April, 1.\n"
9780814774632 - page_382: "START TEXT: Lansky, M. R. 1980. “On Blame,” International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 8:429-55.\nLass" ******* END TEXT: ". 1995. “Lonely Guy: Is Alienating Friends the Way to Be Reelected?” New Yorker, 30 October, 58-63.\n"
9780814774632 - page_383: "START TEXT: Maynes, Charles William. 1993-94. “A Workable Clinton Doctrine,” Foreign Policy 93:3-20.\nMazlish, Br" ******* END TEXT: "d the Modern Presidents: The Politics of Leadership From Roosevelt to Reagan. New York: Free Press.\n"
9780814774632 - page_384: "START TEXT: New York Times. 1994a. “Editorial: Arkansas Secrets,” 31 March, A20.\n——–. 1994b. “Editorial: Bill Cl" ******* END TEXT: "anuary, A1.\n——–. 1993b. “Clinton May Not Meet Deadline on Health Plan,” New York Times, 2 May, A20.\n"
9780814774632 - page_385: "START TEXT: ——–. 1993c. “Clinton Offering Health Plan with Guarantee of Coverage and Curb on Private Spending,” " ******* END TEXT: "4.\n——–. 1994. “From Mother to Son: Grit, But No Taste for Bad News,” New York Times, 9 January, A2.\n"
9780814774632 - page_386: "START TEXT: ——–. 1992. “Bets Dark Horses: Raised One, Too,” New York Times, 13 August, C1.\nQuindlen, Anna. 1994." ******* END TEXT: "——–. 1993e. “Clinton’s Bright Ideas Get to Meet Ugly Facts,” New York Times, 11 January, sec. 4, 1.\n"
9780814774632 - page_387: "START TEXT: ——–. 1992. “Clinton Could Have Known Draft Was Unlikely for Him,” New York Times, 14 February, A1.\nR" ******* END TEXT: "s Press.\nSmith, Tony. 1993. “Making the World Safe for Democracy,” Washington Quarterly 16:197-214.\n"
9780814774632 - page_388: "START TEXT: Solomon, Burt. 1993. “Clinton—Every Man but His Own?” National Journal, 11 September, 2206.\nSpecter," ******* END TEXT: "licy,” Foreign Policy 97:121-32.\n——–. 1993. “Superpower without a Sword,” Foreign Affairs 2:166-80.\n"
9780814774632 - page_389: "START TEXT: Toner, Robin. 1993. “Clinton Orders Reversal of Abortion Restrictions Left by Reagan and Bush,” New " ******* END TEXT: "ng Public Adminstration: The 1994 John Gaus Lecture,” PS: Political Science and Politics 36:667-73.\n"
9780814774632 - page_390: "START TEXT: Wines, Michael. 1994. “Clinton, on the Stump, Opens a Final Health Care Push,” New York Times, 16 Ju" ******* END TEXT: "ert B. 1994. “The Reluctant Wilsonian: President Clinton and Foreign Policy,” SAIS Review 14:1-14.\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_391: "START TEXT: SUBJECT INDEX\nAbortion issue, 232, 264\nAdministration support of federal financing for, 298\nActivity" ******* END TEXT: " 178, 197\norigin of the sense of entitlement and, 198\npolitical persona and, 44\nreflected in policy\n"
9780814774632 - page_392: "START TEXT: choices, 70–71\nself-confidence and, 73\nself-esteem and, 41\nvalues and, 40\nCharacter style: definitio" ******* END TEXT: "n high school and, 55\nactivity levels, 39, 58, 262\nactivity levels, psychological meaning of, 57–59\n"
9780814774632 - page_393: "START TEXT: aides’ views of core values, 76\nambition, xi, 8, 43–44, 50–56, 287, 300\nanger, 12, 51, 100, 109–11, " ******* END TEXT: "lstering a sense of public urgency, 292, 295\ncabinet appointments reflecting conflicting views, 260\n"
9780814774632 - page_394: "START TEXT: candor regarding policies, 271–72, 275–76, 297–98, 304\ncentralization of power, 261\ncommitment to cu" ******* END TEXT: "port for programs, 27\nGrandiosity, childhood and ambition, 39\n“Great Man” theories of leadership, 4\n"
9780814774632 - page_395: "START TEXT: Haiti, xi, 21, 33, 78, 86, 133. See also Foreign policy\nHead start program, 71, 269\nHealth-care plan" ******* END TEXT: "1, 267, 269, 293\ndiffering administration and GAO estimates of costs, 298\nNational Urban League, 74\n"
9780814774632 - page_396: "START TEXT: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), xii, 31, 56. 75, 127, 134–35, 245, 267, 269, 270\n1992 e" ******* END TEXT: "nts in regulating boundaries, 171\nstrategic empathy distinguished from empathetic attunement, 106–7\n"
9780814774632 - page_397: "START TEXT: Reinventing government program, 33, 84, 255, 267\nnew health-care regulation and, 297\nWhite house est" ******* END TEXT: "e to “end welfare as we know it,” 79\nRichard Nixon and, 22\nunspecified savings as the basis of, 274 "
9780814774632 - page_398: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814774632 - page_399: "START TEXT: NAME INDEX\nAllen, Charles, Flynn, 122, 169, 183\nAllport, Gordon, 38\nAltman, Roger C, 279–80, 282\nApp" ******* END TEXT: ", 192–93, 196–97, 310\nClinton, Roger Cassidy, 148, 151, 176–77, 181, 188, 194–96\nCohen, Steven, 220\n"
9780814774632 - page_400: "START TEXT: Coleman, William T., lll, 62, 97\nCooper, Jim, 128\nCronin, Thomas, 26\nCutler, Lloyd N., 282\nDanforth," ******* END TEXT: "in Luther, Jr., 210\nKlugh, Dr. “Buddy,” 159\nKohut, Heinz, 39–40, 110, 172, 201\nKoppel, Ted, 63, 204\n"
9780814774632 - page_401: "START TEXT: Lake, Anthony, 137, 263\nLancaster, Martin, 236\nLasswell, Harold D., 215\nLehmann-Haupt, Christopher, " ******* END TEXT: " 186\nToricelli, Robert, 113\nTruman, Harry, 20, 133, 139, 305\nWalters, Mrs., 179\nWarner, Judith, 227\n"
9780814774632 - page_402: "START TEXT: Watkins, David, 270\nWattenberg, Martin P., 29–30\nWenner, Jann S., 102–3\nWesley, John, 224–25\nWhite, " ******* END TEXT: "4\nWright, Betsey, 207\nWright, George, Jr., 96, 115–16\nYeltsin, Boris N., 54, 261\nYoung, Buddy, 282\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_i: "START TEXT: The Psychological Assessment of Presidential Candidates" ******* END TEXT: "The Psychological Assessment of Presidential Candidates"
9780814774694 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_iii: "START TEXT: STANLEY A. RENSHON\nThe Psychological Assessment of Presidential Candidates\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "STANLEY A. RENSHON\nThe Psychological Assessment of Presidential Candidates\n\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_iv: "START TEXT: New York University PressNew York and London\nCopyright © 1996 by New York UniversityThe Decision Ana" ******* END TEXT: "sen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_v: "START TEXT: For my wife, Judith:warm, thoughtful, intelligent, sensitive, and a loving partner through life." ******* END TEXT: "For my wife, Judith:warm, thoughtful, intelligent, sensitive, and a loving partner through life."
9780814774694 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nForeword by Alexander L. George\nAcknowledgments\nPrologue\nIntroduction: Frameworks of Analy" ******* END TEXT: "servations on a Theory of Character\nEIGHT Toward a Theory of Character and Presidential Performance\n"
9780814774694 - page_viii: "START TEXT: NINE Character and Judgment in the 1988 Presidential Campaign: A Case Study of Gary Hart\nTEN Bill Cl" ******* END TEXT: "r: A Supplement to Assessing Psychological Suitability\nNotes\nBibliography\nSubject Index\nName Index\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Forewordby Alexander L. George\nThe duties, tasks, and responsibilities we have assigned to the pres" ******* END TEXT: "emed to bring out not the best but the worst in each new incumbent. Until Watergate, Americans were "
9780814774694 - page_x: "START TEXT: more interested in doing what was necessary to strengthen the presidency in order to enhance the per" ******* END TEXT: " more flagrantly evident than in the FACT magazine survey in 1964 in which over 2,000 psychiatrists "
9780814774694 - page_xi: "START TEXT: were asked to judge whether Barry Goldwater was “psychologically fit” to serve as president, which R" ******* END TEXT: "idates for the presidency.\nMore and more newsprint and media attention are directed at presidential "
9780814774694 - page_xii: "START TEXT: candidates and elections with every passing campaign. And yet we continue to muddle forward, fumblin" ******* END TEXT: "al psychology. With this important book, we no longer need to reinvent the wheel every four years.\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nI have worked on this book over a substantial period of time and, in the process, h" ******* END TEXT: "edge, Ronald Heifetz, Margaret G. Hermann, Edwin P. Hollinder, David Longly, Bruce Mazlish, Michael "
9780814774694 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: Nelson, Jerrold M. Post, William McKinley Runyan, Peter Suedfeld, and Stephen Wayne for doing so.\nI " ******* END TEXT: "n, have been a sustaining source of great pleasure and pride in my life and throughout my writing.\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_1: "START TEXT: Prologue\nWe are accustomed to thinking of the use of depth psychology to assess presidential candida" ******* END TEXT: " of repression, and the role of ambivalence). The thrust of Prince’s analysis is that Roosevelt had "
9780814774694 - page_2: "START TEXT: ambivalent feelings about his renunciation of any intention to run again for the presidency. The wis" ******* END TEXT: "not that they were pathological or even inappropriate. Indeed, neither word appears in the article.\n"
9780814774694 - page_3: "START TEXT: While psychoanalytic theory was, from the outset, applied outside of psychotherapeutic consultations" ******* END TEXT: "asonable concern, is hard to justify in these limited circumstances. The criticism is also somewhat "
9780814774694 - page_4: "START TEXT: odd, given that by 1905, Freud had published his case study of Dora, a young woman who was alive at " ******* END TEXT: " possible to accomplish it, and (if it is) how it might be done are the subjects of this analysis.\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_10: "START TEXT: and leadership; and the candidate or leader’s own response to situations or direct questions.\nNot al" ******* END TEXT: "d in discussions touching on these questions. However, the term presupposes an acceptable theory of "
9780814774694 - page_11: "START TEXT: character, of presidential performance, and of the relationship between them. Yet at this stage a ps" ******* END TEXT: "not easily transposed to general theories of political leadership, much less candidate evaluations.\n"
9780814774694 - page_12: "START TEXT: In this book I provide a basis for developing a psychologically grounded theory of character and its" ******* END TEXT: "stration refers to a president’s ability to coordinate and bring together the various institutional "
9780814774694 - page_13: "START TEXT: and support elements to achieve his purposes. Consolidation refers to the president’s ability to dev" ******* END TEXT: "or. It is therefore not surprising that they would be involved in presidential performance. A major "
9780814774694 - page_14: "START TEXT: theoretical task before us is to begin to specify in what ways they are involved.\nCharacter, as I co" ******* END TEXT: "political leadership, the presidency, psychoanalytic theory, and cognitive/social psychology. It is "
9780814774694 - page_15: "START TEXT: only through the theoretically focused integration of these various frames that progress on the ques" ******* END TEXT: "n the calculus of public choice, however, selections are always a joint function of the candidates’ "
9780814774694 - page_16: "START TEXT: strengths and weaknesses, on the one hand, and what the public perceives it needs and wants, on the " ******* END TEXT: "d Ronald Reagan. Others realize the dilemma but lack the skills to respond successfully, as was the "
9780814774694 - page_17: "START TEXT: case with Jimmy Carter. Still others, like Lyndon Johnson, appreciate the major question but become " ******* END TEXT: "nable ethical justification for conducting such analyses be developed? Are there any limits to such "
9780814774694 - page_18: "START TEXT: inquiries? With regard to the practical concerns, not everyone believes that presidents, regardless " ******* END TEXT: "understandings that are sought regarding candidates with presidential performance strongly in mind.\n"
9780814774694 - page_19: "START TEXT: The Organization of the Analysis\nI divide the analysis into five sections that cover the following a" ******* END TEXT: " Democratic Party’s nomination for president after allegations of marital infidelity became public. "
9780814774694 - page_20: "START TEXT: I argue that the quality of Hart’s judgment, not his infidelity, was the most important issue. Chapt" ******* END TEXT: "ssment of psychological suitability is crucial, it comes rather late in a leader’s career, and that "
9780814774694 - page_21: "START TEXT: preparing leaders for power is a useful and important supplementary approach to the problem of impro" ******* END TEXT: "in general build a solid foundation on which others with similar interests and concerns may proceed."
9780814774694 - page_22: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_5: "START TEXT: Introduction: Frameworks of Analysis\nDebate on public issues and candidates’ stands on them have tra" ******* END TEXT: "presidential election provided no exception. Pomper (1993, 143—44) notes that voters “cast troubled "
9780814774694 - page_6: "START TEXT: ballots, evidencing only limited approval for the candidates as individuals. For most of the campaig" ******* END TEXT: "limiting power and checking authority. The ability to “throw the rascals out” remains a fundamental "
9780814774694 - page_7: "START TEXT: element of American constitutional and political culture (Miller and Wattenberg 1985). It has worked" ******* END TEXT: "g presidential candidates.\nEven Pious (1979), a scholar not particularly sympathetic to the role of "
9780814774694 - page_8: "START TEXT: presidential psychology, ultimately acknowledges its importance. He argues that “the key to understa" ******* END TEXT: "efusal to allow UN inspection of facilities and reports that it had developed several atomic bombs. "
9780814774694 - page_9: "START TEXT: My point is not to complain about a lack of prescience but to underscore that so much of what a pres" ******* END TEXT: "s); former associates of the candidate; political scientists and psychologists who study candidates "
9780814774694 - page_23: "START TEXT: PART IThe Concept of Psychological Suitability " ******* END TEXT: " PART IThe Concept of Psychological Suitability "
9780814774694 - page_24: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_25: "START TEXT: ONEThe Psychological Suitability of Presidents in an Era of Doubt\nThe emergence of psychological su" ******* END TEXT: "r? Is his judgment or leadership enhanced or endangered by aspects of his personality or character?\n"
9780814774694 - page_26: "START TEXT: The Concept of Psychological Suitability\nConcerns with character and presidential leadership are cen" ******* END TEXT: "s are far more cause for concern. The term also has political referents that must be addressed. The "
9780814774694 - page_27: "START TEXT: presidency, like any political office in a democracy, exists in institutional, constitutional, and h" ******* END TEXT: "ership. Yet these concerns have become particularly acute in the last three presidential elections, "
9780814774694 - page_28: "START TEXT: and the question is why. Is concern with presidential character primarily a creation of the media? I" ******* END TEXT: " drawn from the study of the psychology of leadership and from political psychology generally. Such "
9780814774694 - page_29: "START TEXT: theories have become the public vehicle by which candidates are now assessed.\nThis development must " ******* END TEXT: "l suitability for the presidency. (That survey and its implications will be examined in chapter 5.)\n"
9780814774694 - page_30: "START TEXT: In May 1970, concerns about President Nixon’s psychological well-being were raised when, after a dec" ******* END TEXT: "lly uneventful summer season.\nThe reaction of the public and especially of members of the House and "
9780814774694 - page_31: "START TEXT: Senate was dramatic. Senator Ted Stevens of Alaska wondered aloud in a public interview whether Pres" ******* END TEXT: "es to be raised in presidential elections. In 1984, Democratic candidate Walter Mondale ran against "
9780814774694 - page_32: "START TEXT: incumbent Ronald Reagan and tried to raise the same sense of uneasiness about Reagan that Lyndon Joh" ******* END TEXT: "tability and suitability, who by his own behavior in office helped to raise the issue of character.\n"
9780814774694 - page_33: "START TEXT: In 1964, Lyndon Johnson ran against Senator Barry Goldwater, a conservative Republican with a reputa" ******* END TEXT: "he consequences of Johnson’s Vietnam policies. This was not a deception uncovered decades after the "
9780814774694 - page_34: "START TEXT: fact. Nor was it a single, perhaps understandable deception (like Eisenhower’s original denial of th" ******* END TEXT: "o each other in complex ways.\nThe wish to replace discussion of character issues with policy debate "
9780814774694 - page_35: "START TEXT: neglects the fact that it is the president who is at the center of policy formulation and implementa" ******* END TEXT: " three—would yield to a combination of technical solutions and large-scale government intervention. "
9780814774694 - page_36: "START TEXT: However, this has not proved to be the case, for a number of complex, interrelated reasons. One is t" ******* END TEXT: "substituted optimism for candor, and as a result, government and policy itself have become suspect.\n"
9780814774694 - page_37: "START TEXT: One effect has been a dramatic decline in public confidence in the government’s ability to solve suc" ******* END TEXT: "d to educate the public during election campaigns but that they have failed to do so as presidents.\n"
9780814774694 - page_38: "START TEXT: It is, of course, also possible that presidential candidates are truly perplexed and find it increas" ******* END TEXT: "s, keyed the public to a presidential candidate’s policy positions. It was not that party positions "
9780814774694 - page_39: "START TEXT: defined the candidates ideologically and programmatically, although this was true to some degree. Ra" ******* END TEXT: "p with China? No, they did not.\nIn domestic policy one can observe the same blending of ideological "
9780814774694 - page_40: "START TEXT: strands. Nixon was “tough on crime,” in both rhetoric and policy. Yet the “conservative” Republican " ******* END TEXT: " deprive voters of a useful, rough-and-ready calculus by which to evaluate presidential candidates.\n"
9780814774694 - page_41: "START TEXT: The Increasing Importance of Leaders\nGreenstein (1969), in his seminal work on the logic of inquiry " ******* END TEXT: "the “great man” theory of leadership in reality share a common view. Each equates leadership impact "
9780814774694 - page_42: "START TEXT: with effecting major political or historical transformations (as Hook argued for Lenin and the Russi" ******* END TEXT: "ly examine each of these.\nDecision centrality is a modern manifestation of the traditional division "
9780814774694 - page_43: "START TEXT: and specialization of labor. All societies develop a division of labor. Modern industrial societies " ******* END TEXT: "ty of those in positions of discretionary executive power and authority, such as that of president.\n"
9780814774694 - page_44: "START TEXT: A last factor that increases the importance of leaders is structural amplification. One by-product o" ******* END TEXT: "er experience were universal.\nFreud’s associates (Jung, Alfred Adler, Karl Abraham, and others) and "
9780814774694 - page_45: "START TEXT: successors (Harry Sullivan, K. Horney, D. W. Winnicott, Michael Balint, H. Kohut, and others) have a" ******* END TEXT: " and analysis of the candidates.\nThis privileged position, however, has brought with it controversy "
9780814774694 - page_46: "START TEXT: over the methods, depth, and aims of campaign coverage concerned with character issues. Controversie" ******* END TEXT: "forcing their importance. Thus, in the presidential campaign of 1984, the eventual Democratic Party "
9780814774694 - page_47: "START TEXT: nominee, Walter Mondale, deflected a serious challenge from then rival Senator Gary Hart by criticiz" ******* END TEXT: "date was moved to tears by a newspaper editorial, what would he do when the going really got tough?\n"
9780814774694 - page_48: "START TEXT: In contrast, consider President Reagan’s very emotional speech at a military base on the day a numbe" ******* END TEXT: "ls to enable him to accomplish some effective policy results and avoid disastrous policy mistakes.\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_49: "START TEXT: TWOAssessing the Psychological Suitability of Presidential Candidates: Ethical and Theoretical Dile" ******* END TEXT: "legitimate? Assessing presidential psychology at a distance is a difficult undertaking, one made no "
9780814774694 - page_50: "START TEXT: less so by candidates (and their advisers) having a strong, vested interest in presenting themselves" ******* END TEXT: "een put to scientific uses.”\nHow did he justify the publication of their work together, given these "
9780814774694 - page_51: "START TEXT: facts? Freud (1905, 8) wrote that “the physicians have taken on themselves not only duties towards t" ******* END TEXT: "rivacy” for a presidential candidate and his family. For others, there are certain areas of privacy "
9780814774694 - page_52: "START TEXT: that candidates should not forfeit by running for public office, even the presidency.\nThere are at l" ******* END TEXT: "what beside the point. Still, it cannot be denied that some analyses may cause a candidate pain and "
9780814774694 - page_53: "START TEXT: possibly political harm. It is also possible that such analyses, especially those which pinpoint are" ******* END TEXT: "based on theory of informed consent. The political legitimacy of those in power rests on the public "
9780814774694 - page_54: "START TEXT: having entered into a realistic and informed “social contract” with the leader, in which public sove" ******* END TEXT: "gh, or decide policy questions. I refer to this as the discretionary potential of the position. The "
9780814774694 - page_55: "START TEXT: third threshold is reached when the nature of the position specifically requires, as a basis for ade" ******* END TEXT: "sonal characteristics and would thus reach our third criterion, the leadership enactment threshold.\n"
9780814774694 - page_56: "START TEXT: Some Guidelines for the Assessment of Psychological Suitability\nResolving the conflicting responsibi" ******* END TEXT: "ationships, extramarital or otherwise, rarely occur in a psychological vacuum. It is not sex per se "
9780814774694 - page_57: "START TEXT: that interests the analyst of psychological suitability. It is the meaning of a candidate’s behavior" ******* END TEXT: "York Psychoanalytic Society, and so on. There are now many more and varied opportunities (Sears and "
9780814774694 - page_58: "START TEXT: Funk 1991; Krosnick and Hermann 1993) to receive the training appropriate to the sophisticated use o" ******* END TEXT: " many potential pitfalls.\nAt least since Freud’s analysis of Woodrow Wilson, it has been clear that "
9780814774694 - page_59: "START TEXT: the analyst’s political preferences and views can play an important and distorting role in assessing" ******* END TEXT: "e reason is straightforward.\nMuch psychoanalytic psychotherapy consists of assisting the patient to "
9780814774694 - page_60: "START TEXT: learn about him- or herself.9 This is often not an easy experience. In therapy, patients must eventu" ******* END TEXT: "worth of most of these individuals without overlooking either their strengths or their limitations.\n"
9780814774694 - page_61: "START TEXT: Some of the five issues discussed thus far can be handled by the traditional tools of scholarship: b" ******* END TEXT: " as a serious candidate.\nThird, explanations differ with regard to the use they make of unconscious "
9780814774694 - page_62: "START TEXT: motivations to explain a candidate’s behavior. By definition, unconscious motivation is not known to" ******* END TEXT: "f political leaders there is a level-of-analysis problem of a different but no less difficult type.\n"
9780814774694 - page_63: "START TEXT: Two frequent, related, but erroneous assumptions about the psychoanalytically informed analysis of p" ******* END TEXT: "r, more likely, may choose to remember things in particular ways for personal or political reasons.\n"
9780814774694 - page_64: "START TEXT: Firsthand accounts by others of a candidate’s or president’s early experiences are subject to the sa" ******* END TEXT: "rtainty the psychological paths by which character develops and has been translated into actions.13\n"
9780814774694 - page_65: "START TEXT: As I noted in the Introduction, in the context of discovery (not validation) at this stage of inquir" ******* END TEXT: "rstanding) and in relation to an understanding of the contexts in which these behaviors took place.\n"
9780814774694 - page_66: "START TEXT: An example drawn from the 1992 presidential campaign will perhaps make these points clear. During th" ******* END TEXT: "view of President Clinton.\nThe point of these observations (and similar illustrations that could be "
9780814774694 - page_67: "START TEXT: brought forward) is not to suggest that President Clinton is an ogre. However, they do suggest that " ******* END TEXT: "mple, how is ambition connected with the individual’s sense of accomplishment? Is it uniform across "
9780814774694 - page_68: "START TEXT: circumstances? If not, what accounts for differences? With what other psychological and behavioral e" ******* END TEXT: "al campaign, much was made of the fact that one candidate, Gary Hart, changed the way he signed his "
9780814774694 - page_69: "START TEXT: name. Were these facts important? They were thought so at the time. A framework for the analysis of " ******* END TEXT: "and that one’s domestic enemies must also be manipulated and even punished to bring them into line?\n"
9780814774694 - page_70: "START TEXT: When he was caught in several lies surrounding his pursuit of an extramarital affair during the 1988" ******* END TEXT: " to the relationship between campaigns and presidential performance. To some degree, the analyst by "
9780814774694 - page_71: "START TEXT: necessity is drawn into a public context because the material he bases his work on must also draw fr" ******* END TEXT: "ome basis for judging the usefulness of the framework, as well as laying the basis for improving it."
9780814774694 - page_72: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_73: "START TEXT: PART IIAssessing the Psychological Health of Presidential Candidates" ******* END TEXT: " PART IIAssessing the Psychological Health of Presidential Candidates"
9780814774694 - page_74: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_75: "START TEXT: THREEPsychological Health and Presidential Performance: A Foundation for the Assessment of Psycholo" ******* END TEXT: "tial candidates, and even of sitting presidents, during the past two decades. In at least two cases "
9780814774694 - page_76: "START TEXT: such concerns appear to have led to concrete steps of prevention or assessment.\nIn this chapter, I f" ******* END TEXT: "s as it may intuitively seem. The concept of mental health is difficult to define. For some, mental "
9780814774694 - page_77: "START TEXT: health denotes the absence of a severe impairment. For others, it implies more than just the absence" ******* END TEXT: "y. Szasz grants the existence of mental illness to a disease of the brain, not of the mind,5 in the "
9780814774694 - page_78: "START TEXT: same way that physical symptoms reflect disturbances of interior organic systems. This view is share" ******* END TEXT: "Szasz would accept the term if it could ultimately be shown to refer to some physical lesion in the "
9780814774694 - page_79: "START TEXT: brain, a position that denies ontological status to anything incapable of physical reference. The pr" ******* END TEXT: " abandonment of diagnosis.\nIndeed, Szasz is perfectly willing to continue such characterizations as "
9780814774694 - page_80: "START TEXT: long as they are termed problems in living, rather than mental illness. But to the extent that the f" ******* END TEXT: "sidered almost universal, but clinicians would not necessarily conclude that every manifestation of "
9780814774694 - page_81: "START TEXT: these psychological elements should automatically be considered as healthy. The issue, of course, is" ******* END TEXT: "criteria, which is the role that Szasz proposes for them. But they can also be used in another way.\n"
9780814774694 - page_82: "START TEXT: They can be used as an existing set of external reference points by which the analyst assesses aspec" ******* END TEXT: "to and on whether the patient is able to see, weigh, and act on this set of mutual responsibilities "
9780814774694 - page_83: "START TEXT: and obligations. The consistent failure to do so, or the clear inability to ever take the role of ot" ******* END TEXT: "erve many purposes, not all of them evident to the observer or even to the person engaging in them.\n"
9780814774694 - page_84: "START TEXT: Another approach has been to try to develop and refine overall assessments of psychological performa" ******* END TEXT: "e being, any particular physiological condition. It depends on one’s being in a state characterized "
9780814774694 - page_85: "START TEXT: (roughly) by pain, incapacitation, and the prospect of a hastened death. There is nothing mythical a" ******* END TEXT: ", they do. To take but one clinical example, a person who has multiple and indiscriminate shortterm "
9780814774694 - page_86: "START TEXT: sexual relationships may indeed see nothing wrong with the behavior. But numerous behavioral and cli" ******* END TEXT: "e few, if any, symptoms used to make the diagnosis, and symptoms that are present result in no more "
9780814774694 - page_87: "START TEXT: than minor impairment in social or occupational functioning. The term severe requires the manifestat" ******* END TEXT: " discourse. In these respects, culturally patterned defects can often become empirically invisible.\n"
9780814774694 - page_88: "START TEXT: One difficulty in uncovering cultural assumptions that may lead to deficiencies in political process" ******* END TEXT: "scussion of this critical aspect of psychological suitability. The reasons are not hard to discern.\n"
9780814774694 - page_89: "START TEXT: Presidential candidates are hardly likely to say that they are putting forward policies for reasons " ******* END TEXT: "he contemporary political process, which acts as both an impetus and a barrier for certain kinds of "
9780814774694 - page_90: "START TEXT: persons in the recruitment process. Another personal psychological trait, made relevant by the incre" ******* END TEXT: "8). Hutschnecker (1974, 45) notes that “if we rule out the neurotic leader, we would rule out every "
9780814774694 - page_91: "START TEXT: man.” The reason is simple. Decades of psychoanalytically framed analyses have suggested that, to so" ******* END TEXT: "athological attributes may be highly correlated with upward political mobility in regimes that make "
9780814774694 - page_92: "START TEXT: use of such persons for purposes of social control. Tucker (1965) has suggested that totalitarian sy" ******* END TEXT: "rego to one who is too lenient or, worse yet, who can justify any means to accomplish his purposes.\n"
9780814774694 - page_93: "START TEXT: The second and third views argue that what might in other circumstances be considered psychologicall" ******* END TEXT: "ate on systems with underdeveloped institutional mechanisms of limiting executive power (e.g., Nazi "
9780814774694 - page_94: "START TEXT: Germany, the former Soviet Union, Iraq). It is tempting, therefore, to believe that “it can’t happen" ******* END TEXT: "ally that presidential candidates differ from ordinary citizens with regard to such characteristics "
9780814774694 - page_95: "START TEXT: as ambition and commitment, we have gained little in “proving” that they are different, and thus not" ******* END TEXT: "d confusions, that we certainly should. (Emphasis mine)\nIn the next chapter, I try to explain why.\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_100: "START TEXT: and control of vast human and material resources, and the interdependency (and thus vulnerability) o" ******* END TEXT: "House and the event never be known with any degree of assurance.” How realistic is Reedy’s concern? "
9780814774694 - page_101: "START TEXT: Consider that in 1972 the Democratic Party selected as its vice presidential candidate a person who " ******* END TEXT: " suggesting that they consider invoking the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution transferring "
9780814774694 - page_102: "START TEXT: power to the vice president. According to this account, the suggestion was dropped when he and Baker" ******* END TEXT: " of political leaders, and it is not difficult to see why. A person severely impaired in any one of "
9780814774694 - page_103: "START TEXT: these three basic areas of psychological functioning would be unable to perform the basic tasks of e" ******* END TEXT: "ost basic assumption—that psychotic symptoms of the kind already noted can be easily recognized for "
9780814774694 - page_104: "START TEXT: what they are. In many cases it is probable that they can be. Even untrained laypersons can recogniz" ******* END TEXT: " the assumption that while ordinary persons become ill, VIPs do not—in short, that “it can’t happen "
9780814774694 - page_105: "START TEXT: here.” Given this belief, one would hardly notice what one assumes does not occur.\nIn cases of both " ******* END TEXT: "urely a painful and disruptive experience for all involved. Although there are legitimate questions "
9780814774694 - page_106: "START TEXT: regarding the weight that should be accorded such considerations in the case of public officials, th" ******* END TEXT: "sident’s personal behavior.\nIn the first area the list includes Nixon’s public dismissal of special "
9780814774694 - page_107: "START TEXT: Watergate prosecutor Archibald Cox, an alert of American nuclear forces during a Middle East crisis " ******* END TEXT: "nsidered paranoid because he believes what might to some degree be true—that his implacable critics "
9780814774694 - page_108: "START TEXT: would like to do away with his policies, as well as him (if not now, then in the next election)?\nSev" ******* END TEXT: "eit in a slanted way. They can process information, project and consider possible futures, and make "
9780814774694 - page_109: "START TEXT: intelligent plans to deal with them. The problem is that their paranoid ideational structure frames " ******* END TEXT: " not the only solid indicator of severity, nor can it be viewed as an invariant guide. These points "
9780814774694 - page_110: "START TEXT: suggest that even the symptoms of severe impairment do not manifest themselves uniformly. Given this" ******* END TEXT: "onflicts (manifested in symptoms) that interfered with but did not preclude a substantial degree of "
9780814774694 - page_111: "START TEXT: “normal” functioning. Psychotic personalities, in contrast, were not able to function in the normal " ******* END TEXT: "types of character organizations may facilitate, rather than impede, reaching high-level positions, "
9780814774694 - page_112: "START TEXT: including high-level political positions. The application of intelligence to getting what one wants " ******* END TEXT: "ot only a failure to distinguish inner and outer realities but also a loss of understanding that it "
9780814774694 - page_113: "START TEXT: is necessary to do so. The psychotic person not only has “strange thoughts,” which by itself would n" ******* END TEXT: " accurately (George 1980).\nPerception can be affected by an individual’s motivations, anxieties, or "
9780814774694 - page_114: "START TEXT: other feelings, which in turn can be affected by an individual’s values, beliefs, and attribution er" ******* END TEXT: "there are serious questions as to whether they should be. For the rational actor, whether he or she "
9780814774694 - page_115: "START TEXT: maximizes or “satisfices,” the primary perspective is still self-centered and the chief criterion re" ******* END TEXT: "ctive decision making. Models of rationality, whether comprehensive or bounded, eschew any role for "
9780814774694 - page_116: "START TEXT: affect, leaving the impression that the two are incompatible. By focusing on a limited view of ratio" ******* END TEXT: " power? Does he have any real power at all? Neustadt’s famous argument is that a president has only "
9780814774694 - page_117: "START TEXT: the power to persuade. Neustadt argues that the presidential ability to command is limited and the e" ******* END TEXT: " of ambition as well as of emotional and physical commitment. The first line of evidence comes from "
9780814774694 - page_118: "START TEXT: the enormous commitment of time, energy, and an individual’s life that becoming a presidential candi" ******* END TEXT: "hite House character and personality are extremely important because there are no other limitations "
9780814774694 - page_119: "START TEXT: that govern a man’s conduct. Restraint must come from within the presidential soul and prudence from" ******* END TEXT: "an feel like a prince, an imperial (and somewhat imperious) psychology is not a remote possibility.\n"
9780814774694 - page_120: "START TEXT: Mental Health and the Psychological Suitability of Presidential Candidates: A Still-Relevant but Lim" ******* END TEXT: " but that does not ordinarily take us very far down the path of assessing presidential performance.\n"
9780814774694 - page_121: "START TEXT: It is not enough to assess that someone is generally “mentally healthy” and infer that he therefore " ******* END TEXT: "und not so much in the raving of a lunatic as in a president overconfident of his own correctness.\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_96: "START TEXT: FOURIs the Psychological Impairment of Presidents Still a Relevant Concern?\nHow much concern should" ******* END TEXT: "enburg, Woodrow Wilson, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Benito Mussolini, Earl K. Long, and James Forrestal.\n"
9780814774694 - page_97: "START TEXT: Other psychiatrists who have examined this problem have mentioned the names of Adolf Hitler, Joseph " ******* END TEXT: "some inquiries. For example, T. F. Thiselton’s Royalty in All Ages: The Amusements, Eccentricities, "
9780814774694 - page_98: "START TEXT: Accomplishments, Superstitions and Frolics of Kings and Queens of Europe (1903) and Angelo S. Rappop" ******* END TEXT: "or chiefs of state, not for the wide range of other public officials who form part of the potential "
9780814774694 - page_99: "START TEXT: sampling of the universe of political leadership. Second, major contemporary clinical entities such " ******* END TEXT: "ed the power of political leaders. As I argued in chapter 1, instantaneous communication, access to "
9780814774694 - page_122: "START TEXT: FIVEAssessment at a Distance: A Cautionary Case Study of the 1964 Presidential Campaign\nThe 1964 el" ******* END TEXT: "eveal about psychological suitability as a criterion for the presidency and its assessment during a "
9780814774694 - page_123: "START TEXT: campaign. My analysis does not focus on the campaign itself or on the calculations that led to the d" ******* END TEXT: " Goldwater. Second, Johnson’s campaign explicitly raised the issue of Senator Goldwater’s emotional "
9780814774694 - page_124: "START TEXT: stability and therefore of his suitability as a potential commander in chief with control over nucle" ******* END TEXT: "ed biographies. In reviewing Goldwater’s childhood and subsequent life up to his nomination for the "
9780814774694 - page_125: "START TEXT: presidency, the article stresses several points that are presumed to have a bearing on his psycholog" ******* END TEXT: " of the article, however, concerns the survey and its results, and it is to these that we now turn.\n"
9780814774694 - page_126: "START TEXT: A Note on Method\nThe first article regarding FACT’s psychiatric survey informs the reader that on Ju" ******* END TEXT: "n the text of the article, which made reference only to the general psychological fitness question.\n"
9780814774694 - page_127: "START TEXT: The article did note, however, that the questionnaire had left room for comments and reported that “" ******* END TEXT: "ctive way of disabusing them.”\nThese criticisms go to the heart of the diagnostic process and raise "
9780814774694 - page_128: "START TEXT: questions of theory as well as method. It is to these questions and their implications for assessing" ******* END TEXT: "ealth.” A psychiatric assessment, the purpose of which is to obtain a clinical picture of someone’s "
9780814774694 - page_129: "START TEXT: mental health, is not synonymous with a psychological assessment of certain kinds of personality or " ******* END TEXT: " variability. It is also important to try and understand why this occurred. In this section and the "
9780814774694 - page_130: "START TEXT: one that follows, we examine three major difficulties: a mismatch between the level of inference and" ******* END TEXT: " genetic reconstruction) that is made of the fact that Goldwater’s parents had different religions. "
9780814774694 - page_131: "START TEXT: One respondent noted that Goldwater’s “mental instability stems from the fact that his father was a " ******* END TEXT: " time and was never mentioned in the course of the diagnostic discussions appearing in the article.\n"
9780814774694 - page_132: "START TEXT: The failure to explore characteristics that have achieved some clinical consensus for purposes of di" ******* END TEXT: "l beliefs, values, or relations to political events. In part, this has to do with the remoteness of "
9780814774694 - page_133: "START TEXT: politics to everyday concerns for many people. But even if some political subjects were brought up, " ******* END TEXT: " federal government] who is stronger than he, more masculine and more cultured” (Boroson 1964, 30).\n"
9780814774694 - page_134: "START TEXT: Finally, one responding psychiatrist notes Goldwater’s “paranoid and omnipotent tendencies” (Boroson" ******* END TEXT: "clear and somewhat dramatic differences appear to separate the candidates. The concept of emotional "
9780814774694 - page_135: "START TEXT: pull, or in more clinical terms, transference and countertransference, is not a novel idea in psycho" ******* END TEXT: "ore prudent to carry out psychological assessments before, rather than during, political campaigns.\n"
9780814774694 - page_136: "START TEXT: Some Perspectives on the Issue of Psychological Suitability and Presidential Performance\nThe method " ******* END TEXT: " have psychological characteristics that would cause difficulties (some serious) in the exercise of "
9780814774694 - page_137: "START TEXT: political power. The concept of psychological suitability therefore requires an understanding of psy" ******* END TEXT: "clear that the two are always synonymous, since one can be inconsistent without necessarily lacking "
9780814774694 - page_138: "START TEXT: integrity); however, it is also possible that the meeting represents an adherence to a political nor" ******* END TEXT: "lthough other biologically based variables, such as energy levels, have been noted by scholars (Her "
9780814774694 - page_139: "START TEXT: mann 1986) and by leaders themselves as having an important impact on performance.\nA useful starting" ******* END TEXT: "icial conduct on the bench.\nThe concept’s use in both instances is connected to demeanor as well as "
9780814774694 - page_140: "START TEXT: to comportment. A judge, for example, may have strong feelings about a matter, but yelling at partic" ******* END TEXT: "ical implications of being impulsive, a distinguished clinician and researcher is quoted as saying:\n"
9780814774694 - page_141: "START TEXT: I know nothing about Senator Goldwater except his public utterances, but their often ill-considered," ******* END TEXT: "he candidate toward “black or white thinking.”11 A typical comment noted that the candidate “seemed "
9780814774694 - page_142: "START TEXT: to need a single black or white answer” and further observed the tendency to “portray people as eith" ******* END TEXT: "Buchanan 1987). Ronald Reagan, by contrast, whom few have characterized as a complex or deep policy "
9780814774694 - page_143: "START TEXT: thinker, was able to generate wide public support and accomplish much of his policy agenda.\nDecision" ******* END TEXT: "candidate and the kinds of appeals being made to the public is not a trivial concern. George Bush’s "
9780814774694 - page_144: "START TEXT: campaign use of Willy Horton was widely criticized as appealing to racial fears and antagonisms. And" ******* END TEXT: "validity, does help shed some light on the question of psychological suitability. It is of interest "
9780814774694 - page_145: "START TEXT: that character emerged as an important dimension of analysis in this survey long before character is" ******* END TEXT: "st ultimately be considered in conjunction with political suitability, not as a substitute for it.\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_146: "START TEXT: SIXPsychological Health in the 1972 Presidential Election: The Case of Thomas F. Eagleton\nIn 1972, " ******* END TEXT: "akis could hardly be blamed for being sensitive to the issue, since “it had been only sixteen years "
9780814774694 - page_147: "START TEXT: ago, after all, that the revelation that Senator Thomas Eagleton of Missouri had undergone electrosh" ******* END TEXT: "tself. Eagleton has been diagnosed as suffering from depression. Was the medical diagnosis the real "
9780814774694 - page_148: "START TEXT: problem, or was the actual problem more political? Eagleton’s diagnosis of depression raises the iss" ******* END TEXT: "r example, Joseph Stalin clearly exhibited paranoid belief systems, although one has to ask whether "
9780814774694 - page_149: "START TEXT: such beliefs were not functional and, to some degree, based in the reality of the political system i" ******* END TEXT: " people in the course of an individual’s career. Discussions of severely disturbed persons reaching "
9780814774694 - page_150: "START TEXT: high office correctly assume that most high leadership positions are the culmination of a political " ******* END TEXT: "sment of the intense opposition that his Vietnam policy and his handling of questions concerning it "
9780814774694 - page_151: "START TEXT: had generated. In 1968, Johnson’s vice president, Hubert Humphrey, ran against the Republican presid" ******* END TEXT: "ner-take-all rules for electing delegates to the nominating convention) and won in New York on June "
9780814774694 - page_152: "START TEXT: 20. McGovern now had almost, but not quite, enough committed delegates to win the nomination.\nWhat f" ******* END TEXT: "er appears to be that they spent those two days meeting and dealing with the various constituencies "
9780814774694 - page_153: "START TEXT: that had supported McGovern’s campaign. Antiwar activists, homosexuals, women, and others presented " ******* END TEXT: "e was at least preliminary—and more likely, serious—consideration of vice presidential choices well "
9780814774694 - page_154: "START TEXT: before the Thursday morning that McGovern and his staff met to continue the selection process. It is" ******* END TEXT: " contrary, it means that Eagleton’s peers and colleagues were either unaware of his medical history "
9780814774694 - page_155: "START TEXT: or unconcerned by it. Neither is a particularly reassuring conclusion for proponents of the structur" ******* END TEXT: "he detailed memo, written by McGovern’s aides to campaign manager Gary Hart, on the very subject of "
9780814774694 - page_156: "START TEXT: setting up a serious, systematic assessment of possible running mates, which was never acted upon.\nW" ******* END TEXT: "r elections. However, this can give little comfort to those who believe there should be additional, "
9780814774694 - page_157: "START TEXT: not necessarily strictly political, criteria. It is not surprising that recent considerations for su" ******* END TEXT: " and all the previous questions, Mankiewicz says, Eagleton replied either “no” or “nothing at all.”\n"
9780814774694 - page_158: "START TEXT: Eagleton, in contrast, remembers only that Mankiewicz asked one question, “Do you have any old skele" ******* END TEXT: "unding the information itself: Was that information hidden from the public? George McGovern’s view, "
9780814774694 - page_159: "START TEXT: as written in his autobiography (1977, 199), is that “Eagleton’s history of mental illness and elect" ******* END TEXT: "d sent reporter Jonathan Larson to cover the race and look into these rumors. Larson confirmed that "
9780814774694 - page_160: "START TEXT: there were indeed rumors of a serious drinking problem as well as electroshock treatment for mental " ******* END TEXT: "nts suggest that no more forthcoming information would have been obtained by doing so at that time.\n"
9780814774694 - page_161: "START TEXT: Weil has suggested that the stories of an alcohol ingestion problem were planted to throw off invest" ******* END TEXT: "on bureau chief (published 7 August 1972, 17—19), Eagleton insisted, “It never crossed my mind that "
9780814774694 - page_162: "START TEXT: day or even the next day about the calculated risks I was taking” (Eagleton 1972b, 19). But this con" ******* END TEXT: "ice presidential nominee, but not without having inflicted severe damage on the McGovern candidacy.\n"
9780814774694 - page_163: "START TEXT: The Question of Motivation: A Question of Character\nIt seems clear from Eagleton’s own words that he" ******* END TEXT: "er of the drive. But these revelations in themselves do not reveal why such drives are so powerful.\n"
9780814774694 - page_164: "START TEXT: Although an analysis here must be suggestive, not definitive, I suggest there appears to be some evi" ******* END TEXT: "t who was asking me—Tom Who?—to be his running mate. So I said I was “flabbergasted” because I was.\n"
9780814774694 - page_165: "START TEXT: This passage suggests the somewhat paradoxical view of a person who has achieved enormous success in" ******* END TEXT: "tmas, December 25, 1964 and New Year’s Day, January 1, 1965 … for physical examination. Part of the "
9780814774694 - page_166: "START TEXT: manifestation of my fatigue and exhaustion relates to the stomach. I’m like the fellow on the Alka S" ******* END TEXT: "e additional stress you’ve been under—this has not resulted in—you haven’t taken any tranquilizers?\n"
9780814774694 - page_167: "START TEXT: A: No, nor sleeping pills. No.\nQ: Have you recalled since—although it’s one of those details … the n" ******* END TEXT: "blicly discussed at the time but seems from other data to be at least a strong possibility, namely, "
9780814774694 - page_168: "START TEXT: some form of bipolar or cyclothymic affective disorder (the severity of the symptoms is greater in t" ******* END TEXT: "oshock therapy “became a convenient way of treating large groups of people when the psychiatrist is "
9780814774694 - page_169: "START TEXT: overworked or overambitious,” also notes that “most therapists who believe in active psychotherapy r" ******* END TEXT: " you can afford no risks, and I would therefore hope that you would ask Mr. Eagleton to step down.”\n"
9780814774694 - page_170: "START TEXT: On Monday, July 31, 1972, more than two weeks after the problems with Eagleton’s medical history had" ******* END TEXT: "e life cycle. Some individuals “have episodes separated by many years of normal functioning; others "
9780814774694 - page_171: "START TEXT: have clusters of episodes; and still others have an increased frequency of episodes as they grow old" ******* END TEXT: " inability to concentrate and think clearly, as well as pessimistic attitudes toward the future and "
9780814774694 - page_172: "START TEXT: brooding over past events. (For purposes of this analysis, we have not included some of the more sev" ******* END TEXT: "responsibility (after all, if one is special, the normal rules of conduct need not apply). One very "
9780814774694 - page_173: "START TEXT: telling example of the dangers of this kind of state can be found in the Newsweek interview with Eag" ******* END TEXT: " nature of the political position. Many of Eagleton’s colleagues pointed out in his defense that he "
9780814774694 - page_174: "START TEXT: was a very able legislator. There is every reason to believe this was true, and so it raises the que" ******* END TEXT: "sting, thought insertion, or something other) will demonstrate questionable emotional stability and "
9780814774694 - page_175: "START TEXT: rationality. The kinds of symptoms associated with those disturbances are manifestly evident and cle" ******* END TEXT: "re a month or more in duration.\nOn the other hand, one could suggest with some truth that the whole "
9780814774694 - page_176: "START TEXT: Eagleton experience, coupled with a new, more assertive investigative tone to reporting on political" ******* END TEXT: "all seems a slender thread on which to hang one’s confidence, much less the risk to this republic.\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_177: "START TEXT: PART IIICharacter and Presidential Performance: Theory and Assessment" ******* END TEXT: " PART IIICharacter and Presidential Performance: Theory and Assessment"
9780814774694 - page_178: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_179: "START TEXT: SEVENToward a Framework for Analyzing Presidential Performance: Some Observations on a Theory of Ch" ******* END TEXT: "ch is purported to be measured by IQ? Sternberg (1979) has suggested a number of different types of "
9780814774694 - page_180: "START TEXT: intelligence, several of which might well have implications for a leader’s decision-making skills. A" ******* END TEXT: "ant than intelligence? Almost certainly there are many. This is not an ethereal question. Nor is it "
9780814774694 - page_181: "START TEXT: necessarily a matter of values. Without a theory of the nature of presidential performance, it is di" ******* END TEXT: " does so not on the basis of sophisticated personality theories but rather with an experience-based "
9780814774694 - page_182: "START TEXT: and intuitive sense of which traits are important. However, even if the public wanted more sophistic" ******* END TEXT: "l understanding of character itself is still based on the same premises. Recent models of character "
9780814774694 - page_183: "START TEXT: functioning and development, like their predecessors, are substantially derived from clinical practi" ******* END TEXT: "oning are interested in character theories in connection with their therapeutic interventions. They "
9780814774694 - page_184: "START TEXT: are interested in cures, not politics. Not surprisingly, they have not focused on the applications o" ******* END TEXT: "gests lessons learned and applied. The question is: Which lessons? Character development is clearly "
9780814774694 - page_185: "START TEXT: anchored in experience, but of what kind? The answer I propose begins with the early and continuing " ******* END TEXT: "s constitute character or what their relationships to one another are. I argue that the capacity to "
9780814774694 - page_186: "START TEXT: successfully construct a life that can satisfy one’s basic aspirations and needs rests on a set of t" ******* END TEXT: "t for this? An answer must surely include an account of the role of substantial levels of ambition.\n"
9780814774694 - page_187: "START TEXT: A word of caution is necessary regarding the analysis of ambition. In both academic and ordinary dis" ******* END TEXT: "ger that idealization by others may reinforce rather than modify the individual’s selfidealization. "
9780814774694 - page_188: "START TEXT: This, in turn, may reinforce rather than moderate the child’s grandiosity.\nWhat can make ambition pr" ******* END TEXT: "en grandiose—that is, they incorporate levels of virtue and even perfection most often found in how "
9780814774694 - page_189: "START TEXT: others would like (or like us) to be but are not. Moreover, there are a number of ideals by which on" ******* END TEXT: "ed such a crucial role in evaluations of presidential candidates. Character integrity does not just "
9780814774694 - page_190: "START TEXT: involve a candidate’s public identification of himself with the virtues and ideals that most would f" ******* END TEXT: "tially) successful attempt to combine his or her particular cognitive capacities, characterological "
9780814774694 - page_191: "START TEXT: strengths, values, and interpersonal skills in a political role that makes use of and allows for the" ******* END TEXT: "82) allowed him to do the hard work of presidential leadership and decision making while giving the "
9780814774694 - page_192: "START TEXT: impression that not much urgency affected his day-to-day routine. In a sense, by not going public Ei" ******* END TEXT: "one pole, through various kinds of friendships, to intimate relationships anchoring the other pole.\n"
9780814774694 - page_193: "START TEXT: It is tempting to think of character (like ambition and authentic, well-realized ideals) as solely t" ******* END TEXT: "as that how others see us has much to do with how we experience ourselves. Our view of ourselves is "
9780814774694 - page_194: "START TEXT: unlikely to be a simple sum of what others think, since some views are clearly more important than o" ******* END TEXT: "develop. It is not static.\nWhat implications does this formulation have for assessing the character "
9780814774694 - page_195: "START TEXT: of presidential candidates? Two come immediately to mind. One mistake that is often made in analyzin" ******* END TEXT: "in the cognitive/creative domain, in the interpersonal domain, and in the characterological domain.\n"
9780814774694 - page_196: "START TEXT: The cognitive skill domain is the arena of thought, broadly defined. Interpersonal skills include em" ******* END TEXT: ") are equally secure (a consequence of consolidated character elements) or able to be self-reliant.\n"
9780814774694 - page_197: "START TEXT: Barber (1992a, 5-6; see also George’s [1975, 243] consideration of Barber’s use of style) is one of " ******* END TEXT: "of presidential power lies in persuasion underscores the importance of interpersonal relationships. "
9780814774694 - page_198: "START TEXT: Similarly, recent analyses of Ronald Reagan’s political success (Jones 1988) suggest that it was rel" ******* END TEXT: " Barber (1992a) notes that Nixon emphasized homework, an important part of making decisions, yet he "
9780814774694 - page_199: "START TEXT: lacked the interpersonal skills to develop collaborative political leadership, also an important ski" ******* END TEXT: "er President in history, an emphasis on personal relations” (1992a, 67). Kearns writes that Johnson\n"
9780814774694 - page_200: "START TEXT: obligated his followers by providing them with services or benefits that they desired or needed. But" ******* END TEXT: "fs can be embedded deep in the personality system, but not so deep that the individuals themselves, "
9780814774694 - page_201: "START TEXT: as well outside observers, are unaware of them. As such, beliefs can operate as a transitional analy" ******* END TEXT: "m these kinds of assumptions the mastery beliefs, and they result in a sense of effective capacity.\n"
9780814774694 - page_202: "START TEXT: Among the character beliefs that arise from the sense of consolidated identity, which is built on a " ******* END TEXT: "derstanding will find himself emotionally and politically buffeted by the demands he must confront.\n"
9780814774694 - page_203: "START TEXT: Conclusion\nThe model of character development put forward here is meant to operate as a framework fo" ******* END TEXT: "at one wishes to get and actually receives can be, if not entirely resolved, at least accommodated.\n"
9780814774694 - page_204: "START TEXT: In the next chapter I present a model of character and presidential performance. We will then be in " ******* END TEXT: " in a firmer position to assess the utility of using these elements in evaluating other campaigns.\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_205: "START TEXT: EIGHTToward a Theory of Character and Presidential Performance\nThe responsibilities of the presiden" ******* END TEXT: " In short, it leads to a consideration of an individual’s personal, policy, and political judgment.\n"
9780814774694 - page_206: "START TEXT: The second fact points to a president’s capacity to build support and exercise power and his methods" ******* END TEXT: "s that would support the concept of good judgment? Is it a matter of character, situation, or both?\n"
9780814774694 - page_207: "START TEXT: The Nature of Judgment\nAny answers to such questions must begin with the nature of judgment itself3 " ******* END TEXT: "ng judgment requires us to focus on four related considerations: the problem itself, the context(s) "
9780814774694 - page_208: "START TEXT: within which decisions are made, the actual decisions that were made, and the results of those decis" ******* END TEXT: "ing U.S.—Japanese economic competition into the framework of “trade wars” may correctly reflect the "
9780814774694 - page_209: "START TEXT: competitive economic nature of the problem but inappropriately add the model of “war” to what is ess" ******* END TEXT: "’s assertion that the missiles must go, most likely by military force in the form of an air strike.\n"
9780814774694 - page_210: "START TEXT: It is one reflection of Kennedy’s characterological strength that he was able to recover from his sh" ******* END TEXT: "lar domains, problems, and the frameworks that have been generated by experience. A president’s (or "
9780814774694 - page_211: "START TEXT: leader’s) range and depth of understanding of a problem are related to his experience with (and unde" ******* END TEXT: "nts, and past experience do not provide much confidence that we (or a president) can count on this.\n"
9780814774694 - page_212: "START TEXT: In reality, the issue may not be so much the ability of a president to predict outcomes as his capac" ******* END TEXT: "icularly concern us in presidential campaigns. The reason is that candidates don’t make real policy "
9780814774694 - page_213: "START TEXT: judgments. They are running for office, not already in it. The most a candidate can do is criticize " ******* END TEXT: "th which it must deal.14 Among these is the capacity to modulate but satisfy basic (developmentally "
9780814774694 - page_214: "START TEXT: normal and appropriate) wishes for accomplishment and recognition. Mature character consolidation al" ******* END TEXT: "tially affected by character.\nReflection refers to the capacity to consider and evaluate analytical "
9780814774694 - page_215: "START TEXT: information from a series of perspectives. Good judgment requires the ability to place information i" ******* END TEXT: "of steps to accomplish purposes consistent with one’s understanding of the issues raised and values "
9780814774694 - page_216: "START TEXT: at risk. The steps should accomplish these goals with minimal harm if harm proves necessary.\nThis li" ******* END TEXT: "the ability to appreciate implications and to extract significance from an incomplete set of facts.\n"
9780814774694 - page_217: "START TEXT: The capacity to understand and diagnose a problem often reflects a president’s range of experiences " ******* END TEXT: "al identities, or identities that have not yet resolved and incorporated consolidated ideals, would "
9780814774694 - page_218: "START TEXT: seem to be particularly vulnerable in this process: first, because a firmly rooted personal and poli" ******* END TEXT: " good judgment, it does not require of the president that he adopt others’ views. Moreover, I argue "
9780814774694 - page_219: "START TEXT: that empathy is not always what it seems and should not necessarily be taken at face value when it s" ******* END TEXT: "lt is strategic empathy.\nStrategic empathy18 is clearly distinguishable from empathetic attunement. "
9780814774694 - page_220: "START TEXT: Its basic purpose is advantage rather than understanding. There are several motivational variations " ******* END TEXT: " what “I would do or feel if I were in this situation.” That approach presupposes that the other is "
9780814774694 - page_221: "START TEXT: fundamentally similar to oneself. Rather, realistic empathy involves an attempt to enter into a diff" ******* END TEXT: "s feelings of competition and the wish for personal advantage, which are a part of ordinary life. A "
9780814774694 - page_222: "START TEXT: belief that one must suppress these feelings in favor of always being attuned to the needs of others" ******* END TEXT: "resident Warren Harding, who, when faced with an important economic decision, confided to a friend:\n"
9780814774694 - page_223: "START TEXT: John, I can’t make a damn thing out of this tax problem. I listen to one side and they seem right, a" ******* END TEXT: "ility for the presidency.\nPolitical leadership therefore can be defined in relation to the capacity "
9780814774694 - page_224: "START TEXT: to act on the implications of one’s judgments and achieve results. In that respect, leadership and p" ******* END TEXT: " presidents rely solely on agreement. To do so would commit them to political and policy passivity.\n"
9780814774694 - page_225: "START TEXT: A third drawback concerns Neustadt’s use of the term persuasion, in that it misses the extent to whi" ******* END TEXT: "come of presidential leadership.\nIf the president does not exercise raw power and if the concept of "
9780814774694 - page_226: "START TEXT: persuasion omits too much, how, then, can we characterize the range of the instruments available to " ******* END TEXT: "s; it is very rare for a candidate or president to be an effective leader without one or the other.\n"
9780814774694 - page_227: "START TEXT: The first task, mobilization, refers to the president’s ability to arouse the public. This presuppos" ******* END TEXT: "ne these with refocusing the functions or direction of existing policy structures. These methods of "
9780814774694 - page_228: "START TEXT: consolidation also represent a way in which a president’s policy decisions can have an enduring effe" ******* END TEXT: "ch seemed to blame the public for his administration’s problems, did not resonate with the American "
9780814774694 - page_229: "START TEXT: public at the time it was given. Rather, it resulted in ripples of public anxiety regarding Carter’s" ******* END TEXT: "rmance put forward in this chapter is meant to provide a framework by which presidential candidates "
9780814774694 - page_230: "START TEXT: may be assessed. Judgment and leadership, the two principal elements of presidential performance, ca" ******* END TEXT: "dation, before they take office? It is to these questions that we turn in the next three chapters.\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_231: "START TEXT: NINECharacter and Judgment in the 1988 Presidential Campaign: A Case Study of Gary Hart\nFor a short" ******* END TEXT: "ature of his relationships with others. I further argue that his abilities in the two basic domains "
9780814774694 - page_232: "START TEXT: of presidential performance, judgment and leadership, also came into question as the controversy unf" ******* END TEXT: " about the “swamp of pop psychology” surrounding these events. In the process, he took the somewhat "
9780814774694 - page_233: "START TEXT: paradoxical position that while the character concerns that had been raised were “all very glib, and" ******* END TEXT: " tests in a general way whether, on the basis of publicly available information, characteristics of "
9780814774694 - page_234: "START TEXT: substantial importance about a candidate can be known and publicly understood. In short, can electio" ******* END TEXT: " and quite accomplished.\nCleckley’s original study included professionally accomplished individuals "
9780814774694 - page_235: "START TEXT: (doctors, lawyers, executives) and other “successful members of the community,”4 and there may be a " ******* END TEXT: "if the capacity for true concern eludes them. In these cases, the one-sided nature of relationships "
9780814774694 - page_236: "START TEXT: comes through in (large and small) choices that the narcissist makes. Overall the choices reflect se" ******* END TEXT: "uent events. First, it raises the issue of emotional distance from others as a characteristic worth "
9780814774694 - page_237: "START TEXT: examining in presidential candidates. Second, it connects this issue to the question of his capacity" ******* END TEXT: "nd the view that he needs to explain. This is what happened to Gary Hart. Some, as noted, tended to "
9780814774694 - page_238: "START TEXT: see the changes in his name, age, and so forth as an indication of his insincerity and lack of integ" ******* END TEXT: "sion between the requirements of his public identity on the one hand, and the conflict that existed "
9780814774694 - page_239: "START TEXT: between his original, core identity and the person he had, and wished to, become on the other. He ha" ******* END TEXT: "n was customary at the time in openly alluding to his marital difficulties.13 On the other hand, it "
9780814774694 - page_240: "START TEXT: does leave some questions unresolved. In the statement there is a direct implication that Hart saw o" ******* END TEXT: "er circumstances were given by Hart; his campaign manager, William Dixon; and William Broadhurst.18\n"
9780814774694 - page_241: "START TEXT: To put the matter directly, Gary Hart’s explanations of his relationship with Donna Rice strain cred" ******* END TEXT: "mized” by the Miami Herald story. In remarks to a group of supporters on the evening of May 5, Hart "
9780814774694 - page_242: "START TEXT: noted that “it doesn’t really matter if the leader is struck down in battle or with a knife in his b" ******* END TEXT: "who made a mistake—a very serious mistake—but one that “I won’t make again.” The mistake, according "
9780814774694 - page_243: "START TEXT: to the senator, was “to get involved in a series of activities over last weekend leading to the conc" ******* END TEXT: " bird, some extraordinary creature that has to be dissected” (Hart 1987b, A9). That image speaks to "
9780814774694 - page_244: "START TEXT: Hart’s senses of uniqueness and victimization (or perhaps martyrdom). However, in spite of having en" ******* END TEXT: "the Newspaper Publishers Association repeated his charges, but he ended by admitting a mistake. The "
9780814774694 - page_245: "START TEXT: mistake, however, was not of conduct but of putting himself in circumstances that could be misconstr" ******* END TEXT: "ything like that.” She said, “This man ought to be President of the United States.” (Emphasis mine)\n"
9780814774694 - page_246: "START TEXT: Clearly, in Hart’s view, if his wife thought that his special abilities and uniqueness qualified him" ******* END TEXT: "sidential performance?\nCertainly, not all affairs are equal, since they spring from diverse sources "
9780814774694 - page_247: "START TEXT: and can result in an array of relationships among the parties involved. Spouses have diverse reasons" ******* END TEXT: "ationship with Donna Rice point to a basis in Hart’s personal satisfaction. By all accounts, Hart’s "
9780814774694 - page_248: "START TEXT: relationship with Rice was not political (she did not reveal much interest in politics) or work-rela" ******* END TEXT: "ne not of infidelity or character but of judgment. If, as I argued in chapter 8, decision making is "
9780814774694 - page_249: "START TEXT: central to presidential leadership and, more generally, presidential performance, and if at the hear" ******* END TEXT: " more characterological way, in the ability to control and delay whatever impulses toward premature "
9780814774694 - page_250: "START TEXT: closure or action may be activated by the circumstances. The impulse toward self-gratification, for " ******* END TEXT: "unement to himself and others.\nThis last factor, emotional attunement, is an important part of good "
9780814774694 - page_251: "START TEXT: policy and political judgment. Good problem diagnosis requires a realistic appraisal of the effects " ******* END TEXT: "t him and the fact that the personal lives of candidates had come to play an increasingly prominent "
9780814774694 - page_252: "START TEXT: role in presidential campaigns. I do not care to speculate about Hart’s motivations, but we can make" ******* END TEXT: "trying to “change the future and the direction of the country” (Hart 1987c, 9). This is a large and "
9780814774694 - page_253: "START TEXT: admirable goal, but the very fact that its accomplishment was in reach would seem to dwarf whatever " ******* END TEXT: "ready discussed at length. It remains for us to discuss briefly some implications of the Hart case.\n"
9780814774694 - page_254: "START TEXT: Epilogue: Some Implications of the Hart Episode\nThis study of Gary Hart suggests several cautions. F" ******* END TEXT: "rscores the need for a more systematic and effective method of evaluating presidential candidates.\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_255: "START TEXT: TENBill Clinton as a Presidential Candidate: What Did the Public Learn?\nWhat can be learned about t" ******* END TEXT: " character elements carried over to President Clinton’s approach to decision making and leadership.\n"
9780814774694 - page_256: "START TEXT: A Note on the Basic Public Dilemma\nI noted in the Introduction that each president is selected in pa" ******* END TEXT: "e, to “reinvent government.”\nThe extent to which Clinton is able to do this will depend not only on "
9780814774694 - page_257: "START TEXT: the policies themselves but also on his character, judgment, and leadership. Let us now assess these" ******* END TEXT: "ral of Arkansas in 1976 at the age of twenty-nine, becoming the youngest governor in the country in "
9780814774694 - page_258: "START TEXT: 1978 at the age of thirty-two, and successive reelections to that position in 1982, 1984, 1986, and " ******* END TEXT: "eer but in the many other activities he was involved with while doing these things. The same active "
9780814774694 - page_259: "START TEXT: involvement in a range of activities could be noted for his time at Georgetown, for the time he work" ******* END TEXT: " any problem” (1993, 92).\nAnother piece of evidence is his willingness to talk publicly, at length, "
9780814774694 - page_260: "START TEXT: without notes, on a range of subjects. Clinton was one of the most verbal presidential candidates in" ******* END TEXT: "ing (in a speech to the Urban League, to a largely black audience), “Your plan and my plan … do not "
9780814774694 - page_261: "START TEXT: involve liberal versus conservative, left versus right, big government versus little government. Tha" ******* END TEXT: "e, another way of attributing to oneself good intentions gone awry because of the faults of others.\n"
9780814774694 - page_262: "START TEXT: I don’t list his understandings because I believe them wholly untrue. Rather, I note them because th" ******* END TEXT: "f course, he lost his temper, cursed them, and complained to the manager of the club (Kelly 1992f).\n"
9780814774694 - page_263: "START TEXT: Nor does the need-to-be-liked theory address another psychological tributary of Clinton’s political " ******* END TEXT: " revealed later left another. Information that emerged months after the story first broke lost some "
9780814774694 - page_264: "START TEXT: impact because it was not immediately picked up or connected to previous information.8 Moreover, it " ******* END TEXT: "hool classmates who were already dead, I decided it was an inappropriate thing to do.” Clinton said "
9780814774694 - page_265: "START TEXT: that if he had ever received special treatment from his draft board, he had never asked for it or kn" ******* END TEXT: "self for a political life … it is a life I still feel compelled to try to lead. (Clinton 1992, A25)\n"
9780814774694 - page_266: "START TEXT: This part of the letter is revealing of Clinton’s determination and political ambition at that relat" ******* END TEXT: "970, for two reasons. First, draft calls for the rest of the year, announced in September, were low "
9780814774694 - page_267: "START TEXT: nationally and particularly low for Clinton’s draft district (Hot Springs). Second, and more importa" ******* END TEXT: "ot having mailed it, since he had come to the conclusion that his induction would serve no purpose.\n"
9780814774694 - page_268: "START TEXT: Clinton was reclassified 1-A on October 30, 1969, an event consistent with his memory that his stepf" ******* END TEXT: "ecting him. Maraniss quotes Ed Howard, the unit’s drill instructor, as saying that “the letter only "
9780814774694 - page_269: "START TEXT: intensified the anger that the ROTC staff had felt toward Clinton since he had failed to enroll at t" ******* END TEXT: "ckson’s letters further noted that he had “enlisted several of my friends in influential positions, "
9780814774694 - page_270: "START TEXT: trying to pull strings on Bill’s behalf.” Kelly noted at the time the excerpts were printed that “Mr" ******* END TEXT: "ment and an affidavit (reprinted in its entirety in Brown 1992)9 concerning his recollection of the "
9780814774694 - page_271: "START TEXT: events that took place in 1969. Holmes said that he felt Clinton had deceived him about both his vie" ******* END TEXT: "on said further that “when people ask you about special treatment, they mean did you leverage money "
9780814774694 - page_272: "START TEXT: or power, or something to get something that other people wouldn’t have gotten, and the answer to th" ******* END TEXT: "r domains, integrity and relatedness) a psychological point that Clinton had come to see a goal for "
9780814774694 - page_273: "START TEXT: himself (in the more technical term used by Erikson (1980), an ego ideal) and a context for the real" ******* END TEXT: "nt, of the possible implications of his choices regarding the draft for his future ambitions. It is "
9780814774694 - page_274: "START TEXT: not the ambition to pursue a political career that draws one’s attention here but the keen calculati" ******* END TEXT: "r others. He could have chosen to justify his behavior on a number of grounds (fear of harm, saving "
9780814774694 - page_275: "START TEXT: his abilities to use in another time and place, and so on). Yet everyone else who went into the army" ******* END TEXT: "ure to have served in some capacity in this war would not be aware of the colonel’s likely feelings "
9780814774694 - page_276: "START TEXT: about Clinton’s views and activities.11 It is difficult to credit Clinton with such an obvious lapse" ******* END TEXT: " Clinton was forced to admit that powerful others, such as Senator Fulbright, had interceded on his "
9780814774694 - page_277: "START TEXT: behalf. In response Clinton said, “When people ask you about special treatment, they mean did you le" ******* END TEXT: "is convictions; he was unable to maintain a commitment to his ideals under difficult circumstances.\n"
9780814774694 - page_278: "START TEXT: Nor had Clinton ever been willing to face up publicly, or even to close aides, to the complex motiva" ******* END TEXT: "tantial confidence in himself and in his abilities and a view of himself as very decent and honest.\n"
9780814774694 - page_279: "START TEXT: His view of himself as a “New Democrat” (his political identity) was clearly presented.\nHowever, the" ******* END TEXT: " these issues in the context of governing. It is to that analysis that I turn in the next chapter.\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_280: "START TEXT: ELEVENWilliam J. Clinton as President: Some Implications of Character for Presidential Performance\n" ******* END TEXT: "ho moved toward people. He also appeared to friendly, open, and concerned about the fate of others, "
9780814774694 - page_281: "START TEXT: although his tendency toward angry outbursts and some of his behavior during the controversies surro" ******* END TEXT: "y mid-afternoon he was in South Korea where he met with President Kim Young Sam and appeared before "
9780814774694 - page_282: "START TEXT: news reporters for the third time today. By this evening he and his wife Hillary were toasting their" ******* END TEXT: "cription of Clinton, “He had essentially extended the campaign through the first nine months of the "
9780814774694 - page_283: "START TEXT: presidency taking up the battle with all the urgency of FDR during the depression or a president in " ******* END TEXT: " thought and how he acted, and that when confronted with them, he reacted with anger and disavowal.\n"
9780814774694 - page_284: "START TEXT: What can be said of Clinton’s postelection behavior? Is there any further evidence for this formulat" ******* END TEXT: "ght when I go home if I’ve done what I think is right. (Wenner and Greider 1993, 81; emphasis mine)\n"
9780814774694 - page_285: "START TEXT: There are many interesting aspects to this exchange. The president, in his answer to the question of" ******* END TEXT: " it very much. Not every hour of every day is fun. The country is going through a period of change.\n"
9780814774694 - page_286: "START TEXT: Wenner: But are you having fun in this job?\nClinton: I genuinely enjoy it. (Wenner and Greider 1993," ******* END TEXT: "on than John Kennedy, as the whole exchange has a definite “active-negative” cast to it and appears "
9780814774694 - page_287: "START TEXT: to contradict the earlier assertions of how much President Clinton is enjoying his role. The sense o" ******* END TEXT: "on members (Kelly 1993a).\nThese illustrations suggest that while President Clinton has occasionally "
9780814774694 - page_288: "START TEXT: been willing to disagree publicly with the traditional allies of the Democratic Party, he has more o" ******* END TEXT: "ic character elements is generally associated with the development of a stable set of psychological "
9780814774694 - page_289: "START TEXT: orientations. I term these orientations character-based personality traits, to underscore the import" ******* END TEXT: " the strength of an individual’s desire to achieve his or her purposes (ambition). The higher one’s "
9780814774694 - page_290: "START TEXT: ambition, the more likely one is to continue trying to realize it. Persistence is also related to se" ******* END TEXT: "toward achievement.4 The formulation and successful implementation of some major policy initiatives "
9780814774694 - page_291: "START TEXT: is not enough. Many successes may even be too few, given Clinton’s definition of policy success.\nEmp" ******* END TEXT: " closely is that there are clearly areas where Clinton’s empathetic attunement does not extend. One "
9780814774694 - page_292: "START TEXT: strand of evidence that runs counter to the view of Clinton as wholly empathetic is the number of gr" ******* END TEXT: "a number of independently confirmed reports, President Clinton is frequently and extremely angry at "
9780814774694 - page_293: "START TEXT: various members of his staff for (in his view) having failed him. Woodward (1994, 55) reports that d" ******* END TEXT: "appreciated. For Clinton to be appreciated, others, especially the public, must know all that he is "
9780814774694 - page_294: "START TEXT: doing. This is one reason Clinton would not find it easy to become, like Eisenhower (see Greenstein " ******* END TEXT: "a person to attend (Labaton 1993a). That party was canceled when criticism mounted (Labaton 1993b).\n"
9780814774694 - page_295: "START TEXT: During the campaign, Bill Clinton presented himself as a middle-class man of the people. He stressed" ******* END TEXT: ") as doing the right thing. In this incident, too, there is the element of doing something publicly "
9780814774694 - page_296: "START TEXT: for which one would receive credit while taking steps to ensure that one satisfies personal, less pu" ******* END TEXT: " of the administration appears to remain activist, even if it cannot dominate the political agenda.\n"
9780814774694 - page_297: "START TEXT: An Episodic, Discontinuous Presidency\nThere has been some evidence to date of a discontinuous, episo" ******* END TEXT: "e, but in the past Clinton has paid a price for that strategy. During his first term as governor of "
9780814774694 - page_298: "START TEXT: Arkansas, the pace of his social and policy agenda cost him reelection. In view of the 1994 midterm " ******* END TEXT: "t may also exhaust public understanding and patience. It is a strategy that may be effective in the "
9780814774694 - page_299: "START TEXT: short term to get policies passed, but it runs the risk of not providing a firm foundation for publi" ******* END TEXT: " facing President Clinton, his reoccurring suggestion that major savings would help finance his new "
9780814774694 - page_300: "START TEXT: programs was bound to generate some skepticism. In announcing his health care proposals, Clinton sug" ******* END TEXT: "through” (Apple 1993). In fact, it was an agreement to hold future talks about trade and appears to "
9780814774694 - page_301: "START TEXT: have been brought about by the administration’s retreat from its publicly stated position of requiri" ******* END TEXT: "up, and it does not augur well for President Clinton’s attempt to resolve the basic public dilemma.\n"
9780814774694 - page_302: "START TEXT: The hype surrounding the health care proposal and the NAFTA agreement are two large cases in point. " ******* END TEXT: " is substantial and in some respects unprecedented.12 While various reports suggest she is the more "
9780814774694 - page_303: "START TEXT: “pragmatic” of the two and leads her husband in that direction, there is an emerging body of substan" ******* END TEXT: " like grandiosity must be seriously considered in the context of the setting in which they operate.\n"
9780814774694 - page_304: "START TEXT: I noted in chapter 4 that the White House appeared to be a context where presidential psychology was" ******* END TEXT: "rse, the character patterns that have been evident in Hussein’s adult career and behavior, and that "
9780814774694 - page_305: "START TEXT: Clinton could do so by appealing to what he sees as Hussein’s long-term interests. The confidence th" ******* END TEXT: "zed sense of one’s capacities, can lead to poor judgment. President Clinton not only underestimated "
9780814774694 - page_306: "START TEXT: the public’s response to his health care plan but overestimated his ability to overcome it. Moreover" ******* END TEXT: "ggested that the new Republican Congress more closely examine “corporate welfare,” Clinton publicly "
9780814774694 - page_307: "START TEXT: stated this was a good idea. However, when his secretary of the treasury, Lloyd Bentsen, dismissed t" ******* END TEXT: "es of Clinton’s “yes and” approach, which is the policy equivalent of wishing to have it both ways. "
9780814774694 - page_308: "START TEXT: There are many examples of this, including his stands on defense (“I’m for a strong defense and for " ******* END TEXT: "proach to policy issues and attempts to combine or finesse the two without really integrating them.\n"
9780814774694 - page_309: "START TEXT: Conclusion\nIn this chapter I addressed the issue of whether and how the three characterological elem" ******* END TEXT: "d helping us to understand and explain the factors that contribute to its successes or difficulties."
9780814774694 - page_310: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_311: "START TEXT: PART IVAssessing Psychological Suitability: The Role of the Press and Presidential Campaigns" ******* END TEXT: " PART IVAssessing Psychological Suitability: The Role of the Press and Presidential Campaigns"
9780814774694 - page_312: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_313: "START TEXT: TWELVEThe Private Lives of Public Officials: Observations, Dilemmas, and Guidelines\nThe 1992 presid" ******* END TEXT: "sidential campaigns away from their true purpose, which, in the minds of some, is to concentrate on "
9780814774694 - page_314: "START TEXT: the issues. Patterson (1993, 16), for example, is not alone in discussing what he sees as the loss o" ******* END TEXT: " candidate privacy, it is useful to consider the nature of privacy itself and its functions. Almost "
9780814774694 - page_315: "START TEXT: every culture distinguishes between those interactions and self-presentations that are considered “p" ******* END TEXT: "he sociological, help us to understand the tensions that exist in political life between public and "
9780814774694 - page_316: "START TEXT: private. For example, “trying out” various aspects of one’s political self or testing the relationsh" ******* END TEXT: "e interview, in response to allegations that candidate Clinton had been involved in an extramarital "
9780814774694 - page_317: "START TEXT: affair. As for Gary Hart, the question was not so much one of sex but of the possible discrepancy be" ******* END TEXT: "at? Why did he backtrack on some campaign promises, such as the “middle-class tax cut”? and so on).\n"
9780814774694 - page_318: "START TEXT: Any demand for a zone of privacy must be examined in a context that includes whether and what kinds " ******* END TEXT: "mily man and isn’t raises questions of whether other parts of his self-presentation are authentic.3\n"
9780814774694 - page_319: "START TEXT: The Expectation and Monitoring of Virtue\nThe expectation of virtue works against candidates in anoth" ******* END TEXT: "rnalists rarely challenged prevailing orthodoxy, accepted at face value much of what those in power "
9780814774694 - page_320: "START TEXT: told them, and protected politicians by revealing little of their non-official lives, even when priv" ******* END TEXT: "ters openly challenged the truthfulness of presidents and other administration figures, have left a "
9780814774694 - page_321: "START TEXT: legacy of skepticism that is still evident in the interviewing styles of several major news reporter" ******* END TEXT: "seemed to be in evidence.\nReporters who pursue these lines of inquiry are not necessarily applauded "
9780814774694 - page_322: "START TEXT: by the public in whose name these kinds of investigations are conducted. The public appears to belie" ******* END TEXT: " on Hart’s private life, 64 percent said no and 28 percent thought they should. Finally, when asked "
9780814774694 - page_323: "START TEXT: whether the character and judgment Hart showed in his relationship with Donna Rice would be an impor" ******* END TEXT: "an: No, I don’t.\nInterviewer: But it does affect the way you vote, right?\nWoman: It certainly does.\n"
9780814774694 - page_324: "START TEXT: Ambivalence is clearly the best characterization of this interview. The woman acknowledges that the " ******* END TEXT: "rena. The Miami Herald reporters who broke the Hart story did so without obtaining incontrovertible "
9780814774694 - page_325: "START TEXT: evidence that he spent the night with Donna Rice, because of the fear of being scooped.\nThere is lit" ******* END TEXT: "; the media have-a responsibility to see if those images accord with who the candidates really are.\n"
9780814774694 - page_326: "START TEXT: This difference in perspective, generated by a winner-take-all market, in the context of an importan" ******* END TEXT: "receiving such treatment. They are, in some respects, induced in the analyst by the behavior of the "
9780814774694 - page_327: "START TEXT: patient, and thus the term induced countertransference (Frosh 1990, 70) is often used.\nThere are imp" ******* END TEXT: "hat specific policy preferences for one candidate over another are the major source of bias. Sabato "
9780814774694 - page_328: "START TEXT: (1991, 72-73; see also Elving 1988, 261) has argued that journalistic “feeding frenzies” at the exp" ******* END TEXT: "logical explanations of presidential candidates is one area in which extreme caution on the part of "
9780814774694 - page_329: "START TEXT: analysts is required. Political psychologists are not beyond the concerns noted above with regard to" ******* END TEXT: "h’s response to the invasion of Kuwait can be traced to “Bush the aristocrat … obviously supporting "
9780814774694 - page_330: "START TEXT: the international money-hustlers” (1992a, 477). Ultimately, what is of concern here is not Barber’s " ******* END TEXT: "on of the tangential to significance. Did Edmund Muskie lose his composure? He’s too emotional. Did "
9780814774694 - page_331: "START TEXT: Michael Dukakis fail to express his rage when asked a hypothetical question about a hypothetical per" ******* END TEXT: "of issues that arise out of character but that may not manifest themselves in sex, drugs, or crime.\n"
9780814774694 - page_332: "START TEXT: I have suggested that a candidate’s judgment and leadership are the key elements to watch, and that " ******* END TEXT: "er, one hopes it will force those considering such questions to justify their inquiries not by some "
9780814774694 - page_333: "START TEXT: broad mandate (e.g., “everything is related” or “the public’s right to know”) but by the specific re" ******* END TEXT: "t to provide a framework for investigation of candidate suitability during presidential campaigns.\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_334: "START TEXT: THIRTEENElection Campaigns as a Tool for Assessing the Psychological Suitability of Presidential Ca" ******* END TEXT: "me to political candidates.”\nFar from being too long, I suggest that presidential campaigns are, if "
9780814774694 - page_335: "START TEXT: anything, barely long enough. While it is probably not feasible to have longer campaigns, I believe " ******* END TEXT: "any elected president. The problem, in my view, is not so much that what occurs during presidential "
9780814774694 - page_336: "START TEXT: campaigns is irrelevant to presidential performance but rather that the analyses made and questions " ******* END TEXT: "hese views provide a reliable guide to actual presidential policies. I term this the expectation of "
9780814774694 - page_337: "START TEXT: performance carryover. A third is that a candidate’s views of the issues that he frames during a cam" ******* END TEXT: " may not be so much what a candidate knows but how well he can learn that is of crucial importance.\n"
9780814774694 - page_338: "START TEXT: And, of course, the focus on learning raises the issue of how well one uses what one knows or learns" ******* END TEXT: "r regret. Premature policy closure or the appearance of policy certainty when the circumstances may "
9780814774694 - page_339: "START TEXT: well change can damage an elected president once in office. Both may fuel increased disappointment o" ******* END TEXT: "er to express in “equivocal” (symbolic) forms than to implement in the real world of actual choice.\n"
9780814774694 - page_340: "START TEXT: Because presidential candidates are pushed toward symbolic value discourse by the structure of the w" ******* END TEXT: "es. When this occurs, a president who doesn’t want to continue a failing policy (not all presidents "
9780814774694 - page_341: "START TEXT: are able to pull back in these circumstances) must reconsider whether having his values embedded in " ******* END TEXT: "cy values remains stable from candidacy to presidency, questions of degree and method still have an "
9780814774694 - page_342: "START TEXT: enormous impact. Consider candidate Clinton’s pledge (Clinton and Gore 1992, 164-65) to “end welfare" ******* END TEXT: "ills of presidential candidates is such a crucial function of presidential campaigns. Selecting the "
9780814774694 - page_343: "START TEXT: person best able to handle the responsibilities of the office is not limited to matching the public’" ******* END TEXT: " The methods selected may well be responsive to circumstances. However, not every president is able "
9780814774694 - page_344: "START TEXT: to correctly match the two. There seem few circumstances where one, and only one, method is demanded" ******* END TEXT: "sometimes even if he has not), it is possible to examine past policy judgments. This is a different "
9780814774694 - page_345: "START TEXT: focus from researching his past views on an issue. General policy views are one factor that may info" ******* END TEXT: "ntary and controversy but little information about the important performance attribute of judgment.\n"
9780814774694 - page_346: "START TEXT: There is another way in which issues of judgment get raised in campaigns, and that is by observing c" ******* END TEXT: "n reasonably be expected to cast direct light only on mobilization and orchestration. Of these two, "
9780814774694 - page_347: "START TEXT: mobilization is the more accessible. Any candidate demonstrates his ability to mobilize the public i" ******* END TEXT: "92 talked directly about the problems of large deficits and the need to do something about them. If "
9780814774694 - page_348: "START TEXT: candidates cannot completely resist these pressures, there is still some analytic mileage in examini" ******* END TEXT: "ous range of behavior that is generated by the hourly, daily, weekly, and monthly needs of making a "
9780814774694 - page_349: "START TEXT: serious bid for a party’s nomination and, thereafter, in a presidential campaign. Increasingly, cand" ******* END TEXT: "likely to be ordinary, and while inner psychologies may be disguised, they cannot be easily hidden.\n"
9780814774694 - page_350: "START TEXT: Can we see more of the candidate than he may want us to see? In all likelihood, yes. There are limit" ******* END TEXT: " As far back as April 1987 (see New York Times, 17 April 1987, A27), Bush aides conceded that their "
9780814774694 - page_351: "START TEXT: candidate had two major problems, one having to do with his role in the Iran-Contra arms-for-hostage" ******* END TEXT: "is Vietnam draft status, he nonetheless persisted. During the general election campaign, he endured "
9780814774694 - page_352: "START TEXT: furious assaults on his integrity, judgment, and leadership. At times his negative evaluations in th" ******* END TEXT: ", unbeholden to advocacy-group demands, and effective. After two years with Clinton in office, some "
9780814774694 - page_353: "START TEXT: of his policies, in particular his economic stimulus package, his policies concerning homosexuals in" ******* END TEXT: "ion. It is rather that observers need to have a way of understanding all the information available.\n"
9780814774694 - page_354: "START TEXT: Some Limitations of Assessing Psychological Suitability during Election Campaigns\nThe assessment of " ******* END TEXT: " martial infidelity, James Reston of the New York Times suggested ignoring the primaries altogether "
9780814774694 - page_355: "START TEXT: and then went on to note, “Back to the smoke-filled room, you say? Undemocratic? You bet, but not un" ******* END TEXT: "l judgments based on mixtures of characteristics that may have different implications under varying "
9780814774694 - page_356: "START TEXT: circumstances. This would be a difficult and complex undertaking even if there were adequate theorie" ******* END TEXT: " does keep the virtuous away from politics, it also may help to screen out undesirable candidates.\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_357: "START TEXT: PART VAssessing Psychological Suitability: Some Applications" ******* END TEXT: " PART VAssessing Psychological Suitability: Some Applications"
9780814774694 - page_358: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_359: "START TEXT: FOURTEENAsking the Right Questions of Presidential Candidates: Some Suggestions and Guidelines\nThe " ******* END TEXT: " the preceding chapters. Their primary function is to organize and specify in one place some of the "
9780814774694 - page_360: "START TEXT: elements we have considered and to suggest some ways by which each area might be elucidated before a" ******* END TEXT: "he story? Was the person there, or is the individual repeating what he or she heard elsewhere? What "
9780814774694 - page_361: "START TEXT: is the relationship of the person telling the story to the person about whom it is told? What is the" ******* END TEXT: "ample, the many anecdotes outlined in chapters 10 and 11 regarding Bill Clinton’s anger. Yes, there "
9780814774694 - page_362: "START TEXT: are enough anecdotes to establish its validity. Yes, it has happened often enough to establish that " ******* END TEXT: "t doesn’t exist, namely, candidates without areas of difficulty or any flaws. Moreover, while it is "
9780814774694 - page_363: "START TEXT: possible, I believe, to avoid those who are prone to error, it is not likely that we will find candi" ******* END TEXT: "tical roles (if any). Not surprisingly, candidates have not been content to allow such biographical "
9780814774694 - page_364: "START TEXT: stories to unfold but have tried to shape them in numerous ways, including putting together their ow" ******* END TEXT: "f, guarantees that detailed examination of a particular candidate’s past will not be likely or even "
9780814774694 - page_365: "START TEXT: necessarily a high priority, given the emphasis in the media on the horserace aspects of the campaig" ******* END TEXT: "\n• What were the candidate’s family circumstances during this period? Had they changed? If so, how?\n"
9780814774694 - page_366: "START TEXT: • Were there any unusual separations, deaths, illnesses, or reversals or advances in social and/or e" ******* END TEXT: "skills, are shaped in the context of real, adult world experience into a psychological package that "
9780814774694 - page_367: "START TEXT: forms the foundation for the candidate’s political career. Let us now turn to some possibly useful q" ******* END TEXT: " as a person (at any particular stage of his early or mid-adulthood)? Was he flexible, tough, fair, "
9780814774694 - page_368: "START TEXT: anxious to make his mark, relaxed, solicitous of others (especially those in a position to help him)" ******* END TEXT: " or office held, it would be useful (for comparative developmental purposes) to know the following:\n"
9780814774694 - page_369: "START TEXT: Successes and Setbacks\n• What were the chief accomplishments of the candidate? How did he accomplish" ******* END TEXT: "ances? Was the candidate calm, excited, anxious, reassuring to others? How did the crisis turn out?\n"
9780814774694 - page_370: "START TEXT: Decision Making\n• Did the candidate generally make decisions by himself, or did he make them after o" ******* END TEXT: "on maker? Can any specific circumstances be recalled when these difficulties manifested themselves?\n"
9780814774694 - page_371: "START TEXT: Suggested Questions for Presidential Candidates: The Candidate as Possible President\nIn the sections" ******* END TEXT: "ely to change, except in periods of consensus and stable politics. Therefore, the question becomes: "
9780814774694 - page_372: "START TEXT: How does one uncover the basic public dilemma? I offer the following questions, in combination with " ******* END TEXT: "ce, such as questions regarding his integrity, his competence, his grasp of the issues, his record?\n"
9780814774694 - page_373: "START TEXT: • As far as can be determined, is his behavior in public consonant with his reactions in private? Ho" ******* END TEXT: "oals or views, or any number of other possible causes must certainly be considered part of the job.\n"
9780814774694 - page_374: "START TEXT: Chronic anger outbursts reflect chronic internal and easily aroused anger. This, in turn, suggests u" ******* END TEXT: "ait, excessive patterns of activity raise questions. A president who is always on the go, who finds "
9780814774694 - page_375: "START TEXT: it impossible to slow down, or who seems starved for stimulation (whether company, information, or a" ******* END TEXT: "m in stride or lash out with blame toward those (other than himself) that he feels are responsible?\n"
9780814774694 - page_376: "START TEXT: Character and Presidential Psychology: Political Skills(see also previous questions)\nSkills are the " ******* END TEXT: "es he ignore the fact, try to explain it away, feel depressed and depleted, or strive to do better?\n"
9780814774694 - page_377: "START TEXT: • What personal and/or political values seem particularly important to the candidate? How does he ad" ******* END TEXT: "ven the nature of campaigns and the fact that behavior can spring from many sources. However, it is "
9780814774694 - page_378: "START TEXT: made more manageable by six facts. First, there is a great deal of behavior to observe in presidenti" ******* END TEXT: " do so, but that is not the primary reason. A useful psychologically framed profile of a candidate, "
9780814774694 - page_379: "START TEXT: oriented to the questions that are of direct concern (that is, those related to presidential perform" ******* END TEXT: "the next chapter, I present a psychologically framed portrait of what, exactly, that might entail.\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_380: "START TEXT: FIFTEENConclusion: The Good Enough President\nEvery four years, the public selects one person to be " ******* END TEXT: "avoid what will harm us. We want him to be able to place our hopes and fears in a context that will "
9780814774694 - page_381: "START TEXT: allow us and him to see a solution. In short, we want more than knowledge. We want wisdom.\nWe have g" ******* END TEXT: "he world corresponding to it does not of itself rob such a concept of scientific usefulness” (1964, "
9780814774694 - page_382: "START TEXT: 82), which is, generally speaking, to facilitate comparisons and serve as a springboard for hypothes" ******* END TEXT: "ive, perfectly knowledgeable—indeed, perfect in any way. Rather, they had to be good enough. In the "
9780814774694 - page_383: "START TEXT: context of a child’s emotional and physical development, this meant being attentive and attuned to t" ******* END TEXT: "ring, than others. But physical stamina is also partially psychological. Depression, fear of giving "
9780814774694 - page_384: "START TEXT: one’s all in anxious anticipation of possible failure, the manic pursuit of one’s ambitions, and the" ******* END TEXT: " At their simplest level, they reflect the fact that every presidential interaction carries with it "
9780814774694 - page_385: "START TEXT: some emotional analogue. Did the president’s approval ratings go up or down? Was the British prime m" ******* END TEXT: "s vulnerabilities in this area.\nI have suggested that character can be usefully conceptualized as a "
9780814774694 - page_386: "START TEXT: composite outcome of three basic elements: ambition, character integrity, and relatedness. I emphasi" ******* END TEXT: "ture is often meant as a narcissistic tribute to the wisdom, power, compassion, and so forth of the "
9780814774694 - page_387: "START TEXT: president. Great crises, such as wars or depressions, call for large measures. However, given the hi" ******* END TEXT: ". Except at the extremes, it doesn’t really matter psychologically whether a candidate has embraced "
9780814774694 - page_388: "START TEXT: conservative or liberal ideals and values. What matters, psychologically, is that the person has fou" ******* END TEXT: " short, who, really, is he?\nThe consolidation of identity, built on fidelity to ideals, has another "
9780814774694 - page_389: "START TEXT: practical implication in connection with issues of boundaries and limits. The person who has reached" ******* END TEXT: "ers. Moreover, success often helps build feelings of self-respect. The question is how to reconcile "
9780814774694 - page_390: "START TEXT: their accomplishments with the suggestion that they might have suffered from low self-esteem.\nOne po" ******* END TEXT: " the top” uniqueness, compared to the more numerous and thus diffuse members of other institutions. "
9780814774694 - page_391: "START TEXT: However, I approach the personal and personalized nature of the presidency from another vantage poin" ******* END TEXT: "at might (or perhaps is likely to) befall the person if he doesn’t take appropriate steps. They are "
9780814774694 - page_392: "START TEXT: associated with difficulty in developing one’s ambition; in maintaining fidelity to realistic, satis" ******* END TEXT: "r experiences. Ordinarily, a person’s early family life is very important in the development of his "
9780814774694 - page_393: "START TEXT: object relations. But one cannot depend on candidates to provide this information, especially those " ******* END TEXT: " always necessary to try to get underneath or beyond the briefing-book answer, the day’s “message.” "
9780814774694 - page_394: "START TEXT: We need to know more about how a candidate thinks, as well as what he thinks.\nBut intelligence and j" ******* END TEXT: "er, deeper, richer understanding.\nAdherence to any of the above will not result in perfection. Even "
9780814774694 - page_395: "START TEXT: presidents with solid characterological grounds for making good judgments will err. Judgment by defi" ******* END TEXT: "matter. If, at base, leadership is a relationship, then at its heart lie trust and trustworthiness. "
9780814774694 - page_396: "START TEXT: Trust and trustworthiness are the psychological foundation, the adhesive, of the citizen-leader rela" ******* END TEXT: "gaining office by deceit.\nSound too good to be true, too perfect to be possible? Not really. I have "
9780814774694 - page_397: "START TEXT: simply described the consequences of a character development in which the person has found a way to " ******* END TEXT: "of the three character elements analyzed in this volume, but it may point toward relative emphases.\n"
9780814774694 - page_398: "START TEXT: For example, in 1932 the question was whether the government should—and if so, how it could—respond " ******* END TEXT: "er having a strongly articulated personal and political identity which helps to clarify and present "
9780814774694 - page_399: "START TEXT: in pure (and perhaps somewhat dramatic) form the core vision that shapes the leader’s quest.\nIn time" ******* END TEXT: "nary nature of presidential power remains. The question is whether a responsible, useful, and solid "
9780814774694 - page_400: "START TEXT: theoretical foundation for such analyses can be found. The questions are not trivial, even if the fo" ******* END TEXT: "le steps along this important path seem worth the effort and difficulties the journey may entail.\n\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_401: "START TEXT: APPENDIX ISome Observations on Method: Cases, Data, and Analysis\nA Note on the Case Analyses\nThe co" ******* END TEXT: "ry the decisive, causal weight of other factors in the outcome of the election. Nor was Gary Hart’s "
9780814774694 - page_402: "START TEXT: aborted presidential bid selected for analysis because it played a decisive role in the final outcom" ******* END TEXT: "t 3 of the book. These two were selected because they allow us to examine some important aspects of "
9780814774694 - page_403: "START TEXT: psychological suitability and presidential performance from the standpoint of character and its anal" ******* END TEXT: "ive case materials. However, in neither case would examination of the campaigns that preceded their "
9780814774694 - page_404: "START TEXT: respective elections have cast much light on the complex issues surrounding this aspect of psycholog" ******* END TEXT: "tability and presidential performance is a complex undertaking. There are many ways in which it can "
9780814774694 - page_405: "START TEXT: falter. The psychologically based analysis of leaders has been tarnished by the attempt to explain l" ******* END TEXT: ", so that news accounts can be used only with appreciation and acknowledgment of their limitations.\n"
9780814774694 - page_406: "START TEXT: News accounts provide at least five kinds of important information for the analyst. First, they can " ******* END TEXT: "es, and other spontaneously recorded transactions that are a part of every campaign and presidency.\n"
9780814774694 - page_407: "START TEXT: It is obvious that the presidential candidates involved in the events this book analyzes have privat" ******* END TEXT: "pants’ memories, views, and motives. Memos, reports, and minutes may also be helpful but limited in "
9780814774694 - page_408: "START TEXT: their usefulness. They may have been made with some particular purpose in mind; and they can be sele" ******* END TEXT: "s, and with what implications for refining the analysis of character and presidential performance.\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_409: "START TEXT: APPENDIX 2A Model of Character: Dynamics, Development, and Implications for Presidential Performanc" ******* END TEXT: "s, Development, and Implications for Presidential Performance\nThe Basic Foundation of Character\n\n\n\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_410: "START TEXT: Character Style\n\nCharacter Beliefs\n\n\n\n\nCharacterological (Autonomous vs. Dependent)\nMastery Beliefs\n" ******* END TEXT: "iderothers along with myself\n\n\nPresidential Performance:Decision Judgment and Political Leadership\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_411: "START TEXT: Presidential Performance:Decision Judgment and Political Leadership\n\n\nJudgment in Decision Making\n\nP" ******* END TEXT: "framework for action (relies primarily on characterological, cognitive, and interpersonal skills)\n\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_412: "START TEXT: APPENDIX 3Preparing Political Leaders for Power: A Supplement to Assessing Psychological Suitabilit" ******* END TEXT: "c officials for limited purposes. Harvard has played host to freshman congressional representatives "
9780814774694 - page_413: "START TEXT: and new mayors, and the specialized agencies of the government, such as the Pentagon, the Joint Chie" ******* END TEXT: "n incrementalism which assumes that general values are shared and therefore that trade-offs will be "
9780814774694 - page_414: "START TEXT: acceptable to achieve maximum effect. Moreover, the tools of policy analysis tend to downplay the in" ******* END TEXT: "n by asking why demonstrated political success isn’t enough. I suggest that the concept of learning "
9780814774694 - page_415: "START TEXT: enough to gain power is, in some important ways, limited. It may even be counterproductive and insti" ******* END TEXT: " based in character) to presume that their psychological assumptions have been further legitimated.\n"
9780814774694 - page_416: "START TEXT: Time pressures and workloads also tend to undercut the usefulness of experience. Powerful political " ******* END TEXT: "ble to “acquire and supply the skills appropriate to the demand,” that is, they will develop skills "
9780814774694 - page_417: "START TEXT: needed to obtain power. In short, the motivated pursuit of power leads to a similarly motivated effo" ******* END TEXT: " to find perfection rather than a preponderance of “virtue” over “vice” in one’s political leaders.\n"
9780814774694 - page_418: "START TEXT: The questions before us, then, are how much change is possible or likely in the basic character elem" ******* END TEXT: "owever, the clinical picture is by no means bleak. For example, while not everyone can be helped by "
9780814774694 - page_419: "START TEXT: insight-oriented psychology, the clinical literature over the last sixty years suggests that a subst" ******* END TEXT: "d a thaw in the cold war that brought about deep changes in his views on Russia and China. In these "
9780814774694 - page_420: "START TEXT: cases, the beliefs that Senator Church started with were modified in response to external developmen" ******* END TEXT: "986). Glad (1983) reviewed Ronald Reagan’s style of cognitive operation and suggested the important "
9780814774694 - page_421: "START TEXT: role that a few basic values, coupled with a tendency to see the world in somewhat global, highly di" ******* END TEXT: "f these issues in turn, and then I move on to the most important question of what should be taught.\n"
9780814774694 - page_422: "START TEXT: For Whom Is Leadership Education Intended?\nIs leadership education meant only for the very highest-l" ******* END TEXT: "ions plausibly concerned with and potentially able to provide education for leadership development. "
9780814774694 - page_423: "START TEXT: Schmidt (1960) reports the results of a productive collaboration between California’s state Democrat" ******* END TEXT: "ce of having a wide-ranging general education as a basis for later, more specialized training. This "
9780814774694 - page_424: "START TEXT: dilemma can be seen most clearly in medical schools, which to date have required very specialized un" ******* END TEXT: "lished. This suggests that education for leadership development should attempt to take advantage of "
9780814774694 - page_425: "START TEXT: these apparently natural (within our culture, at least) developmental periods of questioning and con" ******* END TEXT: "es they will have to face.\nAt some point we need to ask whether the purpose of leadership education "
9780814774694 - page_426: "START TEXT: is to prepare trained technicians, develop supportive authority figures, train policy experts, or pe" ******* END TEXT: "9; Janis and Mann 1977) has focused on the complex mix of psychological inducements and inhibitions "
9780814774694 - page_427: "START TEXT: that affect persons with decision-making responsibility, as well as the unique dynamics that occur w" ******* END TEXT: "is process, to distinguish it from its psychotherapeutic counterparts on the one hand and from more "
9780814774694 - page_428: "START TEXT: didactic methods on the other. It would not be a psychotherapeutic process per se, since its direct " ******* END TEXT: " So while relationships reflect a person’s basic assumptions, they frequently include a more differ "
9780814774694 - page_429: "START TEXT: entiated set of expectations, as well as relationship-specific behavior. For example, a leader may n" ******* END TEXT: "ngs, are recurring. These issues have a basis not only in the leader’s present responsibilities but "
9780814774694 - page_430: "START TEXT: in his or her developmental history. Both could profitably be explored in a neutral context.\nWhy wou" ******* END TEXT: "ng and implementing policy. I call it the Decision Analysis Seminar.* The basic idea of the seminar "
9780814774694 - page_431: "START TEXT: would be (1) to bring together a diverse group of policymakers to explore problems of substantial im" ******* END TEXT: "he dynamics of policy decision making. Contributions by political scientists, social psychologists, "
9780814774694 - page_432: "START TEXT: cognitive psychologists, and psychoanalytic psychologists have all provided important information on" ******* END TEXT: "s area. In addition, each participant, working on his or her own or as part of a small group, might "
9780814774694 - page_433: "START TEXT: be asked to undertake a final paper dealing with some aspect of the decision process drawn from the " ******* END TEXT: "Of failure?\n• What indicators could be developed to indicate trouble in the implementation process?\n"
9780814774694 - page_434: "START TEXT: • How can information (which develops as the implementation process unfolds) be used to further refi" ******* END TEXT: "ficials. Each participant will be asked to keep a “decision journal” of his or her reactions to the "
9780814774694 - page_435: "START TEXT: unfolding decision seminar and its processes. The participants will be asked to address specific que" ******* END TEXT: "a lightning rod for criticism. Has that happened to participant? How has he/she handled this issue?\n"
9780814774694 - page_436: "START TEXT: • Individuals in leadership roles are often expected to “get something done.” Is that a fair expecta" ******* END TEXT: "he bases of these differences?\n• How does the participant feel about the decisions being reached by "
9780814774694 - page_437: "START TEXT: the group? Does participant feel he/she can support them? Are there any differences that participant" ******* END TEXT: "ence in this group similar to or different from his/her other experiences in group problem solving?\n"
9780814774694 - page_438: "START TEXT: Conclusion\nI asked why leaders should be willing to undertake the kind of professional education we " ******* END TEXT: "gap between what is needed and what is done. Democracies not only deserve better, they require it.\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_439: "START TEXT: Notes\nNotes to the Prologue\n1. Early practitioners (and many later ones) viewed psychoanalysis as a" ******* END TEXT: "ory. However, they do point to the persistent attempts of both Freud and his followers to apply the "
9780814774694 - page_440: "START TEXT: theory in diverse social settings and not necessarily confine it to the thereapeutic practice. Freud" ******* END TEXT: "e to the public during the campaign (Kelly 1992g; Newsweek [November/December I992g]: 4—42, 55—56).\n"
9780814774694 - page_441: "START TEXT: There are several treatments of the rise of image advisers in election campaigns. Sabato (1991) prov" ******* END TEXT: "s for which the public expects at least some partially successful response. In addition, presidents "
9780814774694 - page_442: "START TEXT: come to office with their own views of what they wish to do, as well as the public’s views of what t" ******* END TEXT: "umstances.\nGreenstein’s (1969) careful analysis of the logic of inquiry in the study of personality "
9780814774694 - page_443: "START TEXT: and politics provided a number of important observations. Following the Georges’ inquiry of the circ" ******* END TEXT: "ect while the ophthalmologist slides different lenses into an apparatus, asking the patient whether "
9780814774694 - page_444: "START TEXT: each lens helps make objects clearer or not. To carry the analogy one step further, it might be that" ******* END TEXT: ". For others, a “presumption of privacy” (New York Times editorial, 10 September 1988, A20) exists.\n"
9780814774694 - page_445: "START TEXT: 4. We can compare this position to that of the mayor of a medium-sized city, who, in comparison, has" ******* END TEXT: "e feels considerable ambivalence rather than harsh antagonism or uncritical adulation” (1976, 179).\n"
9780814774694 - page_446: "START TEXT: 9. The following discussion draws on my own psychoanalytic training and practice. I use the word ana" ******* END TEXT: "s a form of denial. Many discussions in this area have been framed by the specter of a presidential "
9780814774694 - page_447: "START TEXT: “Dr. Strangelove” following a tortured private vision to nuclear annihilation. Such Hollywood-inspir" ******* END TEXT: "1975, 1149) asks us to imagine a person with a cubical stomach that, while abnormal in its physical "
9780814774694 - page_448: "START TEXT: structure, performs efficiently in digesting food and allows its owner an equally long life as would" ******* END TEXT: " seems somewhat unsuitable for application in the arena of political leadership. The first might be "
9780814774694 - page_449: "START TEXT: useful to the extent that an individual recognizes that the source of his difficulty is himself. How" ******* END TEXT: "s in contemporary leadership recruitment patterns. There is some evidence, however, that the border "
9780814774694 - page_450: "START TEXT: line and other major character disorders are on the increase and are directly related to aspects of " ******* END TEXT: "hat our interest in this survey is not for what it reveals about Senator Goldwater’s mental health.\n"
9780814774694 - page_451: "START TEXT: 2. The following points are taken from an unpublished paper by David Ray, written while Ray was a gr" ******* END TEXT: "are that I discuss in the sections which follow, since, as noted, the responses do not constitute a "
9780814774694 - page_452: "START TEXT: sample. Furthermore, no assumption is made here that the criteria discussed in these sections are th" ******* END TEXT: " in the New York Times, July 26—27, 1972. Useful supplemental materials can be found in coverage by "
9780814774694 - page_453: "START TEXT: major news magazines, for example, “A Crisis Called Eagleton,” Newsweek, 7 August 1972, 12-16. Anoth" ******* END TEXT: "ves may reflect other, more basic psychological elements. For example, one may undertake to do more "
9780814774694 - page_454: "START TEXT: if one has a feeling of effectiveness and capacity. In this case activity level would be a reflectio" ******* END TEXT: "st systematic explication of character development, saw it as essentially a defensive psychological "
9780814774694 - page_455: "START TEXT: structure (hence his term character armor). Indeed, as Gay points out, “In psychoanalytic theory, ch" ******* END TEXT: "psychology.\n11. The concept of consolidation is an important but overlooked aspect of psychological "
9780814774694 - page_456: "START TEXT: development and performance. It refers to a level of development that is both stable and resilient. " ******* END TEXT: "e the product of small decision groups, and occasionally decisions are made by the president alone.\n"
9780814774694 - page_457: "START TEXT: 3. This discussion builds on an earlier analysis of judgment and decision making in the 1991 Persian" ******* END TEXT: " rated the outcomes on two dimensions, increased (or decreased) international tension and favorable "
9780814774694 - page_458: "START TEXT: (or unfavorable) outcomes for U.S. interests. They found that “quality of decision-making process is" ******* END TEXT: "ous wishes.\n16. A president’s grandiosity and accompanying sense of invulnerability and entitlement "
9780814774694 - page_459: "START TEXT: can often reflect an underlying, masked anxiety or an insufficiently consolidated sense of self-este" ******* END TEXT: "ce and that may or may not be fully supported by an intense personal investment of time and energy.\n"
9780814774694 - page_460: "START TEXT: 25. Kellerman (1983b) adds that Carter was introverted and that this inhibited his capacity to “reac" ******* END TEXT: "that accompany them. Rather, in many ways the calculus of ambition and means and their relationship "
9780814774694 - page_461: "START TEXT: to power and success has seemed to have, at least in the past, a different configuration for women t" ******* END TEXT: " A28).\n10. Exactly what might be concealed in one form of writing versus another is not made clear.\n"
9780814774694 - page_462: "START TEXT: 11. One major TV network news commentator, when interviewing Hart about his name change and Kennedy-" ******* END TEXT: "oming to Washington on the weekend in question is contained in his press conference, as reported by "
9780814774694 - page_463: "START TEXT: the Miami Herald in a story titled, “The Points at Issue” (7 May 1991, 30A). Hart’s friend William B" ******* END TEXT: "f his high school activity clubs that the principal of Hot Springs High School, Johnnie Mae Mackey, "
9780814774694 - page_464: "START TEXT: limited the number of organizations that a student could join, “or Bill would have been president of" ******* END TEXT: ", described on p. 283 above) which support the view that overall he does have high self-confidence.\n"
9780814774694 - page_465: "START TEXT: 7. The draft deferment controversy is an instructive small case study that raises a number of intere" ******* END TEXT: " the person’s self-definition. It is that connection which is central to the concept of validation.\n"
9780814774694 - page_466: "START TEXT: Validation is a more comprehensive concept than respect, affection, or, more generally, a need for e" ******* END TEXT: "r song lyrics, suggested killing whites. My argument is that the highly publicized and, when a more "
9780814774694 - page_467: "START TEXT: substantial portion of the public record of Clinton’s relationships with these groups is examined, u" ******* END TEXT: "usible possibility that Clinton’s Machiavellianism, if it exists, is masked primarily from himself.\n"
9780814774694 - page_468: "START TEXT: 7. See Renshon 1996 for a fuller analysis of President Clinton’s anger and its role in his overall p" ******* END TEXT: "so, though, he was hedging his political bets; he was, after all, still a sitting governor. And his "
9780814774694 - page_469: "START TEXT: calculations might well have included the belief that a strong run against Bush, even if unsuccessfu" ******* END TEXT: "s it was reached.\n3. This is not an argument for a robotic president who must act uniformly, regard "
9780814774694 - page_470: "START TEXT: less of the circumstances (such rigidity itself would be cause for concern). Rather, the point is th" ******* END TEXT: "anew. The exchange succinctly and accurately captured a set of concerns about then Senator Quayle’s "
9780814774694 - page_471: "START TEXT: qualifications to be vice president, at the same time containing illustrations of their basis.\n2. I " ******* END TEXT: " the very large area of the means by which these programs will be put into effect (implementation).\n"
9780814774694 - page_472: "START TEXT: 5. The point here is not that candidates shouldn’t prepare for public events but that spontaneous an" ******* END TEXT: "y of data, which are affected by such things as sampling, indicator construction, using statistical "
9780814774694 - page_473: "START TEXT: tests appropriate to the data, and so on. By now, the difficulties that attend these and other eleme" ******* END TEXT: "apacity to experience and internalize objects and about their various functions once they have been "
9780814774694 - page_474: "START TEXT: internalized that will not concern us here. The interested reader is referred to Goldberg 1988 and M" ******* END TEXT: "olitical leaders may draw inappropriate present—past parallels (Neustadt and May 1986; Khong 1992).\n"
9780814774694 - page_475: "START TEXT: 5. The problem of busy lives raises a practical issue for leadership development, namely, when there" ******* END TEXT: "litical belief systems are available (see, e.g., Inglehart 1988; Lane 1969; Putnam 1973). Among the "
9780814774694 - page_476: "START TEXT: most useful is the “operational code” framework, first developed by Leites (1951), revised and syste" ******* END TEXT: "red. Early socialization is not of much help here. Political life is not easily lived by the Golden "
9780814774694 - page_477: "START TEXT: Rule, nor is any list of moral virtues likely to be helpful to leaders facing complex and frequently" ******* END TEXT: " Weiss 1978; Lindblom 1959; and Paige 1968. This list is meant to be representative, not exhaustive."
9780814774694 - page_478: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_479: "START TEXT: Bibliography\nAbelson, Robert P. 1959. “Models of Resolutions of Belief Dilemmas.” Journal of Confli" ******* END TEXT: "isco, July 3-7.\nBarton, W. E. 1968. “Diagnosis by Mail.” American Journal of Psychiatry 124:140-42.\n"
9780814774694 - page_480: "START TEXT: Baudry, Francis. 1984. “Character: A Concept in Search of an Identity.” Journal of the American Psyc" ******* END TEXT: "ion.\nBuchanan, B. 1987. The Citizen’s Presidency. Washington, D. C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.\n"
9780814774694 - page_481: "START TEXT: ———. 1988. “Sizing Up the Candidates.” PS: Political Science and Politics (spring): 250-55.\nBurke, J" ******* END TEXT: "e Reagan Legacy: Promise and Performance, edited by Charles O. Jones. Chatham, N.J.: Chatham House.\n"
9780814774694 - page_482: "START TEXT: Deutsch, H. 1942. “Some Forms of Emotional Disturbance and Their Relationship to Schizophrenia.” Psy" ******* END TEXT: "ifth Amendment: Its Complete History and Earliest Applications. New York: Fordham University Press.\n"
9780814774694 - page_483: "START TEXT: Fenichel, O. 1945. The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis. New York: Norton.\nFenno, Richard. 1959. Th" ******* END TEXT: "Politics 26:234—82.\n———. 1974b. “Adaptation to Stress in Political Decision Making: The Individual, "
9780814774694 - page_484: "START TEXT: Small Group, and Organizational Context.” Pp. 176—245 in Coping and Adaptation, edited by George V. " ******* END TEXT: ". 1987. “Parallel Process as Transference-Countertransference.” Psychoanalytic Psychology 4:131—44.\n"
9780814774694 - page_485: "START TEXT: Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry: Committee on Governmental Agencies (GAP: CGA). 1973. The VI" ******* END TEXT: "l, G. 1992a. “Vietnam War Draft Status Becomes Issue for Clinton.” New York Times, 17 February, A1.\n"
9780814774694 - page_486: "START TEXT: Ifill, G. 1992b. “A Front Runner in Trouble, Clinton Portrays Himself as a Victim of Attacks.” New Y" ******* END TEXT: "3-99.\nKelley, Virginia, with James Morgan. 1994. Leading with My Heart. New York: Simon & Schuster.\n"
9780814774694 - page_487: "START TEXT: ———. 1984. The Political Presidency. New York: Oxford University Press.\nKelley, Michael. 1992a. “Day" ******* END TEXT: "t on the 1991 Ohio State Summer Institute in Political Psychology.” Political Psychology 13:363-73.\n"
9780814774694 - page_488: "START TEXT: Krosnick, Jon A., and Donald Kinder. 1990. “Altering the Foundations of Support for the President th" ******* END TEXT: "e Personal Presidency: Power Invested, Promise Unfulfilled. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.\n"
9780814774694 - page_489: "START TEXT: Macalpine, Ida, and Richard Hunter. 1966. “The ‘Insanity’ of King George III: A Classic Case of Porp" ******* END TEXT: " Moore, M. S. 1975. “Some Myths about ‘Mental Illness.’ “Archives of General Psychiatry 32:1483-97.\n"
9780814774694 - page_490: "START TEXT: Moore, Rudi, Jr. 1993. “They’re Killing Me Out Here.” Pp. 85-94 in The Clintons of Arkansas: An Intr" ******* END TEXT: "hleen A. Frankovic, Marjorie R. Hershey, and Wilson Carey McWilliams. Chatham, N.J.; Chatham House.\n"
9780814774694 - page_491: "START TEXT: Post, J. M. 1991. “Saddam Hussein of Iraq: A Political Psychology Profile.” Political Psychology 12:" ******* END TEXT: "ss.\n———. 1993a. “How to Select a Good President: Some Observations.” Political Psychology 3:549-54.\n"
9780814774694 - page_492: "START TEXT: Renshon, Stanley A. 1993b. “Good Judgment and the Lack Thereof in the Gulf War: A Preliminary Psycho" ******* END TEXT: ", 10 July, Ai. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. 1973. The Imperial Presidency. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.\n"
9780814774694 - page_493: "START TEXT: ———. 1974. “Can Psychiatry Save the Republic?” Saturday Review (September 7): 10-16.\nSchmidt, W. H. " ******* END TEXT: "pers on Borderline Disorders: One Hundred Years at the Border. New York: New York University Press.\n"
9780814774694 - page_494: "START TEXT: Storr, A. 1969. Churchill: Four Faces of the Man. London: Allen Lane.\n———. 1990. Solitude. New York:" ******* END TEXT: "0.\n———. 1992a. “Clinton Candidacy Is Shaken by War He Disdained.” New York Times, 13 February, A25.\n"
9780814774694 - page_495: "START TEXT: ———. 1992b. “AIDS Protester Provokes Clinton’s Anger.” New York Times, 27 March, A21.\nTorre, Mottram" ******* END TEXT: "ogy 12:291—308.\nWhite, Theodore H. 1973. The Making of the President: 1972. New York: Bantam Books.\n"
9780814774694 - page_496: "START TEXT: White, Theodore H. 1975. Breach of Faith: The Fall of Richard Nixon. New York: Atheneum.\nWildavsky, " ******* END TEXT: "12, 1988.\nNew York Times. 1987-88. May 4, 1987-January 12, 1988.\nNew York Times. 1972. July 26-27.\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_497: "START TEXT: Subject Index\nAbility: to accomplish purposes, 224\nto inspire loyalty among followers, 232\nto persi" ******* END TEXT: "6–67, 265, 281–83, 286–87, 292–93, 361–62\nAnticipation versus prediction, 211–12. See also Judgment\n"
9780814774694 - page_498: "START TEXT: Antiwar activists, 153\nAnxiety, 31, 113, 141, 250, 343, 350, 369\ndecision making and, 222–23\nApathy," ******* END TEXT: "tal experiences, 364\nevaluation of presidential, 79, 88, 206\nGary Hart, 53, 70, 231–54\nmotivations, "
9780814774694 - page_499: "START TEXT: 64, 368\npresidential, 52–53, 56, 255–79, 328–29, 334–400\npsychologically informed analysis of presid" ******* END TEXT: "and policy issues and, 336–37\nwhy they matter, 242–44. See also Media\nCharacteristics, personal, 55\n"
9780814774694 - page_500: "START TEXT: Characterological: domain, 195–96\nelements, 27, 188, 379\nfoundation, 221\npsychology, 109\nroles, 216\n" ******* END TEXT: "ity to, 216, 235\nCuban Missile Crisis, 115, 209–10\nCultural: assumptions, 88\nideals, 88\nrituals, 82\n"
9780814774694 - page_501: "START TEXT: Culturally patterned defect, 87–90, 94, 121. See also Ambition\nCulture, 87\ninternalization of, 88\nCu" ******* END TEXT: "cational function (of presidency), 224, 336–37. See also Leadership\nEffective capacity, 222, 228–29\n"
9780814774694 - page_502: "START TEXT: Effectiveness, 254, 351\nEgo: ideal, 189\nidentity and integrity, 84, 189. See also Character integrit" ******* END TEXT: "rrestal, James, 96, 104, 105, 112, 124\nFramework(s), 45, 46\nof analysis, 59, 383\nof assumption, 201\n"
9780814774694 - page_503: "START TEXT: Framing decisions, 207, 215, 217. See also Judgment\nFreud, Sigmund 1, 11, 44\nreaction to psychologic" ******* END TEXT: "d political, 199, 214, 221, 217–18, 229, 237–39, 347, 398\npublic, 238. See also Character integrity\n"
9780814774694 - page_504: "START TEXT: Ideology, 28, 39–40, 323\nbasic beliefs and, 201\nconservative, 260–61, 308\nliberal, 260–61, 308\nImmun" ******* END TEXT: "lls, 212\nstyle, 288. See also Consolidation; Mobilization; Orchestration\nLegacy of the past, 364–65\n"
9780814774694 - page_505: "START TEXT: Legitimacy, 53, 318, 348\nLenin, Vladimir, 41, 397\nLevel: of activity, 175\nof analysis, 62–64\nLiberal" ******* END TEXT: "4\nNeeds and motives, 139, 190, 195, 214, 293–94\nWilliam J. Clinton’s, 293\nNelson, Gaylord, 157, 355\n"
9780814774694 - page_506: "START TEXT: Nervous: breakdowns, 125–26, 159\nexhaustion, 158, 165, 168\nNeurosis, 90, 110\nNeurotic-psychotic cont" ******* END TEXT: "s, 227\nsuccess, 291, 299\nvalues, 340–41\nviews, 28, 343, 345\nPolitical: action, 205\nadvancement, 175\n"
9780814774694 - page_507: "START TEXT: agenda, 206, 296\nambition, 87–88, 165, 181, 200, 218\narena, 84, 133, 143, 330, 372\nauthority, 219\nca" ******* END TEXT: ", George; Clinton, William J.; Goldwater, Barry; Hart, Gary; Kennedy, Edward; and McGovern, George.\n"
9780814774694 - page_508: "START TEXT: Presidential power, 7\nAmerican political culture and, 6\nconstitutional authority and, 8\ndilemma of, " ******* END TEXT: "4\nType I and Type II errors and, 68–70, 351, 354. See also Character; Mental health; Mental illness\n"
9780814774694 - page_509: "START TEXT: Psychology, 281\nof leadership, 28\nof presidential candidates, 28, 57, 66, 342\nPsychopathology, 91–92" ******* END TEXT: "24\nResentment, 374\nResilience, 199, 374\nResponsibility, 25, 339\nRhetoric, 197\nRibicoff, Abe, 153–54\n"
9780814774694 - page_510: "START TEXT: Rice, Donna, 238–41, 243, 247–49, 251–53, 322–23, 325\nRisks, 214, 229, 305, 341, 384\nand rewards (ca" ******* END TEXT: ", 66, 131, 292, 373\nTemperament, 25, 138–41, 143, 145, 205, 372, 383–86, 393. See also Energy level\n"
9780814774694 - page_511: "START TEXT: “Textbook Presidency,” 336\nTheoretical: considerations, 234–36\ntools, 28\nvalidity, 87\nTheory of impa" ******* END TEXT: "lationships, 229\nWorld: image, 92\nview, 81, 344–45\nYeltsin, Boris, 303\n“Zone of privacy,” 316, 318\n\n"
9780814774694 - page_512: "START TEXT: Name Index\nAbelson, R. P., 458\nAbraham, K., 44, 454\nAbse, W., 169\nAdams, B., 416\nAdler, A., 44\nAlex" ******* END TEXT: "474\nDugger, C., 443\nDumas, C. E., 468\nEagleton, T., 164, 166, 173\nEaston, D., 206\nElfin, M., 161–62\n"
9780814774694 - page_513: "START TEXT: Elving, D., 327–28\nErikson, E. H., 45, 57, 84, 92, 189, 202, 395\nEvans, R., 199\nExner, J. E., 476\nFe" ******* END TEXT: " S., 86\nKilborn, P. T., 287\nKindner, D. R., 458\nKing, C. D., 83\nKing, L. S., 83, 447\nKlein, J., 262\n"
9780814774694 - page_514: "START TEXT: Knutson, J. N., 200\nKohut, H., 45, 127, 129, 186–87, 190, 193, 258, 454, 473–74\nKrosnick, J. A., 58," ******* END TEXT: "., 460\nRenshon, S., 92, 195, 198, 200, 294, 446, 451, 455, 457, 463, 465, 468–69\nReston, J., 354–55\n"
9780814774694 - page_515: "START TEXT: Rice, T. W., 179\nRoazen, P., 439\nRoberts, S. V., 101\nRobins, R. S., 149, 236, 450\nRogow, A., 57, 104" ******* END TEXT: "\nWinnicott, D. W., 45, 315, 382–83\nWitkin, H., 141, 476\nWolf, E. S., 193\nWoodward, B., 282, 293, 303"
9780814774694 - page_516: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_i: "START TEXT: Ferenczi’s Turn in Psychoanalysis\n" ******* END TEXT: "Ferenczi’s Turn in Psychoanalysis\n"
9780814774755 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_iii: "START TEXT: Ferenczi’s Turn in Psychoanalysis\n\nEDITED BY\nPeter L. Rudnytsky\nAntal Bókay, and\nPatrizia Giampieri-" ******* END TEXT: "Turn in Psychoanalysis\n\nEDITED BY\nPeter L. Rudnytsky\nAntal Bókay, and\nPatrizia Giampieri-Deutsch\n\n\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1996 by New York University\nAll rights rese" ******* END TEXT: "sen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nTo\nJudith Dupont,Custodian of Ferenczi’s legacy\nGyörgy Hidas, M.D.,Founder of the Sándor Ferenczi S" ******* END TEXT: "Sándor Ferenczi Society\nand\nLívia Nemes, M.D.,Past President of the Hungarian Psychoanalytic Society"
9780814774755 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_vii: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nAcknowledgments\nContributors\n \nIntroduction: Ferenczi’s Turn in Psychoanalysis\nPETER L. RUD" ******* END TEXT: "FFER\nSeven Sándor Ferenczi: Negative Transference and Transference Depression\nTHIERRY M. BOKANOWSKI\n"
9780814774755 - page_viii: "START TEXT: Eight The Tragic Encounter between Freud and Ferenczi and Its Impact on the History of Psychoanalysi" ******* END TEXT: "fteen The “Wise Baby” Grows Up: The Contemporary Relevance of Sándor Ferenczi\nJUDITH E. VIDA\nIndex\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_ix: "START TEXT: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\nThis project owes its existence to two opportunities afforded me to study and teach " ******* END TEXT: "s Wolfgang Berner, Wilhelm Burian, Heinrich Donat, Verna Ligeti, and Lívia Nemes.\nPETER L. RUDNYTSKY"
9780814774755 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_xi: "START TEXT: CONTRIBUTORS\nMARTIN S. BERGMANN is a Clinical Professor of Psychology at the New York University Pos" ******* END TEXT: "or of Literature at Janus Pannonius University in Pécs, Hungary. He is the author of Psychoanalysis "
9780814774755 - page_xii: "START TEXT: Structuring Poetry: Attila József (1982) and Trends in Literary Theory (1992), and of many articles " ******* END TEXT: "s Psychoanalytic Society. He is academic supervisor of the Freud-Ferenczi correspondence. He is the "
9780814774755 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: author of Depression and Creativity (1984), The Technique at Issue: Controversies in Psychoanalytic " ******* END TEXT: "is on the medical staff and chair of the Symposium Committee at Chestnut Lodge Hospital, Rockville, "
9780814774755 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: Maryland. She serves on the faculties of the Washington Psychoanalytic Institute, the Washington Sch" ******* END TEXT: " adolescence, childhood mourning, obsessive-compulsive neurosis, and the psychology of literature.\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction: Ferenczi’s Turn in Psychoanalysis\n\nPETER L. RUDNYTSKY\nTo those who have come under its" ******* END TEXT: "knew Freud personally, of course, his impact was overwhelming. Even now, over fifty years after his "
9780814774755 - page_10: "START TEXT: also to both extreme harshness and a lack of love from his mother, leaving him, in his words, “emoti" ******* END TEXT: "ete” form, with ambivalent feelings of love and hate directed toward both parents; but, in addition "
9780814774755 - page_11: "START TEXT: to the customary rivalry with his father, he sought to obtain from him (and from Freud) the affectio" ******* END TEXT: "renczi’s transference to Freud can be seen in two earlier letters. On November 14, 1911, soon after "
9780814774755 - page_12: "START TEXT: the death of Elma’s suitor and as thoughts of marrying her begin to cross his mind, he writes of lon" ******* END TEXT: "e to that of Freud’s original adherents, although our temporal distance means that we can only know "
9780814774755 - page_13: "START TEXT: Freud and the other ancestors through their texts, and we likewise have the freedom to choose among " ******* END TEXT: "czi’s “ideal of truth” is indeed the ideal of psychoanalysis, and nobody exemplified its “ennobling "
9780814774755 - page_14: "START TEXT: power” more steadfastly than he. To his credit, he recognized that his greatest discoveries could al" ******* END TEXT: "nt,” address in varying ways the central issue of Ferenczi’s relationship to Freud. If, in the end, "
9780814774755 - page_15: "START TEXT: Ferenczi was neither a disciple nor a dissident but a psychoanalytic original who defies categorizat" ******* END TEXT: "ormed around Ferenczi.\nThe final two essays in Part I chart the vicissitudes of Ferenczi’s fortunes "
9780814774755 - page_16: "START TEXT: in America. John E. Gedo is one of this country’s most prolific and distinguished analysts, and in “" ******* END TEXT: "ent is that Ferenczi as a child introjected a primary depression transmitted by his mother, who, it "
9780814774755 - page_17: "START TEXT: will be recalled, gave birth to twelve children, and that this replayed itself as a transference dep" ******* END TEXT: "ty than those of the foregoing sections. In “Hermann’s Concept of Clinging in Light of Modern Drive "
9780814774755 - page_18: "START TEXT: Theory,” Wolfgang Berner, a former president of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, argues that Imre " ******* END TEXT: " that of Wolfgang Berner.\nBy contrast, Rebecca Curtis, a psychoanalyst trained in the interpersonal "
9780814774755 - page_19: "START TEXT: tradition, proffers “A New World Symphony: Ferenczi and the Integration of Nonpsychoanalytic Techniq" ******* END TEXT: " seeks to tread the tightrope of thought in order to restore human beings to the ground of ordinary "
9780814774755 - page_2: "START TEXT: death, he remains an inescapable presence, not only for those who wish to become psychoanalysts or p" ******* END TEXT: "rote in On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement that he “outweighs an entire society” (1914, "
9780814774755 - page_20: "START TEXT: experience. The continuity between the philosophies of Kant and Wittgenstein is thus ultimately a va" ******* END TEXT: "ich consists of an extended exegesis of a dream. Among much else, Ferenczi alludes to an experience "
9780814774755 - page_21: "START TEXT: of having been forced to perform fellatio at the age of five by an older playmate and rehearses the " ******* END TEXT: "f Tormentor: A Hitherto Unnoticed Case of Freud’s and the Consequences. Psychoanal. Q., 53:297–331.\n"
9780814774755 - page_22: "START TEXT: Ferenczi, S. 1924. Thalassa: A Theory of Genitality. Trans. H. A. Bunker. New York: Norton, 1968.\n——" ******* END TEXT: "York: Aronson.\nThis, B. 1982. “Schrei nach dem Kinde”: Le cri de Ferenczi. Le Coq-Héron, 85:23—30.\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_3: "START TEXT: 33) and whom he later lauded in his obituary as one who had “made all analysts into his pupils” (193" ******* END TEXT: "tside psychoanalysis. By contrast, Ferenczi’s decision to remain within the psychoanalytic fold has "
9780814774755 - page_4: "START TEXT: contributed decisively to his revival, since he is revered by members of the American interpersonal " ******* END TEXT: "f the Clinical Diary and the Freud-Ferenczi correspondence, at least in my judgment, is to show the "
9780814774755 - page_5: "START TEXT: tendentiousness of Freud’s reiterated narratives of their relationship. In the first, a testimonial " ******* END TEXT: " pupils, myself not excluded. My theory of genitality may have many good points, yet in its mode of "
9780814774755 - page_6: "START TEXT: presentation and its historical reconstruction it clings too closely to the words of the master; a n" ******* END TEXT: "h extraction named Hervé Laurvik, whom she married and then divorced after a brief period. Ferenczi "
9780814774755 - page_7: "START TEXT: and Gizella Pálos were finally married on March 1, 1919, only to learn that her ex-husband Géza had " ******* END TEXT: "ay to see the future of psychoanalysis as lying in directions mapped by Ferenczi rather than Freud.\n"
9780814774755 - page_8: "START TEXT: An indispensable window on the Freud-Ferenczi relationship is provided by Ferenczi’s correspondence " ******* END TEXT: "ht years before Ferenczi first raised in correspondence the issue of Freud’s failure to analyze his "
9780814774755 - page_9: "START TEXT: negative transference, Freud’s claim in “Analysis Terminable and Interminable” that their relationsh" ******* END TEXT: "sewhere (1992), Ferenczi was subjected not only to terrifying episodes of abuse by a nursemaid, but "
9780814774755 - page_23: "START TEXT: PART IContexts and Continuities" ******* END TEXT: "PART IContexts and Continuities"
9780814774755 - page_24: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_25: "START TEXT: OneFreud and His Intellectual Environment: The Case of Sándor Ferenczi\n\nANDRÉ E. HAYNAL\nFreud has ch" ******* END TEXT: ", and at the Fourth International Conference of the Sándor Ferenczi Society in Budapest, July 1993.\n"
9780814774755 - page_26: "START TEXT: A useful point of departure for assessing the collaborative nature of Freud’s achievement is provide" ******* END TEXT: "ben or, more precisely, Donauschwaberi), Hungarians originating from the distant provinces (such as "
9780814774755 - page_27: "START TEXT: the multiethnic principality of Transylvania, which had remained independent for centuries), and Jew" ******* END TEXT: "he publication of the Dora case gave Freud a great deal of difficulty and dragged on for five years "
9780814774755 - page_28: "START TEXT: until 1905 (Marcus 1976). In Freud’s social and professional situation it required a great deal of c" ******* END TEXT: "erotic, hostile, etc.) in the transference. To Jung he wrote on December 6, 1906, that “the cure is "
9780814774755 - page_29: "START TEXT: effected by love” (Freud and Jung 1974, 13). One month later, on January 30, 1907, in the Minutes of" ******* END TEXT: "ork a year later in “The Future Prospects of Psycho-Analytic Therapy” (1910). The importance of the "
9780814774755 - page_30: "START TEXT: sentiments of the analyst became increasingly clear to him. On April 7, 1909, he wrote to Abraham th" ******* END TEXT: "th one Professor Staudenmeier (July 3, 1912); later he asked his brother to go and see Frau Seidler "
9780814774755 - page_31: "START TEXT: (October 14, 1909; November 8, 1909). Freud, meanwhile, gave advice on the way in which these experi" ******* END TEXT: "Ferenczi was already proving himself to be a very fine clinician, sensitive to even the most subtle "
9780814774755 - page_32: "START TEXT: interactions that occur during treatment. His “On Transitory Symptom-Constructions during the Analys" ******* END TEXT: "y 1924: “I think that the joint work [of Rank and Ferenczi] is a corrective to my conception of the "
9780814774755 - page_33: "START TEXT: role of repetition or of acting out (agieren) during analysis” (Jones 1957, 351). He likewise charac" ******* END TEXT: " a little of the same right?” (Brome 1982, 143). Freud apologized to Jones, though without changing "
9780814774755 - page_34: "START TEXT: his underlying attitude, as he confided to Rank on July 8, 1922: “In fact these reactions are aimed " ******* END TEXT: "the opinion that “activity of such a kind on the part of the analyzing physician is unobjectionable "
9780814774755 - page_35: "START TEXT: and entirely justified” (1919, 162), in a January 1924 letter to the Committee he expressed reservat" ******* END TEXT: "ned him to speak openly and without taboo—as in “Confusion of Tongues between Adults and the Child” "
9780814774755 - page_36: "START TEXT: (1933)—about the role played by adults, and the atmosphere they create, in the child’s development a" ******* END TEXT: "is, until his seventieth year.\nIt was Jones who disseminated the legend that both Ferenczi and Rank "
9780814774755 - page_37: "START TEXT: were, at the end, mentally ill. I believe the opinion of Bálint is more judicious, according to whom" ******* END TEXT: "foresight of a dying man bear witness to a relationship more solid than any differences of opinion.\n"
9780814774755 - page_38: "START TEXT: Ludwig Wittgenstein declares: “I believe that my originality (if that is the right word) is an origi" ******* END TEXT: "d later in the literature under his or my name took their first shape in our talks” (1933, 227–28).\n"
9780814774755 - page_39: "START TEXT: REFERENCES\nBálint, M. 1968. The Basic Fault: Therapeutic Aspects of Regression. London: Tavistock Pu" ******* END TEXT: ". Brabant, E. Falzeder, and P. Giampieri-Deutsch. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.\n"
9780814774755 - page_40: "START TEXT: Freud, S., and W. Fliess. 1985. The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887–1904. " ******* END TEXT: "7. Culture and Value. Ed. G. H. von Wright. Trans. P. Winch. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_41: "START TEXT: TwoThe Founding of the Budapest School\n\nMICHELLE MOREAU-RICAUD(Translated by Paul V. Taylor)\nIn 1914" ******* END TEXT: "ublished letters from the Freud-Ferenczi correspondence, which will be cited simply by their dates.\n"
9780814774755 - page_42: "START TEXT: In February 1908, when Freud and Ferenczi began their exchange of letters, Austria and Hungary were " ******* END TEXT: " Budapest to the rest of the country as well as to Vienna. This was significant for the development "
9780814774755 - page_43: "START TEXT: of psychoanalysis, since Ferenczi often traveled to Vienna, a distance of some 200 kilometers.\nThis " ******* END TEXT: " merits closer attention.\nIn Budapest, more than in Vienna, the relationship between psychoanalysis "
9780814774755 - page_44: "START TEXT: and literature was like that of two “communicating vessels,” to use an image dear to the surrealists" ******* END TEXT: "Reading and Health” and this anecdote from his schooldays, is a key to his relationship with Freud.\n"
9780814774755 - page_45: "START TEXT: Later, after his meeting with Freud and his conversion to the cause of analysis, he became a mediato" ******* END TEXT: " century was a place of cultural ferment. The intellectuals, conscious of the backwardness of their "
9780814774755 - page_46: "START TEXT: country and of the rift between the provinces and the capital, sought to foster social and economic " ******* END TEXT: "ked debate in its columns. It was receptive to foreign literatures, especially those of England and "
9780814774755 - page_47: "START TEXT: France, and always on the lookout for new ideas. Ferenczi became responsible for the section on psyc" ******* END TEXT: "f those who later became analysts—for example, Imre Hermann and Jenő Hárnik—were regular attenders. "
9780814774755 - page_48: "START TEXT: The Sunday Circle, chiefly devoted to fine arts, was founded in 1915 by the sociologist Karl Mannhei" ******* END TEXT: "ccept them unreservedly.\nAt the time of their meeting, Freud was fifty-two and Ferenczi thirtyfive. "
9780814774755 - page_49: "START TEXT: The two researchers experienced a coup de foudre, which led to twenty-five years of exchanges and co" ******* END TEXT: ". At the 1910 Nuremburg Congress, Ferenczi proposed the founding of an International Psychoanalytic "
9780814774755 - page_50: "START TEXT: Association (of which he would become the president for a few weeks in 1918). Then, at the local lev" ******* END TEXT: "lysis of someone suffering from traumatic neurosis after a grenade explosion. The material gathered "
9780814774755 - page_51: "START TEXT: during this period helped to develop the theory and therapy of shellshock, the theme of Ferenczi’s p" ******* END TEXT: "is in Hungary. In a letter of September 30, 1918, Freud thanked Ferenczi for his efforts, declaring "
9780814774755 - page_52: "START TEXT: that “his baby” would in the future be safe in Ferenczi’s hands and those of a few others.\nWhen the " ******* END TEXT: "ll your attention to the fact that, until now psychoanalysis has not been taught at our university.\n"
9780814774755 - page_53: "START TEXT: This science is relevant not only for specific medical practice, but also to pure and applied psycho" ******* END TEXT: "was made a professor. He became simultaneously the director of the newly established psychoanalytic "
9780814774755 - page_54: "START TEXT: clinic. The decree was signed by Lukács, Peoples Commissioner at the Ministry of Education and Cultu" ******* END TEXT: " von Freund in the “Association for Infant Research.” László Révész and Vilma Kovács became members "
9780814774755 - page_55: "START TEXT: in 1924, and Sándor Lóránd and Alice Bálint in 1925.8 The following year saw the election of Michael" ******* END TEXT: "ring than analysis” (1929, 30).\nUntil 1925, the composition of the fledgling society had been quite "
9780814774755 - page_56: "START TEXT: mixed. But Ferenczi now decreed that henceforth it would admit only those who had undergone analysis" ******* END TEXT: "animously rejected the notion of primary narcissism in favor of theories about object relationships "
9780814774755 - page_57: "START TEXT: and primary bonding between mother and child. Hermann started the work that led to his theory of the" ******* END TEXT: "received full recognition.\nAn inventory of the work of Hungarian analysts as different as Alice and "
9780814774755 - page_58: "START TEXT: Michael Bálint, Hermann, Kovács, and Róheim—among many others—shows that the Budapest School was not" ******* END TEXT: " jaune, has been published in Le Coq-Héron, 100 (1986). The work remains untranslated into English.\n"
9780814774755 - page_59: "START TEXT: REFERENCES\nBrabant, E., E. Falzeder, and P. Giampieri-Deutsch, eds. 1992. The Correspondence of Sigm" ******* END TEXT: "8–30.\nSabourin, P. 1985. Ferenczi: Paladin et grand-vizir secret. Paris: Editions Universitaires.\n\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_60: "START TEXT: ThreeThe Budapest School of Psychoanalysis\n\nGYÖRGY VIKÁR\nIt is characteristic of old stories to be c" ******* END TEXT: "L’école de Budapest’ d’aprés un témoignage hongrois,” was published in Critique, 32 (1974), 237–52.\n"
9780814774755 - page_61: "START TEXT: In contrast to Stein’s, the life of Ferenczi became one with the psychoanalytic movement from that t" ******* END TEXT: "months and how could the Hungarian psychoanalytic movement grow up around him within several years?\n"
9780814774755 - page_62: "START TEXT: True, Ferenczi was already thirty-five years old in 1908, with extensive neurological and psychiatri" ******* END TEXT: "as something in the air of the age … because a question immediately arises: why was it precisely in "
9780814774755 - page_63: "START TEXT: Hungary that psychoanalysis first took root outside the German-speaking areas? Was the proximity to " ******* END TEXT: " great indignation they elicited in many layers of society was a natural consequence of their work.\n"
9780814774755 - page_64: "START TEXT: The Hungarian society of that age had already been stretched by great conflicting forces. Hungary ha" ******* END TEXT: "tion increased the weight of psychoanalysis within the society of Hungarian physicians. Sándor Radó "
9780814774755 - page_65: "START TEXT: became famous for his studies on depression and drug abuse. In the 1920s he emigrated, first to Berl" ******* END TEXT: "for his book. From 1916 he was assigned to a Budapest military hospital, so that it was possible to "
9780814774755 - page_66: "START TEXT: continue his psychoanalytic practice. Melanie Klein and Géza Róheim started their analytic training " ******* END TEXT: "ing house and a polyclinic. The latter plan could be realized only much later due to the tumultuous "
9780814774755 - page_67: "START TEXT: historical events that followed each other very rapidly. At the news of this initiative, however, th" ******* END TEXT: "ffering from agoraphobia should go out in the street.) But Ferenczi soon revised these experiments, "
9780814774755 - page_68: "START TEXT: and the instructions became much milder forms of advice. In the meantime he worked on the theoretica" ******* END TEXT: " that indulgence—providing some gratification of the infantile desires emerging in the transference "
9780814774755 - page_69: "START TEXT: situation—led to a considerable diminution of the patients tension and accelerated progress in the a" ******* END TEXT: "d. Hermann stayed at home, and his presence maintained the continuity of psychoanalysis in Hungary.\n"
9780814774755 - page_70: "START TEXT: Bálint was born in Budapest in 1896. He obtained his medical degree in 1920, his studies having been" ******* END TEXT: ". The analytic and comparative ethnological studies of Bálint’s first wife, Alice, on mother-infant "
9780814774755 - page_71: "START TEXT: relationships are likewise integral features of the profile of the Budapest School.\nHermann was born" ******* END TEXT: "choanalytic Quarterly in 1976 as “Clinging—Going-in-Search.” The repression of going-in-search—that "
9780814774755 - page_72: "START TEXT: is, hiding—is the counterpart of the instinct of clinging. These phenomena can be observed embedded " ******* END TEXT: "ce and a firm inner independence.\nBesides Bálint and Hermann, many other superb psychoanalysts have "
9780814774755 - page_73: "START TEXT: worked in Hungary, though I cannot include everyone who is deserving of mention here. I should note " ******* END TEXT: "k of the Budapest School has exerted a great influence on later theories and therapies. It has shed "
9780814774755 - page_74: "START TEXT: valuable light on the preoedipal period and on the importance of interpersonal relationships. These " ******* END TEXT: "wife of Endre Peto, a famous analyst who later lived in New York), and László Révész and his family "
9780814774755 - page_75: "START TEXT: were shot in Budapest. Many others disappeared during the war and their fate is still unknown.\nIn th" ******* END TEXT: "asion the leaders of the Hungarian Neurological and Psychiatric Societies officially took part. The "
9780814774755 - page_76: "START TEXT: increasing reputation of Hungarian psychoanalysts is marked by the fact that five of Hermann’s follo" ******* END TEXT: "lyse in Ungarn. In D. Eicke, ed., Die Psychologie des 20. Jahrhunderts, 3:103–15. Zurich: Kindler.\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_77: "START TEXT: FourO, Patria Mia\n\nJOHN E. GEDO\nWhat has been the impact of psychoanalysts of Hungarian origin on Am" ******* END TEXT: "bout the possibility that his creation would really take root in American soil (Gedo 1991, 147–58).\n"
9780814774755 - page_78: "START TEXT: When Ferenczi came to America in 1926, to teach and to initiate some analyses, he attracted many adh" ******* END TEXT: "t be justified to classify either man as a representative of a “Budapest School” of psychoanalysis. "
9780814774755 - page_79: "START TEXT: Nonetheless, both brought a specifically Hungarian influence to bear on their organizational activit" ******* END TEXT: "therapies briefer and simpler than psychoanalysis proper—efforts that, in their excessive optimism, "
9780814774755 - page_80: "START TEXT: largely depended on the charisma of their proponents. It reminds one of the Revolution of 1956 …\nThe" ******* END TEXT: "nd for more than two decades thereafter. He espoused the metapsychology proposed by Heinz Hartmann, "
9780814774755 - page_81: "START TEXT: which he tried to refine and systematize. If he can be said to have had links to psychoanalytic hete" ******* END TEXT: "orm of the intellectually rigorous monograph series, Psychological Issues, edited by his disciples.\n"
9780814774755 - page_82: "START TEXT: Although Rapaport was alone in leading the cause of rationalism in American psychoanalysis, in his i" ******* END TEXT: "esearch in psychoanalysis was opened in the 1940s: the field of the direct observation of children. "
9780814774755 - page_83: "START TEXT: The analytic pioneers of this expanding scientific movement included the Hungarians Réné Spitz and M" ******* END TEXT: "t Jones alleged that Ferenczi’s dissension from analytic orthodoxy was a consequence of a psychotic "
9780814774755 - page_84: "START TEXT: illness. Notable among these was Sándor Lóránd, who had become a leading figure at the New York Psyc" ******* END TEXT: " to his own. In fact, in my judgment, Kohut’s clinical theory (i.e., his delineation of a series of "
9780814774755 - page_85: "START TEXT: archaic transference constellations) was entirely original, and only his emphasis on the supreme tec" ******* END TEXT: "tings: analyse à l’hongroise!\nTo be more precise, Benedek did not teach the controversial technical "
9780814774755 - page_86: "START TEXT: modifications Ferenczi introduced in the last few years of his life; she advocated the analytic posi" ******* END TEXT: " old culture preserved in the diaspora, such as the psychoanalytic heritage of the Budapest School.\n"
9780814774755 - page_87: "START TEXT: NOTES\n1. To do her justice, in 1950 Thompson wrote an enthusiastic Introduction for the English tran" ******* END TEXT: "asic Books.\nFerenczi, S. 1916. Sex in Psycho-Analysis. Trans. E.Jones. New York: Basic Books, 1950.\n"
9780814774755 - page_88: "START TEXT: Ferenczi, S. 1926. Further Contributions to the Theory and Technique of Psycho-Analysis. Ed. J. Rick" ******* END TEXT: "tional Universities Press.\nThompson, C. M. 1988. Sándor Ferenczi. Contemp. Psychoanal., 24:182—95.\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_100: "START TEXT: athletic male therapist: “What we hear is that you made contact with her [the patient] and that she " ******* END TEXT: "nces replicated the discussions at Baden-Baden and the Southwest German Psychoanalytic Institute in "
9780814774755 - page_101: "START TEXT: Heidelberg. The community of colleagues supported each other so that once again the patients’ therap" ******* END TEXT: "ies, while Searles elaborates on the importance of maintaining this dimension of the work implicit.\n"
9780814774755 - page_102: "START TEXT: Intriguingly, Searles finds Groddeck in 1923 to be the first who “explicitly describes the patient’s" ******* END TEXT: "ches: Commentary on Mark Blechner’s “Working in the Countertransference.” Psa. Dialogues, 2:181–90.\n"
9780814774755 - page_103: "START TEXT: Burnham, D. 1955. Some Problems in Communication with Schizophrenic Patients. J. Amer. Psa. Assn., 3" ******* END TEXT: "sity Press.\nGroddeck, G. 1923. The Book of the It. Trans. V. M. E. Collins. New York: Mentor, 1961.\n"
9780814774755 - page_104: "START TEXT: Grossman, C, and S. Grossman. 1965. The Wild Analyst: The Life and Work of Georg Groddeck. New York:" ******* END TEXT: "tal Disease Publishing Co.\n———. 1938. The Autobiography of a Purpose. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday.\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_89: "START TEXT: FiveFerenczi’s Early Impact on Washington, D.C.\n\nANN-LOUISE S. SILVER\nThis chapter outlines the four" ******* END TEXT: "e, Ferenczi, and Washington D.C,” Journal of American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 21 (1993), 637–54.\n"
9780814774755 - page_90: "START TEXT: As has been widely recognized, Ferenczi wrote presciently on many controversial topics: childhood se" ******* END TEXT: " sitting silently behind couches while patients with florid psychoses free-associated. In contrast, "
9780814774755 - page_91: "START TEXT: Fromm-Reichmann counseled a supervisee working with a chronically schizophrenic patient, “You must m" ******* END TEXT: "nd treatment of people suffering from psychosis, and dedicated the book to White. In White’s words:\n"
9780814774755 - page_92: "START TEXT: I was ready for these psychoanalytic concepts because of the work that I had done with [Boris] Sidis" ******* END TEXT: "ite’s sponsorship, Ferenczi gave several lectures in Washington in the spring of 1927. (1982, 228).\n"
9780814774755 - page_93: "START TEXT: Ferenczi delivered five lectures under the auspices of the Washington Psychoanalytic Association.1\nF" ******* END TEXT: "Theory” at the Washington Psychopathological Society on April 11, 1927, the formal discussants were "
9780814774755 - page_94: "START TEXT: William A. White, Nolan D. C. Lewis, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Philip Graven. The talk was published" ******* END TEXT: "ients in his experiment with mutual analysis, and she later commented on his theories and practice:\n"
9780814774755 - page_95: "START TEXT: In contrast to Freud’s idea that the neurotic problems of childhood develop from the child’s struggl" ******* END TEXT: "Ferenczi had been actively passive, imprudently refraining from setting limits on physical contact.\n"
9780814774755 - page_96: "START TEXT: This episode raises the issue of confidentiality, the revealing of secrets to those not clinically i" ******* END TEXT: "n the Washington area occurred with the arrival of Fromm-Reichmann at Chestnut Lodge in 1935. Fromm-"
9780814774755 - page_97: "START TEXT: Reichmann had had a close and longstanding collaboration with Georg Groddeck. In 1920, Ferenczi met " ******* END TEXT: "romm-Reichmann said, “My first analyst was Wittenberg, somebody in Munich whom nobody knows. A very "
9780814774755 - page_98: "START TEXT: decent fellow. Later, Erich [Fromm] went to him. We had decided when we both would be through, we wa" ******* END TEXT: " these guests (many of whom did not know one another) at their ease, to ensure a comfortable social "
9780814774755 - page_99: "START TEXT: atmosphere out of which might come the sort of conversation Groddeck wished about matters psychoanal" ******* END TEXT: "n of a case presentation. Fromm-Reichmann, who was four feet, ten inches tall, commented to a large "
9780814774755 - page_105: "START TEXT: PART IIDisciple and Dissident" ******* END TEXT: "PART IIDisciple and Dissident"
9780814774755 - page_106: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_107: "START TEXT: SixAsymmetry and Mutuality in the Analytic Relationship: Contemporary Lessons from the Freud-Ferencz" ******* END TEXT: "91, 851). How each of us deals with that necessary tension—how we oscillate—determines what kind of "
9780814774755 - page_108: "START TEXT: analysts we are, what paths we follow, and whether we fall into the ditch. My aim is to become bette" ******* END TEXT: "ted, we must reinstate it elsewhere in the form of some appreciable privation: otherwise we run the "
9780814774755 - page_109: "START TEXT: danger of never achieving any improvements except quite insignificant and transitory ones. (1919, 16" ******* END TEXT: "ychoanalytic theory and technique will put our questions about asymmetry and mutuality into sharper "
9780814774755 - page_110: "START TEXT: focus. As we identify recent shifts in psychoanalytic practice, we recognize that they also correspo" ******* END TEXT: " early as 1931, expressed his commitment to a focused exploration of the patient’s psychic reality:\n"
9780814774755 - page_111: "START TEXT: It is advantageous to consider for a time every one, even the most improbable, of the communications" ******* END TEXT: "not just a number to you—the eleven o’clock patient.” She weeps and sobs and is silent again. I too "
9780814774755 - page_112: "START TEXT: keep silent for a time and then say: “It’s true, it is not fair; the analytic situation is not an eq" ******* END TEXT: "renczi’s effort to push him into resuming Ferenczi’s analysis in order to complete it. Freud had no "
9780814774755 - page_113: "START TEXT: interest in trying to make up for what had been missed in the past, urging that it be left to Ferenc" ******* END TEXT: "treme in Ferenczi’s Clinical Diary (Hoffer 1990). In one notable case, he was pressed by a severely "
9780814774755 - page_114: "START TEXT: traumatized patient (who is referred to by the initials R.N., but was in fact Elizabeth Severn; Fort" ******* END TEXT: "sion within the analyst. It is important that the analyst be aware of that tension and its sources.\n"
9780814774755 - page_115: "START TEXT: Having considered the pull on the analyst to turn the asymmetrical analytic relationship into a mutu" ******* END TEXT: "sand’s communication to the analyst but not the reverse. The analyst’s emotional position vis-à-vis "
9780814774755 - page_116: "START TEXT: the analysand follows this asymmetry of communication in that the analyst reveals to the analysand o" ******* END TEXT: "eate a genuine, intimate, real, and unique relationship—one that is inherently asymmetrical because "
9780814774755 - page_117: "START TEXT: it is primarily for the benefit of only one of the participants. Judging whether transferential and " ******* END TEXT: "s awareness of the dilemmas he or she confronts in each analytic hour. The analyst must be prepared "
9780814774755 - page_118: "START TEXT: to contain that level of tension internally in order to provide the analysand with an optimally ther" ******* END TEXT: "23–27.\n———. 1991. The Freud-Ferenczi Controversy—A Living Legacy. Int. Rev. Psycho-Anal, 18:465–72.\n"
9780814774755 - page_119: "START TEXT: ———. 1993. Is Love in the Analytic Relationship “Real”? Psychoanal. Inq., 13:344–56.\n———. 1994. Fere" ******* END TEXT: "nsference: The Analyst’s Retreat from the Patient’s Vantage Point. Int. J. Psycho-Anal, 73:349–62.\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_120: "START TEXT: SevenSándor Ferenczi: Negative Transference and Transference Depression\n\nTHIERRY M. BOKANOWSKI(Trans" ******* END TEXT: "—to the men who were his competitors and to the woman whom he loved—were nevertheless not free from "
9780814774755 - page_121: "START TEXT: neurotic impediments; and he therefore made himself the subject of an analysis by someone else whom " ******* END TEXT: "me. Furthermore, the place he occupied beside Freud for the twenty-five years between 1908 and 1933—"
9780814774755 - page_122: "START TEXT: by turns pupil, disciple, patient, and close and trusted friend—meant that his authority was recogni" ******* END TEXT: "enczi saw the essential question in his patients to be one not of the natural destiny of the libido "
9780814774755 - page_123: "START TEXT: but of extreme states of mental (and sometimes physical) pain—the agony of mental life.\nAs Ferenczi’" ******* END TEXT: "ss of his gifts” (1933, 227), and singling out Thalassa (1924) as Ferenczi’s masterpiece, he added:\n"
9780814774755 - page_124: "START TEXT: After this summit of achievement, it came about that our friend slowly drifted away from us. On his " ******* END TEXT: ". It was, he observed, as though Ferenczi had forgotten that at the time nobody—not even the two of "
9780814774755 - page_125: "START TEXT: them—knew that negative transference reactions were always to be expected. In addition, Freud went o" ******* END TEXT: "ics and to attempt to describe what was at issue in the transference-countertransference situation.\n"
9780814774755 - page_126: "START TEXT: Technical and Theoretical Issues in Ferenczi’s Analytic Work\nWe can understand the importance of Fer" ******* END TEXT: "hesitate to send him patients with whom they had failed. A man of independent temperament, Ferenczi "
9780814774755 - page_127: "START TEXT: was bold, creative, undogmatic, and determined to maintain his freedom of thought and action. After " ******* END TEXT: "g something. Thus, in contrast to the cathartic method, in which the lifting of repression caused a "
9780814774755 - page_128: "START TEXT: memory to emerge and stimulated an affect, the active technique facilitated the return of the repres" ******* END TEXT: " direction” (1928, 95).\nThe problem remained of determining the limits of this “elastic” technique. "
9780814774755 - page_129: "START TEXT: How far should the analyst go with his patient? How could an appropriate atmosphere be promoted with" ******* END TEXT: "ttempt to cure. In this way, the child becomes a “wise baby” and his parent’s psychiatrist. Excited "
9780814774755 - page_130: "START TEXT: and destitute, the child is overwhelmed by an excess of both external and, above all, internal stimu" ******* END TEXT: "Ferenczi’s accusation against Freud, the acme of his negative transference to and idealizing of the "
9780814774755 - page_131: "START TEXT: latter, with Ferenczi, a disciple of genius, demanding a maternal form of reparation through his tec" ******* END TEXT: "he infant as catastrophic.\nAs the letters make clear, from the very beginning of their relationship "
9780814774755 - page_132: "START TEXT: Ferenczi was involved in an intense idealized transference to Freud. Nobody ever remained indifferen" ******* END TEXT: " first six years of their relationship, faced with the transference responses of this pupil who had "
9780814774755 - page_133: "START TEXT: become a friend, Freud did all he could to postpone the analysis, sometimes using their friendship a" ******* END TEXT: "r” between Ferenczi and Elma Palos, his analysand and the daughter of his intimate friend, Gizella. "
9780814774755 - page_134: "START TEXT: He found himself drawn into a period of turmoil and confusion, which occupied his letters to Freud f" ******* END TEXT: "wanted to do the famous study of paranoia (Schreber) together with me, on the very first evening of "
9780814774755 - page_135: "START TEXT: work, when he wanted to dictate something to me, in a sudden access of rebellion I sprang up and dec" ******* END TEXT: "ruth unrelentingly, sacrificing all consideration …. That was the ideal I was looking for; I wanted "
9780814774755 - page_136: "START TEXT: to enjoy the man, not the scholar, in close friendship” (218). Ferenczi then reported a dream in whi" ******* END TEXT: "e emanated from you to the extent that you were always prepared to admire me” (227). On October 29, "
9780814774755 - page_137: "START TEXT: three weeks after it all began, the controversy ended with Ferenczi’s remark: “Why didn’t you mentio" ******* END TEXT: "e to maintain the cool detachment of the analyst with regard to Elma, and I laid myself bare, which "
9780814774755 - page_138: "START TEXT: then led to a kind of closeness which I can no longer put forth as the benevolence of the physician " ******* END TEXT: "s. When Ferenczi realized that he would obtain nothing more than he had already been given, he told "
9780814774755 - page_139: "START TEXT: Freud on April 23 of his decision to take Elma back into analysis. In proposing such a course, Feren" ******* END TEXT: "f transference love reveals his primary depression and need for primary love, projected on to Elma.\n"
9780814774755 - page_140: "START TEXT: Transference Love\nWhen certain patients regress during analysis, they relive the early environmental" ******* END TEXT: "ilure in symbol formation.\nIt was precisely at the time of his transference love that Ferenczi went "
9780814774755 - page_141: "START TEXT: through a transference depression. Freud lacked the conceptual tools that would have enabled him to " ******* END TEXT: " be ascribed to a narcissistic (psychotic) splitting, which is a consequence of primary trauma. The "
9780814774755 - page_142: "START TEXT: splitting of the ego induced by trauma takes myriad forms: “dead” zones, division between the soma a" ******* END TEXT: " not follow me down into those depths, and introduced the ‘educational’ stage too soon” (1985, 62).\n"
9780814774755 - page_143: "START TEXT: 3. There is no doubt that Ferenczi’s encounter with psychoanalysis, through and with Freud, aroused " ******* END TEXT: "cher, eds., Psychoanalysis in France, pp. 127—52. New York: International Universities Press, 1980.\n"
9780814774755 - page_144: "START TEXT: Janin, C. 1988. Á propos du “Journal Clinique” de Ferenczi. Bull. Groupe Lyonnais de Psychanal, 11:2" ******* END TEXT: "nt terrible” de la psychanalyse: Un aspect dutransfert négatif. Rev. franç. psychanal, 47:1165–76.\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_145: "START TEXT: EightThe Tragic Encounter between Freud and Ferenczi and Its Impact on the History of Psychoanalysis" ******* END TEXT: "in Amsterdam and at the Fourth International Conference of the Sándor Ferenczi Society in Budapest.\n"
9780814774755 - page_146: "START TEXT: In an earlier paper (1993) I have argued that psychoanalysis is in dire need of a better understandi" ******* END TEXT: " liberated Freud from excessive self-criticism, particularly during periods when his correspondence "
9780814774755 - page_147: "START TEXT: shows a deepening depression. A shared commitment to Lamarckianism also played a role in cementing t" ******* END TEXT: "loiting the patient’s transference to the person of the physician, so as to induce him to adopt our "
9780814774755 - page_148: "START TEXT: conviction of the inexpediency of the repressive process established in childhood and the impossibil" ******* END TEXT: "exual intercourse. In 1924 he published a short paper, “On Forced Phantasies,” where he recommended "
9780814774755 - page_149: "START TEXT: that in certain cases the analyst demand that the analysand produce even against his will aggressive" ******* END TEXT: "tto Fenichel, in a posthumously published paper (1974), pointed out that latent problems are always "
9780814774755 - page_150: "START TEXT: analyzed. It is the analysis itself that actualizes what has previously been only dormant (Bergmann " ******* END TEXT: "” (163—64). As his Clinical Diary further attests, Ferenczi saw infantile sexuality in a new light:\n"
9780814774755 - page_151: "START TEXT: A large part of children’s sexuality is not spontaneous, but is artificially grafted on by adults, t" ******* END TEXT: "person he is and why he developed the particular neurosis? Or does psychoanalysis, in the person of "
9780814774755 - page_152: "START TEXT: the analyst, give the analysand a second chance to rework childhood problems with a new and differen" ******* END TEXT: "e seemed to withdraw more and more into solitary work, though he had previously taken the liveliest "
9780814774755 - page_153: "START TEXT: share in all that happened in analytic circles. We learnt that one single problem had monopolised hi" ******* END TEXT: "needed for it. In reality, however, it may happen that we can only with difficulty tolerate certain "
9780814774755 - page_154: "START TEXT: external or internal features of the patient, or perhaps we feel unpleasantly disturbed in some prof" ******* END TEXT: "nough to be a creative analyst on Freud’s model; it is next to impossible to live up to Ferenczi’s.\n"
9780814774755 - page_155: "START TEXT: Ferenczi maintained that when the analyst ascribes his own shortcomings to transference reactions on" ******* END TEXT: "s. While Freud presented himself as the golden child, the firstborn to a young mother, these biogra "
9780814774755 - page_156: "START TEXT: phers have pointed out that his early years contained many traumatic events, including the deaths of" ******* END TEXT: "in. A kernel of truth can be granted to a modifier, but it has to be followed by massive criticism.\n"
9780814774755 - page_157: "START TEXT: What are the larger implications of this controversy for our understanding of psychoanalysis? Elsewh" ******* END TEXT: "never be replaced. We may paraphrase Freud by saying that, aided by their therapists, such patients "
9780814774755 - page_158: "START TEXT: must learn to transform depressive feelings and melancholia into ordinary mourning. Ferenczi’s metho" ******* END TEXT: " 102–7.\n———. 1933. Confusion of Tongues between Adults and the Child. In Ferenczi 1955, pp. 156–67.\n"
9780814774755 - page_159: "START TEXT: ———. 1955. Final Contributions to the Problems and Methods of Psycho-Analysis. Ed. M. Bálint. Trans." ******* END TEXT: ":167–80.\nStone, L. 1961. The Psychoanalytic Situation. New York: International Universities Press.\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_160: "START TEXT: NineFerenczi’s Mother Tongue\n\nKATHLEEN KELLEY-LAINÉ\nWords are magical in the way they affect the min" ******* END TEXT: "n access through moods and feeling states. We tend to accept these aspects of our individual being, "
9780814774755 - page_161: "START TEXT: including the language we speak, as parts of our natural environment in the same way that we do the " ******* END TEXT: "imitating her words and constructing his or her own. The combination of sounds, gestures, odor, and "
9780814774755 - page_162: "START TEXT: touch invest these first words with the feelings and emotions of “mother.” The birth of the sense of" ******* END TEXT: "litate their more efficient use.\nThe exception to this rule, according to Greenson, occurs when the "
9780814774755 - page_163: "START TEXT: images associated with words concern situations of conflict. These words then remain the living bear" ******* END TEXT: "st way of separating from “mother” may have been to immerse himself in a foreign language. However, "
9780814774755 - page_164: "START TEXT: given Ferenczi’s passionate desire for truth and the probing nature of his psychoanalytic thought, i" ******* END TEXT: "s to his analysis in another language and to the polyglot writing of the Diary that the theoretical "
9780814774755 - page_165: "START TEXT: model of the two languages was born—that of tenderness and that of passion, that of the child and th" ******* END TEXT: "support to the idea that the first words of the mother tongue function as replacements for the lost "
9780814774755 - page_166: "START TEXT: body of the mother. Melanie Klein (1923) draws attention to the magical nature of the word “mummy” a" ******* END TEXT: "lymorphous-perverse’ impulses” (1911, 122) and beginning to enter the latency period—they regularly "
9780814774755 - page_167: "START TEXT: revel in hearing, speaking, and writing profanity. In my experience, this phenomenon can again be ob" ******* END TEXT: "lysts, while the latter remain unconscious of them. In so doing, the patients abandon their “mother "
9780814774755 - page_168: "START TEXT: tongues”—as did Ferenczi with Freud—to adapt to the language of the analyst. This means resistance, " ******* END TEXT: "erenczi. In Problems of Human Pleasure and Behaviour, pp. 243–50. London: Maresfield Library, 1957.\n"
9780814774755 - page_169: "START TEXT: Brabant, E., E. Falzeder, and P. Giampieri-Deutsch, eds. 1992. The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud a" ******* END TEXT: " Early Analysis. In Love, Guilt and Reparation and Other Works, pp. 77–105. New York: Delta, 1977.\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_170: "START TEXT: TenMutual Analysis: A Logical Outcome of Sándor Ferenczi’s Experiments in Psychoanalysis\n\nCHRISTOPHE" ******* END TEXT: "ion of this chapter was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.\n"
9780814774755 - page_171: "START TEXT: Psychoanalysis has a history of advancing through artful failures. For example, the fact that a numb" ******* END TEXT: "e of interest in the complete Ferenczi oeuvre, and of the Hungarian school generally—now recognized "
9780814774755 - page_172: "START TEXT: as a primary source for today’s relational theories (Aron 1990; Bowlby 1988; Eagle 1984).\nThroughout" ******* END TEXT: "n unconscious fantasy. In fact, R.N. may have been the first sexually abused analysand whose actual "
9780814774755 - page_173: "START TEXT: childhood trauma was the focus of psychoanalytic treatment since Freud abandoned his “seduction theo" ******* END TEXT: " R.N.’s father had physically, emotionally, and sexually abused her from the age of one-and-a-half.\n"
9780814774755 - page_174: "START TEXT: As horrendous childhood “memories” flooded her consciousness, R.N.’s condition became acute. Already" ******* END TEXT: "in a highly disagreeable way …. However, this is the method this patient has learned from me” (96).\n"
9780814774755 - page_175: "START TEXT: In summary, through mutual analysis, Ferenczi found that honesty, even admitting his dislike for R.N" ******* END TEXT: "le—albeit extreme and seemingly conscious—of the Mt. Zion group’s Control-Mastery theory (Weiss and "
9780814774755 - page_176: "START TEXT: Sampson 1986) of the “test” of an analyst.1 Interpreted within this framework, Ferenczi passed R.N.’" ******* END TEXT: "onditions whereby R.N. could shift from a passive to an active therapeutic role was the result of a "
9780814774755 - page_177: "START TEXT: complex number of critical factors in Ferenczi’s personal and professional background.\nMutual Analys" ******* END TEXT: " up even the most obstinate case, and I have come to be a specialist in peculiarly difficult cases, "
9780814774755 - page_178: "START TEXT: with which I go on for very many years. I have refused to accept such verdicts as that a patient’s r" ******* END TEXT: "n a foreign language, during walks or travels together or visits to the home of analyst or patient” "
9780814774755 - page_179: "START TEXT: (Dupont 1985, xxii). Ferenczi suggested that these inadequate training analyses “may lead to an impo" ******* END TEXT: "i’s last published papers, only in his clinical diary; in fact, he seems to have tried to keep it a "
9780814774755 - page_180: "START TEXT: secret (Fortune 1993). Ferenczi knew that he was pushing the therapeutic edge, at times beyond the p" ******* END TEXT: "wider psychoanalytic community increased. Possibly for the first time in his psychoanalytic career, "
9780814774755 - page_181: "START TEXT: Ferenczi was alone (outside of his intimate Hungarian circle) with his difficult clinical and theore" ******* END TEXT: "strong will and demanding nature, Ferenczi admired R.N. and respected her as a therapist in her own "
9780814774755 - page_182: "START TEXT: right. As she was his pupil and colleague, R.N.’s analysis was also a training analysis during which" ******* END TEXT: " change. He expanded the range of psychoanalytic therapy to include countertransference disclosures "
9780814774755 - page_183: "START TEXT: and interpretations. Although this experiment in mutual analysis was extreme, Ferenczi anticipated t" ******* END TEXT: "ds one of Carl Rogers’s (1951) client-centered therapy. Rogers’s egalitarian approach, particularly "
9780814774755 - page_184: "START TEXT: as reflected in his “leaderless” encounter group and its values of “immediate expression of interper" ******* END TEXT: "comes to therapy, not to gratify unconscious instinctual impulses, but to master certain conflicts, "
9780814774755 - page_185: "START TEXT: wishes, irrational beliefs, and anxieties originating from childhood traumas and experiences. With m" ******* END TEXT: "988.\nFerenczi, S., and G. Groddeck. 1982. Briefwechsel 1921–1933. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1986.\n"
9780814774755 - page_186: "START TEXT: Fortune, C. 1989. Review of The Clinical Diary of Sándor Ferenczi. The Village Voice, February 21, p" ******* END TEXT: "renczi, Freud and the Origins of American Interpersonal Relations. Contemp. Psychoanal, 25:672—85.\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_187: "START TEXT: PART IIITheory and Technique" ******* END TEXT: "PART IIITheory and Technique"
9780814774755 - page_188: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_189: "START TEXT: ElevenHermann’s Concept of Clinging in Light of Modern Drive Theory\n\nWOLFGANG BERNER(Translated by L" ******* END TEXT: "f John Bowlby, who held clinging to be one of the five drive patterns forming so-called attachment. "
9780814774755 - page_190: "START TEXT: I consider Hermann’s clinging theory still superior to Bowlby’s attachment theory in some respects, " ******* END TEXT: "an express itself on the one hand in physical tenderness and on the other in “aggressive grasping.”\n"
9780814774755 - page_191: "START TEXT: It remains unclear whether the partial drive of clinging as described by Hermann is a result of libi" ******* END TEXT: "nging.2\nOne vicissitude of the clinging drive is the grooming (delousing) behavior did not consider "
9780814774755 - page_192: "START TEXT: among young apes. Initially this was wrongly considered to be solely a hygienic procedure in which t" ******* END TEXT: "mphasizes that the relationship between Hermann’s ideas and the pair of opposites ocnophilephilobat "
9780814774755 - page_193: "START TEXT: goes much farther than Bálint would admit. Sometimes Bálint even used the same words as Hermann to d" ******* END TEXT: "fragmentary (i.e., incomplete) computer program. The gaps in the program are closed up only through "
9780814774755 - page_194: "START TEXT: experience with the surroundings the first time the program is run through. (Chicks are imprinted by" ******* END TEXT: "s Freud’s original drive model.\nBowlby’s model is in fact inadequate, especially with regard to the "
9780814774755 - page_195: "START TEXT: changeability of drive-needs, described so clearly by Freud in “Instincts and Their Vicissitudes” (1" ******* END TEXT: "ver drive theory cannot be reviewed in detail here, but the most accommodating synthesis would seem "
9780814774755 - page_196: "START TEXT: to be that formulated by Otto Kernberg in Object Relations Theory and Clinical Psychoanalysis (1976)" ******* END TEXT: "mother and the subsequent narcissistic object-choice. This is also true in the case of heterosexual "
9780814774755 - page_197: "START TEXT: pedophiles. They tend to be rather effeminate men who in their childhood and puberty often fantasize" ******* END TEXT: "onships. At this point the patient turned to his daughter, then aged twelve, and began abusing her. "
9780814774755 - page_198: "START TEXT: This led to a second and final divorce and eventually to psychotherapy on release from prison after " ******* END TEXT: "sy, but the acts of clinging and holding on. This is further demonstrated in the following example.\n"
9780814774755 - page_199: "START TEXT: Patient K was a young man who had not only had numerous contacts with male prostitutes, but had some" ******* END TEXT: "drive pair. Bowlby regards running away as separate from clinging in the proper sense and as one of "
9780814774755 - page_200: "START TEXT: the five instinctual patterns that form attachment. However, running away, hiding, searching, and cl" ******* END TEXT: "lings of envy, but the frightening idea of being swallowed up or laughed at by the powerful mother.\n"
9780814774755 - page_201: "START TEXT: Patient K, for example, reported the traumatic experience of his sexual attempts in puberty, where g" ******* END TEXT: "uch more often and more clearly than fully developed oedipal conflict constellations (Berner 1993).\n"
9780814774755 - page_202: "START TEXT: Consequences of a Frustration of the Clinging Need\nHermann described the hand as an erogenous zone i" ******* END TEXT: "erience with the child, and to fulfill their erotic wishes only in fantasy and when they are alone.\n"
9780814774755 - page_203: "START TEXT: The combined hand/mouth eroticism is linked for the most part with yearning fantasies of total mergi" ******* END TEXT: "atrix of ego and id shows itself on the surface of the child’s body, when finger-sucking causes two "
9780814774755 - page_204: "START TEXT: sensations at the same time, one oral and one tactile. This satisfies the oral partial drive and res" ******* END TEXT: "f frustration by the mother (Bak 1968). This is also connected with the fantasy of the huge mother. "
9780814774755 - page_205: "START TEXT: Bak sought to show that perversion is a question not only of drive needs, but also of the activation" ******* END TEXT: "patterns in animals. Hermann was a pioneer in this field. Phylogenetically old instinctual patterns "
9780814774755 - page_206: "START TEXT: found among primates are still observable among humans, although the form of these patterns is now n" ******* END TEXT: "udy Child, 8:177–98.\nHermann, I. 1923. Zur Psychologie der Schimpansen. Int. Z. Psychoanal, 9:81–87\n"
9780814774755 - page_207: "START TEXT: ———. 1926. Modelle zu den Oedipus- und Kastrationskomplexen bei Affen. Imago, 12:59–69.\n———. 1931. Z" ******* END TEXT: "9. Die Beziehung der Anklammerung mit psychosomatischen Hautkrankheiten. In Varga 1989, pp. 118–26.\n"
9780814774755 - page_208: "START TEXT: Vikár, G. 1989. The Ideas of Imre Hermann and the Budapest School concerning the Problem of Aggressi" ******* END TEXT: "p. 127–133.\nWinnicott, D. W. 1945. Primitive Emotional Development. Int. J. Psychoanal, 26:137–43.\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_209: "START TEXT: TwelveCastration and Narcissism in Ferenczi\n\nMICHÉLE BERTRAND\nFerenczi occupies an increasingly impo" ******* END TEXT: "n complex, insofar as the ego instincts may or may not support erotic drives, and also depending on "
9780814774755 - page_210: "START TEXT: which of them are involved. Self-preservation is a reaction to a direct threat to life; autoerotism " ******* END TEXT: " For Ferenczi this fear is connected primarily to the memory of a real injury to the body, which is "
9780814774755 - page_211: "START TEXT: not necessarily to the genital organs. To put it simply, to the extent that the threat of castration" ******* END TEXT: "onception of psychic development, which Freud too held at this time. But it is noteworthy that many "
9780814774755 - page_212: "START TEXT: cultures practice ritual circumcision, and the rite is generally carried out at an age other than th" ******* END TEXT: "bance” (1916—17b, 141).\nA sexual etiology is in no way excluded, but neither is it proven. In fact, "
9780814774755 - page_213: "START TEXT: the cases Ferenczi cites seem to lead down other paths. What he shows above all is that the neurotic" ******* END TEXT: " unsatisfied demands of the libido, where there is danger of a psychic conflict; (2) pure traumatic "
9780814774755 - page_214: "START TEXT: neuroses, where the danger is external; and (3) war neuroses, situated between the two, which Freud " ******* END TEXT: "pear after a case of conjunctivitis or blepharitis. He goes on to specify three possible conditions "
9780814774755 - page_215: "START TEXT: that give rise to narcissistic disorders and the fixation of the libido on a given part of the body." ******* END TEXT: "elf and hence a sexualization of the body—the psychic leap into the somatic. But the most important "
9780814774755 - page_216: "START TEXT: factor in tics caused by constitutional narcissism is the traumatic memory of the ego. Ferenczi main" ******* END TEXT: "es to be represented less by the loss of the penis as a symbol of power than by narcissistic losses "
9780814774755 - page_217: "START TEXT: of bodily integrity or of the ego. Although the word “castration” does not appear expressly in “The " ******* END TEXT: "occur in men as well as women, one finds the same narcissistic retreat. Ferenczi holds that people, "
9780814774755 - page_218: "START TEXT: as they grow older, tend to transfer their libido from objects back into the ego. Old people revert " ******* END TEXT: "l Paralysis of the Insane” (1922), Ferenczi adds that one finds the same features in the depressive "
9780814774755 - page_219: "START TEXT: symptoms of general paralysis—the “end of the world” feeling that expresses the unconscious grief at" ******* END TEXT: "th the total object impulse, and of the ego libido with the object libido. All this, says Ferenczi, "
9780814774755 - page_220: "START TEXT: takes place in order “to return to the mothers womb” (1924, 18). The oedipal desire is thus “the psy" ******* END TEXT: "so replays the first experience of anxiety—that is, birth—and the passing from nonbeing into being. "
9780814774755 - page_221: "START TEXT: Coitus therefore entails the compulsion to repeat and has the qualities of a traumatic neurosis.\nFro" ******* END TEXT: "renczi elaborates in “Psycho-Analysis of Sexual Habits” (1925), that the unconscious representation "
9780814774755 - page_222: "START TEXT: of endless bliss—the negation of castration—allows one to cope with the anxiety that pleasure arouse" ******* END TEXT: " permitting separation, relieving mortal beings of their hallucinations of omnipotence. To the myth "
9780814774755 - page_223: "START TEXT: of perfect bliss, castration opposes the reality of human limits, and thereby grants access to the p" ******* END TEXT: "gical Works, ed. and trans. J. Strachey et al. 24 vols. 17:207–10. London: Hogarth Press, 1953–74.\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_224: "START TEXT: ThirteenThe Influence of Ferenczi’s Ideas on Contemporary Standard Technique\n\nPATRIZIA GIAMPIERI-DEU" ******* END TEXT: "e the publication of The Development of Psycho-Analysis, Freud expressed reservations that Ferenczi "
9780814774755 - page_225: "START TEXT: and Rank “gave too much weight to the experiential factor—and too little to remembering” (quoted in " ******* END TEXT: "t least explicitly) the analyst is still depicted as the observer or active helper—insofar as he or "
9780814774755 - page_226: "START TEXT: she modifies the analytic setting—of the psychoanalytic process of and in the patient (Fogel 1993).\n" ******* END TEXT: "heorist and Ferenczi as therapist, as well as between Freud’s love of research and Ferenczi’s mania "
9780814774755 - page_227: "START TEXT: for healing, are likewise widespread and not without support in their works and correspondence, so t" ******* END TEXT: "hnique,” based on the principle of renunciation; the “relaxation technique,” based on the principle "
9780814774755 - page_228: "START TEXT: of permission; and “mutual analysis.” As is well known, the active technique was tried by Freud in t" ******* END TEXT: "ntal contributions to the elaboration of standard technique. Despite the Ferenczi renaissance, this "
9780814774755 - page_229: "START TEXT: aspect of his contribution remains insufficiently appreciated, so that a foray in this direction is " ******* END TEXT: "nd was acknowledging his role as the cocreator and mediator of the standard technique of that time.\n"
9780814774755 - page_230: "START TEXT: Ferenczi’s Importance for Contemporary Standard Technique\nIn reading Ferenczi’s writings one gains t" ******* END TEXT: "elationship consists of three elements: the transference of the patient, the countertransference of "
9780814774755 - page_231: "START TEXT: the analyst as a response to the transference of the patient, and the therapeutic alliance between p" ******* END TEXT: "f transference: its universality in neurosis, its relation to suggestion and hypnosis, and its role "
9780814774755 - page_232: "START TEXT: in differential diagnosis. All three of these aspects will be taken up again by Freud in later studi" ******* END TEXT: "nce itself” (1912a, 101).\nThe psychoanalytic cure therefore does not give rise to the transference, "
9780814774755 - page_233: "START TEXT: but simply provokes and discloses it as a “catalysis” (Ferenczi 1909, 39). As early as 1909 Ferenczi" ******* END TEXT: "pecifically dementia praecox and paranoia (1909, 40). The demented individual detaches his interest "
9780814774755 - page_234: "START TEXT: from the external world and becomes autoerotic; the paranoiac projects his unwanted libidinal excita" ******* END TEXT: "lopment of Psycho-Analysis, Ferenczi elaborates an aspect of transference that is mentioned but not "
9780814774755 - page_235: "START TEXT: worked out in “Introjection and Transference.” Transference is mainly seen at this time as a repetit" ******* END TEXT: "London and Heinrich Racker (1948) in Buenos Aires, among others, recognized the countertransference "
9780814774755 - page_236: "START TEXT: to be not simply an interference but an important tool of the treatment, Ferenczi led the way in thi" ******* END TEXT: "itude” (Deutsch 1926, 423) or a “complementary identification” (Racker 1948, 124–25; 1953, 134–35).\n"
9780814774755 - page_237: "START TEXT: In a February 7, 1911, letter to Freud, Ferenczi described the counter-transference as a response to" ******* END TEXT: "rises as a response to the transference of the patient, as an instrument, provided that the analyst "
9780814774755 - page_238: "START TEXT: is aware of it. For this reason he speaks out in favor of the necessity of a training analysis, whic" ******* END TEXT: "reconstruct that unconscious, which has determined the patient’s free associations. (1912b, 115–16)\n"
9780814774755 - page_239: "START TEXT: The analyst should be in a position “to use his own unconscious in this way as an instrument in the " ******* END TEXT: "r offering an interpretation, Freud had from the outset drawn attention to the requirement that the "
9780814774755 - page_240: "START TEXT: analyst be able to listen empathically. Freud cautioned the analyst not to proceed “until a transfer" ******* END TEXT: "is the forgotten creator of the counter-question rule (Thornä and Kächele 1985, 252—57). He writes:\n"
9780814774755 - page_241: "START TEXT: I made it a rule, whenever a patient asks me a question or requests some information, to respond wit" ******* END TEXT: "lyst in the later phases of his development, and, it should be noted, not simply at the time of his "
9780814774755 - page_242: "START TEXT: active technique of renunciation but in the final period of his relaxation technique. In his posthum" ******* END TEXT: "neurotic who associated nonsensical material, Ferenczi regards the misuse of free associations as a "
9780814774755 - page_243: "START TEXT: resistance (1919, 177–83). If the analyst draws the patient’s attention to his unconscious resistanc" ******* END TEXT: " diary are a kind of provisional thought, in which ideas flow with relative freedom from inhibition "
9780814774755 - page_244: "START TEXT: and are carried to their ultimate conclusions. In the Clinical Diary Ferenczi describes his practice" ******* END TEXT: " the definition of concordant and complementary countertransference, see Etchegoyen (1991, 269–70).\n"
9780814774755 - page_245: "START TEXT: 4. Ferenczi’s caveats can be compared to Kurt Eissler’s (1953) conditions for the adaptation of anal" ******* END TEXT: " p. 258.\n———. 1933. Confusion of Tongues between Adults and the Child. In Ferenczi 1955, pp-156–57.\n"
9780814774755 - page_246: "START TEXT: ———. 1950. Further Contributions to the Theory and Technique of Psycho-Analysis. 2d ed. Ed. J. Rickm" ******* END TEXT: ". 127–73.\n———. 1958. Classical and Present Technique in Psycho-Analysis. In Racker 1968, pp. 23–70.\n"
9780814774755 - page_247: "START TEXT: ———. 1968. Transference and Countertransference. Ed. J. D. Sutherland. London: Hogarth Press.\nThomä," ******* END TEXT: "Thomä, H., and H. Kächele. 1985. Lehrbuch der psychoanalytischen Therapie. Berlin: Springer, 1989.\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_248: "START TEXT: FourteenA New World Symphony: Ferenczi and the Integration of Nonpsychoanalytic Techniques into Psyc" ******* END TEXT: "esented at the Fourth International Conference of the Sándor Ferenczi Society, Budapest, July 1993. "
9780814774755 - page_249: "START TEXT: If we have attempted in the foregoing pages, venturing from the present direct facts, to forecast th" ******* END TEXT: "For those of us who were trained as clinical psychologists before seeking analytic training and who "
9780814774755 - page_250: "START TEXT: felt we gained a lot from the encounter groups and T-groups of the 1960s and early ‘70s, the questio" ******* END TEXT: " background to the consideration of specific uses of relaxation, suggestion, and suggested fantasy.\n"
9780814774755 - page_251: "START TEXT: Psychoanalysts have traditionally been opposed to any sort of active techniques. Kenneth Frank (1992" ******* END TEXT: "954, 212). For Sullivan, advice would simply reflect the therapist’s personal values or hunches. To "
9780814774755 - page_252: "START TEXT: indicate to the patient, on the other hand, the fairly predictable consequences of courses of action" ******* END TEXT: "analytic therapy and administered in small doses to investigate thoroughly the patient’s reactions.\n"
9780814774755 - page_253: "START TEXT: My own formulation as to when to use active techniques is somewhat different. Having been trained as" ******* END TEXT: "shown that brain waves are different when patients in psychoanalysis are sitting up and lying down, "
9780814774755 - page_254: "START TEXT: with supine patients emitting more theta waves. Along with Ferenczi, I see the goal of psychoanalysi" ******* END TEXT: "ay of being than from his technique per se. For patients to have entered a trance state without any "
9780814774755 - page_255: "START TEXT: specific instructions, there must have been enormous trust. Ferenczi, in his use of relaxation, did " ******* END TEXT: "ght of the longterm consequences for the patient if the father had died without the reconciliation.\n"
9780814774755 - page_256: "START TEXT: Ferenczi, of course, used suggestion. Even routine questions such as, “What keeps you from doing suc" ******* END TEXT: " phobic avoidance” (1928, 97). Of course, we may not have time to be so patient. Active techniques, "
9780814774755 - page_257: "START TEXT: for Ferenczi and Rank (1923), were designed to aid in the overcoming of resistance. But Ferenczi als" ******* END TEXT: "d to report on a feeling she or he is experiencing. The patient is urged to experience this feeling "
9780814774755 - page_258: "START TEXT: more intensely, then is asked about a time recently when she or he felt this way, and then about an " ******* END TEXT: "berately running over someone. After he imagined such scenes with increasing enjoyment, his anxiety "
9780814774755 - page_259: "START TEXT: diminished and in two weeks he was able to drive across the state. Similarly, another patient experi" ******* END TEXT: " particular problems. She described her fascination with fairy tales beginning in childhood and her "
9780814774755 - page_260: "START TEXT: desire to have a prince save her and to live happily ever after. I wondered whether she might be get" ******* END TEXT: " I then encouraged her to imagine finding some pleasure in the event. Although she insisted that it "
9780814774755 - page_261: "START TEXT: was not at all pleasurable and that imagining it in that way would hurt her mother, she was able to " ******* END TEXT: "in Vienna, he asked, “How would it be if I came on the ferris wheel with you?” In response I wrote:\n"
9780814774755 - page_262: "START TEXT: What a technique-y thing to say.\nSomething he learned at the psychoanalytic institute\nOr from Harold" ******* END TEXT: "her problems. In time, they may become amenable to a psychoanalytic approach. When these techniques "
9780814774755 - page_263: "START TEXT: are not successful, therapists, regardless of orientation, must explore more fully the meaning of ev" ******* END TEXT: "cesses” at the convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C., August 1992.\n"
9780814774755 - page_264: "START TEXT: REFERENCES\nAlexander, E, and T. M. French. 1946. Psychoanalytic Therapy: Principles and Application." ******* END TEXT: "nal Universities Press.\n———. 1991. An Oedipally Conflicted Patient. In A. Wolf and I. Kutash, eds., "
9780814774755 - page_265: "START TEXT: Psychotherapy of the Submerged Personality, pp. 217—38. Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson.\nSullivan, H." ******* END TEXT: "ve Intervention, Psychic Structure, and the Analysis of Transference. Psychoanal. Dial, 3:589–604.\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_266: "START TEXT: FifteenThe “Wise Baby” Grows Up: The Contemporary Relevance of Sándor Ferenczi\n\nJUDITH E. VIDA\nIntro" ******* END TEXT: "e Psychoanalytic Center of California Symposium on Primitive Mental States, Los Angeles, June 1995.\n"
9780814774755 - page_267: "START TEXT: Until quite recently, Sándor Ferenczi (1873–1933), who in 1908 joined the small group of Freud’s ear" ******* END TEXT: "nce in the development of psychoanalytic theory and practice as well as in the immediate subjective "
9780814774755 - page_268: "START TEXT: experience of the analyst. Henceforth he questioned Freud’s negative notion of it purely as a hindra" ******* END TEXT: "has often been identified is that of the “Wise Baby.” Apart from being applied to Ferenczi himself, "
9780814774755 - page_269: "START TEXT: however, little clinical use has been made of this concept. Such autobiographical readings as it has" ******* END TEXT: "believe that this communication has in any way exhausted the interpretation of this type of dream.”\n"
9780814774755 - page_270: "START TEXT: Ferenczi continued to develop the concept of the Wise Baby in the decade before his death. In “Child" ******* END TEXT: " to the environment; the other part, however, still strives to maintain and defend the egoboundary. "
9780814774755 - page_271: "START TEXT: This is what has been called in other instances narcissistic self-splitting. In the absence of any e" ******* END TEXT: "orical and clinical consequences. Is it sufficient to say that wisdom results purely from traumatic "
9780814774755 - page_272: "START TEXT: experience? Indeed, I suspect that Ferenczi’s characterization of precocious intelligence as a patho" ******* END TEXT: "ment responsibilities in addition to being the driving force behind several controversial long-term "
9780814774755 - page_273: "START TEXT: research projects. It is highly unusual for a single individual to have this combination of duties, " ******* END TEXT: "on which he himself is permitted to engage her. A current example: Dr. de A calls to ask if she can "
9780814774755 - page_274: "START TEXT: babysit his children on a particular evening; she is busy, or she cannot possibly do it for unspecif" ******* END TEXT: "lf felt shocked speechless.\nRegarding the second: Dr. de A fell ill as a four-year-old. (We came to "
9780814774755 - page_275: "START TEXT: suspect that this happened after the kitchen scene.) There were many visits to the doctor and many m" ******* END TEXT: " adult life in college, in graduate school, and now in his work. But this came at a great emotional "
9780814774755 - page_276: "START TEXT: cost, observable to none but him. His singlemindedness was less useful in his personal life. A youth" ******* END TEXT: " apparent as we began to proceed together was that purely intellectual understanding from me was of "
9780814774755 - page_277: "START TEXT: no use to Dr. de A, but neither was a situational empathic murmuring. To make an impact, I had to of" ******* END TEXT: "y. In the fourth month of treatment, Dr. de A said, “It was so helpful for you to say that it’s not "
9780814774755 - page_278: "START TEXT: going to work to try to fix things by adjusting my thinking to what everyone else sees. It’s liberat" ******* END TEXT: "ial of my worth.” I asked if the lamps were connected to his mother, but he said, “No, they are not "
9780814774755 - page_279: "START TEXT: representative of something from someone else. One of the most frequent experiences I have is asking" ******* END TEXT: " of him, and I, in turn, could feel with no protective buffering how terrifying it was for Dr. de A "
9780814774755 - page_280: "START TEXT: to risk trust. Ferenczi has been assiduously criticized after his death for his supposed exploitatio" ******* END TEXT: "out this right away, but he caught me thinking something I was unwilling to say. So I told him what "
9780814774755 - page_281: "START TEXT: was on my mind and added that I would need his permission to write about the case. Both his immediat" ******* END TEXT: "des, Winnicott, Bowlby and his successors in attachment theory, and a veritable army of researchers "
9780814774755 - page_282: "START TEXT: have done much to establish and characterize the inborn developmental strivings and the highly varia" ******* END TEXT: "ransformed. As it was, he remained stranded, and he had to rely on his intelligence for defense and "
9780814774755 - page_283: "START TEXT: protection. His desire to learn “the hardest thing” was born of his awareness that there was no real" ******* END TEXT: " purposes. This work is accomplished in the analysis through a process of reliving and reenactment. "
9780814774755 - page_284: "START TEXT: There are now countless episodes, major and minor, in which the kitchen scene has been reenacted, re" ******* END TEXT: " relationship with Freud, with mixed results, and also in his practice, with important consequences "
9780814774755 - page_285: "START TEXT: for the development of psychoanalysis that are just beginning to be appreciated. For Ferenczi to hav" ******* END TEXT: "nczi, Obit 1933. In Problems of Human Pleasure and Behavior, pp. 243–50. New York: Liveright, 1957.\n"
9780814774755 - page_286: "START TEXT: ———. 1967. Sándor Ferenczi’s Technical Experiments. In B. B. Wolman, ed.\nPsychoanalytic Techniques, " ******* END TEXT: "ress.\nVida, J. E. 1991. Sándor Ferenczi on Female Sexuality. J. Amer. Acad. Psychoanal, 19:271–81.\n\n"
9780814774755 - page_287: "START TEXT: INDEX\nAbraham, Karl, 3, 13, 29–30, 33, 66, 78, 98\nActive technique, 262–63\n“Actual- and Psycho-neuro" ******* END TEXT: ", 50\n“Disease- or Patho-Neuroses” (Ferenczi), 213\n“Dream of the ‘Clever Baby,’ The” (Ferenczi), 269\n"
9780814774755 - page_288: "START TEXT: Dukes, Géza, 55, 74\nDupont, Judith, 96, 113, 181\n“Dynamics of Transference, The” (Freud), 226, 234\nE" ******* END TEXT: "ence, 224–25\nand Ferenczi, 4–6, 8–9, 10, 11–13, 14, 15, 29–30, 31, 43, 49, 52, 62, 112–13, 117, 121\n"
9780814774755 - page_289: "START TEXT: eulogizes Ferenczi, 13, 123–124\nmeets Ferenczi, 48, 60–61\nheart problems of, 64\nand Kant, 81\nand the" ******* END TEXT: "ction from Freud, 3, 11, 13, 20 n 5, 28–29, 30, 50, 61, 133\nKant, Immanuel, 81\nKardos, Erzsébet, 74\n"
9780814774755 - page_290: "START TEXT: Karinthy, Frigyes, 45\nKárolyi, Mihály, 43, 52\nKernberg, Otto, 196\nKlein, George, 80, 176\nKlein, Mela" ******* END TEXT: "d, 74\nPfeiffer, Ernest, 50, 52\nPfister, Oskar, 28\nPhylogenetic Fantasy, A (Freud), 5, 145, 146, 147\n"
9780814774755 - page_291: "START TEXT: “Principle of Relaxation and Neocatharsis, The” (Ferenczi), 120\nPrisoners of Childhood (Miller), 283" ******* END TEXT: "–34, 235\nTransference depression, 131, 133, 140–41, 142\n“Two Types of War Neuroses” (Ferenczi), 212\n"
9780814774755 - page_292: "START TEXT: “Unwelcome Child and His Death Instinct, The” (Ferenczi), 150, 268\nVeigelsberg, Hugo, 47\nVerdi, Guis" ******* END TEXT: "” 129, 268–69, 270–72, 282–83\nWittgenstein, Ludwig, 38\nWolstein, Benjamin, 182\nYoung, Nicholas, 85\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nWithout Patricia Williams’ encouragement, and Rob Nixon’s advice and support, this b" ******* END TEXT: "e law; Nicola Lacey, legal theory; John Gardner and Stephen Mulhall, moral and political philosophy."
9780814774816 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_10: "START TEXT: among serious legal theorists. And Carter concedes that his own arguments in favor of a moral obliga" ******* END TEXT: " herself took a rather different lesson from the experience. Her first law review article to appear "
9780814774816 - page_11: "START TEXT: since the debacle thanks those who “encouraged me to pursue my ideas, despite the apparent political" ******* END TEXT: "eedom from ideology that for a long time—and certainly before “postmodernism”—has been questionable "
9780814774816 - page_12: "START TEXT: within literary practice. Throughout Naipaul’s career, the deludedness of postcolonial peoples has b" ******* END TEXT: "el Leff in the Columbia Journalism Review, were the central defect of press coverage of the affair. "
9780814774816 - page_13: "START TEXT: Media fixation with Kennedy’s question (is she “mainstream”?) was itself the problem, according to L" ******* END TEXT: "s circus metaphor is unintentionally astute, Kennedy’s political savvy may nevertheless be doubted.\n"
9780814774816 - page_14: "START TEXT: Stephen Carter, too, claims to have a firm grip. Carter frequently announces that a particular argum" ******* END TEXT: "today disclosed by professionals, not priests. The Toughs are prominent peddlers of this new thing.\n"
9780814774816 - page_15: "START TEXT: And their new opium gets a great press. Every day newspaper commentary on political events contrasts" ******* END TEXT: "under which my white professional world judges achievement.” Despite the numerous and controversial "
9780814774816 - page_16: "START TEXT: questions around what “professionalism” means, Carter urges that “the disciplining rules that define" ******* END TEXT: "is business to assemble. Professional investigation has thus settled very little. Yet Brock’s truth "
9780814774816 - page_17: "START TEXT: continues to play a remarkably direct role in the political process, for instance, assisting a delay" ******* END TEXT: ". Lacking a constituency, the Tough Love Crowd needs the claim of truth in order to stay aboard the "
9780814774816 - page_18: "START TEXT: progressive project. The Toughs think oppression is immoral. Yet to many people their own agenda loo" ******* END TEXT: "heir love is rough self-pleasuring. And we be* more protected with their Trojan swords sheathed.35\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_3: "START TEXT: 1Reality: The Opium of Progressives\n\nI represented an important and mainstream tradition [of] vigoro" ******* END TEXT: "d Randall Kennedy all declare a concern for African Americans; V. S. Naipaul declares a concern for "
9780814774816 - page_4: "START TEXT: postcolonial peoples. Another thing the Toughs have in common, however, is that they might loosely b" ******* END TEXT: "been issuing Tough Love publications since at least 1972, long before black neoconservatism was the "
9780814774816 - page_5: "START TEXT: lucrative affair it has since become. Opportunism is a significant but incomplete explanation of the" ******* END TEXT: "rges factual investigation and dispassionate search, whether in scholarship, judging, or politics.3\n"
9780814774816 - page_6: "START TEXT: Likewise, Shelby Steele, in an insufficiently noticed feature of his work, adopts the language of cl" ******* END TEXT: "the Tough Love Crowd to dignify antiprogressive politics as fact. Stephen Carter’s widely discussed "
9780814774816 - page_7: "START TEXT: Wall Street Journal op-ed article on affirmative action is a good example. Carter’s piece entirely i" ******* END TEXT: "supposedly apolitical ideals that the Toughs follow stand too long exposed. Long ago the “strident” "
9780814774816 - page_8: "START TEXT: work of Franz Fanon or the “angry” autobiography of Malcolm X had to be championed and rescued as re" ******* END TEXT: " “unprofitable hokum.” And this resistance extends beyond such zealots. Negro Crit progress and the "
9780814774816 - page_9: "START TEXT: continuing resistance to it are both captured in a recent Stanford Law Review’s comment, authored by" ******* END TEXT: "hnique. Carter concedes that his constitutional theory of original intent is “practically anathema” "
9780814774816 - page_19: "START TEXT: 2Julien Benda’s Constitution\n\nNever were there so many political works among those which ought to be" ******* END TEXT: "om the world in which they lived it.”2 Having ostensibly renounced the affairs of the world, having "
9780814774816 - page_20: "START TEXT: ostensibly opted for nonmaterial advantage even while living in manifest material comfort, Julien Be" ******* END TEXT: "evances underlying racial passions is suppressed because impassioned grievances are not “rational,” "
9780814774816 - page_21: "START TEXT: merely passionate (Step Three). These three steps are entirely explicit in Thomas’s response to Derr" ******* END TEXT: "the study of the concrete.”\nThis robust agenda is rather a long way from the disinterested, insular "
9780814774816 - page_22: "START TEXT: musings with which we began. A legal-constitutional version of Benda’s view can, moreover, be found " ******* END TEXT: "out dignifying the notion of an absolute intellectual vocation, ostensibly above civic controversy.\n"
9780814774816 - page_23: "START TEXT: Again, a prominent strand of the critical legal studies movement (henceforth, “Café Crits”)10 also a" ******* END TEXT: "s of disinterest and of solitary truth finding gives unnecessary credence to the Tough Love Crowd’s "
9780814774816 - page_24: "START TEXT: idea that one can both work within the received ways of the academy and thereby render best politica" ******* END TEXT: "p “into ideological weaponry serving immediate political ends.” Kennedy endorses a Bendaresque “com "
9780814774816 - page_25: "START TEXT: mitment to truth above partisan social allegiances.” Yet, like Carter, Kennedy’s renunciation of “pa" ******* END TEXT: "at traditional civil rights groups have been overtaken and are still fighting yesterday’s war. This "
9780814774816 - page_26: "START TEXT: Crouch, like the other Toughs, considers that his duty as an intellectual is to resist “the martial " ******* END TEXT: "d. Carter and Crouch share a considerable kinship, despite Carter’s protestations to the contrary.\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_29: "START TEXT: 3Tough Love Literati\nShelby Steele, English professor, has written little significant literary schol" ******* END TEXT: "egrettable) limits of heroic individualism is entirely absent in Shelby Steele’s earnest pursuit of "
9780814774816 - page_30: "START TEXT: an “Adam Smith” model of culture and an America that is “passionately raceless.”3 Steele’s ideal peo" ******* END TEXT: "With his wife’s science, Steele is able to distinguish mere “hyperbolic correlatives” of oppression "
9780814774816 - page_31: "START TEXT: from “actual oppressive events.” With his wife’s science, Steele can see that in reality the civil r" ******* END TEXT: "leasant California suburb, accuses these sweaty campaigners of pursuing “escapist racial policy.”6\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_32: "START TEXT: 4Tough Love Economist\nThomas Sowell, economist, has a straightforward faith in the ability of his me" ******* END TEXT: "In his view, such activism trades on “the subordination of evidence to belief.” Ever the economist, "
9780814774816 - page_33: "START TEXT: Sowell suggests that the civil rights activists depend, for their very employment and visibility, on" ******* END TEXT: " found” (emphasis original). Sowell’s objection is no longer the supposed displacement of economics "
9780814774816 - page_34: "START TEXT: by ideology, but rather the (for him) inappropriate placement of the burden of proof on the employer" ******* END TEXT: "Supreme Court decisions that Steele describes as moving away from racial preferences is “to protect "
9780814774816 - page_35: "START TEXT: the constitutional rights of everyone rather than take rights away from blacks.” Steele’s willingnes" ******* END TEXT: "wave of the past. Yet no quadratic equation will ever establish that proposition. Sowell holds this "
9780814774816 - page_36: "START TEXT: view today; he held it in 1983, when he published the language last cited; and he held it in 1972, w" ******* END TEXT: "gitimately describe him as treacherous. He is, in his own words, outside that civil rights battle.\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_37: "START TEXT: 5Tough Love Lawyers\n\nOne love. One heart. Let’s join together and I’ll feel all right. . . . [But ye" ******* END TEXT: "r otherwise, ought generally to tell deliberate lies (but certainly, lie to the KKK about where the "
9780814774816 - page_38: "START TEXT: fleeing Negroes are, to the German Nazis—past and present—about where the Jews and “Gypsies” are).\nA" ******* END TEXT: " right to think.” Overab-sorption in labels is certainly always unhelpful, hence my own emphasis on "
9780814774816 - page_39: "START TEXT: the different views even within the Tough Love Crowd. Nevertheless, Carter’s objection is hard to un" ******* END TEXT: "ics compatible with entrenched intellectual tastes?) rather than announcing a truth. To detect such "
9780814774816 - page_40: "START TEXT: issues, Carter need go no further than the epigraph of Michel Foucault’s Language, Counter-Memory, P" ******* END TEXT: "sive intentions fall flat in practice because they adhere to ideals of intellectual untetheredness.\n"
9780814774816 - page_41: "START TEXT: A good example is Kennedy’s article on the death penalty case of McClesky v. Kemp.3 This article is " ******* END TEXT: "ath can never be undone. While one who is wrongly imprisoned can be superficially compensated by an "
9780814774816 - page_42: "START TEXT: award of money damages, a corpse cannot be revivified. We haven’t yet institutionalized the fable of" ******* END TEXT: "nfortunately, Kennedy’s championing of Negro community interests itself collapses upon examination.\n"
9780814774816 - page_43: "START TEXT: Kennedy chose to portray his antiabolitionism in a “community oriented fashion.” Kennedy suggested t" ******* END TEXT: "ame poll, as cited by Kennedy, showed that a majority of whites (67 percent) want to keep the death "
9780814774816 - page_44: "START TEXT: penalty. Kennedy expressly referred, again in the McClesky piece itself, to the role that “majoritar" ******* END TEXT: "fy prevailing scholarly norms.\nDespite quick mention of the complexity of claims of group interest, "
9780814774816 - page_45: "START TEXT: Kennedy’s analysis of that intractable issue never gets at all sophisticated, despite the fact that " ******* END TEXT: "ences, Stephen Carter confesses, in his Reflections, to a “daydream” that one day Thomas Sowell and "
9780814774816 - page_46: "START TEXT: Derrick Bell might shake hands across a conference table. This charmed aspiration is, ironically, a " ******* END TEXT: "r’s arguments that judges are ideally not political actors are dealt with below. What’s interesting "
9780814774816 - page_47: "START TEXT: here is his attempt to get around the weakness of those arguments by appealing to an invented right " ******* END TEXT: "beyond the senators’ competence). The senators ought instead, Carter says, to confine themselves to "
9780814774816 - page_48: "START TEXT: probing a nominee’s “background moral vision and degree of moral reflectiveness.” Moreover, while a " ******* END TEXT: ") does not conceal the fact that this veiled threat is his own. He may be besieged, but his bushels "
9780814774816 - page_49: "START TEXT: are full, his powder is dry, and he will outlast us. “Silencing” nevertheless remains, despite its c" ******* END TEXT: " attempt to show the failed excellences of the Negro Crits in “Racial Critiques of Legal Academia.”\n"
9780814774816 - page_50: "START TEXT: At a pivotal turn in his controversial attack on Negro Crits Mari Matsuda, Derrick Bell, and Richard" ******* END TEXT: "n manifest. Merton refers, in a sentence that Kennedy sliced in half, to “preestablished impersonal "
9780814774816 - page_51: "START TEXT: criteria: consonant with observation and with previously confirmed knowledge.”15 This, too, is not q" ******* END TEXT: " the “Racial Critiques” piece, Kennedy evinced a more sensible (though still problematic) awareness "
9780814774816 - page_52: "START TEXT: of “the ways in which politics inescapably affects scholarship.” No longer needing an instrument wit" ******* END TEXT: "eals to reflect his desire to give voice to the dispossessed. Yet Kennedy entirely fails to address "
9780814774816 - page_53: "START TEXT: the straightforwardly elitist agenda that underlay the successful attempt, at the turn of the centur" ******* END TEXT: "dy acknowledged that the “impersonal” model is a “widely accepted ideal of scholarly procedure.” In "
9780814774816 - page_54: "START TEXT: the 1986 manifesto, Kennedy, seeking a “fundamental explanation” for the tradition of celebration of" ******* END TEXT: "ources of information that Kennedy urged in his 1986 critique of conventional legal scholars, Negro "
9780814774816 - page_55: "START TEXT: Grits suddenly “distorted] reality” and offered “deficient diagnosis.” Citing a Shelby Steele articl" ******* END TEXT: " hyperbolic, and public attack by a member of the postwar French establishment (Raymond Picard) who "
9780814774816 - page_56: "START TEXT: said Barthes was a dangerous leveler. Picard argued that Barthes would deprive French criticism of i" ******* END TEXT: "e. To mention intellectual independence, in this context and on Kennedy’s record, defiles language.\n"
9780814774816 - page_57: "START TEXT: Stephen Carter’s Tough Stuff\nThe tone of Stephen Carter’s work differs from Randall Kennedy’s in a c" ******* END TEXT: " in a subsequent article on Thomas in the New Yorker magazine, itself hardly a racy news organ.) To "
9780814774816 - page_58: "START TEXT: these details Kennedy added this whimsy: “Perhaps I am being unduly skittish, but so be it.”32 SO BE" ******* END TEXT: "t the Founders laid down.”37\nThis is an odd philosophy for a black racial-justice progressive, give "
9780814774816 - page_59: "START TEXT: that our own ancestors were in chains at the relevant time and, perhaps understandably, played hooky" ******* END TEXT: "s nevertheless a scientist because he shifts into a finely tuned factual inquiry in order to reject "
9780814774816 - page_60: "START TEXT: the New Deal as the relevant Founding Event. Carter rejects it because of his empirical hunch that t" ******* END TEXT: "l) that Carter might have pursued. Carter chose to ignore all these in favor of the spirit of 1787.\n"
9780814774816 - page_61: "START TEXT: Still, Carter’s preference for 1787, his preference for the legal theory of originalism, and his era" ******* END TEXT: "nded criticism of liberalism’s exclusionary rhetoric of neutrality and of the fact that it requires "
9780814774816 - page_62: "START TEXT: America’s religious to recast themselves before they enter the public square. Yet what remains firml" ******* END TEXT: "itutional law through a simple refusal to face the arguments that would enforce that collapse. Such "
9780814774816 - page_63: "START TEXT: arbitrary deliverance of a system from a crisis it would otherwise face is, of course, the central f" ******* END TEXT: "for further argument. This recurs in those rare moments when Negro Crit arguments confront Carter’s "
9780814774816 - page_64: "START TEXT: own. In the course of Carter’s championing a dialogic model of constitutional law, Derrick Bell make" ******* END TEXT: "eserve democracy from “democratic excess of the kind that could end the constitutional experiment.”\n"
9780814774816 - page_65: "START TEXT: While others have criticized First Amendment doctrine to the extent that it facilitates the whims of" ******* END TEXT: "r the Theory of Democratic Prosperity is unmistakable upon the most cursory reading of the article.\n"
9780814774816 - page_66: "START TEXT: In summary, Carter’s allegiance to an avuncular yet oppressive liberalism, his recognition that libe" ******* END TEXT: "cal, and inherently humane pursuit that he fancies it to be. Carter’s affable sensibility is like a "
9780814774816 - page_67: "START TEXT: scary kind of Mister Magoo in its somnambulant violence. Telling of his young daughter’s exposure to" ******* END TEXT: " excesses of the 1960s. The Black Panther party’s Elaine Brown has written of brutal beatings, with "
9780814774816 - page_68: "START TEXT: a bullwhip, that she suffered at the hands of David Milliard, also a prominent figure in the Black P" ******* END TEXT: "l cautions, “It does not appear unthinkable that the bulk of the entire culture, call it the public "
9780814774816 - page_69: "START TEXT: discourse of the culture, the culture thinking aloud about itself, hence believing itself to be talk" ******* END TEXT: "ter’s offering of Negro bodies to an idealized and speculative dialogue is, more than dumb, immoral."
9780814774816 - page_70: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_73: "START TEXT: 6Is Law Like a Friar’s Roast?\n\nI have tried to do my part towards making the teaching and the study " ******* END TEXT: "licts of the outside world.\nThis detached ideal continues to dominate popular debate about the role "
9780814774816 - page_74: "START TEXT: of universities, even though few deny that the ideal is outdated. Derek Bok, former dean of Harvard " ******* END TEXT: "lectual respectability.\nLess dramatically, law teachers shape their students’ visions of what it is "
9780814774816 - page_75: "START TEXT: possible for a lawyer to do. Law teachers thus play a role in deploying the energies of many of Amer" ******* END TEXT: "Alchemy of Race and Rights is clearly not a factual work and ought therefore to have been presented "
9780814774816 - page_76: "START TEXT: as a novel. Meanwhile, Randall Kennedy’s “Racial Critiques” article, notwithstanding its serious fla" ******* END TEXT: "rious metaphor of flight.\nIn yet more friendly fire, Daniel Farber and Suzanna Sherry also begin in "
9780814774816 - page_77: "START TEXT: a promising fashion. They specifically note that since Negro Crits have challenged prevailing standa" ******* END TEXT: "ceeded in liberating themselves. Truth is a thing of this world.\n—Michel Foucault, Truth and Power\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_78: "START TEXT: Negro Crit responses to the mock-scientific attacks and assorted misunderstandings canvassed in the " ******* END TEXT: "ompanies and other corporate defendants often bankroll much of the scientific community’s research.\n"
9780814774816 - page_79: "START TEXT: Law’s truth-making role can help America’s dispossessed enormously if lawyers relentlessly question " ******* END TEXT: "ics: toleration is exercised in an inverse proportion to there being anything at stake. Anyone with "
9780814774816 - page_80: "START TEXT: strong views in a heated controversy would probably, if it were her choice to make, withhold the leg" ******* END TEXT: "ark that Marshall had “influenced her most as a raconteur.” 14 Yet, whatever this influence was, it "
9780814774816 - page_81: "START TEXT: did not resemble a consistent pattern of concurrence with Marshall’s opinions. O’Connor’s transmutat" ******* END TEXT: "oes more for the self-righteousness of the empathizer than for the well-being of the dispossessed.\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_100: "START TEXT: already intelligible arguments before the court ought to prevail? Intelligible communication, in gen" ******* END TEXT: "se) furnished by this picture enables Winter’s misreliance on the work of Thomas Kuhn. Winter urges "
9780814774816 - page_101: "START TEXT: that law functions like Kuhn’s picture of “normal science.” Kuhn’s normal science is a mopping-up op" ******* END TEXT: "periods. And of all the extrascientific disciplines that might be said to resemble Kuhn’s normalcy, "
9780814774816 - page_102: "START TEXT: law is perhaps the least likely candidate. Yet instead of vigorous argument in favor of an analogy o" ******* END TEXT: " adequately study itself?). And this possibility deprives Winter of the mantle of expertise that he "
9780814774816 - page_103: "START TEXT: needs. Moreover, even granting the questionable assumption that language and cognition are available" ******* END TEXT: "s Café Crit claim, if believed, would demoralize those who lack these men’s tutelage. Those without "
9780814774816 - page_104: "START TEXT: their wise guidance might believe themselves to lack some special insight. Café Crit vanguardism, ta" ******* END TEXT: "tcome reached by people I identify with. Because I think they were up to the same thing I am up to, "
9780814774816 - page_105: "START TEXT: whatever they came up with has in its favor my initial sense that it’s probably what I would have co" ******* END TEXT: "field,” he is playing moot court. When Kennedy talks about the moral force of law, someone giggles. "
9780814774816 - page_106: "START TEXT: When lawyers pronounce Kennedy a progressive, Jonathon Swift giggles, too.\nThe Physical Constraint o" ******* END TEXT: "d days in the “medium” of Russian language. To say that the constraint of law is as much a property "
9780814774816 - page_107: "START TEXT: of the medium as it is a product of individual exhaustion, talent, etc., is thus both accurate and u" ******* END TEXT: "ps short of that argument.\nUberactivist judges might claim that the legal rules and the legislative "
9780814774816 - page_108: "START TEXT: history are bad and that judges are free to ignore those bad building blocks and instead follow thei" ******* END TEXT: "cs. She will welcome decisions that might startle certain members of the onlooking legal community. "
9780814774816 - page_109: "START TEXT: This places the ideal judge at loggerheads with Fish. Fish has no stomach for startling the legal co" ******* END TEXT: "s implicitly assume that one branch of any given legal-judicial controversy just is (or potentially "
9780814774816 - page_110: "START TEXT: is) consistent with the enterprise of law, whereas other branches reflect illegitimate extralegal in" ******* END TEXT: "h’s distance from the turbulence of legal practice, his view that stability is the essence of legal "
9780814774816 - page_111: "START TEXT: practice, and the actual importance of instability in legal practice are all reflected in the follow" ******* END TEXT: "h violence, issues that you and I admit are reasonably open to question. How come they can do this?\n"
9780814774816 - page_112: "START TEXT: Given the collapse of law’s leverage, the possibility of a general or systemic justification for the" ******* END TEXT: "y, café criticism, fishy business, or, worse, Tough Love lawyering: more complacent than the rest.\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_82: "START TEXT: 7Can We Judge Judges?\n\nWho did you bury to become enforcer of the law?\n—Audre Lorde, The Marvelous A" ******* END TEXT: "s positively harmful. Such foredoomed striving obscures injustices that less grandiose ideals might "
9780814774816 - page_83: "START TEXT: remedy. Every principle that is admittedly unattainable in practice is also immediately suspect IN P" ******* END TEXT: "over pro-people. His point is always ostensibly that racial justice is better served by his agenda.\n"
9780814774816 - page_84: "START TEXT: In a sense other than the sense that it intends, however, this last objection (“why a higher standar" ******* END TEXT: "at Thomas is responsible for law would be both inaccurate and improper, because law is a science in "
9780814774816 - page_85: "START TEXT: which correct answers are compelled by technical rules. A justice’s job is to set aside her personal" ******* END TEXT: "esults of cases without any action by him. There might still be numerous reasons why Thomas follows "
9780814774816 - page_86: "START TEXT: a rule, but these reasons would now be of the same political, strategic, or personal sort that the r" ******* END TEXT: "entire era of what is commonly called judicial activism. The Supreme Court struck down minimum-wage "
9780814774816 - page_87: "START TEXT: legislation in the name of freedom of contract, and the case is fodder for both the Right and the Le" ******* END TEXT: "are frequently predictable.4 But this predictability can be explained by the prevalence of a conven "
9780814774816 - page_88: "START TEXT: tional wisdom. And this prevalence doesn’t in itself recover law’s lost leverage, doesn’t restore th" ******* END TEXT: "riety. In Felix Cohen’s picture, by contrast, moral evaluation would be the very engine room of the "
9780814774816 - page_89: "START TEXT: law, its primary animating force. Today, this aspect of Cohen’s thought has been effectively muted.\n" ******* END TEXT: "ately constrained. They admit that law does not constrain judges in the sense that would render law "
9780814774816 - page_90: "START TEXT: apolitical or unproblematically legitimate. Rather, they claim to find legitimate constraint in a va" ******* END TEXT: "se extremes in favor of a Wittgensteinian approach that uses “the concept of culture to explain the "
9780814774816 - page_91: "START TEXT: human experience of certainty.” She urges that Wittgensteinian forms of life provide “our” law with " ******* END TEXT: "ve agreement fails is an unlikely prescription for a practice of deciding court cases. It is wonder "
9780814774816 - page_92: "START TEXT: fully anarchist rather than, as Williams takes it to be, restorative of order. And where Williams un" ******* END TEXT: " at last one greets a new case without the initial, wrenching sense of disorientation and surprise.\n"
9780814774816 - page_93: "START TEXT: This confessional moment provides nothing less than a glimpse of cultural indoctrination. Anxiety an" ******* END TEXT: "lined the “prereflective cognitive structures” that might provide a basis for the shared vocabulary "
9780814774816 - page_94: "START TEXT: they need to launch their own theory of society in conversation.17 While these dialogists have been " ******* END TEXT: " as reminding us of the limits of formal and institutional initiatives in effecting profound social "
9780814774816 - page_95: "START TEXT: transformation. But Winter is in fact more ambitious. He thinks his theory can guide our actual prac" ******* END TEXT: "or judges. Winter concedes that predictably unpersuasive legal arguments will yet be linguistically "
9780814774816 - page_96: "START TEXT: and doctrinally coherent (will not seem “to violate the rules of the game”). This concession—that un" ******* END TEXT: "ion to which a judge is committed. At best, Winter must resort to a form of unreliable strategist’s "
9780814774816 - page_97: "START TEXT: prophesy: if the judge outruns society’s shared cognitive forms, Winter might counsel, her attempt t" ******* END TEXT: " structure our experiences of the core bindingness and peripheral unbindingness of legal rules. One "
9780814774816 - page_98: "START TEXT: could, in response, illustrate that this notion of shared ICMs merely adds another level of controve" ******* END TEXT: "ment to an ideal called Law, but a commitment to that peculiar ideal above any and all competitors.\n"
9780814774816 - page_99: "START TEXT: Indeed, one can go further. An ethical judge need not conceptualize her decision as a choice between" ******* END TEXT: "t, even if accurate, is irrelevant to legal controversy. In court, the question is, Which among the "
9780814774816 - page_115: "START TEXT: 8Justice Thomas’s Sins\nHow to Nail Thomas\n\nThis is what Clarence Thomas wanted. He wanted to be eval" ******* END TEXT: "jugated. Third, demonization of Thomas obscures a more general problem that may well be the root of "
9780814774816 - page_116: "START TEXT: Thomas’s self-righteousness: his reliance on the ideal of disinterested truth. A pillar of Thomas’s " ******* END TEXT: "lt—beyond clear cases like Pol Pot and Henry Kissinger—to decide what is factually evil and what is "
9780814774816 - page_117: "START TEXT: not. Because of this last difficulty, the present argument advances a second basis of ethical critic" ******* END TEXT: "ply personal indebtedness to those who struggled before him, and of the enduring racism of American "
9780814774816 - page_118: "START TEXT: society. Such statements are a pervasive feature of Thomas’s writings and speeches, but his commence" ******* END TEXT: "e Tough judge is straightforwardly hostile to female America. Second, Thomas pursues his allegiance "
9780814774816 - page_119: "START TEXT: to African America through a frankly Utopian brand of conservative politics. This is especially iron" ******* END TEXT: "opinion in Lamprecht turned largely on a distinction between gender injustice and racial injustice. "
9780814774816 - page_120: "START TEXT: Thomas concluded that while race was a sufficient basis for preference programs, gender was not. Tho" ******* END TEXT: "lecture was, to say the least, optimistic, especially given Thomas’s own views on the permanence of "
9780814774816 - page_121: "START TEXT: racism in American society. Derrick Bell’s book, Faces at the Bottom of the Well, was widely and ina" ******* END TEXT: ". We made some mistakes in this administration that may have fostered the perception that attacking "
9780814774816 - page_122: "START TEXT: discrimination is not a top priority. One is the Bob Jones University fiasco, in which the administr" ******* END TEXT: "roke with Thomas over what he saw as Thomas’s self-absorption and problematic pro-Reagan politics.7\n"
9780814774816 - page_123: "START TEXT: Thomas’s pride in his upbringing is, nevertheless, such that he occasionally appears to slide from a" ******* END TEXT: "ous policies.” But what are these forceful policies? Thomas, adrift for such alternatives, comments "
9780814774816 - page_124: "START TEXT: that “the most compassionate thing [my family] did for [me] was to teach [me] to fend for [myself] a" ******* END TEXT: "Court precedent; expansive reading of regressive precedent) reflects Thomas’s truth. Thomas’s truth "
9780814774816 - page_125: "START TEXT: is that the small state is best. The way his grandparents raised him “was not their social policy, i" ******* END TEXT: "g, if we laid the blame at religion’s doorstep. The church has played a central role in much of the "
9780814774816 - page_126: "START TEXT: American civil rights movement. It continues to give us our foremost civil rights and intellectual l" ******* END TEXT: "ing destruction, with all its bright lights and grand promises constructed by social scientists and "
9780814774816 - page_127: "START TEXT: politicians. To the side, there is a seldom used, overgrown road leading through the valley of life." ******* END TEXT: " to Thomas, the activists’ displacement of rationality by passion leads to “further polarization of "
9780814774816 - page_128: "START TEXT: groups. These fears can register voters, fill ballot boxes or supply audiences for skilled orators w" ******* END TEXT: "d to various professional and business organizations in 1985 is given over to a discussion of these "
9780814774816 - page_129: "START TEXT: managerial issues. He draws the contrast (politics versus managerialism) explicitly: “These are the " ******* END TEXT: " that, he assumes, is always a distraction from demonstrated facts. There is evidence in the speech "
9780814774816 - page_130: "START TEXT: that Thomas feels politically pressured by the Right as well as the Left. The point is not that Thom" ******* END TEXT: "t legislation ensures that (e.g.) a soldier’s house is not sold away from under her should she fail "
9780814774816 - page_131: "START TEXT: to make mortgage payments while she is away fighting for her country. Conroy failed to pay real esta" ******* END TEXT: "eems to have alarmed most members of the majority. Stevens wrote that Scalia was apparently willing "
9780814774816 - page_132: "START TEXT: to assume that the Supreme Court has “a duty to enforce the statute as written even if fully convinc" ******* END TEXT: "e fact that parsing Congress’s language had split the Court five to four did not give Thomas pause.\n"
9780814774816 - page_133: "START TEXT: Thomas objected that the majority, in reaching its decision, polluted what should be a pure language" ******* END TEXT: "om an undercover officer, tendering the gun in payment. To “use” a gun is, one may think, to menace "
9780814774816 - page_134: "START TEXT: or to wound rather than to tender as payment. Yet this view was corralled into the dissenting opinio" ******* END TEXT: "ule holds that a person applying for habeas corpus relief must do so on the basis of the law at the "
9780814774816 - page_135: "START TEXT: time of her trial. If the basis for the petition is a “new rule”—one that arose after a petitioner’s" ******* END TEXT: " Appeals that Cupp was an “unlikely progenitor” of the Falconer rule. Did Rehnquist and Thomas then "
9780814774816 - page_136: "START TEXT: agree with the Court of Appeals that the Boyd and Johnson cases compelled the result? Nope. The Cour" ******* END TEXT: "ature of the rule is the only possible one. The dissenters join battle with the following offering:\n"
9780814774816 - page_137: "START TEXT: The Court’s [comment last-cited] . . . added by THE CHIEF JUSTICE after the dissenting opinion circu" ******* END TEXT: "levant case comes before the Court, a prochoice justice’s best option may be to prevent such a case "
9780814774816 - page_138: "START TEXT: from reaching the Court’s docket. If she can persuade three other members to go along, the danger of" ******* END TEXT: "w York. The Supreme Court refused to hear the Florida case; it took the New York case and reached a "
9780814774816 - page_139: "START TEXT: result deferential to President Clinton (who, abandoning campaign pledges, cloned Bush’s policy and " ******* END TEXT: "cern for the Haitians?\nThe very existence of Justice Blackmun’s dissent is significant in assessing "
9780814774816 - page_140: "START TEXT: Thomas’s decision. Even on the unlikely assumption that Thomas’s resort to Rule Ten Point One, and h" ******* END TEXT: " and a majority of the current members of the Supreme Court took sides in a controversial political "
9780814774816 - page_141: "START TEXT: argument over the scope of executive power. And despite Thomas’s claim that he had somehow shed ideo" ******* END TEXT: "ve been forced into hiding.”\nPlacing Thomas’s espoused concern for Haitian well-being alongside his "
9780814774816 - page_142: "START TEXT: voluntary elevation of executive prerogative, it is easy to argue that he betrayed the Haitians, cho" ******* END TEXT: "his equal-protection claim. O’Connor and Thomas were in no credible position to deny that the claim "
9780814774816 - page_143: "START TEXT: was novel. Less than four months earlier, O’Connor had wondered aloud how an equal-protection claim " ******* END TEXT: "es. [In the political context, by perpetuating such notions], a racial gerrymander [sic] may exacer "
9780814774816 - page_144: "START TEXT: bate the very patterns of racial block voting that majority-minority districting is sometimes said t" ******* END TEXT: "rtion given widely known facts. The document, far from dismantling slavery, arranged matters on the "
9780814774816 - page_145: "START TEXT: assumption of its continued existence. It thus countenanced a perverted, not remarkably democratic, " ******* END TEXT: "hs of the Boston Scholar.\nThomas is forever objecting to the use of the Constitution to “transform” "
9780814774816 - page_146: "START TEXT: the courts into boards of supervisors of various sorts. In Doggett v. United States, he objected to " ******* END TEXT: " progressive possibilities opened up by contemporary skepticism about claims of objective truth. If "
9780814774816 - page_147: "START TEXT: Thomas has been duped into this belief, he has dropped the ball in an even more obvious sense.\nIf, c" ******* END TEXT: "mas challenged the core idea of Rehnquist’s novel free-speech argument. Thomas argued that abstract "
9780814774816 - page_148: "START TEXT: beliefs themselves could be relevant to the character inquiry in sentencing decisions; that racist b" ******* END TEXT: " (were not “literally true”).\nConversely, the Scalia opinion was, in the dissenting Justice White’s "
9780814774816 - page_149: "START TEXT: words, “an arid, doctrinaire interpretation [that is] mischievous at best and will surely confuse th" ******* END TEXT: "t the simple elimination of all observed racial imbalance, especially if that would simply mean the "
9780814774816 - page_150: "START TEXT: destruction of black colleges. Scalia, in contrast, speculated that the elimination of these college" ******* END TEXT: "ice, we reject that request.”\nIn sending the case back to the lower court the majority opinion did, "
9780814774816 - page_151: "START TEXT: however, leave open the question of whether “an increase in funding is necessary to achieve a full d" ******* END TEXT: "urisprudence. Civil rights activists have long favored abolition of the death penalty, arguing that "
9780814774816 - page_152: "START TEXT: it offends humanitarian principles and that the U.S. death penalty regime is not rational, is racial" ******* END TEXT: "es to America’s dispossessed.\nThomas, urging that mandatory death sentences advance racial justice, "
9780814774816 - page_153: "START TEXT: insists that a mandatory regime eliminates the jury’s otherwise “boundless discretion,” which the ju" ******* END TEXT: "enalty context, the unhappy truth that the American Constitution is imperfect. He laments that “the "
9780814774816 - page_154: "START TEXT: Court has put itself in the seemingly permanent business of supervising capital sentencing procedure" ******* END TEXT: "as bereft of credibility.”\nScalia and Thomas, meanwhile, urged the contrary gospel of the imperfect "
9780814774816 - page_155: "START TEXT: Constitution. Their separate concurring opinion directly contradicted the O’Connor-Kennedy view that" ******* END TEXT: " looks odd alongside his own description of originalism’s limits as unhappy ones. Once we point out "
9780814774816 - page_156: "START TEXT: that all interpretations of the Constitution are ideological, and no reading is privileged, we have " ******* END TEXT: "nsufficient basis for invalidation of a death sentence. Rehnquist in Fretwell suddenly rejected “an "
9780814774816 - page_157: "START TEXT: analysis focusing solely on mere outcome determination without attention to whether the result of th" ******* END TEXT: "ngton, D.C., and seeing, outside his office window, handcuffed blacks being put in prison vans. His "
9780814774816 - page_158: "START TEXT: widely broadcast response: “There but for the grace of God go I.” Remarks like this furthered the di" ******* END TEXT: " absence of serious injury, wrote Justice O’Connor, does not end the constitutional inquiry. Thomas "
9780814774816 - page_159: "START TEXT: (Scalia concurring) disagreed. Invoking once again the unhappy truths of original intent and of the " ******* END TEXT: "he happy way in Hudson.\nMonths later, the Court revisited prison conditions in Helling v. McKinney. "
9780814774816 - page_160: "START TEXT: 53 There a prisoner said that the state, by confining him to a cell with a smoker, unconstitutionall" ******* END TEXT: " these FCC policies did not violate the Constitution because they had been specifically mandated by "
9780814774816 - page_161: "START TEXT: Congress and served the important governmental purpose of broadcast diversity.\nIn the subsequent Lam" ******* END TEXT: "aphernalia (the charts and such) and the empiricist rhetoric that clutter the main text of Thomas’s "
9780814774816 - page_162: "START TEXT: opinion. Despite all those numbers, the question was simply one of moral and political values: Which" ******* END TEXT: "he trier of fact that he has been the victim of intentional discrimination.” And even though Scalia "
9780814774816 - page_163: "START TEXT: agreed that the employee had proven “the existence of a crusade to terminate him,” he still had furt" ******* END TEXT: "ad the legal right (“standing”) to challenge a minority set-aside program, without any need to show "
9780814774816 - page_164: "START TEXT: that one of its members would have received a contract absent the program. The standing doctrine ens" ******* END TEXT: " these disciplines assume that all motives are monetary and so oversimplify the complex reasons why "
9780814774816 - page_165: "START TEXT: people do the things they do. While arguments favoring legal recognition of symbolic harms are stron" ******* END TEXT: " money went to the party, for its own enjoyment, not to a needy litigant trying to pay his lawyers.\n"
9780814774816 - page_166: "START TEXT: Impartiality Is Zealotry\nAn important goal of the Negro Criticism woven throughout the discussion of" ******* END TEXT: "e matters of inquiry when the president selects a nominee or when the Senate votes on confirmation.\n"
9780814774816 - page_167: "START TEXT: Despite this litany of serious disagreement, Carter ultimately found common ground with Bork on the " ******* END TEXT: "nd off the encroaching NAACP “wagon trains” (the Journal’s phrase), the editorial urged an ideal of "
9780814774816 - page_168: "START TEXT: “judges as impartial arbiters of law” to displace the powerful competing ideal of fairness in judici" ******* END TEXT: " assumes that some impartial depoliticized process is obviously desirable. The foregoing discussion "
9780814774816 - page_169: "START TEXT: suggests the opposite. An acknowledgment that judicial power is political power forces the debate on" ******* END TEXT: "irness of the new judge-selection procedures were not objective, and implying that its own call for "
9780814774816 - page_170: "START TEXT: judges as impartial arbiters was objective. Clint Bolick objected that the Guinier appointment would" ******* END TEXT: "litically comfortable. The ideal of impartiality is itself a partisan weapon in American politics.\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_173: "START TEXT: 9Sir Vidia Naipaul’s Revolutionary Truth\n\nNaipaul seems . . . to be a writer beleaguered by his own " ******* END TEXT: "re generally, Carter appears willing to exoticize foreigners in order to enhance the persuasiveness "
9780814774816 - page_174: "START TEXT: of his scholarship before an American audience.1 Carter’s advocacy of an expanded role for religion " ******* END TEXT: "knows that U.S. policy in the Dominican Republic, and throughout the Caribbean, was and is directed "
9780814774816 - page_175: "START TEXT: by very specific American corporate interests (e.g., the United Fruit Company and its corporate succ" ******* END TEXT: "racy itself, and the evils done in the name of religion from the ideal of American religion itself, "
9780814774816 - page_176: "START TEXT: he rushes to conflate the failures (alleged as a generality) of Marxists with Marxism itself, and th" ******* END TEXT: "t that Byron’s personality display obscured the world. Scott was the truer writer, he said, because "
9780814774816 - page_177: "START TEXT: Scott did not stand between the reader and the world. To render the truth of his own life Hazlitt ha" ******* END TEXT: "ge he has spent his life amassing: “You must read [The Middle Passage] and tell me that the chapter "
9780814774816 - page_178: "START TEXT: on Jamaica is not wonderfully prescient, pre-visionary of what has happened lately. If you can tell " ******* END TEXT: "ite regress of “false consciousness.” Even if it is, by some unspecified and metaphysical standard, "
9780814774816 - page_179: "START TEXT: true that we postcolonials don’t “know” our true selves, who is to say that Goodheart knows us bette" ******* END TEXT: "is most sophisticated adversaries. Rob Nixon’s London Calling: V. S. Naipaul, Postcolonial Mandarin "
9780814774816 - page_180: "START TEXT: discusses at length Naipaul’s disdain for frivolous and privileged travel writers (Waugh, Norman, By" ******* END TEXT: " with myself in some way.”\nWriting is a vocation that Naipaul sees as given to him by his father, a "
9780814774816 - page_181: "START TEXT: journalist and short story writer in the (for Naipaul) culturally barren landscape of Trinidad’s col" ******* END TEXT: "he further one of helping his society regain its belief in itself. Naipaul is quite selfconsciously "
9780814774816 - page_182: "START TEXT: an adherent of the first project, and (implicitly or else despite himself) he also participates in t" ******* END TEXT: "te value is the somehow untethered pursuit of beauty; he denies that the aesthetic is somehow to be "
9780814774816 - page_183: "START TEXT: elevated above the human. Rather, the alleged aesthetic failure of the Indian novelists is for Naipa" ******* END TEXT: "otal vacuum.” Naipaul rejects cloistered art and, for instance, wants India to “do something in the "
9780814774816 - page_184: "START TEXT: world”: “A country with 600 to 700 million people which is now offering the world nothing but illegi" ******* END TEXT: "es, Naipaul claims to have reached the “Buddhist ideal of non-attachment” to politics. For Naipaul, "
9780814774816 - page_185: "START TEXT: the novelist must thus be attached to and in conversation with society, yet unattached to convention" ******* END TEXT: "not exist in Trinidad.”\nUpon Naipaul’s receipt of the 1993 inaugural David Cohen British Literature "
9780814774816 - page_186: "START TEXT: Prize recognizing “a lifetime’s achievement by a living British writer,” his acceptance speech affir" ******* END TEXT: "s objective truth. In 1938, C. L. R. James’s Black Jacobins provided exactly the kind of compelling "
9780814774816 - page_187: "START TEXT: account of Toussaint L’Overture and the Haitian revolution that Froude would evidently dismiss as “p" ******* END TEXT: "rawling empire? Star-tlingly, it is far from clear that Naipaul would admit the absurdity of such a "
9780814774816 - page_188: "START TEXT: view. Naipaul has referred to Britain’s increasingly “colonial” sense of security—the sense that all" ******* END TEXT: " solutions. He divines that the problem is history, which is inherently beyond the reach of current "
9780814774816 - page_189: "START TEXT: mortals. What, then, is to be done about postcolonial societies? “Nothing! There’s nothing to be don" ******* END TEXT: "h writer, the parallel between his situation and Naipaul’s own complaint in his 1958 article on the "
9780814774816 - page_190: "START TEXT: “Regional Barrier” is striking. Burgess, in this article, which is a 1991 excerpt from his memoirs s" ******* END TEXT: "pon revisiting Bombay, months after his initial 1964 visit.) The dust jacket of the U.S. edition of "
9780814774816 - page_191: "START TEXT: Naipaul’s 1990 India book is studded with “Praise for V. S. Naipaul.” Heading the list is Joseph Lel" ******* END TEXT: " more rigid systems in the end blow away.” On the same day and on the same page—literally alongside "
9780814774816 - page_192: "START TEXT: Naipaul’s article—William Safire, baying for war, contrasted the world’s “civilized capitals” to Ira" ******* END TEXT: "ingful criticism. “Criticism” that asserts futility is literally meaningless, since life continues. "
9780814774816 - page_193: "START TEXT: Naipaul has long denied that humans in postcolonial societies can generate value. This ability has, " ******* END TEXT: "velists: the form of his work entails the worth of human life, while the infused vision denies it.\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_194: "START TEXT: Conclusion: What’s So Scary about Partisanship?\nPartisanship Is Not Censorship\nSurely more truth is " ******* END TEXT: "Our thought therefore cannot capture the ideology that shapes it. We can’t climb outside our way of "
9780814774816 - page_195: "START TEXT: seeing. So the idea that partisanship is somehow more ideological than Benda’s ideal of disinterest " ******* END TEXT: "nce so much stuff muffles the dispossessed’s talk, the last voice we need is Tough counterfeit calm."
9780814774816 - page_196: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\n© 1995 by New York UniversityAll rights reserved\nLibrar" ******* END TEXT: "rength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1\n\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_v: "START TEXT: For brothers Anil and Shastri, who are not ordinary.And for my parents, who account for that fact. " ******* END TEXT: "For brothers Anil and Shastri, who are not ordinary.And for my parents, who account for that fact. "
9780814774816 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_i: "START TEXT: Clarence Thomas and the Tough Love Crowd" ******* END TEXT: "Clarence Thomas and the Tough Love Crowd"
9780814774816 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_215: "START TEXT: Index\nAbortion. See Women, right to choose\nAchebe, Chinua, 181, 183\nAffirmative action, 40\nand Steph" ******* END TEXT: "Patrick, 12\nBrock, David, 13, 125\nand Thomas Sowell, 16\nand Kathleen Sullivan, 22\nBrown, Elaine, 67\n"
9780814774816 - page_216: "START TEXT: Buchanan, Patrick, 116, 120\nantisemitism, 7\nBuckley, William R, Jr., 13, 161\nBusiness judgment rule," ******* END TEXT: "1–22\nand sexual harassment guidelines, 119\nEllis, Tray, 45\nEmpiricism: alleged strict empiricism of "
9780814774816 - page_217: "START TEXT: legal realist movement, 89\nempirical hunch, 14\nEquality, alleged impossibility of, 21, 39\nExpertise," ******* END TEXT: "ce, 51\nand Martin Luther King, 67\nand Shelby Steele, 29, 30, 37\n“silencing,” 39, 57–58\nand Clarence "
9780814774816 - page_218: "START TEXT: Thomas, 152\nU.S. Supreme Court, 35\nKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 67, 68\nKnowledge: and law, 23 n. 10, 95" ******* END TEXT: "w Black Aesthetic, 8, 45\nNew Yorker, 4, 57\nNew York Times, xiii, 7, 17, 20, 56, 57, 74, 80,115, 191\n"
9780814774816 - page_219: "START TEXT: New York Times Book Review, 58, 191\nNietzsche, Friedrich, 179\nNixon, Rob, 173, 176\nNorth, Oliver, 17" ******* END TEXT: "tarianism, 131\nand original intent, 144, 146, 147\nostensible allegiance to legal language, 134, 135\n"
9780814774816 - page_220: "START TEXT: the right to choose, 120\nand Clarence Thomas, 4, 120, 144, 148, 150, 160\nScience: and law, 51, 73, 7" ******* END TEXT: "ing of, 59–61\nforeign policy, 174–75\nlaw schools, 45, 73–77\nlaw, United States Code, Annotated, 138\n"
9780814774816 - page_221: "START TEXT: manifest destiny, 174\nand V. S. Naipaul, 173, 183, 187\nNative Americans, 174\nand racial apologists, " ******* END TEXT: "r, 14, 48, 67–68\nright to choose, 14, 17, 119–20, 125\nand Clarence Thomas, 118, 119–20, 125, 161–62\n"
9780814774816 - page_222: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_197: "START TEXT: Notes\nNotes to Chapter 1\n1. Shelby Steele, The Content of Our Character (New York: HarperCollins, 19" ******* END TEXT: "Farber and Suzanna Sherry, Telling Stories out of School, 45 Stan. L. Rev. 807, 808, 835–36 (1993).\n"
9780814774816 - page_198: "START TEXT: 11. C. Thomas, address to the Pacific Research Institute, August 10, 1987, 2.\n12. Drucilla Cornell, " ******* END TEXT: "at Ms. Guinier was “breathtakingly radical.” C. Bolick, quoted in Washington Times, April 30, 1993.\n"
9780814774816 - page_199: "START TEXT: 24. R. Kennedy, 15 American Prospect 46.\n25. S. Carter, The Culture of Disbelief (New York: HarperCo" ******* END TEXT: "vatism, 59 Transition 4, 12 (Fall 1993) (the new black conservatism rests on “ideological fetish”).\n"
9780814774816 - page_200: "START TEXT: Notes to Chapter 2\n1. Roland Barthes, Criticism and Truth (1967), trans, and ed. Katrine Pilcher (Mi" ******* END TEXT: "eir ability to provide knowledge for politics; their consequent and fruitless pursuit of a some-how "
9780814774816 - page_201: "START TEXT: impeccable legal-scholarly “methodology”; and their sometimes collapse into something resembling a p" ******* END TEXT: "er 8, 1993, A34 (editorial column). Steele elsewhere suggests that race enhances individuality, but "
9780814774816 - page_202: "START TEXT: “only when individuality is nurtured and developed apart from race.” S. Steele, Content, 29. What th" ******* END TEXT: "ky, 1421, n. 157. The assertion that “individual rights” are “more familiar” is itself tendentious.\n"
9780814774816 - page_203: "START TEXT: 6. R. Kennedy, McClesky, 1394, n. 20.\n7. R. Kennedy, McClesky, 1420, n. 152.\n8. H. L. Gates, Jr., Lo" ******* END TEXT: "ress, 1987), 33.\n31. Charles Rothfeld, “Minority Critic Stirs Debate on Minority Writing,” New York "
9780814774816 - page_204: "START TEXT: Times, January 5, 1993, B6; Derrick Bell, “Shed Light in All Corners of Academic Tenure,” letter, Ne" ******* END TEXT: " the Uniqueness Puzzle, and the Economic Conditions of Democracy, 56 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 136 (1987).\n"
9780814774816 - page_205: "START TEXT: 50. Carter’s vision of the state as the principal conduit for legitimate dialogue is, importantly, t" ******* END TEXT: "e, E. Said, The World, the Text, and the Critic (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), 54–89.\n"
9780814774816 - page_206: "START TEXT: 12. Martha Minow, The Supreme Court 1986 Term—Foreword: Justice Engendered, 101 Harv. L. Rev. 10, 77" ******* END TEXT: " The first (which she intends) translates “with likelihood of swaying the court.” The second, which "
9780814774816 - page_207: "START TEXT: preserves for the judge, if not the advocate, a radical freedom as to the outcome of the case, conno" ******* END TEXT: "1, 625, n. 40 (1988).\n22. S. Winter, Indeterminacy, 1490.\n23. S. Winter, Indeterminacy, 1506, 1520.\n"
9780814774816 - page_208: "START TEXT: 24. S. Winter, Transcendental Nonsense, Metaphoric Reasoning, and the Cognitive Stakes for Law, 137 " ******* END TEXT: "s, quoted in Phelps and Winternitz, Capitol Games, 85.\n7. Phelps and Winternitz, Capitol Games, 59.\n"
9780814774816 - page_209: "START TEXT: 8. Firefighters v. Stotts, 467 U.S. 561 (1981). See Phelps and Winternitz, Capitol Games, 103 (sugge" ******* END TEXT: "ice Scalia, Justice Thomas joining); Dobbs v. Zant, 113 S. Ct. 835 (1993) (Scalia, Thomas joining).\n"
9780814774816 - page_210: "START TEXT: 19. Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989). For lay criticism, see, e.g., New York Times, Editorial, Au" ******* END TEXT: " 113 S. Ct. 2194 (1993).\n42. U.S. v. Fordice, 112 S. Ct. 2727, 2733, 2742, 2743, 2744, 2752 (1992).\n"
9780814774816 - page_211: "START TEXT: 43. Graham v. Collins, 113 S. Ct. 892 (1993).\n44.Graham, 908. Yet elsewhere in this very opinion, Th" ******* END TEXT: "ch 30, 1988, 17, in Clarence Thomas Sourcebook, 57.\n65. S. Carter, New Republic, February 22, 1993.\n"
9780814774816 - page_212: "START TEXT: 66. E. Chemerinsky, The Price of Asking the Wrong Questions, 62 Tex. L. Rev. 1207, 1231 (1984).\n67. " ******* END TEXT: "23, 1983, 16.\n10. V. S. Naipaul, “Jasmine,” Times Literary Supplement, June 4, 1964, rpt. in Robert "
9780814774816 - page_213: "START TEXT: D. Hamner, ed., Critical Perspectives on V. S. Naipaul (Washington, D.C.: Three Continents, 1977), 1" ******* END TEXT: "for India is further decay and total collapse and, perhaps, the hope of a phoenixlike rise from the "
9780814774816 - page_214: "START TEXT: ashes. And this last hint of affirmation is reduced to mere rhetoric by the tenor of the book as a w" ******* END TEXT: "ork: Verso, 1991), 2.\n2. Ishmael Reed, Airing Dirty Laundry (New York: Addison Wesley, 1993), 32.\n\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_1: "START TEXT: IThe Truth Trap" ******* END TEXT: "IThe Truth Trap"
9780814774816 - page_2: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_27: "START TEXT: IITough Love U.S.A." ******* END TEXT: "IITough Love U.S.A."
9780814774816 - page_28: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_71: "START TEXT: IIINegro Crit Law" ******* END TEXT: "IIINegro Crit Law"
9780814774816 - page_72: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_113: "START TEXT: IVTough Love Judge" ******* END TEXT: "IVTough Love Judge"
9780814774816 - page_114: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_171: "START TEXT: VTough Love International" ******* END TEXT: "VTough Love International"
9780814774816 - page_172: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Preface: The Tough Love Crowd: Disciplined Heroes\n\nLuckily, we have a fighting tradition. . . . The " ******* END TEXT: "conomist”) is a central figure in any discussion of black neoconservatism. He is a senior fellow at "
9780814774816 - page_xii: "START TEXT: the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace. A frequent columnist, he has taught at univers" ******* END TEXT: ", The Economics and Politics of Race (1983), assures the hesitating book purchaser that “Sowell has "
9780814774816 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: become one of the most ruthlessly honest social critics of our time. He may eventually be recognized" ******* END TEXT: "e head of the EEOC. With such rhetoric, the Toughs pass as martyrs even as they burnish sacred cows."
9780814774816 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_iii: "START TEXT: Clarence Thomas and the Tough Love Crowd\nCounterfeit Heroes and Unhappy Truths\nRonald Suresh Roberts" ******* END TEXT: "ence Thomas and the Tough Love Crowd\nCounterfeit Heroes and Unhappy Truths\nRonald Suresh Roberts\n\n\n\n"
9780814774816 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\nPreface: The Tough Love Crowd: Disciplined Heroes\nI. The Truth Trap\n1. Real" ******* END TEXT: " Is Law Like a Friar’s Roast?\n7. Can We Judge Judges?\nIV. Tough Love Judge\n8. Justice Thomas’s Sins\n"
9780814774816 - page_viii: "START TEXT: V. Tough Love International\n9. Sir Vidia Naipaul’s Revolutionary Truth\nConclusion: What’s So Scary a" ******* END TEXT: "r Vidia Naipaul’s Revolutionary Truth\nConclusion: What’s So Scary about Partisanship?\nNotes\nIndex\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_i: "START TEXT: THE SLAVE SOUL OF RUSSIA" ******* END TEXT: "THE SLAVE SOUL OF RUSSIA"
9780814774823 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_iii: "START TEXT: The Slave Soul of Russia\nMORAL MASOCHISMAND THE CULT OF SUFFERING\nDaniel Rancour-Laferriere\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "The Slave Soul of Russia\nMORAL MASOCHISMAND THE CULT OF SUFFERING\nDaniel Rancour-Laferriere\n\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS\nNew York and London\n© 1995 by New York University\nAll rights reserved\nLibr" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_v: "START TEXT: Lord have mercy, how agonizingly difficult it is to be\nRussian! For there is no other people which f" ******* END TEXT: "l so profoundly, and there are no greater slaves\nof God on this earth than we, Rus’.\n—Maksim Gor’kii"
9780814774823 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_ix: "START TEXT: A Blok Poem: Suffering Begins at the Breast\nDostoevsky’s Maternal Collective\n10. Conclusion\nNotes\nBi" ******* END TEXT: "fering Begins at the Breast\nDostoevsky’s Maternal Collective\n10. Conclusion\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex"
9780814774823 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\n1. Introduction\nMasochism and the Slave Image\nWhat Is Russia?\n2. Some Histo" ******* END TEXT: "an’s Thousand-Year-Old Slave\n5. Ontogeny and the Cultural Context\nClinical Developments since Freud\n"
9780814774823 - page_viii: "START TEXT: Is Masochism Gendered?\nThe Masochist’s Questionable Self and Unquestionable Other\nNormalcy and Cultu" ******* END TEXT: " of the Commune in Tsarist Russia\nAleksei Losev: Masochism and Matriotism\nBerdiaev’s Prison Ecstasy\n"
9780814774823 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nThis book owes its title and chief inspiration to the Soviet Russian writer Vasilii " ******* END TEXT: "ra Loseva, Aleksei Lunkov, Svet-lana Kapelush, Lev Tokarev, Konstantin Pimkin, and Gayane Grigorian "
9780814774823 - page_xii: "START TEXT: showered me with vivid anecdotes about masochism in Russia. Others who offered valuable comments inc" ******* END TEXT: "to English are mine unless otherwise noted. A Russian translation of this book is in preparation.\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: THE SLAVE SOUL OF RUSSIA" ******* END TEXT: "THE SLAVE SOUL OF RUSSIA"
9780814774823 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_1: "START TEXT: ONEIntroduction\nRussian history offers numerous examples of the exploitation and debasement of human" ******* END TEXT: "mps. Both Western and Soviet historians have acknowledged that this was outright slavery.1 With the "
9780814774823 - page_10: "START TEXT: explorations, in turn, will lead to a general claim about the maternal nature of the object toward w" ******* END TEXT: "e intuitions are quite accurate.\nReal slaves existed in Russia well into our own century. There has "
9780814774823 - page_11: "START TEXT: been much variation over time and geographic location, of course, in the extent to which Russians ha" ******* END TEXT: "m Olearius, who had traveled in Russia, summed up his observations on Russian servility as follows:\n"
9780814774823 - page_12: "START TEXT: They are all serfs and slaves. It is their custom and manner to be servile and to make a show of the" ******* END TEXT: "ray to God, and he will break his forehead” (“Zastav’ duraka Bogu molit’sia, on i lob razob’et”).36\n"
9780814774823 - page_13: "START TEXT: A particularly rich source of evidence about the masochistic attitudes of real slaves comes from Rus" ******* END TEXT: "erhaps this is what Ivanov had in the back of his mind when he spoke of a Russian “law of descent.”\n"
9780814774823 - page_14: "START TEXT: Some of the proverbs describe masochism of a slightly different sort, that is, outright self-destruc" ******* END TEXT: "y reversed, however. For example, all the tsar had to do was kill or arrest a few important people, "
9780814774823 - page_15: "START TEXT: or just withdraw resources, in order to remind his boyars why they were sycophants.40 Or, all Stalin" ******* END TEXT: "he following stanzas from a somewhat sadistic poem titled “Russia” (1915) by Maksimilian Voloshin:\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_16: "START TEXT: I love you in the person of a slave,\nWhen in the quietness of fields\nYou wail in a woman’s voice\nOve" ******* END TEXT: "hilosopher Nikolai Berdiaev, anyone who actually falls for the idea that a given nation is a person "
9780814774823 - page_17: "START TEXT: (“lichnost’”) is a nationalist, and is in some sense enslaved by that nation.46\nThe personification " ******* END TEXT: " without reference to the real sufferings of real mothers and real sons in a place called Russia.\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_2: "START TEXT: onset of collectivization in the 1930s an aspect of serfdom was reinstated, for a large portion of t" ******* END TEXT: " the female psyche goes unexamined.\nAnalogous statements could be made for other spheres of Russian "
9780814774823 - page_3: "START TEXT: life. Little effort has been made to understand just how the Russians manage to consistently get the" ******* END TEXT: "nations. They make it easier to go about asking blunt questions: How do Russians endure their pain? "
9780814774823 - page_4: "START TEXT: What mental processes permit them to go on living even as they perceive themselves as victims? Might" ******* END TEXT: "ome different people.9\nWhat I am going to call a slave mentality10 is something that psychologists, "
9780814774823 - page_5: "START TEXT: and in particular psychoanalysts, will be interested in. If I go so far as to speak of the Russian s" ******* END TEXT: "V. D. Topolianskii emphasizes this important point in a recent interview with Literaturnaia gazeta:\n"
9780814774823 - page_6: "START TEXT: In the context of a totalitarian government the nontraditional choice requires courage. Here an esse" ******* END TEXT: "ept of this book from the very start. Masochism, in the broadest sense (as opposed to the original, "
9780814774823 - page_7: "START TEXT: narrowly erotic sense),13 is defined by psychoanalyst Anita Weinreb Katz as follows: “any behavioral" ******* END TEXT: "stern clinical sense of the term.\nAnd again, it is individual Russians who do these things. One may "
9780814774823 - page_8: "START TEXT: say that there is a culture of moral masochism in Russia, but it is individuals who enact that cultu" ******* END TEXT: " especially during the Stalin period. But my project is tightly focused on Russian masochism, which "
9780814774823 - page_9: "START TEXT: existed continuously before, during, and after the Soviet Union’s seventy or so years of existence. " ******* END TEXT: "ulture, the attitude of women toward men, and the attitude of Russians toward the collective. These "
9780814774823 - page_18: "START TEXT: TWOSome Historical Highlights\nI do not wish to relate the history of Russian masochism from the begi" ******* END TEXT: "f sacrifice” predominates.4\nPrince Iaropolk Isiaslavich, also assassinated by political enemies, is "
9780814774823 - page_19: "START TEXT: supposed to have uttered the following words: “O Lord my God! receive my prayer and grant me a death" ******* END TEXT: "-92) wore uncouth garb, practiced heavy manual labor, would go for days without food, and adamantly "
9780814774823 - page_20: "START TEXT: refused to be elevated in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, according to his biographer Epiphanius the W" ******* END TEXT: "gueur for every good monk, who, however, understood but little of the Scriptures and the Fathers.19\n"
9780814774823 - page_21: "START TEXT: The population of these sufferers in old Russia must have been substantial during some periods. For " ******* END TEXT: "dle, with their haire hanging long and wildely about their shoulders, and many of them with an iron "
9780814774823 - page_22: "START TEXT: coller, or chaine about their neckes, or middes, even in the very extremity of winter. These they ta" ******* END TEXT: "-rasov’s Vlas, Dostoevsky’s Prince Myshkin and Sonia Marmeladova, and Pasternak’s Doctor Zhivago.30\n"
9780814774823 - page_23: "START TEXT: Quite understandably, Billington associates holy foolishness with “masochistic impulses.”31 This is " ******* END TEXT: "a prayer: “The time of suffering hath begun; it is thy bounden duty to suffer without weakening!”34\n"
9780814774823 - page_24: "START TEXT: And suffer the Old Believers did. The Life of the Archpriest Avvakum Written by Himself is filled wi" ******* END TEXT: "ade them from their intention to “suffer in the name of Christ and for the two-fingered sign of the "
9780814774823 - page_25: "START TEXT: cross.” Then, after shouting obscenities at the priests, they proceeded to set fire to the hut, and " ******* END TEXT: "fication including possibly self-flagellation (depending on which expert you consult); the Postniks "
9780814774823 - page_26: "START TEXT: or “fasters;” and the Skoptsy or “castrators,” who (the experts agree) mutilate themselves by removi" ******* END TEXT: "nin” [Christian]).51 To this day even not particularly religious Russians will, in a bad situation, "
9780814774823 - page_27: "START TEXT: utter the proverb: “Bog terpel, i nam velel” (“God [i.e., Christ] endured, and ordered us to [endure" ******* END TEXT: "ere better off illiterate. The publication of Selected Passages was followed by further masochistic "
9780814774823 - page_28: "START TEXT: acts. For example, Gogol burned the manuscript of a book on which he had been working for five years" ******* END TEXT: "ntelligentsia “was born” when Aleksandr Radishchev (1749-1802) expressed his outrage over the cruel "
9780814774823 - page_29: "START TEXT: treatment of Russian serfs in A Journey from Petersburg to Moscow (1790).61 According to Radishchev," ******* END TEXT: "preclude slavishness at all.66\nA particularly sharp critique of serfdom was made by the philosopher "
9780814774823 - page_30: "START TEXT: Petr Iakovlevich Chaadaev (1794-1856). In the first of his famous Philosophical Letters, written in " ******* END TEXT: "de to think for themselves.”69\nRussian “children” lack not only a sufficiently maternal church, but "
9780814774823 - page_31: "START TEXT: a real legal system as well. As a result, according to Chaadaev, childish Russians come to expect, e" ******* END TEXT: "ust serfs or the clergy) are characterized as submissive, but this feature now has a positive aura:\n"
9780814774823 - page_32: "START TEXT: Fashioned, moulded, created by our rulers and our climate, we have become a great nation only by din" ******* END TEXT: "han disobeying orders by donning the warm coat, literally froze on the spot. The narrator comments:\n"
9780814774823 - page_33: "START TEXT: Oh, poor peasant! your heroism, a death like that,\nIs commendable for a dog, but an offense for a hu" ******* END TEXT: "nding the Hereditary Grand Duke impress Custine with their hypocritical behavior: “What has chiefly "
9780814774823 - page_34: "START TEXT: struck me in my first view of Russian courtiers is the extraordinary submissiveness with which, as g" ******* END TEXT: "speak to a person. Her person is multiplied by the many who occupy her—the “slaves,” the “masters,” "
9780814774823 - page_35: "START TEXT: and the “pashas” (i.e., the tsarist gendarmes). She is despicable not only for her oppressors, but a" ******* END TEXT: "im with blows which must have been severe, for I heard them at some distance resounding against the "
9780814774823 - page_36: "START TEXT: breast of the sufferer. When the executioner was weary of his task, the victim rose, breathless and " ******* END TEXT: " violence so great, that it forces the slave to falsify himself by thanking his tyrant; and this is "
9780814774823 - page_37: "START TEXT: what they here call public order; in other words, a gloomy tranquility, a fearful peace, for it rese" ******* END TEXT: "reness of this moral freedom within himself the Russian is in truth not a slave, but a free man.105\n"
9780814774823 - page_38: "START TEXT: According to Aksakov, Russians are essentially apolitical people who accede to authoritarian rule on" ******* END TEXT: "anical” voting, but on sobornosf.112\nAn example in Khomiakov’s own work is an open letter he penned "
9780814774823 - page_39: "START TEXT: in 1860 to the people of Serbia which, among other things, glorified the communal decision-making pr" ******* END TEXT: "se the tribal accords, from which are formed one huge, general accord of the whole Russian land.115\n"
9780814774823 - page_40: "START TEXT: There is much erasure of boundaries going on in this grandiose and hopelessly idealized picture. Not" ******* END TEXT: " notion of “freedom.” It is a remarkable fact that, despite all their emphasis on submission to the "
9780814774823 - page_41: "START TEXT: collective, the Slavophiles still believed the individual member of the collective to be “free.” For" ******* END TEXT: " of the alternatives is correct.123 In fact, because of the underlying masochism of their ideology, "
9780814774823 - page_42: "START TEXT: Slavophiles were in a position to advocate both with good conscience.\nThere was some question as to " ******* END TEXT: " self-sacrifice. It is really no different from the general Russian masochism Herzen was hinting at "
9780814774823 - page_43: "START TEXT: when he spoke of Russian slavery: “A long period of slavery is no accident, for it corresponds to so" ******* END TEXT: "suffering itself.”134\nThe intelligentsia’s will to self-sacrifice found its first full-scale outlet "
9780814774823 - page_44: "START TEXT: in the so-called “going to the people” (“khozhdenie v narod”) movement which took place starting in " ******* END TEXT: "anaged to share the unaccustomed miserable life of the peasant—to work long hours, eat poorly, live "
9780814774823 - page_45: "START TEXT: among vermin, and so forth—they paradoxically achieved for themselves the very humiliation which the" ******* END TEXT: "as the terrorists among them in the sadistic direction, e.g., those who assassinated Tsar Alexander "
9780814774823 - page_46: "START TEXT: II in 1881).145 But the self-destructive or humiliating idea surfaces again and again in the literat" ******* END TEXT: "uffering cleansed one,” “guilt of privilege”) and the issue of separation from/merging with another "
9780814774823 - page_47: "START TEXT: suffering object (“brought one nearer to the tormented people”). These are all topics that are famil" ******* END TEXT: "to bind his limbs, in the very narrowness and darkness which he had willed to suffer; the shock and "
9780814774823 - page_48: "START TEXT: disgust of his friends was itself evidence of the vastness, and therefore of the grandeur and the mo" ******* END TEXT: "te Freud’s writings on moral masochism by some fifteen years.157 The similarity is remarkable. Both "
9780814774823 - page_49: "START TEXT: Merezhkovskii and Freud take the self-destructive element in (the original, erotogenic sense of) the" ******* END TEXT: "l submission was also submission to that mother. Defiance and masochism are the two necessary poles "
9780814774823 - page_50: "START TEXT: of life’s earliest ambivalence. Merezhkovskii senses this, even though he is not altogether explicit" ******* END TEXT: "s.164 Russians should have more reverence for their pagan roots. The Russian Orthodox church should "
9780814774823 - page_51: "START TEXT: recognize that human beings are sexual creatures. Withered, impotent old monks should not be held up" ******* END TEXT: "dly opposed to the fatalistic attitudes normally met with in Russia. Fedorov believed that it would "
9780814774823 - page_52: "START TEXT: one day actually be possible to restore life to people who have died, that is, to all those previous" ******* END TEXT: "wife’s place is in the home, and his frequent references to “feminine caprice” require no comment).\n"
9780814774823 - page_53: "START TEXT: Particularly interesting is Fedorov’s denigration of mothers—this despite his extensive and life-aff" ******* END TEXT: "t only feel anxiety, or dread, or eventual philosophical acceptance. One goes further, one welcomes "
9780814774823 - page_54: "START TEXT: death with open arms, or, on the contrary, one denounces it in disgust. Fedorov’s “project” may be u" ******* END TEXT: " Russian philosopher so preoccupied with masochistic and antimasochistic ideas that he came to view "
9780814774823 - page_55: "START TEXT: practically the entire world as a would-be slave driver of the individual. In his 1939 book Slavery " ******* END TEXT: "to tsarist will.182 Russians are characterized by a “love of freedom,” but they also demonstrate an "
9780814774823 - page_56: "START TEXT: “inclination to slavery” (“sklonnost’ k rabstvu”); “Russians … either riot against the government or" ******* END TEXT: "of the root -rod-, that is, by the overall idea of birthing. He can barely bring himself to mention "
9780814774823 - page_57: "START TEXT: his mother, yet a mother is precisely the one who gives birth. The last sentence is particularly rev" ******* END TEXT: ", however, Voloshin metaphorized Russia’s self-destructiveness specifically as sexual promiscuity:\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_58: "START TEXT: So you listened to the evil counsel,\nGave yourself to burglars, thieves and scoundrels,\nBurned your " ******* END TEXT: "ities. The best way to “defend the fatherland” is to revolt against one’s own monarchy, landowners, "
9780814774823 - page_59: "START TEXT: and capitalists. They are, after all, the “worst enemies of our motherland [khudshikh vragov nashei " ******* END TEXT: " psychological yoke, that is, their masochism together with any reactive antimasochistic strivings. "
9780814774823 - page_60: "START TEXT: Custine understood this implicitly. He stepped right up to the brink of psychoanalysis.\nRecent Devel" ******* END TEXT: "d-1980s. The reforms initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev were the key to this process. Whether Gorbachev "
9780814774823 - page_61: "START TEXT: intended to or not, his institution of glasnost stimulated intellectuals to grapple with the issue o" ******* END TEXT: "A society that thinks so little of itself, says Evtushenko, will tolerate being victimized, or will "
9780814774823 - page_62: "START TEXT: only grumble mildly at the authorities and avoid real insight into its situation. Above all, it will" ******* END TEXT: "ssue of Literaturnaia gazeta poet Andrei Voznesenskii declares that “Russia is a suicide” (“Rossiia—"
9780814774823 - page_63: "START TEXT: samoubiitsa”).207 In a January 1991 issue of the same newspaper Lidiia Grafova speaks of “the baccha" ******* END TEXT: "rd “mazohkizm” is used in these discussions. In a recent interview in Moskovskie novosti writer VI. "
9780814774823 - page_64: "START TEXT: Sorokin uses the word to refer to the fondness for the camp theme in the writings of Solzhenitsyn an" ******* END TEXT: "feres with your work, give up work!”214\nAnother recent commentary on masochism in Russia comes from "
9780814774823 - page_65: "START TEXT: the president of the recently founded Russian Psychoanalytic Society, psychiatrist Aron Isaakovich B" ******* END TEXT: "n research. These discussions are for the most part confined to erotogenic masochism, however.216\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_66: "START TEXT: THREETwo Key Words in the Vocabulary of Russian Masochism\nIt would be difficult to move any further " ******* END TEXT: " is a girl’s necklace to a young man [is becoming to her] (Smiren’e devich’e [molodtsu] ozherel’e).\n"
9780814774823 - page_67: "START TEXT: The Lord saves the humble of spirit (Smirennykh Gospod’ dukhom spasaet).\nQuietly is not bad, the mor" ******* END TEXT: "n his remorse erects high moral standards lays himself open to the reproach that he has made things "
9780814774823 - page_68: "START TEXT: too easy for himself. He has not achieved the essence of morality, renunciation, for the moral condu" ******* END TEXT: " self-esteem because of it. One submits, yet one is not lowered in one’s own eyes. On the contrary, "
9780814774823 - page_69: "START TEXT: one may be elevated, one may be narcissistically gratified. Khomiakov even speaks of an undesirable " ******* END TEXT: "bout his fate [sud’bu], or he may thank God for it, but he accepts good and evil without so much as "
9780814774823 - page_70: "START TEXT: a thought that one might be able to attract the former or fight against and defeat the latter. Every" ******* END TEXT: "e it just or unjust, will come to pass”).\nSud’ba ruki sviazhet (“Sud’ba will tie your hands/arms”).\n"
9780814774823 - page_71: "START TEXT: neumolimaia sud’ba (“inexorable sud’ba”).\nv rukakh sud’by (“in the hands of sud’ba”).\nruka/perst sud" ******* END TEXT: "zom (“You are not fated to be a bourgeois/You are not fated to be a Frenchman” — Marina Tsvetaeva).\n"
9780814774823 - page_72: "START TEXT: The infinitive of the verb “byt’” (“to be,” as in the last example) can participate in a variety of " ******* END TEXT: "\nMay you die now,\nTomorrow at mother’s\nThere will be kissel and pancakes,\nThis—your funeral repast.\n"
9780814774823 - page_73: "START TEXT: We’ll make a little casket\nOf seventy boards,\nWe’ll dig a little grave\nOn bald hill,\nOn bald hill,\nW" ******* END TEXT: "ate at night—if it was breastfed at all. In the daytime the deadly “soska” was in the child’s mouth "
9780814774823 - page_74: "START TEXT: almost continuously. Even when the mother was more often available for breast feeding, the “soska” w" ******* END TEXT: "erson at all? One’s lifeless body goes into the earth, but why personify the earth in this context?\n"
9780814774823 - page_75: "START TEXT: That Russians did (and still do) personify the earth as a mother is well known. The peasant topos “m" ******* END TEXT: "ing. But she may become comprehensible in this function when death appears as the only release from "
9780814774823 - page_76: "START TEXT: suffering, as the one aim desired, the final peace. It is in this sense that dying soldiers call for" ******* END TEXT: "] sex [o sud’be etogo pola]: a woman, in her opinion, is obliged to be born, to live, and to die in "
9780814774823 - page_77: "START TEXT: slavery [v rabstve]; eternal bondage [nevolia], burdensome dependence, and all sorts of oppression a" ******* END TEXT: " discussion of masochism below (chap. 5) I hope to show that this association is not an accident.\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_78: "START TEXT: FOURMasochism in Russian Literature\nDmitrii Merezhkovskii once observed that the best Russian writer" ******* END TEXT: " characters are moral masochists.\nAlso very helpful is Margaret Ziolkowski’s Hagiography and Modern "
9780814774823 - page_79: "START TEXT: Russian Literature, a literarily more sophisticated study which pays particular attention to “kenoti" ******* END TEXT: " becomes increasingly self-destructive as the novel named after her progresses. Of course all these "
9780814774823 - page_80: "START TEXT: characters, even the ones in the stories written for peasants, are more interesting and complex than" ******* END TEXT: " As critic Edward Wasiolek says: “The Dostoevskian hero not only pays back for the hurt he suffers, "
9780814774823 - page_81: "START TEXT: but he looks for hurt to suffer. He likes being hurt. When he cannot find it, he imagines it, so tha" ******* END TEXT: "o harm themselves. For example, they refrain from fighting a fire which is burning down their town, "
9780814774823 - page_82: "START TEXT: and instead rant and rave at their governor for what is happening. A later governor of the town is c" ******* END TEXT: "chistic culture,” “masochistic ideals,” and “kenosis” promoted by Soviet socialist realist fiction. "
9780814774823 - page_83: "START TEXT: Many heroes in this genre efface themselves totally in order to carry out instructions from on high " ******* END TEXT: "thing slightly, just slightly above his head as though he were expecting a great club to descend on "
9780814774823 - page_84: "START TEXT: his meekly upturned bulging brow. All his life, perhaps, he had been expecting this, without knowing" ******* END TEXT: "ights—a cold, November steppe, a village in which half of the huts are gutted by fire, poor peasant "
9780814774823 - page_85: "START TEXT: women standing about, cold, thin and wan. Particularly striking is the image of a mother with her ex" ******* END TEXT: "an extremely unhappy baby crying at its mother’s inadequate breast (“grudi-to … takie issokhshie”).\n"
9780814774823 - page_86: "START TEXT: All of this business about breasts constitutes extraordinarily primal psychical material. Dmitrii’s " ******* END TEXT: "m her love letter to him. Other passages as well in the letter depict the extent of her surrender:\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_87: "START TEXT: Another! … No, to nobody on earth\nwould I have given my heart away!\nThat has been destined in a high" ******* END TEXT: "were her father who, in the venerable Russian tradition, marries off his daughter to some stranger.\n"
9780814774823 - page_88: "START TEXT: Indeed, Onegin is more of a parental figure than his Byronic, worldly-wise image would suggest. Tat’" ******* END TEXT: "rible hour\nyou acted nobly,\nyou in regard to me were right,\nto you with all my soul I’m grateful.40\n"
9780814774823 - page_89: "START TEXT: Again, it is her soul, her Russian “dusha” which accepts the abjection. What is more, she would stil" ******* END TEXT: "ing theses concerning “the myth of Russian national character” and “the fate [rok] and character of "
9780814774823 - page_90: "START TEXT: Russian history.”43 According to Grossman’s narrator, “inexorable repression of the individual perso" ******* END TEXT: "sian soul,” for slavishness is no mystery. The real riddle is why Russia seems fated to be slavish:\n"
9780814774823 - page_91: "START TEXT: What is this, really, an exclusively Russian law of development? Can it be that the Russian soul, an" ******* END TEXT: "reedom;” “anywhere slavery exists, such souls are born [rozhdaiutsia],” etc.52 This kind of imagery "
9780814774823 - page_92: "START TEXT: suggests that the fatedness of Russia’s slave soul originates specifically from birth.\nThe one who g" ******* END TEXT: "sia will remain a mystery until—at last—we delve into the psychoanalytic literature on masochism.\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_100: "START TEXT: witness, at least an imaginary witness. In the deepest layers of the masochist’s psyche this witness" ******* END TEXT: "of their love feel guilty.”29\nAs Bernhard Berliner puts it, such patients try to “extort love” from "
9780814774823 - page_101: "START TEXT: others.30 Otto Fenichel speaks of the “accusing, blackmailing tone” of the masochist.31 Or, to use a" ******* END TEXT: " himself had been abandoned by his mother when he was three years old. He must feel the child’s own "
9780814774823 - page_102: "START TEXT: rage against the mother for not providing nourishment. But hostility against the beloved mother is b" ******* END TEXT: "e has been neglected because the sadistic aspect is so obvious. The feuding princes of ancient Rus’ "
9780814774823 - page_103: "START TEXT: understood it quite well, however, for they interpreted death in battle as a deserved punishment. In" ******* END TEXT: "n interests for those of others.\nRejects help, gifts, or favors so as not to be a burden on others.\n"
9780814774823 - page_104: "START TEXT: Responds to success or positive events by feeling undeserving or worrying excessively about not bein" ******* END TEXT: "lp the patient get out of a traumatic situation. For such therapists—and there are many of them, if "
9780814774823 - page_105: "START TEXT: the feminists are to be believed—it is probably better to speak of battered woman syndrome,52 learne" ******* END TEXT: "ren, and the abusive situation may satisfy emotional needs of her own that other situations cannot.\n"
9780814774823 - page_106: "START TEXT: The Masochist’s Questionable Self and Unquestionable Other\nMasochists can be extremely resistant to " ******* END TEXT: "and you can’t stop me” asserts his control, but also defines him as an independent agent, separate, "
9780814774823 - page_107: "START TEXT: autonomous, and individuated. “I am the sufferer” defines his identity, though a negative one.59\n“As" ******* END TEXT: "ion.”63 Stolorow argues that the well-known exhibitionistic tendencies of masochists (e.g., concern "
9780814774823 - page_108: "START TEXT: with martyrdom) also serve to shore up a failing self-image. Some masochists feel they do not even e" ******* END TEXT: "arger, controlling social entity such as a mass religious or ideological movement (e.g., Calvinism, "
9780814774823 - page_109: "START TEXT: Nazism). One component of this process is masochistic in nature. “Escape” from the self is very like" ******* END TEXT: "usion is there, but so also is the self-defining defense against the fantasy—both wrapped up in the "
9780814774823 - page_110: "START TEXT: one masochistic act. In some acts the fantasy may appear more obvious, while in others the defense a" ******* END TEXT: ", although Shafarevich would no doubt be perturbed to realize that he has achieved a psychoanalytic "
9780814774823 - page_111: "START TEXT: insight: for Russians to evaluate themselves as masochistic is, indeed, to stop being Russians. The " ******* END TEXT: " Much of the masochistic posturing seen in the recent Soviet and post-Soviet media reflects not the "
9780814774823 - page_112: "START TEXT: reality of the situation, but personally archaic attitudes toward a previously idealized, domineerin" ******* END TEXT: "blow with patience, turning the left cheek, that is, remember your own unjust deeds[= feel guilty]. "
9780814774823 - page_113: "START TEXT: And even if at the moment you are faultless, you have sinned much in the past. You will quickly real" ******* END TEXT: " Russian guilt. Guilt has always been a hallmark of Russian culture. Consider, for example, the way "
9780814774823 - page_114: "START TEXT: Russians say goodbye. One expression, “Do svidaniia,” is fairly superficial and rather like English " ******* END TEXT: "s sinful nature, then one is motivated to welcome, or even provoke misfortune, that is, one is more "
9780814774823 - page_115: "START TEXT: likely to behave masochistically than if this guilt-ridden attitude were absent.88\nThese internal ps" ******* END TEXT: "This is true regardless of whether any given individual who happens to be living in Russia actually "
9780814774823 - page_116: "START TEXT: takes advantage of the opportunity. Moral masochism may be a phenomenon intrinsic to the individual " ******* END TEXT: "s. It is not unreasonable to assume that a swaddled child feels much the way Tolstoy says it feels.\n"
9780814774823 - page_117: "START TEXT: There is an enormous anthropological, psychoanalytic, and medical literature on swaddling practices " ******* END TEXT: " his facts about Russia right. But it does not seem unreasonable, on the face of it, to expect that "
9780814774823 - page_118: "START TEXT: swaddling would have some effect on the child’s (particularly emotional) development, or that it be " ******* END TEXT: "selves unless swaddled, that is, in declaring that their infants are natural masochists, adults are "
9780814774823 - page_119: "START TEXT: revealing that they themselves are preoccupied with masochistic ideas. The same goes, incidentally, " ******* END TEXT: "s are inexorable. Perhaps at first the child is incapable of making a mental connection between the "
9780814774823 - page_120: "START TEXT: bands and the mother. But the repeated experience of being unbound and bound up by the mother, espec" ******* END TEXT: "on in the quantity and quality of opportunities for adults to behave or to fantasize in masochistic "
9780814774823 - page_121: "START TEXT: fashion. In Russia there are opportunities galore. In addition, there is a climate of guilt which pu" ******* END TEXT: "associated practices, and it becomes difficult to imagine how masochism can be avoided in Russia.\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_93: "START TEXT: FIVEOntogeny and the Cultural Context\nFrom a psychoanalytic perspective, the slave soul of Russia is" ******* END TEXT: "nce of “the dark power of Destiny” elsewhere in his essay on masochism, and in his New Introductory "
9780814774823 - page_94: "START TEXT: Lectures on Psychoanalysis he dwells further on the predestined quality of some forms of moral masoc" ******* END TEXT: "considerations do not exclude, but complement the later role of the father and of Oedipal dynamics.\n"
9780814774823 - page_95: "START TEXT: The importance of the mother in early development has been emphasized in many post-Freudian theories" ******* END TEXT: "lly incapable of withstanding the treatment they receive from perfectly normal mothers.10 There are "
9780814774823 - page_96: "START TEXT: defective infants as well as defective mothers. I want to avoid the kind of stigmatization of mother" ******* END TEXT: "asochism. The masochist achieves what Thoedore Reik calls “victory through defeat.”13 Arnold Cooper "
9780814774823 - page_97: "START TEXT: speaks of “the paradox of pleasure-in-unpleasure.”14 Anita Katz finds it paradoxical that “the masoc" ******* END TEXT: "rerequisite for pleasure. (The maternal behavior of these mothers is not without obvious sadism.)16\n"
9780814774823 - page_98: "START TEXT: Stern does not suggest that this is the only route to masochism, but clearly this particular route i" ******* END TEXT: "uation by “sugarcoating” them, that is, by reversing their real significance: “No one frustrated me "
9780814774823 - page_99: "START TEXT: against my wishes; I frustrated myself because I like it.”22 Again, the shift of control is away fro" ******* END TEXT: "ist’s need for a “public” of some sort. It is unusual for a masochistic act to take place without a "
9780814774823 - page_122: "START TEXT: SIXThe Russian Fool and His Mother\nThe fool (masculine “durak,” feminine “dura”) is a species of mas" ******* END TEXT: "of fools.” In the upcoming mayoral election he is challenging the current head of the city soviet.3\n"
9780814774823 - page_123: "START TEXT: There was some hope that things would change after the coup of August 1991 was foiled by democratica" ******* END TEXT: ". in 1979:\nThey attempt to milk chickens.\nHe cuts the branch out from underneath himself and falls.\n"
9780814774823 - page_124: "START TEXT: They pull on a log in order to make it longer.\nA simpleton kills his own horse.\nA fool is afraid of " ******* END TEXT: "(said after punishment) (Ia tebe dam uma. Blagodarim pokorno za um [govo-riat posle nakazaniia]).11\n"
9780814774823 - page_125: "START TEXT: The knout is not torture, but knowledge in advance (Knut ne muka, a vpred’ nauka).\nThe rod is dumb, " ******* END TEXT: "ey had special tags attached to them which read “smart.” The song ends with the following quatrain:\n"
9780814774823 - page_126: "START TEXT: \nLong, long ago we got used to these tags,\nThey aren’t worth a penny a pound.\nNow they shout at the " ******* END TEXT: "sadism. This suggests that masochism is psychologically more disturbing to Russians than is sadism.\n"
9780814774823 - page_127: "START TEXT: Ivan the Fool\nAll Russians know about the folktale (“skazka”) character Ivan the fool (“Ivan durak” " ******* END TEXT: "nition. Some previously repressed information about the self is released by the fool.24 In laughing "
9780814774823 - page_128: "START TEXT: at their folkloric fool, Russians are laughing at themselves. He is, after all, often named Ivan—a f" ******* END TEXT: "l seems almost holy. Likhachev uses the terms “durak” and “iurodivyi” almost interchangeably.32 The "
9780814774823 - page_129: "START TEXT: fool is capable of loving his enemies in a curiously Christ-like fashion. He can be, as the Russians" ******* END TEXT: "when behaving masochistically, is attempting to move away from the mother (see clinical discussion, "
9780814774823 - page_130: "START TEXT: above, 109). In any case, the boundary of the foolish self with the mother is at issue.\nRussian prov" ******* END TEXT: "aughing) Russians are finding an outlet for archaic, childish hostility they once felt toward their "
9780814774823 - page_131: "START TEXT: own mothers. Their laughter at the fool implies approval of what the fool is doing to his mother.53\n" ******* END TEXT: "own-up son is a fool that she looks after “as if he were a little child” (“kak za malym rebenkom”). "
9780814774823 - page_132: "START TEXT: Indeed the fool’s behavior is childlike—comparable to that of a two-year-old, to be precise. Mothers" ******* END TEXT: "rustrated). If he cannot do anything to please her, he will punish her. His willfulness is directed "
9780814774823 - page_133: "START TEXT: at her as well as at himself—or would be if he were not so “stupid.” His foolishness is a cover that" ******* END TEXT: "m of self. It deserves all the punishment it gets from funny storytellers and laughing listeners.\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_134: "START TEXT: SEVENIs the Slave Soul of Russia a Gendered Object?\nI am a slave.\n—Soviet housewife1\nThe “slave soul" ******* END TEXT: "nds in nineteenth-century Russia.” Stites goes so far as to make an analogy with the institution of "
9780814774823 - page_135: "START TEXT: serfdom: “In many ways, the wife-daughter’s status under the husband-father was analogous to that of" ******* END TEXT: "e children. For example, ethnographer Ol’ga Semenova-Tian-Shanskaia reports on one muzhik who, when "
9780814774823 - page_136: "START TEXT: drunk, used to threaten his wife with an axe, or beat her on the head with a threshing-flail as the " ******* END TEXT: "xample, a nineteenth-century Russian monk writes: “We must not try to find out why this happened in "
9780814774823 - page_137: "START TEXT: this way, and not in that, but with childlike obedience we must surrender ourselves to the holy will" ******* END TEXT: "n of adult Russian culture, the child’s early viewpoint should not be neglected. Small children are "
9780814774823 - page_138: "START TEXT: preoccupied with their mothers, not their fathers. They cannot eat, drink, clothe themselves, clean " ******* END TEXT: "here, in the native lore, all crops grow (“mat’ zemlia-kormilitsa”) and all Russians are eventually "
9780814774823 - page_139: "START TEXT: buried (“mat’ syra zemlia”). Russians speak of the “bosom of the earth” (“lono zemli”). More than on" ******* END TEXT: "tary pacts, her icon was worshipped by soldiers before battle, and so on. Mary is not only Christ’s "
9780814774823 - page_140: "START TEXT: mother, she is the metaphorical mother of all religious Russians, even of all humankind. Historicall" ******* END TEXT: " common mother oath may be translated as: “I fucked your mother, and therefore I might even be your "
9780814774823 - page_141: "START TEXT: father.” Such an expression automatically creates an Oedipal triangle, with antagonism between the f" ******* END TEXT: "soul” in question is that of the addressee, so the expletive’s target is equally the mother and the "
9780814774823 - page_142: "START TEXT: mother’s child. From the viewpoint of the addressee the self and the self’s mother are equally insul" ******* END TEXT: "more, they do it from an early age, when interaction with the mother is still intense. According to "
9780814774823 - page_143: "START TEXT: Ol’ga Semenova-Tian-Shanskaia, for example, the Russian peasant child learned how to swear before it" ******* END TEXT: "other:\nA wife is not a mother, whose body should not be beaten (Zhena ne mat’, ne bit’ ei stat’).38\n"
9780814774823 - page_144: "START TEXT: The wife and mother thus form a kind of equivalence class, with the wife functioning as a stand-in f" ******* END TEXT: " being projected upon them.\nMother Russia herself suffers, as in these lines from Nikolai Nekrasov:\n"
9780814774823 - page_145: "START TEXT: \nIn moments of dejection, O motherland-mother,\nI fly forward in my thoughts.\nYou are still fated to " ******* END TEXT: "d Soviet mother interviewed by Hansson and Lidén said: “She [a mother] has to suffer the sorrows of "
9780814774823 - page_146: "START TEXT: her people. Then her child will turn out well. I’m quite convinced of that.”54\nIn the religious folk" ******* END TEXT: " icon of Sophia, or the divine Wisdom, in Novgorod. She sits on a throne at the center of the icon, "
9780814774823 - page_147: "START TEXT: with a Mother of God in the Byzantine style on her right, John the Baptist on her left, and Christ r" ******* END TEXT: "less to protect her son from being crucified, and the perpetual sorrow of her expression encourages "
9780814774823 - page_148: "START TEXT: the worshiper to accept the trials and tribulations of life. Hubbs says: “Mary is the Tree of Life u" ******* END TEXT: "heroines as follows: “Nastasia Filippovna allows Rogozhin to murder her”; “she is given a multitude "
9780814774823 - page_149: "START TEXT: of opportunities to cast aside her role as femme fatale or fallen woman; she is shown to be capable " ******* END TEXT: "ughters were closer to their parents than sons were, and so on. A correspondingly greater degree of "
9780814774823 - page_150: "START TEXT: suffering at the loss of loved ones could therefore be expected from women.\nIn addition, there was o" ******* END TEXT: "n the old, patriarchal Russian family.83\nAmong contemporary Western scholars, Christine Worobec has "
9780814774823 - page_151: "START TEXT: gone far in the direction of recognizing that Russian peasant women were complicitous in their own o" ******* END TEXT: "l attitude of the peasant wife toward her husband. While a wife might address her husband using the "
9780814774823 - page_152: "START TEXT: respectful first name and patronymic, or sometimes call him “father,” the husband would typically us" ******* END TEXT: "y for severe beatings,” meaning that “the lighter ones thus pass without any action being taken.”93 "
9780814774823 - page_153: "START TEXT: These words ought to be seriously considered by those scholars who think that litigation records, ho" ******* END TEXT: "was considered abnormal. The fact that most women remained married nonetheless (and only uncommonly "
9780814774823 - page_154: "START TEXT: sought recourse with the village assembly or cantonal court) strongly suggests that women accepted a" ******* END TEXT: " get some fine cloth for his wife. The other (representing the wife) rejects this present, however. "
9780814774823 - page_155: "START TEXT: Then the husband sings that he is going to get a golden ring, but the wife rejects this too. Finally" ******* END TEXT: "e idea will not seem so strange.\nIt was Freud’s Russian patient Sergei Pankeev, better known as the "
9780814774823 - page_156: "START TEXT: Wolf Man, who inspired the famous linkage of sex and violence now known in the psychoanalytic litera" ******* END TEXT: "ic idea of parental sexuality.\nAt one point in his discussion Freud says of Pankeev: “He understood "
9780814774823 - page_157: "START TEXT: now that active was the same as masculine, while passive was the same as feminine.”105 This is not a" ******* END TEXT: "an woman is prepared by her cultural experience (including possibly witnessing the primal scene) to "
9780814774823 - page_158: "START TEXT: expect a certain amount of violence to go along with sexual intercourse, or more generally, to go al" ******* END TEXT: "s a commonplace, while “slave of the wife” (“rab zheny”?) does not occur.111 In Russia it is women, "
9780814774823 - page_159: "START TEXT: not men who are thought of as being enslaved when loving someone of the opposite sex.\nSuffering from" ******* END TEXT: "ities for women to suffer. Women achieved some degree of equality with men but, as one Soviet woman "
9780814774823 - page_160: "START TEXT: interviewed in Moscow said, “it seems to me that our women suffer from equality.”113 How is this pos" ******* END TEXT: "al for a woman to work. If I don’t work for a period of time, I lose my feeling of self-esteem.”120\n"
9780814774823 - page_161: "START TEXT: Although a Soviet woman’s employment brought her positive feelings about herself, she was not necess" ******* END TEXT: "orked forty-eight hours per week on average, employed Jackson women worked only forty-one hours.129\n"
9780814774823 - page_162: "START TEXT: As Vladimir Shlapentokh and others have pointed out, the main concern in a Soviet woman’s life was l" ******* END TEXT: "d burdens multiplied enormously at this stage, the husband’s schedule changed relatively little.134\n"
9780814774823 - page_163: "START TEXT: The Double Burden and Masochism\nWho imposed the double burden on Soviet women? To speak merely of “d" ******* END TEXT: "other words, women engaged in self-defeating behavior, behavior which is masochistic by definition.\n"
9780814774823 - page_164: "START TEXT: Commenting on some of the available statistics, feminist demographer Jo Peers said: “Women’s huge co" ******* END TEXT: "f the extent of their husbands’ participation in shopping, 74.8 percent approved of their husbands’ "
9780814774823 - page_165: "START TEXT: participation in cooking and washing dishes, and 85.9 percent approved of their husbands’ participat" ******* END TEXT: " as omnipotence. There is a slightly sadistic jab at men, but men can appreciate the joke too. Both "
9780814774823 - page_166: "START TEXT: men and women can smile at this proverb because, from an ontogenetic viewpoint, it allows them to ac" ******* END TEXT: "to lighten women’s household tasks.” Yet this same woman passively accepted her husband’s idleness:\n"
9780814774823 - page_167: "START TEXT: Of course my husband has more free time. After dinner when I’m busy with the baby and other things h" ******* END TEXT: "n ongoing double glorification, as it were, of female participation in the workforce and heroism in "
9780814774823 - page_168: "START TEXT: the domestic sphere, pushing every Soviet woman to be a super-woman.163 And of course feminist schol" ******* END TEXT: "been real equality, or division of authority into various spheres of action. But his sense of moral "
9780814774823 - page_169: "START TEXT: authority (“vlast’,” “glavenstvo”) in the family was important to him.169 As a result, Soviet women " ******* END TEXT: "lity, that is, in what some Soviet Russian commentators called the moral (“nravstvennyi”) sense.174\n"
9780814774823 - page_170: "START TEXT: It is one thing for the “strong” man to cede his seat in the metro to a pregnant woman. It is quite " ******* END TEXT: "trengths” of the modern Soviet woman was financial. A female respondent to Zhukhovitskii’s article, "
9780814774823 - page_171: "START TEXT: after describing how she bent over backwards to please her recently alcoholic husband, mentioned in " ******* END TEXT: " But Vaksberg’s reaction was nonetheless indicative of typical masculine feelings: participation in "
9780814774823 - page_172: "START TEXT: domestic labor was not only a form of slavery, it was somehow “low”, on the level of the very floor " ******* END TEXT: "y woman (especially in love) is involuntarily perceived as an infringer of male ‘sovereignty.’ “192\n"
9780814774823 - page_173: "START TEXT: Lynne Attwood’s comment on this statement is rather blunt: “This does not offer much hope to the cau" ******* END TEXT: ", are no less masochistic in their world of primarily male-male interaction. But to ask whether the "
9780814774823 - page_174: "START TEXT: slave soul of Russia is a gendered object is to focus on what goes on between the sexes. There is no" ******* END TEXT: "t working women with young children felt “a certain amount of guilt.”201 In her introduction to the "
9780814774823 - page_175: "START TEXT: collection of interviews titled Moscow Women, Lapidus says that “an undercurrent of guilt” runs thro" ******* END TEXT: "’s viewpoint, to withhold care and attention. A sensitive mother cannot avoid feeling guilt in such "
9780814774823 - page_176: "START TEXT: a situation (this is quite apart from the ideological question of whether mothers should or should n" ******* END TEXT: "uffer the sorrows of her people. Then her child will turn out well. I’m quite convinced of that.205\n"
9780814774823 - page_177: "START TEXT: This is a marvelous example of magical thinking. As long as the mother suffers in some way, then the" ******* END TEXT: " in late Soviet Russia.211 The popular media in the late Soviet period also presented images of the "
9780814774823 - page_178: "START TEXT: husband as a child.212 The phrase “infantile husbands” became a commonplace.213 Even when the husban" ******* END TEXT: "hat the savings accrued from women cutting back to one-half-time is available for increasing wages. "
9780814774823 - page_179: "START TEXT: It turns out that, if male and female wages are roughly equal at the start, then equally increasing " ******* END TEXT: "d too old to work efficiently.228\nAlready overburdened during the relatively affluent Brezhnev era, "
9780814774823 - page_180: "START TEXT: women in the post-Soviet depression are under even more pressure to bring in more income for their f" ******* END TEXT: "t in Russian women during the late Soviet period will be canceled by these economic developments.\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_181: "START TEXT: EIGHTBorn in a Bania: The Masochism of Russian Bathhouse Rituals\nA favorite theater of pain in Russi" ******* END TEXT: "fellow-bather, scalding him. He is called a “halfwit” (“poludurok”) for such incredible ignorance.2\n"
9780814774823 - page_182: "START TEXT: Cleansing Body and Soul\nPain is essential to the bania. In the Primary Chronicle it was said of anci" ******* END TEXT: "ne who lives well and has so much leisure time as to be able to take a bania often. But this person "
9780814774823 - page_183: "START TEXT: should not brag, that is, should not mention the bania, for he or she will encounter misfortune in t" ******* END TEXT: " of his claim checks has been lost, and someone else’s trousers are returned to him. The joke is on "
9780814774823 - page_184: "START TEXT: him—or on urban Soviet bathhouses generally, which do not measure up to (fantasized) American bathho" ******* END TEXT: " that is, to whip with a birch rod. As for the “birch kasha,” it refers to the greenish mess that a "
9780814774823 - page_185: "START TEXT: venik turns into when it has been used to hit someone over and over again. The image is curiously or" ******* END TEXT: "mportant cultural object for Russians, especially for women. Its importance in women’s agricultural "
9780814774823 - page_186: "START TEXT: rituals of growth was established by Soviet folklorist Vladimir Propp. To this day the birch is rega" ******* END TEXT: "ym sokom, berezovym sokom”).30\nOn the other hand, the birch in the girls’ songs could also refer to "
9780814774823 - page_187: "START TEXT: the girls themselves who participated in the spring rituals, for it bore such names as “devushka” (g" ******* END TEXT: "r. This would seem to indicate anxiety about the way that their future husbands were going to treat "
9780814774823 - page_188: "START TEXT: them, or the way their fathers were treating their mothers. A song they sang earlier around the birc" ******* END TEXT: "d that the “birching” which goes on in a Russian bathhouse is therefore consistent with the overall "
9780814774823 - page_189: "START TEXT: picture. That is, the use of birch veniki in the bathhouse flagellation ritual seems to fit into an " ******* END TEXT: " the tiny icon-filled rooms of their Paris exile, to memories of their own nurturing warmth, cheer, "
9780814774823 - page_190: "START TEXT: gentleness, selflessness, stoic patience—qualities which have given me whatever strength I’ve had in" ******* END TEXT: "ve birth because it was usually located some distance away from the rest of the population, and hot "
9780814774823 - page_191: "START TEXT: water was readily available there. This is not to say, however, that either privacy or cleanliness w" ******* END TEXT: "hile recovering from the trauma of parturition, were treated to more than one round of steaming and "
9780814774823 - page_192: "START TEXT: flagellation with veniki in the bania. Various lullabies sung to the newborn infant (by the midwife " ******* END TEXT: "3 An eighteenth-century popular print (“lubok”) shows several naked women in a bathhouse, including "
9780814774823 - page_193: "START TEXT: one holding a naked child.64 A more recent work by A. A. Plastov shows a naked mother adjusting her " ******* END TEXT: "r hair in some way.70 They also agree that this bath symbolized a washing away of maidenly “beauty” "
9780814774823 - page_194: "START TEXT: (“krasota”) and/or “freedom” (“volia”). The “krasota” was not just an abstract idea, but was normall" ******* END TEXT: "ch that it was as if the bride were now ugly and enslaved. Her beauty was no longer relevant, it no "
9780814774823 - page_195: "START TEXT: longer empowered her, for she was not supposed to be attracting males the way she had been during he" ******* END TEXT: " that agony (smirenie). The line “I will beat [my forehead], I will bow down low” occurs repeatedly "
9780814774823 - page_196: "START TEXT: in the wedding laments. Often the bride will sing “Thank you” for the horrible things that are being" ******* END TEXT: " the tears. …\n\nRoll away, hot steam bath,\nOne log after another!\nI could not wash away the anguish,\n"
9780814774823 - page_197: "START TEXT: I could not rinse it away.\nTwice, three times greater the anguish grew!80\nAlthough the bride goes wi" ******* END TEXT: " and it is hardly surprising that there are practically no wedding laments for men, or sung by men.\n"
9780814774823 - page_198: "START TEXT: The new restrictions being placed on the bride added up to a loss of her former “volia.” This loss w" ******* END TEXT: " ritual was taking place.87 One song in the Propp collection makes an explicit reference to birth:\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_199: "START TEXT: I set off, young one,\nFor the warm bania\nWith my dear girlfriends\nTo wash myself, to steam myself.\nI" ******* END TEXT: "epresent an oral destruction of the “old” person, so that the “new,” reborn masochist can function.\n"
9780814774823 - page_200: "START TEXT: Despite a few indications, the idea of rebirth does not play a very important role in the bridal rit" ******* END TEXT: "eraction with the early (pre-Oedipal) mother. Not only was the bania traditionally referred to as a "
9780814774823 - page_201: "START TEXT: “second mother,” it was one place where early interaction with the mother was painful, for the child" ******* END TEXT: "rned to abuse himself or herself within the body of that famous maternal icon, the Russian bania.\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_202: "START TEXT: NINEMasochism and the Collective\nIn Russia, as in most other large cultures outside of the Western w" ******* END TEXT: " down before the collective. Here is the ritualized utterance of a young bride newly arrived in the "
9780814774823 - page_203: "START TEXT: village of Podzovalovo, Orlov province, in 1898, as she repeatedly bowed in all four directions to t" ******* END TEXT: "e not called “Russia.” This directionality may seem extremely obvious, yet it is usually neglected.\n"
9780814774823 - page_204: "START TEXT: One reason why the moral masochism of the individual in Russia has not been overly visible is becaus" ******* END TEXT: "oportions. For example, for many millions of Soviet individuals the Communist Party was everything. "
9780814774823 - page_205: "START TEXT: It was an enormous machine, and individuals were mere “cogs” (“vintiki,” to use Mikhail Heller’s met" ******* END TEXT: "es apparent in attempts to obtain the most rudimentary goods and services in Russia. I recall how I "
9780814774823 - page_206: "START TEXT: approached a restaurant along Moscow’s Arbat on a day in September of 1991. It was dinnertime, and I" ******* END TEXT: "ment,” Russians are still plagued by their tendency to submit unnecessarily to the collective: “Our "
9780814774823 - page_207: "START TEXT: misfortune resides in the fact that we are all one society [vse my odno obshchestvo] with a poorly d" ******* END TEXT: "n have a sadistic side-effect. Among Smith’s numerous examples of this mentality are the following:\n"
9780814774823 - page_208: "START TEXT: Valentin Berezhkov, a former Soviet diplomat, told me of a farmer he knew in a town outside of Mosco" ******* END TEXT: "ng resentment among neighbors. The communal envy portrayed in the classic ethnographic descriptions "
9780814774823 - page_209: "START TEXT: confirm Smith’s assertion24 that today’s attitudes are pre-Soviet in historical origin. Semenova-Tia" ******* END TEXT: " livestock? What crops would bring a profit, what crops should be avoided? Will government policies "
9780814774823 - page_210: "START TEXT: change in the midst of farming operations?—And so on, to name a few of the issues cogently discussed" ******* END TEXT: "er, is a metaphor based on the idea of a collective: “sovereignty” is (in Russian as in English) an "
9780814774823 - page_211: "START TEXT: attribute of a state. Lidiia Grafova, in a fascinating article under this rubric, introduces further" ******* END TEXT: "er Party” are obvious examples. Sometimes this maternal metaphor is displaced beyond the collective "
9780814774823 - page_212: "START TEXT: itself and on to some abstract entity which in turn governs the collective, for example, the “mother" ******* END TEXT: "se of us living on the land of our ancestors, and those living beyond her borders. We have the same "
9780814774823 - page_213: "START TEXT: roots, we have had the same fate. And now there is pain, desperation, anxiety.”36\nSometimes the mate" ******* END TEXT: " of both the pre-Oedipal child and the group member. In the case of the group member the concern is "
9780814774823 - page_214: "START TEXT: dealt with by means of an “illusion” (Anzieu) whereby the group itself coheres as a person of some k" ******* END TEXT: " But the issues dealt with—in particular the identity of the self in contiguity with the collective—"
9780814774823 - page_215: "START TEXT: are intrinsically the same in any culture. Anzieu’s French subjects appear to be more individualisti" ******* END TEXT: "work the exclusively collective portions of the commune’s land, that is, the arable land from which "
9780814774823 - page_216: "START TEXT: funds were earned to pay assistance to landless widows, herders, teachers, doctors, etc., as well as" ******* END TEXT: "such as draining a swamp, or it could prevent an individual member from introducing an agricultural "
9780814774823 - page_217: "START TEXT: innovation.51 It could arrange for the public shaming or other disciplining of any member who steppe" ******* END TEXT: "requently directed against suspected petty thieves. Very often the victim was forced to treat those "
9780814774823 - page_218: "START TEXT: assembled to vodka or wine, which was supposed to effect a kind of reconciliation with the collectiv" ******* END TEXT: " to be a person. It has a “will” of its own. It has body parts, such as a “hand” that directs, or a "
9780814774823 - page_219: "START TEXT: “neck” that is strong. It is capable of doing things persons do: it “wishes,” “judges,” “ordains,” “" ******* END TEXT: "lup: vse v kuchu lezet).\nThe peasant is smart, but the mir is a fool (Muzhik umen, da mir durak).57\n"
9780814774823 - page_220: "START TEXT: These particular sayings suggest a certain degree of “dissidence” from the will of the collective, b" ******* END TEXT: "ru [Na liudiakh, S liud’mi] i smert’ krasna”).59 Perhaps the attitude expressed by this proverb was "
9780814774823 - page_221: "START TEXT: not shared by all Russian collectivists, just as the comparable “Misery loves company” does not nece" ******* END TEXT: "lf in the “we” of the commune. The most striking example of this was the fact that decisions in the "
9780814774823 - page_222: "START TEXT: assembly were ordinarily expected to be unanimous, and if that unanimity was wanting, the commune ma" ******* END TEXT: " place. As Michael Confino and others have pointed out, 95 percent of peasant land in Russia during "
9780814774823 - page_223: "START TEXT: the 1920s was held on communal tenure.67 After forced collectivization of agriculture occurred under" ******* END TEXT: "ibution to overall Soviet agricultural productivity by comparison with collectivized agriculture.72\n"
9780814774823 - page_224: "START TEXT: The idea that Stolypin’s agricultural reforms countered a previously masochistic (not merely repress" ******* END TEXT: "cal issues (“beyond Russia itself”) involved in an individual’s willing submission to a collective.\n"
9780814774823 - page_225: "START TEXT: Aleksei Losev: Masochism and Matriotism\nThe most extreme Russian patriots are matriots at heart. By " ******* END TEXT: "th itself are nothing but desirable and full of meaning.”75 But the masochism is not a gratuitously "
9780814774823 - page_226: "START TEXT: individualistic enterprise. It is in the service of union with a collective maternal figure. A true " ******* END TEXT: "me patriotism, that is, matriotism of Soviet citizens may have saved the world from German Fascism.\n"
9780814774823 - page_227: "START TEXT: Berdiaev’s Prison Ecstasy\nNikolai Berdiaev was a very different kind of philosopher from Losev. He w" ******* END TEXT: "nce sobornost’ is to retain the sense of one’s own person while at the same time experiencing union "
9780814774823 - page_228: "START TEXT: with other persons in the collective, or with the collective as a whole. Sobornost’ is, moreover, a " ******* END TEXT: "lieve in God the Son because, in suffering, God the Son erases the boundary between God and humans.\n"
9780814774823 - page_229: "START TEXT: Berdiaev admits that he is an admirer of The Imitation of Christ87 To imitate Christ is to accept su" ******* END TEXT: "uminating fleshly being.”91 Here Berdiaev is being historically accurate as well as self-revealing.\n"
9780814774823 - page_230: "START TEXT: Even Berdiaev’s later writings will sometimes characterize union with God in maternal terms. Describ" ******* END TEXT: "r, produced a poem which very explicitly depicts a mother’s inculcation of masochism in her child:\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_231: "START TEXT: \nA buzzard flies the drowsy field,\nSmooth circle after circle weaving.\nHe scans bare lands. A shack’" ******* END TEXT: " work of the harvest time (“strada,” the “suffering time”), stands over her child in an open field:\n"
9780814774823 - page_232: "START TEXT: \nSing him [the child] a song of eternal endurance,\nSing, enduring mother!\nSo often Nekrasov’s messag" ******* END TEXT: " is taken in with mother’s milk.\nThe scene is strictly pre-Oedipal (or perhaps a-Oedipal would be a "
9780814774823 - page_233: "START TEXT: better term here). Not only is the child at the mother’s breast, there is no competing paternal figu" ******* END TEXT: "prospect in Russian reality.\nBlok’s very graphic allusion to the maternal breast, which effectively "
9780814774823 - page_234: "START TEXT: becomes the breast of Mother Russia by the end of the poem, is not altogether original. In 1835 the " ******* END TEXT: "Karamazov welcomes the punishment about to be meted out to him by the collective which arrested and "
9780814774823 - page_235: "START TEXT: imprisoned him: “I accept the torture of accusation, and my public shame, I want to suffer and by su" ******* END TEXT: "s down before Dmitrii because he feels responsible for another man’s patricidal impulse. His advice "
9780814774823 - page_236: "START TEXT: on the obligation to suffer for others is practically psychoanalytic in its explicitness:\nIf the evi" ******* END TEXT: "ilty. You can’t find the culprit in a mir (V miru vinovatogo net. V miru vinovatogo ne syshchesh’).\n"
9780814774823 - page_237: "START TEXT: All for one, and one for all. Mutual responsibility (Vse za odnogo, a odin za vsekh. Krugovaia poruk" ******* END TEXT: "e guilt,” and declared that spiritual cleansing entails “the soul of the people [dusha narodnaia],” "
9780814774823 - page_238: "START TEXT: and not “just our individual souls.”112 When journalist Oleg Moroz criticized the Russian congress f" ******* END TEXT: "ly in such a context. In The Diary of a Writer, for example (particularly in the so-called “Pushkin "
9780814774823 - page_239: "START TEXT: Speech”), the ideal Russian is characterized as some kind of universal human being (“vsechelovek”). " ******* END TEXT: "d not by the sword but by the force of brotherhood and our brotherly longing for fellowship of men.\n"
9780814774823 - page_240: "START TEXT: I am speaking merely of the brotherhood of men and of the fact that the Russian heart is more adapte" ******* END TEXT: "hat this is not some wizened, obscure monk perverting a fresh novice in ancient Rus’, but the great "
9780814774823 - page_241: "START TEXT: Dostoevsky speaking to the cream of the Russian intelligentsia in 1880. And, to judge from the inten" ******* END TEXT: "there are more clumps of these -rod- words: humble Tat’iana’s childhood past is a “contact with the "
9780814774823 - page_242: "START TEXT: motherland, with the native people [s rodinoi, s rodnym narodom]”; no writer experienced such a hear" ******* END TEXT: "histically to that control. Dostoevsky instinctively understood the emotional needs of the peasant.\n"
9780814774823 - page_243: "START TEXT: The most explicit linkage of moral masochism to troubled interaction with the maternal figure of Rus" ******* END TEXT: "“narod” that is explicitly “maternal” even in the person of a male peasant, a peasant who willingly "
9780814774823 - page_244: "START TEXT: suffers deprivation (“he had no expectation, no notion of his own freedom”) and who himself repeated" ******* END TEXT: "l Russians—Losev, Berdiaev, Blok, Dostoevsky—then the collective’s maternal face becomes visible.\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_245: "START TEXT: TENConclusion\nAt the beginning of this book I stated that, over the centuries, Russians have enacted" ******* END TEXT: "uld bear investigation. A psychoanalysis of Russian Orthodox religiosity (apart from its masochism) "
9780814774823 - page_246: "START TEXT: would make a fascinating study. The psychodynamics of self-esteem in Russia have yet to be examined " ******* END TEXT: "t would be to imply that the culture in question is perpetrated by something less than persons—some "
9780814774823 - page_247: "START TEXT: kind of automata, or “savages,” for example—and that position would be both inaccurate and racist.\nS" ******* END TEXT: "etic appeal. The beauty of masochism, however, like all beauty, resides in the mind of the beholder."
9780814774823 - page_248: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_249: "START TEXT: Notes\nNOTES TO CHAPTER 1\n1. For example: Dallin and Nicolaevsky 1947, 88-107; Hellie 1982, 711; Kiva" ******* END TEXT: "mi-pornographic Venus in Furs, describes a man who obtains sexual gratification from being whipped, "
9780814774823 - page_250: "START TEXT: trampled upon, or otherwise humiliated by a woman. For a discussion of Sacher-Masoch’s writing, see " ******* END TEXT: ". Ibid., 153-54.\n22. The late Felix Dreizin says, for example: “Russian culture strongly encourages "
9780814774823 - page_251: "START TEXT: masochistic tendencies in individual psychology,” and he backs this up with some revealing quotation" ******* END TEXT: "the German concentration camps or slaves on southern American plantations by Bettelheim 1980, 3—83; "
9780814774823 - page_252: "START TEXT: Elkins 1963, 81-139; Stampp 1971. As Belkin (1991b, 23-24) points out, some of the children of paren" ******* END TEXT: "19. Bolshakoff 1977, 47-48.\n20. Ibid., 58, 101. For more detailed figures, see Smolitsch 1953, 538.\n"
9780814774823 - page_253: "START TEXT: 21. I am hardly the first to note the masochistic element in ascetic practices. Psychoanalyst Otto F" ******* END TEXT: ". Avvakum 1979 (1673), 52.\n35. Ibid., 61.\n36. Cf. Likhachev in Likhachev and Panchenko 1976, 75-89.\n"
9780814774823 - page_254: "START TEXT: 37. Hunt 1985, 29.\n38. Ibid., 30.\n39. Kenneth Brostrom in his introduction to Avvakum 1979, 22. In h" ******* END TEXT: "on Bakhtin’s masochistic epistemology (Rancour-Laferriere 1990, 524).\n61. Berdiaev 1971 (1946), 30.\n"
9780814774823 - page_255: "START TEXT: 62. Radishchev 1958, 146; Russian original is Radishchev 1961 (1790), 89.\n63. Radishchev 1958, 152; " ******* END TEXT: "ly applied, but is implicit.\nJulia Brun-Zejmis, in a very interesting recent article about national "
9780814774823 - page_256: "START TEXT: inferiority feelings in Russia, recognizes Chaadaev’s masochistic side: “Chaadaev’s pessimistic pron" ******* END TEXT: "ed.\n83. Custine 1989, 595; 1843, vol. 4, 313.\n84. Custine 1989, 619.\n85. Olearius 1967 (1656), 147.\n"
9780814774823 - page_257: "START TEXT: 86. Chaadaev 1989, 202. Kennan is inclined to believe that Custine was influenced by Chaadaev’s Firs" ******* END TEXT: "65. On the problem of translating sobornosf, see Christoff 1961, 139ff.\n111. Arsen’ev 1959, 66-109.\n"
9780814774823 - page_258: "START TEXT: 112. Solzhenitsyn 1991 (1990), 101.\n113. Leatherbarrow and Offord 1987, 94. For the Russian original" ******* END TEXT: "oting socialist thinker Petr L. Lavrov.\n141. Fedotov 1942, 33.\n142. Wortman 1967, 7.\n143. Ibid., 8.\n"
9780814774823 - page_259: "START TEXT: 144. Ibid., 54.\n145. Terrorists could be masochistic as well as sadistic, for their aggressive acts " ******* END TEXT: "’s devaluation of mothers.\n175. As quoted by Young 1979, 67.\n176. Ibid., 75.\n177. Ivanov 1909, 361.\n"
9780814774823 - page_260: "START TEXT: 178. Berdyaev 1944 (1939), 48.\n179. Ibid., 27.\n180. Ibid., 138.\n181. Berdiaev 1971 (1946), 81.\n182. " ******* END TEXT: " July 1992, p. 1.\n207. Literaturnaia gazeta, no. 41, 7 October 1992, p. 1. In the poem Voznesenskii "
9780814774823 - page_261: "START TEXT: compares Russia to the famous poet Marina Tsvetaeva, who committed suicide.\n208. Grafova 1991, 6.\n20" ******* END TEXT: "n the Russian press the word sud’ba has been frequently appearing in the plural form (e.g., “sud’by "
9780814774823 - page_262: "START TEXT: naroda,” “sud’by otechestva”). Mikhail Epshtein has written about this phenomenon (1989, 312ff.). Th" ******* END TEXT: "aksim Gor’kii’s assertion that Russian writers (including the greats, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy) offer "
9780814774823 - page_263: "START TEXT: an “apology for passivity” and support violence “by preaching patience, reconciliation, forgiveness," ******* END TEXT: "n of the maternal Grushenka, his father’s mistress, Dmitrii deserves the Oedipal talion punishment.\n"
9780814774823 - page_264: "START TEXT: But this Oedipal reading does not exclude a pre-Oedipal one, for the desire for punishment can be ov" ******* END TEXT: "so 70-71.\nNOTES TO CHAPTER 5\n1. Freud, SE, vol. 19, 165.\n2. Horney 1964 (1937), 228, italics added.\n"
9780814774823 - page_265: "START TEXT: 3. Freud, SE, vol. 22, 106-7.\n4. Freud, SE, vol. 19, 168. Cf. Dicks 1952, 139.\n5. Loewenstein 1957, " ******* END TEXT: "110.\n30. Berliner 1958, 46.\n31. Fenichel 1945, 363.\n32. Socarides 1958, 589.\n33. Berliner 1958, 44.\n"
9780814774823 - page_266: "START TEXT: 34. Menaker 1979, 66.\n35. Freud, SE, vol. 14, 248.\n36. Dostoyevsky 1950, 692; Dostoevskii 1972-88, v" ******* END TEXT: " 1964 (1937), 230. Horney credits this idea to another analyst, Erich Fromm.\n67. Fromm 1965 (1941).\n"
9780814774823 - page_267: "START TEXT: 68. Lane, Hull, and Foehrenbach 1991, 399, italics added.\n69. Ibid., 397, italics added.\n70. Warren " ******* END TEXT: "5.\n95. Kluckhohn 1962, 237-40.\n96. Bronfenbrenner 1972, 9-10.\n97. Semenova-Tian-Shanskaia 1914, 29.\n"
9780814774823 - page_268: "START TEXT: NOTES TO CHAPTER 6\n1. Dal’ 1984 (1862), vol. 1, 341.\n2. Shafarevich 1989, 190.\n3. Moskovskie novosti" ******* END TEXT: "sychoanalyzed by Bruno Bettelheim in his essay on “The Youngest Child as Simpleton” (1977, 102-11).\n"
9780814774823 - page_269: "START TEXT: 24. To phrase this more in terms of Freud’s key essay on “Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconsciou" ******* END TEXT: "of Russian foolishness. We have, for example, the classic Russian self-deprecation: “The Russian is "
9780814774823 - page_270: "START TEXT: strong on hindsight,” or more literally, “is strong by means of the rear brain” (“Russkii chelovek z" ******* END TEXT: "uterman translation.\n56. Thanks to Yuri Druzhnikov for pointing this out.\n57. Baranskaia 1989, 283.\n"
9780814774823 - page_271: "START TEXT: 58. Likhachev 1987, vol. 2, 427.\n59. Kruglov 1988-89, vol. 3, 400-403.\n60. Tolstoi 1960-65, vol. 10," ******* END TEXT: "dult males. See Rancour-Laferriere 1985, 118—24, for a review of the literature. As feminist Sherry "
9780814774823 - page_272: "START TEXT: Ortner says, “the search for a genuinely egalitarian, let alone matriarchal, culture has proved frui" ******* END TEXT: "Semenova-Tian-Shanskaia 1914, 18.\n36. Ibid., 19.\n37. Dal’ 1984 (1862), vol. 1, 287.\n38. Ibid., 291.\n"
9780814774823 - page_273: "START TEXT: 39. I have argued elsewhere (Rancour-Laferriere 1985) that this type of semiosis is a cross-cultural" ******* END TEXT: " 34.\n70. Heldt 1987, 35.\n71. Lermontov 1961-62, vol. 4, 396.\n72. Tolstoi 1960-65, vol. 7, 298, 301.\n"
9780814774823 - page_274: "START TEXT: 73. Pasternak 1989, 47-48.\n74. Akhmatova 1973, 98.\n75. Gromyko 1989, 16. Warner and Kustovskii are p" ******* END TEXT: "ble to perform. Cf. Semenova-Tian-Shanskaia 1914, 14.\n111. Information provided by Yuri Druzhnikov.\n"
9780814774823 - page_275: "START TEXT: 112. Horney 1967, 223-24.\n113. Hansson and Lidén 1983, 24, italics added.\n114. Attwood 1990, 212. Th" ******* END TEXT: "3.\n133. Ispa 1983, 5.\n134. Iankova 1978, 78, 108.\n135. Alexandrova 1984, 49.\n136. Marshall 1991, 6.\n"
9780814774823 - page_276: "START TEXT: 137. Sarnoff 1988, 209. Cf. Fenichel 1945, 364; Leites 1979, 14-15; Asch 1988, 100, 113.\n138. Lapidu" ******* END TEXT: "arriage is likely to be.\n167. As cited by Maksimenko 1988, 152.\n168. Ibid.\n169. Kharchev 1979, 258.\n"
9780814774823 - page_277: "START TEXT: 170. Allott 1985, 197.\n171. Dunham 1960, 481.\n172. As translated by Dunham 1979, 223.\n173. Hansson a" ******* END TEXT: "8, 126; Attwood 1990, 170ff.; Boiko 1988, 194.\n201. Holt 1980, 45.\n202. Hansson and Lidén 1983, xv.\n"
9780814774823 - page_278: "START TEXT: 203. Bridger 1987, 136-38.\n204. Baranskaia 1989 (1969), 301.\n205. Hansson and Lidén 1983, 16.\n206. S" ******* END TEXT: "967 (1656), 161.\n5. Kabanov 1986, 136.\n6. Smith 1976, 117, 118.\n7. Dal’ 1955 (1880-82), vol. 1, 45.\n"
9780814774823 - page_279: "START TEXT: 8. Dal’ 1984 (1862), vol. 1, 170, 173.\n9. Dal’ 1955 (1880-82), vol. 1, 45.\n10. Zelenin 1991 (1927), " ******* END TEXT: "ree and finds treasure there (e.g., Afanas’ev 1984-85 [1873], vol. 3, 128-29).\n34. Shein 1898, 344.\n"
9780814774823 - page_280: "START TEXT: 35. For example Dmitrieva 1988, 212.\n36. Translated from Shein 1898, 346.\n37. Dmitrieva (1988, 209-1" ******* END TEXT: "81.\n59. Listova 1989, 148. Cf. Pokrovskii 1884, 46.\n60. Listova 1989, 148.\n61. Pokrovskii 1884, 47.\n"
9780814774823 - page_281: "START TEXT: 62. Ibid., 84.\n63. Cross 1991, plates 1, 3, 8.\n64. Likhachev and Panchenko 1976, 73.\n65. Kabanov 198" ******* END TEXT: "h less likely because she would be living with her husband’s family elsewhere.\n88. Propp 1961, 268.\n"
9780814774823 - page_282: "START TEXT: 89. See Propp 1975, 22.\n90. Kolpakova 1973, 232.\n91. See: Pevin 1893, 232; Worobec 1991, 161.\n92. Ge" ******* END TEXT: " some very unpleasant memories. The rule that one was supposed to speak quietly and avoid any noisy "
9780814774823 - page_283: "START TEXT: behavior in a bania was undoubtedly connected to the fact that a woman screamed her heart out while " ******* END TEXT: "e apparent polarity.\n3. Gromyko 1986, 167.\n4. Ivanov 1969, 131.\n5. As quoted by Schmemann 1991, A9.\n"
9780814774823 - page_284: "START TEXT: 6. See Peskov 1992.\n7. Examples provided by Belkin 1991b, 13.\n8. Maiakovskii 1970 (1924), vol. 3, 21" ******* END TEXT: "items in 252 n. 48 above.\n41. Anzieu 1984, 73-76, 140-41. Cf. Freud (SE, vol. 18, 127) who believes "
9780814774823 - page_285: "START TEXT: that it is a paternal leader of the group, rather than the group itself which takes the place of the" ******* END TEXT: "rist peasant commune and the Soviet collective farm. See, for example: Kerblay 1985; Medvedev 1987.\n"
9780814774823 - page_286: "START TEXT: 71. See, for example Seliunin 1989, 202 (= Seliunin 1988, 186).\n72. Medvedev 1987, 362-65.\n73. Solzh" ******* END TEXT: "chestvo”) is of course not original with Berdiaev. Among Russians it played an especially important "
9780814774823 - page_287: "START TEXT: role in the thinking of Vladimir Solov’ev, and it endures to this day in Russian theology (e.g., Men" ******* END TEXT: "the life of nations: “It is impossible to imagine a nation which throughout the course of its whole "
9780814774823 - page_288: "START TEXT: existence has no cause for repentance.” Or: “The nation is mystically welded together in a community" ******* END TEXT: "ing discussion of the use of -rod- words in Fedorov’s philosophy. Kathleen Parthé (1992, 8-9) finds "
9780814774823 - page_289: "START TEXT: that -rod- words play an important role in Russian Village Prose of the 1960s and 1970s.\n126. Dostoe" ******* END TEXT: "ed study of apocalypticism in modern Russian fiction, see Bethea 1989.\n2. Berdiaev 1968 (1921), 230."
9780814774823 - page_290: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_291: "START TEXT: Bibliography\nAfanas’ev, A. N. 1975 (1872). Russkie zavetnye skazki, 2d ed. Ste. Genevièvedes-Bois: I" ******* END TEXT: "a v russkom fol’klore. Vypusk pervyi. Mladenchestvo, detstvo. Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura.\n"
9780814774823 - page_292: "START TEXT: ANSSSR. 1950-1965. Slovar’ sovremennogo russkogo literaturnogo iazyka. Moscow-Leningrad: Nauka, 17 v" ******* END TEXT: ", Richarda. 1990. Die weibliche Initiation im ostslawischen Zaubermärchen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.\n"
9780814774823 - page_293: "START TEXT: Belkin, Aron. 1991a. “Chto skazal by o nas Freid?” Sovetskaia kul’tura, 27 July, p. 4.\n———. 1991b. “" ******* END TEXT: "e of Fairy Tales. New York: Vintage.\n———. 1980. Surviving and Other Essays. New York: Random House.\n"
9780814774823 - page_294: "START TEXT: Bieber, Irving. 1966. “Sadism and Masochism.” American Handbook of Psychiatry. Edited by S. Arieti. " ******* END TEXT: "arterly 9, 293-319.\nBrun-Zejmis, Julia. 1991. “Messianic Consciousness as an Expression of National "
9780814774823 - page_295: "START TEXT: Inferiority: Chaadaev and Some Samizdat Writings of the 1970s.” Slavic Review 50, 646—58.\nBuckley, M" ******* END TEXT: "eds Philosophical and Literary Society, Literary and Historical Section, vol. 19, part 6, 221-321).\n"
9780814774823 - page_296: "START TEXT: Condee, Nancy, and Vladimir Padunov. 1987. “The Soiuz on Trial: Voinovich as Magistrate and Stage Ma" ******* END TEXT: "Transformation of Russian Society. Edited by C. Black. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 636—52.\n"
9780814774823 - page_297: "START TEXT: Dinnerstein, Dorothy. 1976. The Mermaid and the Minotaur: Sexual Arrangements and Human Malaise. New" ******* END TEXT: "zsledovaniia narodnoi zhizni. Moscow: Izdanie V. I. Kasperova, “Russkaia” tipo-litografiia, vol. 1.\n"
9780814774823 - page_298: "START TEXT: Eklof, Ben. 1991. “Worlds in Conflict: Patriarchal Authority, Discipline and the Russian School, 186" ******* END TEXT: "nalytic Quarterly.\nField, Daniel. 1989 (1976). Rebels in the Name of the Tsar. Boston: Unwin Hyman.\n"
9780814774823 - page_299: "START TEXT: Fisher, Seymour, and Roger P. Greenberg. 1977. The Scientific Credibility of Freud’s Theories and Th" ******* END TEXT: "oscow: GIKhL, 2 vols.\nGippius, Zinaida. 1908. Chernoe po belomu. Saint Petersburg: M. V. Pirozhkov.\n"
9780814774823 - page_300: "START TEXT: Glazov, Yuri. 1985. The Russian Mind Since Stalin’s Death. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company.\n" ******* END TEXT: ". 1973 (1970). Vse techet. … Frankfurt: Posev.\n———. 1980. Zhizn’ i sud’ba. Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme.\n"
9780814774823 - page_301: "START TEXT: Gurova, Irina. 1992. “Kuda mne teper’—na panel’?” Literaturnaia gazeta, 8 January, p. 10.\nGustafson," ******* END TEXT: "rtret). Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury.\n———. 1979. Gorodskaia sem’ia. Moscow: Nauka.\n"
9780814774823 - page_302: "START TEXT: Illiustrov, I. I. 1904. Sbornik rossiiskikh poslovits i pogovorok. Kiev: Tipografiia S. V. Kul’zhenk" ******* END TEXT: "nstitut d’études slaves.\nKernberg, Otto F. 1984. “The Couch at Sea: Psychoanalytic Studies of Group "
9780814774823 - page_303: "START TEXT: and Organizational Leadership.” International Journal of Group Psychotherapy 34, 5-23.\n———. 1988. “C" ******* END TEXT: "ence.\nKogan, Emil’. 1982. Solianoi stolp: politicheskaia psikhologiia Solzhenitsyna. Paris: Poiski.\n"
9780814774823 - page_304: "START TEXT: Kohn, Hans. 1960. Pan-Slavism: Its History and Ideology, 2d ed. New York: Vintage Books.\nKohut, Hein" ******* END TEXT: "netsova, Larisa. 1980. Zhenshchina na rabote i doma. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury.\n"
9780814774823 - page_305: "START TEXT: ———. 1987. “A Woman Executive: Why Not?” New Times, no. 25, 22-24.\n———. 1988. “What Makes a Woman Ha" ******* END TEXT: ".\nLikhachev, Dmitrii S., and A. M. Panchenko. 1976. “Smekhovoi mir” drevnei Rust. Leningrad: Nauka.\n"
9780814774823 - page_306: "START TEXT: Lipton, Earle L., Alfred Steinschneider, and Julius B. Richmond. 1965. “Swaddling, A Child Care Prac" ******* END TEXT: "” The Family in Imperial Russia. Edited by D. Ransel. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 171—85.\n"
9780814774823 - page_307: "START TEXT: Masaryk, Thomas Garrigue. 1955-67 (1912). The Spirit of Russia: Studies in History, Literature and P" ******* END TEXT: " 1974. Dziady. Warsaw: Czytelnik.\nMiller, Wright. 1961. Russians as People. New York: E. P. Dutton.\n"
9780814774823 - page_308: "START TEXT: Mironov, Boris. 1990. “The Russian Peasant Commune After the Reforms of the 1860s.” The World of the" ******* END TEXT: "tanford University Press.\nOrtner, Sherry. 1974. “Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture?” Woman, "
9780814774823 - page_309: "START TEXT: Culture, and Society. Edited by M. Rosaldo and L. Lamphere. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 67-" ******* END TEXT: "4 (1959). “The Contemporary Russian Peasant Wedding.” Introduction to Soviet Ethnography. Edited by "
9780814774823 - page_310: "START TEXT: S. Dunn and E. Dunn. Berkeley: Highgate Road Social Science Research Station, vol. 1, 343-62.\nPushka" ******* END TEXT: ". Edited by B. Clements, B. Engel and C. Worobec. Berkeley: University of California Press, 113-32.\n"
9780814774823 - page_311: "START TEXT: Reik, Theodor. 1941. Masochism in Modern Man. Translated by M. Beigel and G. Kurth. New York: Farrar" ******* END TEXT: "ra, 20 vols.\n———. 1980. The History of a Town. Translated by I. P. Foote. Oxford: Willem A. Meeuws.\n"
9780814774823 - page_312: "START TEXT: Sanches, Antonio. 1779. O parnykh rossiiskikh baniakh. Saint Petersburg.\nSapozhnikov, D. I. 1891. Sa" ******* END TEXT: "Shukshin, Vasilii. 1975. Izbrannye proizvedeniia v dvukh tomakh. Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2 vols.\n"
9780814774823 - page_313: "START TEXT: Siniavskii, Andrei (Abram Terts). 1974. “Literaturnyi protsess v Rossii.” Kontinent 1, 143-90.\n———. " ******* END TEXT: "ress.\n———. 1990. “Kak nam obustroit’ Rossiiu?” Literaturnaia gazeta, no. 38, 18 September, pp. 3—6.\n"
9780814774823 - page_314: "START TEXT: ———. 1991 (1990). Rebuilding Russia: Reflections and Tentative Proposals. Translated by A. Klimoff. " ******* END TEXT: "henie i mekhanizmy psikhologicheskoi zashchity.” Rossiiskii psikhoanaliticheskii vestnik 2, 87-100.\n"
9780814774823 - page_315: "START TEXT: Tolstaia, Tat’iana. 1992. “Vot tebe, baba, blinok!” Moskovskie novosti, no. 29, 19 July, p. 22.\nTols" ******* END TEXT: "ografiia V. M Sablina.\nVenturi, Franco. 1960 (1952). Roots of Revolution: A History of the Populist "
9780814774823 - page_316: "START TEXT: and Socialist Movements in Nineteenth Century Russia. Translated by F. Haskell. New York: Grosset an" ******* END TEXT: "e University Press.\nYevtushenko, Yevgeny. 1988. “We Humiliate Ourselves.” Time, 27 June, pp. 30-31.\n"
9780814774823 - page_317: "START TEXT: Young, George M., Jr. 1979. Nikolai F. Fedorov: An Introduction. Belmont, Mass.: Nordland.\nZakher-Ma" ******* END TEXT: "Universiteta.\nZoshchenko, Mikhail. 1978. Izbrannoe. Leningrad: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 2 vols."
9780814774823 - page_318: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814774823 - page_319: "START TEXT: Index\nabortion, 162\nAdler, Alfred, 260\nAfanas’ev, Afanasii, 132, 172, 270, 277, 279\nAfanas’eva, Tama" ******* END TEXT: "254\nBakunin, Mikhail, 10, 44\nbania, 115, 119, 181–201, 280, 282–83\nBarag, L. G., 123, 268, 269, 270\n"
9780814774823 - page_320: "START TEXT: Baranskaia, NataPia, 132, 175, 176, 270, 278\nBarker, Adele, 272\nBartlett, Roger, 285\nbathhouse. See " ******* END TEXT: "s, Ellen, 259, 289\ncharivari, 217, 285\nCharme, Stuart, 253\nChaseguet-Smirgel, Janine, 214, 252, 285\n"
9780814774823 - page_321: "START TEXT: Cherniavsky, Michael, 252, 253, 262, 271, 272, 273\nChernyshevskii, Nikolai, 43, 45, 58, 258\nChisholm" ******* END TEXT: "piphanius, 20, 26\nEpshtein, Mikhail, 262\nEremina, V. I., 262, 269, 282\nErikson, Erik, 251, 252, 267\n"
9780814774823 - page_322: "START TEXT: Erofeev, Viktor, 204, 256\nEsaulov, I., 283\nescape from self, 108–9\nEvreinov, N., 268\nEvtushenko, Evg" ******* END TEXT: "472\nHeuvel, Katrina vanden, 278\nHingley, Ronald, 12, 249, 251\nHoch, Steven, 251, 262, 268, 279, 285\n"
9780814774823 - page_323: "START TEXT: Holquist, M., 254\nHolt, Alix, 174, 277\nholy foolishness, 21–23, 28, 110, 128, 253\nHomo sovieticus, 8" ******* END TEXT: "nsey, Alfred, 266\nKireevsky, Ivan, 21, 39, 42, 253, 257, 258\nKirilov (Dostoevsky), 41\nKiva, A., 249\n"
9780814774823 - page_324: "START TEXT: Klein, Melanie, 265\nKlibanov, A. I., 254\nKlimas, I. S., 279\nKluckhohn, Clyde, 118, 267\nKlugman, Jeff" ******* END TEXT: "sky), 236\nMarkov, VI., 260, 272, 287\nMarmeladova, Sonia (Dostoevsky), 22\nMarshall, Bonnie, 163, 275\n"
9780814774823 - page_325: "START TEXT: Martin, Dale, 253\nMartynova, Antonina, 72, 262, 280\nMasaryk, T. G., 257, 259\nmasculinization of wome" ******* END TEXT: ", William, 280\nNikitenko, Aleksandr, 48, 145, 165, 259\nNikitin, I. S., 287\nNikolaevich, Nikolai, 84\n"
9780814774823 - page_326: "START TEXT: Nikolka (Pushkin), 22\nNikol’skii, A., 206, 284, 285\nNikon, 23\nnomenklatura, 2, 115\nnonresistance, 18" ******* END TEXT: "-Laferriere, Daniel, 254, 257, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276, 277, 280, 281\n"
9780814774823 - page_327: "START TEXT: Rank, Otto, 190, 269, 280\nRansel, David, 73, 191, 262, 272, 280\nRaskolnikov (Dostoevsky), 80\nRasputi" ******* END TEXT: "185–87, 197\nseparation-individuation process, 95, 106, 109–10, 120, 129–30, 132–33\nSeraphim, 20, 21\n"
9780814774823 - page_328: "START TEXT: serfdom, 1–2, 4, 10–15, 28–31, 33, 37, 135, 216\nSergei, 19, 26\nSergii, 26, 79\nservility. See slavish" ******* END TEXT: "\nSzamuely, Tibor, 44, 46, 254, 258, 259\nTarasov, Boris, 255\nTaubman, P., 285\nTeague, Elizabeth, 288\n"
9780814774823 - page_329: "START TEXT: Tereshkova, V. V., 275\n“terpenie,” 165\n“terrible twos,” 132\nTertullian, 30\nTheodosius, 19, 20\n“thiev" ******* END TEXT: ", 273\nZholkovskii, Aleksandr, 70, 262\nZhukhovitskii, Leonid, 170, 171, 277\nZinoviev, Aleksandr, 269\n"
9780814774823 - page_330: "START TEXT: Ziolkowski, Margaret, 25, 78, 79, 253, 254, 263\nZlatovratskii, N. N., 268\nZorin, N. V., 281\nZoshchen" ******* END TEXT: "ratskii, N. N., 268\nZorin, N. V., 281\nZoshchenko, Mikhail, 183, 279\nZosima (Dostoevsky), 235, 236\n\n\n"
9780814779163 - page_i: "START TEXT: THE DILEMMA OF CONTEXT " ******* END TEXT: "THE DILEMMA OF CONTEXT "
9780814779163 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814779163 - page_iii: "START TEXT: THE DILEMMA OF CONTEXT\nBEN-AMI SCHARFSTEIN\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "THE DILEMMA OF CONTEXT\nBEN-AMI SCHARFSTEIN\n\n\n\n"
9780814779163 - page_iv: "START TEXT: Copyright © 1989 by New York UniversityAll rights reserved\nManufactured in the United States of Amer" ******* END TEXT: "per, andtheir binding materials are chosen for strength and durability.\nBook design by Ken Venezio\n\n"
9780814779163 - page_v: "START TEXT: To my students who have become my colleagues" ******* END TEXT: "To my students who have become my colleagues"
9780814779163 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814779163 - page_ix: "START TEXT: constancy that are necessary for us to live and learn. 101\n• The relativistic contention that langua" ******* END TEXT: " context and consequences, which are anything but trivial for human relations. 185\nREFERENCES\nINDEX "
9780814779163 - page_vii: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nPREFACE\nACKNOWLEDGMENTS\n1 • CONTEXTUAL PROBLEMS AND TENSIONS\n• The term context is characte" ******* END TEXT: "iticism of The Whiteman exemplifies how different cultural expectations create misunderstanding. 31\n"
9780814779163 - page_viii: "START TEXT: • Anthropological informants and other cultural intermediaries are subjected to strains usually too " ******* END TEXT: "tivism cannot be total. 92\n• Relativism is limited by the perceptual, cognitive, and other kinds of "
9780814779163 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814779163 - page_xi: "START TEXT: PREFACE\nThis book is meant for philosophers and for cultural anthropologists and other social scient" ******* END TEXT: "lture to appreciate the position of those of another. The philosophers, anthropologists, and others "
9780814779163 - page_xii: "START TEXT: who make a serious attempt to enter into the life of alien cultures are likely to reflect the ambigu" ******* END TEXT: "mpt to be thorough in understanding context leads to a total contextualization, in which everything "
9780814779163 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: becomes the context of everything else. Such a contextualization is equivalent to total relativity, " ******* END TEXT: "st useful to one’s aim. The desire for a better world lends the attempt a genuine moral compulsion.\n"
9780814779163 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: In one of his novels, Henry James said, “We work in the dark—we do what we can—we give what we have." ******* END TEXT: " the sacrifice that makes it easier to give what we have. The rest is the madness of philosophy.”\n\n\n"
9780814779163 - page_xv: "START TEXT: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\nThe colleagues who helped me with this book include Gershon Weiler, who read a very " ******* END TEXT: "ang-tzu. Above all, I thank Dan Daor for his trenchant, good-humored advice on the book as a whole. "
9780814779163 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814779163 - page_xvii: "START TEXT: THE DILEMMA OF CONTEXT " ******* END TEXT: "THE DILEMMA OF CONTEXT "
9780814779163 - page_xviii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814779163 - page_1: "START TEXT: 1CONTEXTUAL PROBLEMS AND TENSIONS\nThe term context, the dictionaries tell us, is derived from the La" ******* END TEXT: "e view that explanation is impossible or seriously incomplete unless context is taken into account. "
9780814779163 - page_10: "START TEXT: In partial response, it seems, to the Second World War, prominent anthropologists in the United Stat" ******* END TEXT: "t they had not forgotten the possibilities of relativism. Relativism has an eternal attractiveness; "
9780814779163 - page_11: "START TEXT: and by now, in the late 1980s, it has returned, perhaps to favor and certainly to the center of atte" ******* END TEXT: "ery clear now but will be clarified, if not for the anthropologist in question, then for ourselves.\n"
9780814779163 - page_12: "START TEXT: The background I have sketched above is especially relevant to the anthropological examples that fol" ******* END TEXT: "tem which brought riches to some and poverty to many. He believed it could be done by education and "
9780814779163 - page_13: "START TEXT: political activity, by arguing and getting people round to his point of view. I was too impatient f" ******* END TEXT: "y gamble away a third of my life in prison,” he said, “so long as I can live the way I want for the "
9780814779163 - page_14: "START TEXT: other two-thirds. After all, it’s my life, and that’s how I feel about it. The alternative—the prosp" ******* END TEXT: "ne, he added, knew the answer, and even the most capable of the criminologists lacked the knowledge "
9780814779163 - page_15: "START TEXT: that only the criminal himself could have. Speaking of the wellknown criminologist Leon Radzinowitz," ******* END TEXT: "elieves in his heart that the criminal wants to go straight but is too stupid or proud to admit it, "
9780814779163 - page_16: "START TEXT: or too helpless to change. In my case they were wrong. They were fundamentally wrong. (144–45)\nAt th" ******* END TEXT: "his own environment, that he himself makes the open or hidden basis for his abstract understanding.\n"
9780814779163 - page_17: "START TEXT: Now for the anthropological examples. In order to make them coherent and cumulative. I have chosen t" ******* END TEXT: "in unmoved by the expert torture to which they were subjected, while the captors tried to remain or "
9780814779163 - page_18: "START TEXT: appear amiable. The captives would laugh, sing, and mock, while the captors would remain apparently " ******* END TEXT: "en disciplined too much might harm themselves (the modern Senaca say that over-disciplined children "
9780814779163 - page_19: "START TEXT: may grow up to mistreat their parents). Adults were usually quick to adjust whatever quarrels they h" ******* END TEXT: "on, in the sense that they remembered the insults they had appeared to disregard and repaid them by "
9780814779163 - page_2: "START TEXT: In other words, everything is seen as relative to its context. For this reason, the meaning of conte" ******* END TEXT: " true judgment must be given up.\nWhat both reason and history show, I think, is that the boundaries "
9780814779163 - page_20: "START TEXT: slandering the insulters behind their backs or teasing them in their presence. Speaking of the Monta" ******* END TEXT: "f their Friends and Relations, could persuade many of them to leave their new Indian Friends and Ac "
9780814779163 - page_21: "START TEXT: quaintance[s]; several of them that were by the Caressings of their Relations persuaded to come Hom" ******* END TEXT: ", themselves when they are not deprived of their reason. (Hallowell, 1955, 142; Axtell 1985, 64–65)\n"
9780814779163 - page_22: "START TEXT: Writing in the 1950s, the anthropologist A. I. Hallowell, from whom I have drawn much of the forego" ******* END TEXT: "ed by then, were led by paternalistic reformers to break with the tribal past and the reservations. "
9780814779163 - page_23: "START TEXT: They were encouraged to establish life on their private land, as individuals and citizens, while the" ******* END TEXT: "of Black Elk’s words, was a poet who grew to feel that his consciousness and that of the old Indian "
9780814779163 - page_24: "START TEXT: had as much as merged. He believed that the Indian, though be knew no English, was repeating his, Ne" ******* END TEXT: "e tradition, and in interpreting the harmony of the circle in the sense of the harmony of Christian "
9780814779163 - page_25: "START TEXT: love. Furthermore, in tradition, Wakan Tanka embodied many wakan beings in many different aspects an" ******* END TEXT: "ots of their own in the structure of reality—in other words, for an Indian metaphysics. Ironically, "
9780814779163 - page_26: "START TEXT: many of the most widely quoted words of the book are not those spoken by Black Elk (76–80). Neihardt" ******* END TEXT: " (Margolin 1981, 183). She scorns the efforts of white poets to enter the Indian soul like tourists "
9780814779163 - page_27: "START TEXT: taking a quick turn in a foreign temple. She begins a poem with the words:\nFor the white poets who w" ******* END TEXT: "aders in their culture and ours as having a congruent function. To speak of revealing injustices is "
9780814779163 - page_28: "START TEXT: to assume identical legal values and suppose that Indians suffer from the same useless guilts as Ang" ******* END TEXT: "ic in Navajo (90). A further difficulty is that Indian literature is usually meant to be the verbal "
9780814779163 - page_29: "START TEXT: aspect of a ceremony, and its separation from this context impoverishes it. Taken separately from th" ******* END TEXT: "n poetry was sung, he reminds us, and its language was conjoined with music, both the music and the "
9780814779163 - page_3: "START TEXT: in fact between contextualism, relativism, and skepticism have been fluid and that when these doctri" ******* END TEXT: "and I of the timid cat—here and now we are like enough to follow the same train of thought. Yet the "
9780814779163 - page_30: "START TEXT: words being essential for the more-than-factual resonance of the words. The contrast between poetry " ******* END TEXT: "ebate between those who put their faith in logical and linguistic analysis and those whose faith is "
9780814779163 - page_31: "START TEXT: romantic and holistic. I do not know what Kroeber would have said if instead of the American logicia" ******* END TEXT: "omeone who might prefer his entry to go unnoticed. The mimic then calls the person he is addressing "
9780814779163 - page_32: "START TEXT: by his personal name, disregarding the feeling Apaches have that the use of such a name, which is a " ******* END TEXT: "men as lacking in understanding, by which they mean they are oblivious of themselves; as lacking in "
9780814779163 - page_33: "START TEXT: wisdom, in the sense of being careless, impulsive, inconsiderate, and self-centered; as easily offen" ******* END TEXT: "t he had learned to the French ethnographers who had been working in his village. It was only after "
9780814779163 - page_34: "START TEXT: Griaule had earned their confidence by years of persevering inquiry and practical help that the vill" ******* END TEXT: "the eyes of others, even though it meant being subservient to the whites. (Carpenter, 1960, 418–20)\n"
9780814779163 - page_35: "START TEXT: Ohnainewk did not have an easy time of it. Hard as he tried to make friends with the whites, his pri" ******* END TEXT: "to play German whist at Finschhafen. She had tasted wine from all over the world on board warships. "
9780814779163 - page_36: "START TEXT: Each experience has come separately as if washed up on the shores of her island, to be taken, examin" ******* END TEXT: "of success, together with them. The posthumous publication of Bronislaw Malinowski’s A Diary in the "
9780814779163 - page_37: "START TEXT: Strict Sense of the Word shocked those who believed in the anthropologist’s ability to be the human " ******* END TEXT: "ty pounds” (Wintrob 1969, 66–67).\nAnthropologists have compared their first experience of fieldwork "
9780814779163 - page_38: "START TEXT: to the initiation into adulthood of primitive adolescents. “In solitary agony, supported only by the" ******* END TEXT: "d out under the protective envelope of colonial administrations and their officers; anthropologists "
9780814779163 - page_39: "START TEXT: were, Maquet writes, ‘not assimilated into the African layer of the society. They were members of th" ******* END TEXT: " include those of the former colonial but now independent territories. If it isn’t one shortcoming, "
9780814779163 - page_4: "START TEXT: difficulty, as we need not be told, can be troublesome and at times fatal. It is clear that to under" ******* END TEXT: " (knowing depends on limiting conditions) and unlikely, in any case, to grace a merely human being.\n"
9780814779163 - page_40: "START TEXT: trouble, or accusation, it’s another. What else is to be expected when the anthropologists grapple s" ******* END TEXT: "ind it easy, because the language is of an enormous range, both in words and inflections, something "
9780814779163 - page_41: "START TEXT: like the Arabic, calling one and the same thing by various names, both original and derived, and us" ******* END TEXT: " … I had no sooner arrived amongst the natives of India than I recognized the absolute necessity of "
9780814779163 - page_42: "START TEXT: gaining their confidence. Accordingly I made it my constant rule to live as they did. I adopted the" ******* END TEXT: "uropeans from the standpoint of Hindus: Europeans eat the flesh of the sacred cow, a crime worse in "
9780814779163 - page_43: "START TEXT: Hindu eyes than eating human flesh; Europeans use pariahs as domestic servants; Europeans have immor" ******* END TEXT: "contemporary anthropologists, he practices ‘cultural criticism,’ which he defines as “the method of "
9780814779163 - page_44: "START TEXT: obtaining information from persons belonging to a culture other than the native culture of the inves" ******* END TEXT: "tic confusion. But I think it is more than that—somehow, the Hindu and the rabbi recommend that you "
9780814779163 - page_45: "START TEXT: cannot know the tradition even cognitively unless you accept its dicta and accept its injunctions” (" ******* END TEXT: " home of perfect men. Apathy and hostile conquerors have led India to forget its precious past, say "
9780814779163 - page_46: "START TEXT: the adherents of the Renaissance. India now has to borrow techniques from the West, they concede; bu" ******* END TEXT: "y acceptance, and cheap electicism” (49), but this remark is a lonely criticism in a sea of praise.\n"
9780814779163 - page_47: "START TEXT: Looking back, I can think of an infinity of other examples I might have chosen; but granted a primar" ******* END TEXT: "r form of life show that they are members of the same social group—not the strangers to it, who are "
9780814779163 - page_48: "START TEXT: odd, difficult, inexplicable, and unreliable. If it is this human need that is really dominant, then" ******* END TEXT: "ent of romantic criticism in Europe.\nPerhaps any abstract explanation of any form of conduct of any "
9780814779163 - page_49: "START TEXT: one human group can be instantiated in all the other groups. Perhaps the manifestations of human con" ******* END TEXT: ". Think only of the difficulty of the observers to observe and at the same time take account of the "
9780814779163 - page_5: "START TEXT: Having said all this without giving any evidence, I must go on and explain. In explaining, I hope to" ******* END TEXT: "ot to develop it as it deserves but to indicate the temper of mind that underlies the coming pages.\n"
9780814779163 - page_50: "START TEXT: disturbance introduced by their presence as observers. To be true to their vocation, anthropologists" ******* END TEXT: "ers were not much observed, and the understanding of their contextual influence remained limited.\n\n\n"
9780814779163 - page_6: "START TEXT: It appears to me that philosophers are stubbornly themselves; and although they are reluctant to ack" ******* END TEXT: "ay that is compatible with the scientific, to remind myself often of the resistance of the facts to "
9780814779163 - page_7: "START TEXT: full analysis, and to keep in mind that the final object is a better grasp of the problems that we c" ******* END TEXT: " the United States by Frank Boas, the same pioneering teacher who insisted that anthropology should "
9780814779163 - page_8: "START TEXT: cease to be the construction placed by denizens of libraries on travelers’ tales and should become, " ******* END TEXT: "os, who knew very well what it was for one individual to kill another, were unable, as the explorer "
9780814779163 - page_9: "START TEXT: Rasmussen testified, to grasp the idea of war, in which one Eskimo village would go out in battle ar" ******* END TEXT: "ciety. Conformity to the code of the group is a requirement for any regularity in life” (1948, 77).\n"
9780814779163 - page_100: "START TEXT: seriously as a rule and sometimes fight over it with their publishers. Yet Constable’s paintings had" ******* END TEXT: " or “genuine” and stigmatizes others as “spurious” (N. Goodman 1978 x, 1–4, 17–24, 94, 96, 138–40).\n"
9780814779163 - page_101: "START TEXT: Other prominent philosophers with strong relativistic tendencies also draw back. Thomas Kuhn combine" ******* END TEXT: "lds can be put very plainly. It is that our life would be impossible if not for the degree of unity "
9780814779163 - page_102: "START TEXT: and uniformity that experience reveals. The case begins with learning, perception, and action, of th" ******* END TEXT: "us to do. The objects in front of us look bigger as we approach them, change their appearance as we "
9780814779163 - page_103: "START TEXT: pass them, and change their levels and angles as we move our heads. Yet, if the objects are still, t" ******* END TEXT: "aordinary capacity for extracting underlying information from noisy signals and generalizing across "
9780814779163 - page_104: "START TEXT: only distantly related spectral patterns. That is why we can understand human speech by a bass and a" ******* END TEXT: "1985, 71–72; Lakoff 1987, 24;-30; Barnes 1987, 122–6). Ethnoscience also investigates the effect of "
9780814779163 - page_105: "START TEXT: particular languages on the ability of their speakers to observe, remember, and act; the use in diff" ******* END TEXT: "sion may vary with sex, age, or social or cultural context (Ekman and Oster 1982, 147ff.). There is "
9780814779163 - page_106: "START TEXT: plenty of evidence for both the emotional unity and disunity of mankind (Heelas 1984, 41).\nA researc" ******* END TEXT: "gative feelings, such as shame, anger, distress, and depression. But although this characterization "
9780814779163 - page_107: "START TEXT: may be acceptable in the West, it appears strange to the anthropologist Gananath Obeyesekere, who is" ******* END TEXT: "ed by tradition, theology, and philosophy, not to speak of life itself, that there are no objective "
9780814779163 - page_108: "START TEXT: arguments with force enough to overcome it. Even if we make the assumption that the Buddhists would " ******* END TEXT: "hat he has been occupied for nearly two decades in compiling a Tikopia-English dictionary, with the "
9780814779163 - page_109: "START TEXT: help of a native of the Polynesian island, but finds the language still difficult. His difficulty re" ******* END TEXT: "d that Chinese linguistic forms and the Chinese mentality that went with it influenced the Japanese "
9780814779163 - page_110: "START TEXT: to see their history and literature in the light of Confucian or Buddhist conceptions of history, an" ******* END TEXT: "with, less metaphysically inclined than the Hindus, they came to believe that the Word, transmitted "
9780814779163 - page_111: "START TEXT: in the sacred language, had a separate being, which preceded creation (Efros 1964, 69–72). Its lette" ******* END TEXT: "he other entirely from it. … Language is the external manifestation, as it were, of the spirit of a "
9780814779163 - page_112: "START TEXT: nation. Its language is its spirit and its spirit its language: one can hardly think of them as suff" ******* END TEXT: "niverse” (Calame-Griaule 1977, 154).\nPreoccupation with words and categories should not cause us to "
9780814779163 - page_113: "START TEXT: forget the sensuous qualities of every language, to which its speakers respond without knowing how o" ******* END TEXT: "een individuals. Humboldt’s view was that the predisposition for language was inseparable from that "
9780814779163 - page_114: "START TEXT: for sociability. It would never have occurred to an isolated human being, he said, to hit upon the n" ******* END TEXT: "servers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their "
9780814779163 - page_115: "START TEXT: linguistic backgrounds are similar, or can in some ways be calibrated” (Whorf 1956, 214). Whorf expl" ******* END TEXT: "f time as an evenly scaled and limitless tape-measure leads us, he said, to behave more often as if "
9780814779163 - page_116: "START TEXT: events were uniform and monotonous and influences us, in ways he did not specify, to be careless (15" ******* END TEXT: "nese is in one important respect so philosophically superior that it is hard, and maybe impossible, "
9780814779163 - page_117: "START TEXT: to translate certain fallacious European philosophical texts into Chinese: The clarity of Chinese wi" ******* END TEXT: "the assertion of existence, of union or prediction, and of identity (“Man is the rational animal”).\n"
9780814779163 - page_118: "START TEXT: I go on with the contrast between Chinese and English and similar languages. In Chinese one says tha" ******* END TEXT: " to Graham’s. He agrees that the history of the Western doctrine of Being is formed by the usage of "
9780814779163 - page_119: "START TEXT: the verb, and agrees that Plato’s Ideas and Aristotle’s categories and metaphysics of substance and " ******* END TEXT: "hment of the Greeks was therefore made easier for them by the language they spoke. In Kahn’s words:\n"
9780814779163 - page_120: "START TEXT: In its second-order semantic uses of eimi the language had already brought to the fore and articulat" ******* END TEXT: "y a “radical translation,” one made, he specifies, from the talk of a newly discovered people whose "
9780814779163 - page_121: "START TEXT: language has no kinship with any we know. Quine assumes a condition in which there are no useful hin" ******* END TEXT: " better off” (1969, 5–6).\nIt turns out that Quine is willing to apply his view of the indeterminacy "
9780814779163 - page_122: "START TEXT: of translation to two speakers of the same language, though he appears to do so more out of principl" ******* END TEXT: "es and connecting chains of translators and of a realistic or detailed context tends to confine his "
9780814779163 - page_123: "START TEXT: question, as I assume he wants, to theory rather than to practical experience (Kirk 1986, 34–35). Bu" ******* END TEXT: "tock in the dogma that the much-correlated “heathen” language must be so thoroughly and organically "
9780814779163 - page_124: "START TEXT: different that efforts to suggest what the natives’ attitude may be can only be confused? These assu" ******* END TEXT: "ualities (Premak 986, 93). I give a reference, Premak, who gives another reference; but, references "
9780814779163 - page_125: "START TEXT: apart, I can affirm that the first clear word spoken by my granddaughter, who is just beginning to l" ******* END TEXT: "s that human beings can give one another in prolonged contact even across the barriers of radically "
9780814779163 - page_126: "START TEXT: different languages. One can always learn a little, from a little learn something more, and from som" ******* END TEXT: "dly ever arises between people about whether the colour of this object is the same as the colour of "
9780814779163 - page_127: "START TEXT: that, the length of this rod the same as the length of that, etc. This peaceful agreement is the cha" ******* END TEXT: "o justify or validate their choice or formulation remains rather subjective” (Stassen 1985, 20–21).\n"
9780814779163 - page_128: "START TEXT: Like species in biology, universals of language or thought may turn out to be characterized most eff" ******* END TEXT: " even the most intelligent nonhuman animals. It might also deny the title of thought to the process "
9780814779163 - page_129: "START TEXT: by which the musician thinks music, the painter thinks painting, and the mathematician thinks mathem" ******* END TEXT: "g about languages is more personal. I have been bilingual almost from the start. Often I lecture in "
9780814779163 - page_130: "START TEXT: Hebrew from an English text. My thought appears to me practically identical no matter which of the l" ******* END TEXT: "ain injury in sometimes mysteriously variable ways—my kind of bilingual would probably be similarly "
9780814779163 - page_131: "START TEXT: affected in the ability to use both languages, but this is not certain, because aphasia is often lan" ******* END TEXT: "ff its reality. Then, for want of a better name, he called the result empty, meaning, devoid of any "
9780814779163 - page_132: "START TEXT: intrinsic nature because entirely relative, lacking anything substantial enough even to be negated (" ******* END TEXT: "ly, although the argument goes on (for example, Churchland and Hooker 1985; Devitt 1984; Fine 1986; "
9780814779163 - page_133: "START TEXT: Krausz and Meiland 1982; Sklar 1985, chap. 5). It goes on because all the views expressed in the deb" ******* END TEXT: "on ecology, which relates to the populations of a single species; and community or systems ecology, "
9780814779163 - page_134: "START TEXT: which investigates the associations and interactions among different species in space and time and d" ******* END TEXT: "dy, the ideal of the abstract, free individual is primarily Western (Shweder and Bourne 1984, 190).\n"
9780814779163 - page_135: "START TEXT: As the study shows, the Indians described personalities in ways that were relatively concrete, behav" ******* END TEXT: "sociocultural environment are shaped beyond the wildest dreams of Social Anthropology. … To dissect "
9780814779163 - page_136: "START TEXT: a universal unproblematic actor out of these local systems may seem useful for a number of ideologic" ******* END TEXT: "al suppression, cognitive-emotional shaping, and assumption of social roles and culturally assigned "
9780814779163 - page_137: "START TEXT: beliefs, then the very persistence of individuality is a sign that, despite their cultures, people a" ******* END TEXT: "clude that we should refuse to make a choice between contextualism and its opposite, however named. "
9780814779163 - page_138: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814779163 - page_51: "START TEXT: 2CONTEXTUAL DILEMMAS AND LIMITATIONS\nSo far, a single idea has dominated: To understand human beings" ******* END TEXT: " of their research was only superficial. The diary of Malinowski mentioned earlier shows him angry, "
9780814779163 - page_52: "START TEXT: homesick, disdainful, lustful, and perhaps racist. A native of the Trobriands, where Malinowski wrot" ******* END TEXT: "ge and assimilated the culture of their conquerors. Now that the conqueror is usually gone, we meet "
9780814779163 - page_53: "START TEXT: the politically free and, we hope, unvengeful philosopher with both a Hindu and a Western philosophi" ******* END TEXT: "d that the foreign already exists within—at least in the form of an unexpressed attraction outward. "
9780814779163 - page_54: "START TEXT: An explicit presentation of the contextual differences between different cultures is an implicit app" ******* END TEXT: "To our possible dismay, these partners do not accept the experts’ evaluations of them. What happens "
9780814779163 - page_55: "START TEXT: when the discussants are not experts who presume themselves to be neutral but Africans who have beco" ******* END TEXT: "ilosophies, consisting of what eiders once said or are reputed to have said. Whatever the reasoning "
9780814779163 - page_56: "START TEXT: of these elders may have been, it is no longer available and, even if reconstructed, is not adequate" ******* END TEXT: "t seems to me that Wiredu would make both an easy and difficult discussant, easy because those with "
9780814779163 - page_57: "START TEXT: the usual English philosophical cast of mind would find much in common with him, but difficult becau" ******* END TEXT: "n the European or Aristotelian, though the static and dynamic were complementary and inseparable in "
9780814779163 - page_58: "START TEXT: both traditions. Kagame remarked that Africans might think very differently if they made systematic " ******* END TEXT: "tensions from which they derived their vitality, leaving Africans with an artificial choice between "
9780814779163 - page_59: "START TEXT: cultural ‘alienation’ (which is supposedly connected with political betrayal) and cultural nationali" ******* END TEXT: "hat it leads. The very attempt to be consistent makes the idea of context hard to manage because if "
9780814779163 - page_60: "START TEXT: we do not limit it either intuitively or arbitrarily, it is unrestrained by any natural limit of its" ******* END TEXT: " recognize something different or new we have nothing but our experience with what we have known up "
9780814779163 - page_61: "START TEXT: to the present; but what we have known up to the present resembles what we now want to know only in " ******* END TEXT: "ic, more slow-moving we become, and the greater the threat that all intellectual motion will cease.\n"
9780814779163 - page_62: "START TEXT: Suppose we spell out the difficulty in more concrete detail. Suppose that we begin with no more than" ******* END TEXT: "n of course be few or many and qualitative or quantitative, that is, arranged on a numerical scale.\n"
9780814779163 - page_63: "START TEXT: A simple, natural sequence of levels might be made of these five; the microcontext, the correlative " ******* END TEXT: " thinks. The genetic level is intriguing but still too distant to help us with the understanding of "
9780814779163 - page_64: "START TEXT: texts. The sensitivity of the eye, the ear, and some parts, perhaps, of the central nervous system i" ******* END TEXT: "ence about something of concern, the fit or lack of fit between what is said and how it is said—for "
9780814779163 - page_65: "START TEXT: example, purportedly rational refutation with the help of strongly emotional words, kindness preache" ******* END TEXT: "graphical, in the sense, say, of the book called Oxford in the Age of John Locke, which studies the "
9780814779163 - page_66: "START TEXT: inner and outer worlds of Oxford and the relations of Locke himself to the university (Hargreaves-Ma" ******* END TEXT: "cal systems, some of which, notably Hegel’s, construct a much fuller universal context than others.\n"
9780814779163 - page_67: "START TEXT: Although beginning modestly, the demand for context has grown beyond all measure. I say this because" ******* END TEXT: "niverse of the text’s universe— meaning, the universe without any qualifications—provides a context "
9780814779163 - page_68: "START TEXT: for everything else. Still another step, and we learn, in the light of the need for context, that we" ******* END TEXT: "e at the old view, now suggested in physics by bootstrap theory, which says, as Anaxagoras did long "
9780814779163 - page_69: "START TEXT: ago, “In everything there is a portion of everything” (Capra 1982; Schofield 1980, chap. 4).\nThere i" ******* END TEXT: "ot by this fact diversify itself; and though all waves simultaneously include the great ocean, they "
9780814779163 - page_70: "START TEXT: are not one … While one wave includes the great ocean, all other waves also include the ocean in its" ******* END TEXT: "lem, which the Buddhist construed as the principle of mutual interpenetration. He meant, in his own "
9780814779163 - page_71: "START TEXT: words, that “one includes all and enters all, all includes one and enters one, one includes one and " ******* END TEXT: "at appear plausible to us now, in the light of our knowledge of science and the history of thought.\n"
9780814779163 - page_72: "START TEXT: I have been stretching the idea of context like a rubber band to see if it would break; but in actua" ******* END TEXT: ", it is the endless lesson that we can live only if we learn to classify things in standard ways as "
9780814779163 - page_73: "START TEXT: necessary, desirable, and dangerous—something that can be done to good effect only if we give things" ******* END TEXT: "individual thing could be grasped, with all its peculiarities, as a whole; but he had no developed, "
9780814779163 - page_74: "START TEXT: consistent explanation of how this could occur (Ross 1949, 169; Edel 1982, 124–49). His realism and " ******* END TEXT: "ndividual’s universal, essence, or form. I say “joined with,” but the question of how individuators "
9780814779163 - page_75: "START TEXT: and universals were related and whether this relation was properly a relation at all was a troubleso" ******* END TEXT: " that which by exclusion makes something separate, particular, or individual. This is the principle "
9780814779163 - page_76: "START TEXT: that explains our ability to point at something, say “Here!” and identify it as itself and nothing e" ******* END TEXT: "ink; but intellectual history is full of surprises. Arbitrary as the idea of the vishesha may seem, "
9780814779163 - page_77: "START TEXT: contemporary physics proclaims the importance of a principle that resembles it and, by implication, " ******* END TEXT: "d a shock late in the composition of his book, when he discovered that the Nyaya-Vaisheshika held a "
9780814779163 - page_78: "START TEXT: similar view; and he agrees with them that particularity and universality are inseparable but not re" ******* END TEXT: "kburn 1984, 302). I do not want to dispute these words, but the philosophy referred to is conceived "
9780814779163 - page_79: "START TEXT: in a different, more technical spirit than mine and is meant to have a different effect.\nThe ability" ******* END TEXT: "a leaf identical with any other and that even drops of water or milk when viewed under a microscope "
9780814779163 - page_80: "START TEXT: were different (Leibniz 1956). In further confirmation of his view, all snowflakes, though hexagonal" ******* END TEXT: "viduality posited by even the most complex theory of personality. Not only is he incommensurable as "
9780814779163 - page_81: "START TEXT: a whole, by which I mean not exactly translatable into a rearranged collection of traits identical w" ******* END TEXT: "uch individuality of odor should not hold true for human beings as well. Because the recognition of "
9780814779163 - page_82: "START TEXT: individual odor in mice has a genetic basis, it may be a factor in their choice of mates, perhaps by" ******* END TEXT: "ique experience; and everything being totally different, nothing could be explained to be different "
9780814779163 - page_83: "START TEXT: because every comparison rests on the possibility of likeness— whoever points out that things do not" ******* END TEXT: "dividuality that we find in everything beyond mathematics and physics cannot lead to the conclusion "
9780814779163 - page_84: "START TEXT: that the world lacks or can be grasped without generality, similarity, and identity. If there were n" ******* END TEXT: "xact metaphysical status, characterize nature at every level; and that comparisons can therefore be "
9780814779163 - page_85: "START TEXT: made and assumed to be possibly adequate for the use to which they are put.\nIf this is so, it should" ******* END TEXT: "because of the criticisms of the experimentalists. There is also much more awareness of an animal’s "
9780814779163 - page_86: "START TEXT: particular nature. Typically, ethologists, who make prolonged observations of the same small group o" ******* END TEXT: " different ideals, views, theories, conceptual schemes, and philosophies have no common standard by "
9780814779163 - page_87: "START TEXT: which to judge them. Every position is therefore granted an equivalent independence to be important " ******* END TEXT: " a dream we may interpret a dream within the dream. Fools think they are awake, confident that they "
9780814779163 - page_88: "START TEXT: know who they are; but “you and Confucius are both dreams, and I who call you a dream am also a drea" ******* END TEXT: "finite regress, unlike a self-contradiction, is not logically fatal to the argument that enters it.\n"
9780814779163 - page_89: "START TEXT: Look at it this way: If I argue that one thing is proved by another, and I answer the subsequent que" ******* END TEXT: " Relevant questions include: What plausible literary descriptions of Socrates do we have to compare "
9780814779163 - page_90: "START TEXT: with the portrait? What evidence is there for the date of the portrait, whether of its material, its" ******* END TEXT: " judges the judge who gives the answer?” is a question about the possibility of being objective. We "
9780814779163 - page_91: "START TEXT: know that no definitive answer can be given, but his idea that all human experience is equally subje" ******* END TEXT: "s of beauty. This takes us back to anthropology and to the problems of context with which we began.\n"
9780814779163 - page_92: "START TEXT: To repeat, the central argument of the relativists is that there is no final criterion for the judgm" ******* END TEXT: " proof but not beyond the possibility of intellectual acceptance. This assumption is, incidentally, "
9780814779163 - page_93: "START TEXT: approximated by the Hindu philosopher Udayana (b. 1050), when he states that the inexpressibility of" ******* END TEXT: "It is time that we recognized, not that the question is too difficult, but that we cannot even pose "
9780814779163 - page_94: "START TEXT: it fully because we cannot play the complete strangers to ourselves and our experience or conceive a" ******* END TEXT: "n see in his way of looking at things? First, the “passion for one world is satisfied, at different "
9780814779163 - page_95: "START TEXT: times and for different purposes, in many different ways,” for “even reality is relative” (20). Seco" ******* END TEXT: "e infinite relationships tie together everything that comprises it into an infinitely varied unity.\n"
9780814779163 - page_96: "START TEXT: Now for my quarrel with Goodman, whom I harden and exaggerate somewhat, as I have said and as happen" ******* END TEXT: "other, their tie to the other kinds of living creatures, and the tie of all the living creatures to "
9780814779163 - page_97: "START TEXT: the nonliving world from which they issue and of which they are in a sense made.\nIf, with Goodman, w" ******* END TEXT: " lose more than we gain. As for individual artists, the application to them of the term world, with "
9780814779163 - page_98: "START TEXT: its implied closure or distance, seems to derive its interest from its metaphorical exaggeration—con" ******* END TEXT: "and the poet. The bridge is really a dense web of bridging relationships. Many of its filaments are "
9780814779163 - page_99: "START TEXT: elusively delicate, but all of them together create the powerful coherence that keeps a world one or" ******* END TEXT: "erials with which they make their fates, or the physical nature of printing, though authors take it "
9780814779163 - page_139: "START TEXT: 3CONTEXTUAL HESITATIONS AND SOLUTIONS\nIf it is best to refuse the choice between contextualism and i" ******* END TEXT: "iddle does not hold. But at every point at which a decision has to be made, whether in constructing "
9780814779163 - page_140: "START TEXT: the new logic or in deciding for what purposes to use it, the logic-inventor must decide for one cou" ******* END TEXT: "wever, make good sense if we know its background or context. We should no doubt prefer to answer it "
9780814779163 - page_141: "START TEXT: in words of uncompromising clarity in perfectly logical sentences that are verified by experience be" ******* END TEXT: "solid object is not the air that surrounds it, and the air is not the object. Our eyes and ourlogic "
9780814779163 - page_142: "START TEXT: confirm one another on this point. To be as careful as possible, we turn to the instrument that disc" ******* END TEXT: "ation is, in effect, only partial.\nLikewise, I think, our minds often find difficulty in separating "
9780814779163 - page_143: "START TEXT: what definition and logic have separated as clearly as possible. For instance, we find that much of " ******* END TEXT: "t of our understanding —the understanding of the simultaneously same and different single-composite "
9780814779163 - page_144: "START TEXT: creature—the world is composed of what are neither exact identities nor differences nor singularitie" ******* END TEXT: "logic allows a proposition to take any of the infinite number of possibilities between the poles of "
9780814779163 - page_145: "START TEXT: true and false. The law of the excluded middle is of course sacrificed; but, in return, there is th" ******* END TEXT: "ce, what more do you need to know?\nThe essence proved too hard, however, to capture. To begin with, "
9780814779163 - page_146: "START TEXT: the ‘scale of nature’ did not work well in practice, and it began to be modified, at first almost un" ******* END TEXT: " is supported, not by a belief in Ideas, but by population statistics. Difficulties for the concept "
9780814779163 - page_147: "START TEXT: are caused by borderline cases, by species just coming into existence, and by asexual reproduction, " ******* END TEXT: "edictable change. This amplified randomness, which has come to be called chaos, cannot be abolished "
9780814779163 - page_148: "START TEXT: by the gathering of additional information—for prediction, it simply does not help to know more.\nAs " ******* END TEXT: "a given person, we begin not with the laws of physics and not directly with the laws of psychology— "
9780814779163 - page_149: "START TEXT: to the extent that there are such—but with the person himself, whom we study in order that our abili" ******* END TEXT: "r. It is equaled or surpassed in these only by dreamed computer-creatures. Unlike ordinary logic or "
9780814779163 - page_150: "START TEXT: logic machines, everyday thought is able to cope with information that is not formally contextualize" ******* END TEXT: "e than enough for us to experience and fathom; and I am not familiar with any believer in two kinds "
9780814779163 - page_151: "START TEXT: of truth, levels of experience, or worlds who has any explanation for the doubling that is not simpl" ******* END TEXT: " people” (Graham 1981, 282–83).\nChuang-tzu’s attitude of unprejudiced respect for things and points "
9780814779163 - page_152: "START TEXT: of view was one of humility toward the depth of the world and toward our inability to understand it " ******* END TEXT: "o the conclusion that the very act of designation, the shih that affirmed the presence or rightness "
9780814779163 - page_153: "START TEXT: of some particular thing, or the fei that denied its presence or rightness, was necessarily ambiguou" ******* END TEXT: " does in an unprejudiced way, Chuang-tzu insinuates and sometimes maybe even says how one can think "
9780814779163 - page_154: "START TEXT: about it without falling into rigidity or over-exact discrimination. He uses a number of catch phras" ******* END TEXT: "ke him, he is the natural anthropologist, quick to empathize with every eccentric person and exotic "
9780814779163 - page_155: "START TEXT: custom; and, like him, he is sure that one fashionable truth will be succeeded by another.\nWhat is e" ******* END TEXT: "self “absolutely, simply, and solidly, without confusion and without mixture” (Frame 1958, 239–42).\n"
9780814779163 - page_156: "START TEXT: Surely Chuang-tzu would approve of this inability to categorize and judge and find in it something o" ******* END TEXT: "te the difference between the two. Nietzsche says, directly, that logic falsifies because, in using "
9780814779163 - page_157: "START TEXT: it, one makes the false assumption that it is applied to identical cases:\nLogic is bound to the cond" ******* END TEXT: " very attempt to be faithful to him (Harvey 1986, 124). The role of the deconstructionist resembles "
9780814779163 - page_158: "START TEXT: that of the participant-observer. Like the anthropologist in relation to the culture he is studying," ******* END TEXT: "all temporal (Harvey 1986, 104–7).\nAccording to Derrida, metaphysics creates a particular system of "
9780814779163 - page_159: "START TEXT: conceptual possibilities. These are embedded in all the Western languages and therefore dominate all" ******* END TEXT: "ne” (Derrida 1976, 112–13).\nPerhaps Derrida’s point can be given an illustration from a primitivist "
9780814779163 - page_160: "START TEXT: text in the Chuang-tzu book, it is the story of Po Lo, who was dissatisfied that the horses were all" ******* END TEXT: "cessive, and not always intentionally so. His conviction that Western languages are penetrated by a "
9780814779163 - page_161: "START TEXT: peculiar, totally coercive Western metaphysics does not fit the more moderate conclusions we reached" ******* END TEXT: "nst Derrida to a single sentence because my own position is clear from what I have written earlier. "
9780814779163 - page_162: "START TEXT: He is too pessimistic about the literally infinite possibilities given by words. I prefer the Zen vi" ******* END TEXT: "s no more than a pseudoquestion (Matilal 1981, 8). More exactly, questions were classified as those "
9780814779163 - page_163: "START TEXT: that should be answered categorically, those that should be answered with a counterquestion, those t" ******* END TEXT: " ways of putting a (philosophic) proposition. There are also as many standpoints as there are views "
9780814779163 - page_164: "START TEXT: of the non-Jain philosophers” (Matilal 1981, 42). But the Jains came to adopt a seven-fold classific" ******* END TEXT: "rue if asserted unconditionally. In tribute to the Jains, Matilal adds that their great respect for "
9780814779163 - page_165: "START TEXT: life was transformed at the intellectual level into respect for the views of others (Matilal 1981, 6" ******* END TEXT: "He answers with an almost unmeasured optimism: “There are no limits to the interior dialogue of the "
9780814779163 - page_166: "START TEXT: soul with itself. With this thesis I would oppose the suspicion that language is an ideology. I want" ******* END TEXT: "e only within its whole; and the culture also constitutes the individuals who live and think within "
9780814779163 - page_167: "START TEXT: it and by its means. The individual is no doubt more independent than the cell; but just as only fet" ******* END TEXT: "hich each of its members can be most closely understood. The sociologist Georg Simmel tried to work "
9780814779163 - page_168: "START TEXT: out a sociology of groups consisting of one, two, three, or more members, each kind of group with it" ******* END TEXT: "e and the relatively clear in the vague. We need to see how individual person and culture share one "
9780814779163 - page_169: "START TEXT: another intricately and in a sense simply, and vaguely and in a sense clearly, and to see, with the " ******* END TEXT: "magination, or harness the technical instruments to imagination more effectively. So, for instance, "
9780814779163 - page_170: "START TEXT: a simple visual model, to give it too pretentious a name, can give visual clarity to perhaps the gre" ******* END TEXT: "oying war between its elements.\nIn keeping with this analogy, we see that if there is anything that "
9780814779163 - page_171: "START TEXT: destroys broad syntheses, it is the disparity of the materials of which they are made. This is true " ******* END TEXT: "o help us deal with cultural density, complexity, vagueness, and unpredictability. Much, I am sure, "
9780814779163 - page_172: "START TEXT: will be done by an imaginative use of the technical means now afforded by computers. I am not referr" ******* END TEXT: "defined as an unsmooth flow containing eddies, is unstable and hard to deal with mathematically. It "
9780814779163 - page_173: "START TEXT: seems that, like the wind, it is made up of a succession of bursts, themselves made up of smaller bu" ******* END TEXT: "metry with asymmetry and stimulate a more knowing analysis of complex and indefinite relationships.\n"
9780814779163 - page_174: "START TEXT: I cannot claim to have applied the analogies of turbulence or clouds in any serious way, but I am su" ******* END TEXT: "as Mann study not only themselves, their friends, and their acquaintances but the environment their "
9780814779163 - page_175: "START TEXT: characters inhabit. In other words, they transform themselves into something like social anthropolog" ******* END TEXT: "ted by the feeling that life is too brief (Morris 1964, 197). In the last ten, somber chapters, the "
9780814779163 - page_176: "START TEXT: protagonist Kaoru is chronically hesitant and unsuccessful in love, and we observe and feel how the " ******* END TEXT: "English literature and music, who takes down the autobiographies of Kung women, until the emotional "
9780814779163 - page_177: "START TEXT: distance between teller and recorder narrows and almost vanishes and she feels how like her they are" ******* END TEXT: "ction against Absolutism was fostered, he tells us, by Einstein’s theory of relativity, by the Jain "
9780814779163 - page_178: "START TEXT: theory of standpoints, and by the English realists; but, as he saw it, the main fruit he reaped in C" ******* END TEXT: "ophical thought, and a due appreciation of their full significance, may turn out to be as important "
9780814779163 - page_179: "START TEXT: to modern philosophy as the discovery of Sanskrit has been to the investigation of modern philologic" ******* END TEXT: "red God by means of love alone, believed that he and God were identical, and dared to say “I am the "
9780814779163 - page_180: "START TEXT: Absolute Truth,” meaning no less than “I am God” (Anawati and Gardet 1948, 35–40). In Massignon’s so" ******* END TEXT: "hing above and beyond it. A strange, enthusiastic, complex man, he was undoubtedly a great scholar.\n"
9780814779163 - page_181: "START TEXT: Harry Wolfson was a very different kind of scholar and person (Schwarz 1978). He wrote on Crescas, S" ******* END TEXT: "ct his Ethics” (Wolfson 1947, 3).\nSpinoza was a hero to Wolfson, and he played an essential role in "
9780814779163 - page_182: "START TEXT: Wolfson’s attempt to reconstruct the history of philosophy. According to Wolfson, philosophy had com" ******* END TEXT: "mained, there was a ruling artificiality. I think that nobody could find Philo’s verbose, sensitive "
9780814779163 - page_183: "START TEXT: mysticism in Wolfson’s pages on him. Perhaps Wolfson had become a little too fond of his own learnin" ******* END TEXT: "he left foot, he pulled it out, gave it to the owner and paid him the rent, then returned the right "
9780814779163 - page_184: "START TEXT: foot in the same way, and then, crawling along, returned his belly, ribs, chest, etc., till only the" ******* END TEXT: "d, from whom he borrows most. The death the great scholar fears most is isolation from the past and "
9780814779163 - page_185: "START TEXT: the future, over which he tries to extend himself. He tries to reduce all distances and encapsulate " ******* END TEXT: " contexts belong at the same pole as those who stress the universal or general, absolutism, monism, "
9780814779163 - page_186: "START TEXT: realism, objectivity or distance from immediate experience, rationalism, and perhaps universalism. S" ******* END TEXT: "here is no good reason to think of a certain context as the be-all and end-all of the understanding "
9780814779163 - page_187: "START TEXT: of human beings. “The simple fact is that a human phenomenon which is explained in one way is, so to" ******* END TEXT: "nswerer. It can educate the native expositor, who translates from one culture into another, no less "
9780814779163 - page_188: "START TEXT: than the foreign reader. As an anthropologist has said, “Interpretation is not a simple one-way proc" ******* END TEXT: " of human life that have emerged, especially (by anthroplogical tradition) in smaller or culturally "
9780814779163 - page_189: "START TEXT: more distant communities. In learning about them, we are learning for ourselves and about our own hu" ******* END TEXT: "ne demands or rejects depend upon one’s aim; and because one’s aim is usually both intellectual and "
9780814779163 - page_190: "START TEXT: emotional, it is as much a function of one’s need or personality as of any abstraction. Therefore th" ******* END TEXT: " with one another more often than we agree, but we do on the whole consent to listen to one another "
9780814779163 - page_191: "START TEXT: or to accept in theory that we should do so. Most of us believe that our positions are enriched by t" ******* END TEXT: " technology, and economics becomes more evident and as we continue to assimilate art and literature "
9780814779163 - page_192: "START TEXT: from every human direction, the art having helped to revolutionize our esthetic attitudes.\nIf we cou" ******* END TEXT: "as philosophers or anthropologists. We can no more produce identical philosophies or anthropologies "
9780814779163 - page_193: "START TEXT: than poets can write identical poems. Because this is, I take it, a fact, the dream of unanimity by " ******* END TEXT: "too is an impossible dream, though we seem to see something like it happening in front of our eyes. "
9780814779163 - page_194: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814779163 - page_195: "START TEXT: REFERENCES\nAarsleff, H. 1982. From Locke to Saussure. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.\nAb" ******* END TEXT: "969. Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution. Berkeley: University of California Press.\n"
9780814779163 - page_196: "START TEXT: Bharati, A. 1970. “The Hindu Renaissance and Its Apologetic Patterns.” Journal of Asian Studies, Feb" ******* END TEXT: " edited by O. Uribe-Villegas.\nCapra, F. 1982. “Holonomy and Bootstrap.” In The Holographic Paradigm "
9780814779163 - page_197: "START TEXT: and Other Paradoxes, edited by K. Wilbur. Boulder, Colo.: Shambhala Publications.\nCarpenter, E. 1960" ******* END TEXT: "R. F. 1988. In The Development of Language and Language Researches, edited by F. S. Kessel, 237–38.\n"
9780814779163 - page_198: "START TEXT: Crutchfield, S. P., J. D. Farmer, and R. S. Shaw. 1986. “Chaos.” Scientific American, Dec.\nDarwin, C" ******* END TEXT: "onies. 3d ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nEck, D. L. 1982. Banaras. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.\n"
9780814779163 - page_199: "START TEXT: Edel, A. 1982. Aristotle and His Philosophy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.\nEdger" ******* END TEXT: "Vol. I. London: Probsthain.\nGardet, L. 1970. “Religion and Culture.” In Cambridge History of Islam. "
9780814779163 - page_200: "START TEXT: Vol. 2, ed. P. M. Holt, A. K. S. Lambton, and B. Lewis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nGardn" ******* END TEXT: "nia Press.\nHallpike, C. R. 1979. Foundations of Primitive Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\n"
9780814779163 - page_201: "START TEXT: Hamburg, D. A., and E. R. McCown. 1979. The Great Apes. Menlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings.\nHanse" ******* END TEXT: "eida Press.\nJain, S. 1979. Thejaina Path of Purification. Berkeley: University of California Press.\n"
9780814779163 - page_202: "START TEXT: James, W. 1892. “Thought Before Language: A Deaf-Mute’s Recollections.” Philosophical Review 1:613–2" ******* END TEXT: "ind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\nThe Laws of Manu. 1886. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\n"
9780814779163 - page_203: "START TEXT: Lee, R. B., and I. De Vore, eds. 1976. Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers. Translated by G. Buhler. Cambridge" ******* END TEXT: "981. The Way We Live: Californian Indian Reminiscences, Stories, and Songs. Berkeley: Heyday Books.\n"
9780814779163 - page_204: "START TEXT: Marks, C. E. 1980. Commissurotomy, Consciousness and Unity of Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press.\nMarrou, H." ******* END TEXT: "ism. London: Allen & Unwin.\nNeedham, J. 1970. “The Translation of Old Chinese Science and Technical "
9780814779163 - page_205: "START TEXT: Texts.” In Clerks and Craftsmen in Ancient China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nNeedham, R." ******* END TEXT: "rinceton University Press.\nPotter, K. H. 1957. The Padharthatattvanirupanam of Raghunatha Siromani. "
9780814779163 - page_206: "START TEXT: Cambridge: Harvard University Press, for the Harvard-Yenching Institute.\n———, ed. 1977. Encyclopedia" ******* END TEXT: "’s India. Reprint. Delhi: S. Chand.\nSchaff, A. 1973. Language and Cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill.\n"
9780814779163 - page_207: "START TEXT: Scharfstein, B.-A. 1980. The Philosophers. New York: Oxford University Press.\n———. ed. 1978. Philos" ******* END TEXT: " House.\nSklar, L. 1985. Philosophy and Spacetime Physics. Berkeley: University of California Press.\n"
9780814779163 - page_208: "START TEXT: Smith, P. 1986. “Le Souci anthropologique.” In Anthropologie: État des lieux.\nSolomon, E. A. 1976, 1" ******* END TEXT: "London: Methuen.\nTonegawa, S. 1985. “The Molecules of the Immune System.” Scientific American, Oct.\n"
9780814779163 - page_209: "START TEXT: Totuola, A. 1952. The Palm-Wine Drinkard. London: Faber & Faber.\nTrentman, J. A. 1982. “Scholastici" ******* END TEXT: "ce. New York: Doubleday.\nWiggins, D. 1980. Sameness and Substance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\n"
9780814779163 - page_210: "START TEXT: Wilbur, K., ed. 1982. The Holographic Paradigm and Other Paradoxes. Boulder, Colo.: Shambhala Public" ******* END TEXT: "A. Wurm.\nYang, C. K. 1967. Religion in Chinese Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.\n\n\n"
9780814779163 - page_211: "START TEXT: INDEX\nAarsleff, H., 111, 113, 114\nAbraham, W. E., 53\nAbsolute, the, 78–83\nAbsolutism, 126, 185–86\nan" ******* END TEXT: "6\nBlack Elk Speaks, 23–26\nBlake, William, 31, 97\nBleicher, J., 165\nBoas, Franz, 7–8, 9, 10, 11, 174\n"
9780814779163 - page_212: "START TEXT: Boman, T., 116\nBook as World, The, 99\nBooth, E., 77\nBootstrap theory, 68–69\nBourne, E. J., 134, 135\n" ******* END TEXT: "in the Strict Sense of the Word, A, 36–37\nDignaga, 93\nDodds, E. R., 65\nDogon traditions, 33–34, 112\n"
9780814779163 - page_213: "START TEXT: Dougherty, J. W. D., 62\nDravid, R. R., 110, 161\nDream of the Red Chamber, 176\nDreams, 87–88, 90\nDrea" ******* END TEXT: "n, C., 66, 153\nHargreaves-Mawdsley, W. N., 66\nHarvey, I. E., 157, 158, 159, 160\nHatch, E., 8, 9, 10\n"
9780814779163 - page_214: "START TEXT: Hattori, M., 93\nHawkes, D., 176\nHebrew, 110–11, 116, 120\nHeelas, P., 106\nHegel, G. W. F., 66, 68, 11" ******* END TEXT: "iew\nLaw, 65\nLearning, 81, 82, 83, 102\nLeiber, J., 125\nLeibniz, G. W., 68, 79–80\nLettvin, J. Y., 103\n"
9780814779163 - page_215: "START TEXT: Levine, D. N., 150\nLeVine, R. A., 62\nLevi-Strauss, Claude, 175\nLevy, R. I., 136\nLewis, D., 96\nLewis," ******* END TEXT: "8\nObjectivity, 90–91, 175\nOdor, 81–82\nO’Flaherty, W. D., 66\nOgotemmeli, 33–34, 177\nOhnainewk, 34–35\n"
9780814779163 - page_216: "START TEXT: Oster, H., 105\nOxford in the Age of John Locke, 65–66\nPaleography, 62\nParker, T., 12\nParkinson, Phoe" ******* END TEXT: "phrenics, language of, 114\nSchofield, M. 69\nSciascia, T. R., 103\nScience, 6, 73, 144, 145, 189, 191\n"
9780814779163 - page_217: "START TEXT: Scotus, John Duns, 75, 76, 77\nSeidensticker, E. G., 175\nSensory perception, 90, 142\nSextus Empiricus" ******* END TEXT: "human emotions, 105\nVan La wick, H., 177\nVendler, Helen, 97\nVendler, Z., 129\nVerhaer, J. W. M., 116\n"
9780814779163 - page_218: "START TEXT: Violence, 14, 39, 58\nVishesha, 74–77, 81\nVoegelin, C. F., 116\nVoegelin, F. M., 116\nVygotsky, L. S., " ******* END TEXT: " 131\nWurm, S. A., 116, 128, 130\nYamazaki, K., 82\nYang, C. K., 53\nZadeh, Lofti, 144\nZola, Emile, 174 "
9780814779163 - page_219: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: " "
9780814779163 - page_220: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: " "
9780814779163 - page_221: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: " "
9780814779163 - page_222: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814779170 - page_1: "START TEXT: INDENTATION\nDonald David Sandborn read that twelve million Americans feared him so completely that t" ******* END TEXT: "of impression trays, both disposable and nondisposable, and hung them from the curtain hooks in the "
9780814779170 - page_10: "START TEXT: In the dining room of his apartment, Dr. Sandborn worked for thirty-seven evenings in a row, making " ******* END TEXT: " She Stands Her Ground for the third placemat, boasting a burly female dentist with her entire hand "
9780814779170 - page_11: "START TEXT: hidden in a patient’s mouth, five overly sized molars and a tooth-key at her feet. He added just a t" ******* END TEXT: "oversial. Also, he kept Paul Bunyans, sweet and sour pork, chili, sauerkraut, and pigs in a blanket "
9780814779170 - page_12: "START TEXT: strictly off the menu, because he knew what they would do to his tourist’s breath.\nThree years earli" ******* END TEXT: " of yeast, merocrine, and something that smelled like vodka. The patient swallowed suddenly and Dr. "
9780814779170 - page_13: "START TEXT: Sandborn caught a whiff of sour orange juice as the patient exhaled.\n“Do you use mouthwash regularly" ******* END TEXT: "instructive alternatives. Most dentists typically asked their patients to tap on articulating paper "
9780814779170 - page_14: "START TEXT: with their teeth, causing a foul odor of something which reminded Dr. Sandborn of camphor granules. " ******* END TEXT: " spreading hepatitis, herpes, AIDS, and tuberculosis, gargle with this solution at least once every "
9780814779170 - page_15: "START TEXT: visit as soon as you enter the apartment.”\nIn the living and dining areas, he perfumed the environme" ******* END TEXT: "that no one was around, he ran to the sculpture that he had read about with such fascination in the "
9780814779170 - page_16: "START TEXT: office. He reached up and stroked his fingertips over the capital of the stone column with his eyes " ******* END TEXT: "here’s an old Chinese proverb,” Dr. Riddle said. “If you want to be happy for an hour, take a nap.”\n"
9780814779170 - page_17: "START TEXT: Dr. Sandborn entered the empty spare bedroom of his apartment instinctively, without flicking on the" ******* END TEXT: " the patron saint of dentists. The Romans pulled all her teeth one at a time because she refused to "
9780814779170 - page_18: "START TEXT: renounce her faith. They broke her teeth with iron points, extracted the roots with tongs, and crush" ******* END TEXT: "his face. He waited patiently for the tourists to arrive, breathing peacefully through his mouth.\n\n\n"
9780814779170 - page_2: "START TEXT: pegboard. He arranged the attractive Temrex Rite Bite trays and Caulk Rim-Lock non-perforated water-" ******* END TEXT: "ions. Come.” Sandborn followed Dr. Riddle into his office and Dr. Riddle instructed him to sit back "
9780814779170 - page_3: "START TEXT: in the Belmont chair with the double-padded headrest.\n“Open your mouth and pull your upper lip away " ******* END TEXT: "t see his impression.\n“Now, let’s do your lowers,” Dr. Riddle said, reaching into Sandborn’s mouth.\n"
9780814779170 - page_4: "START TEXT: Knowing that mouth mirrors were a dentist’s most basic visual aid, Dr. Sandborn reasoned that he cou" ******* END TEXT: " unmailed letters and Christmas cards addressed to patients on the coffee table, covering them with "
9780814779170 - page_5: "START TEXT: dentistry stamps, including the famous one depicting Henri Moissan and the two recent sets issued by" ******* END TEXT: " flyer last week about his latest scheme. Founding the first Amway for dentists. Every dentist is a "
9780814779170 - page_6: "START TEXT: shareholder. Dentists peddling products to other dentists for Christ’s sake. An oral sensation. Word" ******* END TEXT: "evator music—tapes that would be played suggestively in the background during the tour. He recorded "
9780814779170 - page_7: "START TEXT: some of the more popular TV shows with his VCR on the chance that the actors might make dental refer" ******* END TEXT: " kids and teenagers, he used Thomas McGuire’s book, The Tooth Trip, reading aloud into a microphone "
9780814779170 - page_8: "START TEXT: from select sections of the book such as “A Day in the Life of a Germ,” “The Bad Acid Trip,” “Stimud" ******* END TEXT: "th margarine on the table.\n“Please dear, Mr. Sandborn looks full enough already,” Mrs. Riddle said.\n"
9780814779170 - page_9: "START TEXT: “So you think he’s fat, do you?” Dr. Riddle said, poking towards Sandborn’s belly. “The wife here th" ******* END TEXT: "quatted down, and lifted his end of the table, trying to slide the entire meal onto his wife’s lap.\n"
9780814779170 - page_19: "START TEXT: THE PERILS OF ASTHMA\n1A Finch Named Goldy\nBub Lilly was certain of four things when he was twelve: h" ******* END TEXT: " and I’m telling you I will never never never ever play the trumpet again, and you will sell it for "
9780814779170 - page_20: "START TEXT: me and buy me a finch named Goldy and then we’ll both be happy and men.”\n“Why would you name a finch" ******* END TEXT: "d Bub was holding back the band.\n“I’ll talk to him,” Mr. Lilly said.\nThey all talked during dinner.\n"
9780814779170 - page_21: "START TEXT: “More squash?” his mother offered, oozing it onto Bub’s plate.\n“Thanks,” Bub said, “are there any mo" ******* END TEXT: "d I slipped and dropped it in Garret’s Pond, and by now it’s all rusted up I guess, and that’s it.”\n"
9780814779170 - page_22: "START TEXT: Mr. Lilly noisily exhaled, sputtering his lips.\n“Do you like being in the band, Bub?” his mother sai" ******* END TEXT: " or not.\n“I quit the band,” he said, standing up.\n“What? No,” Mr. Lilly said.\n“Tomorrow,” Bub said.\n"
9780814779170 - page_23: "START TEXT: “You’re not,” his father said.\n“I’m quitting the band tomorrow and selling my trumpet for money,” Bu" ******* END TEXT: "ked. They were all decked out in their new orange and mint green uniforms. For the coup de grace—as "
9780814779170 - page_24: "START TEXT: Mr. Bailey told the photographer—the band members were surrounded by widening circles of supine musi" ******* END TEXT: "mp circles. Now he would be able to fall asleep if he propped himself up on an extra pillow. Now he "
9780814779170 - page_25: "START TEXT: could pull down the poster and lean his forehead against the blank, cream wall.\nTomorrow, he decided" ******* END TEXT: "ad of themselves. He knew when his dad was about to end a speech because an odd sort of punctuation "
9780814779170 - page_26: "START TEXT: started creeping into his lips. A dash here. Two periods in a row there. Something similar to a sput" ******* END TEXT: " columns matching up exactly to the folds. He could read the front page in under seven minutes, and "
9780814779170 - page_27: "START TEXT: usually found at least one typo with ease. With his friend Spotty’s help, Bub could do his own half " ******* END TEXT: "ay.”\n“It’s definite,” Bub said. “I told my dad even.”\n“To hell you did. Two turds at least.”\n“Yup.”\n"
9780814779170 - page_28: "START TEXT: “You told your father, no freakin sheet? Mister Math. I’ll bet he cussed you out”\n“No way.”\nThey str" ******* END TEXT: " took over. Wheeze in. Wheeze out. Wheeze in. Out. Wheeze in was always first. Bub didn’t know why.\n"
9780814779170 - page_29: "START TEXT: “Lemme up. I got asthma.”\nBy now Spotty was half sitting, half lying, on his own front tire and Bub’" ******* END TEXT: "t. How it is.”\n“What about when it speeds up?” Spotty said, getting interested.\n“The train? Or me?”\n"
9780814779170 - page_30: "START TEXT: “The train.”\n“Then,” said Bub, “I can’t hear it. Anymore.”\n“Oh,” said Spotty, confused. He puzzled o" ******* END TEXT: "s out with his straining legs as he sped towards his half of the route, while Spotty puffed his way "
9780814779170 - page_31: "START TEXT: along in the opposite direction, vaguely curious as to how the asthma had gone away so fast. Bub’s h" ******* END TEXT: "ey Boy I got a disease.”\n“AIDS!” said Bub.\n“Yeah, yeah, AIDS. That’ll scare him off. He won’t touch "
9780814779170 - page_32: "START TEXT: me. He’ll throw the flute in the freakin garbage. Freakin AIDS. He’ll have a fricking frog. Outright" ******* END TEXT: ", she had toyed seriously with the notion of refusing to marry John because of the last-name issue.\n"
9780814779170 - page_33: "START TEXT: “If only it was the other way around or something,” she had said quietly when she was twenty-three. " ******* END TEXT: "his point in the air, that his father was a Lilly, his mother was a Lilly, and so on, and he wasn’t "
9780814779170 - page_34: "START TEXT: about to snub his parents or defect to another country or even talk about children just yet, and thu" ******* END TEXT: "f debris clinging to you, until finally the weight made you sink. Or lying dormant, dissolving away "
9780814779170 - page_35: "START TEXT: into white space—silent while the world watched; suspicious that what really mattered was that a wom" ******* END TEXT: "k of Lillian’s arm and leaned over the hospital bed a bit nearer to her lips. The woman in the next "
9780814779170 - page_36: "START TEXT: bed coughed loudly.\n“They said they’re going to put him on a respirator,” John whispered confidentia" ******* END TEXT: "s off me,” she said, scratching up and down her sides, squinting directly at John. “Get them. Off.”\n"
9780814779170 - page_37: "START TEXT: John looked away and stared down at his own son, who was as buoyant and fat as a puppy.\nBub was on t" ******* END TEXT: "the dolphin,” Lillian said, patting Bub’s back. She had recently become vegetarian, and used animal "
9780814779170 - page_38: "START TEXT: metaphors generously. “I use my sonar to find the air bubble, and poke it right up out of him with m" ******* END TEXT: "cket or sprinkled baking soda over the carpet. When the apartment was finally filled with enough of "
9780814779170 - page_39: "START TEXT: the cleaning smells, she would sit on the rocker with Bub and smell everything and not talk at all f" ******* END TEXT: " his first bad asthma attack. He sat at the foot of his son’s bed for hours, explaining to him that "
9780814779170 - page_40: "START TEXT: Lillian was at a P.T.A. meeting and would be in to see him afterwards, and that he had bought Bub a " ******* END TEXT: "gments in meaningless patterns on his desk. She was half expecting him to accuse her of weaning Bub "
9780814779170 - page_41: "START TEXT: on spinach and peanuts, or claim that her breast milk ran green, but the doctor just gave a quiet sa" ******* END TEXT: "explained, told Bub how many anti-asthma pills to take once he got home.\nPREDNISOLONE DOSAGE: 5 mg\n\n"
9780814779170 - page_42: "START TEXT: “So now,” John explained to his son, “we have a plan. You just take these little pills like on the c" ******* END TEXT: " given to the little hand that crawled around inside and tickled his throat. But the part that most "
9780814779170 - page_43: "START TEXT: needed a name was the one that enabled him to bring forth, almost any time he wanted, a tremendous r" ******* END TEXT: "illed with black and swirled bowling balls, like the ones where his father bowled, suddenly tipping "
9780814779170 - page_44: "START TEXT: and emptying all the balls off onto the floor.\n“I don’t know,” he said.\n“Me neither. I said ‘no way." ******* END TEXT: " only where the brush had been. It did his legs, his entire back, then went down to his stomach and "
9780814779170 - page_45: "START TEXT: started up the front. By the time it got to his chest he was asleep.\n4The Ground Blossoms\nOn Sunday " ******* END TEXT: "s right, which meant he had to use the left side of his mouth—the same side his father could see if "
9780814779170 - page_46: "START TEXT: he watched real hard. Bub was beginning to be able to say certain words without really moving his li" ******* END TEXT: "r us.”\n“What time is it?” Spotty said, a little louder.\n“Twenty after ten.”\n“Time me,” Spotty said.\n"
9780814779170 - page_47: "START TEXT: When the congregation stood up for the Gospel, Bub noticed Father Jim rolling his head a bit to one " ******* END TEXT: "through his Homily the next week. The dwindling view that the Catholic Church was simply a place to "
9780814779170 - page_48: "START TEXT: “pay, pray, and obey” came to mind, and T. S. Eliot’s remark about the church as “rugs, jugs, and ca" ******* END TEXT: "le’s because everyone could see you right up there on the altar, and he seemed to think up his most "
9780814779170 - page_49: "START TEXT: terrible sins exclusively during the mass. He believed that if Father Jim committed even a small sin" ******* END TEXT: " from the tall brass flowerholders on either side of the altar; a hollow rap from any of the glossy "
9780814779170 - page_50: "START TEXT: white walls or the curved ceiling which took up a major portion of the space within his firing range" ******* END TEXT: "d the heads tilted back and even the lips curled up so he could see the gums bulging out, and other "
9780814779170 - page_51: "START TEXT: mouths, usually the younger ones, just barely open and the little snake-tip of the tongue slipping o" ******* END TEXT: "son to be quiet while Spotty sputtered audibly from somewhere nearby, and the priest carefully laid "
9780814779170 - page_52: "START TEXT: the retrieved host in Mr. Lilly’s still-waiting hands.\n“Be sure to consume it,” he said quietly.\nMr." ******* END TEXT: "th off things all on its own. And, on top of it all, Bub thought maybe he had a bit of an erection.\n"
9780814779170 - page_53: "START TEXT: All the way home in the car his father surprised him by not mentioning what had happened at Communio" ******* END TEXT: ", no matter how empty and terrible it all was, not knowing which place she would end up in today—in "
9780814779170 - page_54: "START TEXT: the bed, on the ceiling, in the television, through the window—but knowing for sure that she was not" ******* END TEXT: ", come to play.\n“Bub. Bub. Bub. I. Know. Bub. Blossoms. Get the tree. Stop it. Shit. Put me. Down.”\n"
9780814779170 - page_55: "START TEXT: “She’s having a seizure,” Mrs. Lilly said to the doctor as he glided into the room—he was all whiten" ******* END TEXT: "Lillian and John into the hallway, and Bub sat next to his grandmother’s bed, nervous and happy. He "
9780814779170 - page_56: "START TEXT: leaned close to Anna and talked.\n“I dropped Communion on the floor today Gramma. Dad had to eat it.”" ******* END TEXT: " hand, squeezed it, and told him that she was going to sleep now. He watched her face smooth itself "
9780814779170 - page_57: "START TEXT: out as she closed her eyes and drifted farther and farther away from his words, and he realized that" ******* END TEXT: "gles—a little like stout, convex dunce caps—that glowed. Father Jim controlled the glow of the left "
9780814779170 - page_58: "START TEXT: triangle with a light switch; the other triangle lit when a confessor made contact with the kneeler " ******* END TEXT: "e insistence of his parishioners, he hoped for a time when all confessions would be face-to-face or "
9780814779170 - page_59: "START TEXT: even shared openly with the faithful community. This would allow the priest to be perceived as more " ******* END TEXT: "ys on the kneeler and began flicking the pink nightlight on and off with his finger. He wasn’t sure "
9780814779170 - page_60: "START TEXT: what to say; he didn’t feel like confessing now that it was all so stifling and unimaginative. He wa" ******* END TEXT: "ended I did it and I saw it sink to the bottom in my head. It got all black water up into the tubes "
9780814779170 - page_61: "START TEXT: and all, and the only way to get it back is to dive down and pick it up, and you couldn’t play it an" ******* END TEXT: "o meet each other’s eyes. Bub reached down and squeezed his penis area between his fingers, holding "
9780814779170 - page_62: "START TEXT: back the urine with the pressure.\n“It’s okay,” Father Jim said. “Now slow down. Why don’t we have fa" ******* END TEXT: "nly on one side and the nose seemed to have disappeared completely. He could make out little cracks "
9780814779170 - page_63: "START TEXT: in the lips and noticed, for the first time, that the hair on the priest’s sideburns was actually cu" ******* END TEXT: "or his penance, Bub was supposed to say ten Hail Marys and two Our Fathers, and when he got home he "
9780814779170 - page_64: "START TEXT: was supposed to tell his mother that he’d been eating the Raisin Bran at night. He decided not to sa" ******* END TEXT: "re certainly doing a lot of praying today, aren’t you Bub.”\nThey were alone in the church together.\n"
9780814779170 - page_65: "START TEXT: “I have erections,” Bub blurted out.\nHis chest gurgled a bit, threatening to start chugging, but his" ******* END TEXT: " and ran to his bike, feeling that he could float if he wanted. Now tomorrow he would quit the band "
9780814779170 - page_66: "START TEXT: and tell Mr. Bailey and Spotty and maybe even his mom that he’d been to confession and the priest ha" ******* END TEXT: "ee.\nAll the way home on his bike he had an erection, he was sure, that was larger than his thumb.\n\n\n"
9780814779170 - page_67: "START TEXT: RADIATOR DREAMS\nMrs. Bill’s son, Jerry, usually watched her tend her garden for hours from his inven" ******* END TEXT: "bbing her with a zucchini, wrestling the shovel from her, and smashing her again and again over the "
9780814779170 - page_68: "START TEXT: head until she drifted off into apoplexy and couldn’t tend her garden anymore. Jerry was twenty-four" ******* END TEXT: "mowing machine anymore.”\n“It is not,” she said, squeezing an acorn squash in her fist, “a machine.”\n"
9780814779170 - page_69: "START TEXT: And that had been that. That had always been that. Mrs. Bill shook a clenched iron fist against all " ******* END TEXT: "is invention room marked “Letters Not Sent.” It was all part of a psychological game he was playing "
9780814779170 - page_70: "START TEXT: with Mrs. Bill without her knowing it. He even told her about his inventions in severe detail, but n" ******* END TEXT: "elp so-and-so in the ways listed in my head,” or “help so-and-so to be a better so-and-so,” or even "
9780814779170 - page_71: "START TEXT: “help this cabbage head to grow.” Of course, she was really praying for her enemies and her cabbages" ******* END TEXT: "your name?” Jerry said, quick as a cat.\n“Gull . . . Gulliver. Gulliver Pulver,” Gulliver stuttered, "
9780814779170 - page_72: "START TEXT: confused. The newspaper office had said that a Mrs. Bill lived at this address. This was not a Mrs. " ******* END TEXT: "ing her eyeballs to the tops of their sockets as she stared down at Gulliver, getting to the point.\n"
9780814779170 - page_73: "START TEXT: “I’m sellin’ special ’scription rates, ma’am. I represent The Daily Chronicle, a local newspaper wit" ******* END TEXT: "’m really a magician.” Jerry had already instinctively decided to take the boy into his confidence.\n"
9780814779170 - page_74: "START TEXT: “Will you show me a magic trick?” Gully asked.\n“Yes Gully, next week, my little Gully,” Jerry promis" ******* END TEXT: "ally got it secured by holding it perfectly still in place for five minutes while the glue dried. A "
9780814779170 - page_75: "START TEXT: vein in his left wrist turned purple from the pressure. On the first try, he burnt the end of the ne" ******* END TEXT: "with Gully. Mrs. Bill would never expect anything underhanded could happen during her walking tour.\n"
9780814779170 - page_76: "START TEXT: “What’s a curio shop?” Gully asked, a bead of perspiration shooting down his nose, off his chin, und" ******* END TEXT: "oin on his pants and pulled his empty hand away. He wore his black corduroys just for the occasion.\n"
9780814779170 - page_77: "START TEXT: Gully was agog. His little mouth was frozen in an O just large enough to stuff a tangerine into, Jer" ******* END TEXT: "urio Shop was the best junkshop in the county. “A shop,” Coco told his customers, “where dreams can "
9780814779170 - page_78: "START TEXT: be bought and sold.” He did so much business that he had won a petition for a traffic light at the i" ******* END TEXT: " display case and rotated it in front of Gully’s face. When you shook the rose it snowed inside the "
9780814779170 - page_79: "START TEXT: petals. A very popular item at Christmas.\n“Whoa now, Coco, this boy here is a caution,” Jerry said. " ******* END TEXT: "etween the thumb and index finger of his right hand, rested his right elbow in the palm of his left "
9780814779170 - page_80: "START TEXT: hand, and assumed a skeptical look. He bent down and ran his fingers over the radiator. It was smoot" ******* END TEXT: "an his head. Taped on the rim of the glass was a note: “Used by Sherlock Holmes HISSELF!! (-Coco).”\n"
9780814779170 - page_81: "START TEXT: As they pulled the radiator and rope home in the red wagon, Gully pestered Jerry to show him a new t" ******* END TEXT: "m, and even built a working model out of toothpicks, thread, a four-penny nail, and clay. The model "
9780814779170 - page_82: "START TEXT: failed again and again because the thread kept breaking, then Jerry had a bright idea. He held sever" ******* END TEXT: " to prove himself, don’t you think?”\nJerry could feel his heart pounding in the backs of his knees.\n"
9780814779170 - page_83: "START TEXT: “It has been one month now, and The Daily Chronicle has arrived late FOUR times. And from what I hea" ******* END TEXT: "d known when to keep his mouth shut. His association with this Mr. Pulver had stifled his naturally "
9780814779170 - page_84: "START TEXT: submissive personality.\n“You would do well,” she warned, ignoring Jerry’s flailing arms, “to keep si" ******* END TEXT: "any movie star had made it famous. When his father had gone off to the hospital to die for the last "
9780814779170 - page_85: "START TEXT: time, they invaded his body with more and more experimental tubes, until Jerry wasn’t allowed to vis" ******* END TEXT: "k, slurping sound. The radiator taxied across the football field, spraying lime over the sidelines, "
9780814779170 - page_86: "START TEXT: and flew after Gully, hissing a floating, obscure piano-tune from Jerry’s childhood. Mrs. Bill sat i" ******* END TEXT: "ound his invention room mechanically, acting out of an impulse to make his final trick a lesson for "
9780814779170 - page_87: "START TEXT: Gully that the boy would never forget. He had a firm sense of purpose now. Like a father. He had pri" ******* END TEXT: "t back in the garage where it belonged. The ladder was not a regular fixture of his invention room.\n"
9780814779170 - page_88: "START TEXT: When Jerry got to the parlor room, Gully looked strangely thin and deflated, as if Mrs. Bill had let" ******* END TEXT: "be as reliable a rope as Coco had promised. The GOLDEN RULE radiator had dropped of its own weight.\n"
9780814779170 - page_89: "START TEXT: Jerry glided over to the window, picked up the listless end of the broken rope, summoned a sufficien" ******* END TEXT: "s eyes brimming over in a paroxysm of ice, trickling down to melt all of his radiator dreams asleep."
9780814779170 - page_90: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814779170 - page_100: "START TEXT: ample room for stretching and running in little circles.13 A six-inch high metal partition was secur" ******* END TEXT: "epressed only 50 times. On the odd-numbered days of the experiment, the conditions were reversed.15\n"
9780814779170 - page_101: "START TEXT: Feeding and Watering\nPositive reinforcement was provided through separate water and feed ducts, whic" ******* END TEXT: "rbish them in the purest terms we can muster, listen to their lessons, and witness their existence.\n"
9780814779170 - page_102: "START TEXT: While watching over the laudable behavior of the favored rat in my experiment, figurative language b" ******* END TEXT: "ats’ bladders via soft paint brushes inserted into their anogenital areas to rid them of impurities "
9780814779170 - page_103: "START TEXT: and ensure relative equality among them, I began the experiment by placing the rats in the shuttlebo" ******* END TEXT: "te put my finger on.20 He screeched an odd “aeaaka, aeaaka” sound and occasionally pounded his nose "
9780814779170 - page_104: "START TEXT: against the screen with all his might. He was, in fact, so obviously lively and tyrannical that his " ******* END TEXT: "ue my mind-pen: he hung upside-down and gnawed his long incisors viciously on the screen bottom; he "
9780814779170 - page_105: "START TEXT: acoolly wiggled his ears for hours; he scraped his belly from side to side until it was raw and fill" ******* END TEXT: "his unctuous gaze, I felt overwhelmed with the simple fact of being alive.23 Momentarily, I had the "
9780814779170 - page_106: "START TEXT: irrational thought of taking Max home and making a pet of him,24 sitting with him at the kitchen tab" ******* END TEXT: " can, forlorn, servile, graceful, and sincere. These particular observations, I argue, are a direct "
9780814779170 - page_107: "START TEXT: result of my unique approach to this study: without the use of “I,” I could not have recorded many o" ******* END TEXT: " presents the ongoing enigmatic paradigm of uterine and rearing factors in rats: When pregnant rats "
9780814779170 - page_108: "START TEXT: who have been offered inescapable shock eventually give birth, do their pups show unnatural fears be" ******* END TEXT: "plessness, and tail cocked at its elbow, seemingly ready to strike at those who dare look closer.\n\n\n"
9780814779170 - page_91: "START TEXT: FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE: BRIDGING THE SCIENTIFIC-RHETORICAL-RAT GAP\nThe University of New Jersey1415 Sci" ******* END TEXT: " point that the scientific community of which I am a member writes in an “unprofessional, slip-shod "
9780814779170 - page_92: "START TEXT: way which breeds inhumanity.” Although I am now studying to be a behavioral therapist, I hold a degr" ******* END TEXT: "lly, my colleagues and I harden our hearts against your kind of uninformed, self-serving criticism.\n"
9780814779170 - page_93: "START TEXT: I must thank you, however, for prodding me into writing a paper that has been gnawing at me for some" ******* END TEXT: "ions about animal experimentation, especially in regards to the rat. Again, thank you.\nAlbert Frick\n"
9780814779170 - page_94: "START TEXT: Figurative Language:\nBridging the Scientific-Rhetorical-Rat Gap\nAlbert FrickThe University of New Je" ******* END TEXT: "ism from outside parties and the problem of reluctant and often vexing test subjects, both rats and "
9780814779170 - page_95: "START TEXT: otherwise. The resulting rhetorical principles that have been evolved will be peppered throughout th" ******* END TEXT: "ve to the need for appeasing both the behavioral scientist and the whining “animal rights” aesthete "
9780814779170 - page_96: "START TEXT: by writing in the cleanest and the most pleasing language possible.\nAt a cocktail party, a respected" ******* END TEXT: " reader demanding “equality” for the rats, we offer, through language, quiet applause for the rats’ "
9780814779170 - page_97: "START TEXT: considerable contributions to science;6 to our fellow scientists, we report with innovation and publ" ******* END TEXT: "nying his wee selfhood in favor of joint membership in the already overpopulated human species. The "
9780814779170 - page_98: "START TEXT: passive voice does function admirably when we are presenting our experimental methods, but the sad t" ******* END TEXT: "is equally accurate and infinitely more satisfying to write “all the fish died.”11 In short: let us "
9780814779170 - page_99: "START TEXT: be bold wordsmiths, wheeling our way into all of our readers’ minds and myths.\nThe original intentio" ******* END TEXT: "Each box was made from a standard dormer cage and measured 3 feet x 2 feet to provide the rats with "
9780814779170 - page_109: "START TEXT: MEDIACRITY\nI know you thought you’d heard all there was to know about my wife by now, but I’m here t" ******* END TEXT: "w York spontaneous cult Darryl Hannah Legal Eagles Doonesbury esoteric environmental art thing. You "
9780814779170 - page_110: "START TEXT: know. Every week she had a new display of atrocities for her upcoming environmental art party. A one" ******* END TEXT: "ike Joshua,” she said. “Joshua came from the atmosphere, from the thing the astronauts see from the "
9780814779170 - page_111: "START TEXT: space shuttle and have to fight against when they leave the earth.”\nOprah started dropping by my new" ******* END TEXT: "on water and he is fished from the sea like a dead sheep. He pays reporters to come and write about "
9780814779170 - page_112: "START TEXT: the miracle of his fat body sinking under the surface. Five years in a row now.”\n“It is the fault of" ******* END TEXT: "d contemporary and newsworthy, embodying all that I ever dreamed of writing about. I was in love.\n\n\n"
9780814779170 - page_113: "START TEXT: THAT THIN LINE\nSome said I was a witch. I let them believe as they wished. To tease them, I knelt at" ******* END TEXT: "illed holes and laid hexes and dissected lunch boxes with her eyes.\nI say she’s a witch, they said.\n"
9780814779170 - page_114: "START TEXT: Can she talk? they wondered.\nIs she sick? they screamed.\nThen the mothers and fathers dragged them o" ******* END TEXT: "onths exactly forty-three days long and my years five-hundred-sixteen days long (43 x 12 = 516). In "
9780814779170 - page_115: "START TEXT: theory, I found this system much more satisfactory than the old one. I calculated one of the advange" ******* END TEXT: "to my living room, posing as a welcome guest. He was as bubbly and boring as a cup of Alka-Seltzer.\n"
9780814779170 - page_116: "START TEXT: According to Max, he was none of these things, but simply an expert on the ways of cats. To illustra" ******* END TEXT: "cture of hexagonal,thin-walled, private cells formulated from loose cathair by Max in the basement.\n"
9780814779170 - page_117: "START TEXT: This index card was stuck to the top of an empty honeyjar in my kitchen. I scoffed secretly, but tol" ******* END TEXT: "a small circle of soft teeth, suctioning my finger gently down into my trachea and through a funnel "
9780814779170 - page_118: "START TEXT: and into the left ventricle of my heart, where I touched a tiny, pulsing doorknob which no one else " ******* END TEXT: "parated by plate tectonics.\nSo we argued:\nThe dowager’s hump on the back of your neck, he insisted, "
9780814779170 - page_119: "START TEXT: is the perfect size for my teeth, which will act to restrain rather to bite as I mount you suddenly " ******* END TEXT: "he condition of having beenkissed on the breast secretly by a cat (Max)while you slept unknowingly.\n"
9780814779170 - page_120: "START TEXT: I stomped up the stairs and fidgeted out a clay replica of Max’s body at my workbench, leaving off t" ******* END TEXT: "s into the court on a white ass, shrieking that her parents have been imprisoned in a pet taxi by a "
9780814779170 - page_121: "START TEXT: local veterinarian. The sturdy and athletic knight Ra (Max) gallantly offers to assist Luna (you). D" ******* END TEXT: "ut depositing anything intimate of his own. Somehow, I allowed him to walk his stained lips over my "
9780814779170 - page_122: "START TEXT: breasts, chewing his way through the very skin which preserved me.\nDon’t worry, he said, sucking awa" ******* END TEXT: " again, as I pounded on his ribs with my fists, my throat retching with the taste of his redness.\n\n\n"
9780814779170 - page_123: "START TEXT: A DIFFERENT LETTER\nThe Ground Hog (August 28, 1980)\nI first met John Nibbs near the ground hog hole " ******* END TEXT: "t Juniata College for 29 years,loving father and husband,who died at 80 of natural causes.1900-1980\n"
9780814779170 - page_124: "START TEXT: “Isn’t it tragic?” John said.\nThen he stopped, sweating, and jotted something down on a small white " ******* END TEXT: "d Hall. Be sure to take along any of our brochures for your friends as well, and drive home safely.\n"
9780814779170 - page_125: "START TEXT: 2170 Moore Street (September 7, 1980)\nMoore Street, in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, splits at Marjorie " ******* END TEXT: "ned.\n“In the kitchen?”\n“Her son joined the service six months ago and married a Korean,” John said.\n"
9780814779170 - page_126: "START TEXT: “A gook,” Marjorie yelled from the chair. “A gook he married and left me here alone to die.”\nWith he" ******* END TEXT: "ses Juniata College, and is also the County seat. Huntingdon is famous for its one-way streets. The "
9780814779170 - page_127: "START TEXT: fine for driving the wrong way down a one-way street in Huntingdon is $52, but visitors should not g" ******* END TEXT: "s passing through it every forty-five minutes, so John said he would write a story about trains. He "
9780814779170 - page_128: "START TEXT: had a great interest in them, but only as symbols. Trains were something that might cut across your " ******* END TEXT: "d.\nNot mine, I said.\nTheirs, he said.\nBut I’m the one who’s paranoid, I said.\nSo are they, he said.\n"
9780814779170 - page_129: "START TEXT: I was astounded. I realized that Father must have discovered some truth through his experiences. Per" ******* END TEXT: "ling in Joe’s food.”\nJohn didn’t look up from his writing, but continued to dutifully sip his soup.\n"
9780814779170 - page_130: "START TEXT: His mother melted all over the driveway when I left. I was “the son she never had.”\nHis First Lay (J" ******* END TEXT: "les, thinking that I am talking to father.\nThe white lines flicker by with increasing speed despite "
9780814779170 - page_131: "START TEXT: my unchanging rhythm. I look to my left side and the guard rails flow together in a watery blur; I l" ******* END TEXT: "ote:\nIf someone is a vegetable, it is fruitless\nto try to keep him alive on a machine.\nHe got an A.\n"
9780814779170 - page_132: "START TEXT: My First Lay (May 2, 1981)\nKing Queen was the resident assistant for the second floor of Tussey-Terr" ******* END TEXT: "her gut as she exhaled all over me.\n“Why? You haven’t done anything yet,” John said from behind me.\n"
9780814779170 - page_133: "START TEXT: “No, excuse me,” I insisted, milk filling my right shoe.\nI set my tray down on the nearest table and" ******* END TEXT: "sounds they made (don’t scrap the bowel movement idea after all)\n— Joe sent himself a sympathy card\n"
9780814779170 - page_134: "START TEXT: — about the time I tried to stop the train and Joe called the police\n— Joe’s quantum theory of human" ******* END TEXT: "de.\nI hope you don’t mind. I hope this\nget’s to you OK. I hope your not still mad at me. I know you\n"
9780814779170 - page_135: "START TEXT: were right I always am an alcoholic. I am writing to you to return\nyour money to you and tell you th" ******* END TEXT: "x capital letters he was too lazy and profund. so am i. the deal here is that i’m tired go wriiting "
9780814779170 - page_136: "START TEXT: fiction and i will write you fact for awhile, i will even be including mistakes in typing just to sh" ******* END TEXT: "nd my women sunnysideup? instead i ending up talking to laurie ie on one side of me and welllll i’.\n"
9780814779170 - page_137: "START TEXT: hanging around and sucking some brews and getting a little cuddley with laurie and although she has " ******* END TEXT: "ried that I’d never finish, and I didn’t think that she would help me. But let me start over again.\n"
9780814779170 - page_138: "START TEXT: So the goal was to finish, you understand, to simply finish my train of thought without dying. Sure," ******* END TEXT: "a job and because everyone always told me I was common. As I’m sure even you can imagine, this made "
9780814779170 - page_139: "START TEXT: me feel incredibly common. So I thought for many hours about how to become truly great, then one day" ******* END TEXT: "thought. Naturally I didn’t want to think too hard about how to go about this business because that "
9780814779170 - page_140: "START TEXT: would defeat my purpose, so when I told her this she suggested we experiment. Without thinking about" ******* END TEXT: "and put me in a private room so I could try to not think on my own.\nAnd now I think I will begin.\n\n\n"
9780814779170 - page_141: "START TEXT: WIDE ARCS AND S CURVES\nPart 1—Background\nFor a long while Thomas’s mind was completely occupied by w" ******* END TEXT: "r he had lost his job as the “Street Smarter” reporter for The Metro. He had been forced to forfeit "
9780814779170 - page_142: "START TEXT: both the job and the pen name of Charlie Spikes, which the paper had routinely assigned him.\n“Sorry " ******* END TEXT: "niques were designed to arouse even more sympathy. Some days he pretended to be blind, bumping into "
9780814779170 - page_143: "START TEXT: people indiscreetly and carrying a sign which said “Pardon my lack of sight. At my last job I put ba" ******* END TEXT: "ngues, and, at night, left them upside down under the radiator in his apartment to keep them stiff.\n"
9780814779170 - page_144: "START TEXT: Finally, he decided that if he truly wanted to become one of them, he would have to forsake the very" ******* END TEXT: "ow light bulb, illuminating the once-whitewashed walls of a huge coal bin. He found himself sitting "
9780814779170 - page_145: "START TEXT: on a collection of scrapbooks piled four feet high.\nHe could feel that his face bled from several cu" ******* END TEXT: "orted articles of broken furniture, and a set of summer screens—plus a coal bin full of scrapbooks, "
9780814779170 - page_146: "START TEXT: which probably housed thousands of possibilities for a willing, long-subdued imagination.\nHe never k" ******* END TEXT: "ob after a stock market crash. Pure and brutal survival was the natural order, and he set his mouth "
9780814779170 - page_147: "START TEXT: accordingly. With his teeth he tore the collar button from his army jacket, then shoved his hand ins" ******* END TEXT: "bulb chain in the coal bin. If the yellow bulb was on, Thomas called it day. He turned on the three "
9780814779170 - page_148: "START TEXT: white bulbs in the living room section of the basement only to see his home better, and they did not" ******* END TEXT: "r, and impulsively expanded on the Friendship Philosophy of Pythagoras that he had just read about:\n"
9780814779170 - page_149: "START TEXT: “A true friend,” he said, after setting his jaw squarely in imitation of Pythagoras, “is merely anot" ******* END TEXT: "t the fourth wooden step on the stairway up to the first floor would have probably broken under his "
9780814779170 - page_150: "START TEXT: weight. He never noticed the noise of the mouse chasing a walnut on top of his ceiling, nor the thum" ******* END TEXT: "f Thomas’s days, he read through the scrapbooks, until he came across something which fully sparked "
9780814779170 - page_151: "START TEXT: his imagination. It happened as he read from scrapbook 88—the number of eternity. He eagerly absorbe" ******* END TEXT: " buy a car, and drive to the Church of Saints Cornelius and Cyprian at Calcata, where the Patch was "
9780814779170 - page_152: "START TEXT: enshrined. His general plan was to steal the Patch and use it to find religion. He pretended to be f" ******* END TEXT: "nnocent piece of firm plastic. He wrote down the word “Plastic” and set it aside. Then he chose the "
9780814779170 - page_153: "START TEXT: word “firm,” since it had four letters, as the key to his sight-cryptogram. “Firm” numerologized eas" ******* END TEXT: ", and he slurped his way through the Italian crowds like an oblique cylinder of ice through a tube.\n"
9780814779170 - page_154: "START TEXT: The oily man was a fairly good tracker, so Thomas thumbed through the scrapbook pages quickly and pr" ******* END TEXT: " systematically rewired. Of course, he told himself, they were all necrophiles, who chuckled at the "
9780814779170 - page_155: "START TEXT: world’s misconception that the worst thing they did was sleep with an occasional corpse. He imagined" ******* END TEXT: " was,” Washington argued, shifting his weight onto the other foot, “but most people don’t know that "
9780814779170 - page_156: "START TEXT: inside his copper casket were glass domes with steel locks that snapped shut and hermetically sealed" ******* END TEXT: "d his pen neatly over the lines of the notebook in front of him, even though he could not see them.\n"
9780814779170 - page_157: "START TEXT: “When you die,” he wrote, “you learn how to see colors in the darkness.”\n“Now,” Thomas said, putting" ******* END TEXT: ". He now believed that the oily man was death. He couldn’t bring himself to smother the undertakers "
9780814779170 - page_158: "START TEXT: with pillows, so his plan was to allow the oily man to do it.\nFar at the end of the row of coffins, " ******* END TEXT: "arkened yellow bulb against the ceiling, where it exploded and rained tiny splinters into his hair. "
9780814779170 - page_159: "START TEXT: Frightened by the immediacy of the broken glass, he scrambled up the coal chute and pounded against " ******* END TEXT: "o watch Vera incessantly sweep the dirt, which they could not see, from the walks in front of Saint "
9780814779170 - page_160: "START TEXT: Peter’s Church. Occasionally she shook a squeegee at them and they crossed themselves superstitiousl" ******* END TEXT: "han the ground, but because the candles always made the air heavier and sometimes visible, and when "
9780814779170 - page_161: "START TEXT: she listened closely, she could hear the flames hiss softly inside their tiny glass cups. She had al" ******* END TEXT: "de in the alley, studying Thomas in the moonlight after he had fainted, wondering how he had turned "
9780814779170 - page_162: "START TEXT: all of the skin on his face into patches of black and pale green. She could smell alcohol from up to" ******* END TEXT: "ne important noticing. Or perhaps she was really the oily man in disguise. She had followed him for "
9780814779170 - page_163: "START TEXT: years and whispered in his ear whenever he allowed himself to admit it.\n“Which one are you?” he said" ******* END TEXT: "he imitated his actions as if he were looking in a mirror, he would not realize that she was awake.\n"
9780814779170 - page_164: "START TEXT: “I know you,” Thomas said gently. “I named you. Don’t be afraid.”\nVera thought for a moment that she" ******* END TEXT: "und a long strip of blue ribbon and some twine, which she used to repair the side of Thomas’s head. "
9780814779170 - page_165: "START TEXT: He had made a small puddle of blood on her alley, and she didn’t want to have to do any more cleanin" ******* END TEXT: "l had money, he remembered, in his pocket, and he pulled out a handful of bills. Vera looked at the "
9780814779170 - page_166: "START TEXT: crumpled bills, eagerly clutched them in her fists, and slipped them, inside the secret pocket of he" ******* END TEXT: "ight bulb, two cans of cling peaches in heavy syrup, a can of tomato soup, a combination can opener "
9780814779170 - page_167: "START TEXT: and corkscrew, a box of Appian Way Pizza mix, a bag of pretzels, a new bucket, two Palmyra scrub bru" ******* END TEXT: "nd never expected her to say a word. She would clean their house while secretly singing to herself, "
9780814779170 - page_168: "START TEXT: and wait for the day when they would have a child together.\nAs Vera wiped the Mr. Muscle from the wa" ******* END TEXT: "of the coal bin and scrubbed it with Old English Furniture Polish, watching Thomas’s face lovingly.\n"
9780814779170 - page_169: "START TEXT: Impulsively, Thomas fell to his knees next to Vera and made a confession out loud. He confessed to a" ******* END TEXT: "e body, absorbing it. He felt as though he was sliding closer and closer to the cross on his knees.\n"
9780814779170 - page_170: "START TEXT: He whispered, over and over, the only words he could remember from a prayer he’d said as a child.\n“T" ******* END TEXT: "n, but remain choked and serene and dignified, waiting for the time when the healing would begin.\n\n\n"
9780814779170 - page_171: "START TEXT: GOOD FOR RUNNING TO THE ENDS OF\nWhen he couldn’t sleep, he liked to imagine being unmarried. Pluckin" ******* END TEXT: " star, while Heather pretended to have a Cairn terrier with a long muddy coat that she rubberbanded "
9780814779170 - page_172: "START TEXT: into braids. He encouraged both children to enjoy the house, which had clean oak floors and heated w" ******* END TEXT: "tful sleep, and the promise that his bones, when he died, would turn to something other than ash.\n\n\n"
9780814779170 - page_iv: "START TEXT: Copyright © 1991 by New York UniversityAll rights reservedManufactured in the United States of Ameri" ******* END TEXT: "re printed on acid-free paper,and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability.\n\n\n"
9780814779170 - page_v: "START TEXT: For Rob Funk\n" ******* END TEXT: "For Rob Funk\n"
9780814779170 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814779170 - page_ii: "START TEXT: ELMER HOLMES BOBST AWARD FOR EMERGING WRITERS\nEstablished in 1983, the Elmer Holmes Bobst Awards in " ******* END TEXT: "s Indentation and Other Stories. These two works are both published by New York University Press.\n\n\n"
9780814779170 - page_i: "START TEXT: INDENTATION AND OTHER STORIES\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "INDENTATION AND OTHER STORIES\n\n\n"
9780814779170 - page_ix: "START TEXT: INDENTATION AND OTHER STORIES\n" ******* END TEXT: "INDENTATION AND OTHER STORIES\n"
9780814779170 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814779170 - page_iii: "START TEXT: INDENTATION AND OTHER STORIES\nJOE SCHALL\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "INDENTATION AND OTHER STORIES\nJOE SCHALL\n\n\n\n"
9780814779170 - page_vii: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nIndentation\nThe Perils of Asthma\nRadiator Dreams\nFigurative Language: Bridging the Scientif" ******* END TEXT: "Mediacrity\nThat Thin Line\nA Different Letter\nWide Arcs and S Curves\nGood for Running to the Ends Of\n"
9780814779170 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nA number of people have contributed to this study. Research assistants have been inv" ******* END TEXT: " Carol Z. Stearns has contributed suggestions, criticisms, and fundamental ideas all along the way.\n"
9780814779965 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_1: "START TEXT: 1Introduction\nCool. The concept is distinctly American, and it permeates almost every aspect of cont" ******* END TEXT: "n with dispassion, with “cool,” come from? How did it arise and evolve? How was Victorian emotional "
9780814779965 - page_10: "START TEXT: was unquestionably oversimple, beginning with its faulty identification of Victorianism with traditi" ******* END TEXT: "s essential to correct this baseline in order to arrive at a true verdict on the twentieth century.\n"
9780814779965 - page_11: "START TEXT: 2. Many of the generalizations emanating from Dutch researchers, and echoed by Jürgen Gerhards in Ge" ******* END TEXT: " well documented. Then, in the 1920s, a new set of popularizing authorities entered the marketplace "
9780814779965 - page_12: "START TEXT: The audience their work achieved forms one index of middle-class Americans’ quest for some real inno" ******* END TEXT: "ers on artificial intelligence, probe links between emotional reactions and other forms of thought; "
9780814779965 - page_13: "START TEXT: though typically interested in formulas yielding high generalization, and thus often partisans of th" ******* END TEXT: "ally—is an essential step in improving understanding. Further, growing consumerism was connected to "
9780814779965 - page_14: "START TEXT: other developments, familiar in themselves and coincident in time, such as changing religious values" ******* END TEXT: "r areas, we short-change our power to explain if we leave out the impact of emotional culture. When "
9780814779965 - page_15: "START TEXT: this culture changes, as it did in the second quarter of this century, other results follow. We will" ******* END TEXT: "nd some of our own features and compare them with the emotional faces of our Victorian forebears.\n\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_2: "START TEXT: culture, seemingly so ensconced, replaced with the current emotional status quo? Whence came America" ******* END TEXT: "nalysis in each emotionological period, Victorian and twentieth-century, will thus move from widely "
9780814779965 - page_3: "START TEXT: disseminated emotional norms to evidence of middle-class reception to consequences in public behavio" ******* END TEXT: "ngles with your being and is already married to it, both joined in one by God’s own voice.” A scant "
9780814779965 - page_4: "START TEXT: century later, men’s tune had changed, as love became essentially sexual: “I snatched her into my ar" ******* END TEXT: " national culture, but it is not a full study of the larger and more diverse national experience.11\n"
9780814779965 - page_5: "START TEXT: Even with this important limitation, the present enterprise is undeniably ambitious. It claims that " ******* END TEXT: "no means unique in claiming that the 1920s formed a point at which several varied trends converged. "
9780814779965 - page_6: "START TEXT: By the 1920s the United States had become predominantly urban, shifting focus away from the classic " ******* END TEXT: "t always fully explored) claims that something different began to take shape by the early twentieth "
9780814779965 - page_7: "START TEXT: century.15 This was particularly true of several studies of love, both those directed to heterosexua" ******* END TEXT: "entury United States as an extension of its West European point of origin, emphasizes an increasing "
9780814779965 - page_8: "START TEXT: discipline of emotions and bodily functions alike. Starting with the upper classes, people learned n" ******* END TEXT: " lost amid attention to detail.\nBasic cultural frameworks normally have considerable staying power, "
9780814779965 - page_9: "START TEXT: and when gradual changes do occur, they remain within the existing framework. As we will see, this w" ******* END TEXT: " new individual freedom to let everything hang out. This formulation was not entirely wrong, but it "
9780814779965 - page_285: "START TEXT: 10Pre-Conclusion: Prospects? Progress?\nTwo issues inevitably arise from analyzing recent changes in " ******* END TEXT: "ought to be anticipated. We know that no formulation lasts forever, and we know that very frequent, "
9780814779965 - page_286: "START TEXT: once-a-decade or even once-a-generation shifts do not normally occur, despite contemporary impressio" ******* END TEXT: " mourn well. Much of the criticism was directed at doctors and hospitals wedded to a death-fighting "
9780814779965 - page_287: "START TEXT: stance, but grief came in for comment as well. According to some experts, contemporary society, havi" ******* END TEXT: "e—correctly identified problems but tended to exaggerate their incidence or at least their novelty. "
9780814779965 - page_288: "START TEXT: Increases were claimed without full evidence, and some kinds of abuse were cited as frequent that we" ******* END TEXT: " attention to children probably declined. These important developments affected emotional standards "
9780814779965 - page_289: "START TEXT: but did not clearly redefine them in fundamental ways, except insofar as they pressed further in the" ******* END TEXT: " service-oriented economy and management structure; small family size, with emphasis on leisure and "
9780814779965 - page_290: "START TEXT: sexual compatibility between spouses; consumerism; and anxiety about hidden forces within the body t" ******* END TEXT: " rational”—and then to solve the problem calmly. Or they should throw a tantrum when no one else is "
9780814779965 - page_291: "START TEXT: around—“punch the sofa pillows and yell or shake your fists and jump up and down.” And if all else f" ******* END TEXT: "emotional constraint program, though some still hold out for greater personal latitude while urging "
9780814779965 - page_292: "START TEXT: their subordinates to toe the line. Finally, the sheer popularity of TQM, though based on several fa" ******* END TEXT: " In American culture, “nice” did have meaning—it connoted a genuine effort to be agreeably disposed "
9780814779965 - page_293: "START TEXT: but not deeply emotionally involved while expecting pleasant predictability from others.\nBecause we " ******* END TEXT: ", and so on. Ex post facto praise for the new standards has particularly focused on the benefits of "
9780814779965 - page_294: "START TEXT: liberation and candor. Cas Wouters thus writes of American pilots in the Gulf War who spoke freely o" ******* END TEXT: "ety, though Bellah does acknowledge some positive potential for the family. Barrington Moorelaments "
9780814779965 - page_295: "START TEXT: the decline of the basis for moral outrage, which has led to a decline of really challenging social " ******* END TEXT: "to feel guilty when they experienced impulses such as jealousy. Inability to express these impulses "
9780814779965 - page_296: "START TEXT: might actually have heightened anger or frustration even as direct outlets for anger and frustration" ******* END TEXT: "r children declined, at least between the 1950s and the 1970s, and greater impatience with immature "
9780814779965 - page_297: "START TEXT: emotional outbursts may well have entered into this important process. On the other hand, reported s" ******* END TEXT: "er smiling courtesy to customers—the impersonal-but-friendly motif—may have improved the experience "
9780814779965 - page_298: "START TEXT: of shopping. As McDonald’s and other chains spread in the 1980s, efforts by American companies to te" ******* END TEXT: "t should not be indulged. We have not, in sum, been treated to many honest appraisals of our actual "
9780814779965 - page_299: "START TEXT: emotional values, which is one reason for tracing the origins and causes of these values, as this bo" ******* END TEXT: "owerful cultural hand, and indications are that most middle-class Americans are still playing it.\n\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_300: "START TEXT: 11Conclusion:A Cautious Culture\nThe argument that runs throughout this study can be summarized brief" ******* END TEXT: "cs and as a crucial cement for family life. The twentieth-century emotional style tolerated certain "
9780814779965 - page_301: "START TEXT: emotional interests as part of leisure life and personal identity, but urged overall restraint as pa" ******* END TEXT: "w middle-class concern about the immaturity of jealousy, the new emotionology entered into a series "
9780814779965 - page_302: "START TEXT: of larger alterations in interpersonal style. Beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, use of first names b" ******* END TEXT: "20s or even the ensuing quarter-century as a crucial period of change in American life.4 Obviously, "
9780814779965 - page_303: "START TEXT: many factors impelled adjustments besides the redefinition of emotional culture. But this redefiniti" ******* END TEXT: "asy task, but the emotionological findings of the present study provide some measurement standards.\n"
9780814779965 - page_304: "START TEXT: The second research need involves assessment of a wider range of emotions during and after the trans" ******* END TEXT: "he solid middle class itself to judge and condemn inadequate emotional behavior by social inferiors—"
9780814779965 - page_305: "START TEXT: including not only outbursts of unwonted spontaneity but also inadequate intensities in such areas a" ******* END TEXT: "ctorian and twentieth-century emotional culture is that they affected not only self-evaluations and "
9780814779965 - page_306: "START TEXT: private relationships but also areas of public life such as work or even political styles. Emotional" ******* END TEXT: "th concerns that helped direct American cool? Did Europeans end up embracing spontaneity more fully "
9780814779965 - page_307: "START TEXT: (as some of the Dutch studies suggest), and if so, why? Why did Americans seem disproportionately ea" ******* END TEXT: "ctly psychological step has yet to be taken.13 Interdisciplinary bridges of this sort are immensely "
9780814779965 - page_308: "START TEXT: difficult, but they do follow from a growing understanding of some of the kinds of changes that have" ******* END TEXT: "that there was a lag between initial indications of a new emotional culture—which actually preceded "
9780814779965 - page_309: "START TEXT: the 1920s in expressions such as grief—and evidence of wider incorporation of the standards a genera" ******* END TEXT: " and their deep-seated causes indicate that it is not useful to explain recent patterns in terms of "
9780814779965 - page_310: "START TEXT: some overarching process that cuts across definable historical periods, including our own. Indeed, i" ******* END TEXT: "ost emotions buttoned up and expecting other people to do the same. American cool still prevails.\n\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_16: "START TEXT: 2The Victorian Style\nThe image of repression has long haunted Victorian culture. Most reconstruction" ******* END TEXT: "eds of this century than to the characteristics of the previous one. Blasting Victorian shibboleths "
9780814779965 - page_17: "START TEXT: is a convenient means of trying to persuade contemporary Americans that they are truly free—and in t" ******* END TEXT: "olation of children, maintained a severe pattern of will breaking.3 Finally, Victorian popularizers "
9780814779965 - page_18: "START TEXT: talked a great deal about the importance of rationality and calculation, which fits a century devote" ******* END TEXT: " to furtiveness and to the separation of “respectable” male-female contacts from healthy sexuality.\n"
9780814779965 - page_19: "START TEXT: Yet it turns out that this image, amusing or appalling as it might be to twentieth-century eyes, was" ******* END TEXT: "emotional opportunities to deflect certain kinds of unwanted sexuality, particularly in courtship.6 "
9780814779965 - page_20: "START TEXT: Thus the repressive model is farther off the mark where emotions were concerned than where sexuality" ******* END TEXT: "tions, to form and guard the moral habits of the child, for the first ten years of life, and to all "
9780814779965 - page_21: "START TEXT: intents and purposes the character of the man or woman is substantially laid as early as that period" ******* END TEXT: "disrupting children’s emotional tranquillity. The obvious solution was to urge adults, particularly "
9780814779965 - page_22: "START TEXT: mothers, to swallow their own fears lest they induce them in their children, “embittering the whole " ******* END TEXT: "confronted with rebellious congregations, so that many changed their tune or at least sought refuge "
9780814779965 - page_23: "START TEXT: in silence. Lyman Beecher and others helped steer Protestantism away from emphasis on original sin a" ******* END TEXT: " the affection essential to the family. Fiction in the popular women’s magazines around midcentury, "
9780814779965 - page_24: "START TEXT: and advice literature even earlier, crystallized this belief in an endless series of accounts of the" ******* END TEXT: "love and harmony forbade a single harsh remark between husband and wife, and avoidance, rather than "
9780814779965 - page_25: "START TEXT: conciliatory strategies, held center stage. Here was Victorian emotional repression at a peak. For n" ******* END TEXT: "Correspondingly, though the connection was not elaborately explored, anger in a husband or wife was "
9780814779965 - page_26: "START TEXT: frequently blamed on a bad upbringing that left the individual “spoiled” or “capricious.”22\nAs with " ******* END TEXT: "ruin a romance while causing great personal agony. Young women’s jealousy of sisters or cousins who "
9780814779965 - page_27: "START TEXT: were being courted occasionally set the theme for a moralizing fictional comment. In one case, a wom" ******* END TEXT: "r. Again, the litmus was the impact on family ties, which in this case, in practice, proved modest.\n"
9780814779965 - page_28: "START TEXT: Overall, the early Victorian emotional style was disarmingly simple, though potentially demanding. B" ******* END TEXT: " emotionality and a longed-for calm. But the early Victorian statement was not the final word. From "
9780814779965 - page_29: "START TEXT: the later 1840s onward, new ingredients were blended in. The mature Victorian emotional style, which" ******* END TEXT: "ons of childish innocence began to decline as popularizers saw a real and vital natural anger that, "
9780814779965 - page_30: "START TEXT: at least in men, must be tamed without being excised. Darwinian findings played a role in this redef" ******* END TEXT: "e power in life, making it strenuous, giving zest to the struggle for power and rising to righteous "
9780814779965 - page_31: "START TEXT: indignation.” Boys’ stories and children’s advice literature pushed the same theme: “the strenuous s" ******* END TEXT: "ely absence of terror, but active courage now served as the goal, and while parental caution played "
9780814779965 - page_32: "START TEXT: a role in developing this more active emotional stance, it must be supplemented by children’s own en" ******* END TEXT: "to effective living. Both could be used for motivation and moral development, if properly mastered. "
9780814779965 - page_33: "START TEXT: The spirited Victorian boy was one who did not avoid fear, but faced it and triumphed over it, while" ******* END TEXT: "he day of vengeance. … Those who dishonor husbands are here warned of their doom. … Jealousy, which "
9780814779965 - page_34: "START TEXT: defies and bears down all restraint, whether it be what we technically call insanity or not, is akin" ******* END TEXT: "f the mother, to cultivate the affections”—mother set standards for all her offspring. As Catharine "
9780814779965 - page_35: "START TEXT: Beecher put it, “the mother holds, as it were, the hearts of her children in her hand.” And while mo" ******* END TEXT: "ns of idiosyncratic emotionality or disconcerting emotional expressions. Intensity should underlie, "
9780814779965 - page_36: "START TEXT: not dominate. Here, too, the relationship with the general Victorian style was apparent in the recom" ******* END TEXT: " topic, distinguishing love from mere physical attraction. “True love … appertains mainly to … this "
9780814779965 - page_37: "START TEXT: cohabitation of soul with a soul. … It is this spiritual affinity of the mental masculine and femini" ******* END TEXT: "t is shared by two … every difficulty is cleared away, and concord ends by hoisting its banner over "
9780814779965 - page_38: "START TEXT: a man’s house”; “love is the strength of strengths.” Arthur himself noted how love perfected both ge" ******* END TEXT: "t it in a family advice manual of 1882: “It may truly be said that no home ever reaches its highest "
9780814779965 - page_39: "START TEXT: blessedness and sweetness of love and its richest fullness of joy till sorrow enters its life in som" ******* END TEXT: "rt of the characteristic Victorian emotional style, in which intense emotions served as a desirable "
9780814779965 - page_40: "START TEXT: part of life and, ultimately, an enhancement of human ties. The starkness of death disappeared under" ******* END TEXT: " bereavement seem natural, even desirable, though also to some degree consolable. Grief could soar, "
9780814779965 - page_41: "START TEXT: as love did. At the risk of trivializing grief (and certainly Christian doctrines concerning the aft" ******* END TEXT: "intended their wares for all readers, but there is no question that their emphasis was class based. "
9780814779965 - page_42: "START TEXT: As we will see in the following chapter, evidence suggests that many Victorians translated their emo" ******* END TEXT: "ularly around the middle of the nineteenth century. Regionalists appropriately insist that too many "
9780814779965 - page_43: "START TEXT: “American” studies, even when carefully confined to the middle class, have relied disproportionately" ******* END TEXT: "ive dismissal of Barton’s approach,58 though most available evidence points in the other direction. "
9780814779965 - page_44: "START TEXT: Southern Victorians wanted control along with their passion—this was one of the changes in upper-cla" ******* END TEXT: " soldiers tended to conceal emotions experienced in battle from their wives and mothers, they wrote "
9780814779965 - page_45: "START TEXT: more freely of their fear and their efforts at courage to their fathers, so that even here the idea " ******* END TEXT: "result was a clear image of girls as emotionally preferable; but, translated to adulthood, the same "
9780814779965 - page_46: "START TEXT: imagery held that men had far more drive. Correspondingly, the boy or man lacking the emotional spur" ******* END TEXT: "irls’ pamphlet is mute on this subject.63 Boys’ stories, like the Rollo series, liked to show girls "
9780814779965 - page_47: "START TEXT: paralyzed by fear while their brothers dealt with danger. Courage was nice, but courage in front of " ******* END TEXT: "es of women’s deaths, which served to emphasize a male role in grief but also reminded the audience "
9780814779965 - page_48: "START TEXT: of female frailty. Beliefs about female hysteria, though not commonly discussed in the popular presc" ******* END TEXT: "k; a fair page on which thou, God-commissioned, mayst write what thou wilt; a heart that will throb "
9780814779965 - page_49: "START TEXT: back to thine, love for love.”67 Here was some female equivalence for the male joys of channeling an" ******* END TEXT: "ely enjoined on men and women alike: the intensity of a deeply spiritual, faithful, consuming love.\n"
9780814779965 - page_50: "START TEXT: Guilt\nVictorian emotional culture capped its central themes by developing a growing reliance on guil" ******* END TEXT: " within himself, to punish himself, during a period (in this story, two full weeks) of removal from "
9780814779965 - page_51: "START TEXT: the family, and then to disclose his internal process by a sincere apology. Internal emotional turmo" ******* END TEXT: "solation from family plus consciousness of damage to loved ones was now experienced as a separation "
9780814779965 - page_52: "START TEXT: from a deeply positive emotional environment. Guilt, as an experience of self-hate, flourished readi" ******* END TEXT: "blems, like frequency of suicide, but they found the stimulus of modern urban life—where “all human "
9780814779965 - page_53: "START TEXT: passions are exercised with more fourfold constancy and intensity”—both inevitable and desirable on " ******* END TEXT: "e process of emotional development. This is why children’s stories assumed such a hortatory aspect, "
9780814779965 - page_54: "START TEXT: offering models for courage and warnings against both loss of control and emotional vapidity. A rela" ******* END TEXT: "an, half-secular advice literature informed a generation of scientific research on emotion as well. "
9780814779965 - page_55: "START TEXT: In the first formal study of emotion after the decline of comprehensive philosophies that had, throu" ******* END TEXT: "wish to conciliate, take off your hat to him as often as you meet him”—than to comments on emotion. "
9780814779965 - page_56: "START TEXT: Concerning the body and its etiquette, a theme of increasing discipline and repression prevailed wit" ******* END TEXT: "d facilitate the emotional sparks the Victorians cherished; keeping sex in check, though not to the "
9780814779965 - page_57: "START TEXT: point of complete neglect of its pleasures, aided love and vice versa. Correspondingly, while sexual" ******* END TEXT: "ously, emotional culture must be caused, and it must cause; the Victorian version met both tests.\n\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_58: "START TEXT: 3Evaluating the Victorian Emotional Style: Causes and Consequences\nMajor features of Victorian emoti" ******* END TEXT: "ble consequences aside from filling up advice literature and moralistic fiction, they could well be "
9780814779965 - page_59: "START TEXT: dismissed as meaningless. In fact, however, despite incomplete evidence on private beliefs and behav" ******* END TEXT: "ed to constructionist theory emphasize cultural functions as well. There are important issues here, "
9780814779965 - page_60: "START TEXT: which I will address in applying functionalist explanations both to Victorianism and to subsequent t" ******* END TEXT: " specific ingredients.\nTwo other illustrations highlight specific contexts applicable to individual "
9780814779965 - page_61: "START TEXT: emotions. Victorian grief, which served a central position in the larger culture, stemmed in part fr" ******* END TEXT: "ighteenth-century styles in several key respects, particularly in the decades of maturity after the "
9780814779965 - page_62: "START TEXT: 1840s. Indulgence of grief was novel, for while individuals grieved in the eighteenth century, the p" ******* END TEXT: "bout family emotional rewards as public life, in many communities, became increasingly competitive. "
9780814779965 - page_63: "START TEXT: Protestantism, as it transmuted into a wider belief system in the seventeenth century, unquestionabl" ******* END TEXT: "r and courageous encounters with fear. Military interests played a role, but the vision of emotions "
9780814779965 - page_64: "START TEXT: necessary to succeed in new entrepreneurial and professional roles was preeminent. Family values wer" ******* END TEXT: "d them until after 1900.13\nEmotional culture had begun to take on qualities of class identification "
9780814779965 - page_65: "START TEXT: even earlier, at least in the minds of middle- and upper-class proponents, as in late-eighteenth-cen" ******* END TEXT: "zed. Functional logic, here at least, was prepared by beliefs, which is one reason why Victorianism "
9780814779965 - page_66: "START TEXT: did not fully break away from emotional patterns set up the century before.\nFurthermore, three kinds" ******* END TEXT: "dily functions. Hearts, for example, could shake, tremble, expand, grow cold. Because emotions were "
9780814779965 - page_67: "START TEXT: embodied, they had clear somatic qualities: people were gripped by rage (which could, it was held, s" ******* END TEXT: "constrained just because the body was regulated. Similarly, twentieth-century observers tend not to "
9780814779965 - page_68: "START TEXT: perceive the Victorian distinction between emotion and the body because they are accustomed to a mor" ******* END TEXT: "ety and generating unacknowledged anger.21 Mainstream Protestantism, however, shared the directions "
9780814779965 - page_69: "START TEXT: of emotional culture, supporting the combination of control and intensity.\nEmotional intensity deriv" ******* END TEXT: "out thee. … Am I sinning or would the Lord our Father have it so?” She answered in the affirmative, "
9780814779965 - page_70: "START TEXT: arguing that “our Father has enjoined us together, he has given us to each other” as both she and Th" ******* END TEXT: " challenge of identifying common elements in discussions of particular emotions and in varied kinds "
9780814779965 - page_71: "START TEXT: of popular media. Explaining how this culture arose and what needs it seems to have filled forms the" ******* END TEXT: "promotion of essential intensity.\nIn 1904 Andrew Carnegie set up a trust for the Carnegie Hero Fund "
9780814779965 - page_72: "START TEXT: to provide moneys for people who had been injured performing heroic acts, or for survivors of people" ******* END TEXT: "e late nineteenth century made abundant connections between sports interests and proper training in "
9780814779965 - page_73: "START TEXT: handling the dangerous emotions, and sports advocates did the same in touting boxing lessons for mid" ******* END TEXT: "volution of divorce provisions and breach-of-promise suits. From the mid—nineteenth century onward, "
9780814779965 - page_74: "START TEXT: American law increasingly acknowledged a version of torts targeted at alienation of affections.30 Su" ******* END TEXT: "pect.”35 Once launched, of course, the mental cruelty clause outstripped all competitors as grounds "
9780814779965 - page_75: "START TEXT: for divorce in states that allowed it, but its popularity testifies to its vagueness rather than to " ******* END TEXT: "e child death was involved, funeral monuments of unprecedented size combined with haunting epitaphs "
9780814779965 - page_76: "START TEXT: to convey the sorrow and love that sent the child to heaven. Gravestone euphemisms about death as sl" ******* END TEXT: "n anger on the part of some middle-class women. Barred from expressing their real emotions, or even "
9780814779965 - page_77: "START TEXT: admitting unladylike sentiments to themselves, some women converted anger into psychosomatic illness" ******* END TEXT: "y by. As Mrs. Abigail Bailey put it in her memoirs, “I felt obligated to bear my faithful testimony "
9780814779965 - page_78: "START TEXT: to him against his wickedness; which I repeatedly did.” Here of course was the suggestion of very re" ******* END TEXT: "y urged “equable and cheerful temper and tones in the housekeeper” as part of the larger atmosphere "
9780814779965 - page_79: "START TEXT: that should inform family life. Servants were vital to this atmosphere but were often criticized for" ******* END TEXT: "y stayed with them for a time. Disputes occurred, to be sure, but they were usually surrounded with "
9780814779965 - page_80: "START TEXT: reassuring love. As one wrote, “Your life must not be stunted by us [the parents]. … Our love can ma" ******* END TEXT: "ss youth reveal a virtually unquestioned assumption that intense, spiritual love would be the basis "
9780814779965 - page_81: "START TEXT: for engagement and marriage. Autobiographies and other commentaries echo these sentiments, while the" ******* END TEXT: "hearts were full of that true friendship which could not find utterance by words, we laid our heads "
9780814779965 - page_82: "START TEXT: upon each other’s bosom and wept, it may be unmanly to weep, but I care not, the spirit was touched." ******* END TEXT: "s sorrow and weeping.” Even nostalgic recollection brought grief, as when Sarah Huntington recalled "
9780814779965 - page_83: "START TEXT: a loss of two years earlier: “Reading these letters revived all the exclusiveness and intenseness of" ******* END TEXT: "eveloped a host of games to test aggressiveness and courage. They teamed up to throw stones at each "
9780814779965 - page_84: "START TEXT: other. They developed hazing rituals to test their ability to withstand fear—a habit that was instit" ******* END TEXT: "eformers routinely used angry invective and anger-inspired moral fervor in debate, with no sense of "
9780814779965 - page_85: "START TEXT: inappropriateness or need for subsequent apology. They, like the larger culture, shared the view tha" ******* END TEXT: "l. Nevertheless, cultural norms may affect the available range of personality types, as well as the "
9780814779965 - page_86: "START TEXT: way individuals present their personalities. Norms clearly affect the verbal presentation and self-e" ******* END TEXT: "compensatory relationships. Yet this purpose is served only if the relevant others accept the grief "
9780814779965 - page_87: "START TEXT: signal. For Victorian emotionology this raises a question: Were people ready to accept the intensiti" ******* END TEXT: ", and even cooperating in reducing conceptions in order to limit the risks. There were many reasons "
9780814779965 - page_88: "START TEXT: for this behavior, including of course the increasing belief in female frailty, which made admission" ******* END TEXT: "it was simply less welcome due to altered circumstances. Because most male friendships dissolved on "
9780814779965 - page_89: "START TEXT: marriage, men rarely questioned expressions of intensity: these were fine while the friendship thriv" ******* END TEXT: "their misfortune,” one should “join them” by speaking well of the dead and showing active, saddened "
9780814779965 - page_90: "START TEXT: sympathy. Almost all manners authors felt compelled to address grief as a significant part of public" ******* END TEXT: " even in men it should be directed only at justifiable targets. Quite apart from such complexities, "
9780814779965 - page_91: "START TEXT: the fact that expressions of anger normally arouse anger in response (except where pronounced social" ******* END TEXT: "sum, did not automatically disqualify; it could be accepted by others either through submissiveness "
9780814779965 - page_92: "START TEXT: (the lot, the manners books implied, of many gentle women) or by inducing a quarrel, sometimes even " ******* END TEXT: "l emotional perceptions, and the culture, widely disseminated from childhood onward and essentially "
9780814779965 - page_93: "START TEXT: undisputed within the mainstream middle class, also helped mold these real emotional reactions. The " ******* END TEXT: "es, at least where love or grief was involved. There are, in sum, reasons to believe that a general "
9780814779965 - page_94: "START TEXT: map of emotional intensity highlights the ways in which Victorians promoted and accepted fervor. The" ******* END TEXT: "ended upon, emotional depth. From boyhood challenge to adult grief, they assumed strong passions.\n\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_100: "START TEXT: Briefly, Lindsay evoked what would be an even larger twentieth-century truth: that not only jealousy" ******* END TEXT: " asked to be courageous. Concealment, not moral conquest, seemed to be the prescribed goal. To this "
9780814779965 - page_101: "START TEXT: extent, the innovations being urged in the treatment of children promoted a new approach to adult fe" ******* END TEXT: "ing, challenging, and resolving fear and emerging all the better for the process. Twentieth-century "
9780814779965 - page_102: "START TEXT: popularizers, on the other hand, felt that only the first years were crucial; from the 1920s onward " ******* END TEXT: "ional culture required far more elaborate strategies. Manipulation became crucial, for “children do "
9780814779965 - page_103: "START TEXT: not appear to ‘get used to’ things which they fear.” Fear increases with contact, which meant that t" ******* END TEXT: "s a leading 1920s manualist, D. H. Thom, argued, for even seemingly neutral new experiences parents "
9780814779965 - page_104: "START TEXT: should be prepared for potential fear rather than rely on assumptions of courage.12\nPresumably the l" ******* END TEXT: "tal coddling and sanctioned ventilation. Always, warnings against insistence on courage underscored "
9780814779965 - page_105: "START TEXT: the distance from the nineteenth century. As Gruenberg, an indefatigable manual and encyclopedia wri" ******* END TEXT: "act that courageous character and confrontation with intense emotion now gave way to clever tactics "
9780814779965 - page_106: "START TEXT: seemed to pass unnoticed. Watson was himself interviewed on controlling children’s fears in an early" ******* END TEXT: "inders that you love him very much and will always protect him.” Crude strategies like candy bribes "
9780814779965 - page_107: "START TEXT: were downplayed as the fear sources became more diffuse, though playacting was recommended.16\nThe se" ******* END TEXT: "or over two decades.18\nParents also had their own comments to make, suggesting that popularizations "
9780814779965 - page_108: "START TEXT: not only created new emotional values but also reflected them. Letters to Parents’ Magazine appeared" ******* END TEXT: "a night in an old castle alone or encountering a lion, which evoked Victorianlike calls on courage. "
9780814779965 - page_109: "START TEXT: By age eleven, however, even these occasional fancies had passed, and children preferred not to disc" ******* END TEXT: "otions had been entirely inhibited. The increasing popularity of youth science fiction extended the "
9780814779965 - page_110: "START TEXT: trend of depicting incredible adventure minus emotional load. Fantasy life, in sum, shifted from ide" ******* END TEXT: "cared is harmful to you.” The gap between this pragmatism, which suggests an adaptation of parental "
9780814779965 - page_111: "START TEXT: advice to manage emotion while admitting its unpleasant existence, and the more courage-filled prese" ******* END TEXT: "the jealousy campaign, though behaviorism and (to a very modest degree) popularized Freudianism had "
9780814779965 - page_112: "START TEXT: some bearing; instead, the movement against jealousy was more fully defined by vigorous but unsystem" ******* END TEXT: "disadvantage in measuring up.27\nAbove all, jealousy, like fear, came to be seen as a deep emotional "
9780814779965 - page_113: "START TEXT: threat, capable of overwhelming reason and good taste alike. Its cancerous potential had to be ident" ******* END TEXT: "ing to the young child”—and again, an unpleasant adult personality “can often be traced back to the "
9780814779965 - page_114: "START TEXT: habits created in the small child by the arrival of a baby brother or sister.” Hence the advice to p" ******* END TEXT: "the most likely trigger for onset of the vile emotion. “Tony was happy again. Now he loves his baby "
9780814779965 - page_115: "START TEXT: brother. He is not jealous anymore.” With these thoughts, a veritable flood of standardized advice b" ******* END TEXT: "expressing jealousy, but they should receive lots of parental coddling. “I know how you feel, dear. "
9780814779965 - page_116: "START TEXT: Come on over and I’ll give you a hug and we’ll see if that doesn’t help.” Through admission and subs" ******* END TEXT: " where siblings were concerned.34\nSome of the missionary fervor began to drop from the childrearing "
9780814779965 - page_117: "START TEXT: literature by the 1960s. Reversions to older formulas remained possible, as in a 1977 manual’s claim" ******* END TEXT: "mony of perfect intimacy.”37\nIn the 1930s these strains against jealousy began to enter popularized "
9780814779965 - page_118: "START TEXT: marriage advice literature as well as the now-dwindling genre of advice to teenagers. Readers were t" ******* END TEXT: "er’s interests, assumed that jealousy had an all-or-nothing quality. Thus the antijealousy campaign "
9780814779965 - page_119: "START TEXT: indirectly picked up the anti-intensity theme. The idea of a moderate jealousy or an acceptance of i" ******* END TEXT: "against adult jealousy was widely accepted within the middle class. During the 1960s and 1970s many "
9780814779965 - page_120: "START TEXT: partners reported their ardent efforts to live up to jealousy-free standards and their embarrassment" ******* END TEXT: "th the attacks against the other unpleasant emotions. Growing anxiety about anger involved the same "
9780814779965 - page_121: "START TEXT: revulsion against disagreeable intensities and potential loss of control that had motivated the conc" ******* END TEXT: "ly running engine. Frederick Taylor, for example, thrust onto the factory floor from a conventional "
9780814779965 - page_122: "START TEXT: middle-class background, talked about his shock at the choleric surliness of many factory workers; t" ******* END TEXT: "ibing a confrontation with an insulting customer, Carnegie writes: “By apologizing and sympathizing "
9780814779965 - page_123: "START TEXT: with her point of view … I had the satisfaction of controlling my temper, the satisfaction of return" ******* END TEXT: "owing amount of attention turned to the anger habits of the middle and lower-middle class itself.47\n"
9780814779965 - page_124: "START TEXT: Secretaries were told to keep their emotions in check. Whereas nineteenth-century secretarial manual" ******* END TEXT: "Effectiveness decreases as emotionality increases.” Grievances, particularly, must be approached in "
9780814779965 - page_125: "START TEXT: low-key fashion, “with as little heat as possible.” And the word “cool” began to creep in as a talis" ******* END TEXT: "er Humm, author of one of the most widely used screening tests, argued in the early 1940s that such "
9780814779965 - page_126: "START TEXT: tests were more useful for assessing workers’ emotions than for evaluating their abilities. Accordin" ******* END TEXT: "s, not only the professed goals but the sheer range of institutional initiatives revealed a genuine "
9780814779965 - page_127: "START TEXT: sense of mission in remaking the emotional context of the modern job.56\nFor about fifteen years, fro" ******* END TEXT: "ger well used could motivate great deeds and promote acts of chivalry. In 1933 John Anderson urged, "
9780814779965 - page_128: "START TEXT: in behaviorist fashion, that anger need not be a big problem—“a child can learn either to throw tant" ******* END TEXT: "rained the emotion. Here, in fact, was a renunciation of much of the Victorian approach, though the "
9780814779965 - page_129: "START TEXT: author seemed unaware of his innovation: draining, not channeling, had become the key goal, and with" ******* END TEXT: "eas retain any validity; it was socially useful, for example, that Abraham Lincoln had been morally "
9780814779965 - page_130: "START TEXT: angry. Within a few years Dorothy Baruch and a host of other childrearing experts joined the hue and" ******* END TEXT: "ombined the same elements recommended in fear and jealousy socialization—avoidance and ventilation. "
9780814779965 - page_131: "START TEXT: Parents should be careful to remove as many sources of anger as possible by promoting good sleep, al" ******* END TEXT: "n the goals of compromise and conformity could be more explicitly identified. Just as the attack on "
9780814779965 - page_132: "START TEXT: sibling rivalry survived the transition from behaviorism to neo-Freudianism, so the overriding inter" ******* END TEXT: "ies Home Journal argued from the 1950s onward, “Try not to take personally everything a spouse says "
9780814779965 - page_133: "START TEXT: in anger. His anger is often based on his own insecurity.” Marriage counselors chimed in, repeatedly" ******* END TEXT: "he childrearing manuals and only gradually spread to the cultural expressions of adult institutions "
9780814779965 - page_134: "START TEXT: like the military, whereas the revisions of Victorian anger standards moved in almost literally the " ******* END TEXT: "that while emotional problems were to some degree inherent, they could be contained and shaped. The "
9780814779965 - page_135: "START TEXT: underlying consistency in twentieth-century approaches to the negative emotions lay in this insisten" ******* END TEXT: "lthood, constraint was more obvious still, for knowledge of what constituted immaturity served as a "
9780814779965 - page_136: "START TEXT: vivid reminder of which emotions had to be avoided or concealed. Verbal venting might be permitted t" ******* END TEXT: " the carefully verbal, lest it run wild. Here lay a crucial departure from the Victorian confidence "
9780814779965 - page_137: "START TEXT: that dangerous emotions might be successfully used. In the new view, emotions became all-or-nothing " ******* END TEXT: "ional culture emerged progressively from the 1920s onward, its contrast with Victorian norms gained "
9780814779965 - page_138: "START TEXT: a growing range of expressions. While a few messages remained constant—don’t get angry at the kids o" ******* END TEXT: "ers worried massively about the same emotions, and they urged Americans to avoid or conceal them.\n\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_95: "START TEXT: 4From Vigor to Ventilation: A New Approach to Negative Emotions\nBeginning clearly in the 1920s, with" ******* END TEXT: " emotions already admitted as potentially dangerous in the Victorian lexicon now became completely. "
9780814779965 - page_96: "START TEXT: unacceptable. Fear and anger had no positive function in the new schema; rather than being directed," ******* END TEXT: "leasure-pain index. This shifting was itself part of the new caution where emotions were concerned.\n"
9780814779965 - page_97: "START TEXT: Hints of Change\nWhile most advice literature maintained a Victorian emotionology into the 1920s, som" ******* END TEXT: "fears than Victorian-style manual writers had done, Birney detailed the unaccountable fears present "
9780814779965 - page_98: "START TEXT: in early childhood. In this rendering infants could be terrified by darkness or animals even if thei" ******* END TEXT: " but children could not really be relied upon in this area. Thus parents had another new task: they "
9780814779965 - page_99: "START TEXT: must get to the root of children’s quarrels, for neglect could promote an “incipient hatred” among s" ******* END TEXT: "d a custom that, in giving “two free persons the ownership of each other is a device of the devil.” "
9780814779965 - page_139: "START TEXT: 5Dampening the Passions: Guilt, Grief, and Love\nGrowing hostility to the emotions labeled as negativ" ******* END TEXT: "ther cultures, such as the Chinese, manifested a sense that certain emotions were difficult or even "
9780814779965 - page_140: "START TEXT: unpleasant, they might also believe that these emotions served important functions, as a result main" ******* END TEXT: "ng the level of intensity that could be regarded as healthy or normal. These changes were linked to "
9780814779965 - page_141: "START TEXT: the more straightforward attacks on fear or anger by a common aversion to undue intensity and potent" ******* END TEXT: "could run too deep. Whereas the increasing distaste for undue shame in the early nineteenth century "
9780814779965 - page_142: "START TEXT: involved an immediate if implicit quest for a substitute form of emotional enforcement, the attack o" ******* END TEXT: "sary.” Authors Carl and Mildred Renz urged parents to control their own emotions in the interest of "
9780814779965 - page_143: "START TEXT: avoiding guilt in their children. In dealing with childish sexual interest or toilet training, for e" ******* END TEXT: "otions under control… he will not be able to train his child properly.”7 Parents must come to terms "
9780814779965 - page_144: "START TEXT: with their own repressions lest they pass them on to their offspring. From this initial parental inj" ******* END TEXT: " neuroses” in the interests of raising emotionally healthier personalities in the next generation.9\n"
9780814779965 - page_145: "START TEXT: Increasingly, the new attitude toward guilt blended with attacks on anger and jealousy as part of th" ******* END TEXT: "ative emotions and some of the language in the comments on guilt itself suggested a third, implicit "
9780814779965 - page_146: "START TEXT: but probably most important attack on guilt. According to this approach, people would learn through " ******* END TEXT: "lled in childhood was meant to serve as a lifelong guide, in the twentieth century the relationship "
9780814779965 - page_147: "START TEXT: between the two life stages became more complicated. The same prescriptive literature that urged anx" ******* END TEXT: " important to note that the increasing aversion to guilt fit in with the overall shift in emotional "
9780814779965 - page_148: "START TEXT: style, becoming a part of a new emotional regulatory system that not only required a host of novel t" ******* END TEXT: "he 1890s through World War I.\nTwo factors, at least, accounted for the early start on a revisionist "
9780814779965 - page_149: "START TEXT: approach. First, death rates began to drop rapidly in the United States from the 1880s to the 1920s," ******* END TEXT: "tion from loved ones on earth, why bother to grieve at all, and why dread death? “Why should it not "
9780814779965 - page_150: "START TEXT: be to all of us the Great Adventure? Why should we not look forward to it with anticipation, not wit" ******* END TEXT: "o sleep; it was “a slumberous condition, not unlike that at the end of a toilsome day.” Even sudden "
9780814779965 - page_151: "START TEXT: death or convulsions, however, did not indicate pain. People under anesthesia, after all, reported “" ******* END TEXT: "cientific approach included a number of idiosyncratic byways. Some commentators explained increases "
9780814779965 - page_152: "START TEXT: in suicide as evidence that attitudes toward death were losing emotional charge. Others argued that " ******* END TEXT: "mewhat different theme of modern life, noting the rise of death-defying behavior in auto racing and "
9780814779965 - page_153: "START TEXT: flying. Thrill seeking here transcended caution, and death receded to the background. And just as th" ******* END TEXT: "s to a degree, Victorian wallowing had become ridiculous. Modern medicine suggested that mental and "
9780814779965 - page_154: "START TEXT: physical healing often make grief entirely unnecessary. Even religion might be legitimately used, if" ******* END TEXT: "possible at such a time is surely the healthy attitude.” Self-control, not excessive sorrow, should "
9780814779965 - page_155: "START TEXT: predominate, and formal mourning practices, which merely encourage grief, must yield accordingly. “L" ******* END TEXT: " themes like the attack on death as painful largely shut down. Beleaguered defenses of Victorianism "
9780814779965 - page_156: "START TEXT: also ceased in the mainstream magazines. Even the interest in criticizing gouging funeral directors " ******* END TEXT: "is it that we are able to cast off conventions pertaining to every event in modern existence except "
9780814779965 - page_157: "START TEXT: the burial of the dead?” The author proposed simpler, more rational as well as less expensive ceremo" ******* END TEXT: "ed that in contrast to emotion-sodden Europe, “America Conquers Death.” “Death, which dominates the "
9780814779965 - page_158: "START TEXT: European’s thought, has been put in its proper place on this side of the water.” This article praise" ******* END TEXT: "w appreciate, because of shifts in more general middle-class prescriptions, most therapists dealing "
9780814779965 - page_159: "START TEXT: with grief moved toward what has been called a “modernist” approach. Freud had valued grief as a mea" ******* END TEXT: "Again, grief must be bypassed.31\nThe third area in which the new antigrief regime manifested itself "
9780814779965 - page_160: "START TEXT: from the 1920s onward lay in a more familiar realm—advice to parents on how to socialize children. H" ******* END TEXT: ". Other authors suggested carefully evasive phrasing so that the child would receive no images that "
9780814779965 - page_161: "START TEXT: he could easily apply to himself. Referring to a grandparent’s death as “all through” might thus be " ******* END TEXT: " was a child-socialization variant on the medical modernization approach in adult contexts. Parents "
9780814779965 - page_162: "START TEXT: were advised to tell children about other cultures’ ideas about death, and to talk to them about med" ******* END TEXT: "n The Call of the Wild, to take a fairly representative early-twentieth-century example, is unmoved "
9780814779965 - page_163: "START TEXT: when he finds an arrow-ridden body and a dog thrashing about in death agony: “Buck passed around him" ******* END TEXT: " practices were intertwined.38\nBut even in this area change did occur, and it confirmed the earlier "
9780814779965 - page_164: "START TEXT: shifts apparent in popular magazines and childrearing literature. By 1952, when Amy Vanderbilt issue" ******* END TEXT: "cknowledge considerable subtlety and some continuity. It did not become a negative emotion, but new "
9780814779965 - page_165: "START TEXT: constraints and redefinitions revised Victorian standards considerably, with decline in intensity be" ******* END TEXT: "actor of the secret antagonism existing between them,” claimed one magazine in 1901. Advice manuals "
9780814779965 - page_166: "START TEXT: began counseling mothers to adopt specific strategies to keep their daughters’ confidence, again sug" ******* END TEXT: "nd leaving “love of the child itself defective and maimed.” The resultant lack of full affection in "
9780814779965 - page_167: "START TEXT: turn appeared “in the abnormal or especially incomplete development of her offspring,” even more in " ******* END TEXT: "alities called it into question.46\nMost important, motherlove was rendered newly problematic within "
9780814779965 - page_168: "START TEXT: the family itself in advice literature and other commentary on childrearing. A series of authors ham" ******* END TEXT: " is full of love which she must express in some way. She expresses it by showering love and kisses” "
9780814779965 - page_169: "START TEXT: upon hapless children, threatening their independence and mental health in the process, transforming" ******* END TEXT: " emotions were treated, as an emblem of immaturity. Untrammeled love was fine for babies but should "
9780814779965 - page_170: "START TEXT: be grown out of. These guidelines had the potential to make not only passionate motherlove but also " ******* END TEXT: "res that more appropriately should come from the marriage relationship.”53 Under “Emotional Growing "
9780814779965 - page_171: "START TEXT: Pains” Sidonie Gruenberg reminded parents of the need for increasing emotional independence, which i" ******* END TEXT: "ntrality of spirituality was replaced by the superordinate centrality of sex. Second, the emotion’s "
9780814779965 - page_172: "START TEXT: threat to rational calculation received new emphasis. And third, the very importance of intense love" ******* END TEXT: "arious kinds of sexual advice columns became available. Judge Lindsay confidently wrote, “I believe "
9780814779965 - page_173: "START TEXT: that I have enough evidence to justify the conclusion not that this change in our sexual mores [towa" ******* END TEXT: " shackles of emotional involvement in favor of more diverse material interests, sexuality included. "
9780814779965 - page_174: "START TEXT: The second direction, applicable to both genders, yielded from 1927 onward a new, “scientific” curre" ******* END TEXT: "n a venomously misogynist context, which is itself a fascinating shift away from official Victorian "
9780814779965 - page_175: "START TEXT: sanctification of women in discussions of love. Articles during the 1930s blasted women’s lack of cr" ******* END TEXT: "ed in a 1936 article. Its author repeated the denunciations of older romantic ideals and emphasized "
9780814779965 - page_176: "START TEXT: rational, cooperative arrangements between men and women. Soaring ideals and spirituality were large" ******* END TEXT: "lved another unromantic husband who tries to manifest more sentiment under his wife’s prompting—but "
9780814779965 - page_177: "START TEXT: she too leaves, in this case because he is not in step with the New Love that everyone is urging.66\n" ******* END TEXT: "ecome less domestic, more “sophisticated, undraped and immodest,” men had only themselves to blame.\n"
9780814779965 - page_178: "START TEXT: Amid these trends, to move on to a discussion of love might have seemed downright banal.68\nAs Esquir" ******* END TEXT: ", could cohabit durably and pleasantly. Soaring flights of passion were not part of this game plan.\n"
9780814779965 - page_179: "START TEXT: The importance of love was granted. One authority, Ernest Burgess, scrawled in hand on the back of o" ******* END TEXT: "xcessive motherlove. The cures, correspondingly, must emphasize accurate information and mechanical "
9780814779965 - page_180: "START TEXT: arrangements. Love was no longer centrally involved. Pamphlet after pamphlet drummed home the primac" ******* END TEXT: "0s and 1940s. The first, a hedonistic male culture, deliberately attacked intense, romantic love in "
9780814779965 - page_181: "START TEXT: favor of more pragmatic arrangements with women, including sexual arrangements, and a wide variety o" ******* END TEXT: "f intense love still maintained some isolated chapels, but the body of the faithful had moved on.77\n"
9780814779965 - page_182: "START TEXT: Conclusion\nAttacks on Victorian standards of guilt, grief, and love involved several complexities no" ******* END TEXT: "t requires brief summary before we turn to the challenging task of analyzing sources and impacts.\n\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_183: "START TEXT: 6Reprise: The New Principles of Emotional Management\nThe articles, pamphlets, advice materials, and " ******* END TEXT: "ot prove shared purpose, but it suggests that the rethinking applied to specific emotions rested on "
9780814779965 - page_184: "START TEXT: shifts in assumptions regarding emotions in general, which in turn did not gain full coherence until" ******* END TEXT: "ictorians had been able, in principle, to assume an early period of considerable innocence when the "
9780814779965 - page_185: "START TEXT: main effort was simply to avoid unnecessary problems, followed by later stages in which children wer" ******* END TEXT: "d new access to these same changing norms. The middle class was itself changing, with new divisions "
9780814779965 - page_186: "START TEXT: being created between the service-sector population and older entrepreneurial and professional group" ******* END TEXT: "so harbor older, sometimes even pre-Victorian standards concerning emotions such as anger or fear.2\n"
9780814779965 - page_187: "START TEXT: Gender counted for far less than it had in the nineteenth century, at least on the cultural surface." ******* END TEXT: "because the old ones were disappearing. Esquire, as we have seen, urged men to free themselves from "
9780814779965 - page_188: "START TEXT: women’s manipulation of Victorian love while also arguing that women were irrationally emotional in " ******* END TEXT: "an extent social class, developed partly from the new emotional norms themselves. Men were asked to "
9780814779965 - page_189: "START TEXT: tone down the anger—to become good salesmen, for example. Women were asked to reduce claims based on" ******* END TEXT: " unusual concern for their concealment demonstrated the impact of the new good-bad categorization.5\n"
9780814779965 - page_190: "START TEXT: Despite these distinctions, however, the uniform concern about excess and loss of control cut across" ******* END TEXT: "weighed the apparent commitment to individuation in directing the new styles of emotion management. "
9780814779965 - page_191: "START TEXT: The desire not to feel obligated, and therefore to resent emotional intrusion by others, surpassed i" ******* END TEXT: " A more careful historical assessment, juxtaposing the new style with its Victorian predecessor and "
9780814779965 - page_192: "START TEXT: cutting beneath the somewhat misleading rhetoric, reveals the constraints that accompanied some pers" ******* END TEXT: " a whole generation. But the bases for esteeming cool control had been set some decades before.10\n\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_193: "START TEXT: 7“Impersonal, but Friendly”: Causes of the New Emotional Style\nVictorian emotional culture was not r" ******* END TEXT: " economic and familial structures required new emotional definitions, but the specific results were "
9780814779965 - page_194: "START TEXT: not inevitable, save as the cultural context shifted as well. The challenge is to fit the puzzle tog" ******* END TEXT: "t from changes in patterns of social interaction. During the Victorian era men and women spent much "
9780814779965 - page_195: "START TEXT: time in separate social spheres; young men roomed with their colleagues, participated in male lodges" ******* END TEXT: "ed to account for the more general attack on emotional intensity. It remains important to attend to "
9780814779965 - page_196: "START TEXT: shifts that bore particularly on a single emotion.6 Among other things, specific contexts help expla" ******* END TEXT: "motional style has simultaneously portrayed a major twentieth-century shift and claimed substantial "
9780814779965 - page_197: "START TEXT: continuity in causation. Abram de Swaan, in describing the contrast between nineteenth-and twentieth" ******* END TEXT: "ch emotional regulation had also occurred. A few of the more simplified claims of direct continuity "
9780814779965 - page_198: "START TEXT: between Victorian and twentieth-century control approaches can be easily dismissed, but the overall " ******* END TEXT: "fication of homosexuality as a warning that intensity must be directed appropriately, in the proper "
9780814779965 - page_199: "START TEXT: context. Emotional intensity, in contrast, now encountered some of the same blanket aversion that ha" ******* END TEXT: "moral version of his religion—and to reach a varied middle-class audience outside any institutional "
9780814779965 - page_200: "START TEXT: setting. Such confidence in moral vision also predominated among many of the authors for popular per" ******* END TEXT: "ality that was far more appropriate when a person’s main task was to live up to demanding standards "
9780814779965 - page_201: "START TEXT: than when that task was redefined in terms of demonstrating self-control and the ability to work and" ******* END TEXT: " worker anger in light of middle-class domestic standards; but new facts about emotional expression "
9780814779965 - page_202: "START TEXT: became available in the process and added to the sense that past emotional norms must be reassessed." ******* END TEXT: "ng divisions in American values.\nFinally, the new experts were conduits through which the impact of "
9780814779965 - page_203: "START TEXT: certain striking events could affect advice about emotional standards. Advice in the 1920s and 1930s" ******* END TEXT: " the new emotionological trends overrode the seemingly vital fluctuations in dominant psychological "
9780814779965 - page_204: "START TEXT: schools.20 The attack on anger, the concern about sibling jealousy, even the substantial downgrading" ******* END TEXT: "ly around the age of thirty, more involvement with women occurred, but lodge activity might persist "
9780814779965 - page_205: "START TEXT: and contact was further limited by the sheer length of the working day, which was sometimes suppleme" ******* END TEXT: "s too much of a good thing.26\nThe larger implications of these new social patterns affected overall "
9780814779965 - page_206: "START TEXT: judgments of intensity. Now that men and women socialized with each other on a more routine basis, e" ******* END TEXT: "of implicit belief in a host of ingrained fears and hostilities. Parents must not only avoid giving "
9780814779965 - page_207: "START TEXT: bad examples; they must also actively organize emotional and material support systems to help childr" ******* END TEXT: " sibling jealousy, tend to increase in small families, where children do not see themselves as part "
9780814779965 - page_208: "START TEXT: of a larger group with mutual responsibilities for their own maintenance, but rather focus directly " ******* END TEXT: "s and learn to keep cool.\nInnovations in family life, particularly the rapid reduction of the birth "
9780814779965 - page_209: "START TEXT: rate, also influenced intellectual judgments on the family, in Europe as well as the United States. " ******* END TEXT: "g, while rising consumer commitment in turn explains many of the changes in emotional culture. Some "
9780814779965 - page_210: "START TEXT: relationships between consumerism and emotion are fairly obvious,36 but the crucial link with intens" ******* END TEXT: "d most obviously, it encouraged the growing penchant to distinguish between pleasant and unpleasant "
9780814779965 - page_211: "START TEXT: emotions.38 Consumers sought products that made them feel good and shunned those that did not; not s" ******* END TEXT: " Esquire magazine implied that things might even be used to replace excessive love, as the magazine "
9780814779965 - page_212: "START TEXT: turned men’s attention away from debates over romance toward a diet of travel, records, cars, and ga" ******* END TEXT: "reatures, including the famous American teddy bear, that were directed at infants of both sexes. In "
9780814779965 - page_213: "START TEXT: preventing German exports, World War I completed the process of converting doll production to domest" ******* END TEXT: "motional focuses for young children, followed by the deliberate use of material objects to distract "
9780814779965 - page_214: "START TEXT: from emotional excess, linked consumerism to the socialization process and the perceived problems of" ******* END TEXT: "e same time, the rise of the service sector, with a growing number of jobs in sales, clerical work, "
9780814779965 - page_215: "START TEXT: and the like, called for what came to be called “people skills,” which had received far less emphasi" ******* END TEXT: " from the stress on honesty and punctuality that had dominated behavioral sections of corresponding "
9780814779965 - page_216: "START TEXT: manuals in the 1880s. And it was at this point that Elton Mayo, manifesting the middle-class aversio" ******* END TEXT: " to obsessive response”—to precisely the kind of emotion-driven irrationality that could so disrupt "
9780814779965 - page_217: "START TEXT: smooth production and harmonious bureaucracies.54 Mayo’s response, which was to employ company psych" ******* END TEXT: "r into domestic life—though this extension was not necessarily present in the initial job campaigns "
9780814779965 - page_218: "START TEXT: of the 1920s and 1930s. Arguments for proper emotional socialization of children—prevention of harmf" ******* END TEXT: "e, became such a dominant theme.\nFinally, evidence appearing by the late 1930s delineates the final "
9780814779965 - page_219: "START TEXT: puzzle piece in this functionalist approach to cultural change: the families that most eagerly bough" ******* END TEXT: "e during the 1950s and 1960s extended this aspect of the service economy, adding female stereotypes "
9780814779965 - page_220: "START TEXT: of niceness and docility to the existing standards of emotional control and putting new pressure on " ******* END TEXT: " general, and to an extent for grief and love, the concern about intensity, though not unrelated to "
9780814779965 - page_221: "START TEXT: functionalism, is most readily explained by shifts in middle-class culture away from the distinctive" ******* END TEXT: "creasingly highlighted the role of emotions in unseating physical equilibrium and even good health.\n"
9780814779965 - page_222: "START TEXT: Belief in the salience of emotions for health was no new discovery, of course. Traditional humeral m" ******* END TEXT: "anic nervous chain” and the heart, causing major disturbance and in some instances death. The brain "
9780814779965 - page_223: "START TEXT: could also be paralyzed from rage, leading to “a congestion of the vessels of that organ.” Fear and " ******* END TEXT: " effort to see emotional control as central to physical well-being. But other, more prosaic factors "
9780814779965 - page_224: "START TEXT: were also involved; more focused beliefs about the vulnerability of internal organs played a role as" ******* END TEXT: "he spirit.”67 Similarly, the Saturday Evening Post told its middle-class audience that “by the time "
9780814779965 - page_225: "START TEXT: an emotion has fairly got us in its grip … the blood-supply of half the organs in our body has then " ******* END TEXT: " opposite nature have disturbing and destructive influences, and tend to produce bodily disorders.” "
9780814779965 - page_226: "START TEXT: In commenting on the role of strong emotions in the poor health of war-devastated Europe, the Litera" ******* END TEXT: " fundamental changes in middle-class beliefs. Awareness of the many facets of organic deterioration "
9780814779965 - page_227: "START TEXT: contributed strongly not only to the growing aversion to intense emotional experience but also to so" ******* END TEXT: "alth culture and corporate functionalism easily conjoined. Training sessions for flight attendants, "
9780814779965 - page_228: "START TEXT: for example, argued not only that anger must be avoided in order to please customers; it must also b" ******* END TEXT: "ved from the wider society, but it also gave, in turn helping to reshape aspects of this society.\n\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_229: "START TEXT: 8The Impact of the New Standards: Controlling Intensity in Real Life\nMost of the disciplines that st" ******* END TEXT: " new emotional culture. Evidence is often sketchy, particularly where inner feelings are concerned. "
9780814779965 - page_230: "START TEXT: Even where indications of attitudes exist, people frequently claim to adhere to one set of standards" ******* END TEXT: "ve seen its persistence in periodic reassertions of older grief values, for example, or in the long "
9780814779965 - page_231: "START TEXT: attachment to channeled anger in some of the most popular childrearing manuals. Victorian standards " ******* END TEXT: "ued elaboration of its results.\nAs argued earlier, it is necessary to demonstrate that an emotional "
9780814779965 - page_232: "START TEXT: culture translated into major public institutions and practices in order to show that it was more th" ******* END TEXT: "dle class was particularly eager to jettison outdated emotional standards. By the 1940s a series of "
9780814779965 - page_233: "START TEXT: studies more widely suggested particular interest in establishing a new pattern of childrearing, del" ******* END TEXT: "usy by the 1960s. Whether or not this had in fact developed earlier cannot be fully determined, but "
9780814779965 - page_234: "START TEXT: the new common wisdom clearly reflected the long process of socialization in this direction since th" ******* END TEXT: "ng to grow away from that.” From the 1920s onward, growing pressure to control jealousy was a vital "
9780814779965 - page_235: "START TEXT: precondition for women’s new public contacts and for more permissive sexual standards.11\nAt the same" ******* END TEXT: "s friends and acquaintances both for support and for assurance that the emotion has not emerged too "
9780814779965 - page_236: "START TEXT: strongly. Amid great individual variations in the personal capacity to minimize jealousy, then, the " ******* END TEXT: "nachronistic connotations.\nApplication of the anti-intensity theme to grief also produced ambiguous "
9780814779965 - page_237: "START TEXT: results. Many people continued to grieve as they had in the nineteenth century, mourning the deaths " ******* END TEXT: "70s; statistical categories are crude, but they suggest almost a 50 percent drop. And the fact that "
9780814779965 - page_238: "START TEXT: strikes and strikers themselves declined in relation to the size of the labor force after a peak in " ******* END TEXT: "ch other.” By the early 1950s surveys reported that an overwhelming majority of couples felt bad if "
9780814779965 - page_239: "START TEXT: they became emotional in quarreling with each other, and the bad temper of a spouse was rated as one" ******* END TEXT: " think of themselves as apostles of gentleness, which meant that their own anger often disconcerted "
9780814779965 - page_240: "START TEXT: them (or led to denial); this discomfort with anger may even have inhibited a more durable or ideolo" ******* END TEXT: " the new cautions about intensity.\nMen and women still sought love, but their vocabulary moved away "
9780814779965 - page_241: "START TEXT: from the soaring, religiouslike fervor of the Victorian era. At the same time, the centrality of sex" ******* END TEXT: "n myself” when she could not control her emotions to her satisfaction. She saw new sexual interests "
9780814779965 - page_242: "START TEXT: and even new career interests (she was a teacher) as reasons for her failure to find the love she pr" ******* END TEXT: "n change was widespread.26\nSeveral factors prompted this further shift away from intensely romantic "
9780814779965 - page_243: "START TEXT: love. Economic pressures, beginning with the later stages of the baby boomers’ maturation, prompted " ******* END TEXT: "interference. A diabetic wrote her concerned mother, who had sent a maid to accompany her home from "
9780814779965 - page_244: "START TEXT: boarding school: “I think its [sic] selfish when you let your responsibility for me run away to such" ******* END TEXT: "tolerance for other people’s intensity. To be sure, the culture harbored an important inconsistency "
9780814779965 - page_245: "START TEXT: in this respect. On the one hand, people were trained to identify their emotions and verbalize them " ******* END TEXT: "luations encouraged comments on grumpy professors, and open displays of faculty temper were readily "
9780814779965 - page_246: "START TEXT: condemned. On the job, standards reflected a certain complexity for a few decades; middle managers w" ******* END TEXT: "lear reason to spend much time listening to another proclaim jealousy, so anger now discredited its "
9780814779965 - page_247: "START TEXT: bearer; few if any occasions seemed to require listening to someone else talk about his or her rage." ******* END TEXT: "ng, often, friends. The bond might fill the void, but it also testified to the growing distaste for "
9780814779965 - page_248: "START TEXT: other people’s intensities even at times of crisis. The pressure to maintain control of oneself and " ******* END TEXT: "me antifemale implications, particularly in the attacks (by many professional women as well as men) "
9780814779965 - page_249: "START TEXT: on motherlove and excessive romantic love. A tone was set by the 1930s in which living up to the gen" ******* END TEXT: "at least in principle. Again, the new emotional culture’s promotion of increased separateness among "
9780814779965 - page_250: "START TEXT: individuals stands out, though men probably internalized this standard more commonly than women. Wor" ******* END TEXT: "ormal experience. Finding an explicit term for such an unusual experience became equally necessary.\n"
9780814779965 - page_251: "START TEXT: It is not surprising that as the audience for emotion narrowed its range, some emotions were increas" ******* END TEXT: "uthor-reader. Thus a woman kept an “angry journal” that she felt must be separated from comments on "
9780814779965 - page_252: "START TEXT: marriage or on spiritual yearnings because “it’s just too full of nasty ugly things.” A mild-mannere" ******* END TEXT: " discovered in other cultures—like the shared sadness conveyed by the word fago in Ifaluk society45—"
9780814779965 - page_253: "START TEXT: became increasingly rare, except as it was specially reinvented by groups of initial strangers unite" ******* END TEXT: "curtailed to some extent into early adolescence by activities such as scouting and by the extension "
9780814779965 - page_254: "START TEXT: of after-school programs. Some of the resultant organizations, to be sure, maintained a Victorian to" ******* END TEXT: "uidance counselors in part to deal with children—particularly angry children—who did not live up to "
9780814779965 - page_255: "START TEXT: appropriate emotional codes. And by the 1950s teachers themselves, like other middle-class workers, " ******* END TEXT: "torian emotional culture, but the new directions were even more dramatically novel. As early as the "
9780814779965 - page_256: "START TEXT: 1890s, American states began to turn against the jealousy defense as an excuse for homicide, as they" ******* END TEXT: "r party would have to proclaim particular emotional or other damage and whereby both parties could, "
9780814779965 - page_257: "START TEXT: for the public record at least, proclaim their ability to agree without requiring legally sanctioned" ******* END TEXT: " … Emotional immaturity is a state of decadence or regression … because somehow or another, in this "
9780814779965 - page_258: "START TEXT: pattern of growth, he [the relevant spouse] was not able to develop better solutions, better emotion" ******* END TEXT: "ly amid long trial delays. Claims suits thus allowed a modest ritual expression of emotion, but the "
9780814779965 - page_259: "START TEXT: act of bringing suit often sufficed to defuse the intensity, and many litigants actually depended on" ******* END TEXT: "al social contacts and attendant flirting demanded a relaxation of Victorian beliefs not only about "
9780814779965 - page_260: "START TEXT: women but also about jealousy and intense love. Obviously, some Americans remained uncomfortable wit" ******* END TEXT: "urprisingly, the self-control and plasticity widely noted as being required for television coverage "
9780814779965 - page_261: "START TEXT: blended readily with the emotional culture that had already been taking shape: public figures must b" ******* END TEXT: "tertwining of emotionology with courtship, workplace environment, and law. This chapter’s tentative "
9780814779965 - page_262: "START TEXT: sketch of consequences had to await the analysis central to the earlier chapters, that is, the clear" ******* END TEXT: "e clear-cut principles of the nineteenth century. Gender standards for emotional expression merged; "
9780814779965 - page_263: "START TEXT: this was one of the leading trends from the 1920s onward, well in advance of a full revolution in as" ******* END TEXT: "that could not be fit into a culture of control, but they fit the revised American context badly.\n\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_264: "START TEXT: 9The Need for Outlets: Reshaping American Leisure\nSome societies may manage almost complete control " ******* END TEXT: "has hardly been expunged.\nAlthough it was averse to intensity, twentieth-century American emotional "
9780814779965 - page_265: "START TEXT: culture did not attempt a full repression of major emotions. Popularizers urged verbal identificatio" ******* END TEXT: "visaged, many Americans may actively have sought surrogate channels beyond secretive diary writing, "
9780814779965 - page_266: "START TEXT: not to challenge the more fundamental standards but to relieve the resultant tensions slightly. Seco" ******* END TEXT: "ht also suggest emotional needs that made foreign villains particularly welcome. Proving an unusual "
9780814779965 - page_267: "START TEXT: employment of outside emotional targets would admittedly be difficult, but the possibility is real.\n" ******* END TEXT: "phasize smooth personalities and more likely to stress aggressive traits than were middle managers. "
9780814779965 - page_268: "START TEXT: After a prior career in middle management, some executives doubtless maintained a controlled, superf" ******* END TEXT: " established in California to provide self-help for heroin addicts. The organization was founded on "
9780814779965 - page_269: "START TEXT: the assumption that addicts were unaware of their own realities, using drugs to escape bottled-up em" ******* END TEXT: " be hitting me with a bat.” And there is evidence, further, that middle-class couples in particular "
9780814779965 - page_270: "START TEXT: worked hard to restrain emotions, even in times of economic tension, that other American families mi" ******* END TEXT: "ere written in ways that seem naively exaggerated today, but they were in full harmony with desired "
9780814779965 - page_271: "START TEXT: intensities. Sports helped boys and young men carry out injunctions to preserve but channel anger an" ******* END TEXT: "w them to use leisure safely to compensate for the growing stringency of their emotional life. Much "
9780814779965 - page_272: "START TEXT: leisure became deliberately separate from, almost deliberately antagonistic to, the norms of daily l" ******* END TEXT: "takenly argued.13 Its divergence from normal rules was precisely its emotional function. Commercial "
9780814779965 - page_273: "START TEXT: promoters seized on these new leisure needs and perhaps extended them, but they did not create them." ******* END TEXT: "of their own participation in a charade in which strong words were meant to be divorced from strong "
9780814779965 - page_274: "START TEXT: emotion. Saying the words might provide some release, but their utterance was often accompanied by a" ******* END TEXT: " and emotional culture helps explain consumerism itself, a dominant phenomenon of twentieth-century "
9780814779965 - page_275: "START TEXT: American life but one whose meaning—as opposed to its utility to its capitalist promoters—has been d" ******* END TEXT: "citly became emotional outlets, and this new function often overwhelmed more traditional purposes:\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_276: "START TEXT: I watched the Steelers lose football games every way you could think of and I never bitched. And I a" ******* END TEXT: "ollowed by a wide array of professional and college tournaments. Not only national leagues but also "
9780814779965 - page_277: "START TEXT: local teams, including high school and club performers, provided outlets for emotional crowds. The i" ******* END TEXT: "ominant emotional culture provides only one source of explanation for the overall tenor of American "
9780814779965 - page_278: "START TEXT: leisure life.24 Other family and personal needs, commercial pressures, and technological opportuniti" ******* END TEXT: "Business School panel in 1925 that he knew what he meant, as a symbol of masculinity, to the bored, "
9780814779965 - page_279: "START TEXT: unchallenged men of his generation.26 Ironically, the increasing regulation of noise and other spont" ******* END TEXT: "decessors. Along with other fear-provoking experiences, such as the more challenging amusement park "
9780814779965 - page_280: "START TEXT: rides and staged “fright nights” on Halloween, terror films provided another interesting contrast to" ******* END TEXT: "ment of exhilaration. All might cancel out rational restraint, usually without imperiling emotional "
9780814779965 - page_281: "START TEXT: control once the moment had passed or the leisure setting had been abandoned. The contrast between t" ******* END TEXT: "easingly stressed bombastic style over content, providing a thrill without emotional involvement.30\n"
9780814779965 - page_282: "START TEXT: The importance of emotional release through leisure highlighted the role of actors in twentieth-cent" ******* END TEXT: "anced; indeed, it came under the same strictures against intensity as did the other major emotions, "
9780814779965 - page_283: "START TEXT: which was one reason why Americans began to call it “jealousy” and to attach the same sense of oppro" ******* END TEXT: "tead of cognitive musings on the courageous conquest of fear, films, amplified music, and amusement "
9780814779965 - page_284: "START TEXT: parks called on an ability to enjoy, or survive, brief bombardments of shock and surprise. As with t" ******* END TEXT: "ainers (handsomely) to act it out; but the middle class did not commit fully to a single reality.\n\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\n1. Introduction\n2. The Victorian Style\n3. Evaluating the Victorian Emotiona" ******* END TEXT: "can Leisure\n10. Pre-Conclusion: Prospects? Progress?\n11. Conclusion: A Cautious Culture\nNotes\nIndex\n"
9780814779965 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1994 by New York UniversityAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_v: "START TEXT: For my family, some of whom think they’re pretty cool.\n" ******* END TEXT: "For my family, some of whom think they’re pretty cool.\n"
9780814779965 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_ii: "START TEXT: The History of Emotions Series\nEDITED BYPETER N. STEARNS, CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIVERSITYJAN LEWIS, RUTGE" ******* END TEXT: "A W. ROSENZWEIG\n3. American Cool: Constructing a Twentieth-CenturyEmotional StylePETER N. STEARNS\n\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_i: "START TEXT: American Cool\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "American Cool\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_361: "START TEXT: Index\nAbbott, Jacob, 55, 199–200\nAbbott, John, 48\nAbbott, Lyman, 149\nabuse, 270, 287–88\nactors, 278," ******* END TEXT: "idual, 208\nBeecher, Catharine, 34–35\nBeecher, Lyman, 23\nbehaviorism, 102, 105–6, 108, 111, 129, 203\n"
9780814779965 - page_362: "START TEXT: Bell, Gladys, 241–42\nBellah, Robert, 294\nBellfield, Jane, 150\nBenedict, Ruth, 142\nBernard, Harold, 1" ******* END TEXT: "ime, 102, 117\ncrowds, 276–80, 282\ncrying. See tears\nculture, 2, 220, 284, 308\ncursing. See swearing\n"
9780814779965 - page_363: "START TEXT: dares, 84, 195\ndarkness, 99, 103, 105, 107, 108, 208\nDarwinism, 30, 54, 70, 84, 223\ndating, 120, 195" ******* END TEXT: "242, 243, 245, 252, 262, 275, 296, 302\nfright nights, 280\nFromme, Alan, 161, 162\nfunctionalism, 220\n"
9780814779965 - page_364: "START TEXT: fundamentalism, 186, 239\nfunerals, 23, 75, 152, 153, 154, 156–57, 162, 163, 212–16, 247\ngambling, 27" ******* END TEXT: ", 111–20, 139, 154–55, 186, 201, 205, 211, 216, 232, 233, 234–35, 245, 255, 270, 283, 288, 294, 304\n"
9780814779965 - page_365: "START TEXT: jealousy workshops, 119\nJersild, Arthur, 219\njousting, 277\njoy, 150, 226, 204\nKansas, 74\nKasson, Joh" ******* END TEXT: ", 278–79\nmovie stars, 278\n“Mrs. Manners,” 84\nmummification, 159\nmurder, 33, 73, 256, 262\nmusic, 280\n"
9780814779965 - page_366: "START TEXT: names, 302\nnarcissism, 9, 294–95\nNational Congress of Mothers, 31\nNazism, 195, 203\nnegative emotions" ******* END TEXT: "4\nSanger, Margaret, 173\nSaunders, Frederick, 37\nschools, 16, 72, 76, 84, 185, 195, 238, 254–55, 292\n"
9780814779965 - page_367: "START TEXT: science, 54, 99, 111, 149, 150–52, 156, 161, 167, 178, 200, 207, 284\nscience fiction, 109\nscientific" ******* END TEXT: "talk, 277\n“type A” personality, 227\nUlrich, Mabel, 157\nUncle Wiggily books, 45\nundertakers, 75, 152\n"
9780814779965 - page_368: "START TEXT: unions, 238\nunwritten law, 256\nupper class, 267\nUtku, the, 264\nutopianism, 41, 87\nVanderbilt, Amy, 1" ******* END TEXT: "s, Cas, 10, 197, 294\nYalta, 306\nyouth, 54, 239, 289\nZachary, Caroline, 202\nzeal, 26\nZuni, the, 264\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_311: "START TEXT: Notes\n1. Introduction\n1. Arlie R. Hochschild, “Emotion Work, Feeling Rules, and Social Structure,” A" ******* END TEXT: "s in the Sociology of Emotions (Albany, N.Y., 1990), particularly the essay by the editor. See also "
9780814779965 - page_312: "START TEXT: Carroll E. Izard, “Emotions in Personality and Culture,” Ethos u (1983): 305–12; and Theodore D. Kem" ******* END TEXT: "ic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1989); Jan Lewis, “Mother’s Love: The Construction "
9780814779965 - page_313: "START TEXT: of an Emotion in Nineteenth-Century America,” in Andrew E. Barnes and Peter N. Stearns, eds., Social" ******* END TEXT: "es in Emotional and Relational Management,” Theory and Society 10 (1981): 359–85; see also Mitzman, "
9780814779965 - page_314: "START TEXT: “The Civilizing Offensive,” for a related historical argument about the recrudescence of spontaneity" ******* END TEXT: "(1:590, 4:550).\n28. Peter N. Stearns, “Anger and American Work: A Twentieth-Century Turning Point,” "
9780814779965 - page_315: "START TEXT: in Stearns and Stearns, eds., Emotion and Social Change, 123–50; Lystra, Searching the Heart; Linda " ******* END TEXT: "ourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud (New York, 1984); Carl Degler, At Odds: Women and the Family "
9780814779965 - page_316: "START TEXT: in America from the Revolution to the Present (New York, 1980); Carol Z. Stearns and Peter N. Stearn" ******* END TEXT: "hia, 1968), 11–12.\n16. Horace Bushnell, Views of Christian Nurture (Hartford, Conn., 1847), 253–55; "
9780814779965 - page_317: "START TEXT: Child, The Mother’s Book, 37; Louisa Hoare, Hints for the Improvement of Early Education and Nursery" ******* END TEXT: "04), 66–67, 96.\n31. Hall, “Anger,” 638; American Institute of Child Life, Problem of Temper, 10–11.\n"
9780814779965 - page_318: "START TEXT: 32. Bushnell, Views of Christian Nurture, 253–55; Arthur, Mother’s Rule, 288.\n33. Oliver Optic [Will" ******* END TEXT: " and Twentieth-Century Grief Theories (Minneapolis, Minn., 1983). The Civil War brought expressions "
9780814779965 - page_319: "START TEXT: of a more controlled approach to grief, with northern soldiers writing of the need for restraint on " ******* END TEXT: " Lives of the Planters (Baltimore, Md., 1987), deals explicitly with the “deep, tense rivalry among "
9780814779965 - page_320: "START TEXT: men” (2), though without treating jealousy directly. See also Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor (N" ******* END TEXT: "nd Masculinity in Victorian Alabama,” in Mark Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: "
9780814779965 - page_321: "START TEXT: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago, 1990), 67–78; Fern, Ruth Hall, 24.\n68. S" ******* END TEXT: "“Feminism and Sexual Difference in Historical Perspective,” in ibid., 13–20.\n78. Birney, Childhood.\n"
9780814779965 - page_322: "START TEXT: 79. Kasson, Rudeness and Civility, 34–146; Handbook of the Man of Fashion, 83; Hartley, Gentlemen’s " ******* END TEXT: " 23 (1989): 1–25.\n6. Phillipe Ariès, The Hour of Our Death (New York, 1981); David Edward Stannard, "
9780814779965 - page_323: "START TEXT: The Puritan Way of Death: A Study in Religion, Culture, and Social Change (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1975).\n" ******* END TEXT: "ding the introduction of the word itself in 1858. Catherine Gallagher and Thomas Laqueur, eds., The "
9780814779965 - page_324: "START TEXT: Making of the Modern Body: Sexuality and Society in the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley, Calif., 1987)." ******* END TEXT: "n America (St. Paul, Minn., 1978); Kermit Hall, ed., Police, Prison, and Punishment (Hamden, Conn., "
9780814779965 - page_325: "START TEXT: 1987); Blake McKelvey, American Prisons: A History of Good Intentions, 2d ed. (New York, 1974); Roge" ******* END TEXT: "y, Lucy Howard’s Journal (New York, 1858), 6–7; Lloyd DeMause, ed., History of Childhood (New York, "
9780814779965 - page_326: "START TEXT: 1974); Patricia Branca, Silent Sisterhood: Middle-Class Women in the Victorian Home (Pittsburgh, 197" ******* END TEXT: ", Smith College.\n50. Rotundo, “Romantic Friendship,” 1–25; Peter Gay, The Tender Passion (New York, "
9780814779965 - page_327: "START TEXT: 1986), 207–9; James Barnard Blake, Diary, 10 July 1851; see also Blake’s entry for 13 July 1851, cit" ******* END TEXT: "d Love,” Godey’s Lady’s Book, Jan. 1847, 6; Peter N. Stearns, Jealousy: The Evolution of an Emotion "
9780814779965 - page_328: "START TEXT: in American History (New York, 1989), chap. 2; The Art of Letter Writing in Love, Courtship, and Mar" ******* END TEXT: " as a systematic inquiry into the evolution of formal psychological or psychiatric theories of fear "
9780814779965 - page_329: "START TEXT: over the past century. This might be a useful additional project. Hall’s article on fear, though les" ******* END TEXT: "nts’ Magazine 10 (April 1935): 29–31; Boucquet, “Baby’s Fears,” 94–96; Lois Greenwood Howard, “What "
9780814779965 - page_330: "START TEXT: to Do about Fear,” Parents’ Magazine 22 (March 1947): 175–77; Groves, Marriage, 69–72, reproduces Wa" ******* END TEXT: "Setting of Fifty Jealous Children,” Mental Hygiene 11 (1927): 533–71; Mabel Sewall, “Some Causes of "
9780814779965 - page_331: "START TEXT: Jealousy in Young Children,” Smith College Studies in Social Work 1 (1930–31): 6–22; Ruth E. Smalley" ******* END TEXT: "ldren, 85; Baruch, New Ways, 122–23; Joseph Teich, Your Child and His Problems (Boston, 1953), 101.\n"
9780814779965 - page_332: "START TEXT: 33. Montgomery and Suydam, Baby Book, 123–25; Spock, Common Sense, 272–79; Fromme, Parents Handbook," ******* END TEXT: "he Principles of Scientific Management (New York, 1911); Judith A. Merkle, Management and Ideology: "
9780814779965 - page_333: "START TEXT: The Legacy of the International Scientific Management Movement (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1980).\n45." ******* END TEXT: "th, “Temperament Tests as Personnel Aids,” Personnel Journal 15 (1937); Humm, “Skill, Intelligence, "
9780814779965 - page_334: "START TEXT: and Temperament,” 80–90; D. G. Humm and G. W. Wadsworth, “Temperament in Industry,” Personnel Journa" ******* END TEXT: "977), 269; Baruch, New Ways, 239; Florence Powdermaker and Louise Grimes, Children in the Family: A "
9780814779965 - page_335: "START TEXT: Psychological Guide for Parents (New York, 1940), 240; Fritz Redl, When We Deal with Children (New Y" ******* END TEXT: " Houlbrooke, ed., Death, Ritual, and Bereavement (London, 1989); Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, ed., Death: "
9780814779965 - page_336: "START TEXT: The Final Stage of Growth (New York, 1975); Ivan Illich, Medical Nemesis (London, 1976).\n13. Peter U" ******* END TEXT: "tober 1947): 87–90; James Dabbs, “Give Sorrow Words,” Christian Century 54 (February 1937): 247–49.\n"
9780814779965 - page_337: "START TEXT: 27. M. Beatrice Blankenship, “Death Is a Stranger,” Atlantic Monthly 154 (December 1934): 649–57; Ma" ******* END TEXT: "t, Etiquette: The Blue Book of Social Usage (New York, 1934; 1st ed., New York, 1922), 413–17, 496.\n"
9780814779965 - page_338: "START TEXT: 39. Amy Vanderbilt, New Complete Book of Etiquette (New York, 1952), 121, 126.\n40. Linda W. Rosenzwe" ******* END TEXT: "and Peter N. Stearns, eds., Emotion and Social Change: Toward a New Psychohistory (New York, 1988).\n"
9780814779965 - page_339: "START TEXT: 53. Hilde Bruch, Don’t Be Afraid of Your Child: A Guide for Perplexed Parents (New York, 1952), 66; " ******* END TEXT: "on, Sept. 1950, 42.\n73. Theodore Van de Velde, Ideal Marriage: Its Physiognomy and Technique (1930; "
9780814779965 - page_340: "START TEXT: repr., Westport, Conn., 1950), 6. For a fuller discussion of the new near-equation of sex and love, " ******* END TEXT: "1982): 147–56.\n9. James Beuler, “The New Sensibility: Self and Society in the Post-Industrial Age,” "
9780814779965 - page_341: "START TEXT: Ph.D. diss., University of California at Los Angeles, 1981); Jürgen Gerhards, “The Changing Culture " ******* END TEXT: "ury Urban America (New York, 1990). For an alternative European approach mentioning a rich array of "
9780814779965 - page_342: "START TEXT: new causes of the sort this chapter details more elaborately, see Christen Brinkgreve, “On Modern Re" ******* END TEXT: "ent Character and Personality (New York, 1949); Arnold Gesell, et al., Youth: The Years from Ten to "
9780814779965 - page_343: "START TEXT: Sixteen (New York, 1956), 339; John Dollard, et al., Frustration and Aggression (New Haven, Conn., 1" ******* END TEXT: "om the 1880s onward.\n36. Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, "
9780814779965 - page_344: "START TEXT: 1920–1940 (Berkeley, Calif., 1985). For a theoretical statement, a bit sweeping in chronology, see C" ******* END TEXT: " International Scientific Management Movement (Berkeley, Calif., 1980); Robert F. Hoxie, Scientific "
9780814779965 - page_345: "START TEXT: Management and Labor (1915; repr., New York, 1966); Frederick W. Taylor, Shop Management (New York, " ******* END TEXT: "f Emotions,” Annual Review of Anthropology 15 (1986): 405–36; Stearns and Haggerty, “Role of Fear.”\n"
9780814779965 - page_346: "START TEXT: 60. Dorothy Canfield Fisher and Sidonie Gruenberg, Our Children: A Handbook for Parents (New York, 1" ******* END TEXT: "d between seeing emotions as a cause of illness and seeing somatic changes as causing emotions that "
9780814779965 - page_347: "START TEXT: then caused illness. The distinction probably mattered far less than the warning signals both views " ******* END TEXT: ": Emotional Culture, Competence, and Exposure,” in Carolyn Saarni and Paul Harris, eds., Children’s "
9780814779965 - page_348: "START TEXT: Understanding of Emotion (Cambridge, 1989); D. Stern, The Interpersonal World of the Infant (New Yor" ******* END TEXT: " “Coping with Envy and Jealousy,” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 7, no. 1 (1988): 15–33.\n"
9780814779965 - page_349: "START TEXT: 11. Willard Waller, The Family (New York, 1938), 586; Carl R. Rogers, Becoming Partners (New York, 1" ******* END TEXT: "and passim.\n19. Dr. James R. Higgins, private interview at North Hills School District, Pittsburgh, "
9780814779965 - page_350: "START TEXT: Pennsylvania, 20 October 1983. (Dr. Higgins is a counselor education specialist and director of pupi" ******* END TEXT: "al History (New York and London, 1988); E. Anthony Rotundo, “Romantic Friendship: Male Intimacy and "
9780814779965 - page_351: "START TEXT: Middle-Class Youth in the Northern United States, 1800–1900,” Journal of Social History 23 (1989).\n2" ******* END TEXT: "Conflict between the Sexes: Strategic Interference in the Evocation of Anger and Upset,” Journal of "
9780814779965 - page_352: "START TEXT: Personality and Social Psychology 56 (1989); Barbara Eichenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams" ******* END TEXT: "7–71), esp. vol. 3.\n50. Ruth Sapin, “Helping Children to Overcome Fear,” Parents’ Magazine 8 (1 May "
9780814779965 - page_353: "START TEXT: 1933): 40; Brian Melendez, “Honor Code Study,” Harvard University Report, September 1985.\n51. Walter" ******* END TEXT: "heme worth pursuing involves the history of blushing and reactions to it. Blushing, rather charming "
9780814779965 - page_354: "START TEXT: in Victorian context when embarrassment had few heavy duties, recedes in notice in our own age, when" ******* END TEXT: "eroines of Childhood Fiction, 1770–1950 (London, 1975); Kristen Drotner, English Children and Their "
9780814779965 - page_355: "START TEXT: Magazines, 1751–1945 (New Haven, Conn., 1988); Bernard Wishy, The Child and the Republic (Philadelph" ******* END TEXT: "reaming Identities: Class, Gender, and Generation in 1980s Hollywood Movies (Boulder, Colo., 1992).\n"
9780814779965 - page_356: "START TEXT: 25. Tania Modleska, Loving with a Vengeance: Mass-Produced Fantasies for Women (Hamden, Conn., 1982)" ******* END TEXT: "have been an outlet.\n36. C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures: And a Second Look (New York, 1963); Peter N. "
9780814779965 - page_357: "START TEXT: Stearns, Life and Society in the West: The Modern Centuries (San Diego, 1988), 311–47.\n10. Pre-Concl" ******* END TEXT: "s (New York, 1972).\n11. David Reisman, The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character "
9780814779965 - page_358: "START TEXT: (New Haven, Conn., 1961); Christopher Lasch, Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Dimin" ******* END TEXT: "y, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Stanley Coben, Rebellion "
9780814779965 - page_359: "START TEXT: against Victorianism: The Impetus for Cultural Change in 1920s America (New York, 1991).\n5. Abram de" ******* END TEXT: "anism being the oddity, see Peter Willmott and Michael Young, The Symmetrical Family (London, 1973)."
9780814779965 - page_360: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814779965 - page_iii: "START TEXT: American Cool\nConstructing a Twentieth-CenturyEmotional Style\nPeter N. Stearns\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "American Cool\nConstructing a Twentieth-CenturyEmotional Style\nPeter N. Stearns\n\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_i: "START TEXT: The Americanization of the Jews\n" ******* END TEXT: "The Americanization of the Jews\n"
9780814780015 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_iii: "START TEXT: REAPPRAISALS IN JEWISH SOCIALAND INTELLECTUAL HISTORY\nGENERAL EDITOR:ROBERT M. SELTZER\nMartin Buber’" ******* END TEXT: "PLAN AND DAVID SHATZ\nThe Americanization of the JewsEDITED BY ROBERT M. SELTZER AND NORMAN J. COHEN\n"
9780814780015 - page_iv: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_v: "START TEXT: THE AMERICANIZATION OF THE JEWS\nEdited by Robert M. Seltzerand Norman J. Cohen\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "THE AMERICANIZATION OF THE JEWS\nEdited by Robert M. Seltzerand Norman J. Cohen\n\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_vi: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1995 by New York UniversityAll rights reser" ******* END TEXT: "Manufactured in the United States of America\n10   9   8   7   6   5   4   3   2   1\n0–8147–8001–6\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_vii: "START TEXT: To Naomi W. Cohen and Eugene B. Borowitz,cherished colleagues and modelsto younger generations of sc" ******* END TEXT: "i W. Cohen and Eugene B. Borowitz,cherished colleagues and modelsto younger generations of scholars\n"
9780814780015 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Contents\nForeword\nNorman J. Cohen\nContributors\n1. Introduction: The Ironies of American Jewish Histo" ******* END TEXT: "tion\n6. From Equality to Liberty: The Changing Political Culture of American Jews\nHenry L. Feingold\n"
9780814780015 - page_x: "START TEXT: 7. Will Herberg’s Path from Marxism to Judaism: A Case Study in the Transformation of Jewish Belief\n" ******* END TEXT: "RT FIVEThe Impact of the Women’s Movement\n16. Feminism and American Reform Judaism\nEllen M. Umansky\n"
9780814780015 - page_xi: "START TEXT: 17. Ezrat Nashim and the Emergence of a New Jewish Feminism\nPaula E. Hyman\n18. Conservative Judaism:" ******* END TEXT: "es S. Liebman\n26. American Jewry in the Twenty-First Century: Strategies of Faith\nArnold Eisen\nIndex"
9780814780015 - page_xii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: Foreword\nNorman J. Cohen\nThe aim of this book is to assess the current state of American Jewish life" ******* END TEXT: " activities in the Jewish community.\nWe are grateful, too, for the support and encouragement of the "
9780814780015 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: leadership of the College-Institute, especially President Alfred Gottschalk and Stanley P. Gold, Cha" ******* END TEXT: "ish life, its past and present, and to the key questions that shape our future on this continent.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_xix: "START TEXT: include Jacksonian Jew: The Two Worlds of Mordecai Noah, JPS: The Americanization of Jewish Culture," ******* END TEXT: "ELD occupies the Max Richter Chair in American Civilization at Brandeis University and is author of "
9780814780015 - page_xv: "START TEXT: Contributors\nJEROLD S. AUERBACH, author of Rabbis and Lawyers: The Journey from Torah to Constitutio" ******* END TEXT: "reviews.\nDENNIS M. DREYFUS is an editor, copywriter, and translator in more than a dozen languages.\n"
9780814780015 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: ARNOLD EISEN is a professor of religious studies and Aaron-Roland Fellow at Stanford University. He " ******* END TEXT: "y M. Klaperman Professor of Jewish History at Yeshiva University, author of When Harlem Was Jewish: "
9780814780015 - page_xvii: "START TEXT: 1870–1930, American Jewish History: A Bibliographic Guide, and other studies of American Judaism.\nJU" ******* END TEXT: "sh on modern Hebrew literature, including Master of Hope: Selected Writings of Naphtali Herz Imber.\n"
9780814780015 - page_xviii: "START TEXT: EDWARD K. KAPLAN is professor of French and comparative literature at Brandeis University, fellow of" ******* END TEXT: "Joseph H. and Belle R. Braun Professor of American Jewish History at Brandeis University. His books "
9780814780015 - page_xx: "START TEXT: Voices of Jacob, Hands of Esau: Jews in American Life and Thought, American Space, Jewish Time, and " ******* END TEXT: "ture, and other works, and a regular contributor to many magazines of Jewish and general affairs.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_1: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 1Introduction: The Ironies of American Jewish History\nRobert M. Seltzer\nJewish history is si" ******* END TEXT: " in which, ironically, the Jews are both a paradigm for many other small groups and a special case.\n"
9780814780015 - page_10: "START TEXT: Conversion to Judaism increased, as did disaffiliation. Was American Jewry headed for drastic shrink" ******* END TEXT: " yet another era of Jewish history?\nPerhaps it is most helpful to pursue American Jewish dreams and "
9780814780015 - page_11: "START TEXT: realities as they relate to different glimpses of transformations in process. That is what we have t" ******* END TEXT: "ews and American politics in the twentieth century. According to Henry L. Feingold, the consistency "
9780814780015 - page_12: "START TEXT: with which American Jews (especially of East European origin) support liberal causes is exceptional," ******* END TEXT: "ated rivalry between Reform and the other branches of American Judaism, just as Ellenson’s study of "
9780814780015 - page_13: "START TEXT: rabbinical defenders of Zionism indicates the commonalities shared by the branches three decades lat" ******* END TEXT: "ith the American social conscience. Kaplan and Heschel are antipodes of American Jewish theology in "
9780814780015 - page_14: "START TEXT: the mid-twentieth century. Kaplan’s ideology of Reconstructionism, noted for its didactic lucidity, " ******* END TEXT: " Irony of American History [New York: Scribner’s, 1962], viii). Historical ironies flow from hidden "
9780814780015 - page_15: "START TEXT: limitations or defects at the heart of significant achievements that are rightful objects of pride. " ******* END TEXT: " one kind or another being inherent in every pluralistic situation). There will always be immensely "
9780814780015 - page_16: "START TEXT: more Christians in America than Muslims, Buddhists, or Jews; Jews will have to find new ways to defi" ******* END TEXT: " appropriators of identities that, because they transcend modernity, may prove to be its essence?\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_2: "START TEXT: Jewry’s record of reactions, initiatives, and restructurings in the last two centuries is often said" ******* END TEXT: "n some countries, and to movements for Jewish self-emancipation and return to the ancient homeland. "
9780814780015 - page_3: "START TEXT: Catching up to a European Enlightenment that was embarked in new humanistic and universalistic direc" ******* END TEXT: "as the means for Jews to take a new stance as a nation and find a voice in the international arena.\n"
9780814780015 - page_4: "START TEXT: It is more difficult, however, to delineate what American Jewry has accomplished in relation to its " ******* END TEXT: ", America was a land of immense opportunities and, for Judaism, immense dangers. It offered Jews as "
9780814780015 - page_5: "START TEXT: individuals the opportunity to live free of the restrictions that often persisted in the Old World a" ******* END TEXT: "onment differed has been repeatedly analyzed by the historians of American Jewry. Jewish immigrants "
9780814780015 - page_6: "START TEXT: came to an America populated largely by Europeans who had created a society with only traces of medi" ******* END TEXT: " Enlightenment ethos of its foundational documents. The universalist rationalism in the Declaration "
9780814780015 - page_7: "START TEXT: of Independence appealed to the rights of human beings as such, so that this charter of the American" ******* END TEXT: "alism of America meant that Jews could choose as they wished among the Jewish options that appeared "
9780814780015 - page_8: "START TEXT: in the nineteenth century, that they could decide whether they would be Jewish in a strong way, or e" ******* END TEXT: "st a minimum of Jewish practice. All American Jewish religious organizations were energized in some "
9780814780015 - page_9: "START TEXT: fashion, and Jews were increasingly united by a surge of support for Israel as a symbol of determina" ******* END TEXT: "ions against marriage outside the faith. The Jewish birthrate declined and the divorce rate soared. "
9780814780015 - page_17: "START TEXT: PART ONEImagining America\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART ONEImagining America\n"
9780814780015 - page_18: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_19: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 2The View from the Old World: German-Jewish Perspectives\nSteven M. Lowenstein\nThe topic of G" ******* END TEXT: "ould lead us to see America as a central focus in world history, it would seem that Jews in Germany "
9780814780015 - page_20: "START TEXT: did not necessarily see it that way. The great nineteenth-century histories of the Jews written in G" ******* END TEXT: "t much of its modern history. Because classical liberal ideas tended to predominate in German Jewry "
9780814780015 - page_21: "START TEXT: throughout much of the nineteenth century, German Jews may have had a more positive view of America " ******* END TEXT: "urope, with the freedom of America being used as a veiled or open criticism of European conditions.\n"
9780814780015 - page_22: "START TEXT: The comparison between freedom in America and lack of freedom in Germany is a frequent motif in Germ" ******* END TEXT: "k it out in far-off America.” He also argued against those who counseled waiting for the triumph of "
9780814780015 - page_23: "START TEXT: liberalism in Europe: “Ten thousand people who gain freedom for themselves immediately through their" ******* END TEXT: "rticle entitled “The Departure of Schulm Moses from Germany,” Philippson describes how Schulm Moses "
9780814780015 - page_24: "START TEXT: must leave the country because his birth had never been properly registered. He writes, “Be thankful" ******* END TEXT: " as the land of freedom for the Jews.17 Almost every anti-Jewish incident in mid-nineteenth-century "
9780814780015 - page_25: "START TEXT: America that one finds in the standard histories of American Jewry is also reported at length in the" ******* END TEXT: " frequent of all was the warning against potential teachers and religious leaders who did not speak "
9780814780015 - page_26: "START TEXT: English.22 These warnings against underestimating the economic difficulties in America became much m" ******* END TEXT: "e the “cancer” of indifference he saw exemplified by the lack of attendance at Saturday services.28\n"
9780814780015 - page_27: "START TEXT: Another aspect of America unfamiliar to German Jews was the total voluntarism of American religious " ******* END TEXT: ", of fanning agitation against German Jewry, and of trying to make himself the autocrat of American "
9780814780015 - page_28: "START TEXT: Jewry.32 Correspondents even used the ultimate insult by referring to Wise as “this Polish or Hungar" ******* END TEXT: "s was also demonstrated by the fact that American congregations continued to seek German rabbis and "
9780814780015 - page_29: "START TEXT: cantors and to advertise for them in Jewish newspapers in Germany well into the 1870s at least.36\nCl" ******* END TEXT: "ight and left fringes of the German cultural scene.39 On occasion such disparaging views of America "
9780814780015 - page_30: "START TEXT: were even to be found in the German-Jewish press during the Weimar period, though less pervasively t" ******* END TEXT: "undly unequipped for life in America.”43\nWe can get a fairly good idea of the image of America that "
9780814780015 - page_31: "START TEXT: German Jews had while still in Germany by looking at their comments about what surprised them when t" ******* END TEXT: "s were anything but a uniform group. The most famous immigrants of the period—the intellectuals who "
9780814780015 - page_32: "START TEXT: have received the most attention in print—were atypical in many ways. Although most of them, like ot" ******* END TEXT: "ip could apply equally well to the nineteenth as to the twentieth century: “The individual struggle "
9780814780015 - page_33: "START TEXT: for adjustment overseas was different from the collective daydreams which had provided the original " ******* END TEXT: " Wilhelm Jacobsohn, 1846–47). Heinrich Graetz, Geschichte der Juden von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf "
9780814780015 - page_34: "START TEXT: die Gegenwart, 2d ed., Markus Brann, ed. (Leipzig: Oscar Leine, 1900), vol. II (which deals with the" ******* END TEXT: "ed. The approximate Jewish population of Eastern Europe around the middle of the nineteenth century "
9780814780015 - page_35: "START TEXT: (including the Russian Empire, Rumania, Galicia, and Hungary) was three million, a number that appro" ******* END TEXT: "bare Begriffe zu sein” (“Antisemitism and United States would seem to be irreconcilable concepts”).\n"
9780814780015 - page_36: "START TEXT: 18. Among these incidents are the attempt to write an amendment to the United States Constitution de" ******* END TEXT: "“jumping and noise” (“springen und lärmen”) in Methodist churches was worse than among the Hasidim.\n"
9780814780015 - page_37: "START TEXT: 31. The term “humbug” was also used by American Jewish leaders who preferred the German to the Ameri" ******* END TEXT: "sed, Cleveland (AZJ 38/1)\n1874   seeking cantor for Congregation Emanu El, San Francisco (AZJ 38/1)\n"
9780814780015 - page_38: "START TEXT: 1874   seeking preacher for Congregation Bnai Jeshurun, New York (AZJ 38/34)\nThe founding of Hebrew " ******* END TEXT: "ility toward American Jewry, as in its article of July 27, 1922, “Die deutsch jüdische Wissenschaft "
9780814780015 - page_39: "START TEXT: in Gefahr,” which reported with alarm that the Jewish Institute of Religion in New York was planning" ******* END TEXT: "American Jewry on German Jewry during the nineteenth century was the B’nai B’rith movement, founded "
9780814780015 - page_40: "START TEXT: in the United States and introduced into Germany in the 1880s. In the first years of its existence, " ******* END TEXT: "en des Ordens Bne Briss in Deutschland. U.O.B.B. [Frankfurt: Kauffmann, 1933], 21–23, 25–26, 31).\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_41: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 3The View from the Old World: East European Jewish Perspectives\nJacob Kabakoff\nIt has long b" ******* END TEXT: " understanding of the image of America in the eyes of nineteenth-century East European Jewry.\n. . .\n"
9780814780015 - page_42: "START TEXT: The Hebrew press served as one of the major instruments for shaping the East European Jewish image o" ******* END TEXT: "ic conditions and indicated that Russian-Polish Jews, except for the skilled, had not done well. He "
9780814780015 - page_43: "START TEXT: pointed also to the spiritual danger that faced Jews and to the specter of antisemitism. His finding" ******* END TEXT: "e debate that developed later in Russia.\nHorowitz continued his pro-American propaganda and in 1873 "
9780814780015 - page_44: "START TEXT: published a Hebrew book titled Rumaniyah va-Amerikah (Rumania and America), which offered informatio" ******* END TEXT: "ecz, Poland, in 1872 at the age of eighteen. In the letters he sent to members of his family at the "
9780814780015 - page_45: "START TEXT: end of the 1870s he still spoke of his desire to return to his birthplace.7 He soon abandoned this p" ******* END TEXT: "azsvet supported emigration as part of its editorial policy. Another periodical, Voskhod, underwent "
9780814780015 - page_46: "START TEXT: various changes in policy and could not easily give up its opposition to emigration. Yet it, too, wa" ******* END TEXT: "an idealistic program based on return to the soil and establishment of agricultural colonies in the "
9780814780015 - page_47: "START TEXT: United States.12 The members of the Vilna Am Olam group even dreamed of the establishment of a Jewis" ******* END TEXT: " all are brothers and all are happy.”\nIn the memoirs of Alexander Harkavy and Israel Isser Kasovich "
9780814780015 - page_48: "START TEXT: we find additional information on the emigration fever that gripped Russian Jewry. Harkavy told of t" ******* END TEXT: "Voskhod, mentions that he was led to describe the life of the immigrants in their new abode because "
9780814780015 - page_49: "START TEXT: he had received more than one thousand letters of inquiry from abroad.\nThe memoir literature abounds" ******* END TEXT: " various technical terms, which he listed in a Hebrew-German glossary at the beginning of the book.\n"
9780814780015 - page_50: "START TEXT: Other translations followed, attesting to the further popularity of Campe’s book. Chaim Haykl Hurwit" ******* END TEXT: " the land of freedom, in America.23 Moved by compassion, he called upon the persecuted Russian Jews "
9780814780015 - page_51: "START TEXT: to leave. Since there was no other safe haven, they would do well to seek refuge in America, where t" ******* END TEXT: "he police and returned to Europe.\nIn another novel, Ha-Yerushah (The Inheritance), which Smolenskin "
9780814780015 - page_52: "START TEXT: completed shortly before his death in 1884, Zerachiah’s mother is falsely informed that her son has " ******* END TEXT: "t life was no bed of roses. Also reflected is the hope that America need not be a land of no return "
9780814780015 - page_53: "START TEXT: and that it is possible for those who have left to take up the threads of their lives again in their" ******* END TEXT: "ress on America as a fabled land for Russian Jews, a utopia. He remained firmly convinced that only "
9780814780015 - page_54: "START TEXT: here was there opportunity for Lithuanian Jewish youth to develop into useful citizens.\nAlready in 1" ******* END TEXT: "hed in the nineties dealt with the unsuccessful returnees and their sad experiences. Ch. A. Yakhnuk "
9780814780015 - page_55: "START TEXT: of Bialystok had emigrated to New York and returned to Russia a disappointed man. He published his s" ******* END TEXT: "an Reform movement their opposition became even sharper. The reports by correspondents in the press "
9780814780015 - page_56: "START TEXT: regarding scandalous religious behavior in the so-called treyfa medina (“impure land”) added fuel to" ******* END TEXT: "ge an eternal world for a transient one.\nUnquestionably, there were many who hesitated to leave for "
9780814780015 - page_57: "START TEXT: America because of such exhortations. But the fact remains that the admonitions of the rabbis could " ******* END TEXT: "kah (Tel Aviv/Cleveland: Yavneh, 1966), 82–84, 92–95.\n6. See my monograph on Soble in ibid., 49–50.\n"
9780814780015 - page_58: "START TEXT: 7. See Lloyd P. Gartner, “From New York to Miedzyrecz: Immigrant Letters of Judah David Eisenstein, " ******* END TEXT: " Historical Quarterly 61, no. 3 (March 1972): 230–33. Another English translation of this letter is "
9780814780015 - page_59: "START TEXT: found in Jacob Rader Marcus, This I Believe: Documents of American Jewish Life (Northvale, N.J.: Aro" ******* END TEXT: "’s Jews and Judaism in New York (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1981). The quotation is found on 59.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_60: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 4Jewish Writers on the New Diaspora\nRuth R. Wisse\n“Twilight in Southern California,” a 1953 " ******* END TEXT: " her husband’s fate in Europe and continues to share it as his business associate. At the pool with "
9780814780015 - page_61: "START TEXT: them is a close family friend, Mr. Oleam, also a refugee, also in the novelty business, and like Hon" ******* END TEXT: "evealed to her husband, to the Hontis, and to herself. Morley may have tried to negotiate the abyss "
9780814780015 - page_62: "START TEXT: between the Jewish refugees and his New England wife, but the revelation of her real feelings for th" ******* END TEXT: "at his fellow Americans ever had to feel or learn, appears to Fuchs as the reluctant prophet of the "
9780814780015 - page_63: "START TEXT: new California, and the standard of desperate knowledge to which Barbara Finch eventually may have t" ******* END TEXT: "to America, each with its own set of problems. But the special complicating feature of antisemitism "
9780814780015 - page_64: "START TEXT: made the Jews something of a test case for America, and America a test case for the Jews. The persis" ******* END TEXT: "f exile, Jews had placed unparalleled emphasis on literacy and learning, on literary culture as the "
9780814780015 - page_65: "START TEXT: main civilizing agency. This emphasis of Jewish religious civilization on the study of Talmud as the" ******* END TEXT: "ten shortly after his arrival in America, tells of a Russian Jew who had been forced to witness the "
9780814780015 - page_66: "START TEXT: mutilation of his mother by pogromists, then to put her out of her misery with his own hands. In the" ******* END TEXT: "much of themselves they would have to give up in order to be considered unexceptional, and the same "
9780814780015 - page_67: "START TEXT: communal experience of siege made it harder for those who left the fold to bear the guilt of betraya" ******* END TEXT: "e in this scene momentarily sweeps up the author in an emotional tribute to America, the novel as a "
9780814780015 - page_68: "START TEXT: whole is a confession of betrayal and regret. David Levinsky, the narrator, feels that he became an " ******* END TEXT: "brakht?aza gortn, aza gortn,vu mit a fargreser-glozkon men zen a bisl groz,zol dos undzer gortn zayn"
9780814780015 - page_69: "START TEXT: ot aza in morgnshayn?—avade undzer gortn. vos den, nit undzer gortn?\n(What a garden, where the tree " ******* END TEXT: "e crueler in the light of its reputation as a haven of refuge. Local debate over immigration quotas "
9780814780015 - page_70: "START TEXT: and over Communist influence stirred up nativist antisemitism and provoked in the Jews, if not the s" ******* END TEXT: "nst the so-called bourgeois capitalism of America, which was held responsible for the antisemitism, "
9780814780015 - page_71: "START TEXT: and against the so-called nationalist chauvinism of Jews, which was blamed for feeding it. The more " ******* END TEXT: " Depression of the 1930s deepened. Lamed Shapiro, whose story of 1909 had cast the United States as "
9780814780015 - page_72: "START TEXT: the redeemer of European Jewry, spent the late 1930s writing a novel called The American Demon.6 Thi" ******* END TEXT: "in Bernard Malamud’s American classic The Assistant, in which the grocer Morris Bober is the Jewish "
9780814780015 - page_73: "START TEXT: Saint Francis of Assisi, with Christian suffering the criterion of his Jewish goodness. (Bober says " ******* END TEXT: "ewish question, since modernism implicitly and Marxism explicitly rejected national preoccupations. "
9780814780015 - page_74: "START TEXT: The failure of this predominantly Jewish intellectual community to address the plight of the Jews wa" ******* END TEXT: "ur scale of good and bad,Set a dish of warm porridge,Toss some oats, at least, for the skinny mules."
9780814780015 - page_75: "START TEXT: The deadness of the town grows dark.A cruel silence afflicts the Jewish beards,And each sees in the " ******* END TEXT: "my whole life! On account of you I have no translator!” he is telling a complicated truth.15 On one "
9780814780015 - page_76: "START TEXT: level, his rage has merely fixed on a convenient target in blaming the antisemite for all his troubl" ******* END TEXT: "rica, in Fuchs’s story, gives the acculturated Jew the choice that the hunted Jew is never granted.\n"
9780814780015 - page_77: "START TEXT: Notes\n1. Daniel Fuchs, “Twilight in Southern California” (1953), in The Apathetic Bookie Joint (New " ******* END TEXT: "h lean gifts, attacked Ludwig Lewisohn’s recent critical work solely on racial grounds. This is not "
9780814780015 - page_78: "START TEXT: very clever of Miss Brande; for she must have been intellectually hard put, if she would attack Lewi" ******* END TEXT: "Envy; or, Yiddish in America,” in The Pagan Rabbi and Other Stories (New York: Knopf, 1971), 100.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_79: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 5Movies in America as Paradigms of Accommodation\nStephen J. Whitfield\nLet us begin, as a Tim" ******* END TEXT: "radius of a few hundred miles of Warsaw. When Henry James visited his native land in 1904, after an "
9780814780015 - page_80: "START TEXT: absence of two decades, he toured the Lower East Side, noted its intensity and energy, and wondered " ******* END TEXT: " life selling two cents’ worth of candy to kids. His mobility will be upward: “I don’t wanna end up "
9780814780015 - page_81: "START TEXT: like Pop.” In Woody Allen’s Radio Days (1987), set in the same era, the boy who plays the young Alle" ******* END TEXT: "of Hollywood’s most conspicuous Jew by choice, Sammy Davis, Jr., to work on the Day of Atonement on "
9780814780015 - page_82: "START TEXT: the set of Porgy and Bess astonished Sam Goldwyn. The first wives of Goldwyn, Cohn, Jack Warner, and" ******* END TEXT: "een the opportunity to marry outside the faith in a nation that was so endearing because of its own "
9780814780015 - page_83: "START TEXT: hospitality to Jews, its receptivity to what they might offer, which is, finally, themselves. This i" ******* END TEXT: "an ex-Catholic Hoosier waitress (Susan Sarandon) despite the barriers of class and sensibility that "
9780814780015 - page_84: "START TEXT: the film has—until the ending—underscored. From the perspective of Jewish destiny, however, these ar" ******* END TEXT: "rmously rich, the personification of all the glowing promises that the New World might bestow on so "
9780814780015 - page_85: "START TEXT: charismatic an adopted son. He reciprocated in part by a series of exhausting musical tours during t" ******* END TEXT: "rformer and the audience was too fulfilling to spill any love over outside of show business. Though "
9780814780015 - page_86: "START TEXT: often impulsively generous, Jolson was virtually friendless. Fanny Brice’s reaction to the news of h" ******* END TEXT: "d played Jewish characters in Play It Again Sam (1972) and Sleeper (1973); but only with Annie Hall "
9780814780015 - page_87: "START TEXT: (1977) did he begin to connect that ethnic identity with a sense of integrity. First the notion is a" ******* END TEXT: "choices of particular actors and actresses have been peculiar. The movies written by Neil Simon (or "
9780814780015 - page_88: "START TEXT: adapted from his plays) often seem dislocated because they typically put gentile performers like Jac" ******* END TEXT: "nematic Jewish men who mix with non-Jewish women have already mixed meat and dairy, already crossed "
9780814780015 - page_89: "START TEXT: over into trefe. Virtually the first sight that movie audiences had of Jolson himself is on the road" ******* END TEXT: "orie Morningstar, especially after Time put Wouk on its cover). However disagreeable the stereotype "
9780814780015 - page_90: "START TEXT: may be from the standpoint of both Judaism and feminism, it could have emerged only after affluence " ******* END TEXT: "rinsic to “the spirit of capitalism.”20 The sublime covenant of a chosen people, Nazerman explains, "
9780814780015 - page_91: "START TEXT: is reduced to “a piece of cloth” that facilitates the canny arts of millennial survival, and “a merc" ******* END TEXT: " Davis is a hero. In the light of the pre-American history of the Galut, however, he is an anomaly.\n"
9780814780015 - page_92: "START TEXT: What the United States offered the children and grandchildren of immigrants was a vision of making i" ******* END TEXT: "ond voice that audiences heard belonged to a Hungarian tenor singing “Kol Nidre,” with lip synching "
9780814780015 - page_93: "START TEXT: by the actor Warner Oland (who became more famous as Charlie Chan). The order of appearance reflecte" ******* END TEXT: "erbert G. Goldman, Jolson: The Legend Comes to Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 229.\n"
9780814780015 - page_94: "START TEXT: 11. Jessel quoted in ibid., 301–2.\n12. Brice quoted in ibid., 300.\n13. Woody Allen, Four Films of Wo" ******* END TEXT: "3), in The Short Stories of Henry James, ed. Clifton Fadiman (New York: Random House, 1945), 315.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_95: "START TEXT: PART TWOJews and the American Liberal Tradition\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART TWOJews and the American Liberal Tradition\n"
9780814780015 - page_96: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_100: "START TEXT: It was a case of checking private power as government power was checked.\nThe New Deal is noteworthy " ******* END TEXT: "mpt to stabilize the economy indirectly through its fiscal policy, including new banking laws and a "
9780814780015 - page_101: "START TEXT: strengthening of the existing Federal Reserve System. Under Thurmond Arnold, the antitrust division " ******* END TEXT: "ofile was kept low. The exposed position Jews assumed when they supported the Whigs in the American "
9780814780015 - page_102: "START TEXT: Revolution was exceptional although, considering the liberal bias of the Revolution and the relation" ******* END TEXT: "m of living in America, some of the European cast of Jewish political culture was abandoned. During "
9780814780015 - page_103: "START TEXT: the prewar period the thrust and energy of left-wing Jewish political culture was anchored in social" ******* END TEXT: "a group of reform-minded Jewish advisors—Belle and Henry Moskowitz, Joseph Proskauer, Sam Rosenman, "
9780814780015 - page_104: "START TEXT: and Robert Moses—who were viewed with pride by Jewish voters. In the election of 1928, Jews gave Smi" ******* END TEXT: "l business and manufacture would last only one generation. The prosperity of the twenties was fully "
9780814780015 - page_105: "START TEXT: shared by Jews. Under such circumstances, preaching the imminent collapse of the market economy soun" ******* END TEXT: "hope was staked, developed into a social engineering scheme to reshape Russian Jewry into something "
9780814780015 - page_106: "START TEXT: that might better fit the Communist mold. Clearly the Soviet government had little use for a separat" ******* END TEXT: "radical” label onto American Jewry again. In reality, the purges of the thirties and the signing of "
9780814780015 - page_107: "START TEXT: the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact in August 1939 caused a rapid decline of the Communist influence " ******* END TEXT: ", these Democratic administrations will probably go down in history as the liberal period, although "
9780814780015 - page_108: "START TEXT: Carter was an outsider whose administration may mark the final exhaustion of egalitarian liberalism." ******* END TEXT: "tion. These economic resonances of libertarian liberalism were bandied about in Eastern Europe with "
9780814780015 - page_109: "START TEXT: the same fervor that “class struggle” once was. At home it was thought that even the public educatio" ******* END TEXT: "s, Jewish opinion was actually undergoing a significant transformation that placed Jews outside the "
9780814780015 - page_110: "START TEXT: liberal consensus. This did not fully register since, on other issues such as support of welfare pro" ******* END TEXT: "tinians. The way Israel exercised power over its Palestinian population was particularly disturbing "
9780814780015 - page_111: "START TEXT: to those Jewish liberals who had come to view civil rights as the central principle of liberalism.21" ******* END TEXT: "colleges. During the twenties Louis Marshall, president of the American Jewish Committee, sponsored "
9780814780015 - page_112: "START TEXT: antilynching and anti-Ku Klux Klan legislation. Jewish impresarios played a major role in opening Am" ******* END TEXT: "ups. The Jewish liberal often found himself compelled to choose between the Jewish interest and the "
9780814780015 - page_113: "START TEXT: liberal position. The polarization was widened by a growing sense that the black leadership was anti" ******* END TEXT: "ional question, that advocated a highly separatist policy to solve the race problem. When the party "
9780814780015 - page_114: "START TEXT: fell further into disrepute among Jews because of its hostility toward Israel and the undeniable evi" ******* END TEXT: "mber of liberal Jews, but they do not easily lend themselves to the politics of the possible. There "
9780814780015 - page_115: "START TEXT: has developed over the generations a distinctive Jewish political style that places a high premium o" ******* END TEXT: " of over seventy-five thousand dollars voted for the Democratic candidate Diane Feinstein, compared "
9780814780015 - page_116: "START TEXT: with 38 percent of non-Jews in the same income bracket. Seventy-three percent identify themselves as" ******* END TEXT: " peace oriented, and humanitarian, yet also aware of its own group interest. It has lost confidence "
9780814780015 - page_117: "START TEXT: that a just society can be created by government fiat. It is the liberalism of a secular, highly ind" ******* END TEXT: "y of California Press, 1951).\n14. Quoted in Arthur Liebman, “The Ties That Bind: The Jewish Support "
9780814780015 - page_118: "START TEXT: of the Left in the U.S.,” American Jewish Historical Quarterly 66, no. 2 (December 1976): 285–321.\n1" ******* END TEXT: "e We Changing?” Comment and Analysis 2, no. 1 (February 1991): 1–2.\n27. Cohen, Dimensions, 14–20.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_97: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 6From Equality to Liberty: The Changing Political Culture of American Jews\nHenry L. Feingold" ******* END TEXT: "undaries of the community allow. Whether that pursuit leads to some form of self-realization or the "
9780814780015 - page_98: "START TEXT: accumulation of estate does not matter. He is equal to every other citizen, at least before the law." ******* END TEXT: "es is not a perpetual plague. That makes the grinding problem of how to distribute wealth equitably "
9780814780015 - page_99: "START TEXT: far less stressful. If the economic pie is ever growing, less energy can be expended on the question" ******* END TEXT: " their power was not only corrupting the political process but also threatening to curtail liberty. "
9780814780015 - page_119: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 7Will Herberg’s Path from Marxism to Judaism: A Case Study in the Transformation of Jewish B" ******* END TEXT: ", Herberg symbolizes the process by which the American environment came to reshape Jewish political "
9780814780015 - page_120: "START TEXT: and cultural attitudes by the middle decades of the twentieth century.\nWill Herberg was born in the " ******* END TEXT: ". Perhaps his boldest contribution to the radical thought of the period was his effort to reconcile "
9780814780015 - page_121: "START TEXT: Marxism to the cosmology of Einstein, the “second scientific revolution” that had gone virtually unn" ******* END TEXT: "h. As he would confess in recounting his journey from Marxism to Judaism on the pages of Commentary "
9780814780015 - page_122: "START TEXT: in 1947, Marxism had been, to him and to others like him, “a religion, an ethic and a theology; a va" ******* END TEXT: "thinker of the 1930s and 1940s, Niebuhr related theology to politics through a realistic assessment "
9780814780015 - page_123: "START TEXT: of human nature that seemed inescapably relevant in a time of the breakdown of the Marxist (and libe" ******* END TEXT: "gether with Niebuhr, would shape his evolving views on religious existentialism and biblical faith.\n"
9780814780015 - page_124: "START TEXT: Herberg found in Judaism, after years of searching, a faith that encouraged social action without fa" ******* END TEXT: " Judaism, Herberg criticized theologians of the 1930s and 1940s who espoused a rationalist approach "
9780814780015 - page_125: "START TEXT: and, in so doing, reduced God to an idea.8 For a religious existentialist such as Herberg, deeply in" ******* END TEXT: "ons could have arisen if human beings are essentially good. The answer could be found in “Niebuhr’s "
9780814780015 - page_126: "START TEXT: rediscovery of the classical doctrine of ‘original sin,’ which religious liberalism and secular idea" ******* END TEXT: "ded little in the margins” by way of critical comment.19 “Every work of Niebuhr’s,” he reflected in "
9780814780015 - page_127: "START TEXT: 1956, “almost every article he wrote, enlarged my understanding, deepened my insight, perhaps even c" ******* END TEXT: "ecially his critique of the longstanding liberal Jewish commitment to the principle of church-state "
9780814780015 - page_128: "START TEXT: separation.28 As Franklin H. Littell has noted, the evolving “American pattern of ‘separation’ had i" ******* END TEXT: "blic schools, he entered a plea for a restoration of religion to a place of honor in American life:\n"
9780814780015 - page_129: "START TEXT: With the meaning of our political tradition and political practice, the promotion [of religion] has " ******* END TEXT: "igion, his spiritual journey from Marxism to Judaism was unique in the American Jewish intellectual "
9780814780015 - page_130: "START TEXT: history of this century. The only Jewish ex-Marxist to embrace Jewish theology and the study of reli" ******* END TEXT: "ologians has been discussed in Robert G. Goldy, The Emergence of Jewish Theology in America, ch. 4.\n"
9780814780015 - page_131: "START TEXT: 19. Harry J. Ausmus, Will Herberg: From Right to Right (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Pr" ******* END TEXT: "ion and the State, 379.\n30. Will Herberg, “The Sectarian Conflict over Church and State: A Divisive "
9780814780015 - page_132: "START TEXT: Threat to our Democracy?” Commentary (November 1952): 459.\n31. Will Herberg, “Religion and Public Li" ******* END TEXT: "57, 190–93; Protestant-Catholic-Jew (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 232–34, 238–39.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_133: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 8The Anomalous Liberalism of American Jews\nNathan Glazer\nA recent study of religion in Ameri" ******* END TEXT: "ientation of Jews in the future.\nAmerican liberalism has been an odd mix based in part on political "
9780814780015 - page_134: "START TEXT: philosophy, in part on self-interest, in part on the particular and peculiar historical circumstance" ******* END TEXT: "lism opposed government direction and regulation of the economy. Indeed, Frederick Hayek and Milton "
9780814780015 - page_135: "START TEXT: Friedman, who uphold these positions today, while called conservatives in the United States, would i" ******* END TEXT: "igrant party, a Catholic party, a big-city party, opposed to the native American and Protestant and "
9780814780015 - page_136: "START TEXT: small-town and rural party, the Republican. Like all American parties, the Democratic party has alwa" ******* END TEXT: "the 1970s and 1980s, it became clearer that freer immigration was no longer a policy that primarily "
9780814780015 - page_137: "START TEXT: benefited Jews. Their commitment to these policies was more an act of sentiment, of honoring old com" ******* END TEXT: "r Catholic neighbors in moving from the Democratic to the Republican party. There are a substantial "
9780814780015 - page_138: "START TEXT: number of Jewish neoconservative—and conservative—intellectuals who argue that the United States is " ******* END TEXT: "gn and military policy. In foreign policy the issue of Israel arises, and attachment to Israel, for "
9780814780015 - page_139: "START TEXT: most Jews, is more important than defending their liberal credentials, allegiances, and alliances. I" ******* END TEXT: "what is liberal in foreign policy was determined by the attitude to communism. Should it be opposed "
9780814780015 - page_140: "START TEXT: militarily, and if so, with what kinds of arms and how big a buildup? Should one support nondemocrat" ******* END TEXT: "ect Israel and to half-demolish its most dangerous military opponent. And it was the Democrats, the "
9780814780015 - page_141: "START TEXT: party in which the great majority of Jews feel most comfortable, that opposed military buildups and " ******* END TEXT: "ies (for example, India), raise an outcry among liberals; in the Israeli case, the outcry is muted.\n"
9780814780015 - page_142: "START TEXT: Each of the policies I have described, policies that liberals oppose, could be defended, to some ext" ******* END TEXT: "ies inhabited by Arabs, did not require huge quantities of military aid from the United States, did "
9780814780015 - page_143: "START TEXT: not have extreme right-wing parties demanding the expulsion of the Arabs, was not enthusiastically g" ******* END TEXT: "g policies that reflect old sentiments and attachments but that hardly reflect current interests.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_144: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 9Liberalism, Judaism, and American Jews: A Response\nJerold S. Auerbach\nI am troubled by the " ******* END TEXT: "eafter, Judaism was thoroughly and profoundly conservative—although Jewish law contained mechanisms "
9780814780015 - page_145: "START TEXT: for legitimate change, as long as it occurred within the bounds of rabbinic legal authority.\nNot onl" ******* END TEXT: "sh turn toward neoconservatism an aberration, the abandonment of the “Jewish political culture”? Or "
9780814780015 - page_146: "START TEXT: did it represent a reasoned reading of Jewish values at a time when American Jews felt squeezed by a" ******* END TEXT: " well in their quest for a secure American identity, but that has less to do with Judaism than with "
9780814780015 - page_147: "START TEXT: the imperatives of Americanization. For the children and grandchildren of the Eastern European immig" ******* END TEXT: "e side of American Jewish liberals. If Glazer is predicting that when the moment of choice arrives, "
9780814780015 - page_148: "START TEXT: Israel is likely to wean American Jews from liberalism, I strongly dissent. Indeed, I contemplate a " ******* END TEXT: "lassic dilemma of divided loyalty that they have struggled so long, and so desperately, to elude.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_149: "START TEXT: PART THREEZionism in an American Setting\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART THREEZionism in an American Setting\n"
9780814780015 - page_150: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_151: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 10Zionism and American Politics\nMelvin I. Urofsky\n“If I forget thee, O Zion” has been a piou" ******* END TEXT: "ry European secular thought, especially the waves of nationalism that swept over the continent, led "
9780814780015 - page_152: "START TEXT: other Jews to a different conclusion. They would seek to return to Zion not by divine intercession b" ******* END TEXT: "to become “Amerikaners” and to shed as quickly as possible every cultural trait that marked them as "
9780814780015 - page_153: "START TEXT: different, be it the speech, dress, or religious practices of European Jews.\nIf being too religious " ******* END TEXT: "arlier and were now well established economically and socially. The Yahudim emphasized the need for "
9780814780015 - page_154: "START TEXT: rapid Americanization; they urged those who had recently arrived to shed their old language, their o" ******* END TEXT: ". Within a short period the invigorated Zionist movement became a major player not only in American "
9780814780015 - page_155: "START TEXT: Jewish affairs but also in American political life. It played an effective role in raising relief fu" ******* END TEXT: "e country. Many of the prewar immigrants had been Jews from Eastern Europe, and Zionists recognized "
9780814780015 - page_156: "START TEXT: that there would be no place for them to go if the anti-immigration forces had their way. By calling" ******* END TEXT: " English and who emphasized the Jewishness of the return. Given this situation and the attitudes of "
9780814780015 - page_157: "START TEXT: American Jewry at the time, Weizmann won his victory at the ZOA convention in Cleveland in 1921.8\nWe" ******* END TEXT: "ons of Americans remained out of work, and as long as American boys faced death at the hands of the "
9780814780015 - page_158: "START TEXT: Axis, special pleading for Jews—or for any other ethnic or religious group—would have triggered oppo" ******* END TEXT: "ment of Israel, American Zionism is a hollow shell without purpose or influence. The only exception "
9780814780015 - page_159: "START TEXT: is still Hadassah, and even that group does not command the power it enjoyed in past years. There ar" ******* END TEXT: "ve been impossible for an American organization to be a strong and continuing advocate of a foreign "
9780814780015 - page_160: "START TEXT: nation and its policies. Moreover, the contradictions between the Israeli and European Zionist agend" ******* END TEXT: "parison to the work of the Zionist Organization of America from 1917 to 1919 under Brandeis, or the "
9780814780015 - page_161: "START TEXT: American Zionist Emergency Council under Silver and Wise from 1942 to 1949, there is no organized Zi" ******* END TEXT: "ionists, either in earlier organizational manifestations or in a generalized contemporary form, has "
9780814780015 - page_162: "START TEXT: been directly tied to how well they acted within acceptable American norms. So long as the Zionists " ******* END TEXT: "reater detail in American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor/Doubleday, "
9780814780015 - page_163: "START TEXT: 1975) and We Are One! American Jewry and Israel (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor/Doubleday, 1978).\n3. I am" ******* END TEXT: "ork: Morrow, 1970), 183–84.\n15. Marc Lee Raphael, Abba Hillel Silver: A Profile in American Judaism "
9780814780015 - page_164: "START TEXT: (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1989), ch. 6. No one, not Silver nor Wise nor even Weizmann, knew the ful" ******* END TEXT: "s adopted by the Jewish state in the last decade to achieve that goal.\n23. Tivnan, The Lobby, 12.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_165: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 11Spiritual Zionists and Jewish Sovereignty\nArthur A. Goren\nIn a seminal essay, “The America" ******* END TEXT: "h Magnes, an ordained Reform rabbi close to Seminary circles and chairman of the New York Kehillah, "
9780814780015 - page_166: "START TEXT: were the most important spiritual Zionists to contribute to the public debate that ensued. Nearly tw" ******* END TEXT: "ample, their shunning of the preeminence that the world movement assigned to political action, will "
9780814780015 - page_167: "START TEXT: suffice. In June 1906, in a plaintive letter to David Wolffsohn, the president of the World Zionist " ******* END TEXT: "the leaders formulated a doctrine that located American Zionism firmly within the Jewish community. "
9780814780015 - page_168: "START TEXT: The demand for the democratization of Jewish communal life, a cardinal precept of Zionism in Europe," ******* END TEXT: "nder and Magnes was, consequently, all inclusive. As nationalists, they considered the preservation "
9780814780015 - page_169: "START TEXT: of the Jewish people, wherever it might be, as a value transcending all particularistic conceptions " ******* END TEXT: " Reform Judaism aggravated these fears by intensifying their ideological war against Zionism, which "
9780814780015 - page_170: "START TEXT: they considered not only historically and theologically false but also politically perilous. Brandei" ******* END TEXT: "llowed a year later. Both men were casualties of the Zionist challenge to the hegemony the American "
9780814780015 - page_171: "START TEXT: Jewish Committee had maintained in national Jewish affairs. They had belonged to both groups. Magnes" ******* END TEXT: "s, in a nation, a commonwealth, a state. … The ideal of Jewish prophecy, Justice and Righteousness, "
9780814780015 - page_172: "START TEXT: presupposed a definite social order, such as can only be realized in a body politic.” No conflict ex" ******* END TEXT: "rage, and to stimulate material support for Zionist work. He used “commonwealth” not as a political "
9780814780015 - page_173: "START TEXT: term—it aroused no controversy—but as an inspirational text, a rallying cry of the spirit.\nMuch as t" ******* END TEXT: "The New Map of Europe and Paris correspondent of The Century. Friedlaender dismissed the objections "
9780814780015 - page_174: "START TEXT: Gibbons had based on geopolitics, religion, and moral law. He was especially irked by Gibbons’s argu" ******* END TEXT: "m and radicalism lest it stir up antisemitism (“you are giving aid and comfort to the enemy,” Louis "
9780814780015 - page_175: "START TEXT: Marshall, his brother-in-law, told him), Magnes rejected the demand. For Magnes, higher principles, " ******* END TEXT: "r at this time nor in speeches that followed did Magnes criticize the Balfour Declaration directly. "
9780814780015 - page_176: "START TEXT: Clearly, he was curbing his impulse to lash out at the declaration, as he later did, as the misbegot" ******* END TEXT: "of the conquerors. Yet, I, too, believe in the “historic right” of the Jewish people to the Land of "
9780814780015 - page_177: "START TEXT: Israel. … the free and unhindered opportunity to come into the land … and to become, in the course o" ******* END TEXT: "c scholar, he became an innovative administrator. He not only broadened the Seminary’s influence in "
9780814780015 - page_178: "START TEXT: the Jewish community at large, but he also created a center where scholars and clergy of all faiths " ******* END TEXT: "internationalism was an integral part of a religious commitment to social justice.32 So it was with "
9780814780015 - page_179: "START TEXT: the Central Conference of American Rabbis. From the early 1920s to the mid-1930s, the Conference ado" ******* END TEXT: "41. Magnes, whose views on international affairs were deeply influenced by these circles, wrote, “I "
9780814780015 - page_180: "START TEXT: come more and more to the conclusion that there should be the smallest possible number of small stat" ******* END TEXT: "ond in September 1944. Their titles are illuminating: “Judaism, Zionism, and an Enduring Peace” and "
9780814780015 - page_181: "START TEXT: “Zionism and World Culture.” The core idea of these essays is the universal significance of the Jewi" ******* END TEXT: "st World War, mankind was on the threshold of prophetic fulfillment. A world association of nations "
9780814780015 - page_182: "START TEXT: all but emerged; and with it a recreated Jewish homeland in Palestine. But mankind faltered. The Lea" ******* END TEXT: ", as of all other people, namely, the creation of states on political and economic and geographical "
9780814780015 - page_183: "START TEXT: bases and without regard to ethnic religious and other divisions.” In the mind of many liberal think" ******* END TEXT: "eviate the most pressing problem of all, the saving of the remnant of European Jewry. Nevertheless, "
9780814780015 - page_184: "START TEXT: in the years when the debate raged over statehood, Kaplan’s main concern remained the spiritual and " ******* END TEXT: "f the term “commonwealth” reveals how he was influenced by American political culture. “Four States "
9780814780015 - page_185: "START TEXT: of the United States are officially designated ‘Commonwealth.’ They are Massachusetts, Pennsylvania," ******* END TEXT: "or a time in late March and April, it appeared to some as though America’s abandonment of partition "
9780814780015 - page_186: "START TEXT: in favor of a temporary trusteeship offered a last-minute reprieve from disaster. Postponing the dec" ******* END TEXT: "he banker and honorary chairman of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. When partition "
9780814780015 - page_187: "START TEXT: was carried out, Finkelstein suggested, those responsible would be honored with honorary degrees in " ******* END TEXT: "conciling a belief in the centrality of Israel in its transcendent importance for the Jewish people "
9780814780015 - page_188: "START TEXT: with the reality of the State, the commitment to a creative Jewish life in America, and the ways of " ******* END TEXT: ". Magnes to Mass Meeting of Federation of American Zionists, July 3, 1910, Magnes Papers, File 534.\n"
9780814780015 - page_189: "START TEXT: 9. Baila Round Shargel, Practical Dreamer: Israel Friedlaender and the Shaping of American Judaism (" ******* END TEXT: "2. J. L. Magnes, War-Time Addresses, 1917–1921 (New York: Seltzer, 1923), 99–102.\n23. Ibid., 96–97.\n"
9780814780015 - page_190: "START TEXT: 24. Judah Magnes to Mayer Sulzberger, October 10, 1917, Magnes Papers, File 1348.\n25. Magnes, War-ti" ******* END TEXT: "9. Ibid., 4–5.\n40. Ibid., 5–6; “Zionism and World Culture,” New Palestine, September 15, 1944, 505.\n"
9780814780015 - page_191: "START TEXT: 41. New Palestine, May 21, 1943, 8.\n42. Morris Waldman, Nor by Power (New York: International, 1953)" ******* END TEXT: "ew York. In an interview with Simon Greenberg (April 18, 1991), he stressed Finkelstein’s perpetual "
9780814780015 - page_192: "START TEXT: anxiety over the financial condition of the Seminary. While the Seminary’s alumni were immersed in Z" ******* END TEXT: "cerns over Seminary finances and his resentment when faculty members assisted other institutions.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_193: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 12Zion in the Mind of the American Rabbinate during the 1940s\nDavid Ellenson\nJews often say " ******* END TEXT: "rican conceptualization of Judaism as essentially a religion in the American sense had far-reaching "
9780814780015 - page_194: "START TEXT: consequences. Like American Jewry in Jewish history, American Zionism has been distinctive in the mo" ******* END TEXT: " American religious life, portrayed “Jewish nationalism and American values” as fully compatible.11 "
9780814780015 - page_195: "START TEXT: The goals and activities of America’s Puritan forefathers and Israel’s twentieth-century pioneers we" ******* END TEXT: "ations of the people to whom the rabbis preached. Since the rabbis, as well as the congregants whom "
9780814780015 - page_196: "START TEXT: they addressed, were part of a common American universe of discourse, these sources will provide a p" ******* END TEXT: "The purpose of Zionism, Treiger contended, was to return the Jewish people “unto the Land of Israel "
9780814780015 - page_197: "START TEXT: to serve God as it befits a people of God.” Treiger approvingly quoted Rav Abraham Isaac Kook in his" ******* END TEXT: "hstanding, “Zionism is older than 1896. … We must not … forget that the rebuilding of Eretz Yisrael "
9780814780015 - page_198: "START TEXT: is not dependent upon bigger and better pogroms.” It is not sufficient “to be satisfied with Palesti" ******* END TEXT: "minent Conservative rabbi who served the Brooklyn Jewish Center for the greater part of his career, "
9780814780015 - page_199: "START TEXT: presented a talk entitled “The Religion of Israel and the Land of Israel” on May 31, 1943. Like Trei" ******* END TEXT: "a Christian America that recognized that Holy Scriptures granted the Jewish people a right to their "
9780814780015 - page_200: "START TEXT: ancient homeland. His sermon reflects a dovetailing of the belief system of a Christian America and " ******* END TEXT: "se who fought to free the slaves during the Civil War, those who gave their lives in World War I to "
9780814780015 - page_201: "START TEXT: make the world safe for democracy, and the American and Allied soldiers who fought and died to thwar" ******* END TEXT: "nly Zion could permit Judaism “to enrich universal religion with its own unique values,” there is a "
9780814780015 - page_202: "START TEXT: moralism as evident here as in the writings of the Conservative rabbis.\nJoseph Lookstein, a leader o" ******* END TEXT: "avery, was their hope and desire that they could establish and dwell in a homeland. Yet, even then, "
9780814780015 - page_203: "START TEXT: the people understood that this national life was contingent upon their acceptance of Torah “as the " ******* END TEXT: "erican spiritual-democratic values.\nMax’s close friend and colleague, Rabbi Israel Tabak of Shaarei "
9780814780015 - page_204: "START TEXT: Zion Congregation in Baltimore, delivered a sermon in defense and support of Israel on April 10, 194" ******* END TEXT: "ur of their greatest need. But the establishment of the Jewish state would never have been possible "
9780814780015 - page_205: "START TEXT: without the superhuman courage and the endless sacrifices they themselves offered for their independ" ******* END TEXT: "as “destined to exert an enriching and vitalizing influence upon American Judaism, and upon Judaism "
9780814780015 - page_206: "START TEXT: throughout the nations,” because “great spiritual truths are being formulated and enunciated [there]" ******* END TEXT: "Israel “will be a democracy in the best sense of that term. … The civil and religious rights of all "
9780814780015 - page_207: "START TEXT: individuals … will be … safeguarded.” Newman labeled those Jews who opposed the creation of the Stat" ******* END TEXT: "ks the “spiritual aristocracy” and mission of the Jewish people, “which denotes both the spiritual, "
9780814780015 - page_208: "START TEXT: religious, and ethical values for which Judaism stands, as well as the idea of noblesse oblige” that" ******* END TEXT: "form colleagues at this point. Levy maintained that “we liberal Jews. … see in Zion the opportunity "
9780814780015 - page_209: "START TEXT: for the grandest kind of [universal] Jewish self-expression.” In an ironic twist, Levy even cited Ka" ******* END TEXT: "bbinic writings on Zionism during the 1940s bears out Friesel’s and Ben Halpern’s contention that a "
9780814780015 - page_210: "START TEXT: strong link between religion and Zionism has been a hallmark of the American movement. Indeed, there" ******* END TEXT: "ewish Tasks,” 491.\n8. Ibid., 492–93.\n9. Urofsky, American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust, 102.\n"
9780814780015 - page_211: "START TEXT: 10. Naomi W. Cohen, American Jews and the Zionist Idea (New York: Ktav, 1975), 11.\n11. For an excell" ******* END TEXT: "th,” in Leo Jung, The Rhythm of Life: Sermons, Studies, Addresses (New York: Pardes, 1950), 165–78.\n"
9780814780015 - page_212: "START TEXT: 26. Israel Tabak, “Liberty versus Security,” in Siev and Adams, eds., The Rabbinical Council Manual " ******* END TEXT: "ns, was originally informed by secular concerns, it eventually came to embrace religious motives.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_213: "START TEXT: PART FOURTraditional Religion in an American Setting\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART FOURTraditional Religion in an American Setting\n"
9780814780015 - page_214: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_215: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 13The Evolution of the American Synagogue\nJonathan D. Sarna\nThe idea that ours is an “evolvi" ******* END TEXT: " judgment: slow, measured change—evolution—is seen as in step with nature and good; sudden, radical "
9780814780015 - page_216: "START TEXT: change—revolution—is seen as out of step with nature and bad.)1\nAll three definitions of “evolution”" ******* END TEXT: "gue was founded in the late seventeenth century in New York City. Jews had settled in New Amsterdam "
9780814780015 - page_217: "START TEXT: back in 1654, but by law they could not worship publicly, only privately. After the surrender to the" ******* END TEXT: "ion brought about great changes in the American synagogue. By that time America’s Jewish population "
9780814780015 - page_218: "START TEXT: had grown to over one thousand. There were five synagogues operating in the former colonies, one in " ******* END TEXT: "cture in the history of the American synagogue—perhaps the most important change from the beginning "
9780814780015 - page_219: "START TEXT: until now—was the shift in the first half of the nineteenth century from synagogue-community to comm" ******* END TEXT: "unterparts) considered this to be a misfortune. In the twentieth century, as American Jews embraced "
9780814780015 - page_220: "START TEXT: cultural pluralism as an alternative to the melting pot, many came to see the development as a good," ******* END TEXT: "ally delimited synagogues could no longer handle required new organizations capable of transcending "
9780814780015 - page_221: "START TEXT: these differences. Beginning in the 1840s, philanthropic and fraternal organizations—B’nai B’rith, t" ******* END TEXT: "e Holy Land. The move to a regular weekly sermon in the vernacular was inaugurated in 1830 by Isaac "
9780814780015 - page_222: "START TEXT: Leeser, the foremost traditionalist American Jewish leader of the early nineteenth century and at th" ******* END TEXT: "lready, we can conclude that the impact of these women on the life of the synagogue was enormous.15\n"
9780814780015 - page_223: "START TEXT: East European Jewish immigrants, in the period of mass immigration (1881–1924), found the American s" ******* END TEXT: "ional distance” between them and those they serve. It has also tended to make the atmosphere of the "
9780814780015 - page_224: "START TEXT: synagogue more businesslike—so much so that many contemporary synagogues are run on a corporate basi" ******* END TEXT: " other time, and they do so in the hope that the synagogue can inspire their youngsters to maintain "
9780814780015 - page_225: "START TEXT: Judaism when they grow up. To meet this challenge, synagogues have become increasingly child centere" ******* END TEXT: "ld loyalties for more accommodating new ones acted as a major spur to communal change. Prevented by "
9780814780015 - page_226: "START TEXT: American law and tradition from either locking out external challengers or banishing internal ones, " ******* END TEXT: "Judaism alike. Mutual influences, important as they are, are not the critical factors here, nor can "
9780814780015 - page_227: "START TEXT: these phenomena be explained on the basis of “mere” assimilation or independent parallel development" ******* END TEXT: "ss, 1955).\n4. Ibid, 44.\n5. Martin A. Cohen, “Synagogue: History and Tradition,” in The Encyclopedia "
9780814780015 - page_228: "START TEXT: of Religion, vol. 14, ed. Mircea Eliade (New York: Macmillan, 1987), 212.\n6. Jonathan D. Sarna, “The" ******* END TEXT: "of the Synagogue, 115–16.\n13. Lance J. Sussman, “The Life and Career of Isaac Leeser (1806–1868): A "
9780814780015 - page_229: "START TEXT: Study of American Judaism in Its Formative Period” (Ph.D. diss., Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institu" ******* END TEXT: "stein Program in Jewish Communal Service, 1990), reprinted in Cincinnati Judaica Review 2 (1991).\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_230: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 14Consensus Building and Conflict over Creating the Young People’s Synagogue of the Lower Ea" ******* END TEXT: "e, the Young People’s Auxiliary of the Machzikei Talmud Torah, and the Reform Emanu-El Brotherhood, "
9780814780015 - page_231: "START TEXT: that JES’s approach to synagogue life had the best chance of attracting back to Judaism “the well-in" ******* END TEXT: " Ginzberg, Israel Friedlander, or Schechter himself—lectured to their group. Just two days earlier, "
9780814780015 - page_232: "START TEXT: Joseph Mayer Asher, the Seminary professor of homiletics, had given Solomon’s JES conferees hearteni" ******* END TEXT: " his stare met that of his certain opponent in the room, Rabbi Joseph Silverman of Temple Emanu-El. "
9780814780015 - page_233: "START TEXT: Just six weeks earlier, Silverman had begun offering a decidedly Reform religious alternative to “th" ******* END TEXT: "tivities.” Rabbi Silverman was the sole dissenting voice. As anticipated, he rose to offer a motion "
9780814780015 - page_234: "START TEXT: in “favor of a Reform Synagogue.” His move, seconded only “as a matter of courtesy,” was voted down " ******* END TEXT: "ty would be more supportive, but he also had to have known that with the Reformers on board, it was "
9780814780015 - page_235: "START TEXT: essential for the JES to project fidelity to Orthodoxy if it was to gain the confidence of downtown." ******* END TEXT: "-standing debate over the place of the vernacular in services by arguing that “sufficient Hebrew to "
9780814780015 - page_236: "START TEXT: enable a person to follow [emphasis theirs] the service does not appeal to us; some of the service m" ******* END TEXT: "elf rendered the JES “treif.”13\nRabbi Jacob David Willowski must have seen Endeavorer sensitivities "
9780814780015 - page_237: "START TEXT: on the use of English as a meaningless gesture, in no way protective of the sanctity of Orthodox tra" ******* END TEXT: " believed that credit earned among the large, youthful constituency downtown would ultimately carry "
9780814780015 - page_238: "START TEXT: them to success. They were admired for their record in battling missionaries. Their services constit" ******* END TEXT: "mittee of seven reported on final plans for the Young People’s Synagogue. Among the recommendations "
9780814780015 - page_239: "START TEXT: were that the “number of synagogues [note the plural] be determined by the desire of the neighborhoo" ******* END TEXT: "ropean Jew on his board in line with the Brotherhood’s publicly announced intention to “be strongly "
9780814780015 - page_240: "START TEXT: conservative so as not to repel the elders” seems to have stopped him.23\nThese policies and efforts " ******* END TEXT: "issive calling attention to a footnote referring to a “change of program due to the bigoted refusal "
9780814780015 - page_241: "START TEXT: of said Congregation to fulfil its promises to the Society.” Elsewhere in the weekly, they explained" ******* END TEXT: " Endeavorer alumni, drawing in part upon the invaluable “field experience” gained on the Lower East "
9780814780015 - page_242: "START TEXT: Side, were destined, over the next fifty years, to make significant contributions to the maintenance" ******* END TEXT: " Jewish men and women to their responsibilities as Jews in whatever form these responsibilities are "
9780814780015 - page_243: "START TEXT: conceived.” This appeal soon translated itself into a complex of classes, forums, lectures, and, of " ******* END TEXT: " AJYB (5664/1903–1904): 145. For a short biography of Harris and a description of the stance of his "
9780814780015 - page_244: "START TEXT: congregation, see Jeffrey S. Gurock, When Harlem Was Jewish, 1870–1930 (New York: Columbia Universit" ******* END TEXT: " insisted on delivering the sermon himself” (in Yiddish). See Joselit, “What Happened to New York’s "
9780814780015 - page_245: "START TEXT: ‘Jewish Jews’: Moses Rischin’s The Promised City Revisited,” American Jewish History (December 1983)" ******* END TEXT: "mbly, and, ultimately, the Conservative movement, include rabbis Herman Abramowitz, Charles Kauvar, "
9780814780015 - page_246: "START TEXT: Phineas Israeli, Aaron Drucker, Aaron Abelson, Israel Goldfarb, Jacob Dolgenas, Louis Egleson, Aaron" ******* END TEXT: "26): 529–30; Goldstein indicates that the primary sources make no reference to Wise’s activities.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_247: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 15Jewish in Dishes: Kashrut in the New World\nJenna Weissman Joselit\nRecently, the front page" ******* END TEXT: " of American Jewry in which he substituted such new categories of affiliation as “A” Jews, or “Jews "
9780814780015 - page_248: "START TEXT: by Accident,” “B” Jews, or “Bar Mitzvah Jews,” and “G” Jews, or “Gastronomic Jews,” for the standard" ******* END TEXT: "other, held tight, affirming the possibilities of tradition in the modern era, whether it be in the "
9780814780015 - page_249: "START TEXT: realm of food, prayer, or education. As this account suggests, religious culture is itself a fluid s" ******* END TEXT: "d had now to be explained, interpreted, actively championed, and, to succeed, thoroughly modernized "
9780814780015 - page_250: "START TEXT: as well. American Judaism, observed a leading Conservative rabbi, has become an “optional Judaism. E" ******* END TEXT: "ance with modernity. “Kashruth need not be a burdensome affair,” explained the editor of the Jewish "
9780814780015 - page_251: "START TEXT: Examiner Prize Kosher Recipe Book in 1937. “The substance of kashruth needs only to be made availabl" ******* END TEXT: "idea of anything that is either directly unhealthy, malign, poisonous, or inefficient for the needs "
9780814780015 - page_252: "START TEXT: of the human body.”20 Although quite a few experts, among them renowned anthropologist Maurice Fishb" ******* END TEXT: "esult are more digestible and “of greater nutritive value” than piscatory creatures without them.27 "
9780814780015 - page_253: "START TEXT: After placing each category of forbidden food within a comparative evolutionary context, the good do" ******* END TEXT: "maginatively designed marketing campaign, which invoked both tradition and modernity, stressed that "
9780814780015 - page_254: "START TEXT: its newfangled product carried not only a traditional rabbinic imprimatur but also a laboratory seal" ******* END TEXT: "nt. Downplaying the exoticness of the dietary laws, they transformed kashrut into a phenomenon that "
9780814780015 - page_255: "START TEXT: was rational and comprehensible. “Some of the customs described here,” stated a 1934 General Foods p" ******* END TEXT: "ests of demystifying the kosher consumer, the pamphlet then concluded on a dramatic note: if kosher "
9780814780015 - page_256: "START TEXT: consumers were “mingled with a group of non-Jews, you could not pick out those who are Jewish and th" ******* END TEXT: " with the “old Jewish dishes” in a well-conceived and ambitious attempt to demonstrate the inherent "
9780814780015 - page_257: "START TEXT: adaptability of kashrut to modern eating. Offering “first aid” in the preparation of “modern, econom" ******* END TEXT: "rote in his seminal Judaism as a Civilization.47 Instead, Kaplan preferred to think of kashrut as a "
9780814780015 - page_258: "START TEXT: “Jewish folkway” that enhanced the quality of modern Jewish life. “But if Jews are not to exaggerate" ******* END TEXT: " of holiday observance, American Jews heightened their cultural significance: foods associated with "
9780814780015 - page_259: "START TEXT: the holidays (and, less frequently, the Sabbath) were increasingly described, often in lavish, emoti" ******* END TEXT: "araderie in connection with their kosher-for-Passover products. Drawing on both words and pictures, "
9780814780015 - page_260: "START TEXT: they hailed cans of ritually approved chicken soup or assortments of chocolates as a “holiday tradit" ******* END TEXT: " appropriated the “attractive settings” and secular, middle-class notions of taste and decor—dinner "
9780814780015 - page_261: "START TEXT: parties with themes, color-coordinated table appointments, formal floral arrangements—and applied th" ******* END TEXT: "orary, modern imperative for continuing and sustaining the practice. “In a Jewish home, a perfectly "
9780814780015 - page_262: "START TEXT: prepared meal, daintily served is not enough,” they insisted, in what might be seen as a kind of apo" ******* END TEXT: ").\n16. N. E. Aronstam, Jewish Dietary Laws from a Scientific Standpoint (New York: Bloch, 1912), 4.\n"
9780814780015 - page_263: "START TEXT: 17. Mildred Grosberg Bellin, The Jewish Cook Book (New York: Bloch, 1958), xiii; Aronstam, Jewish Di" ******* END TEXT: "in Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, “Kitchen Judaism,” 85.\n43. Jewish Examiner Prize Kosher Recipe Book, iii.\n"
9780814780015 - page_264: "START TEXT: 44. Betty Greenberg and Althea O. Silverman, The Jewish Home Beautiful (New York: Women’s League of " ******* END TEXT: "Book for Jewish Women (New York: Women’s League of the United Synagogue of America, 1927), 40–41.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_265: "START TEXT: PART FIVEThe Impact of the Women’s Movement\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART FIVEThe Impact of the Women’s Movement\n"
9780814780015 - page_266: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_267: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 16Feminism and American Reform Judaism\nEllen M. Umansky\nOver 150 years ago in Germany, a gro" ******* END TEXT: "es or females.”5 Similarly, Kaufmann Kohler, president of Hebrew Union College, told members of the "
9780814780015 - page_268: "START TEXT: Central Conference of American (Reform) Rabbis (CCAR) gathered together at the historic Pittsburgh C" ******* END TEXT: "mmendation was overturned by HUC’s Board of Governors a year later, the Board did so not because it "
9780814780015 - page_269: "START TEXT: disagreed with the CCAR but because its members felt that practical considerations outweighed philos" ******* END TEXT: "f Reform synagogues) and Sidney Kay, president of Temple Beth Israel, concerning the congregation’s "
9780814780015 - page_270: "START TEXT: request that Ackerman serve as their leader, seems to indicate that initial approval of this request" ******* END TEXT: "nt denominations; qualified women were interested in entering the rabbinate; there were indications "
9780814780015 - page_271: "START TEXT: that congregations might be willing to accept them; and the Reform movement was in need of more rabb" ******* END TEXT: "ttempting to reshape the role of the American Reform rabbi. Most, she continues, share a commitment "
9780814780015 - page_272: "START TEXT: to three fundamental values, all of which can be described as feminist: balance, intimacy, and empow" ******* END TEXT: "ace greater value than do men on human relationships, a value that Keller calls “connectedness” and "
9780814780015 - page_273: "START TEXT: that Gilligan identifies as an “ethics of care.”22 Whether biologically or culturally based (or both" ******* END TEXT: " offices, and few will be invited to speak at CCAR conventions or to serve as spokespersons for the "
9780814780015 - page_274: "START TEXT: Reform movement, either in the United States or at international meetings.\nIf women seek a style of " ******* END TEXT: "umber of women who have assumed leadership roles within their congregations testifies to the impact "
9780814780015 - page_275: "START TEXT: that feminism has had on the Reform movement. As early as 1970, 96 percent of all Reform temples in " ******* END TEXT: "ber National Association of (Reform) Temple Educators (NATE) elected Zena Sulkes as its first woman "
9780814780015 - page_276: "START TEXT: president and, two years later, Robin Eisenberg to succeed her; the election of Sulkes and Eisenberg" ******* END TEXT: "rom the majority of Reform congregants. Judith Plaskow, Marcia Falk, and I, along with others, have "
9780814780015 - page_277: "START TEXT: pointed out that gender-inclusive language is not in itself a sufficient rethinking of the underlyin" ******* END TEXT: " a child of an interfaith marriage is Jewish only if the child’s mother is Jewish (unless the child "
9780814780015 - page_278: "START TEXT: formally converted to Judaism), the resolution maintained that the child of one Jewish parent—mother" ******* END TEXT: "ecessary parts of a greater whole is the institutional and experiential foundation for the recovery "
9780814780015 - page_279: "START TEXT: of the fullness of Torah.”46 To be sure, neither the Reform rabbinate nor the laity is unanimous in " ******* END TEXT: "urgh Platform, the statement of the principles on which Classical Reform Judaism in America rested.\n"
9780814780015 - page_280: "START TEXT: 7. Kaufmann Kohler, “Conference Paper,” in “Authentic Report of the Proceedings of the Rabbinical Co" ******* END TEXT: "men’s impact on the Reform cantorate, see Mark Slobin, “Engendering the Cantorate,” in Deborah Dash "
9780814780015 - page_281: "START TEXT: Moore, ed., YIVO Annual, vol. 19 (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1990), 147–67.\n20. " ******* END TEXT: "d as scholar-in-residence over the past few years, approximately half have had such lay committees.\n"
9780814780015 - page_282: "START TEXT: 29. Conversation with Eleanor Schwartz, executive director of the National Federation of Temple Sist" ******* END TEXT: "is that “covenantal theology,” as articulated most clearly by Eugene Borowitz, has come to occupy a "
9780814780015 - page_283: "START TEXT: central place in Reform theological teachings. While not all Reform Jews would agree with Borowitz’s" ******* END TEXT: " 10, citing and affirming views originally presented to the CCAR in 1973 by Rabbi Sanford Ragins.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_284: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 17Ezrat Nashim and the Emergence of a New Jewish Feminism\nPaula E. Hyman\nIt is all the more " ******* END TEXT: " philanthropy in the nineteenth century were considered appropriate to the female sex, middle-class "
9780814780015 - page_285: "START TEXT: American Jewish women devoted themselves to the social housekeeping of their Jewish communities.1 Th" ******* END TEXT: "heir exemption from some mitz-vot, Ezrat Nashim’s “Call for Change” also asked for equal obligation "
9780814780015 - page_286: "START TEXT: of women in Jewish law.6 The background statement accompanying Ezrat Nashim’s press release declared" ******* END TEXT: " the members of the group represented the elite youth of the movement. As the women of Ezrat Nashim "
9780814780015 - page_287: "START TEXT: stated in their “Call for Change,” “To educate women and deny them the opportunity to act from this " ******* END TEXT: "own local tefillah (prayer) groups, sometimes with the support of sympathetic local rabbis, without "
9780814780015 - page_288: "START TEXT: having to confront directly the formidable opposition of the Orthodox rabbinic establishment.11 Some" ******* END TEXT: " dissemination of material in print served to introduce and legitimate a feminist ritual. A similar "
9780814780015 - page_289: "START TEXT: process, though on a smaller scale, occurred in the phenomenon of the adult bat mitzvah, in which a " ******* END TEXT: " Cardin, has served as president of the Council of Jewish Federations. The Union of American Hebrew "
9780814780015 - page_290: "START TEXT: Congregations has had a Task Force on the Equality of Women in Judaism for many years, and the sever" ******* END TEXT: "ic) Jewish education for women within Orthodox schools, even as Orthodox leaders denounce feminism. "
9780814780015 - page_291: "START TEXT: Just as feminist-inspired celebrations to mark the birth of a daughter have won acceptance in modern" ******* END TEXT: " enough to struggle with the feminist call for its redefinition. On this theological and liturgical "
9780814780015 - page_292: "START TEXT: ground the perceived need for innovation clashes with the power of authenticity embedded in Jewish t" ******* END TEXT: "s American Jewry as it prepares for the twenty-first century is less obvious than was the challenge "
9780814780015 - page_293: "START TEXT: of two decades ago. It calls for the sharing of power, and not merely equal access to the entry leve" ******* END TEXT: "2, my personal archive.\n7. “Background Statement on Ezrat Nashim,” March 1972, my personal archive.\n"
9780814780015 - page_294: "START TEXT: 8. “Jewish Women Call for Change,” March 1972, my personal archive.\n9. Michael A. Meyer, Response to" ******* END TEXT: "schel, ed., On Being a Jewish Feminist, xiii-xxxvi; Marcia Falk, “Notes on Composing New Blessings: "
9780814780015 - page_295: "START TEXT: Toward a Feminist-Jewish Reconstruction of Prayer,” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 3 (Sprin" ******* END TEXT: "r, ed., The Jewish Family: Metaphor and Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 188–90.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_296: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 18Conservative Judaism: The Ethical Challenge of Feminist Change\nJudith Hauptman\nJewish femi" ******* END TEXT: " conversant with classical Jewish texts and able to analyze them with rather sophisticated critical "
9780814780015 - page_297: "START TEXT: tools. When secular feminism became popular in the late sixties, it was individuals like these who w" ******* END TEXT: "s. Second, the movement had already adopted a number of measures that increased women’s involvement "
9780814780015 - page_298: "START TEXT: in Jewish practice, such as replacing the mehitzah with family pews5 and giving girls in its summer " ******* END TEXT: " Conservative rabbi to implement in his congregation.8 This committee had decided in 1955 to permit "
9780814780015 - page_299: "START TEXT: women to be called for an aliyah to the Torah.9 The option was implemented in only a few synagogues " ******* END TEXT: "se made it clear that the forces of traditionalism had inculcated in many laypeople the belief that "
9780814780015 - page_300: "START TEXT: halakhah does not change, that continuity is immutability. Instead of viewing the feminist critique " ******* END TEXT: "pray daily at fixed times, thereby equalizing their obligations with those of men;16 upon doing so, "
9780814780015 - page_301: "START TEXT: they could count in the minyan and lead it in prayer.17 Roth predicted that since only some women ar" ******* END TEXT: "on the ordination of women but was assumed to be opposed.20 In the fall of 1983, a few months after "
9780814780015 - page_302: "START TEXT: Lieberman’s death, Cohen brought the issue up again. Prodded by the chancellor, the faculty approved" ******* END TEXT: "cerned the permissibility of women serving as prayer leaders. In gaining employment, female cantors "
9780814780015 - page_303: "START TEXT: are encountering fewer significant problems than female rabbis. Because of a shortage of cantors, wo" ******* END TEXT: "vide people with sample ceremonies for publicly inducting a baby girl into the Jewish religion. Not "
9780814780015 - page_304: "START TEXT: fraught with the same anxiety or historical symbolism as circumcision, this rite of passage rapidly " ******* END TEXT: "hemselves often do not view their own actions as legitimate. There is a feeling in many egalitarian "
9780814780015 - page_305: "START TEXT: communities that they are doing what is right from an ethical perspective but that if examined objec" ******* END TEXT: "s satisfaction. As a result, Jewish life in the United States has become immeasurably strengthened.\n"
9780814780015 - page_306: "START TEXT: Notes\n1. I wish to thank Professor Richard Kalmin and Rebecca Jacobs for their comments and suggesti" ******* END TEXT: " to note that a standard only becomes binding on Conservative rabbis if 80 percent of the Committee "
9780814780015 - page_307: "START TEXT: members approve it and a majority of the Rabbinical Assembly convention votes in favor of it.\n9. “An" ******* END TEXT: "y the Jewish Theological Seminary in the volume mentioned above, The Ordination of Women as Rabbis.\n"
9780814780015 - page_308: "START TEXT: 20. Lieberman, in conversations with me, seemed sympathetic to women’s desire to expand their option" ******* END TEXT: "United States, and, even more important, that Conservative women were electrified by its message.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_309: "START TEXT: PART SIXThree Modes of Religiosity\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART SIXThree Modes of Religiosity\n"
9780814780015 - page_310: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_311: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 19The Ninth Siyum Ha-Shas: A Case Study in Orthodox Contra-Acculturation\nSamuel C. Heilman\nI" ******* END TEXT: "e question of acculturation and assimilation was there for Jews from their arrival on these shores.\n"
9780814780015 - page_312: "START TEXT: Jews who held onto tradition tenaciously and perceived themselves as Orthodox were less comfortable " ******* END TEXT: "to abet its existence and encourage its adherents to remain steadfast in their contra-acculturative "
9780814780015 - page_313: "START TEXT: efforts. Nothing helped more to accomplish this end than traditions like the daf yomi (daily page) d" ******* END TEXT: "f Israel, a Gemara written in Babylonia, the codes of the Rif written in Morocco, Rambam written in "
9780814780015 - page_314: "START TEXT: Egypt, Rashi and Tosafos written in France and the Maharan written in Poland,” and proposed that eve" ******* END TEXT: ". Leaders of the yeshiva world who made study of the Talmud their life’s task argued that reviewing "
9780814780015 - page_315: "START TEXT: one page a day was not sufficiently serious and absorbing; it was to Jewish learning what a quickly " ******* END TEXT: "yeshiva into a grudging supporter.\nAfter the war, the numbers gradually grew. In 1953, ten thousand "
9780814780015 - page_316: "START TEXT: were reported to have gathered in Jerusalem’s Me’ah She’arim; in 1960 large celebrations were held i" ******* END TEXT: " memorial for the Six Million. That the huge hall was overflowing and the turnout included not only "
9780814780015 - page_317: "START TEXT: survivors from among the old sages but also some of the new ones born or raised in America presumabl" ******* END TEXT: "om which the Ringling Brothers, Barnum and Bailey Circus had to be displaced and where the National "
9780814780015 - page_318: "START TEXT: Basketball Association Playoffs were about to begin, twenty thousand Jews assembled for what the org" ******* END TEXT: " streaming along West Thirty-Fourth Street. Subway trains from Brooklyn and Queens were filled with "
9780814780015 - page_319: "START TEXT: Orthodox Jews headed for Manhattan. Buses loaded with yeshiva students jammed the avenues and pulled" ******* END TEXT: "h” and the basketball championships were being displaced in favor of Torah. This was a miracle. How "
9780814780015 - page_320: "START TEXT: could the daf yomi people, who represent a way of life so antithetical to circuses and sports events" ******* END TEXT: "rtain that the “right” message was reported, organizers prepared press packets for outsiders to the "
9780814780015 - page_321: "START TEXT: world of Agudat Israel. Attached was a list of eighty cities, most in America but some in Canada, Me" ******* END TEXT: " modernity against which it strived. The assembly at Madison Square Garden was, therefore, from its "
9780814780015 - page_322: "START TEXT: inception an act freighted with meaning. It offered those who came together an opportunity to experi" ******* END TEXT: "s and prayers to shape the event so that it resonated with the sacred and momentous. Madison Square "
9780814780015 - page_323: "START TEXT: Garden would be made into a sanctuary larger than any in American Jewry.\nAround all this activity wa" ******* END TEXT: "n extended dais placed at midcourt and festooned with a long banner were the great rabbis and sages "
9780814780015 - page_324: "START TEXT: who would deliver the speeches. Although each of these luminaries would have his name and affiliatio" ******* END TEXT: "s were Jews who had never really been hasidim but who, especially after the destruction of European "
9780814780015 - page_325: "START TEXT: Jewry, felt a vague affinity for the idea of “rebbe.” These orphans of history became part-time hasi" ******* END TEXT: "h world. To the untrained eye, the bearded Raful in black coat and fedora looked like all the other "
9780814780015 - page_326: "START TEXT: sages on the podium; his years of education in Ashkenazi yeshivas had obviously cast him in their im" ******* END TEXT: "ew Americans. He was also the quintessential community rabbi.21 From his first post in Ichenhausen, "
9780814780015 - page_327: "START TEXT: Germany, as well as during more than twenty years of service in Baltimore and finally in Washington " ******* END TEXT: "because of those affiliations but also because, as a press release put it, “through his outstanding "
9780814780015 - page_328: "START TEXT: leadership and dynamic oratory he has become known as one of the bright lights of a new generation o" ******* END TEXT: "er and readied himself for what would follow, he sensed he was a witness to a “partial fulfillment” "
9780814780015 - page_329: "START TEXT: of the Talmud’s interpretation (B.T. Megillah 6a) of the prophet Zechariah’s promise that “in a fore" ******* END TEXT: " Messiah conclude the next Shas.”\nFor the aged rabbi from Skver, Moshe Neuschloss, it was important "
9780814780015 - page_330: "START TEXT: to bear witness that from where he came, daf yomi was a part of daily hasidic life, with many fillin" ******* END TEXT: "e who engaged in study not as a vocation (as yeshiva people did) but for the sake of “Torah leshma, "
9780814780015 - page_331: "START TEXT: for no ulterior motives,” were the heroes. When we recite the Talmud, Schwab told the crowd, we are " ******* END TEXT: "ng up to their obligations as Jews.\nSvei spoke for too long or perhaps his message was not one that "
9780814780015 - page_332: "START TEXT: this hall, filled with laymen, happy with their daf yomi experience, wanted to hear. Restless, offer" ******* END TEXT: "se lines from the morning prayers resonated Scripture from Isaiah to the Psalms, and reminded those "
9780814780015 - page_333: "START TEXT: present of the losses mourned this evening, ending with the call to God to look down upon those peop" ******* END TEXT: "ng and night. Elya Fisher, a Gerrer hasid and head of its kollel, would perform the task, but first "
9780814780015 - page_334: "START TEXT: he reminded his listeners how the study of these texts protected them from the corrosive influences " ******* END TEXT: " beat. Long after people would forget the speeches, they would recall the spine-chilling experience "
9780814780015 - page_335: "START TEXT: of the repeated singing of this testament of faith in a final redemption. As one participant put it," ******* END TEXT: "ELCOME TO THE 9TH SIYUM HA-SHAS OF THE DAF YOMI. This was the glory of the King of Kings. On top of "
9780814780015 - page_336: "START TEXT: the sign were bigger, brighter lights that would remain lit no matter who took over the Garden for t" ******* END TEXT: "6; Beth Ha-Talmud, also founded in Brooklyn in 1949; and the Philadelphia Yeshiva, founded in 1953.\n"
9780814780015 - page_337: "START TEXT: 7. Jacob I. Friedman, “Reflections on Learning the Daf Yomi,” Jewish Observer (April 1990): 12. Frie" ******* END TEXT: " in Washington Heights as a genuine heir of the German tradition. When first proposed for the post, "
9780814780015 - page_338: "START TEXT: he was opposed by some of the Kahal Adath Jeshurun leaders who felt that a graduate of Lithuanian ye" ******* END TEXT: " an analysis of the cultural meaning of this practice, see Samuel C. Heilman, People of the Book.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_339: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 20Americanism and Judaism in the Thought of Mordecai M. Kaplan\nMel Scult\nMordecai Kaplan was" ******* END TEXT: "ragmentation and attenuation that endangered the Jewish communal cohesion. Some Jews questioned the "
9780814780015 - page_340: "START TEXT: need for a Jewish community altogether in a society where economic and social opportunities were so " ******* END TEXT: "nity inevitably craves religious articulation to give form and context to its joys and its sorrows.\n"
9780814780015 - page_341: "START TEXT: Insistence that Judaism was a civilization rather than a religion carried with it certain implicatio" ******* END TEXT: "mbers and that perhaps the only way effectively to influence the behavior of his congregants was to "
9780814780015 - page_342: "START TEXT: “utilize contemporary American needs to develop such spiritual values as might enable us to meet tho" ******* END TEXT: "rvice of humanity, we entreat Thee to help us fulfill the promise of America.”6 It was America, its "
9780814780015 - page_343: "START TEXT: government, and its people who were the elect and the embodiment of the divine plan.\nKaplan’s willin" ******* END TEXT: "t propaganda. “I thought that the arguments against Zionism would shake her faith in Palestine,” he "
9780814780015 - page_344: "START TEXT: confided to his journal. “Instead, she seemed as ardent in her faith as before.” He consoled himself" ******* END TEXT: "he American Enlightenment as their own. Kallen and Kaplan believed in the freedom of individuals to "
9780814780015 - page_345: "START TEXT: live in a society that fostered diversity and pluralism. Yet their conclusions diverged significantl" ******* END TEXT: "he right to perpetuate itself, and this perpetuation takes place through education. The Jews should "
9780814780015 - page_346: "START TEXT: use their educational agencies and institutions to foster Jewish consciousness. Kaplan hoped that th" ******* END TEXT: " collective mind or the collective will, thus showing that the Jewish people are disintegrating.”12\n"
9780814780015 - page_347: "START TEXT: Kaplan admired the cohesiveness of the Catholic Church, which enabled it to withstand the disintegra" ******* END TEXT: "munity in America was fatally flawed, he asserted, because it was based on organizations, primarily "
9780814780015 - page_348: "START TEXT: synagogues, that were not compulsory. In bad economic times, when the individual had to reduce his o" ******* END TEXT: " would govern the qualifications for rabbis, cantors, teachers, and social workers, and that “would "
9780814780015 - page_349: "START TEXT: authorize courts for adjusting violations of its rules and arbitrating conflicts for which no law ex" ******* END TEXT: "y of the “autonomous individual.”18 He was ready to accept giving greater power to the community at "
9780814780015 - page_350: "START TEXT: the expense of limiting individualism as the price of Jewish survival. For Kaplan, community was mor" ******* END TEXT: "elieved that religion should help the individual function at the highest level of his capabilities; "
9780814780015 - page_351: "START TEXT: in addition, however, faith should create good character and foster self-control.\nShifts toward a re" ******* END TEXT: " In traditional societies, where the collective will was clear and united, such pressure functioned "
9780814780015 - page_352: "START TEXT: effectively. In a democratic society, directing the collective mind away from the exaltation of self" ******* END TEXT: " the need for the individual to submit to the commandment, the mitzvah. However, for Kaplan mitzvah "
9780814780015 - page_353: "START TEXT: was not to descend from on high. It would be created through the democratic processes of a modern so" ******* END TEXT: "nvitz, ed. (New York: Herzl, 1987), 17. These observations on Kallen are based mostly on this book.\n"
9780814780015 - page_354: "START TEXT: 10. Mordecai M. Kaplan, “The Function of the Jewish School,” Jewish Teacher 1, no. 1:9. Benderly cre" ******* END TEXT: "was suggested by Michael Novak, “Crime and Character,” This World 14 (Spring/Summer 1986): 26–54.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_355: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 21The American Mission of Abraham Joshua Heschel\nEdward K. Kaplan\nBecause of his combination" ******* END TEXT: "y from the University of Berlin in 1933.\nHeschel came to America in 1940 having already bridged the "
9780814780015 - page_356: "START TEXT: traditional and modern worlds and having lived through the European cultural crisis following the Fi" ******* END TEXT: " collection of Yiddish poems, Der Shem Ham’Forash—Mentsh (Mankind—God’s Ineffable Name), expressing "
9780814780015 - page_357: "START TEXT: the intense compassion of a pious Jew who, despite his modernity, lives in intimacy with the biblica" ******* END TEXT: "939 he received an invitation from President Julian Morgenstern to teach at Hebrew Union College.12 "
9780814780015 - page_358: "START TEXT: Awaiting approval of a nonquota visa to the United States, Heschel left Warsaw for London, writing t" ******* END TEXT: "y and his response to human evil remained consistent with that of his years in Berlin. Grateful for "
9780814780015 - page_359: "START TEXT: their having rescued him, Heschel judged American Jews as being in the throes of a second Holocaust—" ******* END TEXT: "lamed secular civilization—“us,” not “them,” including Americans—for distorted values and a feeble, "
9780814780015 - page_360: "START TEXT: ineffective response to events: “The outbreak of war was no surprise. It came as a long expected seq" ******* END TEXT: "pean Jewry made especially urgent Heschel’s commitment to transplant the Kabbalistic tree of heaven "
9780814780015 - page_361: "START TEXT: in the New World. In a translation of a speech given in Yiddish to the YIVO annual conference in New" ******* END TEXT: "mits of language so as to thrust readers beyond concepts to God’s initiative. Reading him becomes a "
9780814780015 - page_362: "START TEXT: religious odyssey. His writing can at times become a virtuoso performance, verbal acrobatics. At its" ******* END TEXT: "life. The assumption [is] that God is an idea, a process, a source, a fountain, a spring, a power.”\n"
9780814780015 - page_363: "START TEXT: The affirmative part of his address provided a demanding standard. It began with a citation from an " ******* END TEXT: "as paradigmatic of the journey of the modern Jew. Scion of generations of rabbis, the young man had "
9780814780015 - page_364: "START TEXT: arrived in Berlin in the fall of 1927 to study at the University; one day he “walks alone through th" ******* END TEXT: "rd that means more than universe, more than eternity, holy, holy, holy; we cannot comprehend it. We "
9780814780015 - page_365: "START TEXT: only know it means infinitely more than we are able to echo. Staggered, embarrassed, we stammer and " ******* END TEXT: "h regard to civil rights, “Racial or religious bigotry must be recognized for what it is: satanism, "
9780814780015 - page_366: "START TEXT: blasphemy.”51 In the realm of international politics (the question was the war in Vietnam): “Oceans " ******* END TEXT: "s our drive toward faith and does not contradict a commitment to harsh truth. Heschel’s demand that "
9780814780015 - page_367: "START TEXT: we live in a manner compatible with God’s presence reinforces our resolve in the face of God’s silen" ******* END TEXT: "wo Hasidic extremists who guided his youth represented his lifelong ethical and spiritual tensions:\n"
9780814780015 - page_368: "START TEXT: In a very strange way, I found my soul at home with the Baal Shem Tov but driven by the Kotzker. Was" ******* END TEXT: "e test of any theology must be to provide an authentic and relevant model of Judaism at such times.\n"
9780814780015 - page_369: "START TEXT: 2. Newsweek, January 31, 1966; New York Herald Tribune, April 1, 1951, reviewing Man Is Not Alone.\n3" ******* END TEXT: "an: An Interpretation of Judaism (New York: Free Press, 1959; most recent revision of bibliography, "
9780814780015 - page_370: "START TEXT: 1975), a lucid systematization of his philosophy, making Heschel accessible to a wide readership.\n12" ******* END TEXT: "s. See his interview in Yiddish with Gershon Jacobson, Day-Morning Journal, 13 June 1963, quoted in "
9780814780015 - page_371: "START TEXT: translation by Samuel Dresner, ed., The Circle of the Baal Shem Tov, xxv, note 30.\n22. “An Analysis " ******* END TEXT: "its two central chapters (3 and 4), based on the two papers he delivered to the American rabbinate.\n"
9780814780015 - page_372: "START TEXT: 32. “The Spirit of Jewish Prayer,” Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly of America 17 (1953): 151–" ******* END TEXT: " no. 1 (Fall 1973): 40–49. The entire issue is devoted to tributes to Heschel soon after his death.\n"
9780814780015 - page_373: "START TEXT: 47. The specific goals of Heschel’s activism can be found in his collection of addresses, The Insecu" ******* END TEXT: "people’s faith in God at this moment in history did not falter. At this moment in history Isaac was "
9780814780015 - page_374: "START TEXT: indeed sacrificed, his blood shed. We all died in Auschwitz, yet our faith survived. We knew that to" ******* END TEXT: "ding God,” which cites (without attribution) Heschel’s 1943 article on “The Meaning of This War.”\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_375: "START TEXT: PART SEVENSurviving as Jews in Twenty-First-Century America\n" ******* END TEXT: "PART SEVENSurviving as Jews in Twenty-First-Century America\n"
9780814780015 - page_376: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_377: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 22Modern Times and Jewish Assimilation\nPaul Ritterband\nSociologists of the Jews have been cl" ******* END TEXT: "ntrolled by a numerus clausus, Jews have become major figures in American academic and intellectual "
9780814780015 - page_378: "START TEXT: life. They are disproportionately employed in universities and, more significantly, the more disting" ******* END TEXT: "on and economic rationality has contributed to individual success but has wreaked havoc with Jewish "
9780814780015 - page_379: "START TEXT: collective life. The Jews of modernity are obsessed with modernity. Even among first-generation Amer" ******* END TEXT: "me less American as well as less Jewish. Fertility is one critical indicator of this metamorphosis.\n"
9780814780015 - page_380: "START TEXT: The secularization and modernization (the processes are inseparable) of the rank and file of Jews fo" ******* END TEXT: " (assuming no losses through intermarriage, of which more below). Western societies are reproducing "
9780814780015 - page_381: "START TEXT: below replacement and the Jews lead the way, as they have for more than a century. The United States" ******* END TEXT: "odernity (a mode of thought and behavior that includes, inter alia, commitment to the small nuclear "
9780814780015 - page_382: "START TEXT: family) since they stepped out of the ghettos and villages of Eastern and Central Europe. To be mode" ******* END TEXT: "g Catholics and Protestants.15\nThe proportion of American Jews who are third- and fourth-generation "
9780814780015 - page_383: "START TEXT: Americans has grown enormously and with that growth there has been a substantial increase in rates o" ******* END TEXT: "h the introductory filter question, “Is anyone in the household Jewish?”), it is easy to miss those "
9780814780015 - page_384: "START TEXT: households where one of the partners was born or reared Jewish and is no longer Jewish, either throu" ******* END TEXT: "amelin’s family was one of only two Jewish families in town at the end of the seventeenth century.)\n"
9780814780015 - page_385: "START TEXT: Small and scattered communities had their problems but were able to maintain basic Jewish institutio" ******* END TEXT: " examined, while the American population continued to steadily increase its scatter. Beginning with "
9780814780015 - page_386: "START TEXT: World War I, whatever was keeping the Jews together spatially on the national level was weakening. B" ******* END TEXT: "a significant factor in maintaining the Jewishness of individual Jews and the Jewish household.\n...\n"
9780814780015 - page_387: "START TEXT: For the past two centuries, world Jewry has attempted to come to terms with modernity. For the most " ******* END TEXT: "fe—except for a small layer of religious professionals and an even smaller proportion of the laity.\n"
9780814780015 - page_388: "START TEXT: The possible exception to the rule is a newly aggressive and self-confident Orthodoxy, which, while " ******* END TEXT: "ith the Reform movement tend to affiliate when their children are of an age to attend Sunday School "
9780814780015 - page_389: "START TEXT: and disaffiliate shortly thereafter. (This is true to a somewhat lesser degree of the Conservative m" ******* END TEXT: "l married American Jewish women will wear wigs. With a birth rate of about five to six children per "
9780814780015 - page_390: "START TEXT: woman (assuming no attrition through assimilation), the ultra-Orthodox population will double in twe" ******* END TEXT: "ition terms mitzvah. The purposes for which Jews gather are less frequently peculiarly Jewish (lest "
9780814780015 - page_391: "START TEXT: they be seen as parochial and not modern) and, ultimately, centrifugal force spins them out of the J" ******* END TEXT: "mography 17 (1980): 261–73.\n7. Geraldine Rosenfield, “Jewish College Freshmen: An Analysis of Three "
9780814780015 - page_392: "START TEXT: Studies,” in Sidney Goldstein, ed., “The Demographics of American Jewry,” typescript (Providence, R." ******* END TEXT: "opulation of the United States, March 1957,” Current Population Reports, series P-20, No. 79, 1958.\n"
9780814780015 - page_393: "START TEXT: 15. Fred Solomon Sherrow, “Patterns of Intermarriage among American College Graduates” (Ph.D. diss.," ******* END TEXT: "rst developed by C. Morris Horowitz and Lawrence J. Kaplan in The Jewish Population of the New York "
9780814780015 - page_394: "START TEXT: Area (New York, 1959), mimeo. These are large districts; if we were to use census tracts, all the nu" ******* END TEXT: "gle for Jewish Identity in a Reform Synagogue (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987).\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_395: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 23Jewish Continuity over Judaic Content: The Moderately Affiliated American Jew\nSteven M. Co" ******* END TEXT: "in the colloquial sense of the term, of most American Jews, excepting only the Orthodox and a small "
9780814780015 - page_396: "START TEXT: number of other highly involved Jewish families. At the optimistic end of the spectrum are those who" ******* END TEXT: "nd in two simplifying catchwords: commitment to Judaic content and commitment to Jewish continuity.\n"
9780814780015 - page_397: "START TEXT: As the analysis below demonstrates, many of those in the Peripheral segment may be nearly indifferen" ******* END TEXT: "underrepresentation of the Orthodox, the frequency distributions for the major sociodemographic and "
9780814780015 - page_398: "START TEXT: standard Jewish identity variables resemble those found in recent population studies of major metrop" ******* END TEXT: "sures not directly used to construct the boundaries among them. The Involved group is predominantly "
9780814780015 - page_399: "START TEXT: Conservative (43%) and Orthodox (29%). Almost all attend a Passover seder, light Hanukkah candles, a" ******* END TEXT: "dex consisted of a “hard” and an “easy” question. An easy question is one that elicited affirmative "
9780814780015 - page_400: "START TEXT: responses from about two-thirds to three-quarters of the total sample; a hard question is one to whi" ******* END TEXT: "s (table 23.3 in the appendix). Most Moderately Affiliated Jews believe God exists but are doubtful "
9780814780015 - page_401: "START TEXT: about God’s active involvement. In contrast, Peripheral Jews are almost evenly divided between simpl" ******* END TEXT: "ortant” to their sense of being Jewish. Less than a quarter regard keeping kosher, a key indication "
9780814780015 - page_402: "START TEXT: of compliance with traditional Jewish law, as even desirable to being a good Jew.\nAs Charles Liebman" ******* END TEXT: " the premodern Jewish community, those who were especially proficient in the art achieved prestige, "
9780814780015 - page_403: "START TEXT: social status, and wealth. For today’s American Jews, the contemporary understanding of what it mean" ******* END TEXT: "tted to Jewish education are those who do not even regard children’s Jewish education as essential.\n"
9780814780015 - page_404: "START TEXT: Using these operational definitions, almost half of the Involved group is highly committed to Jewish" ******* END TEXT: "hed from pro-Israel Jews not merely in the depth and intensity of their passion for Israel but also "
9780814780015 - page_405: "START TEXT: in their understanding of the meaning of Israel. More than those who are merely pro-Israel, Zionists" ******* END TEXT: " feel attracted to Jewish traditions and customs, are attached to Jewish holidays and celebrations, "
9780814780015 - page_406: "START TEXT: believe in the importance of some familiarity with Jewish life, and care about Israel.\nAt the same t" ******* END TEXT: "ent. In short, almost all Jews are proud of being Jewish; the more involved are simply prouder.\n...\n"
9780814780015 - page_407: "START TEXT: Aside from a generalized pride in being Jewish, the vast majority of Jews from all three levels of i" ******* END TEXT: " segments, the extent to which such emotions are reported varies along familiar lines, ranging from "
9780814780015 - page_408: "START TEXT: Involved to Moderately Affiliated to Peripheral Jews. For the most part, with respect to affection f" ******* END TEXT: "or family life-cycle celebrations. They celebrate Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Hanukkah, and Passover "
9780814780015 - page_409: "START TEXT: in some fashion, while generally ignoring most of the other holidays on the Jewish calendar. The gre" ******* END TEXT: "ns are interesting and intriguing. But ultimately their answers lie beyond the scope of this paper.\n"
9780814780015 - page_410: "START TEXT: Appendix\nTABLE 23.1Variables Used to Define Involved, Moderately Affiliated, andPeripheral Jewish Gr" ******* END TEXT: "ed to Define Involved, Moderately Affiliated, andPeripheral Jewish Groups(Entries Are Percentages)\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_411: "START TEXT: TABLE 23.2Denomination and Selected Jewish Identity Activities by JewishInvolvement Classification(E" ******* END TEXT: "d Selected Jewish Identity Activities by JewishInvolvement Classification(Entries Are Percentages)\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_412: "START TEXT: TABLE 23.3Major Dimensions of Jewish Attitudes by Jewish InvolvementClassification(Entries Are Perce" ******* END TEXT: "Major Dimensions of Jewish Attitudes by Jewish InvolvementClassification(Entries Are Percentages)\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_413: "START TEXT: TABLE 23.4Expressions of Pride in Being Jewish by Jewish InvolvementClassification(Upper entries are" ******* END TEXT: "rcentages who “agree” or “agree strongly”; lower entries are the percentages who “agree strongly”)\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_414: "START TEXT: TABLE 23.5Expressions of Affection for Major Jewish Holidays by JewishInvolvement Classification(Upp" ******* END TEXT: "rcentages who “agree” or “agree strongly”; lower entries are the percentages who “agree strongly”)\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_415: "START TEXT: TABLE 23.6Expressions of Centrality of Jewish Persecution by JewishInvolvement Classification\n\nNotes" ******* END TEXT: "ty of American Jewish Life: Two Views (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1987); Steven M. Cohen, "
9780814780015 - page_416: "START TEXT: American Assimilation or Jewish Revival? (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988); Charles Lieb" ******* END TEXT: "Jewish Identity.\n8. Mary Waters, Ethnic Options (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_417: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 24From an External to an Internal Agenda\nEgon Mayer\nWhat might American Judaism look like in" ******* END TEXT: "spring of 1944, just months after my parents married. After a stint in a displaced persons compound "
9780814780015 - page_418: "START TEXT: in Switzerland, my parents returned to Hungary, only to be stranded behind the Iron Curtain until 19" ******* END TEXT: "technological and economic change, and a shift of venue from monolithic and authoritarian societies "
9780814780015 - page_419: "START TEXT: to a pluralistic and egalitarian one. Meeting these challenges has resulted in a Jewish survivalist " ******* END TEXT: " having devoted most of its (failed) efforts to trying to prevent such marriages from taking place.\n"
9780814780015 - page_420: "START TEXT: More than a dozen years of my own research on intermarriage, as well as research by others, have sho" ******* END TEXT: " way American Jews as individuals comport themselves vis-à-vis their gentile neighbors, and the way "
9780814780015 - page_421: "START TEXT: the organized Jewish community has tended to represent itself in public.\nI believe that if Jewish ou" ******* END TEXT: "s a result of the mass migrations from Eastern Europe. The rapid resettlement between 1880 and 1924 "
9780814780015 - page_422: "START TEXT: of approximately two million Jews from the Russian Pale to the urban ghettos of New York, Chicago, P" ******* END TEXT: "or as having no denominational preference at all.) In 1986, in a widely cited public opinion survey "
9780814780015 - page_423: "START TEXT: of American Jews, based upon a large national sample, Steven M. Cohen found that 11% of the responde" ******* END TEXT: "gical than communal, more felt than articulated in words and deeds. “Invisible religion,” in Thomas "
9780814780015 - page_424: "START TEXT: Luckmann’s concept, draws on the same wellspring of collective symbols and memories as institutional" ******* END TEXT: " its members are voting differently in their hearts, and their children are voting very differently "
9780814780015 - page_425: "START TEXT: in their ultimate mating choices, from the official ideology of the movement.\nThe Reform movement is" ******* END TEXT: "ative answer (an answer in this case consistent with the ideological stance of their movement), the "
9780814780015 - page_426: "START TEXT: Conservatives appear to be deeply divided among themselves, a division that reflects a split between" ******* END TEXT: "n without any conditions. (Table 24.3 in the appendix explores these responses in further detail by "
9780814780015 - page_427: "START TEXT: distinguishing between rabbis and nonrabbis among the three major denominational bodies.)\nHere, as e" ******* END TEXT: "ing to a synagogue. Given the apparent stability of the rate of synagogue affiliation over the past "
9780814780015 - page_428: "START TEXT: forty years, there is little reason to doubt that about the same proportion (approximately 50%) of A" ******* END TEXT: "hemselves Jewish. As we shall see below, however, those acts are more likely to be of the heart and "
9780814780015 - page_429: "START TEXT: thought rather than deeds linked to the formal mitzvah system of institutionalized Judaism.\nStudies " ******* END TEXT: "while preference for kosher-style foods and Yiddish humor has been supplemented, if not supplanted, "
9780814780015 - page_430: "START TEXT: by some of the following: acquisition of Jewish ceremonial and art objects (largely from Israel), fr" ******* END TEXT: "upon the American Jewish identity.\nLarge-scale entry of Jewish women into the labor force has meant "
9780814780015 - page_431: "START TEXT: that more Jewish children are exposed to a greater amount of Jewish fathering. Whatever advantage in" ******* END TEXT: "ndividuals by the non-Jewish world. Having successfully met these various personal challenges, many "
9780814780015 - page_432: "START TEXT: thought that the collective well-being of Jewry was also secured. Perhaps for the better part of the" ******* END TEXT: "ration in response to the ever-changing Jewish milieu. The branches are forever tearing through the "
9780814780015 - page_433: "START TEXT: now-threadbare canopy of the past. Looking at the tears, some lament that the sky is falling. Others" ******* END TEXT: "children Jewish?”(Father Jewish-Mother Gentile)(By Role and Denomination; Numbers Are Percentages)\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_434: "START TEXT: TABLE 24.3Would Respondent Officiate? By Role and Denomination(Numbers Are Percentages)\n\nNotes\n1. Si" ******* END TEXT: "New York: Doubleday, 1955), 204.\n4. Steven M. Cohen, Ties and Tensions: The 1986 Survey of American "
9780814780015 - page_435: "START TEXT: Jewish Attitudes toward Israel and Israelis (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1987).\n5. Thomas L" ******* END TEXT: " Orthodoxy in Milwaukee,” in Marshall Sklare, ed., The Jews (New York: Free Press, 1958), 325–35.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_436: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 25Jewish Survival, Antisemitism, and Negotiation with the Tradition\nCharles S. Liebman\nThe r" ******* END TEXT: " retain their identity as Jews—a variety of political or social or economic reasons might encourage "
9780814780015 - page_437: "START TEXT: the maintenance of ethnic ties—but become so assimilated that they are culturally unrecognizable as " ******* END TEXT: "im. I suspect that the success and high status that Jews presently enjoy undermines the convictions "
9780814780015 - page_438: "START TEXT: of the black community about the prejudiced nature of American society. That Jewish leaders scrupulo" ******* END TEXT: "domestic threats as drugs, AIDS, or problems of the homeless are adequate substitutes (although the "
9780814780015 - page_439: "START TEXT: environment might end up filling the bill) because the definition of the problem and the solutions t" ******* END TEXT: "abroad strengthens American Jewish identity and a sense of collective Jewish purpose. Antisemitism, "
9780814780015 - page_440: "START TEXT: or perceived threats of antisemitism within the United States, is an important instrument for mobili" ******* END TEXT: "rect rather than direct. Two better questions are the following: Do different forms of antisemitism "
9780814780015 - page_441: "START TEXT: (pogroms, mass slaughter, sporadic physical attacks, legal discrimination, economic exclusion, socia" ******* END TEXT: "all other types of identity groups will disappear. Jews who wish to avoid the constraints of ethnic "
9780814780015 - page_442: "START TEXT: identity will continue to find that many professional societies and certain occupational groups offe" ******* END TEXT: "ermore, I believe that we can identify most Jews by the model or paradigm that best describes their "
9780814780015 - page_443: "START TEXT: relationship to Judaism. Elsewhere I have referred to these two models as “public” and “private.” By" ******* END TEXT: "rmore, this may have an impact on the intermarriage rate. (I will return to this at the close.)\n...\n"
9780814780015 - page_444: "START TEXT: I suggest not only that the present emphasis on private as contrasted with public Judaism may shift " ******* END TEXT: "and do not project deviations from this norm as legitimate. The relationship of “submission” raises "
9780814780015 - page_445: "START TEXT: questions about the proper interpretation of the tradition and there are differences of opinion on t" ******* END TEXT: " financial straits. But the category of “museum” Jew is not, I believe, a stable one. To expand the "
9780814780015 - page_446: "START TEXT: metaphor, either the “museum” Jew is likely to become obsessed with his collection, in which case it" ******* END TEXT: "t, but they have increasingly penetrated Conservative and Reform synagogues (and even some Orthodox "
9780814780015 - page_447: "START TEXT: synagogues) as well as their rabbinical seminaries. The principles to which I refer are informality," ******* END TEXT: " Jewish tradition, the awesome and authoritative God whom Jews are obliged to obey. They substitute "
9780814780015 - page_448: "START TEXT: a Judaism focused upon the legitimation of self and the kind of lives American Jews have chosen to l" ******* END TEXT: "rtner does or does not convert to Judaism. The shift in emphasis from public to private Judaism and "
9780814780015 - page_449: "START TEXT: the reformulation of Judaism in more traditional or particularistic terms will also make Judaism les" ******* END TEXT: "ed in Lucy Dawidowicz, ed., The Golden Tradition (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1967), 95.\n"
9780814780015 - page_450: "START TEXT: 4. Jean-Paul Sartre, Portrait of the Anti-Semite (London: Seeker and Warburg, 1948).\n5. Dawidowicz, " ******* END TEXT: "d the term. I find it most apt to describe the behavior of an important segment of American Jews.\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_451: "START TEXT: CHAPTER 26American Jewry in the Twenty-First Century: Strategies of Faith\nArnold Eisen\nI am not quit" ******* END TEXT: "heavily on the configuration of its faiths. The State of Israel—soon to possess a majority of world "
9780814780015 - page_452: "START TEXT: Jewry, perhaps, and certainly more Jews than America—will continue to develop the holiness of space," ******* END TEXT: "of Abraham Heschel and expert on Hasidism who assumed the mantle of Mordecai Kaplan as president of "
9780814780015 - page_453: "START TEXT: the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, is working on a synthesis that puts the emphasis upon pers" ******* END TEXT: " kind of thinking, an approach to thought, rather than supplying hard-and-firm answers to questions "
9780814780015 - page_454: "START TEXT: about God and God’s plans for the world. American Jews have never seemed particularly interested in " ******* END TEXT: "ernalized concern with the good opinion of certain highly secularized gentile Americans, our desire "
9780814780015 - page_455: "START TEXT: to balance particularist “survival” with harmony and integration and not, God forbid, to go too far " ******* END TEXT: "t these weekly Torah readings from Leviticus provide me with a landmark of sorts from which to view "
9780814780015 - page_456: "START TEXT: our present—indeed, any Jewish present. They tell me where I am and have been (like Aaron, relativel" ******* END TEXT: ", “Standing Again at Sinai: Jewish Memory from a Feminist Perspective,” Tikkun 1, no. 2 (1986): 28.\n"
9780814780015 - page_457: "START TEXT: 8. I refer of course to the great nineteenth-century survey of American mores and institutions: Alex" ******* END TEXT: "rchbooks, 1966); and Joseph Soloveitchik, “The Lonely Man of Faith,” Tradition (Summer 1965): 5–67.\n"
9780814780015 - page_458: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814780015 - page_459: "START TEXT: Index\nAbel, Lionel, 73\nAcculturation, concept of, 5, 10, 11, 13, 62, 76, 312, 331, 382, 441\nAckerman" ******* END TEXT: "aban, Meir, 358\nBalfour Declaration, 155, 156, 165, 170, 171, 172, 175, 176, 202\nBavli, Hillel, 187\n"
9780814780015 - page_460: "START TEXT: Belkind, Israel, 47\nBell, Daniel, 73\nBellah, Robert N., 7\nBellow, Saul, 73\nBen-Gurion, David, 159, 1" ******* END TEXT: "sm and feminism, 297–308\nwomen as rabbis in, 271, 300–302\nConservative Judaism and Zionism, 194–201\n"
9780814780015 - page_461: "START TEXT: Continuity, Jewish, 396–97, 409, 436\nCookbooks, Jewish, 256–57\nCouncil of Jewish Federations (CJF), " ******* END TEXT: "ssim, 177, 189n. 20, 231\nFriesel, Evyatar, 194, 209\nFuchs, Daniel, 60–63, 76\nFunny Girl (movie), 88\n"
9780814780015 - page_462: "START TEXT: Gans, Eduard, 22\nGarfield, John, 80\nGender-based religious language, 276, 291\nGender roles, and kash" ******* END TEXT: "25, 147, 157–58, 159, 162, 196, 312, 316, 332, 334, 356, 367, 369n. 4, 373n. 55, 408, 417, 452, 456\n"
9780814780015 - page_463: "START TEXT: Homosexuality and American Judaism, 278–79\nHook, Sidney, 73\nHorkheimer, Max, 32\nHorowitz, Leon, 43–4" ******* END TEXT: "–68\nKohn, Abraham, 36n. 26\nKompert, Leopold, 22–23\nKook, Abraham Isaac, 152, 197\nKotler, Aaron, 331\n"
9780814780015 - page_464: "START TEXT: Labor movement, Jewish, in America, 103, 114\nLandsmanshaften, 8, 103, 223\nLazarus, Emma, 65\nLeivick," ******* END TEXT: "d New Deal” (1937), 100, 108, 116. See also Roosevelt, Franklin Delano\nNewman, Louis I., 205–7, 209\n"
9780814780015 - page_465: "START TEXT: New York, Jews in, 385–86. See also Lower East Side\nNew York intellectuals, Jewish, 74\nNiebuhr, Rein" ******* END TEXT: "on, idea of, 114, 198, 329, 334–35\nReform Jews, 12, 13, 154, 340, 399, 422, 423, 425, 427, 440, 452\n"
9780814780015 - page_466: "START TEXT: Reform Judaism, 33, 37n. 35, 55, 114, 125, 151, 169, 170, 175, 181, 195, 197, 219, 221, 222, 230–46\n" ******* END TEXT: "ocial-action component of\nSocialism, 21, 47, 71, 76, 102, 106, 120, 135, 152, 154\nand the Jews, 136\n"
9780814780015 - page_467: "START TEXT: Society for the Advancement of Judaism (New York), 341, 450\nSociety of Jewish Science, 269\nSolomon, " ******* END TEXT: "182\nWarner, Jack, 80, 82\nWarshow, Robert, 73\nWeber, Max, 451\nWeidman, Jerome, 72\nWeinreich, Max, 54\n"
9780814780015 - page_468: "START TEXT: Weisbrem, Israel, 52\nWeizmann, Chaim, 156–57, 164n. 15\nWelfare programs, Jewish attitudes toward, 10" ******* END TEXT: "so Federation of American Zionists; World Zionist Organization\nZunser, Eliakum, 55\nZunz, Leopold, 22"
9780814780015 - page_469: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814780015 - page_470: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814780015 - page_471: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814780015 - page_472: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814780213 - page_209: "START TEXT: SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY\nBrzezinski, Zbigniew K. The Grand Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism in" ******* END TEXT: "n and Future Prospects of Japan’s Distribution System.” Japan and the World Economy 3 (1991):39-60.\n"
9780814780213 - page_210: "START TEXT: Miwa, Yoshiro, and Kiyohiko G. Nishimura. The Distribution System in Japan. Tokyo: University of Tok" ******* END TEXT: "nd G. Suzawa. Research and Productivity: Endogenous Technical Change. Boston: Auburn House, 1983.\n\n\n"
9780814780213 - page_1: "START TEXT: ONETHE RISE OF REVISIONISM\nThe “Hawks” and the “Chrysanthemum Club”\nA New Containment Policy? Early " ******* END TEXT: "oles apart from the United States. The illusion and its betrayal, Fallows pointed out, underlie the "
9780814780213 - page_10: "START TEXT: This basis in fact, not theory, has helped to strengthen the persuasiveness of their arguments. Japa" ******* END TEXT: "r the United States could have dire consequences.\nFrom a different perspective, the quarrel between "
9780814780213 - page_11: "START TEXT: the hawks and the Chrysanthemum Club might be regarded as a conflict between emotional and logical a" ******* END TEXT: "pinion, the logic of a free-market economy is being overwhelmed by the Japan-is-different argument.\n"
9780814780213 - page_12: "START TEXT: Is Japan Really Different?\nContaining Japan. Just as many Americans overreacted to what they perceiv" ******* END TEXT: " redress the trade imbalance, the finance ministers of the five major industrialized countries (the "
9780814780213 - page_13: "START TEXT: United States, Japan, West Germany, Great Britain, and France) agreed to a currency realignment at a" ******* END TEXT: "ations, the Structural Impediments Initiative talks, which were haunted by the threat that Congress "
9780814780213 - page_14: "START TEXT: would invoke the Super 301 provision of the 1988 Trade Act and impose economic sanctions on Japan an" ******* END TEXT: " opposed to those who resorted to this sort of argument, as were America’s leading policymakers. He "
9780814780213 - page_15: "START TEXT: had accepted the television station’s invitation, he told me, because he thought it provided a good " ******* END TEXT: "statements, even those made by people who know nothing of America, are prized by the Japanese media "
9780814780213 - page_16: "START TEXT: because they are easy to report. But the American media are just as bad. When Sony bought Columbia P" ******* END TEXT: "r products at cheaper prices, making money—these are all actions that live up to capitalist ideals.\n"
9780814780213 - page_17: "START TEXT: Capitalism means competition; its dominant principle is that whoever wins, survives. That is the pre" ******* END TEXT: "balances that operates between the United States and Europe does not work between the United States "
9780814780213 - page_18: "START TEXT: and Japan. Why not? The answer seems to be, as Fallows says, that the customs and institutions withi" ******* END TEXT: "ustry. Such practices would be inconceivable in other countries. Bringing them out into the open is "
9780814780213 - page_19: "START TEXT: highly embarrassing, but they must be exposed so that Japan can prepare for the future.\nThe Structur" ******* END TEXT: "elago. Under the circumstances it is not at all strange that Americans have concluded that there is "
9780814780213 - page_2: "START TEXT: frustrations of the American people in their dealings with Japan.\nStill, just as no two people look " ******* END TEXT: "“What about that Japanese car over there?” I asked. The salesman, a big man about six foot three or "
9780814780213 - page_20: "START TEXT: something different about Japan and have decided to rethink their views. Reacting against this new U" ******* END TEXT: "or showing of the ruling Liberal Democratic party in the Upper House election that July and brought "
9780814780213 - page_21: "START TEXT: about the ouster of Takeshita’s successor, Sosuke Uno, who had been discredited by a sex scandal. Wh" ******* END TEXT: "en just because it accords with economic laws? Shouldn’t some consideration be given to whether the "
9780814780213 - page_22: "START TEXT: activity is ultimately in the best interests of the parties involved? Viewed in that light, the situ" ******* END TEXT: " idly by simply because an economic law is operating? Isn’t it necessary to build some sort of dam? "
9780814780213 - page_23: "START TEXT: When a policy runs counter to economic laws, however, far from being praised—as in the case of flood" ******* END TEXT: "an tenfold increase in just ten years’ time. In the United States alone, Japanese direct investment "
9780814780213 - page_24: "START TEXT: went from $67.3 billion in 1989 to $83.5 billion in 1990.* Thus, more than half of these acquisition" ******* END TEXT: "us continues to grow, the excess will have to be invested somewhere, this time most likely in Asia.\n"
9780814780213 - page_25: "START TEXT: United States, the standard bearer for free trade since World War II, has been tempted to adopt a ma" ******* END TEXT: " the U.S. economy. Why has America, a country whose overwhelming postwar power and affluence led it "
9780814780213 - page_26: "START TEXT: to assume the roles of the world’s banker and policeman, seen its formidable lead in world economic " ******* END TEXT: "eness is declining, controlling the key currency becomes a disadvantage. What was beneficial in the "
9780814780213 - page_27: "START TEXT: short run becomes a handicap over the long run. The flip side to the short-term advantage of being a" ******* END TEXT: "ar II, the foundations for today’s International Monetary Fund system were laid at an international "
9780814780213 - page_28: "START TEXT: conference held in the town of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. This conference to define the workings " ******* END TEXT: "r 52 percent of the world’s Gross National Product (GNP) and two-thirds of the world’s gold supply. "
9780814780213 - page_29: "START TEXT: That America with a mere 3 percent of the world’s population had so much wealth is amazing. That per" ******* END TEXT: "ations that have set up businesses overseas. Take the case of the Iran Japan Petrochemical Company, "
9780814780213 - page_3: "START TEXT: four, put his foot on the bumper and shook the car back and forth. “You don’t want to buy this,” he " ******* END TEXT: " George Kennan has been an overwhelming success.\nIn 1947 an article entitled “The Sources of Soviet "
9780814780213 - page_30: "START TEXT: a joint venture between Iran and members of the Mitsui group. Its plans to build a petrochemical com" ******* END TEXT: "se. In such an event, Russian demands are unlikely to stop at microchips. To put it bluntly, as far "
9780814780213 - page_31: "START TEXT: as most Japanese are concerned, Russia is not the country that they are most likely to trust. The re" ******* END TEXT: "ve but to become more competitive and increase exports. Since it is impossible to regain over night "
9780814780213 - page_32: "START TEXT: something that has been lost over a period of years, the real agenda behind the SII trade talks was " ******* END TEXT: "mports decline and exports increase (or even remain the same), the trade surplus continues to grow.\n"
9780814780213 - page_33: "START TEXT: America faces a similar dilemma. The fact that the dollar, as the key currency, cannot fall below a " ******* END TEXT: "s to the United States rose only about 8 to 10 percent despite the fact that the yen had doubled in "
9780814780213 - page_34: "START TEXT: value. How was that possible? There are two lines of thought on this matter. The first view is that " ******* END TEXT: "advantageous to the Japanese consumer, everyone blithely accepted the fact that prices for Japanese "
9780814780213 - page_35: "START TEXT: exports to the United States did not rise much. Properly speaking, the amount of increase or decreas" ******* END TEXT: "on rather than producing sensationalist programs like the one mentioned earlier on American racism.\n"
9780814780213 - page_36: "START TEXT: The appreciation of the yen and the devaluation of the dollar after the 1985 Plaza Accord did not ha" ******* END TEXT: "the market is mature and that most purchases now are to replace older models. But a situation quite "
9780814780213 - page_37: "START TEXT: similar to the one for VCRs in the 1980s is evolving in the market for facsimile machines. As in the" ******* END TEXT: "course was open for America except, as Fallows suggests, to consider the new ploy of containment?\n\n\n"
9780814780213 - page_4: "START TEXT: Conduct” by Mr. X (later identified as George Kennan) appeared in the U.S. journal Foreign Affairs. " ******* END TEXT: "in the world. The collapse of communism has provided stunning corroboration for the first and third "
9780814780213 - page_5: "START TEXT: of these premises. But is America in fact the world’s richest country? How can one account for the f" ******* END TEXT: "concept of free trade does not hold true for the Japanese, and the various attempts to get Japan to "
9780814780213 - page_6: "START TEXT: change have been fundamentally mistaken. From now on America should shift policies and adopt radical" ******* END TEXT: " van Wolferen and James Fallows have both lived in Japan. Their experience lends substance to their "
9780814780213 - page_7: "START TEXT: criticisms and gives their observations greater validity. Naturally, this has had a strong impact on" ******* END TEXT: "lars and researchers would be the late Edwin Reischauer, the former ambassador to Japan, who wrote:\n"
9780814780213 - page_8: "START TEXT: Certainly much of what the revisionists have pointed out is true. But they take a short-term view of" ******* END TEXT: "or political advisers who can affect the U.S. government’s Japan policy. People like Michael Boskin "
9780814780213 - page_9: "START TEXT: and Richard Darman know almost nothing about Japan. But others like Mike Mansfield have a thorough k" ******* END TEXT: "y grounded in experience because it is derived from what they have actually encountered first hand. "
9780814780213 - page_xviii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814780213 - page_38: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814780213 - page_39: "START TEXT: TWOCONFLICTING VIEWS OF THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT\nEconomic Strength as a National Security Issue\nJapane" ******* END TEXT: "orld War II, the Japanese government adopted policies that favored production and provided indirect "
9780814780213 - page_40: "START TEXT: support to help producers maximize their market share. In contrast, a mature capitalist society like" ******* END TEXT: "jects from a position that is above the law. Tokyo’s ability to attract those who have an exclusive "
9780814780213 - page_41: "START TEXT: hold on power and information is prodigious. The city is Washington and New York combined.\nIn Americ" ******* END TEXT: "nomy being on the decline and the United States falling behind in technology, why does the American "
9780814780213 - page_42: "START TEXT: government stand idly by? Why doesn’t it do something? In Japan MITI would have taken action long ag" ******* END TEXT: ". Once an action can be justified on these grounds, anything is possible. Thus we have seen Fujitsu "
9780814780213 - page_43: "START TEXT: prevented from buying Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation, the smashing of a Toshiba radio c" ******* END TEXT: "e United States had been forced to assume an additional defense burden of $30 billion. No cause-and "
9780814780213 - page_44: "START TEXT: effect relationship between Toshiba’s milling equipment and the noise reduction was ever established" ******* END TEXT: "ion and a memo of understanding had already been exchanged, the United States unreasonably demanded "
9780814780213 - page_45: "START TEXT: that the issue be reopened. The upshot was that America withdrew its promise to furnish “critical” j" ******* END TEXT: "members of Congress bombarded the witnesses with questions. Secretary of Defense Richard Cheney was "
9780814780213 - page_46: "START TEXT: asked what would happen if Japan diverted the FSX technology the United States was to supply and sol" ******* END TEXT: "reover, as is the case with politicians in other countries, these congressmen were poorly informed. "
9780814780213 - page_47: "START TEXT: The fact that votes are more important than issues clearly holds true of legislators on both sides o" ******* END TEXT: "lane rather than buying the F-16 from the United States. Needless to say, no one bothered to report "
9780814780213 - page_48: "START TEXT: Cheney’s statement that the United States would receive approximately the same benefits from the FSX" ******* END TEXT: "n 1992, contains only the sections by Ishihara, because Morita withheld his consent to the project.\n"
9780814780213 - page_49: "START TEXT: The Japan That Can Say “No”\nRational and Irrational Policies. Economic policies have their rational " ******* END TEXT: ". Even without America making an issue of these policies, it is readily apparent that there is some "
9780814780213 - page_50: "START TEXT: thing strange about them. In these areas custom wins out over efficiency, and business is conducted " ******* END TEXT: "sier access was what the 1989-90 U.S.–Japan Structural Impediments Initiative talks were all about.\n"
9780814780213 - page_51: "START TEXT: The Japanese themselves, however, do not think their back door is messy or illogical at all. When Am" ******* END TEXT: " of diplomacy, national defense, and trade. For example, the United States regards the countries of "
9780814780213 - page_52: "START TEXT: Central America as its backyard. It sends its troops there whenever it pleases and has even arrested" ******* END TEXT: "tries, the Soviet Union in particular, that have been ideological opponents of the American system.\n"
9780814780213 - page_53: "START TEXT: The American attitude toward communism has long seemed quite irrational to outside observers. In the" ******* END TEXT: "irs with impunity. But in the early fall of 1989 problematic passages from the book were translated "
9780814780213 - page_54: "START TEXT: and distributed throughout the U.S. Congress. A pirated translation was subsequently circulated arou" ******* END TEXT: "s for U.S.–Japan Relations, for example, it would most likely not have provoked much of a reaction.\n"
9780814780213 - page_55: "START TEXT: When the Morita-Ishihara book first created a stir in the United States, Japanese misunderstood what" ******* END TEXT: " Shintaro Ishihara did, that Japan might bypass the United States and enter into friendly relations "
9780814780213 - page_56: "START TEXT: with the Soviet Union or that it might use its superior technology as a trump card in negotiating a " ******* END TEXT: "nternational markets. Your new book, “The Japan That Can Say ‘No,’” shakes my faith. . . . You both "
9780814780213 - page_57: "START TEXT: make it clear that Japan’s strategy has not been one of maximizing the consumer’s gains from trade. " ******* END TEXT: "s currently undersecretary of the treasury for international affairs in the Clinton administration.\n"
9780814780213 - page_58: "START TEXT: Summers has always avoided sensationalism and is noted for his sensible statements and calm, dispass" ******* END TEXT: "nd American “devils” and vowing to suppress all personal desires until after Japan had won the war.\n"
9780814780213 - page_59: "START TEXT: The Secret of “Made in Japan”\nNational Security as “Public Good.” It is difficult to reach a politic" ******* END TEXT: ": A Study in Public Economics. Musgrave’s theory is based on the idea that there are “public wants” "
9780814780213 - page_60: "START TEXT: and “public goods” and that the government’s role is to fill public wants with goods and services. T" ******* END TEXT: "does not apply, those which belong to all the people or which no amount of money can transform into "
9780814780213 - page_61: "START TEXT: personal property. Thus, when the American government tries to adopt a policy, the exclusion princip" ******* END TEXT: " to the fact that Morita’s criticisms were about private goods whereas Ishihara’s were about public "
9780814780213 - page_62: "START TEXT: goods. Morita made some scathing comments—Japanese companies look ten years ahead, U.S. companies te" ******* END TEXT: "ead to the area of defense. The United States claimed that Japan was enjoying a free ride under the "
9780814780213 - page_63: "START TEXT: U.S.–Japan security treaty. It was not paying its fair share but was pouring its energies instead in" ******* END TEXT: "t use the park. That is where bargaining comes in.\nThere are two ways to determine who pays what in "
9780814780213 - page_64: "START TEXT: such a situation. The first is based on the ability to pay; the second is the benefit approach. Usin" ******* END TEXT: " private goods and interpret defense as just another area of friction between the United States and "
9780814780213 - page_65: "START TEXT: Japan. Bargaining over defense issues will always exist regardless of whether or not there are trade" ******* END TEXT: " to shoulder more of the military as well as the monetary burdens of the international public good.\n"
9780814780213 - page_66: "START TEXT: Why Can’t the United States Adopt an Industrial Policy? Although, as we have seen, it is difficult f" ******* END TEXT: " human rights and the lack of regard for the individual in these countries, while doing nothing for "
9780814780213 - page_67: "START TEXT: the homeless in their own land. Or at least that is how it looks to the Japanese.\nIn grossly oversim" ******* END TEXT: ".” Although both America and Japan are capitalist countries, the principles they are based upon are "
9780814780213 - page_68: "START TEXT: in fact very different: Water and oil are both liquids, but they are very different substances.\nThe " ******* END TEXT: "ompanies, they would sue the government. After an enormous expenditure of time and money, the court "
9780814780213 - page_69: "START TEXT: would render its verdict; high-ranking government officials would be fired; and the affair would bec" ******* END TEXT: "t, in America it is the consumer who comes first.\nFor these reasons, any industrial policy that the "
9780814780213 - page_70: "START TEXT: United States adopts must somehow be involved with national defense or areas such as space, rockets," ******* END TEXT: "o as a global economic power and has always been tempted by the possibility of becoming number one.\n"
9780814780213 - page_71: "START TEXT: Japan has been given a goal for which it is innately suited—that of providing better goods more chea" ******* END TEXT: "s much talked about these days. But even if America were to adopt an industrial policy like Japan’s "
9780814780213 - page_72: "START TEXT: that involved private goods, since the United States is already number one, it would be hard pressed" ******* END TEXT: "being number one is a tremendous handicap, and that is why America cannot make a bold initiative.\n\n\n"
9780814780213 - page_100: "START TEXT: racial prejudice could only have been made by someone who was unaware of the money and energy the Un" ******* END TEXT: "ts, it angered many congressmen and, on the grass-roots level, the members of many minority groups.\n"
9780814780213 - page_101: "START TEXT: Democrats and Republicans were equally enraged by the comments on national security in The Japan Tha" ******* END TEXT: "ovides to protect the weak has contributed enormously to the national deficit. America’s efforts to "
9780814780213 - page_102: "START TEXT: help the disadvantaged went too far and undermined the American economy in the process. That is how " ******* END TEXT: "olhardy for Japanese who are unaware of that fact to blithely accuse America of racial prejudice.\n\n\n"
9780814780213 - page_73: "START TEXT: THREETHE ANATOMY OF U.S. –JAPANESE ANTAGONISMS\nAmerican Misconceptions about Japan\nAmerica Is a Coun" ******* END TEXT: "ht, I am particularly sensitive to the difference between my taxi experiences in Japan and those in "
9780814780213 - page_74: "START TEXT: America—between being able to relax and carry on an ordinary conversation and having to be wary and " ******* END TEXT: "s only the Japanese—tend to think that just as Japanese live in Japan, “Americans” live in America. "
9780814780213 - page_75: "START TEXT: The “Americans” that the Japanese have in mind are those people whose ancestors came over on the May" ******* END TEXT: ", perhaps more accurately, a country that does not need such rules. In a homogeneous society, where "
9780814780213 - page_76: "START TEXT: complete understanding can be achieved through monosyllables, the rules governing communication and " ******* END TEXT: "tiators must be able to take a firm stand and present their case convincingly to the American side.\n"
9780814780213 - page_77: "START TEXT: America is a notoriously litigious society. People go to court on any pretext to settle a dispute. I" ******* END TEXT: "ood, Americans have been taught to convince others of the rightness of their assertions and feel no "
9780814780213 - page_78: "START TEXT: discomfort in doing so. Because this is not the Japanese way, it tends to confuse Japanese officials" ******* END TEXT: "st part, they are gentlemen who speak excellent English; in other words, they are language-oriented "
9780814780213 - page_79: "START TEXT: diplomats of the old school. Thus, whenever Japanese-U.S. relations start to unravel, bureaucrats fr" ******* END TEXT: "to give the appearance that the reform is being forced upon Japan by international pressures alone.\n"
9780814780213 - page_80: "START TEXT: “Me” Society versus “We” Society. Every society has unwritten rules that govern life in that society" ******* END TEXT: "les in America rather than one particular progressive place as in Japan. In the matter of marriage, "
9780814780213 - page_81: "START TEXT: living together before marriage has become accepted behavior among well-educated Americans. Many peo" ******* END TEXT: ", than many other countries. On the other hand, better educated Japanese are much more conservative "
9780814780213 - page_82: "START TEXT: than their American counterparts, and their ideas have permeated Japan, making it a relatively conse" ******* END TEXT: "probably the direction it will take. In that sense, although Japan has indeed become rich, compared "
9780814780213 - page_83: "START TEXT: with the United States, its level of social maturity remains very low. Most Japanese college student" ******* END TEXT: "whom 75 percent were of European descent, 12 percent were black, 8 percent had emigrated from Latin "
9780814780213 - page_84: "START TEXT: America, and 3 percent from Asia.* In that period trade with Europe had dropped to 20 percent of the" ******* END TEXT: "percent for Asian-Pacific Islanders, 12.1 percent for black Americans, and 9 percent for Hispanics.\n"
9780814780213 - page_85: "START TEXT: Although I have lived in the United States for more than thirty years, I know of no instances when J" ******* END TEXT: "m of this kind. Although they account for less than 3 percent of the Americans of European descent, "
9780814780213 - page_86: "START TEXT: Jewish Americans have forged a strong link between the United States and Israel. That Israel, with a" ******* END TEXT: "idents, beginning with George Washington, have been of British ancestry. John F. Kennedy and Ronald "
9780814780213 - page_87: "START TEXT: Reagan were two popular presidents of Irish-American origin. Michael Dukakis, who ran against George" ******* END TEXT: "o amount of money can remove the fear Japanese-Americans have that in another crisis Americans will "
9780814780213 - page_88: "START TEXT: not hesitate to trample on their rights or the rights of any other group of ethnic Americans whose c" ******* END TEXT: "cation of America’s abiding Eurocentricity, the article cites the results of a UNESCO survey of the "
9780814780213 - page_89: "START TEXT: countries in which American university students had studied in 1985-86. Britain came first with a co" ******* END TEXT: "onomist article also presented figures on tourism for 1987. That year 6.2 million Americans went to "
9780814780213 - page_90: "START TEXT: Europe, and 4.8 million people from Europe visited the United States. Only 2.3 million Americans tra" ******* END TEXT: "rporation. When a Japanese man enters a company, he is supposed to work hard for that company, even "
9780814780213 - page_91: "START TEXT: at the sacrifice of his immediate personal liberty and happiness. The type of person who, American-s" ******* END TEXT: "n a year. Most Japanese are willing to work overtime or on holidays if it means better business for "
9780814780213 - page_92: "START TEXT: their company. At first glance, they seem to be giving up the inalienable human right to liberty. Vi" ******* END TEXT: "rporations have loomed so large in Japanese life is that they are an important medium through which "
9780814780213 - page_93: "START TEXT: ordinary Japanese have attained happiness in postwar times.\nInstead of showing how similar goals can" ******* END TEXT: "aze businessman” immediately surface. The Japan-is-different argument can all too easily degenerate "
9780814780213 - page_94: "START TEXT: into a racist slur, a fact that Japanese—and Americans—would do well to remember.\nAmerica: Living up" ******* END TEXT: "re in the consumer electronics field. Although Germany exports a significant number of parts to the "
9780814780213 - page_95: "START TEXT: United States, they are hidden within American-made goods and, therefore, are not openly labeled “ma" ******* END TEXT: "e pursuit of happiness are concerned, it is absolutely uncompromising. Japanese frequently complain "
9780814780213 - page_96: "START TEXT: that the United States has no right to criticize Japan or to meddle in the human rights violations o" ******* END TEXT: "sychiatric care. One of the first people to be picked up and placed in Bellevue Hospital Center was "
9780814780213 - page_97: "START TEXT: a woman named Joyce Brown. Within a few days Ms. Brown with the help of a lawyer from the New York C" ******* END TEXT: "“yes,” but nine out of ten of my American friends said “no.” Americans have an almost abnormal fear "
9780814780213 - page_98: "START TEXT: and abhorrence of the exercise of centralized power in violation of individual liberties. They are e" ******* END TEXT: " women and people with disabilities were discriminated against, it is clear how tenaciously America "
9780814780213 - page_99: "START TEXT: has adhered in recent decades to the ideal of equality. In reality, of course, American society is s" ******* END TEXT: "ro Ishihara’s statement that America dropped the atomic bomb not on Germany but on Japan because of "
9780814780213 - page_103: "START TEXT: FOURIN SOME WAYS JAPAN REALLY IS ODD\nManufacturing Is Not the Only Economic Activity\nAre Money Games" ******* END TEXT: "bes. But I would venture to raise two objections. First, is Japan a purely industrial manufacturing "
9780814780213 - page_104: "START TEXT: country where money games do not exist? Second, are money games really such a bad thing?\nBehind the " ******* END TEXT: "on is the equivalent of gambling. During the 1980s many Japanese viewed the spate of corporate take "
9780814780213 - page_105: "START TEXT: overs in the United States with undisguised contempt, as the very phrase money games suggests. But i" ******* END TEXT: "in such high demand, but the other way around: Because land was in demand, the economy was booming. "
9780814780213 - page_106: "START TEXT: People used the vast sums of money they made from land sales on personal consumption or house constr" ******* END TEXT: "instay of the productive sector, the nonproductive sectors were the aristocracy, the warrior class, "
9780814780213 - page_107: "START TEXT: trade, and manufacturing. (This was not manufacturing in the modern sense, of course, but occupation" ******* END TEXT: ". The replacement of human labor with machine labor marked the beginning of industrialized society; "
9780814780213 - page_108: "START TEXT: today we are perhaps seeing a shift to a knowledge-intensive society that relies chiefly upon human " ******* END TEXT: "ectation that the city would become a major international center. This trend sent up the cost first "
9780814780213 - page_109: "START TEXT: of commercial real estate, then of residential areas in Tokyo, and ultimately rippled out into the r" ******* END TEXT: "at make up America’s second tier. During this period, too, the economy prospered until the crash of "
9780814780213 - page_110: "START TEXT: 1929. In American history, a period of merger and acquisition activity is always followed by a crash" ******* END TEXT: "nsion of America’s railroad system; prior to the second wave in the 1920s automotive technology had "
9780814780213 - page_111: "START TEXT: been perfected. The third wave in the 1960s followed the appearance of the jet engine; the fourth wa" ******* END TEXT: " Relations, edited by Ryuzo Sato and Julianne Nelson (Cambridge University Press, 1989) pp. 93-120.\n"
9780814780213 - page_112: "START TEXT: When an economy achieves a balance, stagnation begins to set in. In economics there is a concept cal" ******* END TEXT: "ther this price is considered low or high will depend on a person’s income and the current state of "
9780814780213 - page_113: "START TEXT: his or her pocketbook. Even someone who felt that the item was excessively expensive would buy it if" ******* END TEXT: "balance” comes into play. When people choose luxury goods, they reject less sophisticated products. "
9780814780213 - page_114: "START TEXT: This makes the industries that produce such items and the people employed in these industries unhapp" ******* END TEXT: "n in small amounts with steak or fish.\nIt could be argued that if people really want to eatrice, it "
9780814780213 - page_115: "START TEXT: would make better economic sense to buy it cheaply from abroad. The Japanese government’s vow not to" ******* END TEXT: "some or all of its grain supply, the argument goes, food shortages might occur in the event of war.\n"
9780814780213 - page_116: "START TEXT: In short, Japan’s basic stance on the rice issue is that rice is a kind of domestic public good. How" ******* END TEXT: "ss. The history of economic development has consisted of a succession of “hollowing out” processes. "
9780814780213 - page_117: "START TEXT: Manufacturing eroded agriculture because it was more productive than farming. Similarly, the product" ******* END TEXT: "he first time in postwar history.\nThe cheap dollar policy embodied in the Plaza Accord was supposed "
9780814780213 - page_118: "START TEXT: to solve America’s trade deficit and open the Japanese market to U.S. goods. The American projection" ******* END TEXT: "ly expensive when they arrive in Japan. There are two reasons for this. First, price adjustments do "
9780814780213 - page_119: "START TEXT: not keep up with rapid fluctuations in the exchange rate. The second source of the problem is Japan’" ******* END TEXT: "e Veblenesque price effect operates for expensive goods. On the other hand, suppliers make good use "
9780814780213 - page_120: "START TEXT: of Japan’s complicated distribution system by taking advantage of the sole agency dealership system," ******* END TEXT: "because they were cheaper here. A former prime minister, while on a state visit, is rumored to have "
9780814780213 - page_121: "START TEXT: bought a Japanese camera at a famous New York discount store. These stories and others too numerous " ******* END TEXT: "large storage capacity. This means that the average Japanese housewife shops on a daily rather than "
9780814780213 - page_122: "START TEXT: a weekly basis, and stores are more likely to be within walking distance of her home. Yet another re" ******* END TEXT: "day and must be taken into consideration in accounting for Japan’s extremely low unemployment rate.\n"
9780814780213 - page_123: "START TEXT: Shopping districts composed of dozens of these tiny stores all crowded together have traditionally p" ******* END TEXT: "ral months of the year, I can see this phenomenon happening right in my own neighborhood: The small "
9780814780213 - page_124: "START TEXT: stores are being rapidly forced out of business by a big new supermarket. In any event, it is fair t" ******* END TEXT: "dollars so the demand for dollars increased and the value of the dollar went up. Conversely, in the "
9780814780213 - page_125: "START TEXT: past two years when Japan lost interest in the United States and withdrew its money, it sold dollars" ******* END TEXT: ".S. demands to make things “just like they are in America.” The problem with this method is that it "
9780814780213 - page_126: "START TEXT: might lead to cheating. Suppose, for example, someone claimed he was planning to buy land in Japan a" ******* END TEXT: " but cars are only worth a fraction as much.\nIf we keep in mind what constitutes fair prices in the "
9780814780213 - page_127: "START TEXT: international marketplace and try to coordinate them by setting a different hypothetical exchange ra" ******* END TEXT: "rth America. In other words, the Plaza Accord was based on the presupposition that Japan’s economic "
9780814780213 - page_128: "START TEXT: structure was not different from that of the rest of the industrialized world. But, in fact, this wa" ******* END TEXT: "agreement is that there are no major differences in technological skills, and tastes are remarkably "
9780814780213 - page_129: "START TEXT: similar. The exchange rates between the United States and the countries of Europe are actually deter" ******* END TEXT: " a lot of keys, I asked him why he had so many. One was the key to the house, he explained, another "
9780814780213 - page_130: "START TEXT: was the key to his office, and another was the key to the television. Surprised by this answer, I as" ******* END TEXT: "e balance has not been reached with Japan alone, the revisionists’ answer that “Japan is different” "
9780814780213 - page_131: "START TEXT: carried conviction. Looked at from another perspective, the fact that a trade balance has not been r" ******* END TEXT: "an aims at the economic domination of the world— though it in fact has no such aims—matters will be "
9780814780213 - page_132: "START TEXT: complicated considerably. There are many American companies such as Motorola that are getting rich b" ******* END TEXT: " incorrect. The American mass media frequently resort to this sort of trick. Strictly speaking, The "
9780814780213 - page_133: "START TEXT: Japan That Can Say “No” expressed the views of only two people, but the book was portrayed as an exp" ******* END TEXT: "atural and normal activity. What happens when the shoe is on the other foot, however? When T. Boone "
9780814780213 - page_134: "START TEXT: Pickens acquired a mere 26 percent in the Koito Manufacturing Company, the Japanese mass media treat" ******* END TEXT: "eneur who, after failing to get Toyota to buy it at a premium, took it to Mr. Pickens in hopes that "
9780814780213 - page_135: "START TEXT: an international incident would arise. He also lent him the money to buy the shares, apparently guar" ******* END TEXT: "n. To be sure, the flow of people, things, and money ignores national borders. But one border still "
9780814780213 - page_136: "START TEXT: remains, the border that exists in people’s hearts. No matter how much progress is made in creating " ******* END TEXT: "n the problem areas that remain, we do not make political issues out of these emotional barriers.\n\n\n"
9780814780213 - page_137: "START TEXT: FIVEIS A PAX JAPONICA POSSIBLE?\nThe “Amerippon” Concept\nConditions for Leadership. Paul Kennedy’s Th" ******* END TEXT: "ressed surprise at the response The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers had received in Japan, though "
9780814780213 - page_138: "START TEXT: he noted with some regret that the only section most of his Japanese readers seemed to have read was" ******* END TEXT: "hat he expresses in The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers are strictly secondhand. Possibly that is "
9780814780213 - page_139: "START TEXT: why he seems to think that in the future both Japan and China will become number one—he lumps the tw" ******* END TEXT: "ter administration, Brzezinski is the author of The Grand Failure, which was also much talked about "
9780814780213 - page_140: "START TEXT: in Japan when it came out in 1985. In that book Brzezinski had accurately predicted that the fall of" ******* END TEXT: " and done, military power is needed to protect economic power. And, finally, leadership cannot come "
9780814780213 - page_141: "START TEXT: about without a culture or an ideology capable of leading the world. If Brzezinski had added one mor" ******* END TEXT: "rzezinski’s analysis is probably correct. A country, like a person, must have leadership qualities, "
9780814780213 - page_142: "START TEXT: and it must be popular among the countries that it hopes to lead. Unfortunately, the people of the w" ******* END TEXT: "ent went, they were now moving in the direction of disarmament and a “peace dividend.” Soon the age "
9780814780213 - page_143: "START TEXT: of military power would be over, and a new age of economic power would dawn. Perestroika, the rise o" ******* END TEXT: "Political coups and revolutions have not been eliminated from the world. Indeed, the dissolution of "
9780814780213 - page_144: "START TEXT: the Soviet Union and the end of the cold war have sparked a flurry of military uprisings in the new " ******* END TEXT: "holds the leadership role. This is not something that can be shaken, as Shintaro Ishihara suggests, "
9780814780213 - page_145: "START TEXT: by bargaining with high tech or silicon chips.\nAmerican behavior might seem offensive to Japanese ey" ******* END TEXT: "ongest military power and a culture that it had inherited from Europe and had spread throughout the "
9780814780213 - page_146: "START TEXT: world. Japan today has neither military power nor a universally accepted value system. That is why i" ******* END TEXT: "o the Japanese have to follow them? The answer is always the same: because America is a superpower.\n"
9780814780213 - page_147: "START TEXT: Paul Samuelson, the first American Nobel prizewinner in economics, regularly comes down from Boston " ******* END TEXT: "ry feelings—he frets at his declining strength and wants to assert his authority. A son should show "
9780814780213 - page_148: "START TEXT: respect and be understanding. When seen from Japan, a country that has never held world power, Ameri" ******* END TEXT: " this way. Before it reached that point, it would put a freeze on Japan’s assets or cut off its oil "
9780814780213 - page_149: "START TEXT: supply. It is naive to think that America would not go that far.\nThe lengths to which America will g" ******* END TEXT: "rested only in certain features of Japanese management and no longer regard it as a model. Why this "
9780814780213 - page_150: "START TEXT: change in attitude? After careful analysis Americans came to realize that the efficiency of Japanese" ******* END TEXT: " standby, goods can be made at any time.\nKeeping labor on standby is difficult. Even a company like "
9780814780213 - page_151: "START TEXT: Toyota does not have the personnel to create a permanent standby unit. This is where the subcontract" ******* END TEXT: " Japanese are not gods; they do not know whether demand for cars will go up or down. Once Americans "
9780814780213 - page_152: "START TEXT: realized that the just-in-time method was not based on perfect predictions of future demand, but tha" ******* END TEXT: "o Prefecture high school who in the summer of 1990 automatically shut the school gates at the sound "
9780814780213 - page_153: "START TEXT: of the bell and killed a student as she tried to enter. If punctuality is given precedence over ever" ******* END TEXT: "ber one position. Devising the best and most efficient means to implement the plan comes next. Once "
9780814780213 - page_154: "START TEXT: the details have been worked out, orders immediately trickle down from above. This American view of " ******* END TEXT: " the West’s is ideal, a value system that puts the priorities of organizations ahead of human needs "
9780814780213 - page_155: "START TEXT: will continue to come in for strong criticism from the rest of the world in the years ahead.\nJapan I" ******* END TEXT: "weigh those of being a public one. The public stock system was developed to allow industrialists to "
9780814780213 - page_156: "START TEXT: accumulate capital at low risk. The original idea behind the stock market system was to diversify th" ******* END TEXT: " proprietor and sole shareholder, one does not have to worry about getting fired or about outsiders "
9780814780213 - page_157: "START TEXT: attempting a takeover through a merger and acquisition. The proprietor does not have to pay out a lo" ******* END TEXT: "orporate groupings means that member companies do not have to go outside the group to procure parts "
9780814780213 - page_158: "START TEXT: or financing or technological assistance. As in other Japanese groups, the keiretsu has a vertical h" ******* END TEXT: " 80 percent of its own company’s stock. Cross-shareholding has practically all the advantages of an "
9780814780213 - page_159: "START TEXT: LBO: An American-style merger and acquisition is out of the question.\nCross-shareholding Is the Reas" ******* END TEXT: " for looking only “ten minutes ahead.” It is not a matter of not looking ahead, however, but of not "
9780814780213 - page_160: "START TEXT: being able to look ahead. This is the true nature of the stock market system. Japanese companies are" ******* END TEXT: "ey may lose everything. That is why they treat stockholders with more consideration than employees.\n"
9780814780213 - page_161: "START TEXT: The United States put Japan’s cross-shareholding system on the agenda of the Structural Impediments " ******* END TEXT: "d-year history underlie the economic friction between the two countries. One of the major themes of "
9780814780213 - page_162: "START TEXT: American history is the filling up of open spaces. American history is one of nation-building and en" ******* END TEXT: "derstand that America’s talk about unfair rules is rooted in the American frontier spirit and dates "
9780814780213 - page_163: "START TEXT: back to a time when, in order to fill up the open spaces—both literal and figurative—of a new societ" ******* END TEXT: " come. Computer companies make ridiculously low bids for new contracts in the knowledge that once a "
9780814780213 - page_164: "START TEXT: contract has been won it will be profitable for the long term. Lifetime employment is another exampl" ******* END TEXT: "e the Japanese distributor has a longstanding relation with Matsushita or some other Japanese firm. "
9780814780213 - page_165: "START TEXT: To add insult to injury, the American company may be given the useless advice that “if you want to d" ******* END TEXT: "ce companies in Japan that had no knowledge of the product. If we wanted to sell in Japan, we would "
9780814780213 - page_166: "START TEXT: have to reveal the entire nature of the insurance to Japanese insurance companies. Once all companie" ******* END TEXT: "a serious problem arises in the future, the official in charge will be held responsible.” It is not "
9780814780213 - page_167: "START TEXT: without cause that America pushed the interests of the consumer to the forefront of the Structural I" ******* END TEXT: "d in and around Tokyo nearly doubled in value between 1985 and 1989, housing prices did not double. "
9780814780213 - page_168: "START TEXT: This was not necessarily a bad thing, but we need to consider the reasons for it.\nBut first, why did" ******* END TEXT: "alked instead about “entering the age of a stock economy” or of Japan as a “stock superpower.” This "
9780814780213 - page_169: "START TEXT: was glossing over an unhealthy and unbalanced condition. As long as the Japanese government chose to" ******* END TEXT: "ought at a good time.” But if they do not sell, no matter how much the value has increased, nothing "
9780814780213 - page_170: "START TEXT: else has really changed. Even if they do sell and get a high price for their land, it will cost them" ******* END TEXT: "and only stock to become excessively inflated. In the normal course of things, something happens to "
9780814780213 - page_171: "START TEXT: stop the rise in the price of land and stock market shares.\nAs a general rule, when the price of lan" ******* END TEXT: "idered a plus for the future vitality of Japan.\nSomeone once told me an interesting story. In front "
9780814780213 - page_172: "START TEXT: of Keio University, one of the top private universities in downtown Tokyo, there used to be an old a" ******* END TEXT: " word man (in mansion), which means ten thousand in Japanese, and oku, which means hundred million.\n"
9780814780213 - page_173: "START TEXT: For Tokyo residents who own no land, owning a home of their own has become an unattainable dream unl" ******* END TEXT: "pse from Within. On the last trading day of the 1980s, December 29, 1989, the Japanese stock market "
9780814780213 - page_174: "START TEXT: stood at 38,915 points. Slightly more than a year and a half later on July 18, 1992, the Nikkei inde" ******* END TEXT: "econd oil shock in 1979-80 when Japan made use of its earlier experiences to emerge in the 1980s as "
9780814780213 - page_175: "START TEXT: a major economic power. The Plaza Accord in 1985 was another externally caused setback, but as I hav" ******* END TEXT: "tween government officials, big business, and organized crime, and the arrest of Liberal Democratic "
9780814780213 - page_176: "START TEXT: party “fixer” Shin Kanemaru. Cash payments to Japanese politicians are nothing new or, for that matt" ******* END TEXT: "uth in that suggestion. If the money supply was determined by the amount of hard currency a country "
9780814780213 - page_177: "START TEXT: had and every time it bought something it would have to draw on its cash reserves, the possibility o" ******* END TEXT: "t that Japan does. The enormous money supply created by these land-backed loans sometimes goes into "
9780814780213 - page_178: "START TEXT: “flow”—consumer goods and investments—and the result is inflation in the ordinary sense of the word," ******* END TEXT: "d the Bubble Economy. The end of the bubble economy finally laid to rest the myth that the price of "
9780814780213 - page_179: "START TEXT: stocks and other assets may go down but the price of land in Japan will always go up. The reason the" ******* END TEXT: ", the figures for Canada are nearly the same as those for the United States. They fluctuate between "
9780814780213 - page_180: "START TEXT: 0.33 and 0.29 with an average of 0.31. Even for Britain, the rate between 1950 and 1990 is in the ra" ******* END TEXT: "s was too steep for earnings to be able to catch up, prices began to come down of their own accord.\n"
9780814780213 - page_181: "START TEXT: In any event the bubble economy has come to an end, and the Japanese economy, like the European and " ******* END TEXT: "d sometimes they fail, but they make use of what they learn from their experiences and try again.\n\n\n"
9780814780213 - page_182: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814780213 - page_183: "START TEXT: SIXJAPAN’S FUTURE COURSE\nIs Japan Really a Technological Superpower?\nProduct Innovation versus Proce" ******* END TEXT: "is is what is known as “product innovation.” The second is technological progress made by improving "
9780814780213 - page_184: "START TEXT: upon or refining product innovations. This is called “process innovation.” Roughly speaking, the wor" ******* END TEXT: "an has traditionally adopted: Japanese corporations have taken the product innovations developed in "
9780814780213 - page_185: "START TEXT: the United States, made radical improvements to them, and then exported the finished products back t" ******* END TEXT: "arch and develop new products, for without product innovation there would be no process innovation.\n"
9780814780213 - page_186: "START TEXT: What made the product innovation of the 1950s and 1960s possible was World War II. Patents and innov" ******* END TEXT: "ut of America and the present trend of process innovation based on existing technologies continues, "
9780814780213 - page_187: "START TEXT: then inevitably all eyes will turn to Japan, which has had outstanding success in this area. If that" ******* END TEXT: " Akio Morita of Sony said, if worse came to worst, the United States could get along without Japan, "
9780814780213 - page_188: "START TEXT: but Japan could not get along without the United States. That is no reason, however, to downgrade Ja" ******* END TEXT: "f new products simply by making improvements to American product innovations. Moreover, these goods "
9780814780213 - page_189: "START TEXT: have met with enormous commercial success. That in itself is no cause for criticism nor should its i" ******* END TEXT: " was quite impressed by what I saw several years ago when I dropped in on Professor Marvin Minsky’s "
9780814780213 - page_190: "START TEXT: laboratory at MIT. Professor Minsky is the number-one authority on artificial intelligence in Americ" ******* END TEXT: "ed about how much they disliked the group competition in Japanese schools, one of the more stifling "
9780814780213 - page_191: "START TEXT: aspects of standardized education. In Japanese schools children are divided into groups, and every o" ******* END TEXT: "perience as a springboard for rapid growth. This was true, as we have already seen, with the upward "
9780814780213 - page_192: "START TEXT: revaluation of the yen in the 1980s, but the most striking example was Japan’s response to the oil s" ******* END TEXT: "apan, many Americans refuse to recognize or admit that gasoline is a nonreplenishable resource that "
9780814780213 - page_193: "START TEXT: must be rationed as such. Today the United States, which accounts for 5 percent of the world’s popul" ******* END TEXT: "n most Americans had never tried to conserve oil.\nAt one time during the oil shock, kerosene stoves "
9780814780213 - page_194: "START TEXT: were popular among Americans who wanted to cut down on their oil bills. Due to differences in state " ******* END TEXT: "tion of their disposable income. To counter this decrease in domestic consumption Japan launched an "
9780814780213 - page_195: "START TEXT: “export drive” to raise enough funds to pay for the higher oil prices. The Japanese labor force was " ******* END TEXT: "r superpower in the 1980s while America slumped to the status of the world’s biggest debtor nation.\n"
9780814780213 - page_196: "START TEXT: Can Japan Avoid International Isolation?\nThe Folly of Voluntary Restraint. As an economist I am an a" ******* END TEXT: ", for instance, the dispute over automobiles. During the late 1970s and early 1980s frictions arose "
9780814780213 - page_197: "START TEXT: between the two countries over car imports. The decision in 1981 that Japan should adopt a policy of" ******* END TEXT: "he political perspective the order is just the reverse. To the economist, a Chrysler bailout is the "
9780814780213 - page_198: "START TEXT: best and least expensive policy, but given the nature of American society, choosing that option woul" ******* END TEXT: "upply contracted, car prices doubled. This price rise breathed new life into Chrysler and the other "
9780814780213 - page_199: "START TEXT: American carmakers, but consumers found themselves having to pay high prices for cars. Secondly, whe" ******* END TEXT: "tary restraints also meant the creation of an export cartel. Toyota, Nissan, and Honda were able to "
9780814780213 - page_200: "START TEXT: export a predetermined number of cars without competing with one another. But instead of relaxing th" ******* END TEXT: "s to be reversed, the kokusaika that Japan must now aspire to is the second stage in the process: a "
9780814780213 - page_201: "START TEXT: true internationalization from within. Just as Japanese goods, money, and people have hitherto flowe" ******* END TEXT: "eds and the festivals in which villagers pray for a good harvest be replaced with hightech inspired "
9780814780213 - page_202: "START TEXT: holidays? Perhaps so. That would certainly put an end to U.S.–Japan disputes and prevent Japan from " ******* END TEXT: "akers would be furious, of course, but Japan has gone on exporting manufactured goods for too long, "
9780814780213 - page_203: "START TEXT: and the Japanese industrial world has made too much conspicuous profit from automobiles. It seems a " ******* END TEXT: "apanese people identify themselves more closely with the corporations they work for than with their "
9780814780213 - page_204: "START TEXT: country as a whole; as long as they regard the corporation and not the state as the ultimate source " ******* END TEXT: "e major policy changes and will have to make a gradual shift away from the Japanese model to a more "
9780814780213 - page_205: "START TEXT: mature Western style of capitalism. If that is the case, will the Japanese model that has won such a" ******* END TEXT: "power, it has also acquired an image in international society as an egocentric country that is only "
9780814780213 - page_206: "START TEXT: concerned with its own interests. If Japan is to win world approval, it must shed its parochial imag" ******* END TEXT: " Japan would be able to respond to criticism on two counts: its efforts to open its markets and its "
9780814780213 - page_207: "START TEXT: contributions to international society. Japan is now a major provider of official development assist" ******* END TEXT: "t be tolerated much longer. Japan will have to make up for the research-related losses that America "
9780814780213 - page_208: "START TEXT: has suffered. It will have to be magnanimous and give the world a “free ride” on Japanese research.\n" ******* END TEXT: "gocentric attitudes must change as the world grows smaller and all countries share the same fate.\n\n\n"
9780814780213 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1994 by New York University All rights rese" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814780213 - page_i: "START TEXT: THE CHRYSANTHEMUM AND THE EAGLE\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "THE CHRYSANTHEMUM AND THE EAGLE\n\n\n"
9780814780213 - page_xvii: "START TEXT: THE CHRYSANTHEMUM AND THE EAGLE\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "THE CHRYSANTHEMUM AND THE EAGLE\n\n\n"
9780814780213 - page_211: "START TEXT: INDEX\nABCD encirclement, 14\nAbleggen, James, 7\nAcquisitions. See Mergers and acquisitions\nAeronautic" ******* END TEXT: "on against, 47, 98–99, 100\nBooz Allen, poll by, 24\nBorderless economy, 135–36\nBoskin, Michael, 7, 8\n"
9780814780213 - page_212: "START TEXT: Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (Nye), 139\nBoycotts, 58\nBrown, Joyce, civil rig" ******* END TEXT: "rences in, 130–31, 138\nCurrency realignment, 13, 33, 36, 37\nDanforth, John, 6\nDarman, Richard, 7, 9\n"
9780814780213 - page_213: "START TEXT: Defense\njoint projects in, 70\nperception gap over, 62–65\nresponsibility for, 58, 62\nspending for, 45" ******* END TEXT: ", 14, 54\ncontainment and, 1–2, 4, 12, 16, 18, 37, 42\nmanaged trade and, 24\nracial prejudice and, 15\n"
9780814780213 - page_214: "START TEXT: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 164\nFord, diversification by, 110\nForeign affairs, egocentrism in, " ******* END TEXT: "ependence, 85\nJapanese concept of, 83\nfor teenage children, 82\nIndividuality, Japanese and, 98, 190\n"
9780814780213 - page_215: "START TEXT: Industrial policy, 103\nadopting, 60, 66–72\nobstacles to, 69, 70\nInflation, 108, 169, 171, 178, 179\na" ******* END TEXT: "mpany, LBO by, 156\nKoito Manufacturing Company, Pickens and, 134–35\nKokudaka (rice production), 106\n"
9780814780213 - page_216: "START TEXT: Kokusaika (internationalization), 93, 200–201\nKongsberg Vaapenfabrikk, 44\nKonishiki, Mr., 16, 47\nKot" ******* END TEXT: " 46\nMinorities, role of, 84, 101\nMinsky, Marvin, 189–90\nMisconceptions, xiv, 91\ndealing with, 73–94\n"
9780814780213 - page_217: "START TEXT: MITI. See Ministry of International\nTrade and Industry\nMITI and the Japanese Miracle\n(Johnson), 6\nMi" ******* END TEXT: " society and, 164\nU.S. as, 162–63\nOriginality\ninnovation and, 191\nrespecting, 190\nOwada, Masako, ix\n"
9780814780213 - page_218: "START TEXT: Parochialism, 88, 204\nshedding, 205–6\nPax Japonica, 140, 142, 143, 144\nPeace constitution, 64\nArticl" ******* END TEXT: "rolling, 50, 115\ndecreased consumption of, 114\nas domestic public good, 116\nfor overseas aid, 206–7\n"
9780814780213 - page_219: "START TEXT: Richardson, Elliot, 7\nRise and Fall of the Great Powers,\nThe (Kennedy)\nbasic assumptions of, 142–44\n" ******* END TEXT: "1, 167, 196\nSubcontractors, 149–55, 158\nSummers, Lawrence, 62\non The Japan That Can Say “No,” 56–57\n"
9780814780213 - page_220: "START TEXT: Super 301 provision (1988 Trade Act), 14, 77, 148, 200\nSupermarkets, Japanese, 123, 124\nSuperpower s" ******* END TEXT: "ix, 91\nJapanese, vii, viii, ix, 91, 146, 154–55\n“salad bowl” society, 98–102\nvan Wolferen, Karel, 6\n"
9780814780213 - page_221: "START TEXT: VCRs. See Videocassette recorders\nVideocassette recorders (VCRs)\nadvantage in, 71\nmarket for, 36–37\n" ******* END TEXT: " of, 33–37, 118, 126\nYou-ism, 204–8\nZaibatsu, disintegration of, 2\nZeckhauser, Richard, 71, 94–95\n\n\n"
9780814780213 - page_ix: "START TEXT: sense, the fact that career woman Masako Owada will one day become empress may provide the rest of t" ******* END TEXT: " terms of Hamiltonian elitism, President Clinton’s political shading might be called a Jeffersonian "
9780814780213 - page_vi: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814780213 - page_vii: "START TEXT: PREFACE\nSeveral years ago when reporters asked Crown Prince Naruhito to describe the qualities he wa" ******* END TEXT: "Much has been made of the fact that this is the first Democratic administration in twelve years and "
9780814780213 - page_viii: "START TEXT: that Clinton is the youngest president since John Kennedy. But more important than these superficial" ******* END TEXT: "le of carving out a position for herself independent of her husband’s status or occupation. In that "
9780814780213 - page_x: "START TEXT: populism. This liberal spirit reveals itself in policies that show greater tolerance toward people o" ******* END TEXT: "athering strength, Japanese banks appeared destined to rule the world, and Japanese brokerages were "
9780814780213 - page_xi: "START TEXT: flush with success from a booming stock market.\nFrom my more than thirty years’ experience of living" ******* END TEXT: "ism and pacifism of these Japanese peaceniks were so laughable in international society that—it was "
9780814780213 - page_xii: "START TEXT: said—the only people who were unaware of what was really going on were Saddam Hussein and the Japane" ******* END TEXT: "t of, or indifferent to, the opinions of others.\nAmericans suffer from an obvious lack of a real un "
9780814780213 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: derstanding of Japan, and the media in the United States do little to help the situation. On Februar" ******* END TEXT: "e surprisingly ignorant about the United States. Information about America in the Japanese press or "
9780814780213 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: on Japanese television tends to be very superficial, a repetition of received ideas with no effort t" ******* END TEXT: "er events have profoundly altered the political and economic landscape. Though tensions between the "
9780814780213 - page_xv: "START TEXT: United States and Japan do not seem quite as acute as they were in 1989 when I was writing the Japan" ******* END TEXT: " the Center coordinator Myra Engel read over the final version and made many helpful suggestions. I "
9780814780213 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: would also like to express my appreciation to Colin Jones, director of the New York University Press" ******* END TEXT: "sues for an American readership: I take this occasion to extend to all of them my sincere thanks.\n\n\n"
9780814780213 - page_ii: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: ""
9780814780213 - page_iii: "START TEXT: THE CHRYSANTHEMUM AND THE EAGLE\nTHE FUTURE OF U.S.—JAPAN RELATIONS\nRYUZO SATO\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "THE CHRYSANTHEMUM AND THE EAGLE\nTHE FUTURE OF U.S.—JAPAN RELATIONS\nRYUZO SATO\n\n\n\n"
9780814780213 - page_v: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nPreface\n1. The Rise of Revisionism\n2. Conflicting Views of the Role of Government\n3. The An" ******* END TEXT: "Really Is Odd\n5. Is a Pax Japonica Possible?\n6. Japan’s Future Course\nSelected Bibliography\nIndex\n\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_1: "START TEXT: 1INTRODUCTION\nIAN SHAPIRO AND ROBERT ADAMS\nIt is difficult to think of someone believing that he is " ******* END TEXT: "ways accompany public integrity. This difference, among others, creates the possibility of conflict "
9780814780978 - page_10: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_2: "START TEXT: between integrity and conscience. It prompts the sustained examination of these two ideas, and of th" ******* END TEXT: " conscience. She disagrees with his contention that each represents a different view of conscience, "
9780814780978 - page_3: "START TEXT: arguing instead that each of the four conceptions offers a different perspective on the same subject" ******* END TEXT: "grity could not exist. For Kateb, supporting integrity involves promoting fidelity to this outlook.\n"
9780814780978 - page_4: "START TEXT: II. INTEGRITY, CONSCIENCE, AND PROFESSIONALISM\nKane takes a more minimal view of integrity in chapte" ******* END TEXT: "and when the subject matter of the testimony invites ideological distortion. In such circumstances, "
9780814780978 - page_5: "START TEXT: defeating the presumption against acceptance should follow a thorough investigation into the trustwo" ******* END TEXT: "n. Drawing on Jürgen Habermas’s arguments against positivism and in support of democracy, Dyzenhaus "
9780814780978 - page_6: "START TEXT: makes the case that the Habermasian institutional account can be detached from its contentious philo" ******* END TEXT: "ound, his reduction of the criteria for constitutional rulings to a single dichotomy is misleading. "
9780814780978 - page_7: "START TEXT: Greenawalt supplements Smith’s account with observations concerning the relationship between truth a" ******* END TEXT: "ticular jurisprudence and that it cannot be used as a separate endorsement of this same conclusion.\n"
9780814780978 - page_8: "START TEXT: In chapter 13, Michael McConnell argues that Smith is mistaken in attempting to trace deceptiveness " ******* END TEXT: "les. Although to some people this “institutional” solution may seem like an unsatisfying abdication "
9780814780978 - page_9: "START TEXT: of jurisprudential aspiration, Graber is surely persuasive that more ambitious ventures have not bee" ******* END TEXT: "uccessful.\nNOTES\n1. Ronald Dworkin. Law’s Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986)."
9780814780978 - page_13: "START TEXT: 2FOUR CONCEPTIONS OF CONSCIENCE\nTHOMAS E. HILL JR.\nControversies about the nature, reliability, and " ******* END TEXT: "ruth. Recalling how often cruel and destructive conduct has been excused in the name of conscience, "
9780814780978 - page_14: "START TEXT: they naturally question as well even the more modest doctrine that following one’s conscience guaran" ******* END TEXT: "ves open further questions about how conscience is acquired and developed, how it operates, what it "
9780814780978 - page_15: "START TEXT: purports to “say,” how trustworthy it is as a moral guide, whether it is universal or found only in " ******* END TEXT: "riefly described, are the following: first, a popular religious view that bases a strong confidence "
9780814780978 - page_16: "START TEXT: in an instinctual conscience on theological beliefs about its origin and purpose; second, a deflatio" ******* END TEXT: "han providing our basic understanding of morality, conscience brings into focus a sometimes painful "
9780814780978 - page_17: "START TEXT: awareness, not that our action is “objectively” wrong but that we are not even making a proper effor" ******* END TEXT: "ive fact, independent of our consciences. That is, what makes such acts wrong is not just that they "
9780814780978 - page_18: "START TEXT: are, or would be, disapproved by the agent’s conscience or even the consciences of everyone. However" ******* END TEXT: "o practical license to make extensive generalizations from what we “learn” from our own conscience.\n"
9780814780978 - page_19: "START TEXT: A more modest thesis might say that following our conscience is a reliable guide to living a blamele" ******* END TEXT: "e in distinguishing these from our wishes or fears or the echoes of past mentors. In effect, we may "
9780814780978 - page_20: "START TEXT: need to check our supposed instinctual access to moral truth by reviewing more directly the relevant" ******* END TEXT: "have about God must be based on prior moral knowledge, not the reverse. Second, the popular view of "
9780814780978 - page_21: "START TEXT: conscience as instinctual access to God’s mind or will omits (what the Kantian takes to be) the prio" ******* END TEXT: "s, but what I mean by “an extreme cultural relativist conception” of conscience (or ECR, for short) "
9780814780978 - page_22: "START TEXT: sees the promptings of conscience as nothing but feelings (1) that reflect our internalization of wh" ******* END TEXT: "lso, ECR is much more than an empirical hypothesis about the origin and social function of feelings "
9780814780978 - page_23: "START TEXT: attributed to conscience. If it were just that, it would be compatible with a variety of theories ab" ******* END TEXT: "egard these feelings and respond to them? Clearly, these feelings should be seen for just what they "
9780814780978 - page_24: "START TEXT: are (according to ECR), namely, a fairly reliable sign that some past, present, or anticipated actio" ******* END TEXT: "l standards differ and that people tend to internalize their local standards do not, by themselves, "
9780814780978 - page_25: "START TEXT: prove anything about objectivity in morals or any other field. Objectivity, whether in normative or " ******* END TEXT: "ce found in ordinary discourse and the other conceptions. If so, this is not in itself an objection "
9780814780978 - page_26: "START TEXT: to SCR, but to avoid confusion, the difference should be noted. What I suspect is that apart from so" ******* END TEXT: "haps the author intended, the paradox reminds us that far from being a sure sign of wrongdoing, the "
9780814780978 - page_27: "START TEXT: discomfort experienced in violating cultural norms may be nothing but an unfortunate side effect of " ******* END TEXT: "hich have an organizing “constitution” that determines their proper functions and relations.25 The "
9780814780978 - page_28: "START TEXT: main aspects of human nature are particular passions, self-love, benevolence, and conscience. Partic" ******* END TEXT: " matter, what conscience rightly tells one person may differ from what it rightly tells another who "
9780814780978 - page_29: "START TEXT: seems similarly situated. (6) Each person’s conscience is a highly reliable, if not perfect, guide t" ******* END TEXT: "s reflection, that given the particular situation (including their social role and their particular "
9780814780978 - page_30: "START TEXT: pronouncements), it is right for us to do what they command. Far from being a limitation on the mora" ******* END TEXT: "ent seem neither necessary nor sufficient for us to experience the promptings of conscience. Often, "
9780814780978 - page_31: "START TEXT: it seems, we simply feel its inner demands or reprimands. In stressing this familiar aspect of consc" ******* END TEXT: "or wrong, and they do so without much conscious, explicit reflection. However, if subject to strong "
9780814780978 - page_32: "START TEXT: temptations and confused by philosophical sophistries, they are apt to try make self-serving excepti" ******* END TEXT: "s as playing several roles: that of accuser, defender, and finally a judge who yields a verdict and "
9780814780978 - page_33: "START TEXT: passes sentence. The metaphor requires that we think of ourselves from different perspectives, but i" ******* END TEXT: "son Alone, when discussing “the guide of conscience in matters of religious faith,” Kant introduces "
9780814780978 - page_34: "START TEXT: what seems to be a slight variation on this main theme. He first states a strict “postulate of consc" ******* END TEXT: "usations of both violations of first-order duties (e.g., truth telling) and failures to fulfill the "
9780814780978 - page_35: "START TEXT: second-order duty of due care in scrutinizing and appraising our acts diligently (by “holding them u" ******* END TEXT: "f conscience actually reflect our diligent efforts to hold our acts up to our best moral judgments, "
9780814780978 - page_36: "START TEXT: conscience is as reliable a subjective guide as we can get. Conformity to conscience is necessary an" ******* END TEXT: "cussing the content of Kant’s moral law, but given more time, I would argue that Kant’s idea of the "
9780814780978 - page_37: "START TEXT: moral law itself gives deep and compelling reasons for taking seriously the moral judgments of other" ******* END TEXT: "science, but it does urge respect for conscientious resistance even when we believe it is mistaken.\n"
9780814780978 - page_38: "START TEXT: It was no accident, apparently, that Kant developed his special conception of conscience rather than" ******* END TEXT: "ts of acts that are right and wrong.\nFinally, the special Kantian conception of conscience promises "
9780814780978 - page_39: "START TEXT: to highlight and give a deep sense to the idea that a person who consistently follows her conscience" ******* END TEXT: " moral judgments and govern themselves by their best moral judgments, but they also are supposed to "
9780814780978 - page_40: "START TEXT: follow a moral law that is itself a reflection of their own autonomous, rational will, not an accept" ******* END TEXT: "and ideals are incompatible with the basic Kantian theory has yet, in my opinion, to be worked out.\n"
9780814780978 - page_41: "START TEXT: NOTES\n1. What do the various conceptions imply, for example, about whether we should endorse and pro" ******* END TEXT: " to cover “due care” in forming judgments about what one ought to do as well as firmness of will in "
9780814780978 - page_42: "START TEXT: following those judgments. It is intended to cover both of Kant’s somewhat different accounts of con" ******* END TEXT: "rong. According to others, objective features of the acts are what make them wrong. But either way, "
9780814780978 - page_43: "START TEXT: all who accept the popular religious conception agree that God in fact forbids and disapproves of wr" ******* END TEXT: "t that I attribute to ECR, although it is clear that he rejected its “nothing but” thesis. Kant was "
9780814780978 - page_44: "START TEXT: deeply committed to the idea that all “phenomena,” including those associated with human thought and" ******* END TEXT: ") would agree to if they were “legislating” moral principles (under certain ideal conditions). This "
9780814780978 - page_45: "START TEXT: theory is subject to many objections, but not that it reduces objectivity to actual contingent agree" ******* END TEXT: "f-love. Other British moralists, Butler thought, underestimated the moral significance of self-love "
9780814780978 - page_46: "START TEXT: and too readily concluded that moral concern is simply concern for the general welfare. See Joseph B" ******* END TEXT: "s and social harmony. Rationalistic natural law theorists agree with Butler that in moral judgment, "
9780814780978 - page_47: "START TEXT: reason applies general standards, but Butler’s position also differs from theirs. For unlike classic" ******* END TEXT: "l thinking; but in the end, after due reflection, we must rely on our own best judgment. Others may "
9780814780978 - page_48: "START TEXT: continue to disagree and may punish us for our conscientious act, but acting conscientiously, and on" ******* END TEXT: "elf-love) as well as other regarding (benevolence), cultivated desires for pleasures of the mind as "
9780814780978 - page_49: "START TEXT: well as instinctual cravings for pleasures of the body. Such inclinations are passive, given facts, " ******* END TEXT: "o be a necessary precondition of having duties and obligations, and even of making moral judgments. "
9780814780978 - page_50: "START TEXT: Moral feelings, such as respect for moral law, are analyzed as the consequences of recognition of ho" ******* END TEXT: "mportant. Like most moral philosophers in his tradition, Kant did not acknowledge radical ignorance "
9780814780978 - page_51: "START TEXT: or misunderstanding of the basic moral law as a further source of mistaken moral belief. The errors " ******* END TEXT: "d if so, conscience would have “involuntarily” reached its verdict and (if appropriate) imposed its "
9780814780978 - page_52: "START TEXT: sentence. Mistakes here are apparently assumed to be impossible because what we compare is all “inte" ******* END TEXT: "r as guilt or innocence is concerned, nothing more can be demanded” (MM, 202).\n55. See MM, 192–93.\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_53: "START TEXT: 3JIMINY CRICKET: A COMMENTARY ON PROFESSOR HILL’S FOUR CONCEPTIONS OF CONSCIENCE\nNOMI MAYA STOLZENBE" ******* END TEXT: "udgment—viewed from different perspectives. The fact that we adopt these different perspectives—and "
9780814780978 - page_54: "START TEXT: that we sometimes do so without even realizing it and mistakenly confuse our shift in perspective wi" ******* END TEXT: "grounds for doubting that each individual’s intuitions unerringly identify wrong acts, moral doubts "
9780814780978 - page_55: "START TEXT: are generated that call for checking by independent reasoned moral reflection.\nHill thinks that “ref" ******* END TEXT: "jectively right way,” although it is both “necessary and sufficient for morally blameless conduct.” "
9780814780978 - page_56: "START TEXT: Because the conscience is not equated with objectively true moral principles, the Kantian view “does" ******* END TEXT: "But when we examine more closely the argument against the relativist conception, we find that it is "
9780814780978 - page_57: "START TEXT: not fully supported. Furthermore, and perhaps more important, we find that the relativist conception" ******* END TEXT: "hat have been internalized through diffuse cultural processes of moral education and socialization.\n"
9780814780978 - page_58: "START TEXT: In this account, conscience is experienced subjectively, much along the lines described by the popul" ******* END TEXT: "diminution if not an outright denial of its moral authority. Since the conscience reflects “nothing "
9780814780978 - page_59: "START TEXT: but” internalized cultural norms and since it is always possible that a culture’s norms are unjust, " ******* END TEXT: "tional process of deliberation) at all.\nThe argument, as I have said, is a comparative one. It goes "
9780814780978 - page_60: "START TEXT: hand in hand with Hill’s assertion that conscience, understood along Butlerian and Kantian lines, is" ******* END TEXT: "ess defeasible than on the “deflationary” subjectivist account? Is there any view of the conscience "
9780814780978 - page_61: "START TEXT: that needs no supplement or check, and is there any possible supplement or check that itself require" ******* END TEXT: "bout the moral quality of our earlier moral reflections. It is, rather, an involuntary response—the "
9780814780978 - page_62: "START TEXT: voice of our “inner judge” passing judgment on our judgments after we have reviewed the relevant evi" ******* END TEXT: "lf, they are the best that we can do.\nConscience, as understood by each of the four views that Hill "
9780814780978 - page_63: "START TEXT: identifies, thus exhibits the same basic, recognizable features. It is, according to all accounts, f" ******* END TEXT: "le of Himmler notwithstanding.14 \nIf I have not yet persuaded you that the same image of conscience "
9780814780978 - page_64: "START TEXT: animates all four “conceptions”—which I would redescribe as four different perspectives on one and t" ******* END TEXT: " course, is that Jiminy Cricket is blathering incomprehensibly, and we all share his relief when he "
9780814780978 - page_65: "START TEXT: is allowed to lapse into the catchy jingle “give a little whistle” in lieu of having to articulate p" ******* END TEXT: "perations of conscience, Kant also describes conscience as like an ‘instinct,’ as something that we "
9780814780978 - page_66: "START TEXT: ‘find’ in ourselves, something that we ‘hear’ even when we try to run away”—just as Pinocchio “ran a" ******* END TEXT: "ally influenced, personally generated, subjectively held moral opinions—the very stuff of morality.\n"
9780814780978 - page_67: "START TEXT: NOTES\n1. Thomas E. Hill Jr., “Four Conceptions of Conscience,” this volume, 14.\n2. Ibid., 15–16.\n3. " ******* END TEXT: "to exterminate Jews and others as the voice of the conscience is only one possibility among others.\n"
9780814780978 - page_68: "START TEXT: 15. Hill, “Four Conceptions of Conscience,” 18, 23.\n16. Ibid., 30.\n17. Ibid., 32.\n18. Kantian notion" ******* END TEXT: "lt may be more convincing than a Kantian one here.\n19. Hill, “Four Conceptions of Conscience,” 33.\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_69: "START TEXT: 4CONSCIENCE AND MORAL PSYCHOLOGY: REFLECTIONS ON THOMAS HILL’S “FOUR CONCEPTIONS OF CONSCIENCE”\nELIZ" ******* END TEXT: "nce that Hill terms “extreme cultural relativism” obscures the specifically moral force of pangs of "
9780814780978 - page_70: "START TEXT: conscience, since it fails to distinguish between the wide range of people’s responses to cultural n" ******* END TEXT: "in tension with, other visions of conscience and of moral life. More generally, I want to show that "
9780814780978 - page_71: "START TEXT: some approaches to conscience lie beyond Hill’s four conceptions or intersect them in ways that illu" ******* END TEXT: "tain pathologies. Other accounts of the moral life are linked to different dangers and pathologies.\n"
9780814780978 - page_72: "START TEXT: The conclusion to be drawn is not that Kant’s account of conscience is wrong but that it has the des" ******* END TEXT: "ctions are not prompted by conscientious adherence to an exclusionary moral framework but appear to "
9780814780978 - page_73: "START TEXT: reflect a complete lack of moral connection to others. They are the stuff of tabloid headlines, and " ******* END TEXT: "r, then, is that it obscures alternative accounts of moral theorizing about conscience. To be sure, "
9780814780978 - page_74: "START TEXT: Hill acknowledges that a deflationary account of the cultural origins of conscience is compatible wi" ******* END TEXT: "se theorists offer—for example, about Nietzsche’s account of the origins of slave morality or about "
9780814780978 - page_75: "START TEXT: Freud’s model of the superego—but taken together, accounts like these reveal something about the sou" ******* END TEXT: "t\nOn this third planet of the Sun\namong the signs of bestiality\na clear conscience is Number One.7 \n"
9780814780978 - page_76: "START TEXT: Like Szymborska, Kant casts a skeptical eye on conscience and calls for a morality of self-scrutiny." ******* END TEXT: "n Stephen Dobyns’s poetry column, “Washington Post Book World,” Washington Post, July 20, 1995, 8.\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_100: "START TEXT: Socratic self-examination is not merely self-consciousness; it is not merely reflexive consciousness" ******* END TEXT: "njustice to the extent that he does? Why is he so passionate to see less injustice in the world and "
9780814780978 - page_101: "START TEXT: disposed to risk death rather than being an instrument of injustice? Why are his moral integrity, an" ******* END TEXT: "ven if we highlight the negativity of the manner in which he may conceive of human distinctiveness.\n"
9780814780978 - page_102: "START TEXT: A related reason, present in the Crito, is taken up with an eye on eventually introducing the doctri" ******* END TEXT: "hemselves than to him (or at least as much harm).53 This probably means, however, that Socrates is "
9780814780978 - page_103: "START TEXT: more valuable to Meletus and Athens than life is to Socrates. On the one hand, Socrates is valuable " ******* END TEXT: "es is continually unintimidated by death and not only when he is risking it in the name of avoiding "
9780814780978 - page_104: "START TEXT: injustice. Not dreading death absolutely, however, makes it easier for him to risk his life and then" ******* END TEXT: "ay: in devoting himself as an episodically active citizen, as a general nonparticipant in politics, "
9780814780978 - page_105: "START TEXT: and as “a sort of gadfly” to the cause of diminishing injustice and not lending himself as an instru" ******* END TEXT: "han most people taken as natural individuals not disciplined into martial collective self-forgetful "
9780814780978 - page_106: "START TEXT: self-sacrifice? Socrates goes very far when he says, “For no one knows whether death may not be the " ******* END TEXT: "iestess, no divine sign or voice and that what he says could not have come from self-examination or "
9780814780978 - page_107: "START TEXT: the method of examination used with others. At the end, Socrates, careful to deny that he has specul" ******* END TEXT: "e finds the prospect of nothingness appealing, not disgusting or disturbing. He does not repeat the "
9780814780978 - page_108: "START TEXT: saying of Silenus that it is best never to have been born, but he comes close. He says:\nif death is " ******* END TEXT: " died for them. He made them his superiors by deeming them worthy of his self-sacrifice. But he did "
9780814780978 - page_109: "START TEXT: not think that they were his equals, and this is precisely why he had to care for them and in the wa" ******* END TEXT: "criticisms and suggestions, and to John Cooper for many enlivening discussions of Socrates.\n2. 37a.\n"
9780814780978 - page_110: "START TEXT: 3. 31c.\n4. 17d.\n5. 31d-32a.\n6. 32e-33a.\n7. 32a-c.\n8. 32c-e.\n9. 28e.\n10. 28b-29a.\n11. 40a-b.\n12. 21a." ******* END TEXT: "\n38. 31a-b.\n39. 39c-d.\n40. 38a.\n41. 164–65.\n42. Diogenes Laertius, “Socrates,” vol. 1, II: 25, 155.\n"
9780814780978 - page_111: "START TEXT: 43. 31c.\n44. 29a.\n45. 17a.\n46. 230a.\n47. Diogenes Laertius, “Antisthenes,” in Hicks, trans., Lives o" ******* END TEXT: "7. 41c-d.\n58. 30d.\n59. 37b-e.\n60. 29a.\n61. 29a-b.\n62. 42a.\n63. 40c-41c.\n64. Vlastos, Socrates, 103.\n"
9780814780978 - page_112: "START TEXT: 65. 40c-e.\n66. Why are most dreams bad dreams, and why are bad dreams continuous with most wakeful l" ******* END TEXT: "ose sense of injustice is keen. There may be a connection to the Socrates of the Apology.\n67. 29d.\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_77: "START TEXT: 5SOCRATIC INTEGRITY\nGEORGE KATEB\nThe word integrity is derived from the Latin word integer, which me" ******* END TEXT: "ncluded in an objectionable larger whole.\nThese brief accounts of integrity are derived from common "
9780814780978 - page_78: "START TEXT: usage, and they also seem to suit Socrates quite well. That we apply to Socrates descriptions of int" ******* END TEXT: "erfectly full; as a personage, he is most positively defined. But his fullness and definition arise "
9780814780978 - page_79: "START TEXT: from negativity. (At the end of this chapter, I will qualify this assertion.)\nThinking about Socrate" ******* END TEXT: "good to people by being continuously available for conversation and thus getting them to think. But "
9780814780978 - page_80: "START TEXT: when he engages in worldly action, in acts of citizenship, his whole concern is to avoid injustice. " ******* END TEXT: " ideas about virtue or matters of any other kind. No clever intellection is needed to ascertain the "
9780814780978 - page_81: "START TEXT: nature of injustice. That is why I am tempted to think that for Socrates, intellectual integrity is " ******* END TEXT: "ecause it is the turn of his tribe to serve on the panel that prepares the agenda for the Assembly. "
9780814780978 - page_82: "START TEXT: When he refuses to obey, he is picked by the Tyrants to carry out a mission. For the rest of the tim" ******* END TEXT: " and the panel succumbed; Socrates was the sole dissenter. The issue was, to use a modern term, due "
9780814780978 - page_83: "START TEXT: process of law: fairness dictated separate and unrushed trials and in a proper court. Seeming niceti" ******* END TEXT: "ssent and noncompliance, not only to a soldier who does his duty but also to Achilles.10 But these "
9780814780978 - page_84: "START TEXT: comparisons obscure the main thing, which is that Socrates risks life and freedom in situations in w" ******* END TEXT: "moral heroism; it is purely secular.\nThat Socrates is also a hero of another kind as well—a hero in "
9780814780978 - page_85: "START TEXT: the cause of truth in the negative sense of dispelling errors—is undeniable. Here, there may be some" ******* END TEXT: "xample in the annals of conscientious and nonviolent politics. Perhaps, after all, he is interested "
9780814780978 - page_86: "START TEXT: only in the future—in his subtle and long-term effects on the moral imagination. He has no illusions" ******* END TEXT: "as the mission.17 Likewise, Socrates says that the Athenians eventually realized that the decision "
9780814780978 - page_87: "START TEXT: to try the military leaders as a group was illegal.18 (Later in the Crito, he says that the many wh" ******* END TEXT: "ion to the larger tendency or system in its regular and cumulative wrongdoing. To the extraordinary "
9780814780978 - page_88: "START TEXT: excesses of politics-as-masculinity, ordinary moral resistance may be futile, whereas extraordinary " ******* END TEXT: " an instrument of political injustice, this time to himself. If before, especially in regard to the "
9780814780978 - page_89: "START TEXT: Tyrants, he had risked death by his intransigent refusal to obey, he is now obedient unto death, his" ******* END TEXT: "tment of—submission to—moral principle. Is it the city and its laws? Or is it those men who, acting "
9780814780978 - page_90: "START TEXT: by means of a valid and intrinsically fair legal procedure, arrived at a substantively mistaken, per" ******* END TEXT: "ppear.) To give those who have wronged oneself what the world thinks they deserve is to render them "
9780814780978 - page_91: "START TEXT: injustice. Socrates avoids injustice when he accepts it for himself. The idea is amazing, but it doe" ******* END TEXT: "thought that it did the right thing.26 \nWhether the city is innocent or guilty or both or not quite "
9780814780978 - page_92: "START TEXT: either, the harm done by escaping from its judgment is the encouragement given others to disobey a l" ******* END TEXT: "k that Socrates’ reasons (whether general principles or particular considerations) satisfy. They do "
9780814780978 - page_93: "START TEXT: not seem to cover suitably his decision not to escape from prison and death. Neither of the two prin" ******* END TEXT: "o, let us say he goes to his death to avoid displaying the vices of ingratitude, faithlessness, and "
9780814780978 - page_94: "START TEXT: unfairness. Perhaps the avoidance of these vices matters more to the Socrates of the Crito than any " ******* END TEXT: " that he studied and speculated about things in the heavens and beneath the earth, that he made the "
9780814780978 - page_95: "START TEXT: worse argument appear the stronger, and that he taught these practices to others.32 These charges d" ******* END TEXT: "e of questioning and not answering. Athens respected and even encouraged parrhesia, frankness. This "
9780814780978 - page_96: "START TEXT: is not to deny that Socrates would have persisted until the end, cost what it may, even if the end h" ******* END TEXT: ", how to conduct a life, what to live for. He is trying to induce, by his perpetual dissatisfaction "
9780814780978 - page_97: "START TEXT: with answers, not skepticism but moderation. He is trying to erode the sources of pleonexia and hubr" ******* END TEXT: "it or, rather—in T. S. Eliot’s words from “Gerontion”—does the giving famish the craving? If people "
9780814780978 - page_98: "START TEXT: do not have some worldly good or prize, Socrates wants to delay them in their pursuit so that they m" ******* END TEXT: "estion to himself.46 He can imagine himself capable of the worst. This searching self-exploration, "
9780814780978 - page_99: "START TEXT: marked by some trepidation, that is formulated in the Phaedrus goes well with the Socrates of the Ap" ******* END TEXT: " self-examination is not a trick of language, an incorrigibly contaminated process, from the start.\n"
9780814780978 - page_115: "START TEXT: 6INTEGRITY, CONSCIENCE, AND SCIENCE\nJOHN KANE\nFew people at the end of the twentieth century can hav" ******* END TEXT: "more on the practices of science and the values they embody than on the products of science, and is "
9780814780978 - page_116: "START TEXT: concerned with valuable lessons that the wider community may learn from the scientific community.\nTh" ******* END TEXT: "ure of public trust in science. To make matters worse, the professional integrity of scientists has "
9780814780978 - page_117: "START TEXT: recently been called into question inside the scientific community itself. Greg Sachs and Mark Siegl" ******* END TEXT: "science noted earlier. The first asks whether any aspects of scientific practice may be regarded as "
9780814780978 - page_118: "START TEXT: generally and profitably applicable to public life, and the second asks about the degree of public t" ******* END TEXT: "e scrutiny and replication of work as inevitable as it can possibly be made.6 In its institutional "
9780814780978 - page_119: "START TEXT: wisdom, the scientific enterprise may have expected more than the usual honesty in its practitioners" ******* END TEXT: "r form that goes under the slang terms cooking or trimming and fudging. Plagiarism is apparently on "
9780814780978 - page_120: "START TEXT: the increase (including covert self-plagiarism, in which authors republish a single piece of work in" ******* END TEXT: "es concern the danger to continued funding. Science needs to maintain its public image of more-than "
9780814780978 - page_121: "START TEXT: ordinary integrity because the continued funding of its research programs may partly depend on it. I" ******* END TEXT: "questionable, if on no grounds other than the purely prudential one of the risk to continued public "
9780814780978 - page_122: "START TEXT: funding, as noted earlier. The loss of a reputation for more than average integrity may have, for sc" ******* END TEXT: "ical of all claims to “objectivity.”19 \nSome people might want to go further. They could argue that "
9780814780978 - page_123: "START TEXT: what has been said so far supports the charges of those who hold that science’s claim to “objective " ******* END TEXT: "of “crackpot” to that of “interesting”; now it is universally accepted by scientists as true and is "
9780814780978 - page_124: "START TEXT: the foundation for much recent work in biology and geology. The evidence, finally, seemed irrefutabl" ******* END TEXT: "out what ‘must’ have happened were obviously perceived to be scientific fact, but ultimately proved "
9780814780978 - page_125: "START TEXT: specious.”23 The spray pattern turned out to be present on other cars of the same make and was, in " ******* END TEXT: " course, laypeople are at a disadvantage when confronted by experts of any kind, and they cannot be "
9780814780978 - page_126: "START TEXT: expected to test opinions in an expert way. But they do not have to. They have only to realize that " ******* END TEXT: "se, on the publicity requirement to ensure the full availability of argument and evidence. But this "
9780814780978 - page_127: "START TEXT: attitude would seem worthwhile inculcating in laypeople as much as in scientists if it would encoura" ******* END TEXT: "being (even perfectly) maintained, for it is the products of this practice that worry the doubters.\n"
9780814780978 - page_128: "START TEXT: The debate currently taking place over bioethical research is illustrative.29 The questions raised " ******* END TEXT: "their freedom of inquiry in the exalted terms of the pure value of knowledge, perhaps founded on an "
9780814780978 - page_129: "START TEXT: ineradicable human curiosity (one scientist contended that the “acquisition of knowledge by the huma" ******* END TEXT: "ms spent on research and development by nations and corporations can scarcely be imagined as wholly "
9780814780978 - page_130: "START TEXT: driven by an ethical interest in human knowing. True knowledge is sought for its tangible payoffs, l" ******* END TEXT: "l and economic matter and so is susceptible to the usual analyses of propriety, fairness, political "
9780814780978 - page_131: "START TEXT: demands, likely returns, and so on. It is true that important scientific discoveries cannot be progr" ******* END TEXT: "manage the dangers of all scientific discovery and application while securing what benefits we can. "
9780814780978 - page_132: "START TEXT: This is more likely to be successful if the wider public is included in such management. Much is tal" ******* END TEXT: "human genetics, and childlessness have influenced public debate and policymaking. Durant speculates "
9780814780978 - page_133: "START TEXT: whether this might help explain why, in studies conducted throughout Europe, the Danes show a relati" ******* END TEXT: "ch reasonable trust may be founded.\nMost people continue to have great respect for the achievements "
9780814780978 - page_134: "START TEXT: of science, even if they cannot fully understand them. Greater admittance to and familiarity with sc" ******* END TEXT: "entations of the Scientist in Western Literature (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).\n"
9780814780978 - page_135: "START TEXT: 2. John Durant cites the Media Monitor Project in Britain that took a random sample of daily newspap" ******* END TEXT: "ber 29–October 5, 1994, 11.\n9. See Editorial Policy Committee of the Council of Biological Editors, "
9780814780978 - page_136: "START TEXT: Ethics and Policy in Scientific Publication (Bethesda, Md.: Council of Biological Editors, 1990), x" ******* END TEXT: "ner for his codiscovery of the double-helical structure of chromosomes. Cornwell notes particularly "
9780814780978 - page_137: "START TEXT: “the tendency to pose as a single, infallible oracle by flaunting past distinction for experimental " ******* END TEXT: " that do not differ across disciplines. It is worth remembering that many of the critical standards "
9780814780978 - page_138: "START TEXT: we normally think of as “scientific” were first formulated not in natural science but in the hermene" ******* END TEXT: "39. Ibid.\n40. Freeman Dyson, “The Scientist as Rebel,” New York Review of Books, May 25, 1995, 33.\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_139: "START TEXT: 7TRUST IN SCIENCE AND IN SCIENTISTS: A RESPONSE TO KANE\nKAREN JONES\nJohn Kane’s “Integrity, Conscien" ******* END TEXT: "seems that Kane is drawn to cognitive individualism out of concern that we display autonomy and not "
9780814780978 - page_140: "START TEXT: abdicate our epistemic responsibilities, especially when faced with questions that have important pr" ******* END TEXT: "rhaps Kane means to advocate cognitive individualism as a regulative ideal. Conceived as regulative "
9780814780978 - page_141: "START TEXT: ideal, cognitive individualism would be something that we have a duty to approximate as closely as w" ******* END TEXT: "ave been conducted single-handedly.\nGiven that the acquisition of knowledge can progress as fast as "
9780814780978 - page_142: "START TEXT: it does only because such acquisition is a social rather than an individual enterprise and given tha" ******* END TEXT: "vidence relating to both the content of the expert’s testimony and her credentials as an expert. We "
9780814780978 - page_143: "START TEXT: may wish to check on both what the expert says and the expert herself. Thus, for example, we may wan" ******* END TEXT: " epistemic capacities, we are obliged to trust the epistemic capacities of others, and hence—absent "
9780814780978 - page_144: "START TEXT: worries about sincerity—we are obliged to trust their word. Our most basic intellectual faculties ar" ******* END TEXT: " stance. But the issue of reductionism concerns whether our dependence on testimony can be reduced, "
9780814780978 - page_145: "START TEXT: without remainder, to reliance on other modes of epistemic access to the world—such as memory, perce" ******* END TEXT: "stimony is a special case of the question of which default stance to adopt with respect to trusting "
9780814780978 - page_146: "START TEXT: others more generally, then we can employ insights gained from reflecting on trust in general for th" ******* END TEXT: "eutrality is warranted should depend, not surprisingly, on the domain over which our trust extends.\n"
9780814780978 - page_147: "START TEXT: The default stance is also dependent on the expected disutility of misplaced trust or distrust. When" ******* END TEXT: " motives? Domain matters, too. Expert testimony with the most relevance to public policy frequently "
9780814780978 - page_148: "START TEXT: involves subject matter for which there is a real possibility of ideological distortion, a possibili" ******* END TEXT: "about gender (and we probably do not have much) is knowledge made possible by the feminist movement "
9780814780978 - page_149: "START TEXT: and the critiques of scientific discourse on gender that it generated. If this is correct, the lesso" ******* END TEXT: "owever—but only if such knowledge can be brought back under the umbrella of things known firsthand:\n"
9780814780978 - page_150: "START TEXT: Knowledge that one acquires through testimony, that is, by being told by other people, by reading, a" ******* END TEXT: "t just any borrowing will do or even that most of our actual borrowings are acceptable, this answer "
9780814780978 - page_151: "START TEXT: rules out borrowings that result from a default stance of trust even when we have good reason to thi" ******* END TEXT: "st in Knowledge,” 696.\n6. See Hardwig, “Epistemic Dependence” and “The Role of Trust in Knowledge.”\n"
9780814780978 - page_152: "START TEXT: 7. These two kinds of checking up are distinguished by Gerald Dworkin in The Theory and Practice of " ******* END TEXT: " discussed further in Laurence Thomas, “Moral Deference,” Philosophical Forum 26 (1992–93): 233–50.\n"
9780814780978 - page_153: "START TEXT: 17. Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: Norton, 1981).\n18. Russell Hardin makes the " ******* END TEXT: " there is much to be said against his picture of what such critical reflection needs to amount to.\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_154: "START TEXT: 8MORAL OPPORTUNISM: A CASE STUDY\nKENNETH I. WINSTON\nMoral integrity is a quality of persons only in " ******* END TEXT: "s for moral goodness that otherwise might not be realized and a person may be deemed to have failed "
9780814780978 - page_155: "START TEXT: morally for not exploiting such opportunities, even if they entail significant moral costs. If this " ******* END TEXT: "gin an explicit examination of defenses only in the final section, it will be clear to readers that "
9780814780978 - page_156: "START TEXT: my moral argument starts on the first page and continues uninterrupted throughout.\nThe story concern" ******* END TEXT: "ctice based; it focuses on operative norms, tacit assumptions, and settled expectations, especially "
9780814780978 - page_157: "START TEXT: those that diverge from the formal rules. If the divergence is sufficiently wide, we could end up wi" ******* END TEXT: "e Supreme Court unless it is a close call. For many of these cases, then, the question legitimately "
9780814780978 - page_158: "START TEXT: turns on a matter of political morality, and it is entirely appropriate for the attorney general and" ******* END TEXT: "’s evident commitment to professional norms and the skill with which the SG assists the justices in "
9780814780978 - page_159: "START TEXT: meeting what they understand as their own responsibilities. Thus, effectiveness does not refer to su" ******* END TEXT: "n relation to government clients by refusing to support petitions for review, by submitting a brief "
9780814780978 - page_160: "START TEXT: while declining to endorse its argument (e.g., by a well-placed footnote), or by completely rewritin" ******* END TEXT: "taff of the SG’s office and, until 1961, handled all civil rights cases before the Supreme Court in "
9780814780978 - page_161: "START TEXT: which the United States was a party or was involved as amicus curiae. Given the tradition of deferen" ******* END TEXT: " Acheson, Paul Freund, or some other old, trusted friend—that was my position when FF talked to me.\n"
9780814780978 - page_162: "START TEXT: But Elman was also a lawyer in the SG’s office with responsibility for writing the government’s brie" ******* END TEXT: "desegregation; … would have hurt the public school systems everywhere; and … would have damaged the "
9780814780978 - page_163: "START TEXT: Court.” That is why he needed Elman to control the timing of the government’s push for desegregation" ******* END TEXT: "ove everyone along at a gradual pace.\nReinforcing Frankfurter’s gradualism was Justice Hugo Black’s "
9780814780978 - page_164: "START TEXT: dire prediction that if the Court mandated integration, southern liberalism would be finished, and t" ******* END TEXT: "ibes Frankfurter as having had “enormous difficulty” supporting the abolition of school segregation "
9780814780978 - page_165: "START TEXT: by judicial decree, and in this respect he lumps Frankfurter together with Justices Jackson, Frederi" ******* END TEXT: " the remedial phase (Brown II).\nThe dubious legality of “with all deliberate speed” is an important "
9780814780978 - page_166: "START TEXT: part of the story, but I will say only a word about it here. Elman characterizes the idea—in retrosp" ******* END TEXT: " of the national interest.” This perspective also emerges in the oral history. When the interviewer "
9780814780978 - page_167: "START TEXT: finally grasps the impropriety of Elman’s conversations with Frankfurter and presses him about it, E" ******* END TEXT: "the full irony of this part of the story emerges only with Richard Kluger’s observation that in the "
9780814780978 - page_168: "START TEXT: summer of 1953, when Brownell was delaying the decision whether to answer the Court’s request for a " ******* END TEXT: "lman not to take advantage of his unique opportunity to influence the Court’s decision in Brown. At "
9780814780978 - page_169: "START TEXT: the same time, I think the wrong he committed was not simply canceled or annulled by the greater goo" ******* END TEXT: "s journey to Mount Moriah, because he knew they would not find intelligible the distinction between "
9780814780978 - page_170: "START TEXT: sacrificing Isaac, in obedience to God’s command, and murdering him. As Kierkegaard himself says els" ******* END TEXT: "lic officials fashion and implement policies that affect others, including those who have different "
9780814780978 - page_171: "START TEXT: or even opposite convictions, there is an obligation to reach out beyond what is personal to what ca" ******* END TEXT: "n’s deed had been personal, it would have carried no moral weight. Personal beliefs and convictions "
9780814780978 - page_172: "START TEXT: do not give government officials a mandate for action. They do, of course, generate felt imperatives" ******* END TEXT: "ction, including new duties. Acting conscientiously means attending to those duties and giving them "
9780814780978 - page_173: "START TEXT: priority over other considerations. Moreover, since each official is typically only one among others" ******* END TEXT: "aid, “It seemed to me that the separation of function[s] in society justified and, indeed, required "
9780814780978 - page_174: "START TEXT: the course that I pursued.” The responsibility to order or not order the Japanese evacuation rested " ******* END TEXT: "beforehand but is always in play, always something to be negotiated as the official moves from task "
9780814780978 - page_175: "START TEXT: to task. “The moral authority to act is nothing more or less than what in fact the political process" ******* END TEXT: "n an appeal to impersonal principle is disfavored and must carry a special burden of argument if it "
9780814780978 - page_176: "START TEXT: is to succeed. Thus, Elman’s statement “I don’t defend what I did” would have to be construed in thi" ******* END TEXT: "omes produced by the same means. A sound moral judgment, Dewey says, must take into account all the "
9780814780978 - page_177: "START TEXT: consequences. But Dewey’s point leaves us with this question: How do we assess situations in which w" ******* END TEXT: "axim: It is not that the end justifies the means; it is that at best, the end excuses the means.37 \n"
9780814780978 - page_178: "START TEXT: Admittedly, this correction makes the task of applying the maxim even more difficult than it appeare" ******* END TEXT: "n about the strategy chosen or for chastising others who favored other strategies.)38 Accordingly, "
9780814780978 - page_179: "START TEXT: citizens have an interest in officials not acting on the basis of their idiosyncratic determination " ******* END TEXT: "l elite groups such as the legal profession (in which, again, deliberation would have taken place)?\n"
9780814780978 - page_180: "START TEXT: Obviously, the case for civil rights cannot depend on actual consent by a majority of citizens. Yet " ******* END TEXT: "d apply an algorithm to make the appropriate calculation. I do not understand Elman to have engaged "
9780814780978 - page_181: "START TEXT: in any such exercise, even tacitly.) Moreover, even if the existing moral conventions are not ideal," ******* END TEXT: "t of the SG’s office in his The Tenth Justice: The Solicitor General and the Rule of Law (New York: "
9780814780978 - page_182: "START TEXT: Knopf, 1987). For an academic study, see Rebecca Mae Salokar, The Solicitor General: The Politics o" ******* END TEXT: "e in Political Ethics: Varieties of Dirty Hands,” in Daniel E. Wueste, ed., Professional Ethics and "
9780814780978 - page_183: "START TEXT: Social Responsibility (Lanham, Md: Rowman and Littlefield, 1994), 37–66.\n24. Silber, “Oral History," ******* END TEXT: "le wrongdoing, it falls outside the analysis offered by Christopher W. Gowans in Innocence Lost: An "
9780814780978 - page_184: "START TEXT: Examination of Inescapable Moral Wrongdoing (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).\n37. The moral" ******* END TEXT: "I am grateful to Cary Coglianese, Philip Selznick, Ian Shapiro, Dennis Thompson, and Michael Wald.\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_187: "START TEXT: 9CONSCIENCE AND THE LAW: LIBERAL AND DEMOCRATIC APPROACHES\nDAVID DYZENHAUS\nINTRODUCTION\nThe question" ******* END TEXT: "icate things further, both the idea of “legitimacy” and the idea of “law” are inherently ambiguous, "
9780814780978 - page_188: "START TEXT: a problem fueling debates in legal philosophy between positivists and antipositivists.\nIn this chapt" ******* END TEXT: "rocedures must be followed for an act of lawmaking power to succeed in creating valid law. They can "
9780814780978 - page_189: "START TEXT: and often do exist in the absence of both prior enactment and sanctions for noncompliance. All that " ******* END TEXT: "sm, Ronald Dworkin’s interpretative theory of law.5 Dworkin focuses on judges’ ubiquitous reliance "
9780814780978 - page_190: "START TEXT: in interpretation on legal standards whose status as such does not depend on prior enactment. He als" ******* END TEXT: "gal positivism seems to play an ever more important role in the debate about the legitimacy of law.\n"
9780814780978 - page_191: "START TEXT: LIBERALISM, LEGITIMACY, AND DEMOCRACY\nAs we have seen, liberal philosophers can hold either positivi" ******* END TEXT: "utrality. Nor does it mean that all comprehensive positions will be on a level playing field. Those "
9780814780978 - page_192: "START TEXT: who wish their comprehensive positions to win political influence must be “contained.” And even if t" ******* END TEXT: "asonable to expect endorsement.\nBut the justification is not offered to the free and equal citizens "
9780814780978 - page_193: "START TEXT: of a democracy for their deliberation and decision. Rather, the justification tells us the limits to" ******* END TEXT: " taken “once and for all” off the political agenda. The values are the ones to which we are already "
9780814780978 - page_194: "START TEXT: committed, as is evidenced in our practices, including our law. So all we can do in the face of fund" ******* END TEXT: "ich it limits democracy is simply to assert that the values of political liberalism are in fact the "
9780814780978 - page_195: "START TEXT: values of our political order. And it is committed to a positivism regarding the law because it is a" ******* END TEXT: "sk, but its important message is that law’s form imposes a logic on the exercise of political power "
9780814780978 - page_196: "START TEXT: that secures both the public and the private autonomy of the citizen. For Habermas, there is no riva" ******* END TEXT: " in the political process—are also rights that must be produced through an exercise of public auton "
9780814780978 - page_197: "START TEXT: omy that is legitimate, that is, that does not infringe on private autonomy.26 In making this claim" ******* END TEXT: "ive power to be exercised legitimately, it must be bound to the law, which means to the application "
9780814780978 - page_198: "START TEXT: of the law. The reason that judges have an important role in the legal order is that the judiciary s" ******* END TEXT: "d equal citizen of a legal community. But even though both are legitimate bases for interpretation, "
9780814780978 - page_199: "START TEXT: the liberal and the welfarist paradigms cannot have the exclusive status to which each has historica" ******* END TEXT: "ts the freedom of an individual or how a statutory regime that protects individual freedom sustains "
9780814780978 - page_200: "START TEXT: factual inequality, we must find out from those directly affected.36 \nJust as Habermas wants legisla" ******* END TEXT: "bilities of legislators to justify their legislation to free and equal citizens. They are necessary "
9780814780978 - page_201: "START TEXT: if in their absence, citizens do not have the legal mechanisms they need to ensure that the law is i" ******* END TEXT: "law is not application of the content of the law, but of the idea of legality or of procedural law.\n"
9780814780978 - page_202: "START TEXT: Recall that Dworkin’s theory of adjudication starts by rejecting the position that the only law that" ******* END TEXT: "as in Dworkin’s theory. Habermas’s guardian of the law is the individual conscience of the citizen.\n"
9780814780978 - page_203: "START TEXT: THE POLITICS OF JUSTIFICATION\nBoth the democratic and the liberal sides in the debate about the appr" ******* END TEXT: "d that liberal values do not so much impose constraints on democracy as make democracy possible.50 \n"
9780814780978 - page_204: "START TEXT: The instrumentalist view of democracy and the view that liberalism makes democracy possible are not " ******* END TEXT: "st see the necessity of the thesis.\nI want to offer an alternative to Habermas’s transcendentalism, "
9780814780978 - page_205: "START TEXT: a democratic account of the legitimacy of law that is thoroughly internal in that it at no time step" ******* END TEXT: "ve law. But if the ruler had unfettered discretion as to the content of the positive law, law would "
9780814780978 - page_206: "START TEXT: provide no substantive moral guarantee, so liberals made the further demand that the law be the prod" ******* END TEXT: "sing advocates of political absolutism as Thomas Hobbes. As the idea of what ensures accountability "
9780814780978 - page_207: "START TEXT: changes, so will ideas of what legal institutions are required and thus of what the fundamental form" ******* END TEXT: " to attend to the extent to which the law is the product of a properly functioning democratic legal "
9780814780978 - page_208: "START TEXT: order. And this brings into question the extent to which the institutions of her legal order are in " ******* END TEXT: "bates about limits on freedom of expression in which groups argue for either limits on pornographic "
9780814780978 - page_209: "START TEXT: expression in the cause of the equality of women or limits on racist expression in the cause of the " ******* END TEXT: " of public reason even as it permits limitations on the freedom of expression. To do this, it opens "
9780814780978 - page_210: "START TEXT: the determination of the limits of public reason to a process of democratic justification quite alie" ******* END TEXT: "ights first identified by liberalism. But it need not concede the correctness of particular liberal "
9780814780978 - page_211: "START TEXT: positions on the content of those rights. Indeed, a democrat should be committed to making the issue" ******* END TEXT: "tter they choose. But this is a risk that the internal account cheerfully accepts, for the internal "
9780814780978 - page_212: "START TEXT: account does not place its faith in the institutions of the legal or political order but in the cons" ******* END TEXT: "ralism’s endorsement of the legislative redistribution of wealth at the same time as it precludes a "
9780814780978 - page_213: "START TEXT: commitment to this effect from being put into the Constitution. See Ronald Dworkin, Freedom’s Law: T" ******* END TEXT: "on a particular understanding of its Constitution. See Dworkin, Freedoms Law, esp. 221: “Freedom of "
9780814780978 - page_214: "START TEXT: speech, conceived and protected as a fundamental negative liberty, is the core of the choice modern " ******* END TEXT: "18–27.\n37. Ibid., chap. 8.\n38. I owe this term to Etienne Mureinik; see, for example, his “Emerging "
9780814780978 - page_215: "START TEXT: from Emergency: Human Rights in South Africa,” Michigan Law Review 92 (1994): 1977.\n39. Compare Ber" ******* END TEXT: "mes, “Gag Rules or the Politics of Omission” and “Precommitment and the Paradox of Democracy,” both "
9780814780978 - page_216: "START TEXT: in Jon Elster and Rune Slagstad, eds, Constitutionalism and Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge Univers" ******* END TEXT: "risprudence 7 (1994): 261.\n60. See Rawls, Political Liberalism, 340–56; and Dworkin, Freedom’s Law, "
9780814780978 - page_217: "START TEXT: sec. II: “Speech, Conscience, and Sex.” Both Rawls and Dworkin allow for some exceptions, for exampl" ******* END TEXT: "ch a group will first try the path of legality when its aims can be exposed to effective critique.\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_218: "START TEXT: 10THE INHERENT DECEPTIVENESS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DISCOURSE: A DIAGNOSIS AND PRESCRIPTION\nROGERS M. SMI" ******* END TEXT: "course generally, but I focus on constitutional discussions here). This feature is the tendency for "
9780814780978 - page_219: "START TEXT: constitutional arguments to be unusually deceptive and confusing, in ways that often represent not s" ******* END TEXT: "e reasoning exists, whether it is rooted in the political and psychological factors I sketch in the "
9780814780978 - page_220: "START TEXT: next section of this chapter, and what its consequences are. To undertake such explorations, however" ******* END TEXT: "advantage of this relatively narrow definition of constitutionality is that it enables us to resist "
9780814780978 - page_221: "START TEXT: the pervasive tendency to identify “legitimate” judicial actions with whatever an analyst defines as" ******* END TEXT: "tionality, defined as distinct from goodness. Then, if our preferred result is not constitutionally "
9780814780978 - page_222: "START TEXT: authorized, we might factor in the costs to the many goods constitutionalism serves that will occur " ******* END TEXT: "o so if the extraordinary character of such decisions is understood. Constitutionalism—adherence to "
9780814780978 - page_223: "START TEXT: the rule of fundamental laws—does do a lot of good, and I do not imagine that decisions undermining " ******* END TEXT: "ients’ interests. The adversarial system and the role of a judge who is in the pay of neither party "
9780814780978 - page_224: "START TEXT: to a case are together supposed to ensure that biases in the briefs cancel out each other and that t" ******* END TEXT: "to show when reasoning departs from what the critic believes to be the correct constitutional path, "
9780814780978 - page_225: "START TEXT: and again, I am not trying to prescribe the right way for judges to reach or defend their rulings. L" ******* END TEXT: "ere. Many students find it hard to conceive that what is ultimately authoritative in their nation’s "
9780814780978 - page_226: "START TEXT: legal and political systems might be, at the deepest level, opposed to what they regard as legitimat" ******* END TEXT: "n the last analysis, good and right.\nJudges are, of course, vividly aware that most participants in "
9780814780978 - page_227: "START TEXT: constitutional discourse tend to equate what is constitutional with what they think is good or at le" ******* END TEXT: "can judges are almost irresistibly impelled to justify their results publicly as mandates of author "
9780814780978 - page_228: "START TEXT: itative legal sources, especially the Constitution, rather than as products of a calculus of overall" ******* END TEXT: " narrow readings of the framers’ “original intent” have come from the so-called Princeton school of "
9780814780978 - page_229: "START TEXT: scholars influenced by Walter Murphy. But its members all accept that—as Sotirios Barber said more t" ******* END TEXT: "er of the widespread belief that constitutionalism requires judges to adhere to originally ratified "
9780814780978 - page_230: "START TEXT: meanings. He says he would and could, if on a judicial bench, proclaim that his political preference" ******* END TEXT: "r costs, we are not likely to produce accounts that ring true to most of the system’s participants. "
9780814780978 - page_231: "START TEXT: We also will not get on the table the questions of the ultimate goodness of a particular decision, a" ******* END TEXT: " Indeed, part of my objective here is to help us consider whether it is better when judges do or do "
9780814780978 - page_232: "START TEXT: not stick to considerations of constitutionality alone, defined in the more narrowly bounded way tha" ******* END TEXT: "government on almost any conception of that term are many. If adhered to, constitutional procedures "
9780814780978 - page_233: "START TEXT: usually reduce the scope for arbitrary decision making by creating many motions that must be gone th" ******* END TEXT: "sely because constitutional discourse is pervasively deceptive, serving often to “cloak the reality "
9780814780978 - page_234: "START TEXT: of the Court’s decision-making process,” as, for example, Jeff Segal and Harold Spaeth argue? My qua" ******* END TEXT: "n if we evade the distinction between constitutionality and goodness by claiming that all decisions "
9780814780978 - page_235: "START TEXT: turn equally on the judge’s view of the latter and that all opinions suggesting otherwise are equall" ******* END TEXT: "“democratically legitimate.” It is because the Constitution represents the democratically alterable "
9780814780978 - page_236: "START TEXT: will of the American people and because the alternative to adhering to it is, in Bork’s view, “autho" ******* END TEXT: "bdication of judicial review of constitutionality altogether. Yet since even Bork ends up departing "
9780814780978 - page_237: "START TEXT: from these claims, the contention that constitutionality understood as conformity to original intent" ******* END TEXT: "l intent, is the best way to achieve overall goodness or rightness, Dworkin offers a different, and "
9780814780978 - page_238: "START TEXT: influential, definition of constitutionality. He argues that judgments of constitutionality properly" ******* END TEXT: "ds that judges need only interpret the more general “concepts,” not the more specific “conceptions” "
9780814780978 - page_239: "START TEXT: expressed in the constitutional text, and he stresses that many results meet this rather minimal “ad" ******* END TEXT: "larly analysis as well as in judging.\nThis distinction could have real bite for Dworkin only if the "
9780814780978 - page_240: "START TEXT: best result in his eyes did not have even the most minimal fit with original intent, and those occas" ******* END TEXT: "s. Hence it blurs rather than clarifies my proposed scholarly distinction between constitutionality "
9780814780978 - page_241: "START TEXT: and goodness to accord deference sole rights to the label of constitutional holding.\nIn light of the" ******* END TEXT: "hould supply misleading legitimating wrapping for such judicial decision making, preferring instead "
9780814780978 - page_242: "START TEXT: to bring out in the open issues of whether constitution-bound adjudication and our constitutional pr" ******* END TEXT: " of Columbia. Although most Republicans accepted, following Abraham Lincoln, that African Americans "
9780814780978 - page_243: "START TEXT: were equally entitled with whites to the basic rights of the Declaration of Independence, including " ******* END TEXT: "er much Congress may in modern times have exempted itself from laws it applied to others, McConnell "
9780814780978 - page_244: "START TEXT: provides no evidence that it claimed it did not need to abide by the principles of the Fourteenth Am" ******* END TEXT: "ine their constitutional authorization as expansively as they could. They were certainly not likely "
9780814780978 - page_245: "START TEXT: to suggest the Constitution did not authorize the bans on segregation they now wished to pass.\nBut t" ******* END TEXT: "it simply because they think it is what the ratifiers of the Fourteenth Amendment anticipated. They "
9780814780978 - page_246: "START TEXT: defend it because they know Jim Crow was an evil system and they want to be able to say that it is a" ******* END TEXT: "emphatically without cost to the values of constitutionalism only affirms that constitutionality is "
9780814780978 - page_247: "START TEXT: not goodness and that there is sometimes a higher morality than the morality of process. The aspects" ******* END TEXT: "d by both blacks and whites, still virtually no one openly advocates overturning Brown and bringing "
9780814780978 - page_248: "START TEXT: back official Jim Crow laws. Instead, I think most Americans believe that banning those laws was a g" ******* END TEXT: "iser assessments of the relevance of Brown to broader debates over the powers appropriate to judges "
9780814780978 - page_249: "START TEXT: and other officials in a constitutional system and of the value of constitutionalism in general.\nIn " ******* END TEXT: "er disputes are taken to an official third party, at least one more interest is introduced, that of "
9780814780978 - page_250: "START TEXT: the “regime” the official represents. If that regime is complexly constituted, as the U.S. governmen" ******* END TEXT: "tice Accused: Antislavery and the Judicial Process (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1975).\n"
9780814780978 - page_251: "START TEXT: 9. Alexander Bickel, The Morality of Consent (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1975), 5, 123" ******* END TEXT: "d constitutional status. I therefore think that we should count conformity to precedent as a factor "
9780814780978 - page_252: "START TEXT: in assessing the decision’s overall goodness, not its constitutionality. It is true, nonetheless, th" ******* END TEXT: ", regardless of what others said later. And as noted later, none of those legislators said that the "
9780814780978 - page_253: "START TEXT: clause enabled courts to overturn school segregation. See McConnell, “Originalism and the Desegregat" ******* END TEXT: " as better guides to justice and goodness, but not original intent.\n32. Ibid., 951, n. 11, 1112–14.\n"
9780814780978 - page_254: "START TEXT: 33. Gerald N. Rosenberg, The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring about Social Change? (Chicago: University" ******* END TEXT: "more prerogative power than to the current Rehnquist Court, but I will not risk arguing that here.\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_255: "START TEXT: 11CONSTITUTIONAL DISCOURSE AND THE DECEPTIVE ATTRACTIVENESS OF SHARP DICHOTOMIES\nKENT GREENAWALT\nIf " ******* END TEXT: " rather than constitutionality. (6) Much of his own justification for adhering to constitutionality "
9780814780978 - page_256: "START TEXT: misfits his version of constitutionality. (7) The conflict he poses does exist, but it is much more " ******* END TEXT: "f his chapter with the comment that “fidelity to truth is what integrity must mean for scholars.”3 \n"
9780814780978 - page_257: "START TEXT: II. CONFLICTS OF CONSTITUTIONALITY AND GOODNESS\nI turn now to the substance of Smith’s discussion, b" ******* END TEXT: "strategy that assigns some weight to stage 1 goodness, the questions of judicial self-understanding "
9780814780978 - page_258: "START TEXT: and candor arise. Even when resolution is achieved in stage 2, because the goodness of adhering to c" ******* END TEXT: "y balanced, with the opinions of relevant scholars, lawyers, and other judges about evenly divided; "
9780814780978 - page_259: "START TEXT: after hard work the judge develops a conviction about constitutionality that happens to oppose her b" ******* END TEXT: "tionality is absurd—not remotely close to what the standard of constitutionality is, and should be, "
9780814780978 - page_260: "START TEXT: for most of the cases in the U.S. constitutional order. Perhaps the root of these problems is the te" ******* END TEXT: "ess and candor in statutory interpretation are virtually identical to those posed by constitutional "
9780814780978 - page_261: "START TEXT: interpretation. The problems in common law development are similar: Should judges recognize and ackn" ******* END TEXT: " of a majority. Judges must agree on language. A third factor is that legal considerations, such as "
9780814780978 - page_262: "START TEXT: the force of statutory language, may appear more objective than ideas of right and good. None of the" ******* END TEXT: "ion of Brown v. Board of Education and other passages, Smith seems to assume that constitutionality "
9780814780978 - page_263: "START TEXT: depends mainly on specific intentions concerning particular practices.\nLet me illustrate the problem" ******* END TEXT: "ided by Supreme Court justices and other judges, not on original intent. The Supreme Court has more "
9780814780978 - page_264: "START TEXT: flexibility to swerve from the path of preceding decisions, but it, too, tries to develop consistent" ******* END TEXT: "e a fine job. You decided correctly from your point of view. We, however, are bound to reach behind "
9780814780978 - page_265: "START TEXT: precedents to original intent (and perhaps to goodness). So we are reversing you.” On some occasions" ******* END TEXT: "ecision at its best resembles common law development, the line between legality and goodness blurs.\n"
9780814780978 - page_266: "START TEXT: VI. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION\nSmith’s claim that social science should attend to differences between" ******* END TEXT: "f the overall good, not in accord with legal standards of constitutionality. But Smith’s version of "
9780814780978 - page_267: "START TEXT: constitutionality ends up placing A and B in the same box as D; all choose overall good (in some sen" ******* END TEXT: "d is that a scholar see that the justices are moved by that consideration and that it might justify "
9780814780978 - page_268: "START TEXT: a result. (I add this last caveat so as not to include the various biases and prejudices that also i" ******* END TEXT: "s part of overall goodness.\n7. Smith, “The Inherent Deceptiveness of Constitutional Discourse,” 232\n"
9780814780978 - page_269: "START TEXT: 8. Of course, he might argue that judges acting in this manner produce corrosive long-term consequen" ******* END TEXT: "(1997) (1997 WL 338583).\n18. Smith, “The Inherent Deceptiveness of Constitutional Discourse,” 233.\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_270: "START TEXT: 12PRAGMATISM, HONESTY, AND INTEGRITY\nCATHARINE PIERCE WELLS\nINTRODUCTION\nIn this chapter, I respond " ******* END TEXT: "ding of Smith’s chapter, however, indicates that he is seeking to locate himself in a more moderate "
9780814780978 - page_271: "START TEXT: position, somewhere between the conservatism of Bork and Scalia and the liberalism of Ronald Dworkin" ******* END TEXT: "roblem is that his account of the distinction overstates its mark. Although I agree that “What does "
9780814780978 - page_272: "START TEXT: the text say?” is a different question from “What is the best thing to do?” I disagree with the noti" ******* END TEXT: "ted prerogative to reach a good result that is at odds with the best constitutional interpretation.\n"
9780814780978 - page_273: "START TEXT: Even though this jurisprudential theory is not Smith’s main focus, the clear implication of his argu" ******* END TEXT: " a constitution requires participation and debate in a variety of public and private forums, and so "
9780814780978 - page_274: "START TEXT: the resulting historical record is often complex and ambiguous. Furthermore, even if the historical " ******* END TEXT: "he historical record, the views of neither historian can be easily dismissed. Nevertheless, the two "
9780814780978 - page_275: "START TEXT: different mind-sets provide different frameworks for questions of constitutional interpretation. For" ******* END TEXT: "onstitutional (historical) interpretation.14 And just as there may be too many plausible historical "
9780814780978 - page_276: "START TEXT: interpretations, there may also be too few. Suppose a case presents a question for which there is li" ******* END TEXT: "urchasing honesty and clarity for constitutional discourse. Beginning with these two conceptions as "
9780814780978 - page_277: "START TEXT: the basic elements of constitutional decision making, the task then is to describe the procedure by " ******* END TEXT: "ecide which of the preceding three categories is applicable. This theory of constitutional decision "
9780814780978 - page_278: "START TEXT: making is predicated on what Smith calls the “conclusiveness” of the historical argument.\nA good exa" ******* END TEXT: "a rock and a hard place. On one hand, if the term constitutional (historical) refers only to the un "
9780814780978 - page_279: "START TEXT: equivocal endorsement of a case outcome by the historical data, it will be an extremely rare (or non" ******* END TEXT: "ould decide cases in accordance with the public good, and he assigns to historical considerations a "
9780814780978 - page_280: "START TEXT: certain value that should be considered in determining the best result. Smith’s proposal appears mod" ******* END TEXT: "central dilemma in constitutional law.\nOne thing I avoid in discussing the distinction between good "
9780814780978 - page_281: "START TEXT: ness and constitutionality is the temptation to align it with the more general distinction between f" ******* END TEXT: "izing the normative nature of interpretive problems, I also stress the interdependence of questions "
9780814780978 - page_282: "START TEXT: about constitutional interpretation and questions about the requirements of justice and goodness. Ge" ******* END TEXT: "tantive goodness. Suppose that calling an outcome “constitutional” means nothing more than that the "
9780814780978 - page_283: "START TEXT: outcome conforms to our best aspirations toward justice. If this were all that constitutional meant," ******* END TEXT: " to listen carefully to those who are alienated from the Constitution and the values it represents.\n"
9780814780978 - page_284: "START TEXT: III. DECIDING CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: PRAGMATISM, HONESTY, AND INTEGRITY IN LEGAL DECISION MAKING\nThe fi" ******* END TEXT: "tuitive. Thus, for Cardozo, judges may “follow the law,” even though they do not follow a reasoning "
9780814780978 - page_285: "START TEXT: process that can be fully characterized as the result of a single strand of argumentation.\nCardozo’s" ******* END TEXT: " insists that such compromises involve a true retreat from originalist principles. Yet on the other "
9780814780978 - page_286: "START TEXT: hand, he seems relieved that the inevitability of such compromises ensures that we do not always hav" ******* END TEXT: " jurisdiction over constitutional questions stems from its expertise in reconciling the conflicting "
9780814780978 - page_287: "START TEXT: claims of various authoritative legal texts and not from some presumed ability to resolve important " ******* END TEXT: "ve historical research suggests that it has no more competence in this area than it does in that of "
9780814780978 - page_288: "START TEXT: identifying contemporary values. Furthermore, Scalia’s concession that originalism is unrealistic in" ******* END TEXT: "word that Cardozo does not use—the word intuitive—to describe the type of judgment that judges must "
9780814780978 - page_289: "START TEXT: make. I use this word to suggest that Cardozo thinks of legal judgments as personal in the sense tha" ******* END TEXT: "judgments on related topics, the principle that unifies and rationalizes them has a tendency, and a "
9780814780978 - page_290: "START TEXT: legitimate one, to project and extend itself to new cases within the limits of its capacity to unify" ******* END TEXT: "intuitive and situated judgments, then integrity will relate to the way in which such judgments are "
9780814780978 - page_291: "START TEXT: made.45 In what follows, I describe the two concepts of integrity and give examples of each.\nThe fir" ******* END TEXT: "ntegrity relies on a notion of legal decision making that stems not so much from a single strand of "
9780814780978 - page_292: "START TEXT: reasoning as from a process of deliberation. The goal of this process is to make a bottom-line asses" ******* END TEXT: " Cardozo whose views of legal decision making are incompatible with the first concept of integrity. "
9780814780978 - page_293: "START TEXT: For example, the pragmatists and the moderate realists—men such as Holmes,49 Hutcheson,50 and Radin5" ******* END TEXT: "greater discretion is suspect because it permits judges to consult their own subjective preferenees "
9780814780978 - page_294: "START TEXT: in deciding legal cases. This should not be allowed, since “subjective decision making” violates the" ******* END TEXT: "nt Deceptiveness of Constitutional Discourse: A Diagnosis and Prescription,” this volume, 219, 220.\n"
9780814780978 - page_295: "START TEXT: 2. Smith uses Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) (holding that “separate but equal” pu" ******* END TEXT: " Constitution were less difficult—if for example, the national Constitution could be amended in the "
9780814780978 - page_296: "START TEXT: way that a number of state constitutions can be amended, by a simple vote of the citizenry—then orig" ******* END TEXT: ", “Originalism.”\n25. Ibid., 861–62.\n26. Ibid., 857.\n27. Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926).\n"
9780814780978 - page_297: "START TEXT: 28. He concludes his analysis with “Well, I leave it to the listener’s imagination how many pages wo" ******* END TEXT: "ary norms of justice and goodness.\n38. I give an extended description of the experimental method of "
9780814780978 - page_298: "START TEXT: legal reasoning in my “Holmes on Legal Method: The Predictive Theory of Law as an Instance of Scient" ******* END TEXT: "rican Law Review 13 (1880): 233–34.\n50. William C. Hutcheson, “The Judgment Intuitive: The Function "
9780814780978 - page_299: "START TEXT: of the Hunch in Judicial Decision,” Cornell Law Quarterly 14 (1929): 274–88.\n51. Max Radin, “The The" ******* END TEXT: "stice: A Pragmatic Justification for Jury Adjudication,” Michigan Law Review 88 (1990): 2348–2413.\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_300: "START TEXT: 13THE ASYMMETRICALITY OF CONSTITUTIONAL DISCOURSE\nMICHAEL W. MCCONNELL\nRogers Smith describes Americ" ******* END TEXT: " be constrained by the need to justify their conclusions by reference to the original understanding "
9780814780978 - page_301: "START TEXT: (which, in principle, does not vary from judge to judge). The need to justify outcomes by reference " ******* END TEXT: "way to the decision maker’s view of goodness or to the view of Critical Legal Studies, in which law "
9780814780978 - page_302: "START TEXT: is seen as indistinguishable from politics and the very idea of “constitutionality” (as Smith unders" ******* END TEXT: "best (on normative grounds). They conclude that “constitutionality” (as Smith defines it) should be "
9780814780978 - page_303: "START TEXT: jettisoned (or at least radically reduced in importance) and that some version of normative theory o" ******* END TEXT: "holarly judgment is based on a dispassionate look at the historical facts. But it should not escape "
9780814780978 - page_304: "START TEXT: notice that the conclusion that Brown cannot be supported on the basis of the original understanding" ******* END TEXT: "at show the value of an independent judiciary, not as social engineers or philosopher kings, but as "
9780814780978 - page_305: "START TEXT: comparatively dispassionate enforcers of constitutional norms, even in the face of political pressur" ******* END TEXT: "iberalize its membership; and Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed to “reorganize.” It is surprising that "
9780814780978 - page_306: "START TEXT: it should not only survive but, with no might except the moral force of its judgments, should attain" ******* END TEXT: "herefore hope that Smith and others of his ideological persuasion keep the unpleasant vision of the "
9780814780978 - page_307: "START TEXT: Rehnquist Court before their eyes whenever they try to prescribe the extent of judicial power. When " ******* END TEXT: "has said that the evidence on this point, viewed in the most “charitable” light, is “inconclusive.” "
9780814780978 - page_308: "START TEXT: In the rest of his chapter, which is less charitable, he calls my argument “self-deceptive.” Unfortu" ******* END TEXT: "edged on both sides of the aisle, was Congress’s power to enforce the provisions of section 1. That "
9780814780978 - page_309: "START TEXT: they voted to ban segregation meant either that they thought segregation violated section 1 or that " ******* END TEXT: "ples, interpreted in accordance with the legal canons of the day. To dismiss those arguments, it is "
9780814780978 - page_310: "START TEXT: necessary to do more than invoke generalities about the racism of the period; it is necessary to add" ******* END TEXT: "nd school without distinction on the basis of race was, in fact, a “social right” (as the Democrats "
9780814780978 - page_311: "START TEXT: maintained) or a “civil right” (as the Republicans argued). The Republicans believed that racial equ" ******* END TEXT: "esses that set out to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment between 1870 and 1875 is any less probative.\n"
9780814780978 - page_312: "START TEXT: Finally, Smith observes that the debates did not center on whether the courts could overturn school " ******* END TEXT: "e good. If they used Smith’s narrow definition of constitutional, there would be numerous positions "
9780814780978 - page_313: "START TEXT: that constitutional commentators would label “constitutional” but “bad.”\n3. Brown v. Board of Educat" ******* END TEXT: "aw Review 37 (1970): 665–757; and Robert Ellickson, “Controlling Chronic Misconduct in City Spaces: "
9780814780978 - page_314: "START TEXT: Of Panhandlers, Skid Rows, and Public-Space Zoning,” Yale Law Journal 105 (1996): 1165–1248.\n14. Tho" ******* END TEXT: "75. Smith appears to have missed the point regarding the state court decisions. It is true that the "
9780814780978 - page_315: "START TEXT: courts that struck down segregation during this period did so on state law grounds and that those th" ******* END TEXT: "l Maltz, John Harrison, and myself in Constitutional Commentary 13 (1996): 223–31, 233–41, 243–55.\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_316: "START TEXT: 14CONSCIENCE, CONSTITUTIONALISM, AND CONSENSUS: A COMMENT ON CONSTITUTIONAL STUPIDITIES AND EVILS\nMA" ******* END TEXT: "existence in this country.”5 Many sophisticated late-twentieth-century constitutional commentators "
9780814780978 - page_317: "START TEXT: have similarly interpreted the antebellum Constitution as imposing no obligation on abolitionists to" ******* END TEXT: "ial judicial decisions and no longer rely on constitutional rationalizations that few sophisticates "
9780814780978 - page_318: "START TEXT: take seriously. Judicial conscience is maintained because judges retain a prerogative power to dispe" ******* END TEXT: "ose very practices as wise or good.\nParticular gaps between constitutionality and justice, in other "
9780814780978 - page_319: "START TEXT: words, exist only from particular, contestable political perspectives. Given the disagreements that " ******* END TEXT: " shall make no law … abridging the freedom of speech” is best interpreted. If those words, properly "
9780814780978 - page_320: "START TEXT: interpreted, forbid only prior restraints, one set of Americans will find a constitutional error; if" ******* END TEXT: "tle “Constitutional Stupidities” is taken seriously, the best answer must be that Americans are too "
9780814780978 - page_321: "START TEXT: dumb to recognize or too lazy to remedy their constitutional foibles.\nIn fact, intellectual dullness" ******* END TEXT: "stitutional imperfection may often be to do nothing. This political alternative, however, is likely "
9780814780978 - page_322: "START TEXT: to be overlooked by persons who think of offending provisions as “stupid” and not as expressions of " ******* END TEXT: " other facts about Martian society and history could nevertheless, according to this interpretation "
9780814780978 - page_323: "START TEXT: of Brown, confidently proclaim that Martian schools do not satisfy American equal protection standar" ******* END TEXT: "ve power should be used to resolve those racial questions that currently divide Americans citizens.\n"
9780814780978 - page_324: "START TEXT: A greater emphasis on live political controversies would also raise important concerns about possibl" ******* END TEXT: "attractive consensus on sound rules and principles of governance. Publius, Barber claims, “supposes "
9780814780978 - page_325: "START TEXT: that the people of his generation are united in one coherent set of fundamental political values,” a" ******* END TEXT: "o closely to popular sentiment. The different branches of government may be too prone to conspiracy "
9780814780978 - page_326: "START TEXT: or too prone to stalemate.41 Providing uncontroversial examples of these constitutional infirmities" ******* END TEXT: "ut whether when compared with constitutional alternatives, it is sufficiently just to justify one’s "
9780814780978 - page_327: "START TEXT: allegiance. “It is not necessary that the [Constitution] should be perfect,” Madison observed. “It i" ******* END TEXT: "ies of constitutional creation, maintenance, and change. For this reason, no discussion of possible "
9780814780978 - page_328: "START TEXT: gaps between constitutionality and justice that ignores the honest political disagreements among Ame" ******* END TEXT: "nstrument, no such word as slave or slavery; nor any language that can legally be made to assert or "
9780814780978 - page_329: "START TEXT: imply the existence of slavery” (107, 114). For a thorough discussion of the many variations of abol" ******* END TEXT: "late constitutionality and justice, see Mark A. Graber, “Our (Im) Perfect Constitution,” The Review "
9780814780978 - page_330: "START TEXT: of Politics 51 (1989): 86, 87–92; and Smith, “The Inherent Deceptiveness of Constitutional Discourse" ******* END TEXT: "ment.\n19. For debates over what constitutes an amendment, see Levinson, Responding to Imperfection.\n"
9780814780978 - page_331: "START TEXT: 20. Levinson and Eskridge, “Introduction,” 140.\n21. See Sanford Levinson, “Introduction: Imperfectio" ******* END TEXT: " Smith, “The Inherent Deceptiveness of Constitutional Discourse,” 248. Still, I think the exclusive "
9780814780978 - page_332: "START TEXT: emphasis on Brown may help explain why Smith does not ask his readers to consider whether the judici" ******* END TEXT: "Meaning of the First Section of the Fourteenth Amendment,” Chicago-Kent Law Review 68 (1993): 1113.\n"
9780814780978 - page_333: "START TEXT: 45. See the sources cited in note 6, which claim that appearances to the contrary, slavery was reall" ******* END TEXT: "uthern Conservative Thought, 1820–1860 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1992), 18, 26."
9780814780978 - page_334: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_vii: "START TEXT: CONTENTS\nPreface\nContributors\n1. Introduction\nIAN SHAPIRO AND ROBERT ADAMS\nPART I: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES" ******* END TEXT: "PART II: INTEGRITY, CONSCIENCE, AND PROFESSIONALISM\n6. Integrity, Conscience, and Science\nJOHN KANE\n"
9780814780978 - page_viii: "START TEXT: 7. Trust in Science and in Scientists: A Response to Kane\nKAREN JONES\n8. Moral Opportunism: A Case S" ******* END TEXT: "tutionalism, and Consensus: A Comment on Constitutional Stupidities and Evils\nMARK A. GRABER\nIndex\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_xi: "START TEXT: CONTRIBUTORS\nDAVID DYZENHAUS\nLaw and Philosophy, University of Toronto\nMARK A. GRABER\nGovernment and" ******* END TEXT: "y\nELIZABETH KISS\nKenan Ethics Program, Duke University\nMICHAEL W. MCCONNELL\nLaw, University of Utah\n"
9780814780978 - page_xii: "START TEXT: ROGERS M. SMITH\nPolitical Science, Yale University\nNOMI MAYA STOLZENBERG\nLaw, University of Southern" ******* END TEXT: "ENNETH I. WINSTON\nPhilosophy, Wheaton College and Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_vi: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS\nNew York and London\n© 1998 by New York University\nAll rights reserved\nLibr" ******* END TEXT: "sen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_ii: "START TEXT: NOMOS\n\n\nHarvard University Press\n\n\nI\nAuthority 1958, reissued in 1982 by Greenwood Press\n\n\nThe Liber" ******* END TEXT: " 1981\n\n\nXXIV\nEthics, Economics, and the Law 1982\n\n\nXXV\nLiberal Democracy 1983\n\n\nXXVI\nMarxism 1983\n\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_iii: "START TEXT: XXVII\nCriminal Justice 1985\n\n\nXXVIII\nJustification 1985\n\n\nXXIX\nAuthority Revisited 1987\n\n\nXXX\nReligi" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\nXLI\nGlobal Justice (in preparation)\n\n\nXLII\nDesigning Democratic Institutions (in preparation)\n\n\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NOMOS XLYearbook of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "NOMOS XLYearbook of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_i: "START TEXT: INTEGRITY AND CONSCIENCENOMOSXL\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "INTEGRITY AND CONSCIENCENOMOSXL\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_335: "START TEXT: INDEX\nAccountability: in liberalism, 206–7, 212\nof Solicitor General, 158\nAdorno, Theodore, 123\nAfte" ******* END TEXT: "History Project, 161–64, 166–67\nCommitment, 77\nConflicts of interest, 146\nCongress (U.S.), 164, 179\n"
9780814780978 - page_336: "START TEXT: Conscience, 1–3, 13–40, 169–70\nas authority, 14, 17, 28–29\nas deflationary, 3, 15, 23, 60, 73–74\ndem" ******* END TEXT: ", Mark A., 250 n. 6\nGreenawalt, Kent, 221\nHabermas, Jürgen, 5–6, 188, 195–202, 204–5, 207–8, 210–11\n"
9780814780978 - page_337: "START TEXT: Hardwig, John, 141\nHarris, Will, 229\nHeteronomy, in Kant, 38\nHillman, Harold, 120, 121\nHimmler, Hein" ******* END TEXT: "nity, 86–88, 96\nMcCloskey, Robert, 246\nMcConnell, Michael, 242–46, 248, 278\nMcGrath, J. Howard, 163\n"
9780814780978 - page_338: "START TEXT: Means and ends, 176–81, 326. See also Consequentialism\nMeletus, 102–4\nMencken, H. L., 119\nMerton, Ro" ******* END TEXT: "–52\nand conscience, 116\nand fraud, 119–22, 128, 148\nand funding, 121–22, 130, 131, 148\nas instrumen "
9780814780978 - page_339: "START TEXT: talism, 128–30\nmethodology, 115–16, 118, 121, 122, 133\nas moral exemplar, 115–16, 118–27\nas Pandora’" ******* END TEXT: " Socrates, 106\n“With all deliberate speed,” 165–66\nWolfe, Christopher, 237, 238\nXenophon, 103, 107\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_11: "START TEXT: PART ICONCEPTUAL ISSUES" ******* END TEXT: "PART ICONCEPTUAL ISSUES"
9780814780978 - page_12: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_113: "START TEXT: PART IIINTEGRITY, CONSCIENCE, AND PROFESSIONALISM" ******* END TEXT: "PART IIINTEGRITY, CONSCIENCE, AND PROFESSIONALISM"
9780814780978 - page_114: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_185: "START TEXT: PART IIIINTEGRITY AND CONSCIENCE IN THE LAW" ******* END TEXT: "PART IIIINTEGRITY AND CONSCIENCE IN THE LAW"
9780814780978 - page_186: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_ix: "START TEXT: PREFACE\nMany of the chapters in this volume began life at the annual meeting of the American Society" ******* END TEXT: "tution that it has become over the past four decades. Middle age is also a good time to think about "
9780814780978 - page_x: "START TEXT: renewal. The next volume of NOMOS, entitled Global Justice, will be my last as editor before passing" ******* END TEXT: "                                                                                     December 1997\n\n"
9780814780978 - page_v: "START TEXT: INTEGRITY AND CONSCIENCE\nEdited by\nIan Shapiro, Yale University\nand\nRobert Adams, Yale University\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "INTEGRITY AND CONSCIENCE\nEdited by\nIan Shapiro, Yale University\nand\nRobert Adams, Yale University\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_v: "START TEXT: THE TRUTH ABOUT FREUD’S TECHNIQUE\nThe Encounter with the Real\nM. Guy Thompson\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "THE TRUTH ABOUT FREUD’S TECHNIQUE\nThe Encounter with the Real\nM. Guy Thompson\n\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_10: "START TEXT: early in his development. In a philosophical study of psychoanalysis, Stanley Leavy notes Freud’s di" ******* END TEXT: "n in specificity was accompanied by the loss of the implication of a personal ‘will’” (1988, 12n.). "
9780814782194 - page_11: "START TEXT: In other words, as Freud pursued his aim of establishing the empirical “causes” of symptoms, the not" ******* END TEXT: "ms, the legitimacy of phantasy can only be grasped metaphorically, in essentially personal terms.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_7: "START TEXT: 1Psychical and External Reality\nFreud rather reluctandy reached the conclusion that neurosis could n" ******* END TEXT: "wishing the cause of psychopathology to be ‘out there,’ is confronted by the obdurately nonrational "
9780814782194 - page_8: "START TEXT: and subjective” (4). Later, in his Introductory Lectures, Freud lamented the problems this discovery" ******* END TEXT: "t of factual reality or material reality that is supported by empirical science. Freud even defines "
9780814782194 - page_9: "START TEXT: this so-called reality in terms of phantasy and hallucination. In what sense can one describe these " ******* END TEXT: " form of subjectivity that was capable of intending symptoms when he invoked the term counter-will, "
9780814782194 - page_12: "START TEXT: 2Realistic and Neurotic Anxiety\nIn a paper read before the Baltimore Psychoanalytic Society in 1949," ******* END TEXT: "Is this a reality of our own making, as Freud hypothesized so enigmatically as “psychical reality”, "
9780814782194 - page_13: "START TEXT: or is it a reality completely independent of ourselves, impervious to our whims and indifferent to o" ******* END TEXT: "erred to as “a frontier creature”, whose purpose was to “mediate between the world and the id . . . "
9780814782194 - page_14: "START TEXT: and to make the world fall in with the wishes of the id” (196 Id, 56). As I argued in The Death of D" ******* END TEXT: "Symptoms, and Anxiety” (1959a).\nFreud initially believed that anxiety was the consequence of sexual "
9780814782194 - page_15: "START TEXT: repression. Accordingly, when an idea is repressed, “it’s quota of affect is regularly transformed i" ******* END TEXT: "g “castration” as the external danger, the inevitable consequence of the boy’s lust for his mother.\n"
9780814782194 - page_16: "START TEXT: But we have not made any mention at all so far of what the real danger is that the child is afraid o" ******* END TEXT: "erence in his child’s libidinal strivings toward his (or her?) mother. Yet this position apparently "
9780814782194 - page_17: "START TEXT: conflicts with Freud’s observation in Civilization and Its Discontents that “I cannot think of any n" ******* END TEXT: ") that the prototypical embodiment of this reality is the father? Loewald summarizes Freud’s view:\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_18: "START TEXT: Reality, then, is represented by the father who as an alien, hostile, jealous force interferes with " ******* END TEXT: " to define his notion of reality logistically, as though situating it “outside” settles the matter.\n"
9780814782194 - page_19: "START TEXT: The distinction between “internal” and “external” may be valid in scientific experiments concerned w" ******* END TEXT: "oesn’t merely conflict with their desires—it threatens to displace them. Reality challenges them to "
9780814782194 - page_20: "START TEXT: accept the limits to what is obtainable through their experience of frustration. Reality isn’t inher" ******* END TEXT: "ontained in that moment of knowing that something precious—however much we may want it—eludes us.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_21: "START TEXT: 3Realistic and Wishful Thinking\nOnce Freud formulated his theory of the structural model in 1923, hi" ******* END TEXT: "is attempt at satisfaction by means of hallucination. Instead of it, the psychical apparatus had to "
9780814782194 - page_22: "START TEXT: decide to form a conception of the real circumstances in the external world and to endeavor to make " ******* END TEXT: "is is, however, justified when one considers that the infant—provided that one includes with it the "
9780814782194 - page_23: "START TEXT: care it receives from its mother—does almost realize a psychical system of this kind, (quoted in Ryc" ******* END TEXT: "’s relationship with himself.\nRycroft reminds us that, by Freud’s definition, the primary processes "
9780814782194 - page_24: "START TEXT: aren’t necessarily unconscious, which is to say, without awareness or intentional forethought. He ad" ******* END TEXT: "ence for semantics. This has been noted by others, including Rycroft. If, in fact, we are creatures "
9780814782194 - page_25: "START TEXT: of semantics and it is language that manifests our symptoms and desires, psychoanalysis no longer re" ******* END TEXT: "ff into different realms, or “types,” of thinking. This doesn’t mean, however, that the one type of "
9780814782194 - page_26: "START TEXT: thinking doesn’t “know” what the other is doing, or that ignorance, however pleasing, reigns supreme" ******* END TEXT: "lse we conceive it, could never be divorced from one’s intentions, however unconscious they seem.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_27: "START TEXT: 4The Neurotic and the Psychotic Experience of Reality\nPerhaps nowhere did Freud demonstrate more per" ******* END TEXT: "ates from influences in the external world” (150). In its effort to accommodate reality the ego may "
9780814782194 - page_28: "START TEXT: feel compelled to “take sides” with it. When this happens, “the ego has come into conflict with the " ******* END TEXT: "al world.” However, he quickly adds that “every neurosis disturbs the patient’s relation to reality "
9780814782194 - page_29: "START TEXT: in some way, that it serves him [her] as a means of withdrawing from reality, and that, in its sever" ******* END TEXT: "ends his use of this term as synonymous with the more radical dissolution of the original complex:\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_30: "START TEXT: I see no reason for denying the name of a “repression” to the ego’s turning away from the Oedipus co" ******* END TEXT: "e a neurosis, two steps are also required for the development of a psychosis. Whereas repression of "
9780814782194 - page_31: "START TEXT: the id entails the first step in a neurosis, psychosis follows a disavowal of reality. And just as t" ******* END TEXT: " seek to disavow while striving to alter it? Freud suggests that reality is essentially perceptual. "
9780814782194 - page_32: "START TEXT: In fact, the psychotics’ wish to alter it is potentially healthy, if only they didn’t need to “disav" ******* END TEXT: "s analogy of the woman whose sister was dying. Had she, as Freud speculated, disavowed her sister’s "
9780814782194 - page_33: "START TEXT: death as a way of avoiding a morally compromising attraction to her brother-in-law, she would have n" ******* END TEXT: "e, in fact, neither neurotics nor psychotics are prepared to “dissolve” their desire when they meet "
9780814782194 - page_34: "START TEXT: insurmountable frustration, by allowing themselves, according to Freud, to experience it. The (neuro" ******* END TEXT: ", what is the reality in question? Is it the mere perception of the missing penis, which the child, "
9780814782194 - page_35: "START TEXT: horrified, disavows; or the child’s conception of what is lacking, fueled by his anticipatory imagin" ******* END TEXT: "“mechanisms” and “defense.” Whereas Freud was the first to employ denial as an essential feature of "
9780814782194 - page_36: "START TEXT: psychosis, he emphasized the inherent intelligence at the heart of delusion. Because of this intelli" ******* END TEXT: "psychotic in all of us, that the gap said to separate “us” from “them” isn’t as wide as it seems.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_37: "START TEXT: 5Real Love and Transference-Love\nOne of Freud’s most valuable insights was the discovery that fallin" ******* END TEXT: "nts should never be admonished against these feelings; nor should they be enticed to concoct them:\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_38: "START TEXT: It has come to my knowledge that some doctors who practise analysis frequently prepare their patient" ******* END TEXT: "ween “love” and resistance now comes to the fore. “If one looks into the situation more closely one "
9780814782194 - page_39: "START TEXT: recognizes the influence of motives which further complicate things—of which some are connected with" ******* END TEXT: " dumplings for arguments.’ With such people one has the choice between returning their love or else "
9780814782194 - page_40: "START TEXT: bringing down upon oneself the full enmity of a woman scorned” (166–67). The only possible response," ******* END TEXT: "ompared to ordinary, everyday love. “Can we truly say that the state of being in love which becomes "
9780814782194 - page_41: "START TEXT: manifest in analytic treatment is not a real one?” (168). What, precisely, does Freud mean by the te" ******* END TEXT: "o our experience of love. But if love is in its essence rooted in the infantile, how does it become "
9780814782194 - page_42: "START TEXT: “normal”? Does it find an object that approximates the infantile wish? Or does it abandon the infant" ******* END TEXT: "s regressive-pathological element be reconciled with the statement that love in general—the genuine "
9780814782194 - page_43: "START TEXT: included—is no different? Finally, what does Freud mean by “lacking in regard for reality” when he a" ******* END TEXT: "nestimable importance to her; that she should not, however, dissipate it in the treatment, but keep "
9780814782194 - page_44: "START TEXT: it ready for the time when, after her treatment, the demands of real life make themselves felt. (169" ******* END TEXT: "y individual judgment and tact. But we would be mistaken if we equated Freud’s concern for behaving "
9780814782194 - page_45: "START TEXT: realistically (and ethically) with capitulating to the arbitrary customs of one’s neighbors.\nBeing t" ******* END TEXT: "o is now the target of the self-love which was enjoyed in childhood by the actual ego” (1957c, 94). "
9780814782194 - page_46: "START TEXT: Because every child is reluctant to give up earlier sources of satisfaction, Freud argued that “when" ******* END TEXT: "on of a higher power. “This is a cure by love, which he [the neurotic] generally prefers to cure by "
9780814782194 - page_47: "START TEXT: analysis. Indeed, he cannot believe in any other mechanism of cure; he usually brings expectations o" ******* END TEXT: "est in or experience of manifest erotic feelings. Many patients complain that their lovers are only "
9780814782194 - page_48: "START TEXT: interested in sex. They denigrate the sexual act and narrowly define love in terms of a spiritual or" ******* END TEXT: " that neurotics, by harboring disturbing truths, become alienated from reality. We can see from the "
9780814782194 - page_49: "START TEXT: way he conceived of real love that Freud viewed reality, essentially, as our encounter with others. " ******* END TEXT: "ical. Like existence itself, we determine its efficacy by degrees. It’s more or less what it seems.\n"
9780814782194 - page_50: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_57: "START TEXT: 6Heidegger’s Conception of Truth\nHeidegger’s concept of truth is alluded to throughout his writings," ******* END TEXT: " which we’ve apparently repressed.\nWhat is this nature? What do we think truth is? The conventional "
9780814782194 - page_58: "START TEXT: attitude about truth is that if is something that is so. If I were to say, “I am truly enjoying this" ******* END TEXT: "thing the statement depicts.\nHeidegger isn’t suggesting that this theory about truth is necessarily "
9780814782194 - page_59: "START TEXT: wrong. It just doesn’t get to the heart of the matter. Where did that theory come from? We would hav" ******* END TEXT: " we can learn it in schools or from whomever else we can turn to when we’re too lazy to sort it out "
9780814782194 - page_60: "START TEXT: for ourselves. According to conventional education, truth isn’t something we need to ponder, it’s ju" ******* END TEXT: " changed too. Do I use words and manipulate them to convey what I’m thinking, or do words introduce "
9780814782194 - page_61: "START TEXT: me to things I’m just discovering that I believe? When patients talk to their analysts, are they mer" ******* END TEXT: "out somebody I’m not merely describing someone who is who that person is and nothing more. I’m also "
9780814782194 - page_62: "START TEXT: revealing my relationship with the person and how I see the person. Through my relationship with oth" ******* END TEXT: " life and the context that gives rise to them in the first place. The process of gathering and even "
9780814782194 - page_63: "START TEXT: memorizing truths becomes equally abstract. We forget that these truths were once discovered by some" ******* END TEXT: "ruth is what it means to be a person, a being who’s always showing and hiding who that person is.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_64: "START TEXT: 7Heidegger’s Conception of Un-truth\nIf truth becomes known by revealing what is hidden, then untruth" ******* END TEXT: "other hand, claims that truth is alive. It is inherently personal. How could Heidegger’s conception "
9780814782194 - page_65: "START TEXT: of truth have any relevance to psychoanalysis, when psychoanalysis relies on an epistemological prem" ******* END TEXT: "n would be absurd. However, if the id were indeed a subject (even the subjective core of our being) "
9780814782194 - page_66: "START TEXT: and the ego was simply a mask or facade (an intermediary) erected to play a role, then the id doesn’" ******* END TEXT: " because no one can ever be totally known. The date of termination is never based on the exhaustion "
9780814782194 - page_67: "START TEXT: of analysis; it is terminated when the “time” has come to end it (see Part Six).\nThe mystery of who " ******* END TEXT: "nward from one current thing to the next, passing the mystery by—this is erring” (1977a, 135). This "
9780814782194 - page_68: "START TEXT: form of “carelessness” depicts typical neurotics, afraid of their own desire, too anxious to get to " ******* END TEXT: "times none of our business. Having found it, we are partially blinded by the weight of its power.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_69: "START TEXT: 8Truth and Science\nHumans, by their nature, are always revealing themselves and showing themselves o" ******* END TEXT: "ngs—by scientifically “objective” standards. In claiming to be objective, these truths are supposed "
9780814782194 - page_70: "START TEXT: to be free of the contamination of the investigator’s personal bias. This claim is so absurd that it" ******* END TEXT: "o administer an injection, for example), all of which embodied what we now call “technical” skills. "
9780814782194 - page_71: "START TEXT: Pragmata was by far the most extensive science because it encompassed human pursuits, including ethi" ******* END TEXT: "ne of the remarkable effects of Newton’s theory was how it altered our conception of nature itself. "
9780814782194 - page_72: "START TEXT: Instead of establishing the intrinsic qualities of things in order to determine what they were, thos" ******* END TEXT: "pect of truth, as he saw it. Yet, science bases a lot of its credibility on the myth that knowledge "
9780814782194 - page_73: "START TEXT: about things can be reduced to the accumulation of accurate information: “data.” This approach to kn" ******* END TEXT: "are more liable to embrace the data produced by these random, anonymous samples than they would the "
9780814782194 - page_74: "START TEXT: opinion of an analyst with thirty or more years of experience. Why? Because psychology is based on t" ******* END TEXT: "e’s life isn’t conceived in terms of ethics but in terms of easing life’s burdens through technical "
9780814782194 - page_75: "START TEXT: interventions. This is why newer theories are intrinsically valued over old ones, because the scienc" ******* END TEXT: ") source of knowing than simple reason. On the other hand, Freud’s structural theory was based on a "
9780814782194 - page_76: "START TEXT: model of subjectivity that is indebted to Descartes’s radical skepticism. The Cartesian ego is a sub" ******* END TEXT: "ested they were just “mental.”\nPsychoanalysis doesn’t achieve its purpose by proving that something "
9780814782194 - page_77: "START TEXT: is so. It simply moves us to think through the things we’re usually too anxious to even think about." ******* END TEXT: "ience may offer mastery of our physical world, but it will never shine the light on one’s sanity.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_78: "START TEXT: 9Truth and Technology\nFreud and Heidegger, as different as two men could be, were ironically aligned" ******* END TEXT: " a thing is considered to be what a thing is. We ask the question concerning technology when we ask "
9780814782194 - page_79: "START TEXT: what it is. Everyone knows the two statements that answer our question. One says: technology is a me" ******* END TEXT: "s, causa finalis, and causa efficiens. Each plays a vital role in what we mean by technology. Causa "
9780814782194 - page_80: "START TEXT: materialis is the matter from which something is made—silk, wood, metal. Causa formalis is the shape" ******* END TEXT: " is the person who gathers together the three other causes of the process of building something. The"
9780814782194 - page_81: "START TEXT: builder may be the person who is going to live in the house, or the contractor who plans to sell it" ******* END TEXT: "eidegger suggests we use an alternative term in order to grasp its original meaning. The Greek word "
9780814782194 - page_82: "START TEXT: for causality, aitia, may be translated as occasion or occasioning, a word that immediately conveys " ******* END TEXT: "erstand and be expert in it” (13). They share in common a type of knowing that reveals something by "
9780814782194 - page_83: "START TEXT: opening it up. However, technē and episteme, equally concerned with revelation, aren’t exactly the s" ******* END TEXT: "f technology over the last two thousand years. This is epitomized by the changes that have occurred "
9780814782194 - page_84: "START TEXT: during the last three centuries, including the industrial revolution and the turn toward the mathema" ******* END TEXT: "hat name. But, it will be replied, the Rhine is still a river in the landscape, is it not? Perhaps. "
9780814782194 - page_85: "START TEXT: But how? In no other way than as an object on call for inspection by a tour group ordered there by t" ******* END TEXT: "of the community it serves. This is how San Franciscans, on the one hand, benefit from tourism and, "
9780814782194 - page_86: "START TEXT: on the other, can’t live without it. It establishes “order” over our lives, promulgated by incentive" ******* END TEXT: ", predictability and control over our day-to-day lives. Science seeks to protect us from ambiguity, "
9780814782194 - page_87: "START TEXT: from the things in nature that frighten—poverty, infirmity, even death. It has taken what was creati" ******* END TEXT: " have become the “tools” of its infamy. It’s determined to make us immortal, even if it kills us.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_88: "START TEXT: 10Truth and Psychoanalysis\nHow has the transformation that technology enjoys in our culture affected" ******* END TEXT: "icalities of psychoanalysis.\nToday this has all changed. We study technical manuals of encyclopedic "
9780814782194 - page_89: "START TEXT: length that don’t merely advise or suggest—in effect, they order us about. They are modern to the co" ******* END TEXT: "t is “psychotherapy.” By splitting hairs into the finest gradations psychoanalysis has followed the "
9780814782194 - page_90: "START TEXT: trend in modern technology of cutting itself off from its source. Instead of gathering together the " ******* END TEXT: "hnology? It is composed of many elements, as we’ve seen. That’s why it can’t be reduced to a “means "
9780814782194 - page_91: "START TEXT: to an end.” It presupposes an end in its means. This is what modern technology neglects. When techni" ******* END TEXT: "psychological one. “I” am no more a mental mechanism than a cerebral cortex. Yet, that is what many "
9780814782194 - page_92: "START TEXT: psychologists and psychoanalysts happen to believe. This is where science, in the service of technol" ******* END TEXT: "hidden, to make it more or less what it is. How it proposes to do that is what psychoanalysis is.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_100: "START TEXT: “wittingly”—disclose these secrets to another human being. In so doing, the peculiar form of alienat" ******* END TEXT: "at perplexed Freud when he finally decided to publish the most controversial of all his analyses.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_97: "START TEXT: 11The Paradox of Neurosis\nFreud’s preface to the published account of his treatment of Dora reads le" ******* END TEXT: "to demonstrate how dream interpretation could cure a hysterical neurosis. What he got instead was a "
9780814782194 - page_98: "START TEXT: lesson in how unpredictable an analysis can be! If nothing else, the preface serves to alert us that" ******* END TEXT: "nalyst? After all, it would be the analyst’s decision, not theirs, to have these details published.\n"
9780814782194 - page_99: "START TEXT: Freud was understandably sensitive to the matter of disclosing secrets learned in confidence—learned" ******* END TEXT: "m from discovery by others. The only way out of this impasse is to willingly—though not necessarily "
9780814782194 - page_101: "START TEXT: 12A Case of Secrecy\nWhen Dora’s father took her to Freud’s office for treatment, an association had " ******* END TEXT: "ed when she fainted after an argument with him. He decided to take her to see Freud. She protested, "
9780814782194 - page_102: "START TEXT: but eventually consented. Prior to their visit, Dora’s father provided Freud with a brief history of" ******* END TEXT: " a deep-felt pity for Mrs. K on account that her husband was such a wretch. He acknowledged that he "
9780814782194 - page_103: "START TEXT: and Mrs. K had grown quite close, but insisted they were merely “friendly.” Then he claimed that he," ******* END TEXT: "ly, imperceptibly, with its share of surprises. Dora’s story is nothing if not shocking—as, in some "
9780814782194 - page_104: "START TEXT: instances, is Freud’s own behavior. The events that comprise Dora’s analysis are stunning, yet decep" ******* END TEXT: "ndition that must have predated the scene by the lake. In fact, Dora’s reaction to Mr. K was surely "
9780814782194 - page_105: "START TEXT: connected to the symptoms that had prompted her father to bring her to Freud in the first place, pre" ******* END TEXT: "r’s relationship with Mrs. K?\nFreud suspected that the duplicitous intrigues that were unfolding in "
9780814782194 - page_106: "START TEXT: Dora’s family didn’t actually cause but rather exacerbated conflicts that had already erupted inside" ******* END TEXT: " (42). Moreover, Freud was confident “she would recover at once if only her father were to tell her "
9780814782194 - page_107: "START TEXT: that he had sacrificed Mrs. K for the sake of her health” (42). Dora was overwhelmed by the enormity" ******* END TEXT: "her because she loved him too much. But the kind of love she felt wasn’t altruistic. It wasn’t, for "
9780814782194 - page_108: "START TEXT: example, carritas. It was pure passion. Dora loved her father like a schoolgirl with a mad crush. “H" ******* END TEXT: "pretended to befriend her to get close to Dora’s father, just as the governess had done before her.\n"
9780814782194 - page_109: "START TEXT: With these new discoveries, Freud could see why Dora was unable to forgive her father. He understood" ******* END TEXT: "pired to betray her: Dora’s father, Mr. K, and Mrs. K, probably the most painful betrayal of all.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_110: "START TEXT: 13Dreams of Vengeance and Farewell\nThe rest of Dora’s analysis revolves around Freud’s interpretatio" ******* END TEXT: " is only one of the many tools of analytic treatment. It doesn’t comprise analysis in its entirety, "
9780814782194 - page_111: "START TEXT: though at one time it had seemed to. By choosing only two of Dora’s dreams to discuss, Freud put dre" ******* END TEXT: "ing rise to an antipathy between wishes and intentions, which together comprise neurotic conflict.\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_112: "START TEXT: The re-appearance of the dream in the last few days forces me to the conclusion that you consider th" ******* END TEXT: "e. Then, having delayed, why tell them at all? Freud explained that ordinarily a woman—even a young "
9780814782194 - page_113: "START TEXT: woman such as Dora—would have preferred to take her complaints directly to the man himself. She must" ******* END TEXT: "s that facile, as they were with the governess? Dora reacted the way that any woman might if she was"
9780814782194 - page_114: "START TEXT: being duped by the man she loved. She felt hurt and confused, unsure of Mr. K’s intentions. Her sla" ******* END TEXT: "unexpected, was consistent to the end. Her last act of revenge was exacted against Freud himself.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_115: "START TEXT: 14Freud’s Last Word\nFreud’s handling of Dora’s termination aroused no less controversy than his inte" ******* END TEXT: "ndoubtedly dismayed Freud, which is implied in his statement, “No one who, like me, conjures up the "
9780814782194 - page_116: "START TEXT: most vile of those half-tamed demons that inhabit the human breast, and seeks to wrestle with them, " ******* END TEXT: "es to their phantasies the most readily where they need no longer fear to see them realized. (110)\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_117: "START TEXT: That doesn’t necessarily mean it’s hopeless. Many manage to free themselves from their neuroses. Som" ******* END TEXT: "reprised time after time in all his subsequent case histories. Instead of advocating a predetermined"
9780814782194 - page_118: "START TEXT: technique, he suggests that we listen to what each analytic case has to teach us. In fact, the proc" ******* END TEXT: "d, Freud emphasizes the numerous circumstances that revolved around and intersected with a neurosis "
9780814782194 - page_119: "START TEXT: that was always already in motion. All the things that happened around her, to her, inside her, hist" ******* END TEXT: "rns his eyes to transference, however, Freud enlists the allegiance of all. Due to the passion that "
9780814782194 - page_120: "START TEXT: drives transference phenomena, Freud allowed it is the most difficult issue one encounters in analys" ******* END TEXT: "t (five months after her final meeting with Mr. K and his wife). The facial pain arose following an "
9780814782194 - page_121: "START TEXT: article in the newspapers announcing Freud’s appointment to a professorship, which Dora confirmed sh" ******* END TEXT: "suming the analysis. Freud had no alternative but to say good-bye to one last chance for success.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_122: "START TEXT: 15Love and Reality\nInnumerable criticisms have been raised about Dora’s analysis, and newer ones are" ******* END TEXT: "0). Finally, Gay accuses Freud of dogmatism and even arrogance in the cavalier manner with which he "
9780814782194 - page_123: "START TEXT: offered his interpretations to her. “What matters is his insistent tone, his refusal to take Dora’s " ******* END TEXT: "e remarkable still that some ninety years after Freud’s analysis of this woman, our views about the "
9780814782194 - page_124: "START TEXT: nature of countertransference have assumed such extraordinary proportions.\nIn another study tided “R" ******* END TEXT: " Madness, and the Family (Laing and Esterson 1964). In that study, he and Esterson demonstrated the "
9780814782194 - page_125: "START TEXT: incredible impact that lies and deception—the sort that Dora was subjected to—can have on a girl who" ******* END TEXT: " that treatment could still be regarded a “psychoanalysis.” That is the question we are addressing.\n"
9780814782194 - page_126: "START TEXT: Finally, on an altogether different note, in 1957 Felix Deutsch published a surprising footnote to D" ******* END TEXT: " could have been chosen by Dora for a husband. At the time of her analytic treatment she had stated "
9780814782194 - page_127: "START TEXT: unequivocally: “Men are all so detestable that I would rather not marry. This is my revenge.” Thus h" ******* END TEXT: "This is a little surprising because Freud was the first to acknowledge this oversight. On the other "
9780814782194 - page_128: "START TEXT: hand, if we take a close look at Dora’s analysis and measure its course from the perspective of Freu" ******* END TEXT: "s, which epitomizes the analytic endeavor. The prevalence of so many unconscious conflicts makes it "
9780814782194 - page_129: "START TEXT: unlikely that “external” factors could possibly determine what our inclinations will be, whether we " ******* END TEXT: "ledgment of the truths we conceal is the only path to liberation. There are other ways to “relieve” "
9780814782194 - page_130: "START TEXT: symptoms, to be sure. Dora herself enjoyed some relief from her limited experience of psychoanalysis" ******* END TEXT: "d, is the principal source of psychopathology. Specifically, neurosis concerns the conflict between "
9780814782194 - page_131: "START TEXT: phantasy and reality. In fact, one of the symptoms of every neurosis is a preference of phantasy ove" ******* END TEXT: "ically, this is a metaphysical preoccupation, not a psychological one. Determining what is real and "
9780814782194 - page_132: "START TEXT: false about one’s experience and the situations that give rise to it is an explicitly existential as" ******* END TEXT: "of the case, he realized that becoming a more honest human being is not such an easy thing to do.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_141: "START TEXT: 16The Employment of Dream Interpretation (“The Handling of Dream-Interpretation in Psycho-analysis,”" ******* END TEXT: "dream-interpretation: neither the methods by which dreams should be interpreted nor the use of such "
9780814782194 - page_142: "START TEXT: interpretations” (91). Instead, his principal—indeed, only—concern is with “the way in which the ana" ******* END TEXT: " like some symptoms, will require the entire analysis to arrive at their solution and the patient’s "
9780814782194 - page_143: "START TEXT: gradual acceptance of that solution. In other words, we should keep in mind that “dream interpretati" ******* END TEXT: "earnt of the practice of dream-interpretation, the more obscure do his [her] later dreams as a rule "
9780814782194 - page_144: "START TEXT: become. All the knowledge acquired about dreams serves also to put the dream-constructing process on" ******* END TEXT: "llow. Rather than instructing analysts what to do, tact and discretion in all matters is advised.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_145: "START TEXT: 17Freud’s “Recommendations to Physicians Practising Psycho-analysis” (1912)\nFreud’s “Recommendations" ******* END TEXT: "ably the most important. It refers to the analysts’ ideal mental state, without which they wouldn’t "
9780814782194 - page_146: "START TEXT: really be analysts. It pertains to the problem of memory. How can one remember all the many facts, d" ******* END TEXT: "city to attend, and give himself over completely to his ‘unconscious memory”’ (112). Or, to put the "
9780814782194 - page_147: "START TEXT: matter another way, “He should simply listen, and not bother about whether he is keeping anything in" ******* END TEXT: " so crucial to what is said. How could patients ever feel confident that their confidences wouldn’t "
9780814782194 - page_148: "START TEXT: leak out, even unawares of the analysts themselves through loss or theft? And what effect does such " ******* END TEXT: " confidence in what analysts are reporting is. If you don’t believe the analysts’ sincerity in what "
9780814782194 - page_149: "START TEXT: they are reporting, you won’t believe anything they say anyway. And if they provide you with all the" ******* END TEXT: "n to do all we can to effect relief from suffering? Freud isn’t exactly advising against this goal, "
9780814782194 - page_150: "START TEXT: but he warns us that we may, without thinking, assume an excessive proportion of the burden that pro" ******* END TEXT: "s tact and discretion; it shouldn’t be flaunted carelessly or needlessly. Even when we feel genuine "
9780814782194 - page_151: "START TEXT: pity, the expression of sympathy in and of itself can never compensate for a patient’s limitations. " ******* END TEXT: "unconscious resistances to this process. Without knowing it, they may resist certain communications "
9780814782194 - page_152: "START TEXT: they would otherwise observe. Their own analysis might, in turn, help to purge them of some of these" ******* END TEXT: "f his patients, though he apparently became more circumspect in his old age. This may have been the "
9780814782194 - page_153: "START TEXT: recommendation with which Freud struggled the most, perhaps even accounting for his reluctance to pu" ******* END TEXT: " nothing more, nothing less. If rules are not made to be broken, they apply only to the degree they "
9780814782194 - page_154: "START TEXT: prove useful, or practicable. In the end, analysts have to decide for themselves how far they are pr" ******* END TEXT: "e this on Freud is an amazing feat of malice given his opposition to this deplorable development.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_155: "START TEXT: 18On Beginning the Treatment (1913)\nThis is undoubtedly the most important and by far comprehensive " ******* END TEXT: " But in fact, he reveals far more about this issue in the present paper. Actually, the entire paper "
9780814782194 - page_156: "START TEXT: implicitly ponders this problem. The first recommendation—a “trial analysis” to determine one’s suit" ******* END TEXT: "would, in time, be cured by analysis. Honesty is a prerequisite to treatment, not its consequence:\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_157: "START TEXT: It must not be forgotten that there are healthy people as well as unhealthy ones who are good for no" ******* END TEXT: "ething from it? Psychoanalysis is aimed at changing the person who undergoes it. In contrast, Freud "
9780814782194 - page_158: "START TEXT: believed that suggestive therapies were incapable of bringing about the radical changes that a cure " ******* END TEXT: "ing the kind of intellectual or academic gifts that lend themselves to overly conceptualizing one’s "
9780814782194 - page_159: "START TEXT: problems. People seeking analysis should possess an inquiring mind and an openness to learning for i" ******* END TEXT: "hat an absence of trust was “only a symptom like other symptoms and it will not be an interference, "
9780814782194 - page_160: "START TEXT: provided he [the patient] conscientiously carries out what the rule of the treatment requires of him" ******* END TEXT: "or it. Two meetings a week isn’t unreasonable given costs and restricted schedules. Obviously, more "
9780814782194 - page_161: "START TEXT: would be desirable—but is it essential? Only in the particular case can one say. As psychoanalysis i" ******* END TEXT: "Likewise, opportunities for resistance can’t be eliminated or avoided however frequently one comes.\n"
9780814782194 - page_162: "START TEXT: There’s no doubt that frequent sessions often help patients feel more comfortable with the peculiar " ******* END TEXT: " structures each analysis. As with Dora, irrespective of how little patients have achieved in their "
9780814782194 - page_163: "START TEXT: therapy, should they decide to discontinue the treatment Freud would readily “allow each one to brea" ******* END TEXT: "n effect, “money matters are treated by civilized people in the same way as sexual matters—with the "
9780814782194 - page_164: "START TEXT: same inconsistency, prudishness and hypocrisy” (131). He advocated a different tack entirely. We sho" ******* END TEXT: "oor candidates for analysis. They derive too much gratification from their pitiable condition to be "
9780814782194 - page_165: "START TEXT: sufficiently motivated to change it. This controversial prescription is nonetheless a basic premise " ******* END TEXT: "ad to situate the chairs at opposite ends of his consulting room, keeping eye-contact to a minimum. "
9780814782194 - page_166: "START TEXT: Freud possessed such a strong personality that the couch was probably a relief to his patients. But " ******* END TEXT: "echnical papers, surely a disappointment to those seeking an elaborate set of instructions. This is "
9780814782194 - page_167: "START TEXT: why the fundamental rule of psychoanalysis (one’s agreement to free associate) is at the heart of th" ******* END TEXT: "ge their skepticism because by admitting it they’re at least confiding that their suspicions exist.\n"
9780814782194 - page_168: "START TEXT: What does it actually mean to free associate? Freud’s conception of free association—freier Einfall " ******* END TEXT: "with his writings and, perhaps, influenced by them. Actually, Montaigne wasn’t a philosopher in the "
9780814782194 - page_169: "START TEXT: academic sense. Like Freud, he enjoyed ridiculing the philosophers of his day. But Montaigne was a t" ******* END TEXT: " and what it could possibly disclose. He even claimed, “I study myself more than any other subject; "
9780814782194 - page_170: "START TEXT: this is my metaphysic, this is my physic” (301). Where did his self-study ultimately lead? “The prol" ******* END TEXT: " be cautious when addressing those resistances. Freud thought that the interpretation of resistance "
9780814782194 - page_171: "START TEXT: is a delicate matter. He suggested we hold back from doing so “until an effective transference has b" ******* END TEXT: "would recommend itself to some people as being specially ingenious. This would consist in declaring "
9780814782194 - page_172: "START TEXT: that one returns the patient’s fond feelings but at the same time in avoiding any physical implement" ******* END TEXT: "troduced for the first time in the same paper as neutrality, involves the deliberate withholding of "
9780814782194 - page_173: "START TEXT: affection in order to avoid arousing or gratifying the patient’s libidinal urges. In fact, the emplo" ******* END TEXT: "nly makes use of the instruction in so far as he is induced to do so by the transference. (143–44)\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_174: "START TEXT: In other words, everything hinges on transference. Patients suffer in the first place because they a" ******* END TEXT: "seek their direction. Once patients can love they are free, to leave and then lose what they had.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_175: "START TEXT: 19The Concept of Transference (“The Dynamics of Transference,” 1912, and “Observations on Transferen" ******* END TEXT: "tainly not with our hands! For one thing, transference isn’t even a phenomenon. It is a concept. We "
9780814782194 - page_176: "START TEXT: never actually see transference at work. It is an idea about something we observe and, in hindsight," ******* END TEXT: " may be open to doubt. In fact, often, the things about which I am most certain arouse the greatest "
9780814782194 - page_177: "START TEXT: suspicions. We no longer have direct, immediate access to the essence of our deepest and most signif" ******* END TEXT: "r experience of love determines our developing attitude about it, that attitude is open to revision "
9780814782194 - page_178: "START TEXT: when we experience new circumstances. In other words, our developing attitudes about love aren’t enc" ******* END TEXT: "e and, in turn, are loved by.\nThis explains the universality of the transference with one’s analyst—"
9780814782194 - page_179: "START TEXT: and why there isn’t anything unique about it, why “it is a perfectly normal and intelligible thing t" ******* END TEXT: " In time, we become committed to whatever symptom our phantasies occupy, as though it were a lover.\n"
9780814782194 - page_180: "START TEXT: The problem with this solution is that the symptom engenders just as much anguish and frustration as" ******* END TEXT: "han transference, per se, which is pathological. It’s the neurosis, rather than transference, which "
9780814782194 - page_181: "START TEXT: compromises our relationship with reality—other people—and compels our withdrawal into erotic phanta" ******* END TEXT: "t, and (b) the discovery of neurotic aims serve as sources of resistance to the work of analysis—in "
9780814782194 - page_182: "START TEXT: fact, the “analysis” of those very aims—we’re able to appreciate how transference itself may serve a" ******* END TEXT: "rably frustrating reality. Yet, why should the evocation of this familiar impasse arouse a negative "
9780814782194 - page_183: "START TEXT: attitude toward the analyst if we weren’t threatened by the loss of something precious; unless we be" ******* END TEXT: "vel, by hatred, then what is transfered onto the analyst when we succumb to it? Freud doesn’t spell "
9780814782194 - page_184: "START TEXT: out the answer to this question for us. It may be helpful, however, to conceive of the term negative" ******* END TEXT: "etaching only these two components. . . . The other component, which is admissible to consciousness "
9780814782194 - page_185: "START TEXT: and unobjectionable, persists and is the vehicle of success. (105; emphasis added)\n\nThis frequently " ******* END TEXT: " attaching itself to a symptom, our longing for love is held hostage by its phantasies, a source of "
9780814782194 - page_186: "START TEXT: gratification that subverts our relationship with the real. Yet, this same motive force, when separa" ******* END TEXT: "em of determining what it is that is specifically pathological about love. Freud concluded that all "
9780814782194 - page_187: "START TEXT: forms of love—transferential or otherwise—are the children of one’s history. Love transforms us into" ******* END TEXT: "hough it included sexuality, it aspired to the highest possible love, including personal sacrifice.\n"
9780814782194 - page_188: "START TEXT: But again, with the slyness of a fox, Socrates manages to have it both ways: to answer, yet not reve" ******* END TEXT: "l of wisdom, a lifelong seeker after truth, an adept in sorcery, enchantment, and seduction” (556).\n"
9780814782194 - page_189: "START TEXT: Despite Love’s lifelong searching, he never rests. He has his ups and downs, at times full of life a" ******* END TEXT: "on of love, in unconventional, complex ways. It serves to direct our understanding toward something "
9780814782194 - page_190: "START TEXT: that by its nature is enigmatic. If transference is a concept, however, that doesn’t imply that the " ******* END TEXT: "or something else, or overlooking it altogether. We saw this style of instruction earlier in Dora’s "
9780814782194 - page_191: "START TEXT: analysis, the poverty of concrete examples in what was, after all, a “technical” exposition. Then as" ******* END TEXT: "come into being as they seek expression, knowing, given time, they will finally take their leave.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_192: "START TEXT: 20Working-Through (“Remembering, Repeating, and Working-Through,” 1914)\nFreud’s paper on “working-th" ******* END TEXT: "t oftentimes a patient is disappointed “at the fact that not enough things come into his [her] head "
9780814782194 - page_193: "START TEXT: that he can call ‘forgotten’—that he has never thought of since they happened” (148). Forgetting in " ******* END TEXT: "is happening in the course of analysis and realize something isn’t being addressed. But in the same "
9780814782194 - page_194: "START TEXT: way that patients say they “knew” the repressed material prior to the moment it’s recalled, we somet" ******* END TEXT: "g. Now something is expected of them; they have to account for their behavior and what they propose "
9780814782194 - page_195: "START TEXT: to do about it. Now they have to reckon with this “otherness” inside them, silent inclinations that " ******* END TEXT: "t only fools can learn. “One does not forget that it is in fact only through his own experience and "
9780814782194 - page_196: "START TEXT: mishaps that a person learns sense” (153; emphasis added). Freud’s emphasis on the importance of get" ******* END TEXT: "o with it? Once they’ve developed such a high regard for their therapist, how can they say goodbye? "
9780814782194 - page_197: "START TEXT: The problem of separation has always plagued them. How will they handle it now? The transference-neu" ******* END TEXT: "ore conversant with this resistance with which he has now become acquainted, to work through it, to "
9780814782194 - page_198: "START TEXT: overcome it, by continuing, in defiance of it, the analytic work according to the fundamental rule o" ******* END TEXT: "y that the experience is not of our own making; to undergo here means that we endure it, suffer it. "
9780814782194 - page_199: "START TEXT: receive it as it strikes us and submit to it. It is this something itself that comes about, comes to" ******* END TEXT: "gh. Our resistance to psychoanalysis occasions certain truths that, as they become known, overwhelm "
9780814782194 - page_200: "START TEXT: us. It takes time to accept something we’ve always been predisposed against. Even if we recognize a " ******* END TEXT: "sly exploring their source—is even more so because it incites therapeutic ambition. Working-through "
9780814782194 - page_201: "START TEXT: implores us, th£ therapists, to allow resistance its say and even persist, if need be, until it runs" ******* END TEXT: "tuation” (Loewald 1980), Loewald—in a manner that is reminiscent of Heidegger’s critique of science "
9780814782194 - page_202: "START TEXT: (see chapter 8)—depicts psychoanalysis as an art. The inherently existential element in his views ar" ******* END TEXT: "ppocrates make this anamnesis just a listing of earlier symptoms or earlier diseases; it is also an "
9780814782194 - page_203: "START TEXT: account of his experiences, so far as they are thematically pertinent. (1980, 8; emphasis added]\n\nWi" ******* END TEXT: "y proponents of “defense analysis” who, like Gray, mistakenly equate (the ego’s) defenses with (all "
9780814782194 - page_204: "START TEXT: forms of) resistance. On the other hand, Freud’s efforts to integrate his earlier conception of resi" ******* END TEXT: "e of limits—ours as well as our patients’—is all we can do. Isn’t that, in fact, what it’s about?\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_213: "START TEXT: 21The Cruel Captain\nAs he did with Dora, Freud reminds us in a brief introduction to his 1909 Notes " ******* END TEXT: " from military maneuvers in the Austrian army where he served as a reserve officer. He had suffered "
9780814782194 - page_214: "START TEXT: from obsessions since childhood but more recently they had gotten worse. He was haunted by the fear " ******* END TEXT: "Freud reassures us, however, not to be alarmed by such symptoms. They’re not at all uncommon in the "
9780814782194 - page_215: "START TEXT: secret lives of one’s patients. Each delusion contains a meaning that, if we persist, can be uncover" ******* END TEXT: " girlfriend’s anuses would come true. But then a contrary command came to mind which told him: “You "
9780814782194 - page_216: "START TEXT: must pay back the money to Lieutenant A.” What could he do? When he proceeded to repay Lieutenant A " ******* END TEXT: "other words, he had known the true story before making his vow to repay Lieutenant A the debt (that "
9780814782194 - page_217: "START TEXT: in fact he didn’t owe him). Freud was even more surprised by Lanzer’s apparent deception—even if it " ******* END TEXT: "pretation—despite Lanzer’s resistance—wasn’t intended to convince him the interpretation was indeed "
9780814782194 - page_218: "START TEXT: “correct.” He simply wanted to unearth the repressions and expose them, helping Lanzer to become acq" ******* END TEXT: "at an age when his fidelity to his father wasn’t as strong, when he loved someone else even more.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_219: "START TEXT: 22The Rat Mystery\nFreud categorized Lanzer’s obsessions into several groups, most of which referred " ******* END TEXT: "ud with a way of distinguishing between hysterical and obsessional neuroses in the broadest terms:\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_220: "START TEXT: What regularly occurs in hysteria is that a compromise is arrived at which enables both the opposing" ******* END TEXT: "t: the neurotic “solution.”\nYet, Lanzer’s procrastination disguised the real conflict that survived "
9780814782194 - page_221: "START TEXT: unconsciously: his ambivalence about his father. That was why he could neither openly defy nor give " ******* END TEXT: "hat Freud wanted him to marry his own daughter, whom Lanzer insulted and ridiculed. He even avoided "
9780814782194 - page_222: "START TEXT: lying on the couch because he feared that Freud would beat him. He was actually afraid that Freud mi" ******* END TEXT: "the “Cruel Captain’s” account of the torture, all sorts of symbolic associations had been unleashed "
9780814782194 - page_223: "START TEXT: explaining the compulsive nature of his obsessions and his transference with the Captain. The word r" ******* END TEXT: "ppressed anger had no other recourse than the symptomatic solution his neurosis handily provided.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_224: "START TEXT: 23Guilt and Truth\nFreud’s solution to the rat torture led to the disappearance of Lanzer’s rat fixat" ******* END TEXT: "ctually called Freud his “Captain” and couldn’t complete the story. Lanzer’s sexual fantasies about "
9780814782194 - page_225: "START TEXT: naked buttocks were obviously linked in his memory to having been spanked himself. But this never ca" ******* END TEXT: "gs their say. The freedom to feel hateful when one does, and to be hateful when one is gives us the "
9780814782194 - page_226: "START TEXT: opportunity to experience ourselves as we are. In this lies the path to our quest for sanity: the ac" ******* END TEXT: "ances, Freud decided to wait and give the truth enough time to emerge of its own accord. Similarly, "
9780814782194 - page_227: "START TEXT: when Lanzer developed a negative transference and even questioned Freud’s intentions, Freud decided " ******* END TEXT: " the patient away from reality and isolating him from the world—which is among the objects of every "
9780814782194 - page_228: "START TEXT: psychoneurotic disorder” (232). In other words, Lanzer’s chronic sense of doubt was a manifestation " ******* END TEXT: " punish herself with so many symptoms? All neuroses are the consequence of mrning one’s back on the "
9780814782194 - page_229: "START TEXT: truth. When we deny the truth about whom we desire, we try to compensate for it by seeking solace in" ******* END TEXT: "clusively libidinal conception of guilt and replaced it with one that was inherently existential.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_230: "START TEXT: 24“Classical” Technique—and Freud’s\nAfter terminating his analysis with Freud, Ernst Lanzer became e" ******* END TEXT: "reud 1955e). They have been the source of constant debate ever since. Is Freud’s report faithful to "
9780814782194 - page_231: "START TEXT: the notes he never intended for publication? What do they reveal that was omitted from the report it" ******* END TEXT: "d gratification from it” (227).\nLangs echoes the sentiments of an increasing number of analysts who "
9780814782194 - page_232: "START TEXT: insist that almost any gesture of kindness or concern “endangers” the analytic frame by unnecessaril" ******* END TEXT: " Mahony sees this request as “a direct, intrusive demand” that elicited a “violent” reaction (115). "
9780814782194 - page_233: "START TEXT: Seconding Langs’s objection to Freud’s having sent his patient a postcard, Mahony adds that “like th" ******* END TEXT: "gradually assumed a significance in the eyes of contemporary analysts that dictates virtually every "
9780814782194 - page_234: "START TEXT: intervention. By today’s standards, Freud was never “neutral”—nor did he ever advocate such a stance" ******* END TEXT: "egan constructing immediately after Lanzer’s treatment ended in 1909 and completed six years later.\n"
9780814782194 - page_235: "START TEXT: Lipton shows how analytic technique changed dramatically, however, after Freud’s death. These change" ******* END TEXT: "ly, by the analyst. The aims of the treatment are less important than the analyst’s behavior, which "
9780814782194 - page_236: "START TEXT: is increasingly conceived in terms of neutrality. Analysts today seem more concerned—even obsessed—w" ******* END TEXT: "l rules. What about the claim that Freud subsequently abandoned this behavior after his analysis of "
9780814782194 - page_237: "START TEXT: Lanzer? Lipton rejects this contention too, citing numerous accounts by Freud’s former patients—such" ******* END TEXT: "s and asking questions that Racker believed his analytic sessions were “a straightforward dialogue” "
9780814782194 - page_238: "START TEXT: (35). He concludes that “those who link the concept of a ‘classical technique’ with a predominance o" ******* END TEXT: "relationship—should be a haven from interpersonal relatedness. Lipton adds that “these views are in "
9780814782194 - page_239: "START TEXT: accord with Grunberger (1966), who states that the analytical situation protects the patient from ob" ******* END TEXT: "ves. Does it confirm, or instead challenge, the direction in which we are already inclined? Does it "
9780814782194 - page_240: "START TEXT: alert us to something we’ve overlooked? When we look back on Freud’s analysis of Lanzer, the most no" ******* END TEXT: "int of view. In the end, that point of view is all we have. It derives from what we are, and who.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_247: "START TEXT: 25Psychoanalysis, Terminable—or Impossible?\nFreud’s “Analysis Terminable and Interminable” (1964a) r" ******* END TEXT: "16)—have only succeeded in rendering versions of psychoanalysis that are less effective in the long "
9780814782194 - page_248: "START TEXT: run. Freud attributed the seemingly needless prolongation of analytic treatment to the patient’s own" ******* END TEXT: "aterial that should be made conscious—the quota of truths disclosed during analysis—to the specific "
9780814782194 - page_249: "START TEXT: pathological processes that happen to come up in the treatment. At first glance, this apparently amb" ******* END TEXT: "is—in Freud’s opinion—infinitely more treatable than the constitutional (i.e., “instinctual”) ones.\n"
9780814782194 - page_250: "START TEXT: His reasons aren’t hard to fathom. If neurotic patients are dealing with the effects of their enviro" ******* END TEXT: "al relationship with Freud. But years later Ferenczi, for no apparent reason, developed feelings of "
9780814782194 - page_251: "START TEXT: aggression for his former mentor and even accused Freud of not having given him a “thorough” analysi" ******* END TEXT: "ted a woman who had suffered from hysterical symptoms since puberty, making it difficult for her to "
9780814782194 - page_252: "START TEXT: walk. After nine months of treatment, her symptoms disappeared and this woman, “an excellent and wor" ******* END TEXT: "e “defending” ourselves against pain, how can we determine what those limits are until we encounter "
9780814782194 - page_253: "START TEXT: them? Unlike military training, psychoanalysis doesn’t contrive to create miserable conditions in or" ******* END TEXT: "onceivable that a reinforcement of instinct coming later in life might produce the same effects. If "
9780814782194 - page_254: "START TEXT: so, we should have to modify our formula and say ‘the strength of the instincts at the time” instead" ******* END TEXT: "e—and ambitious—efforts to succeed with analytic patients where others have failed isn’t new. Freud "
9780814782194 - page_255: "START TEXT: questioned these sentiments and argued against them when he wrote this paper. In a tone that is evoc" ******* END TEXT: "rther their collaboration with their analyst’s efforts to understand them. Still, we mustn’t ignore "
9780814782194 - page_256: "START TEXT: that one’s ego, due to its history of having combated these congenital and traumatic forces (unsucce" ******* END TEXT: "he ego in that paper and later still, in The Ego and the Id (1961f), as not completely in “command” "
9780814782194 - page_257: "START TEXT: of itself. The ego, whether we like it or not, is in the service of forces it can never resolve. It’" ******* END TEXT: " to the ego specifically, Freud was pointing to that aspect of ourselves that is prone to lying. We "
9780814782194 - page_258: "START TEXT: defy reality as long as we get away with it. The ego’s capacity to discover truths is only equalled " ******* END TEXT: " Masochism” (1961c). In fact, Freud’s skepticism about the possibility of change with “iterminable” "
9780814782194 - page_259: "START TEXT: patients can be laid at the doorstep of this descriptive term. In The Ego and the Id, Freud describe" ******* END TEXT: "le, which arise in the erotic transference, include the anticipation of the analyst’s capitulation. "
9780814782194 - page_260: "START TEXT: Some patients receive so much gratification from their wishful phantasies that the analyst is unable" ******* END TEXT: "ributed to a form of aggression that is turned inward as a means of attacking an object (external).\n"
9780814782194 - page_261: "START TEXT: Freud eventually became convinced, however, that the pleasure principle couldn’t explain all forms o" ******* END TEXT: "to vanquish them altogether. In fact, the optimal state of pleasure—of life—include frustration and "
9780814782194 - page_262: "START TEXT: hardship. There’s no better example of this than the higher forms of love that involve the pleasure " ******* END TEXT: "ring, an aim that, were it achieved, would eliminate life itself—figuratively speaking. Ironically, "
9780814782194 - page_263: "START TEXT: when this aim is employed by a neurotic conflict, it only substitutes one form of suffering for anot" ******* END TEXT: "hich heightens our experience of suffering, may feel intrusive and become a new source of danger.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_264: "START TEXT: 26The End of Analysis\nIs the near-universal rejection of Freud’s conception of a “death drive” due t" ******* END TEXT: "e without it. How can we come to terms with this equation, which entails frustration by its nature?\n"
9780814782194 - page_265: "START TEXT: Neurotics, by definition, find this equation difficult—if not impossible—to endure. They feel, to re" ******* END TEXT: "ng what is pleasurable (what is good) is determined by instinctual (actually, ontological) motives, "
9780814782194 - page_266: "START TEXT: not mental mechanisms, per se. This was why Freud’s death drive model found little cheer amongst tho" ******* END TEXT: "r—Aristotle proclaimed that “every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and choice, is "
9780814782194 - page_267: "START TEXT: thought to aim at some good; and for this reason the good has rightly been declared to be that at wh" ******* END TEXT: "eing good; by endeavoring to be truthful and accepting realities. Psychoanalysis may indeed relieve "
9780814782194 - page_268: "START TEXT: suffering, but only in Zen-like fashion: not by trying to suffer less, but by submitting to what lif" ******* END TEXT: "sm, unconscious guilt, and the negative therapeutic reactions manifested by some of the patients he "
9780814782194 - page_269: "START TEXT: treated. He suspected that many failed analyses could be attributed to a deep-seated wish to circumv" ******* END TEXT: "hope to circumvent it. That’s because their capacity for anguish simply isn’t equal to their reach.\n"
9780814782194 - page_270: "START TEXT: Why does life elicit more anguish in some than in others? This was one of the questions Freud ponder" ******* END TEXT: "s—not uncommon nowadays—was unthinkable. Perhaps we avoid termination by allowing analyses to go on "
9780814782194 - page_271: "START TEXT: as long as they do, hoping for some sign of “recovery.” In his later years, Freud frequently set a l" ******* END TEXT: ". This is just as true for future analysts as it is for the patients they analyze. If anything, the "
9780814782194 - page_272: "START TEXT: lengthier one’s training analysis, the more likely it will serve as a standard for that analyst’s fu" ******* END TEXT: "hat we sometimes associate with it, because it’s something we can’t manipulate or control. We never "
9780814782194 - page_273: "START TEXT: really “understand” reality. We come to know it through our encounter with it. That doesn’t mean, ho" ******* END TEXT: "e treatment without rancor.\nFreud knew that the potentially therapeutic effects of a psychoanalysis "
9780814782194 - page_274: "START TEXT: aren’t axiomatic. Termination guarantees nothing. In the end, we choose whatever importance we permi" ******* END TEXT: "ly. Whatever we choose, whether that choice inhibits or transforms, we will have to wait and see.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Contents\nForeword by Leo Goldberger\nPreface by Stanley A. Leavy, M.D.\nIntroduction\nI. The True and t" ******* END TEXT: "h and Technology\n10. Truth and Psychoanalysis\nIII. The Truth about Dora\n11. The Paradox of Neurosis\n"
9780814782194 - page_xii: "START TEXT: 12. A Case of Secrecy\n13. Dreams of Vengeance and Farewell\n14. Freud’s Last Word\n15. Love and Realit" ******* END TEXT: " Analysis\n25. Psychoanalysis, Terminable—or Impossible?\n26. The End of Analysis\n\nReferences\nIndex\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_vi: "START TEXT: Copyright © 1994 by New York UniversityAll rights reserved\nLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publica" ******* END TEXT: "en for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_vii: "START TEXT: For Sharada" ******* END TEXT: "For Sharada"
9780814782194 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_iii: "START TEXT: PSYCHOANALYTIC CROSSCURRENTSGeneral Editor: Leo Goldberger\nTHE DEATH OF DESIRE: A STUDY IN PSYCHOPAT" ******* END TEXT: "IDEA OF THE PAST: HISTORY, SCIENCE, AND PRACTICE IN AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYSISby Leonard Jonathan Lamm\n"
9780814782194 - page_iv: "START TEXT: SUBJECT AND AGENCY IN PSYCHOANALYSIS: WHICH IS TO BE MASTER?by Frances M. Moran\nJACQUES LACAN’S RETU" ******* END TEXT: " Phillippe Julien\nTHE TRUTH ABOUT FREUD’S TECHNIQUE: THE ENCOUNTER WITH THE REALby M. Guy Thompson\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_ix: "START TEXT: During my whole life I have endeavored to uncover truths. I had no other intention and everything el" ******* END TEXT: "Freud\nWhoever, like Freud, eschews philosophy, reveals a truly philosophic mind.\n—Lou Andreas-Salomé"
9780814782194 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: Foreword\nThe Psychoanalytic Crosscurrents series presents selected books and monographs that reveal " ******* END TEXT: "under the rubric of “applied psychoanalysis,” came into being, reached its zenith many decades ago, "
9780814782194 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: and then almost vanished. Early contributors to this literature, in addition to Freud himself, came " ******* END TEXT: "t the boundaries of psychoanalysis. The books and monographs are from a variety of sources: authors "
9780814782194 - page_xv: "START TEXT: will be psychoanalysts—traditional, neo- and post-Freudian, existential, object relational, Kohutian" ******* END TEXT: " emergent literature and to foster its further unhampered growth.\nLEO GOLDBERGERNew York University\n"
9780814782194 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_xxvii: "START TEXT: THE TRUTH ABOUT FREUD’S TECHNIQUE\n" ******* END TEXT: "THE TRUTH ABOUT FREUD’S TECHNIQUE\n"
9780814782194 - page_xxviii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_281: "START TEXT: Index\nAbstinence, 172–73\nAdler, Alfred, 55, 137\n“Adolescence and the Doldrums” (Winnicott), 124\nAffe" ******* END TEXT: "wig, 168\nBoss, Medard, 237\nBrentano, Franz, 51–52, 266\nBreuer, Josef, 168\nBrunswick, Ruth Mack, 248\n"
9780814782194 - page_282: "START TEXT: “Case of Successful Treatment by Hypnotism” (Freud), 10\nCastration complex, 15–20, 34–35\nCausality, " ******* END TEXT: "k, 160\nEllman, S., 143, 150\nEmpedocles, 266\nEpisteme, 82–83\nErikson, Erik, 124–25\nEros, 261, 266–67\n"
9780814782194 - page_283: "START TEXT: Erotic (positive) transference, 185\nErotism, 47, 184. See also Love; Transference-love\nErrare, 68\nEv" ******* END TEXT: "atment, 210\n“General Account of Psychoanalytic Technique” (Freud), 134\nGenuine love, 43–45, 48, 262\n"
9780814782194 - page_284: "START TEXT: Gill, M., 238\nGod: proving existence of, 3\ntruth and, 59\nGray, P, 198, 200, 203\nGreen, Andre, 262\nGr" ******* END TEXT: "nscious subject, xxv, 10\nLefebre, Ludwig, 56\nLies, 65–66. See also Truth\nLipton, S., 234–35, 237–38\n"
9780814782194 - page_285: "START TEXT: Literal (external) reality. See Psychical reality\nLoewald, Hans: on bias of analytic culture, 209\non" ******* END TEXT: "nt” (Freud), 135, 191, 225, 246\n“On Narcissism” (Freud), 45\n“On Psychotherapy” (Freud), 134, 155–74\n"
9780814782194 - page_286: "START TEXT: “On the Essence of Truth” (Heidegger), 57\n“On the History of the Psychoanalytic Movement” (Freud), 7" ******* END TEXT: "d on origins/nature of, 5, 272–73\nKlein’s conception of, 272\nnew nosological categories within, 206\n"
9780814782194 - page_287: "START TEXT: as result of self-deception, 170, 252\nPsychopathology of Everyday Life (Freud), 10, 217\nPsychosis: c" ******* END TEXT: " and sexual, 118\norigins of, 18\nvs. concealment, 64–68\nof wishes, 130\nwithin Oedipus complex, 29–30\n"
9780814782194 - page_288: "START TEXT: Resistance: False Self’s collaboration for, 255\nas feature of obsessional neurosis, 226—27\nfree sess" ******* END TEXT: "e of, 248–49\nscience and, 69–77\ntechnology and, 78–87\nun-truth compared to, 64–68. See also Reality\n"
9780814782194 - page_289: "START TEXT: Truthful (psychical) reality. See Psychical reality\n“Two Principles of Mental Functioning” (Freud), " ******* END TEXT: " resistance in, 248\nsuccessful termination in, 274\nWorking-through, 192–204\nWortis, Joseph, 160, 237"
9780814782194 - page_290: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_xxi: "START TEXT: Introduction\nWe speak of psychoanalytic “schools” in a rough and ready way. In the early days its sc" ******* END TEXT: "me of the Americans. What about the Freud of Jones, Strachey, and Freud’s own daughter? And that of "
9780814782194 - page_xxii: "START TEXT: Lacan, Mannoni (Octave), or Brown (Norman O.)? Or the Freud of Laing, Binswanger, and Sartre? Then t" ******* END TEXT: "e primogenitor—in fact, the epitome—of “classical” technique, a term whose implied definition is as "
9780814782194 - page_xxiii: "START TEXT: far from his behavior as the moon. What explains this contradiction? How can the same man embody the" ******* END TEXT: "eself in the presence of another human being. In fact, it’s only in the presence of another that we "
9780814782194 - page_xxiv: "START TEXT: can be ourselves and find ourselves when we’re lost. According to Freud, analysis seeks no other pur" ******* END TEXT: "egger been older, perhaps their paths might have crossed. As it was, they didn’t. I think, however, "
9780814782194 - page_xxv: "START TEXT: that the risk is worth taking because Heidegger’s thinking is so compatible with Freud’s that I’m su" ******* END TEXT: "en, Prof. Walter Menrath, and Dr. Kirk Schneider. I especially want to thank Dr. Stanley Leavy, who "
9780814782194 - page_xxvi: "START TEXT: contributed many invaluable suggestions; and Dr. Otto Allen Will, Jr., for whose encouragement and s" ******* END TEXT: "le who helped me are accountable for the ideas expressed here for which I, alone, am responsible.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_i: "START TEXT: THE TRUTH ABOUT FREUD’S TECHNIQUE\n" ******* END TEXT: "THE TRUTH ABOUT FREUD’S TECHNIQUE\n"
9780814782194 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_1: "START TEXT: ITHE TRUE AND THE REAL IN FREUD\nDespite Freud’s insistence about his relationship with truth, confes" ******* END TEXT: "nces—investigates behavior and the laws in nature that are presumed to govern it. Psychoanalysis is "
9780814782194 - page_2: "START TEXT: concerned with the mind. Though our minds aren’t specifically observable, it is possible to become a" ******* END TEXT: "s of confusion that we bring on ourselves in order to avoid a reality we don’t wish to accept. Yet, "
9780814782194 - page_3: "START TEXT: the degree of anguish that prompts us to deceive ourselves in the first place isn’t strictly psychol" ******* END TEXT: " the nature of knowing. How do we know, for example, what is true or false? Freud said this was the "
9780814782194 - page_4: "START TEXT: question that guided his entire life. What it means to know something—whether or not such and such a" ******* END TEXT: "e was profoundly indebted to Greek myths, to such a degree that he adopted the Greek attitude about "
9780814782194 - page_5: "START TEXT: human emotion as universally valid. His ideas about passion, tragedy, and deception reveal a predomi" ******* END TEXT: "ure, as Freud conceived it, is based on the premise that it’s better to know where we stand than to "
9780814782194 - page_6: "START TEXT: avoid reality, however painful that reality is. Freud didn’t talk about truths, per se, but he talke" ******* END TEXT: "e’s no doubt Freud was searching for the truth—whatever he thought about the facts he discovered.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_51: "START TEXT: IITHE TRUE AND THE REAL IN HEIDEGGER\nThe road from psychoanalysis to existential thought—or, more sp" ******* END TEXT: "rleau-Ponty, Gabriel Marcel, Paul Tillich, Miguel de Unamuno, and a host of others. Although Edmund "
9780814782194 - page_52: "START TEXT: Husserl is credited as the father of phenomenology—the philosophical foundation for modern existenti" ******* END TEXT: "osophers who are preoccupied with it; most deny that it’s knowable! But Freud’s life was devoted to "
9780814782194 - page_53: "START TEXT: unravelling the nature of truth and what it means for something to be real. Perhaps the most distinc" ******* END TEXT: "of reality depicts it as inherently uncooperative. Whatever my wishes may be, reality is my master. "
9780814782194 - page_54: "START TEXT: Yet, my phantasies allow me to be master, in a fashion. Although they temporarily appease, reality c" ******* END TEXT: " psychoanalysis and existentialism, between Freud and Heidegger—we know the obstacles must be real, "
9780814782194 - page_55: "START TEXT: even passionate. But there is more to the rift between psychoanalysts and Heidegger than “the Nazi q" ******* END TEXT: "52), Angelo Hesnard (1960), Jacques Lacan (1977), Erich Fromm (Burston 1991)—and many psychiatrists "
9780814782194 - page_56: "START TEXT: who were interested in both—Paul Schilder (1935), Viktor Frankl (1968), Erwin Straus (1966), Henri E" ******* END TEXT: "thing about the psychoanalyst’s experience of reality, its truth, and the nature of his endeavor.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_93: "START TEXT: IIITHE TRUTH ABOUT DORA\nNever has a case history provoked as much attention, examination, criticism " ******* END TEXT: "n “unanalytic.” Dora’s analysis continues to be taught in virtually every analytic institute in the "
9780814782194 - page_94: "START TEXT: world. It is the first and often only case study that college courses on Freud use as an example of " ******* END TEXT: "patients. His aim was to get to those truths his patients concealed—from themselves as well as from "
9780814782194 - page_95: "START TEXT: others. The way Freud elicited these truths allowed him to discover some incredible things about the" ******* END TEXT: "tion of psychoanalysis was demonstrated by his memorable encounter with this remarkable young woman."
9780814782194 - page_96: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_133: "START TEXT: IVTHE TRUTH ABOUT FREUD’S TECHNIQUE\nFreud published approximately fifteen papers during his lifetime" ******* END TEXT: "heir chronology in the context of Freud’s other writings may be helpful in appreciating this point.\n"
9780814782194 - page_134: "START TEXT: Subsequent to his analysis of Dora, Freud began to write occasional papers addressing the topic of t" ******* END TEXT: "hiatrists who had been attracted to Freud’s ideas but neglected to take the time to obtain a formal "
9780814782194 - page_135: "START TEXT: training in its application. Freud apparently felt damned from both sides: from his enemies who atta" ******* END TEXT: "turned to the problem of transference and the resolution of its effects, whereas the final paper in "
9780814782194 - page_136: "START TEXT: the series—Freud’s favorite, “Observation on Transference-Love” (1958d)—is commonly regarded as the " ******* END TEXT: "s essence, is personal in the first place, so that the analyst’s personality governs the technique?\n"
9780814782194 - page_137: "START TEXT: Freud stated that the rules—in fact, recommendations—that he advocated for the practice of psychoana" ******* END TEXT: "not having been classical enough. Analysts today, if anything, seem embarrassed by Freud’s analytic "
9780814782194 - page_138: "START TEXT: behavior, but when he was alive his cases were the epitome of classical technique. Gradually, a cont" ******* END TEXT: "rtant thing was to emphasize what one should not do, and to point out the temptations in directions "
9780814782194 - page_139: "START TEXT: contrary to analysis. Almost everything positive that one should do I have left to “tact” . . . The " ******* END TEXT: " least. They are actually pearls of wisdom, to be enjoyed by those who can take consolation in them."
9780814782194 - page_140: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_205: "START TEXT: VTHE RAT MYSTERY\nWhen you hear of Freud’s influence today it’s almost always in association with his" ******* END TEXT: "entury essay “Of Experience,” was obviously describing the obsessional character when he said that\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_206: "START TEXT: men do not recognize the natural disease of their mind: it does nothing but ferret and search, and i" ******* END TEXT: "ses with characterological aspects of the personality, the more “genderized” the diagnosis becomes.\n"
9780814782194 - page_207: "START TEXT: But does diagnosis, itself, really make much sense, anyhow? It was Freud himself who established the" ******* END TEXT: "ficing, humorless, resourceful, studious. Many of the features that characterize the development of "
9780814782194 - page_208: "START TEXT: psychoanalytic theorizing, writing, and technique since Freud’s death could be viewed in terms of va" ******* END TEXT: "response to it. The analytic “culture” of today, as we know it, has incorporated many of the common "
9780814782194 - page_209: "START TEXT: features of obsessional character. This bias is so commonplace in the culture at large that Hans Loe" ******* END TEXT: "ud’s apologist, of having always colored his mentor in a favorable light, of offering opinions that "
9780814782194 - page_210: "START TEXT: were highly subjective. But his assessment of Freud’s remarkable presentation of Lanzer’s analysis h" ******* END TEXT: "tions that challenge the imagination, it would be misleading to assume that the success of Lanzer’s "
9780814782194 - page_211: "START TEXT: treatment—as with any other—rests on the solution of puzzles or the ultimate “conquest” of the unfat" ******* END TEXT: "lving the puzzles that the Rat Man had set, but to let him pursue his own path—and to listen” (264)."
9780814782194 - page_212: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_241: "START TEXT: VITHE END OF ANALYSIS\nWhat is the relationship between the termination of analysis and its cure? Doe" ******* END TEXT: "etaphor for the somaticized symptom that couldn’t have been “treated” in any case? Due to Freud, we "
9780814782194 - page_242: "START TEXT: have learned to appreciate how coincidental it was that hysterical symptoms ever came to be diagnose" ******* END TEXT: "liberal arts, history, and the humanities was the best foundation for a vocation in psychoanalysis.\n"
9780814782194 - page_243: "START TEXT: Consequently, the role that diagnosis played in analytic treatment became increasingly metaphorical." ******* END TEXT: "ility” or “curability.” In fact, the question of the one supercedes and determines the prognosis of "
9780814782194 - page_244: "START TEXT: the other. When determining a prospective patient’s capacity for following the fundamental rule, the" ******* END TEXT: "n their rivals. Newer and more novel pathological categories, conditions, entities, and impressions "
9780814782194 - page_245: "START TEXT: are discerned at a startling pace. Some of them—like the narcissistic and borderline conditions, are" ******* END TEXT: " or is its aim—however hard to define—somehow more subtle than relief from suffering implies? Freud "
9780814782194 - page_246: "START TEXT: believed that whatever conception of cure we adopt, it should be relative to the capacities of each " ******* END TEXT: "ess”? This is the question Freud attempted to answer in this paper, his final word on the matter.\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_xix: "START TEXT: blunder of organized psychoanalysis in its quest for purity of doctrine occurred in 1963, when the I" ******* END TEXT: "lications of Heidegger’s philosophy for psychoanalysis were developed by the late Hans Loewald, who "
9780814782194 - page_xvii: "START TEXT: Preface\nNothing persuades us more fully of the vitality of psychoanalysis as a supreme intellectual " ******* END TEXT: "ychoanalysis since its inception, such questions and distinctions need to be faced again and again.\n"
9780814782194 - page_xviii: "START TEXT: It is here that Thompson’s understanding of Freud brings to light Freud’s own largely implicit repli" ******* END TEXT: "nto practice the idea of psychoanalysis as a human encounter in pursuit of “the real.” The ultimate "
9780814782194 - page_xx: "START TEXT: was in his youth a student of Heidegger’s. Being reminded of that, I want to put in a word here in t" ******* END TEXT: "he woods that opens the way for further exploration.\nSTANLEY A. LEAVY, M.D.New Haven, Connecticut\n\n\n"
9780814782194 - page_275: "START TEXT: References\nAlexander, F., and S. Selesnick. 1966. The history of psychiatry. New York: Harper and Ro" ******* END TEXT: "a’s case: Freud-hysteria-feminism, ed. C. Bernheimer and C. Kahane. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.\n"
9780814782194 - page_276: "START TEXT: Ey, H. 1978. Consciousness: A phenomenological study of being conscious and becoming conscious. Tran" ******* END TEXT: " working-through (Further recommendations on the technique of psycho-analysis II). S.E. 12: 145–56.\n"
9780814782194 - page_277: "START TEXT: ———. 1958i. Totem and taboo. S.E. 13: 1—161.\n———. 1959a. Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety. S.E. 20:" ******* END TEXT: "Heidegger, M. 1962. Being and time. Trans. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson. New York: Harper and Row.\n"
9780814782194 - page_278: "START TEXT: Heidegger, M. 1967. What is a thing? Trans. W. B. Barton and V. Deutsch. Chicago: Henry Regnery.\nHei" ******* END TEXT: "nique as shown in his analysis of the Rat Man. International Journal of Psycho-analysis 58: 255–73.\n"
9780814782194 - page_279: "START TEXT: Loewald, H. W. 1980. Papers on psychoanalysis. New Haven: Yale University Press.\nMahony, P. 1986. Fr" ******* END TEXT: "ork: Simon and Schuster.\nZimmerman, M. 1981. The eclipse of the self. Athens: Ohio University Press."
9780814782194 - page_280: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_i: "START TEXT: OUT OF WORK\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "OUT OF WORK\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_ii: "START TEXT: OTHER INDEPENDENT INSTITUTE BOOKS\nTHE ACADEMY IN CRISISThe Political Economy ofHigher Educationedite" ******* END TEXT: "ghth Avenue, Oakland, California 94603(510) 632-1366 fax (510) 568-6040 http://www.independent.org\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_iii: "START TEXT: Out of Work\nUnemployment and Government inTwentieth-Century AmericaUpdated Edition\nRichard K. Vedder" ******* END TEXT: " K. Vedder and Lowell E. Gallaway\nFOREWORD BY MARTIN BRONFENBRENNER\nAn Independent Institute Book\n\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\nCopyright © 1993, 1997 by The Independent Institute\nAll" ******* END TEXT: "sen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_v: "START TEXT: \nThe Independent Institute is a nonprofit, non-partisan, scholarly research and educational organiza" ******* END TEXT: "orporation\nCarolyn L. WeaverAmerican Enterprise Institute\nWalter E. WilliamsGeorge Mason University "
9780814787922 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nForeword by Martin Bronfenbrenner\nPreface to the Updated Edition\nPreface to the First Editi" ******* END TEXT: "nemployment and the State\n16   Afterword\nAppendix A\nAppendix B\nBibliography\nIndex\nAbout the Authors "
9780814787922 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Foreword\nUnemployment has been a principal preoccupation of critical economists, policymakers, and o" ******* END TEXT: "re.” To avoid or mitigate such reactions is, as I see it, the function of these introductory notes.\n"
9780814787922 - page_x: "START TEXT: Our authors’ principal, and admittedly heterodox theses are only two in number, the second thesis be" ******* END TEXT: "way thesis. The last three chapters are the moral of the tale, which is that public policy has been "
9780814787922 - page_xi: "START TEXT: systematically wrong-headed since approximately 1930, and that the role of market forces in labor re" ******* END TEXT: "ver, are bold enough to adjust them and include the war years, which indeed seem to fit quite well.\n"
9780814787922 - page_xii: "START TEXT: • The relationship between the Vedder-Gallaway model and what is called the “rational expectations” " ******* END TEXT: "implication of Keynes’s underconsumptionist and oversaving views carried to their logical extreme.\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: Preface to the Updated Edition\nIn the foreword to the first edition of Out of Work, Martin Bronfenbr" ******* END TEXT: "rehensively on the recent literature, although we do mention some of that work in the new material.\n"
9780814787922 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: We thank the many persons who graciously commented favorably on the first edition and who have used " ******* END TEXT: "tial publication of this book and to this subsequent revision.\nRICHARD K. VEDDERLOWELL E. GALLAWAY\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_xv: "START TEXT: Preface to the First Edition\nSomewhere about one-third of the way through the twentieth century, the" ******* END TEXT: "t develops the thesis that the state has increased, not decreased, the magnitude of unemployment in "
9780814787922 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: this country, that macroeconomic manipulations of a monetary and fiscal nature have ultimately prove" ******* END TEXT: "nted out in an extremely detailed and useful review of the manuscript, this book might be perceived "
9780814787922 - page_xvii: "START TEXT: as old-fashioned in many ways. Some will certainly say it is not on the cutting edge of modern econo" ******* END TEXT: "les Baird of California State University at Hayward and Terry Anderson of Montana State University.\n"
9780814787922 - page_xviii: "START TEXT: Other encouragement has come from Fred Glahe of the University of Colorado, Lawrence Kudlow of Bear " ******* END TEXT: " a wonderful friend. We dedicate this book to Warren’s memory.\nRICHARD K. VEDDERLOWELL E. GALLAWAY\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_1: "START TEXT: 1The Unemployment Century\nOf the five centuries during which the United States has been settled by E" ******* END TEXT: "irst major federal involvement in macroeconomic intervention. A few years later, during the 1920–22 "
9780814787922 - page_10: "START TEXT: The Importance of Unemployment\nWhy has unemployment become such a major policy issue as the United S" ******* END TEXT: "f the unemployment problem requires insight into the sources of variation in the unemployment rate.\n"
9780814787922 - page_11: "START TEXT: NOTES\n1. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1933), 2: 2296, dates the o" ******* END TEXT: "nt during the previous year for the two racial groups, performing a linear interpolation within the "
9780814787922 - page_12: "START TEXT: three categories of duration reported in the census. We then calculated the number of unemployed per" ******* END TEXT: "Labor Market Status of Black Americans: 1939–1985,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 4 (1990): 16.\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_2: "START TEXT: economic downturn, a presidential commission on unemployment was created.\nIn the 1930s, a revolution" ******* END TEXT: "er to the noncyclical forms of unemployment: “the natural rate of unemployment.” Much of the modern "
9780814787922 - page_3: "START TEXT: discussion about employment is related to the natural rate of unemployment and its determinants. Thu" ******* END TEXT: "oyment rate over 50 percent higher than in four other decades (the 1900s, 1920s, 1950s, and 1960s.)\n"
9780814787922 - page_4: "START TEXT: TABLE 1.1VARIATIONS IN UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE U.S., BY DECADES, 1900–1990\n\nThe bad news from table 1.1 " ******* END TEXT: "ta, and are thus subject to considerable error. Christina Romer has made a compelling case that the "
9780814787922 - page_5: "START TEXT: variation in unemployment in the early decades of the twentieth century was much less than the offic" ******* END TEXT: " table 1.2, indicators of interstate variation in unemployment are presented for a number of years.\n"
9780814787922 - page_6: "START TEXT: TABLE 1.2INTERSTATE VARIATIONS IN UNEMPLOYMENT, VARIOUS YEARS, 1930–88a\n\nNote that throughout the pe" ******* END TEXT: "rginia exceeded or equaled the national average. By contrast, in every single year the unemployment "
9780814787922 - page_7: "START TEXT: rate in Nebraska and South Dakota was less than the national average. Thus it is clearly possible th" ******* END TEXT: "e/nonwhite unemployment differential was of a negligible magnitude in the period from 1900 to 1930.\n"
9780814787922 - page_8: "START TEXT: TABLE 1.3AGE, RACE AND GENDER DIFFERENTIALS IN UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, 1900–88\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "TABLE 1.3AGE, RACE AND GENDER DIFFERENTIALS IN UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, 1900–88\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_9: "START TEXT: Further examination of the data suggests the large racial differential in unemployment rates had its" ******* END TEXT: "s identical. In 1989, the teenage unemployment rate was 2.8 percentage points greater than in 1950.\n"
9780814787922 - page_13: "START TEXT: 2Unemployment in Theory\nWith the increased interest in unemployment came intense scholarly investiga" ******* END TEXT: "mployment determination. Thus we can talk of a “neoclassical-Austrian” perspective on unemployment.\n"
9780814787922 - page_14: "START TEXT: Wage-Based Perspectives on Unemployment\nAt the outset, it should be stated emphatically that in his " ******* END TEXT: "basic price theory suggests that there are four ways in which the unemployment might be eliminated:\n"
9780814787922 - page_15: "START TEXT: FIGURE 2.1WAGES AND THE DETERMINATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT\n\n1) a reduction in the existing money wage fro" ******* END TEXT: " mean that a given money wage has less purchasing power, so an increase in prices means a reduction "
9780814787922 - page_16: "START TEXT: in real wages. Higher productivity means higher physical product per worker which, in turn, means hi" ******* END TEXT: "tly available means that some unemployment is inevitable, as unemployment is traditionally defined.\n"
9780814787922 - page_17: "START TEXT: Later economists, particularly in the 1960s, introduced the concept of structural unemployment, argu" ******* END TEXT: "a greater emphasis on the importance of markets in coordinating economic activity than the Austrian "
9780814787922 - page_18: "START TEXT: school. With respect to unemployment, Austrians accept the view that unemployment reflects discoordi" ******* END TEXT: "(although there is an obvious limit to the gains in wages obtainable from more thorough searching.)\n"
9780814787922 - page_19: "START TEXT: FIGURE 2.2THE DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT\n\nIn figure 2.2, the individual chooses to take a new job when" ******* END TEXT: "oyment benefits, he or she may be more choosy about taking a new job. In the context of figure 2.2, "
9780814787922 - page_20: "START TEXT: unemployment compensation raises the reservation wage to the dotted line, leading to the optimal emp" ******* END TEXT: "nomists as being superficial and mistaken. With John Maynard Keynes’s General Theory of Employment, "
9780814787922 - page_21: "START TEXT: Interest and Money (1936), however, the underconsumptionist approach rose to a position of dominance" ******* END TEXT: "for goods and thus a reduced demand for labor. Surges in consumer saving meant sudden reductions in "
9780814787922 - page_22: "START TEXT: the aggregate demand for goods, with the initial decrease in consumption (arising from more saving o" ******* END TEXT: ".18 Generally, in the 1950s and 1960s, the subject of wages was seldom even mentioned in discussing "
9780814787922 - page_23: "START TEXT: the issue of unemployment. Essentially the view had become, “Wages don’t matter,” almost in direct c" ******* END TEXT: "sts seem to believe that any unemployment-creating wage imbalance likely has its origin in monetary "
9780814787922 - page_24: "START TEXT: disturbances. For example, a decrease in the supply of money would lower prices and, money wages unc" ******* END TEXT: "al modification among the populace. Only if the population were deceived would the policies work.24\n"
9780814787922 - page_25: "START TEXT: In the most extreme form, the new theoretical perspectives evolving in the 1970s and 1980s implied b" ******* END TEXT: " the past two decades: an increasing tendency to look more closely at the microeconomic foundations "
9780814787922 - page_26: "START TEXT: of unemployment, even to the extent, on occasion, of analyzing unemployment in terms of real wages a" ******* END TEXT: "t lower prices to sell increased output, lowering the dollar revenue received per unit of increased "
9780814787922 - page_27: "START TEXT: production. Profit maximizing firms will hire workers up to the point where the marginal cost of the" ******* END TEXT: ", “Wages and Unemployment in Interwar Britain,” Explorations in Economic History 23 (1986): 153–72.\n"
9780814787922 - page_28: "START TEXT: 12. For further discussion of the natural rate of unemployment, see below, chapter 13.\n13. Specifica" ******* END TEXT: "ewise questioned the efficacy of fiscal policy. The Friedman-Phelps concerns were not new. See, for "
9780814787922 - page_29: "START TEXT: example, the preface to Ludwig von Mises, The Theory of Money and Credit, new ed. (New Haven, Conn.:" ******* END TEXT: "h J. Koford, and Jeffrey B. Miller (New York: Praeger, 1986), p. 30. The increased leisure argument "
9780814787922 - page_30: "START TEXT: is also used by Lucas and Rapping, “Real Wages, Employment and Inflation.” For an older perspective " ******* END TEXT: "tudy is Edmond Malinvaud, The Theory of Unemployment Reconsidered (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1977.)\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_31: "START TEXT: 3The Neoclassical/Austrian Approach: An Overview\nIn the previous chapter, it was suggested that neoc" ******* END TEXT: "olded during the century.\nTesting the Basic Model\nIn its simplest form, the hypothesized model is:\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_32: "START TEXT: where U stands for the unemployment rate, W for the adjusted real wage (real wages divided by labor " ******* END TEXT: " observed variation in the unemployment rate over time.8 The results are highly consistent with the "
9780814787922 - page_33: "START TEXT: neoclassical/Austrian view that unemployment is largely determined by adjusted real wages in excess " ******* END TEXT: " last year are associated with more unemployment this year. Rising money wages in the past year are "
9780814787922 - page_34: "START TEXT: associated with more unemployment, while rising prices and productivity (both lowering the adjusted " ******* END TEXT: "he total impact of, for example, a 5.4 percent money-wage increase is greater than indicated above.\n"
9780814787922 - page_35: "START TEXT: FIGURE 3.1ACTUAL VS. PREDICTED UNEMPLOYMENT, 1900–1990\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "FIGURE 3.1ACTUAL VS. PREDICTED UNEMPLOYMENT, 1900–1990\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_36: "START TEXT: FIGURE 3.2A CLOSER LOOK AT ACTUAL VS. PREDICTED UNEMPLOYMENT\n\nThe Changing Flexibility of Wages, Pri" ******* END TEXT: "money wages, prices, and labor productivity for a variety of time periods in the twentieth century.\n"
9780814787922 - page_37: "START TEXT: \nLooking at the first three periods, note that the standard deviation of the adjusted real wage vari" ******* END TEXT: "ty in unemployment was greatest when the standard deviation of the adjusted real wage was greatest.\n"
9780814787922 - page_38: "START TEXT: TABLE 3.1CHANGES IN THE COMPONENTS OF THE ADJUSTED REAL WAGE, 1900–1989\n\nAlthough the standard devia" ******* END TEXT: " actually fell, whereas in none of the past forty years have money wages risen less than 3 percent.\n"
9780814787922 - page_39: "START TEXT: From the standpoint of real wages, however, there is a different pattern. In ten of the first forty " ******* END TEXT: "uirements that have materially altered the market for relatively unskilled labor. Other legislation "
9780814787922 - page_40: "START TEXT: (e.g., the 1931 Davis-Bacon Act and similar state laws) even impacted on compensation for skilled la" ******* END TEXT: "arkets, in particular money markets. The model does not talk about consumption or investment or the "
9780814787922 - page_41: "START TEXT: stock of money or interest rates or any of the other things that economists usually bring up in disc" ******* END TEXT: " our understanding of institutional arrangements. While economic propositions cannot be proven with "
9780814787922 - page_42: "START TEXT: absolute certainty, econometrics can strongly demonstrate their real-world insight in a convincing m" ******* END TEXT: "rked are somewhat suspect), but that after that date the widely used BLS employee compensation data "
9780814787922 - page_43: "START TEXT: for the business sector are more appropriate, since they cover much more of the labor force and inco" ******* END TEXT: "d that unemployment varies importantly with changes in real wages adjusted for productivity change.\n"
9780814787922 - page_44: "START TEXT: TABLE 3.2TWELVE VARIANTS OF THE BASIC UNEMPLOYMENT RATE DETERMINATION MODEL 1900–89*\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "TABLE 3.2TWELVE VARIANTS OF THE BASIC UNEMPLOYMENT RATE DETERMINATION MODEL 1900–89*\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_45: "START TEXT: TABLE 3.3THE DETERMINANTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT: AN EXPANDED ADJUSTED REAL WAGE MODEL\n\nEXPANDED LAG STRUCT" ******* END TEXT: "same is true of the percent change in labor productivity and percent change in the money wage rate.\n"
9780814787922 - page_46: "START TEXT: TABLE 3.4TIMING OF UNEMPLOYMENT EFFECTS OF CHANGING WAGES, PRICES AND PRODUCTIVITY\n\nThe findings are" ******* END TEXT: " rises by 0.16 percent as a consequence. Four years later, this year’s 1 percent wage increase will "
9780814787922 - page_47: "START TEXT: have an impact on unemployment in that year of 0.64 percentage point. Thus only about 25 percent of " ******* END TEXT: " price changes. Similarly, the underlying causes of changes in the money-wage variable are not made "
9780814787922 - page_48: "START TEXT: explicit. These criticisms have some validity, and as the discussion unfolds in the next several cha" ******* END TEXT: "nt of Joseph Schumpeter, and consequently, we might speak of “Schumpeterian productivity change.”23 "
9780814787922 - page_49: "START TEXT: In short, the cyclical component of real-output change may be caused by multiple factors.\nOne final " ******* END TEXT: "ess cycle is related to productivity changes to a moderate extent. Cycles in innovation and capital "
9780814787922 - page_50: "START TEXT: formation may impact simultaneously on productivity (Schumpeterian and Smithian changes) and output " ******* END TEXT: "ing the national income and product accounts. Because of lags in the model, data for the 1890s were "
9780814787922 - page_51: "START TEXT: needed. Data for that decade, obtained from Series D-735, ibid., were spliced to the data series for" ******* END TEXT: "islaid: Or, an Explanation of Unemployment, 1934–41,” Journal of Political Economy 84 (1976): 1–15.\n"
9780814787922 - page_52: "START TEXT: 17. Reviewing several attempts to estimate unemployment rates for the critical decades of the 1920s " ******* END TEXT: "te domestic investment, net exports, and government purchases spending were regressed against GNP.\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_53: "START TEXT: 4The Gilded Age\nIn many respects, the first three decades of the twentieth century were the golden a" ******* END TEXT: "ial Lebergott/BLS data, averaged only 4.67 percent for the thirty years 1900 through 1929, with the "
9780814787922 - page_54: "START TEXT: median unemployment rate being 4.30 percent. In only one year, 1921, did the unemployment rate avera" ******* END TEXT: "me quickly, with the unemployment rate falling 43 percent in the following year to under 7 percent.\n"
9780814787922 - page_55: "START TEXT: TABLE 4.1UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900–1929\n\nA similar flexibility in the unemployment rat" ******* END TEXT: "ended to gravitate fairly quickly back to something approximating its natural rate. Only once, from "
9780814787922 - page_56: "START TEXT: 1906 to 1908, was the unemployment rate outside the 3 to 6 percent range (annual average) for three " ******* END TEXT: " model predicts a rise to a peak rate slightly over 8.8 percent in 1915, very near the actual rate.\n"
9780814787922 - page_57: "START TEXT: TABLE 4.2ACTUAL VS. PREDICTED UNEMPLOYMENT RATES FOR THE U.S. 1900–1929\n\nThe major downturn of the f" ******* END TEXT: "929, unemployment varied modestly, ranging between 1.8 and 5.0 percent; our statistical explanation "
9780814787922 - page_58: "START TEXT: indicates values between 2.1 and 4.3 percent, not a very large discrepancy. In short, variations in " ******* END TEXT: "ll provide useful insights into the developing disequilibrium in the labor market and its solution.\n"
9780814787922 - page_59: "START TEXT: While there may have been economists who believed that the unemployment of the era would be solved i" ******* END TEXT: "om what the consumption function relationship predicts are a measure of shifts in the propensity to "
9780814787922 - page_60: "START TEXT: consume from the long-run trend. Examination of those deviations (“residuals” to econometricians) sh" ******* END TEXT: "ably magnified during this period of intense inflation. One thing is clear: labor productivity rose "
9780814787922 - page_61: "START TEXT: sharply in the 1918–19 period (8 percent in 1918, 6.7 percent in 1919), and hence was the leading fo" ******* END TEXT: "es use of more detailed data than that employed in the basic model. While unemployment data are not "
9780814787922 - page_62: "START TEXT: available on a monthly or quarterly basis, factory employment data are, as are factory payroll, indu" ******* END TEXT: "never returned to the level prevailing at the beginning of 1920—but neither did factory employment.\n"
9780814787922 - page_63: "START TEXT: TABLE 4.3QUARTERLY EMPLOYMENT AND LABOR MARKET INDICATORS, U.S. 1920–1923\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "TABLE 4.3QUARTERLY EMPLOYMENT AND LABOR MARKET INDICATORS, U.S. 1920–1923\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_64: "START TEXT: FIGURE 4.1EMPLOYMENT AND THE ADJUSTED REAL WAGE, QUARTERLY DATA, 1920–23\n\nA statistical examination " ******* END TEXT: "ot tell the entire story. The stock of money in the third quarter of 1920 was actually greater than "
9780814787922 - page_65: "START TEXT: in the first quarter, yet over 30 percent of the observed decline in factory employment had already " ******* END TEXT: " we reduce the analysis to the level of the individual industry? Is there some sort of “aggregation "
9780814787922 - page_66: "START TEXT: bias” that gives a false wage-employment relationship that falls apart when individual industry wage" ******* END TEXT: " over four-fifths of the considerable variation in employment over the four-and-a-half-year period.\n"
9780814787922 - page_67: "START TEXT: CONTEMPORARY ANALYSIS OF THE 1921 DEPRESSION\nOur explanation of unemployment in 1920–22 is not new, " ******* END TEXT: "d the work” and restrictions on immigration to prevent job displacement of native-born Americans.31\n"
9780814787922 - page_68: "START TEXT: Many of the participants in the Unemployment Conference were of the view that unemployment was a res" ******* END TEXT: " 1929 was almost precisely double the level of 1922.35 It was in the twenties that Americans bought "
9780814787922 - page_69: "START TEXT: their first car, their first radio, made their first long-distance telephone call, took their first " ******* END TEXT: " economists later called “insufficient aggregate demand”) was popularized by two amateur economists "
9780814787922 - page_70: "START TEXT: whose books were widely read, William Trufant Foster and Waddill Catchings.39 Some writers, like Stu" ******* END TEXT: "ne, which was aggravated by a retreat from the overexpansionary policy after 1928. According to the "
9780814787922 - page_71: "START TEXT: Austrian view, a “discoordination” of relative factor prices resulting from the expansionary monetar" ******* END TEXT: "Growth of American Government (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), especially chaps. 6 and 7.\n"
9780814787922 - page_72: "START TEXT: 6. The implication is, of course, that there was a great deal of real-wage flexibility in this perio" ******* END TEXT: "s, 1985), especially the first two chapters.\n24. New York Times, February 2, 1919, section 3, p. 1.\n"
9780814787922 - page_73: "START TEXT: 25. On this point, see Joseph Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American Civilization, 5 vols. (New York" ******* END TEXT: "d Schwartz, Monetary History, appendix A.\n45. Historical Statistics of the United States, p. 1003.\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_100: "START TEXT: supported by other scholars.72 Peter Temin presented a comprehensive Keynesian interpretation of the" ******* END TEXT: " wished that they had not made. There were a lot of jobs people quit that they wished they had hung "
9780814787922 - page_101: "START TEXT: onto …”81 People simply had too high “reservation wages,” which led to increased unemployment. Rober" ******* END TEXT: "nking that took the view that “wages don’t matter.” In addition, we have performed some econometric "
9780814787922 - page_102: "START TEXT: testing for fifteen European nations. It suggests that a large portion of the fluctuations in unempl" ******* END TEXT: "y in Britain during the early years of the Depression was in excess of the long-run historic trend.\n"
9780814787922 - page_103: "START TEXT: TABLE 5.5WAGES, PRICES AND PRODUCTIVITY: U.S. AND BRITAIN, 1929 TO 1938a\n\nIn a policy sense, there w" ******* END TEXT: "anticipated real-wage windfalls for that portion of the population fortunate enough to be employed.\n"
9780814787922 - page_104: "START TEXT: Turning to some fifteen European countries for which data are available (Austria, Belgium, Czechoslo" ******* END TEXT: "risis that took us one step further—from a major economic downturn right into the Great Depression.\n"
9780814787922 - page_105: "START TEXT: NOTES\n1. All of these economic statistics are found in U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Ce" ******* END TEXT: "927). Pigou is probably the first writer, at least in the English language, fully and explicitly to "
9780814787922 - page_106: "START TEXT: elucidate the neoclassical unemployment theory outlined in this book. However, see also Henry Clay, " ******* END TEXT: "neteen Hundred Thirty: Discussion,” American Economic Review 21 (1931): 183–201; Joseph Schumpeter, "
9780814787922 - page_107: "START TEXT: “The Present World Depression: A Tentative Diagnosis,” American Economic Review 21 (1931): 179–82.\n3" ******* END TEXT: "significant. See J. Johnston, Econometric Methods, 2d ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972), pp. 38-43.\n"
9780814787922 - page_108: "START TEXT: 51. Total profits fell from $10.5 billion to $7.0 billion. See Historical Statistics of the United S" ******* END TEXT: "), especially pp. 12-13, and Willford I. King, Causes of Economic Fluctuations, especially chap. 8.\n"
9780814787922 - page_109: "START TEXT: 69. Benjamin Anderson, Economics and the Public Welfare (Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1949); Murra" ******* END TEXT: "ures of Unemployment in the Great Depression,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19 (1989): 582.\n"
9780814787922 - page_110: "START TEXT: 85. Ben S. Bernanke, “Employment, Hours and Earnings in the Depression: An Analysis of Eight Manufac" ******* END TEXT: "for the period 1925 to 1939, but for some countries data problems restricted analysis to a slightly "
9780814787922 - page_111: "START TEXT: shorter period. In most cases, the annual measure of labor productivity was not provided, so the mod" ******* END TEXT: " 693–94.\n96. America’s Greatest Depression, 1929–1941 (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), pp. 33-34.\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_74: "START TEXT: 5From New Era to New Deal\nThe four years from 1929 to 1933 were a watershed in the economic history " ******* END TEXT: "ss national product fell by an extraordinary 46.4 percent. There is no other four-year period since "
9780814787922 - page_75: "START TEXT: 1900 (not including any year from 1930 to 1933) where there is any decline in GNP, much less one of " ******* END TEXT: "little or no income loss, while others had their income fall drastically to near-starvation levels.\n"
9780814787922 - page_76: "START TEXT: Monthly Estimates of Unemployment Rates\nThe annual data on unemployment disguise important intrayear" ******* END TEXT: "Thus, explaining the fall 1930 phase is important in explaining why the Great Depression developed.\n"
9780814787922 - page_77: "START TEXT: TABLE 5.1ESTIMATED MONTHLY UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, NOVEMBER 1929-DECEMBER 1939\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "TABLE 5.1ESTIMATED MONTHLY UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, NOVEMBER 1929-DECEMBER 1939\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_78: "START TEXT: FIGURE 5.1UNEMPLOYMENT AND MAJOR EVENTS DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "FIGURE 5.1UNEMPLOYMENT AND MAJOR EVENTS DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_79: "START TEXT: After four months of relative stability in early 1931, the third phase of the downturn began. Unlike" ******* END TEXT: " estimates, to ascertain whether our basic wages model is sensitive to differences in data sources.\n"
9780814787922 - page_80: "START TEXT: TABLE 5.2UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, ACTUAL AND PREDICTED, 3 DATA SOURCES, 1929–1933\n\nTable 5.2 summarizes t" ******* END TEXT: "uring the first year of the Depression. At the same time, however, a moderately severe productivity "
9780814787922 - page_81: "START TEXT: shock led to lower output per worker (almost 4 percent.) The impact of that, of course, was to raise" ******* END TEXT: "he adjusted real wage, with real wages falling slightly and productivity falling perhaps 5 percent.\n"
9780814787922 - page_82: "START TEXT: Money wages continued to fall some in 1933 (7.9 percent). With the fall in prices slowing (to 5.1 pe" ******* END TEXT: "ne test we took the National Industrial Conference Board index of money wages for twenty-five indus "
9780814787922 - page_83: "START TEXT: tries on a quarterly basis, divided by the consumer price index to get real wages, and then divided " ******* END TEXT: "f the 1929 downturn never reached the percentage magnitudes achieved during the 1920–22 depression.\n"
9780814787922 - page_84: "START TEXT: TABLE 5.3UNEMPLOYMENT, WAGES, PRICES AND PRODUCTIVITY, U.S., 1929–1933\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "TABLE 5.3UNEMPLOYMENT, WAGES, PRICES AND PRODUCTIVITY, U.S., 1929–1933\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_85: "START TEXT: FIGURE 5.2CHANGES IN MONEY WAGES, 1920 AND 1929 DOWNTURNS\n\nTurning to the details of table 5.3, the " ******* END TEXT: " began only in the fourth quarter of 1931, when unemployment already averaged more than 18 percent.\n"
9780814787922 - page_86: "START TEXT: TABLE 5.4PREDICTED UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1932 III, UNDER ALTERNATIVE ASSUMPTIONS3\n\nThe rise in the adjuste" ******* END TEXT: "unchanged), we estimate that unemployment in the third quarter of 1932 would have been 14.7 percent—"
9780814787922 - page_87: "START TEXT: twelve points less than actually recorded. The increase in real wages, then, is estimated to explain" ******* END TEXT: "ll dramatically beginning in 1930. While net investment was positive in 1930, even in that year the "
9780814787922 - page_88: "START TEXT: real value of equipment in industry declined.12 The deterioration in the real capital stock accelera" ******* END TEXT: "some years of prosperity, notably 1925, than in 1930.19 In their own consumption function analysis, "
9780814787922 - page_89: "START TEXT: Gandolfi and Lothian find little evidence of unusual underconsumption in 1930.20 Our own limited tes" ******* END TEXT: "al public to realize this has been one of America’s greatest mistakes during the twentieth century.\n"
9780814787922 - page_90: "START TEXT: FIGURE 5.3EMPLOYMENT AND THE ADJUSTED REAL WAGE: 1920 AND 1929 DOWNTURNS\n\nWe have identified two maj" ******* END TEXT: "e carried out by the private sector, even though they may have been made essentially by government.\n"
9780814787922 - page_91: "START TEXT: Hoover has been described as cold, aloof, given to formality, insensitive, and uncomprehending of th" ******* END TEXT: " own, a successful entrepreneur, a millionaire, one of the nation’s leading engineers. He was, in a "
9780814787922 - page_92: "START TEXT: sense, our first “scientific” president, in an age when science commanded much respect. To rebuke hi" ******* END TEXT: "wage program was being followed obediently by the nation’s businessmen. As early as its first issue "
9780814787922 - page_93: "START TEXT: of 1930, the fledgling business weekly news magazine Business Week noted in the title to a story, “T" ******* END TEXT: "at there wasn’t a wholesale reduction in wages. … If Hoover accomplishes nothing more in all of his "
9780814787922 - page_94: "START TEXT: service to the government, that one outstanding thing of his administration—no reduction in wages—wi" ******* END TEXT: "usiness leaders into maintaining high wages was supplemented by private talks that Hoover regularly "
9780814787922 - page_95: "START TEXT: had with them, in which he stressed that he “would need their cooperation—especially by maintaining " ******* END TEXT: "ning wage rates during the period 1900 to 1929. The wages equation produced the following results:\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_96: "START TEXT: where WAGES is the comprehensive measure of hourly wages used previously in our empirical analysis; " ******* END TEXT: "ge shock arising from the high-wage policy for 1930, the wage bill for those working was about $3.5 "
9780814787922 - page_97: "START TEXT: billion more than “normal,” in an economy with a personal income of only $75.4 billion. This $3.5 bi" ******* END TEXT: " On the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, economists were furiously indignant. More than a thousand of them from "
9780814787922 - page_98: "START TEXT: 179 colleges and universities in forty-six states protested vehemently in a statement made public on" ******* END TEXT: "f countercyclical public-works schemes, hardly the classical position as it is usually portrayed.63\n"
9780814787922 - page_99: "START TEXT: The notion that economists of the 1920s were all classical theorists who advocated wage cuts to elim" ******* END TEXT: "er 1929.71 E. Cary Brown demonstrated that fiscal policy had not been aggressively tried, a finding "
9780814787922 - page_112: "START TEXT: 6The Banking Crisis and the Labor Market\nThe initial determinant of the labor-market disequilibrium " ******* END TEXT: "y is important and indeed helps in understanding the Great Depression. Yet we would stress that the "
9780814787922 - page_113: "START TEXT: distress arising from the decline in the stock of money arose because of the impact that the monetar" ******* END TEXT: " the Great Depression were in the form of loans and investments (primarily bonds). For example, the "
9780814787922 - page_114: "START TEXT: June 30, 1929 call date revealed that commercial banks had 79.7 percent of assets in the form of loa" ******* END TEXT: "risk bonds than national banks, so the undervaluation may in fact have been greater for many banks.\n"
9780814787922 - page_115: "START TEXT: TABLE 6.1INTEREST RATE DIFFERENTIALS ON BANK LOANS: NEW YORK BANKS VS. 27 BANKS IN SOUTHERN AND WEST" ******* END TEXT: "ttsburgh, Providence, Dallas, and Milwaukee. Data are available in the Bank and Quotation Record.20\n"
9780814787922 - page_116: "START TEXT: TABLE 6.2TWO INDICES OF BANK STOCK PRICES RELATIVE TO INDICES OF INDUSTRIAL AND CANADIAN BANK STOCK " ******* END TEXT: "end of September 1930, bank stock prices fell about one-fourth or one-third, depending on the stock "
9780814787922 - page_117: "START TEXT: index used. This is three to four times the decline in stock prices of leading industrial corporatio" ******* END TEXT: "ical financial structure, meaning it had $1.4 million in capital, about $6.0 million in loans, $2.5 "
9780814787922 - page_118: "START TEXT: million in investments, and $1.5 million in cash and other assets, such as the bank building and equ" ******* END TEXT: "dary factor.26 White, in his analysis of failures of national banks, uses a logit model that yields "
9780814787922 - page_119: "START TEXT: conclusions similar to Wicker’s regarding the depositor confidence hypothesis, stating that the char" ******* END TEXT: "ffects on aggregate demand, a point made so well by Frederic Mishkin in his excellent 1978 study on "
9780814787922 - page_120: "START TEXT: household balance sheets.29 The decline in stock prices that Mishkin believes is important in explai" ******* END TEXT: " a decline of 3.2 percent from 1929 to 1930, which in real terms is a fall of well under 1 percent.\n"
9780814787922 - page_121: "START TEXT: Third, the rising unemployment and falling production associated with the high-wage policy probably " ******* END TEXT: "to March 1933, with the starting month in 1929 varying with the different models. The findings are:\n"
9780814787922 - page_122: "START TEXT: 1. In every model, there is a statistically significant (at the 1 percent level) negative relationsh" ******* END TEXT: " 70 percent of the fall attributable to the decline in corporate retained earnings (see table 6.3).\n"
9780814787922 - page_123: "START TEXT: TABLE 6.3SAVINGS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1929 TO 1931\n\nThe decrease in the supply of loanable funds co" ******* END TEXT: "ry\nSummarizing the story of the past two chapters, as we see it the Depression unfolded as follows.\n"
9780814787922 - page_124: "START TEXT: 1) Beginning in late 1929, a series of price and productivity shocks produced a labor-market disequi" ******* END TEXT: "ates, 1867–1975 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research, "
9780814787922 - page_125: "START TEXT: 1982). Their most recent commentary is found in Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz, “Alternative A" ******* END TEXT: "t still positive) widening of the risk differential by December 1930. Another study that deals with "
9780814787922 - page_126: "START TEXT: the financial sector’s role in the start of the Depression is Alexander J. Field, “Asset Exchanges a" ******* END TEXT: "l Census of Manufactures, 1931 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1935), pp. 1188–1207.\n"
9780814787922 - page_127: "START TEXT: 34. Historical Statistics of the United States, Series K-508, p. 511. Output rose by less than 8 per" ******* END TEXT: "can explain all of the 1929–48 slowdown in quality-adjusted labor productivity growth.…” (p. 309).\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_128: "START TEXT: 7The New Deal\n“The only thing there is to fear, is fear itself!” So said Franklin D. Roosevelt on hi" ******* END TEXT: "ment up to March 1933. While there is some disagreement on the measurement of unemployment, all mea "
9780814787922 - page_129: "START TEXT: sures show very high rates of joblessness for the remainder of the 1930s. The lowest rate of annual " ******* END TEXT: "Measured from the trough in 1933, however, the price increase to 1940 averaged 1.14 percent a year.\n"
9780814787922 - page_130: "START TEXT: With rapid productivity advance and moderately rising prices, one might have expected unemployment t" ******* END TEXT: "y 11.6 percent in 1937, the second double-digit annual increase in wages during the Depression. The "
9780814787922 - page_131: "START TEXT: increase for the next year was 5.2 percent. Even these numbers understate the wage gains in the impo" ******* END TEXT: "ate to intervene in labor markets in a manner to raise wages and labor costs, prolonging the misery "
9780814787922 - page_132: "START TEXT: of the Great Depression, and creating a situation where many people were living in rising prosperity" ******* END TEXT: " 1936 = 100.\nWe used regression analysis to examine quarterly variations in factory employment (F):\n"
9780814787922 - page_133: "START TEXT: \nwhere Wm, Pw, Pc, and O denote money wages, wholesale prices, consumer prices, and productivity, re" ******* END TEXT: "lations Act of 1935, had not yet had any real effect, as its constitutionality was still uncertain.\n"
9780814787922 - page_134: "START TEXT: TABLE 7.1FACTORY EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1937–38a\n\nThe rise in factory employment" ******* END TEXT: "that the legislation “constitutes an illegal interference in the individual freedom of employees.”4\n"
9780814787922 - page_135: "START TEXT: Because of uncertainty over the law, there was no immediate impact of the Wagner Act on wages and th" ******* END TEXT: "concern that somehow the results obtained earlier reflected some peculiar form of aggregation bias.\n"
9780814787922 - page_136: "START TEXT: TABLE 7.2WAGES AND EMPLOYMENT IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY, U.S., 1934–1940\n\nTable 7.2 shows the wage-emplo" ******* END TEXT: "iddle class, there was probably a growth in disparity in living standards in the thirties. The NIRA "
9780814787922 - page_137: "START TEXT: and the Wagner Act did lead to increases in wages, contributing to a doubling in hourly wages for ma" ******* END TEXT: "as nearly 90 percent of the average hourly wage prevailing in mid-1933, according to the NICB data.\n"
9780814787922 - page_138: "START TEXT: The minimum wage under NIRA was less comprehensive than the one arising under the Fair Labor Standar" ******* END TEXT: "tinuation of the underconsumptionist, high-wage policy initiated by Hoover and developed further by "
9780814787922 - page_139: "START TEXT: Roosevelt. Not only did it establish collective bargaining as a matter of national policy, but it ex" ******* END TEXT: "lysis), changes in the extent of unionism can be translated into estimated changes in employment.20\n"
9780814787922 - page_140: "START TEXT: FIGURE 7.1WAGES IN PREDOMINANTLY UNIONIZED AND NONUNIONIZED INDUSTRIES\n\nBefore doing this, though, w" ******* END TEXT: "counted for 25 percent of all supplements, while in 1938, they were some 71 percent of supplements.\n"
9780814787922 - page_141: "START TEXT: TABLE 7.3ESTIMATES OF INDUCED UNEMPLOYMENT, UNITED STATES, 1934–1940\n\nTwo aspects of social security" ******* END TEXT: "ores the impact of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which established a national minimum wage.\n"
9780814787922 - page_142: "START TEXT: FIGURE 7.2ACTUAL AND COUNTERFACTUAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATES FOR THE UNITED STATES, 1934–40\n\nEven with the" ******* END TEXT: "gh-wage policy approach or simply ignore the role of wages altogether. Particularly notable in that "
9780814787922 - page_143: "START TEXT: regard is Peter Temin, perhaps the leading living proponent of the Keynesian perspective on the orig" ******* END TEXT: " three occasions between August 1936 and May 1937, the Federal Reserve Board raised reserve require "
9780814787922 - page_144: "START TEXT: ments, flexing new regulatory muscle provided by the Banking Act of 1935. The doubling of reserve re" ******* END TEXT: "must dispel the ‘fog of uncertainty’ over taxes, prices, strikes, money, regulation of business.”45\n"
9780814787922 - page_145: "START TEXT: Some of the analysis had a modern ring to it. Take the objections over taxation: higher taxes meant " ******* END TEXT: "at would have existed in the absence of the New Deal are necessarily somewhat speculative, there is "
9780814787922 - page_146: "START TEXT: little doubt that the New Deal’s continuation of the Hoover high-wage policy meant that the Depressi" ******* END TEXT: "United States, Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 179.\n"
9780814787922 - page_147: "START TEXT: 6. For a good discussion of the case and a synopsis of the decision, see Robert Cushman, ed., Leadin" ******* END TEXT: " National Bureau of Economic Research, 1936), appendix, table V, pp. 217-21. Actually, we feel that "
9780814787922 - page_148: "START TEXT: we may have underestimated the union impact by employing a relative wage measure rather than focusin" ******* END TEXT: "8 downturn, see Gene Smiley, “Can Keynesianism Explain the 1930s?” Critical Review 5(1991): 81–114.\n"
9780814787922 - page_149: "START TEXT: 31. Economics and the Public Welfare: A Financial and Economic History of the United States, 1914–19" ******* END TEXT: "and Revival: An Interpretation of 1937–38 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1954), p. 246.\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_150: "START TEXT: 8The Impossible Dream Come True\nIf the thirties were years of unequaled high unemployment, the forti" ******* END TEXT: "uential economists of the previous two centuries, Adam Smith and Karl Marx, had in their lifetimes.\n"
9780814787922 - page_151: "START TEXT: TABLE 8.1UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1940 TO 1947\n\nSo persuasive did the evidence seem to be " ******* END TEXT: "rtually no one bothered to examine an alternative possibility, namely that the fall in unemployment "
9780814787922 - page_152: "START TEXT: during the war era reflected a decline in the real wage adjusted for productivity. And even those wh" ******* END TEXT: "ment in part because of the impact of lagged values of the components of the adjusted real wage. In "
9780814787922 - page_153: "START TEXT: the middle of the war, the adjusted real wage as measured is not declining, and it actually increase" ******* END TEXT: " future price controls was established by President Roosevelt.3 The original Price Stabilization Di "
9780814787922 - page_154: "START TEXT: vision was headed by Leon Henderson, a veteran of wage and price manipulations from his days as chie" ******* END TEXT: "ols disguise the inflation outwardly, sweeping the underlying inflationary pressures under the rug.\n"
9780814787922 - page_155: "START TEXT: TABLE 8.3U.S. PRICE AND REAL OUTPUT TRENDS: 1941–48; THREE INTERPRETATIONS\n\nDistortions in prices br" ******* END TEXT: "nal GNP numbers and our price deflator with the government estimate as calculated in 1960 and 1990.\n"
9780814787922 - page_156: "START TEXT: FIGURE 8.1THREE ESTIMATES OF REAL GNP GROWTH, 1941–1948\n\nWhile we observe some dramatic increase in " ******* END TEXT: "is difficult because of the enormous distortions associated with the substitution for market-valued "
9780814787922 - page_157: "START TEXT: economic activity of command-economy activity not formally measured at true market prices. This hold" ******* END TEXT: "1944 was some $54.5 billion, equal to 25.8 percent of GNP. That would be the equivalent in 1991 (in "
9780814787922 - page_158: "START TEXT: relation to GNP) of a deficit of over $1,400 billion. By 1947, the federal budget was in surplus by " ******* END TEXT: "idence was clearly exposing its explanatory weaknesses. The very empiricist-quantitative economists "
9780814787922 - page_159: "START TEXT: who rhetorically were selling the new economics of Keynes on the grounds that the evidence of the 19" ******* END TEXT: "rocedures used reveals that the recent estimates are a complete statistical artifact. The aggregate "
9780814787922 - page_160: "START TEXT: GNP price deflator is the weighted sum of several component price indices, such as the personal cons" ******* END TEXT: "P decline in 1946 and a major upsurge by 1947. Rather than a postwar depression, we entered a boom.\n"
9780814787922 - page_161: "START TEXT: ECONOMIC INTERPRETATIONS OF THE POSTWAR RECONVERSION\nIt was widely believed during the latter part o" ******* END TEXT: "rks spending or tax relief to stimulate aggregate demand.27 Indeed, prominent Republicans were more "
9780814787922 - page_162: "START TEXT: vehement in calling for income-tax cuts than the Democrats, with the ranking Republican member of th" ******* END TEXT: " unemployed.36 Even the minimum estimate turned out overly pessimistic by a factor of nearly three.\n"
9780814787922 - page_163: "START TEXT: THE REVISED KEYNESIAN INTERPRETATION OF RECONVERSION\nWithin a year of the war’s end, it was clear th" ******* END TEXT: "nsibly still uses the less-biased 1960 data in analyzing the period, says that “consumers now could "
9780814787922 - page_164: "START TEXT: find something to own: new cars, refrigerators, soft goods. The country went off on a well-earned sp" ******* END TEXT: " the second quarter of 1945.) The growth in bank reserves similarly declined by about 60 percent.45\n"
9780814787922 - page_165: "START TEXT: TABLE 8.4EIGHT KEY AMERICAN ECONOMIC INDICATORS, QUARTERLY DATA, 1945 TO 1947\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "TABLE 8.4EIGHT KEY AMERICAN ECONOMIC INDICATORS, QUARTERLY DATA, 1945 TO 1947\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_166: "START TEXT: As the nation moved from a radically expansionary to a contractionary fiscal policy in less than a y" ******* END TEXT: "to a postwar labor-market experience in which the unemployment rate had never exceeded 4.2 percent.\n"
9780814787922 - page_167: "START TEXT: TABLE 8.5SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AMERICAN LABOR FORCE, JUNE 1945 AND 1946\n\nThe Postwar Recon" ******* END TEXT: "raph is important. It is presumed in a free society that labor voluntarily enters into labor-market "
9780814787922 - page_168: "START TEXT: decisions. Yet during World War II, millions of men were drafted and became part of the labor force;" ******* END TEXT: "age measure; the consumer price index, wholesale price index, and GNP price deflator in calculating "
9780814787922 - page_169: "START TEXT: real wages; and real private gross domestic product per man-hour, and real private gross domestic pr" ******* END TEXT: "moted collective bargaining in war plants, and the end of the war brought a close to this activity.\n"
9780814787922 - page_170: "START TEXT: TABLE 8.6COMPENSATION AS A PERCENT OF GNP AND PERSONAL INCOME, 1945 TO 1947\n\nBecause of the data pro" ******* END TEXT: "nsistent with the results suggested by wage, price, and productivity data. Millions of workers were "
9780814787922 - page_171: "START TEXT: hired by business despite an uncertain economic future, in large part because the price was right.\nT" ******* END TEXT: "hat the postwar conversion was not a triumph of Keynesian demand-management theory but rather a con "
9780814787922 - page_172: "START TEXT: firmation of the powerful workings of the market, the Keynesian revolution was nonetheless in full s" ******* END TEXT: "ed States, Colonial Times to 1957 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1960), series F-3.\n"
9780814787922 - page_173: "START TEXT: 16. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, D.C.: Government" ******* END TEXT: ", 1977).\n24. New York Times, September 7, 1945, p. 16.\n25. Ibid.\n26. Ibid., August 28, 1945, p. 38.\n"
9780814787922 - page_174: "START TEXT: 27. Ibid., September 7, 1945, p. 16. The original proposed full-employment legislation, however, wou" ******* END TEXT: "ss. Of course, proponents of the Keynesian perspective never pointed out this theoretical weakness.\n"
9780814787922 - page_175: "START TEXT: 45. See Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (Pr" ******* END TEXT: "pothesis of Savings: Aggregate Implications and Tests,” American Economic Review 53 (1963): 55–84.\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_176: "START TEXT: 9The Gentle Time\nSubsequent to the unexpectedly easy transition from war to peace that followed the " ******* END TEXT: "regate demand had come from the Keynesian revolution. The mythology of the success of the Keynesian "
9780814787922 - page_177: "START TEXT: ideas was being extended to embrace the early post-World War II period. A classic version of this ar" ******* END TEXT: " the early portion of the transition period, government purchases of goods and services represented "
9780814787922 - page_178: "START TEXT: a somewhat smaller portion of GNP, 13.2 percent ($29.1 billion out of $212.4 billion) than in 1939. " ******* END TEXT: "cy recommendations were being made before the full transition from war to peace had been completed.\n"
9780814787922 - page_179: "START TEXT: That first report is heavily influenced by the Employment Act’s injunction to create “conditions und" ******* END TEXT: " remarks. Henry Ford did, in 1929. What those advocates of the underconsumptionist doctrines of the "
9780814787922 - page_180: "START TEXT: 1920s did not say, though, was what lies in between the two sentences just quoted, namely: “If price" ******* END TEXT: "“Looking at wages as costs of production we can see that if they are too high labor will be pricing "
9780814787922 - page_181: "START TEXT: itself out of the market and so defeating the objective of full employment. But if we consider wages" ******* END TEXT: "d, the optimists, were in a decided minority compared with the Domars and Kaleckis, the pessimists.\n"
9780814787922 - page_182: "START TEXT: The Real World: What Happened?\nBack in the real world of events, Truman’s worst fears were being rea" ******* END TEXT: " increases was dominant. Commencing in the first quarter of 1949, unemployment rates began to rise.\n"
9780814787922 - page_183: "START TEXT: TABLE 9.1MANUFACTURING WAGE RATES AND CONSUMER PRICES: JUNE 1946-JANUARY 1949a\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "TABLE 9.1MANUFACTURING WAGE RATES AND CONSUMER PRICES: JUNE 1946-JANUARY 1949a\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_184: "START TEXT: Within the framework of the wages hypothesis, it is easy to see what happened in 1948–49. Money wage" ******* END TEXT: "re in 1949. The impact of Korea on the aggregate-demand side was not felt until calendar year 1951.\n"
9780814787922 - page_185: "START TEXT: FIGURE 9.1ACTUAL AND PREDICTED UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNITED STATES, FIRST QUARTER, 1949, THROUGH THIRD" ******* END TEXT: "ssed on to Congress in this report. In the realm of explicit fiscal policy, he wanted to repeal the "
9780814787922 - page_186: "START TEXT: tax on the transportation of goods, liberalize the carry-over provisions for dealing with losses by " ******* END TEXT: "ch led to a rise in the adjusted real wage rate. It increased by 3.1 percent between 1952 and 1954.\n"
9780814787922 - page_187: "START TEXT: FIGURE 9.2ACTUAL AND PREDICTED UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNITED STATES, FIRST QUARTER, 1953, THROUGH SECON" ******* END TEXT: "mewhat sensitive on the issue of unemployment. He did not wish to preside over a serious recession. "
9780814787922 - page_188: "START TEXT: Nevertheless, his key advisers, especially George Humphrey, secretary of the treasury, sounded much " ******* END TEXT: ". The quarterly version of our wages model tracks this cycle quite well, as is shown in figure 9.3.\n"
9780814787922 - page_189: "START TEXT: FIGURE 9.3ACTUAL AND PREDICTED UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNITED STATES, SECOND QUARTER, 1957, THROUGH THIR" ******* END TEXT: "y? The answer is similar to that obtained with respect to the previous two business cycles, namely, "
9780814787922 - page_190: "START TEXT: that the contribution was quite small. Lewis estimated that the total volume of discretionary budget" ******* END TEXT: "rience? Apparently partly by accident, and partly due to executive indecision, the American economy "
9780814787922 - page_191: "START TEXT: was left to its own devices in responding to the economic instabilities of the immediate postwar era" ******* END TEXT: ". 53. This remark is made in an editorial introduction to an excerpt from one of Hansen’s writings.\n"
9780814787922 - page_192: "START TEXT: 3. For detailed insights into Hansen’s views, see his The American Economy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1" ******* END TEXT: "regression coefficient is 7.09. The coefficient itself is 0.39. Thus, a five-percentage-point shift "
9780814787922 - page_193: "START TEXT: in the real wage is estimated, ceteris paribus, to produce about a two-percentagepoint movement in t" ******* END TEXT: "id.\n33. Substantial portions of the foregoing discussion are from our “The Keynesian Performance.”\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_194: "START TEXT: 10The Camelot Years\nBy historical standards, things were going swimmingly. On a decade-by-decade bas" ******* END TEXT: " that decade neared its close, the question of the propriety of inflation was at center stage among "
9780814787922 - page_195: "START TEXT: economists, with some arguing that a “little” inflation was not so bad and others arguing for the im" ******* END TEXT: " totaled $800 million, between one- and two-tenths of one percent of Gross National Product (GNP).4\n"
9780814787922 - page_196: "START TEXT: FIGURE 10.1ACTUAL AND PREDICTED UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNITED STATES, FIRST QUARTER, 1960, THROUGH FIRS" ******* END TEXT: "th 1953.6 His calculations argued that, commencing with 1958, actual GNP began to deviate markedly, "
9780814787922 - page_197: "START TEXT: on the downside, from potential GNP. This is not surprising. His definition of potential GNP assumed" ******* END TEXT: "y. Now, the relationship was perceived to be one in which the greater the rate of increase in money "
9780814787922 - page_198: "START TEXT: wage rates (and, by implication, prices), the lower the level of unemployment. Money wage rate adjus" ******* END TEXT: "f doing this are shown in figure 10.2. The two unemployment cycles match each other almost exactly.\n"
9780814787922 - page_199: "START TEXT: FIGURE 10.2UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNITED STATES, 1957.4-1960.3 AND 1960.3-1963.2 BUSINESS CYCLE\n\nEven t" ******* END TEXT: "ve years of the 1950s, the average was 5.0 percent. The “golden age” began somewhat inauspiciously.\n"
9780814787922 - page_200: "START TEXT: TABLE 10.1THE MAGNITUDE OF DETERMINANTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT, 1958–60 AND 1961–63\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "TABLE 10.1THE MAGNITUDE OF DETERMINANTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT, 1958–60 AND 1961–63\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_201: "START TEXT: While the behavior of the American economy in the Kennedy years was not notably different from that " ******* END TEXT: "e flavor. For example, President Kennedy himself, in a public speech, made the following statement:\n"
9780814787922 - page_202: "START TEXT: TABLE 10.2RATE OF CHANGE IN THE MONETARY BASE IN THE U.S., 1961–70\n\nOur true choice is not between t" ******* END TEXT: "n the monetary base, sometimes called “high-powered” money, began to accelerate. Table 10.2 details "
9780814787922 - page_203: "START TEXT: the rate of change in this measure from 1961 through 1970. In 1961, the growth in the monetary base " ******* END TEXT: "detailed movements in the pertinent statistics are provided for the individual years in table 10.3.\n"
9780814787922 - page_204: "START TEXT: TABLE 10.3UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHANGES IN MONEY WAGE RATES, PRODUCTIVITY, AND THE GNP PRICE DEFLATOR, U." ******* END TEXT: "gives a significantly higher rate, why not? Maybe there is such a thing as a free lunch, after all.\n"
9780814787922 - page_205: "START TEXT: FIGURE 10.3ACTUAL AND PREDICTED UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNITED STATES, FIRST QUARTER, 1963, THROUGH FIRS" ******* END TEXT: " UNEMPLOYMENT, UNITED STATES, 1961–1969 AND SAMUELSON-SOLOW VERSION OF PHILLIPS CURVE RELATIONSHIP\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_206: "START TEXT: As we know by now, the flaw in this argument is that the existence of the apparent Phillips curve de" ******* END TEXT: "licy, ed. Neil H. Jacoby, 1st ed. (New York: The American Assembly, Columbia University, 1958), pp. "
9780814787922 - page_207: "START TEXT: 207-18, and Henry C. Wallich, “Postwar United States Monetary Policy Appraised,” ibid, pp. 91-117.\n3" ******* END TEXT: "s of the time, see John F. Kennedy, “Mythology and Economic Knowledge,” in Okun, The Battle Against "
9780814787922 - page_208: "START TEXT: Unemployment, pp. 1-5. This selection is from Kennedy’s commencement address at Yale University on J" ******* END TEXT: "shion by Milton Friedman, “The Role of Monetary Policy,” American Economic Review 58 (1968): 1–17.\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_209: "START TEXT: 11“Pride Goeth Before a Fall”\nThere is often a peculiar irony in human affairs. Just as it seems tha" ******* END TEXT: "ot invoke the empirical evidence of 1961–69 and use it to predict unemployment rates for the 1970s?\n"
9780814787922 - page_210: "START TEXT: TABLE 11.1ACTUAL AND PREDICTED UNEMPLOYMENT RATES FOR THE U.S. 1970 TO 1979\n\nWhat would have been th" ******* END TEXT: "nt rate well before there was any pronounced surge in oil prices. The oil-price shock does not seem "
9780814787922 - page_211: "START TEXT: to be a promising explanation for the failure of the Phillips curve model to accurately predict unem" ******* END TEXT: "al and, over the entire decade, average 6.3 percent, compared to the actual average of 6.2 percent.\n"
9780814787922 - page_212: "START TEXT: FIGURE 11.1COMPARISON OF ACTUAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATE WITH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE FORECAST BY NEOCLASSICAL-AU" ******* END TEXT: "ieved. For the full calendar year 1973, the unemployment rate averages 4.9 percent, its 1970 level.\n"
9780814787922 - page_213: "START TEXT: FIGURE 11.2ACTUAL AND PREDICTED UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNITED STATES, FIRST QUARTER, 1970, THROUGH THIR" ******* END TEXT: " the period beginning in the fourth quarter of 1973 and running through the second quarter of 1979.\n"
9780814787922 - page_214: "START TEXT: FIGURE 11.3ACTUAL AND PREDICTED UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNITED STATES, FOURTH QUARTER, 1973, THROUGH SEC" ******* END TEXT: "e rate and possibly a corresponding increase in the equilibrium, or natural, rate of unemployment.2\n"
9780814787922 - page_215: "START TEXT: TABLE 11.2CHANGING WAGES, PRICES AND PRODUCTIVITY, U.S., 1960–79\n\nWhat might have been the root caus" ******* END TEXT: "the end of the 1970s.8 Such a growth in the relative importance of “safety-net” expenditures alters "
9780814787922 - page_216: "START TEXT: people’s attitudes with respect to what is an acceptable job, increasing the volume of structural un" ******* END TEXT: "the first wage and price controls in American history that were not a direct outgrowth of a wartime "
9780814787922 - page_217: "START TEXT: situation, and by the time of Nixon’s fourth Economic Report the administration boasted, “The econom" ******* END TEXT: "hat interval was slightly greater (3.60 percent) than it was in the two decades under discussion.16\n"
9780814787922 - page_218: "START TEXT: FIGURE 11.4AN AUGMENTED MISERY INDEX FOR THE UNITED STATES, 1950–1980\n\nThe failure of macroeconomic " ******* END TEXT: "decades. By this measure, at least, the 1970s were the most unsuccessful decade of the postwar era.\n"
9780814787922 - page_219: "START TEXT: TABLE 11.3ACTUAL VERSUS SIMULATED PERFORMANCE OF THE U.S. ECONOMY, 1961–80\n\nThe rather mixed record " ******* END TEXT: "tive impacts on levels of saving and, ultimately, investment; thereby shifting a society to a lower "
9780814787922 - page_220: "START TEXT: economic growth path. For example, it is probably no accident that over the period 1973–82, producti" ******* END TEXT: " sixties. Figure 11.5 shows the nature of the unemployment-price inflation nexus for the seventies.\n"
9780814787922 - page_221: "START TEXT: FIGURE 11.5RATES OF INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT, U.S., 1970–1979\n\nThis diagram is revealing. Other th" ******* END TEXT: "inflation of 1979 and 1980. Consequently, it was not possible to reduce the unemployment rate below "
9780814787922 - page_222: "START TEXT: its equilibrium level without an even further escalation of the rate of price inflation.\nFurther inc" ******* END TEXT: "g-term equilibrium growth path, free of shocks and excess demand. “22 This is nothing more than the "
9780814787922 - page_223: "START TEXT: idea that there is a “natural” rate of price inflation in the economy. The development of the idea o" ******* END TEXT: "views as authoritative. Is it any wonder that there might have been pessimism abroad in the highest "
9780814787922 - page_224: "START TEXT: circles? Actually, compared to Eckstein’s assessment of future prospects for the American economy, J" ******* END TEXT: " Federal Reserve Board data, as reported in various issues of the Economic Report of the President.\n"
9780814787922 - page_225: "START TEXT: 14. United States Office of Management and Budget, as reported in Statistical Abstract of the United" ******* END TEXT: "conomy and the President, p. 76.\n23. Ibid., fig. 5, p. 89.\n24. Ibid., pp. 90-91. (Emphasis added.)\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_226: "START TEXT: 12The Winds of Change\nAs the decade of the eighties began, there was controversy and debate about th" ******* END TEXT: "med Keynesian or neo-Keynesian, there was still no equilibrium constraint on the unemployment side.\n"
9780814787922 - page_227: "START TEXT: Reality, we feel, lies somewhere in between these two positions. We reject the rational-expectations" ******* END TEXT: "nent or only partially eliminated, it is corrected with the passage of time. This leads to a lagged "
9780814787922 - page_228: "START TEXT: response in markets to unanticipated changes in the conditions affecting those markets. Such a respo" ******* END TEXT: "er Heller that took issue with Kemp and Roth’s advocacy of a $114 billion reduction in income taxes "
9780814787922 - page_229: "START TEXT: in the United States. Heller’s column began on a polemical note, expressing absolute scorn and disda" ******* END TEXT: "States at this juncture seemed to be quite intractable. This pessimistic view of present and future "
9780814787922 - page_230: "START TEXT: prospects came through very clearly in some remarks made by Paul Samuelson during the interval betwe" ******* END TEXT: "le version of the adjusted real wage rate model. The correspondence between the two is quite clear.\n"
9780814787922 - page_231: "START TEXT: FIGURE 12.1ACTUAL AND PREDICTED UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNITED STATES, THIRD QUARTER, 1979, THROUGH FIRS" ******* END TEXT: "rate of price inflation fell from the 1 percent a month that had been common since the beginning of "
9780814787922 - page_232: "START TEXT: 1979 to 0.25 percent a month. There was a brief resurgence of inflation in late spring (May and June" ******* END TEXT: "eserve system with respect to monetary policy. In 1979, under the chairmanship of Paul Volcker, the "
9780814787922 - page_233: "START TEXT: Federal Reserve announced that it would no longer conduct its monetary-policy operations with an eye" ******* END TEXT: "egend, “Prosperity Is Just Around the Corner,” ensconced on an easel to remind all in attendance of "
9780814787922 - page_234: "START TEXT: the early 1930s. To ensure that no one missed the point, beside the Hoover photograph was one of Ron" ******* END TEXT: "30 The Congressman was right. The Humphrey-Hawkins legislation did make the Phillips curve illegal.\n"
9780814787922 - page_235: "START TEXT: FIGURE 12.2ACTUAL AND PREDICTED UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNITED STATES, SECOND QUARTER, 1981, THROUGH SEC" ******* END TEXT: "the unemployment rate. As can be seen, for the period beginning with the fourth quarter of 1981 and "
9780814787922 - page_236: "START TEXT: ending with the second quarter of 1985, there is a remarkable correspondence between the actual and " ******* END TEXT: "at the same time interest rates and inflation fall is impossible.”32 Michael Evans, responding to a "
9780814787922 - page_237: "START TEXT: request to state when the economy would reach the January 1981 unemployment rate of 7.4 percent, sai" ******* END TEXT: "ence of being totally out of touch with reality, told reporters, “I don’t know what meaning it [the "
9780814787922 - page_238: "START TEXT: October 19 decline in the Dow-Jones index] might have, all the business indicators are up—there’s no" ******* END TEXT: "ation’s tax-and-spend policies, and a trade deficit, reflecting the excess of imports over exports.\n"
9780814787922 - page_239: "START TEXT: FIGURE 12.3ACTUAL AND PREDICTED UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNITED STATES, THIRD QUARTER, 1985, THROUGH SECO" ******* END TEXT: "ut by movements in the trade deficit does not turn on the linkage between the two being systematic.\n"
9780814787922 - page_240: "START TEXT: FIGURE 12.4COMPARISON OF CHANGES IN FISCAL AND TRADE DEFICITS, UNITED STATES, 1980–1989\n\nIt is impor" ******* END TEXT: "his is a far more important facet of the trade deficit than any Keynesian aggregate-demand effects.\n"
9780814787922 - page_241: "START TEXT: FIGURE 12.5AN AUGMENTED MISERY INDEX FOR THE UNITED STATES, 1980–1990\n\nOne final word on the deficit" ******* END TEXT: "0.80, but within four years it had declined to 5.02. Further, 1984 is the beginning of a seven year "
9780814787922 - page_242: "START TEXT: period, running through 1990, that shows the greatest stability of any interval of that length durin" ******* END TEXT: "gid money wage rates imply a lack of response to price and productivity shocks in the labor market.\n"
9780814787922 - page_243: "START TEXT: 3. In several ways, the Humphrey-Hawkins legislation is somewhat fatuous. It sets goals for the econ" ******* END TEXT: "ittee of the Federal Reserve unanimously approved the shift away from targeting interest rates. See "
9780814787922 - page_244: "START TEXT: Lindley H. Clark, “Speaking of Business,” Wall Street Journal, November 13, 1979, p. 23. In his arti" ******* END TEXT: "earings, Political Economy and Constitutional Reform, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second Session, Part "
9780814787922 - page_245: "START TEXT: 1, November 17, 1982 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1983), p. 227.\n27. Galbraith and" ******* END TEXT: "Free Press, 1986).\n40. John R. Hicks, “A Skeptical Follower,” The Economist, June 18, 1983, p. 18.\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_246: "START TEXT: 13The Natural Rate of Unemployment\nLike most accounts of economic change, this book has emphasized s" ******* END TEXT: "t discussed in this volume.\nFIGURE 13.1A 10 YEAR MOVING AVERAGE OF THE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, 1907–1990\n"
9780814787922 - page_247: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814787922 - page_248: "START TEXT: For the 1907 to 1929 period, the average long-run unemployment rate varies between 4.39 and 6.07 per" ******* END TEXT: "e 6 percent level by 1990.1\nFIGURE 13.2A 25 YEAR MOVING AVERAGE OF THE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, 1914–1990\n"
9780814787922 - page_249: "START TEXT: \n" ******* END TEXT: "\n"
9780814787922 - page_250: "START TEXT: The two data sets agree on four points. First, we had a successful average unemployment experience i" ******* END TEXT: ". The “real business cycle” literature of modern times has rediscovered the latter form of change.3\n"
9780814787922 - page_251: "START TEXT: TABLE 13.1LEVELS AND VARIATIONS OF AMERICAN UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, PRICES, WAGES, MONEY, PRODUCTIVITY, " ******* END TEXT: "amental monetarist principle, namely that the amount of inflation is tied to increases in the money "
9780814787922 - page_252: "START TEXT: supply. Note that while the magnitude of price increases is influenced by the amount of money create" ******* END TEXT: "lance, the natural rate has been noticeably higher in the last decades of the century than earlier.\n"
9780814787922 - page_253: "START TEXT: Some writers of popular surveys of intermediate-level macroeconomic theory have suggested that the n" ******* END TEXT: "J. Simler concluded that short-term unemployment was about 2 percent of the labor force.9 One could "
9780814787922 - page_254: "START TEXT: assume that short-term unemployment (under fifteen weeks) is essentially frictional in nature, where" ******* END TEXT: "11 Our estimates suggest that, at most, 40 percent of the rise in the natural rate was age-related.\n"
9780814787922 - page_255: "START TEXT: Unemployment rates among teenagers tend to be dramatically higher than those of other segments of th" ******* END TEXT: "abor-force growth. The labor force in the 1970s grew by over 24 million, or 30 percent. In absolute "
9780814787922 - page_256: "START TEXT: terms, this was nearly twice the growth in labor-force participants observed in the 1960s, and three" ******* END TEXT: "ging proportion of the labor force in nine occupational categories in the 1950–60 decade, and again "
9780814787922 - page_257: "START TEXT: for the period 1970–81. Ignoring the direction of movement, we calculated the mean change in the per" ******* END TEXT: "hat the federal minimum-wage law adds to unemployment, particularly for teenagers and minorities.13\n"
9780814787922 - page_258: "START TEXT: TABLE 13.2GROWTH IN GOVERNMENTAL EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1929–1990\n\nThe National Labor Rela" ******* END TEXT: "also led to compensation going from below-equilibrium levels to equilibrium or above levels of pay.\n"
9780814787922 - page_259: "START TEXT: TABLE 13.3THE GROWTH IN WORKERS’ COMPENSATION, 1940 TO 1988\n\nGOVERNMENTAL POLICIES RAISING THE RESER" ******* END TEXT: "lishment and expansion of the worker’s compensation program has sharply raised the reservation wage "
9780814787922 - page_260: "START TEXT: of a segment of the population. Moreover, by directly increasing labor costs (average total workers’" ******* END TEXT: "s that in 1954, the employment-population ratio was higher for non white Americans than for whites.\n"
9780814787922 - page_261: "START TEXT: FIGURE 13.3RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN THE EMPLOYMENT-POPULATION RATIO, 1954–90\n\nBy 1990, the situation wa" ******* END TEXT: "extent that employers shift the burden of the employer share of social security taxes to the worker "
9780814787922 - page_262: "START TEXT: through lower money wages, it might be argued that social security has little or no unemployment imp" ******* END TEXT: "Depression-era observations, for six of the census regions, but rose in the three southern regions.\n"
9780814787922 - page_263: "START TEXT: TABLE 13.4MEDIAN UNEMPLOYMENT RATES FOR CENSUS REGIONS, 1930–19883\n\nThe West North-Central region ha" ******* END TEXT: " measure of agricultural activity and rural population), the proportion of manufacturing employment "
9780814787922 - page_264: "START TEXT: that is unionized, and federal expenditures on several income maintenance programs as a percent of p" ******* END TEXT: "y 1990s unless the unemployment rate suddenly falls below four percent, a highly unlikely possibly.\n"
9780814787922 - page_265: "START TEXT: 2. The father of the natural rate of unemployment concept is Milton Friedman. See his “The Role of M" ******* END TEXT: "Relative Wages in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963). Later studies and "
9780814787922 - page_266: "START TEXT: literature reviews include C. J. Parsley, “Labor Unions and Wages: A Survey,” Journal of Economic Li" ******* END TEXT: "entive Effects of the U.S. Welfare System: A Review,” Journal of Economic Literature 30 (1992): 56.\n"
9780814787922 - page_267: "START TEXT: 23. See Christopher Frenze, The Mellon and Kennedy Tax Cuts: A Review and Analysis, Joint Economic C" ******* END TEXT: "f Interstate Variations in Labor Force Participation,” Journal of Labor Research 12 (1991): 47–59.\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_268: "START TEXT: 14Who Bears the Burden of Unemployment?\nThe considerable variations in the aggregate magnitudes of u" ******* END TEXT: " gender, and race differences in a historical context, and suggest some reasons why they may exist.\n"
9780814787922 - page_269: "START TEXT: White-Nonwhite Unemployment Differentials over One Hundred Years\nIn the more than forty-year period " ******* END TEXT: "allowing for some corrections published in the 1900 census, show an unemployment rate for nonwhites "
9780814787922 - page_270: "START TEXT: of 15.8 percent, only 0.8 percentage points above the reported rate for whites of 15.0 percent.3 For" ******* END TEXT: "nonwhite group, suppose that unemployment among the four workers did not overlap. Then each monthly "
9780814787922 - page_271: "START TEXT: report would record a ten percent unemployment rate. If the unemployment overlapped, the monthly rat" ******* END TEXT: " of a percentage point of our earlier estimate which used quite a different calculation procedure.7\n"
9780814787922 - page_272: "START TEXT: TABLE 14.1RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN UNEMPLOYMENT RATES IN THE U.S., 1890–1930\n\nTABLE 14.2RACIAL DIFFEREN" ******* END TEXT: " a decade later (table 14.2). While the CPS began in 1940, race-specific data are not available, so "
9780814787922 - page_273: "START TEXT: again we rely on the census, choosing to count government emergency workers as employed.8 Data for l" ******* END TEXT: "own over time; yet most observers would conclude that in fact it was reduced somewhat in magnitude.\n"
9780814787922 - page_274: "START TEXT: TABLE 14.3RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY REGION, U.S., 1930\n\nWe believe that the trend " ******* END TEXT: "entially one (or even less) in the South, approached modern day levels (two to one) in the Midwest.\n"
9780814787922 - page_275: "START TEXT: TABLE 14.4UNEMPLOYMENT DIFFERENTIALS BY RACE, 1930 AND 1980\n\nWhat would the white-nonwhite unemploym" ******* END TEXT: "e. Indeed, in domestic and personal service the nonwhite unemployment rate is lower than the white.\n"
9780814787922 - page_276: "START TEXT: TABLE 14.5WHITE AND NONWHITE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY OCCUPATION, U.S. 1900\n\nAs before, we calculated w" ******* END TEXT: "fferential is the consequence of the racial differences in the occupational mix of the labor force.\n"
9780814787922 - page_277: "START TEXT: TABLE 14.6OCCUPATIONALLY ADJUSTED UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY RACE, 1900–1980\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "TABLE 14.6OCCUPATIONALLY ADJUSTED UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY RACE, 1900–1980\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_278: "START TEXT: We have suggested that roughly half of the growth in the unemployment differential is explainable in" ******* END TEXT: "islation that led to “little Davis-Bacon laws” are obvious examples. It is noteworthy that there is "
9780814787922 - page_279: "START TEXT: strong circumstantial evidence that antiblack sentiment played some role in the passage of the Davis" ******* END TEXT: "private wage-setting behavior occurred during these two decades, including the previously mentioned "
9780814787922 - page_280: "START TEXT: Fair Labor Standards Act, the Davis-Bacon Act, the National Labor Relations Act, etc. Even the Socia" ******* END TEXT: " can get a good picture of the changing employment-population ratio by race over time (table 14.7).\n"
9780814787922 - page_281: "START TEXT: TABLE 14.7THE EMPLOYMENT-POPULATION RATIO BY RACE, U.S. 1900 TO 1990\n\nThere was a much higher incide" ******* END TEXT: "y explain why wives from fairly affluent middle-class families, predominantly white, began working.\n"
9780814787922 - page_282: "START TEXT: TABLE 14.8THE U.S. EMPLOYMENT-POPULATION RATIO BY SEX AND RACE, 1930–1989\n\nAt the same time, however" ******* END TEXT: "for women was very slightly higher than for men, but in 1930 it was markedly lower (see table 1.3.)\n"
9780814787922 - page_283: "START TEXT: TABLE 14.9MALE AND FEMALE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY DECADES, 1950–1990\n\nAs table 14.9 indicates, from 19" ******* END TEXT: "erential in the 1980s coincides with the relative decline in federal labor-market involvement. Real "
9780814787922 - page_284: "START TEXT: federal public aid fell in relation to the gross national product. The minimum wage fell in real ter" ******* END TEXT: "ls generally. While that conclusion fits the general evidence relating to minimum wages, a detailed "
9780814787922 - page_285: "START TEXT: historical analysis of the teenage unemployment differential must await further study.\nRace, gender," ******* END TEXT: "ion impact. Adjusting the white labor force to the nonwhite geographical distribution (the opposite "
9780814787922 - page_286: "START TEXT: of the approach in the text), the estimated rise in the migration-adjusted nonwhite-white unemployme" ******* END TEXT: "t of Affirmative Action Regulation and Equal Employment Law on Black Employment,” ibid., pp. 47-64.\n"
9780814787922 - page_287: "START TEXT: 18. There is evidence that the female-male unemployment differential in neighboring Canada is explai" ******* END TEXT: "m Wage Laws (Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper no. 3859, 1992).\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_288: "START TEXT: 15Unemployment and the State\nWhen reaching the conclusion of a book, one searches for broad themes, " ******* END TEXT: "ed these remarks was the growing movement toward advocacy of some form of centralized planning that "
9780814787922 - page_289: "START TEXT: would inject the national government into the multiplicity of decisions that characterize a modern e" ******* END TEXT: "e crisis of 1920–22 was found unacceptable by many people who had become infected with the planning "
9780814787922 - page_290: "START TEXT: mentality that marked the wartime conditions of 1917–18.5 Despite the adjustment process of 1920–22 " ******* END TEXT: "iking evidence of the capacity of market adjustments to provide stability in the American economy.6\n"
9780814787922 - page_291: "START TEXT: In a sense, there was a schizophrenic character to the conventional wisdom that emerged during this " ******* END TEXT: " 1.9 percent in 1986, the alleged structural rigidities in the economy seemed to become less urgent "
9780814787922 - page_292: "START TEXT: than they had seemed at the beginning of the decade. Additional evidence of the relative lack of str" ******* END TEXT: "l dead. That comment, as much as any single remark, captures the mind set of the twentieth century, "
9780814787922 - page_293: "START TEXT: especially in the realm of making economic policy. The emphasis is on the short run, today, not tomo" ******* END TEXT: " were justified at the time of their enactment by underconsumptionist arguments. They were supposed "
9780814787922 - page_294: "START TEXT: to be a positive stimulus to macroeconomic activity but have been just the opposite.\nThe impact of g" ******* END TEXT: "ainstream with respect to the current discussions of macroeconomic matters. After all, a major pres "
9780814787922 - page_295: "START TEXT: ent-day debate among macroeconomists is centered on the sources of shocks to the macroeconomy. Are t" ******* END TEXT: "reate a consensus supporting governmental intervention to manage and stabilize the economic system.\n"
9780814787922 - page_296: "START TEXT: The established record of the results of attempting such managing during this century, with its emph" ******* END TEXT: ": Princeton University Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research, 1963), Table A-1, 708–9.\n"
9780814787922 - page_297: "START TEXT: 3. Beginning with 1915, the money supply measure corresponds to the conventional definition of M1. P" ******* END TEXT: "rthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986), p. 47.\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_298: "START TEXT: 16Afterword\nTwo-thirds of the way through the 1990s, it appears that this century’s last decade rate" ******* END TEXT: "he century, primarily because, as of late 1996, the one recession during the decade was not severe.\n"
9780814787922 - page_299: "START TEXT: Unemployment and Public Policy\nWhat were the dynamics of the recession of the early 1990s? It began " ******* END TEXT: "March 1990 to August 1990 alone.2 The adjusted real wage, which had risen modestly in the last half "
9780814787922 - page_300: "START TEXT: of 1989, increased in every quarter in 1990 (since some wage increases in the first quarter were ind" ******* END TEXT: "ssful appeal for workers’ votes in the 1992 and especially the 1996 presidential primary elections.\n"
9780814787922 - page_301: "START TEXT: FIGURE 16.1\n\nYet, there are several conventional measures of economic well-being that suggest the ec" ******* END TEXT: "index. Three-year periods are used to smooth out the impact of unusual performance in single years.\n"
9780814787922 - page_302: "START TEXT: Note that in periods of prosperity during the era of relative laissez-faire in the first three decad" ******* END TEXT: "there is the interval between 1989 and the present, another non-supply-side interlude.\nFIGURE 16.2\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_303: "START TEXT: Independent of the dating of these periods, on what basis do we call one supply-side and the other n" ******* END TEXT: "which drove the marginal tax rate at the top of the income distribution up from 28 to 39.6 percent.\n"
9780814787922 - page_304: "START TEXT: TABLE 16.1.INDICATORS OF NATURE OF ECONOMIC POLICY, DIFFERENT POLICY REGIMES, UNITED STATES, 1973–19" ******* END TEXT: "roduced a 19.3 percent increase in real per capita GDP and a 19.4 percent growth in real per capita "
9780814787922 - page_305: "START TEXT: consumption spending. As to jobs, total civilian employment increased by more than the rise in the w" ******* END TEXT: "hese numbers in perspective. The upswing in the business cycle is the first sustained economic reco "
9780814787922 - page_306: "START TEXT: more than one hundred years for which reliable data are available in which the GDP did not rise by m" ******* END TEXT: "and 1980s, this statistic rose. Again, however, the early 1990s brought a reversal in this pattern.\n"
9780814787922 - page_307: "START TEXT: FIGURE 16.3\n\nThe same story emerges when patterns of growth in GDP are examined. Figure 16.5 illustr" ******* END TEXT: " total inability to detect a cyclical peak during the most recent economic “recovery.”\nFIGURE 16.4\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_308: "START TEXT: FIGURE 16.5\n\nAll of this confirms that the 1990s can fairly be described as an era of economic stagn" ******* END TEXT: "e basic argument, in particular the stagnationism of the late 1930s we described earlier. Then, the "
9780814787922 - page_309: "START TEXT: problem was alleged to be that people were saving too much, producing a dearth of consumption spendi" ******* END TEXT: "ited States, how do we differ from, say, James Tobin’s position that there is “malaise” in America? "
9780814787922 - page_310: "START TEXT: The answer is that we differ, not on the reality of the stagnation in economic growth, but on the qu" ******* END TEXT: "mith Institute, 1995).\n4. It might be asked why we did not estimate the model for only the interval "
9780814787922 - page_311: "START TEXT: 1989 I through 1996 II. In its full version, with some twenty-five independent variables, there are " ******* END TEXT: "Committee of Congress, beginning with Lowell Gallaway and Richard Vedder, The Impact of the Welfare "
9780814787922 - page_312: "START TEXT: State on the American Economy (Washington, D.C.: Joint Economic Committee of Congress, 1995).\n20. Se" ******* END TEXT: "with an introduction by Marianne Cowan (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing Company, 1962), p. 2.\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_313: "START TEXT: Appendix AThe Extended Theoretical Model\nThe basic estimating equation employed in chapter 3 is deri" ******* END TEXT: "to the right. In the absence of any adjustment in money-wage rates, the real-wage rate will deviate "
9780814787922 - page_314: "START TEXT: from equilibrium, a decrease in price making it greater than wr* and an increase moving it below wr*" ******* END TEXT: "l more rapidly than money-wage rates, suggesting a wage adjustment mechanism of the following type:\n"
9780814787922 - page_315: "START TEXT: \nFinally, there is the “new classical” adjustment response. Two versions may be postulated, a ration" ******* END TEXT: "rms of predicted wage rates,\n\nand\n\nOver time, the mean value of (11) is wm/p and consequently,\n\nand\n"
9780814787922 - page_316: "START TEXT: \ni.e., the mean values for and (U - U*) are zero.\nOf course, both of these magnitudes are still sub" ******* END TEXT: "er c’s and d’s equal zero, and (wr)t-1 is always equal to wr*. In such a case, (18) collapses into\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_317: "START TEXT: which may be thought of as a long-run wage-adjustment function. Given that\n\nexpression (22) implies " ******* END TEXT: "of an exogenous shock to aggregate demand and money wages do not adjust at all. Thus, b, as well as "
9780814787922 - page_318: "START TEXT: all the c’s and d’s, in expression (21) must be equal to zero. The alternative Keynesian adjustment " ******* END TEXT: " for the term (wr - wr*), we begin by expressing all wage-rate measures in index number form. Thus,\n"
9780814787922 - page_319: "START TEXT: \nand\n\nwhere the symbols (wr′)t and (wr*′)t indicate the index number form of the variables. Now, we " ******* END TEXT: ", there is no support for the instantaneous neoclassical (RATEX) adjustment mechanism. Not only is b"
9780814787922 - page_320: "START TEXT: the coefficients are exactly consistent with this hypothesis. However, there are other dimensions to" ******* END TEXT: "age rates are defined by (21). Let us state (31), (32), and (21) in linear form, as follows:\n\n\nand\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_321: "START TEXT: Combining (34), (35), and (36) with (33) yields\n\nwhich may be simplified to\n\nThe signs assigned to t" ******* END TEXT: " consistent with Clarence D. Long, The Labor Force Under Changing Income and Employment (Princeton, "
9780814787922 - page_322: "START TEXT: N.J.: 1958), who argues that the aggregate labor-force participation rate tends to be stable in a de" ******* END TEXT: "dt may be interpreted as being consistent with the Keynesian “interdependence” adjustment process.\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_323: "START TEXT: Appendix BThe Technical Aspects of the Statistical Analysis\nAppendix A provides a model of the pheno" ******* END TEXT: "ant with the anticipated sign.5 Also, the equation now passes the various serial correlation tests.\n"
9780814787922 - page_324: "START TEXT: TABLE B.1.UNEMPLOYMENT, HOURLY COMPENSATION OF WORKERS, AVERAGE OUTPUT PER HOUR WORKED, GROSS DOMEST" ******* END TEXT: "CTIVITY ADJUSTED REAL WAGE RATE, UNITED STATES, FIRST QUARTER, 1959, THROUGH SECOND QUARTER, 1996\n\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_325: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_326: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_327: "START TEXT: \nThe Causality Question\nThe basic statistical model we have presented demonstrates that variations i" ******* END TEXT: "ion of the adjusted real wage—unemployment relationship runs from the wage measure to unemployment.\n"
9780814787922 - page_328: "START TEXT: TABLE B.2.REGRESSION RESULTS, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE, UNITED STATES, QUARTERLY DATA" ******* END TEXT: "ide the null hypothesis range. Graphic depictions of these test statistics are shown in figure B.1.\n"
9780814787922 - page_329: "START TEXT: TABLE B.3REGRESSION RESULTS, WITH ARIMA ADJUSTMENTS, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE, UNITED" ******* END TEXT: " test statistics. The first difference form of the model passes all four model specification tests.\n"
9780814787922 - page_330: "START TEXT: TABLE B.4.RESULTS OF GRANGER PAIRWISE CAUSALITY TESTS, ADJUSTED REAL WAGE (ARW) VERSUS UNEMPLOYMENT " ******* END TEXT: "PAIRWISE CAUSALITY TESTS, ADJUSTED REAL WAGE (ARW) VERSUS UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (U)\n\nFIGURE B.l PANELA\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_331: "START TEXT: FIGURE B.l PANEL B\n\nFIGURE B.l PANEL C\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "FIGURE B.l PANEL B\n\nFIGURE B.l PANEL C\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_332: "START TEXT: TABLE B.5.REGRESSION RESULTS, FIRST DIFFERENCE FORMAT, CHANGE IN UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AS DEPENDENT VARI" ******* END TEXT: "H AND WITHOUT ARIMA ADJUSTMENT, QUARTERLY DATA, FIRST QUARTER, 1959, THROUGH SECOND QUARTER, 1996\n\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_333: "START TEXT: \nThe first difference version of the estimating equation also permits exploring the quality of the m" ******* END TEXT: " is conducted, the results indicate an absence of model specification problems.\nFIGURE B.2 PANEL A\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_334: "START TEXT: FIGURE B.2 PANEL B\n\nFIGURE B.2 PANEL C\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "FIGURE B.2 PANEL B\n\nFIGURE B.2 PANEL C\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_335: "START TEXT: TABLE B.6.COMPARISON OF REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS AND STANDARD ERRORS OF COEFFICIENTS, UNDIFFERENCED A" ******* END TEXT: "kedasticity. However, the ARIMA adjusted version does not. In the case of the differenced equation, "
9780814787922 - page_336: "START TEXT: though, both versions of the estimating equation pass the White test. Finally, wherever possible, we" ******* END TEXT: "he unadjusted and adjusted for serial correlation regressions. See figures B.3 and B.4.\nFIGURE B.3\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_337: "START TEXT: FIGURE B.4\n\nThe World since 1989\nHow well has our basic model of the relationship between the adjust" ******* END TEXT: " observations from the overall regression to assess the model’s performance beginning with 1989.1.8\n"
9780814787922 - page_338: "START TEXT: FIGURE B.5\n\nTo further confirm this conclusion, we performed one additional test. The basic model wa" ******* END TEXT: "s period’s and the previous period’s changes, which is 0.06, not significantly different from zero.\n"
9780814787922 - page_339: "START TEXT: FIGURE B.6\n\nFurther, the mean of the percentage changes is not significantly different from zero.9\nH" ******* END TEXT: "d or a product of some endogenous characteristic of the economic process described by the data set.\n"
9780814787922 - page_340: "START TEXT: There are two rather notable examples of time series of the type described by (2). The first emerges" ******* END TEXT: "e results are shown in table B.7. Table B.7 also shows the ratio of the two cases, α = 0 and α = 1.\n"
9780814787922 - page_341: "START TEXT: TABLE B.7.ROOT MEAN SQUARE DEVIATION, SLUTSKY* AND RATEX ADJUSTMENT PARAMETERS, MONTE CARLO EXPERIME" ******* END TEXT: "y cycle, or a Slutsky cycle modified by some decay parameter greater than zero and less than one.14\n"
9780814787922 - page_342: "START TEXT: FIGURE B.7\n\nTo explore this matter more fully, the experiments reported in table B.7 were extended t" ******* END TEXT: "rium condition will cause a data series to move very rapidly toward the PATEX version of the world.\n"
9780814787922 - page_343: "START TEXT: TABLE B.8ROOT MEAN SQUARE DEVIATION, BY NUMBER OF PERIODS AND VALUE OF DECAY PARAMETER, MONTE CARLO " ******* END TEXT: " MEAN SQUARE DEVIATION, BY NUMBER OF PERIODS AND VALUE OF DECAY PARAMETER, MONTE CARLO EXPERIMENTS\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_344: "START TEXT: TABLE B.9PERCENT OF VARIABILITY ABOUT INITIAL EQUILIBRIUM POSITION ELIMINATED BY ADJUSTMENT PARAMETE" ******* END TEXT: "TY ABOUT INITIAL EQUILIBRIUM POSITION ELIMINATED BY ADJUSTMENT PARAMETERS, MONTE CARLO EXPERIMENTS\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_345: "START TEXT: FIGURE B.8\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nBasically, what emerges from this discussion is an image of the macroeconomi" ******* END TEXT: " rational expectations” (ARE).15 This is quite consistent with our analysis reported in appendix A.\n"
9780814787922 - page_346: "START TEXT: Adjusted Real Wages and Economic Growth\nOne additional issue needs to be addressed. To this point, w" ******* END TEXT: "PENDENT VARIABLE, UNITED STATES, QUARTERLY DATA, FIRST QUARTER, 1959, THROUGH SECOND QUARTER, 1996\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_347: "START TEXT: As to model specification issues, the non-ARIMA version of the model passes the Ramsey RESET test an" ******* END TEXT: "hat appears largely to stop after 1960; moreover, substantial variations exist.\nFIGURE B.9 PANEL A\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_348: "START TEXT: FIGURE B.9 PANEL B\n\nFIGURE B.9 PANEL C\n\nWhat explains the substantial interstate variations in the l" ******* END TEXT: "he increase in state and local tax payments as a percent of personal income over the years 1960–91.\n"
9780814787922 - page_349: "START TEXT: TABLE B.11REGRESSION RESULTS, CHANGE IN PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT AS DEPENDENT VAR" ******* END TEXT: "e aforementioned regions. The numbers in parentheses are t-statistics.\nThe results are impressive:\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_350: "START TEXT: TABLE B.12LEVEL AND VARIATION IN UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, 50 STATES AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 1960–1991\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "ABLE B.12LEVEL AND VARIATION IN UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, 50 STATES AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 1960–1991\n\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_351: "START TEXT: \nThere is a statistically significant positive relationship between taxes, unionization, welfare inc" ******* END TEXT: "ved between wage levels and unemployment, consistent with other evidence in this book.\nFIGURE B.10\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_352: "START TEXT: RACE AND UNEMPLOYMENT\nIn chapters 12 and 13, we suggest that much of the rise in black unemployment " ******* END TEXT: " similar to that used by Simon and Nardinelli.21 A value of zero indicates perfect diversification.\n"
9780814787922 - page_353: "START TEXT: TABLE B.13UNEMPLOYMENT REGRESSIONS FOR 50 STATES AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 1960–1993\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "TABLE B.13UNEMPLOYMENT REGRESSIONS FOR 50 STATES AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 1960–1993\n\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_354: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_355: "START TEXT: \nTABLE B.14EXPLAINING THE PERSISTENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT WEIGHTED LEAST SQUARES REGRESSIONS (T-STATISTI" ******* END TEXT: "G THE PERSISTENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT WEIGHTED LEAST SQUARES REGRESSIONS (T-STATISTICS IN PARENTHESES)\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_356: "START TEXT: The expectation is that large governmental or union presence (as measured by UNION, WELFARE, SPENDIN" ******* END TEXT: "onomic perspective. To argue otherwise is to reject a substantial body of sound empirical evidence.\n"
9780814787922 - page_357: "START TEXT: NOTES\n1. Portions of this appendix were coauthored by our Ohio University colleagues Chuhlo Jung and" ******* END TEXT: "nd Economic Communications (Newsletter of Polyconomics, Inc., Morristown, N.J., November 12, 1992).\n"
9780814787922 - page_358: "START TEXT: 17. The adjusted R2 for the unemployment regression is 0.9695, more than twice the 0.4475 for the GD" ******* END TEXT: "e Unemployment? Evidence from the Great Depression and After,” Economic Inquiry 30 (1992): 384–97.\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_359: "START TEXT: Bibliography\nBooks\nAdie, Douglas K. An Evaluation of Postal Service Wage Rates. Washington, D.C.: Am" ******* END TEXT: "l Blackwell, 1987.\nBremer, C. D. American Bank Failures. New York: Columbia University Press, 1935.\n"
9780814787922 - page_360: "START TEXT: Brookes, Warren. The Economy in Mind. New York: Universe Books, 1982.\nBrown, E. H. Phelps, and Marga" ******* END TEXT: "versity Press, 1972.\nFisher, Irving. Elementary Principles of Economics. New York: Macmillan, 1923.\n"
9780814787922 - page_361: "START TEXT: ———. The Stock Market Crash—and After. New York: Macmillan, 1930.\n———. Booms and Depressions: Some F" ******* END TEXT: "w, 1961.\n———. Economic Instability and Growth: The American Record. New York: Harper and Row, 1974.\n"
9780814787922 - page_362: "START TEXT: Gordon, Robert J. Macroeconomics. 3d ed. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1984.\nGwartney, James, a" ******* END TEXT: "Printing Office, 1961.\nKendrick, John W. Productivity Trends in the United States. Princeton, N.J.: "
9780814787922 - page_363: "START TEXT: Princeton University Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research, 1961.\nKeynes, John Maynard." ******* END TEXT: "idge University Press, 1976.\n———. European National Statistics, 1750–1970. London: Macmillan, 1975.\n"
9780814787922 - page_364: "START TEXT: Mitchell, Broadus. Depression Decade: From New Era through New Deal, 1929–1941. New York: Rinehart, " ******* END TEXT: ", 1954.\nRostow, Walt W. The Stages of Economic Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959.\n"
9780814787922 - page_365: "START TEXT: Rothbard, Murray. America’s Great Depression. Kansas City: Sheed and Ward, 1963.\nSaint-Etienne, Chri" ******* END TEXT: "K. The American Economy in Historical Perspective. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1976.\n"
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9780814787922 - page_367: "START TEXT: Economics and the Output-Inflation Tradeoff.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1 (1988): 1–65.\n" ******* END TEXT: "nal 60 (1950): 291–310.\nBrown, Charles, Curtis Gilroy, and Andrew Kohen. “The Effect of the Minimum "
9780814787922 - page_368: "START TEXT: Wage on Employment and Unemployment.” Journal of Economic Literature 20 (1982): 487–528.\nBrown, E. C" ******* END TEXT: "nment Printing Office, 1983.\nDanziger, Sheldon, Robert H. Haveman, and Robert Plotnick. “How Income "
9780814787922 - page_369: "START TEXT: Transfer Programs Affect Work, Savings and the Income Distribution: A Critical Review.” Journal of E" ******* END TEXT: "istory 44 (1984): 957–83.\nEvans, Michael K. “Prepared Statement.” Hearings, The Unemployment Crisis "
9780814787922 - page_370: "START TEXT: and Policies for Economic Recovery, Joint Economic Committee, Ninety-seventh Congress, Second Sessio" ******* END TEXT: "ty, Resource Allocation, and Structural Unemployment.” American Economic Review 53 (1963): 694–716.\n"
9780814787922 - page_371: "START TEXT: ———. “Trade Unionism, Inflation, and Unemployment.” In Monetary Process and Policy: A Symposium, edi" ******* END TEXT: "27–44.\n———. “Factors Affecting the Trend of Real Wages.” American Economic Review 15 (1925): 27–42.\n"
9780814787922 - page_372: "START TEXT: ———. “Economic Progress and Declining Population Growth.” American Economic Review 29 (1939): 1–15.\n" ******* END TEXT: " of the Committe on Labor and Public Welfare, United States Senate, Hearings, part 5. Eighty-eighth "
9780814787922 - page_373: "START TEXT: Congress, First Session, pp. 1461–83. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965.\nKlein, Law" ******* END TEXT: "ted by James J. Heckman and Burton Singer, pp. 111-55. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.\n"
9780814787922 - page_374: "START TEXT: Marshall, Ray. “Prepared Statement.” Hearings, The Unemployment Crisis and Policies for Economic Rec" ******* END TEXT: "104 (1989): 719–35.\nOkun, Arthur M. “Potential GNP: Its Measurement and Significance.” Proceedings, "
9780814787922 - page_375: "START TEXT: Business and Economics Section, American Statistical Association (1962): 98–104.\nParkin, Michael. “T" ******* END TEXT: " of Prewar Gross National Product and Unemployment.” Journal of Economic History 46 (1986): 341–52.\n"
9780814787922 - page_376: "START TEXT: Ropke, Wilhelm. “Welfare State and Chronic Inflation,” in Crisis of the Modern Welfare State. Washin" ******* END TEXT: " (1992): 384–97.\nSinai, Allen. “Prepared Statement.” Hearings, The Unemployment Crisis and Policies "
9780814787922 - page_377: "START TEXT: for Economic Recovery, Joint Economic Committee, Ninety-seventh Congress, Second Session, October 20" ******* END TEXT: "c History 27 (1990): 483–502.\nVedder, Richard K. “The Economic Status of U.S. Teachers, 1870–1987.” "
9780814787922 - page_378: "START TEXT: Ohio University Department of Economics Research Paper Series, no. 89–06.\n———, and Lowell Gallaway. " ******* END TEXT: "eration of the Causes of the Banking Panic of 1930.” Journal of Economic History 40 (1980): 571–83.\n"
9780814787922 - page_379: "START TEXT: ———. “Interest Rate and Expenditure Effects of the Banking Panic of 1930.” Explorations in Economic " ******* END TEXT: "Printing Office, 1904.\nU.S., Department of the Interior, Census Office. Report on Population of the "
9780814787922 - page_380: "START TEXT: United States at the Eleventh Census: 1890, Part II. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1" ******* END TEXT: " Policy. The War on Poverty—Victory or Defeat? Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1986.\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_381: "START TEXT: Index\nAckley, Gardner, 229, 232\nAdjusted real wage. See Unemployment.\nAdvertising Federation of Amer" ******* END TEXT: "er, Jimmy, 217, 222, 224\nCarver, Thomas, 98\nCatchings, Waddill, 21, 70, 290\nCecchetti, Stephen, 123\n"
9780814787922 - page_382: "START TEXT: Chandler, Lester, 104\nChapin, Gene, 259\nChase, Stuart, 70\nChicago banks, 114–17\nCivilian Conservatio" ******* END TEXT: "yment Act of 1946, 2, 5, 158, 161, 178–79, 290\nEmployment-population ratio, 20, 167, 260–61, 280–82\n"
9780814787922 - page_383: "START TEXT: Endicott Johnson Corp., 94\nE. R. Squibb & Son, 94\nEuropean Economic Community, 53\nEvans, Michael, 23" ******* END TEXT: ": Mellon (1920s), 261 \nKennedy (1964-65), 261\nIndustrial production, 165\nImmigration, 67, 70, 95–96\n"
9780814787922 - page_384: "START TEXT: Inflation, 53, 171, 194–95, 206, 213–14, 217, 219, 222, 226, 229–36, 250–52, 291\nInflationary expect" ******* END TEXT: "arren, 234\nModigliani, Franco, 25, 171\nMoffitt, Robert, 260\nMonetarist economics, 23–24, 58, 251–52\n"
9780814787922 - page_385: "START TEXT: Monetary base, 232–33\nMonetary policy, 143–45, 166, 190, 202–3, 217, 252, 289, 291\nMoney: illusion, " ******* END TEXT: ", 99\nRoberts, Paul Craig, 230\nRockoff, Hugh, 154\nRomer, Christina, 4, 5, 42, 56\nRoose, Kenneth, 145\n"
9780814787922 - page_386: "START TEXT: Roosevelt, Franklin D., 101, 128, 134, 138–39, 143–44, 146, 153–54, 179–80\nRoosevelt, James, 145\nRoo" ******* END TEXT: "ferentials, 285\naggregate demand and, 21, 22\nblack, 269–80\ncyclical, 17, 25, 250–52, 299\ndefinition "
9780814787922 - page_387: "START TEXT: of, 18–20, 79–80\nDetroit, 75\ndiscouraged workers and, 20\nduration of, 19, 20, 259, 280\nfluctuations " ******* END TEXT: "national, 171\nWeinstein, Michael, 137, 141\nWhite, Eugene N., 114, 118–19\nWicker, Elmus, 118–19, 121\n"
9780814787922 - page_388: "START TEXT: Williamson, Harold, 163\nWilson, Woodrow, 60\nWirtz, Willard, 235\nWolman, Leo, 93\nWorkers’ compensatio" ******* END TEXT: "II, 152–57, 161, 168, 233, 290\nWoytinsky, W S., 181\nWrigley, William, 94\nYellow dog contracts, 137\n\n"
9780814787922 - page_389: "START TEXT: ABOUT THE AUTHORS\nLowell E. Gallaway is research fellow at the Independent Institute and distinguish" ******* END TEXT: "gional Science, South African Journal of Economics, Public Choice, and Research in Economic History."
9780814787922 - page_390: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_325: "START TEXT: Afterword: New Treatments, New Hopes, and New Uncertainties\nMark G. Winiarski\nIn 1996 something extr" ******* END TEXT: "ogram, reported that people who had shunned zidovudine were intrigued by the combination therapies, "
9780814793114 - page_326: "START TEXT: and that medical providers were enthusiastic about the new drugs after years of prescribing zidovudi" ******* END TEXT: " therapies, or will some people be excluded? The cost of a year’s therapy in mid-1996 was estimated "
9780814793114 - page_327: "START TEXT: to range from $15,000 to $20,000. Will pharmaceutical companies reduce prices? Will insurance compan" ******* END TEXT: "e the need to be not only compassionate but competent, utilizing the techniques and adapting models "
9780814793114 - page_328: "START TEXT: of care described in this book: Conceptualizing HIV/AIDS using a biopsychosocial model; becoming kno" ******* END TEXT: "true: A client’s life may appear to the therapist to have quality, but may seem poor to the client.\n"
9780814793114 - page_329: "START TEXT: The skillful therapist knows that attitudes and opinions about issues such as quality of life are pe" ******* END TEXT: "e agency, create support groups or other activities to assist clients with difficult drug regimens?\n"
9780814793114 - page_330: "START TEXT: —What is the client’s spiritual interpretation of the availability of the new treatments? Is the ava" ******* END TEXT: "tems, in which two or more people can telephone each other continually to remind each other to take "
9780814793114 - page_331: "START TEXT: medication and to provide support to one another when energy flags.\n— Creation of family-oriented su" ******* END TEXT: "enewing their psychological, social, and spiritual lives as well.\nPsychotherapy issues may include:\n"
9780814793114 - page_332: "START TEXT: — Financial matters such as debts, including lack of payment to medical providers, and taxes. Many a" ******* END TEXT: " even over a short time. Explore barriers to desired improvement. Help the client identify just one "
9780814793114 - page_333: "START TEXT: small area of improvement that he or she wishes to tackle. Make this small improvement an early ther" ******* END TEXT: "ractices. As indicated in chapters 8 and 11, these issues are complicated and important. The client "
9780814793114 - page_334: "START TEXT: should understand why he or she wants to dispense with safer sex practices. The second approach invo" ******* END TEXT: "ctice, then I invite you to join the many compassionate and skillful practitioners in this field.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_335: "START TEXT: Appendix A: Medical Primer\nWhat Is a Virus?\nA virus is a “nucleic acid molecule that can invade cell" ******* END TEXT: "ells by attaching itself at receptors, or “docks,” its infection of T-helper cells has received the "
9780814793114 - page_336: "START TEXT: most attention. T-helper cells are also called CD4 or CD4 + T-lymphocytes, so named for the specific" ******* END TEXT: " negligible size. To avoid even that risk, surgeons who plan procedures suggest that patients stock "
9780814793114 - page_337: "START TEXT: their own blood for transfusion, a procedure known as autologous transfusions. There have been repor" ******* END TEXT: "ished, tests of viral load are likely to play an increasingly important role in the next few years.\n"
9780814793114 - page_338: "START TEXT: What Is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?\nAIDS is “the most severe manifestation of infect" ******* END TEXT: "er to total T cells. Total T cell levels remain relatively stable, although T-helper cells may die.\n"
9780814793114 - page_339: "START TEXT: What Are Opportunistic Infections?\nOpportunistic infections are infections “that cause disease with " ******* END TEXT: "ys clear. Zidovudine has side effects, including a reduction in white and/or red blood cell counts.\n"
9780814793114 - page_340: "START TEXT: What Are Protease Inhibitors?\nProtease inhibitors are a newer class of drugs that attack HIV at a di" ******* END TEXT: "on to AIDS are very low in the first two years after infection and increase thereafter” (p. 1.7–4). "
9780814793114 - page_341: "START TEXT: Bacchetti and Moss (1989), using San Francisco data, indicate that progression rates increase for se" ******* END TEXT: " M. A., & Volberding, P. A. (Eds.) (1994). The AIDS knowledge base (2d ed.). Boston: Little, Brown.\n"
9780814793114 - page_342: "START TEXT: Elbeik, T., & Feinberg, M. B. (1994). HIV isolation and quantitative methods. In P. T. Cohen, M. A. " ******* END TEXT: " S. (1995). Immunological and virological markers in HIV infection. AIDS Clinical Care, 7, 37–40.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_343: "START TEXT: Appendix B: Resources—Obtaining HIV/AIDS Information Fast\nHIV/AIDS information is so easily and inex" ******* END TEXT: "then talk to a representative.\nPhone order for fax delivery: Call (800) 458-5231 and go through the "
9780814793114 - page_344: "START TEXT: telephone tree until you get to the fax service. You’ll then have two options. The first is to reque" ******* END TEXT: " Francisco has an Internet home page with prevention information: http://www.caps.ucsf.edu/capsweb/\n"
9780814793114 - page_345: "START TEXT: HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service\nThis free telephone service for providers and others provides" ******* END TEXT: " Information Service, which has many affiliate BBSs in the United States and Canada. For additional "
9780814793114 - page_346: "START TEXT: information, order the Guide to Selected HIV/AIDS-Related Electronic Bulletin Boards from the CDC Na" ******* END TEXT: ",000 full-text articles; and the AIDS subset of Medline, a National Library of Medicine database.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_10: "START TEXT: defiant to the church’s attitudes regarding sex. Many more issues may be involved here, and a skillf" ******* END TEXT: "mode of life” (460). Rather, he suggests that object relations, among other factors, affect health.\n"
9780814793114 - page_11: "START TEXT: In 1977 Engel used the term “biopsychosocial” and listed arguments for its adoption in medicine and " ******* END TEXT: " on culturally unique conditions.\nStudies that acknowledge mind-body connections have emanated from "
9780814793114 - page_12: "START TEXT: scientific areas such as psychoneuroimmunology (Ader, 1981), behavioral medicine, and psychosocial o" ******* END TEXT: "times. It alludes to what happens to us after death” (1). Fortunato (1993) suggests that counselors "
9780814793114 - page_13: "START TEXT: form no opinion about clients’ belief systems. Atheistic caregivers, he says, can be helpful to clie" ******* END TEXT: "s being taken and those prescribed or recommended but declined. Ask about side effects experienced. "
9780814793114 - page_14: "START TEXT: Include drugs obtained on the street, herbal remedies given by nonmedical practitioners, and other c" ******* END TEXT: "ely undermines any mental health intervention and can lead practitioners to feelings of inadequacy. "
9780814793114 - page_15: "START TEXT: The personality disorders of clients must be taken into account.\n• History of, and attitudes regardi" ******* END TEXT: "denied or afforded this individual.\n• Do not overlook one very important social aspect—the client’s "
9780814793114 - page_16: "START TEXT: relationship with you, who becomes part of his or her social network. Note the client’s ability to h" ******* END TEXT: "d responds to a client’s many aspects.\nMany years of experience providing mental health services to "
9780814793114 - page_17: "START TEXT: HIV-affected persons have convinced providers that rigid frames of practice do not adequately serve " ******* END TEXT: "ptions. A person who provides cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, for example, likely has different "
9780814793114 - page_18: "START TEXT: assumptions about behaviors than a psychodynamically trained psychotherapist.\nThe biopsychosocial/sp" ******* END TEXT: "IV-affected person, providers have to learn some of other disciplines’ knowledge (see figure 1.2).\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_19: "START TEXT: \nFigure 1.2. Incorporation of Expertise from Different Disciplines\nThe darkened area in figure 1.2 r" ******* END TEXT: "e allows the psychologist to work better with colleagues and extends his or her professional reach.\n"
9780814793114 - page_20: "START TEXT: Barriers\nBarriers to the implementation of a biopsychosocial/spiritual model include the following:\n" ******* END TEXT: "practice is often one in which we “bend the frame” of our theories. That is the topic of chapter 2.\n"
9780814793114 - page_21: "START TEXT: REFERENCES\nThis chapter was made possible by grant number BRH 970165-02-0 from the Health Resources " ******* END TEXT: "gical Association.\nSmith, T. W, & Nicassio, M. (1995). Psychological practice: Clinical application "
9780814793114 - page_22: "START TEXT: of the biopsychosocial model. In M. Nicassio & T. W. Smith (Eds.), Managing chronic illness: A biops" ******* END TEXT: "ental health services with HIV primary care: The Bronx experience. AIDS Patient Care, 7, 322–326.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_3: "START TEXT: 1 Understanding HIV/AIDS Using the Biopsychosocial/Spiritual Model\nMark G. Winiarski\n\n• A woman, div" ******* END TEXT: "d human immunodeficiency virus-related disease, named for the virus (HIV) that causes the disorder.\n"
9780814793114 - page_4: "START TEXT: Imagine, also, as HIV/AIDS comes to public consciousness, mental health providers having to learn to" ******* END TEXT: ", hidden, and complex.\nMental health practitioners, especially, cannot be so dismissive or unaware. "
9780814793114 - page_5: "START TEXT: Each of the clinical anecdotes that began this chapter is HIV-related, and each person described is " ******* END TEXT: " integrate the many facts that he or she will gather from reading this book and from other sources. "
9780814793114 - page_6: "START TEXT: This conceptualization enables the practitioner to make a comprehensive assessment of the HIV-affect" ******* END TEXT: " the sophisticated provider realizes that all these aspects interplay; they all affect one another.\n"
9780814793114 - page_7: "START TEXT: \nFigure 1.1. The Biopsychosocial/Spiritual Model\nConsider application of the model to the situation " ******* END TEXT: " for prophylactic (preventative) medicines, and discussions about the newest medical interventions. "
9780814793114 - page_8: "START TEXT: While the body may generally be well cared for, other aspects require attention, such as:\n\n• The per" ******* END TEXT: "oo often a stigma is attached even to those who are tested, regardless of the results. Furthermore, "
9780814793114 - page_9: "START TEXT: some readers may be at risk for HIV infection, and testing may yield a positive result. A counselor " ******* END TEXT: "al factor may also be involved: Perhaps she grew up in a traditional church and is oppositional and "
9780814793114 - page_23: "START TEXT: 2 Psychotherapy and Counseling: Bending the Frame\nThomas Eversole\nHuman immunodeficiency virus and A" ******* END TEXT: "s. (For comparison of traditional and “bending the frame” responses, see table 2.1.) This requires:\n"
9780814793114 - page_24: "START TEXT: TABLE 2.1.Comparison of Traditional Mental Health Services and “Bending the Frame”\n\n\n• Development o" ******* END TEXT: "s changing needs through the course of illness. Immediately after diagnosis, the client may require "
9780814793114 - page_25: "START TEXT: shoring up, crisis intervention, and family intervention for support. Through the asymptomatic perio" ******* END TEXT: ") wrote, “It is generally believed that meeting the client’s ‘needs and desires’ is not the role of "
9780814793114 - page_26: "START TEXT: the psychotherapist” (183). Rosica (1995) observes that the emotional aspects of HIV-related therapy" ******* END TEXT: " on to confront our own attitudes, values, beliefs, traditions, habits and fears about our clients, "
9780814793114 - page_27: "START TEXT: ourselves, and the ways we practice. A client once asked me: “Why do you think AIDS is here?” I resp" ******* END TEXT: "s to bear on the person with HIV and on other members of the team. The values of providers may, for "
9780814793114 - page_28: "START TEXT: example, conflict with those of administrators regarding teaching safer sex negotiation skills to se" ******* END TEXT: "l Practice\nThe following are my observations on critical aspects of working with HIV/AIDS clients:\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_29: "START TEXT: • HIV/AIDS work requires a broad repertoire of professional role responses, skills, and therapeutic " ******* END TEXT: "ient who lacks the social skills, emotional stability, and physical stamina to negotiate the social "
9780814793114 - page_30: "START TEXT: service system independently. There may be a temptation to provide the client with appropriate phone" ******* END TEXT: "ome to the surface again.\nFor more psychotherapy themes, see Winiarski (1991) and Kalichman (1995).\n"
9780814793114 - page_31: "START TEXT: • Legal and ethical dilemmas abound in AIDS-related work.\nPractitioners need some framework or model" ******* END TEXT: "history with all clients in order to make accurate HIV risk assessments. Workshops and professional "
9780814793114 - page_32: "START TEXT: training should include experiences that normalize conversation to acquire explicit sexual informati" ******* END TEXT: "heir own work on grief issues once they identify them. Grief work can involve identifying one’s own "
9780814793114 - page_33: "START TEXT: losses, relating them to the tasks of grieving (Worden, 1982), and taking steps to move toward compl" ******* END TEXT: "r rolled down my face. My client asked, “Why are you crying?,” and I answered him honesdy: “Because "
9780814793114 - page_34: "START TEXT: you told me you have cancer, and I am feeling sad.” Practicing a relationship of fidelity and honest" ******* END TEXT: "ical-spiritual phenomenon and comes to understand his or her own life-death transition differently.\n"
9780814793114 - page_35: "START TEXT: In some theories, the client is expected to internalize the healthy aspects of the therapist, and th" ******* END TEXT: "rt, unrealistic self-expectations, lack of self-monitored time out, and excessive responsibilities. "
9780814793114 - page_36: "START TEXT: Furthermore, the stigma associated with AIDS and dying compounds all other stressors and denies care" ******* END TEXT: "of mental health services. To make the shift, practitioners need a wide range of psychotherapeutic, "
9780814793114 - page_37: "START TEXT: counseling, and case management skills and the ability to move easily from one mode to another as th" ******* END TEXT: "good in HIV-related practice: a model of ethical analysis. In J. R. Anderson (Ed.), Resource manual "
9780814793114 - page_38: "START TEXT: on ethical issues in mental health service delivery. Washington, DC: American Psychological Associat" ******* END TEXT: "d grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. New York: Springer Publishing Co.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_39: "START TEXT: 3 Countertransference Issues in HIV-Related Psychotherapy\nRobert L. Barret\nSince Freud (1910/1959) f" ******* END TEXT: " as the client’s support system. Eversole explores specific behaviors such as attending funerals or "
9780814793114 - page_40: "START TEXT: becoming involved in a client’s support system as examples of tasks that most would not include in a" ******* END TEXT: "on the analyst to examine internal material to understand self more completely. It can pull us more "
9780814793114 - page_41: "START TEXT: fully into the patient’s life or push us away, but it also can provide an opportunity for much perso" ******* END TEXT: "he therapist and the client: “The therapist loses his or her identity as clinician, objectivity and "
9780814793114 - page_42: "START TEXT: distance from the client, and the ability to keep reality in perspective” (i). Such loss of boundary" ******* END TEXT: "n unconscious personal issue that is serving as the disguised motivator. Certainly the practitioner "
9780814793114 - page_43: "START TEXT: who greets his or her emotional responses as an opportunity for further self-understanding will enco" ******* END TEXT: "Rarely did I step forward without hesitation and often intense internal debate. Knowing I could not "
9780814793114 - page_44: "START TEXT: do as much for each of my clients, I attempted to identify the specifics that drew me to Mike. I tri" ******* END TEXT: " to bank compassion so that I could draw on it from others when I was in need? Did his helplessness "
9780814793114 - page_45: "START TEXT: and death in some strange way reassure me about my own power and future? Was I needing to witness hi" ******* END TEXT: " They report not fearing death so much and even discovering increased confidence about being alone.\n"
9780814793114 - page_46: "START TEXT: Another group of professionals reports being angry all the time. They talk about the lack of resourc" ******* END TEXT: "communities who understand the unique quality of this work. If unaddressed, countertransference can "
9780814793114 - page_47: "START TEXT: lead to ineffective treatment. Fortunately there are ways to “turn up the volume” on these issues to" ******* END TEXT: "rage the use of informal helping networks like peer groups to help caregivers cope with the stress.\n"
9780814793114 - page_48: "START TEXT: Gabriel (1991) outlines a model of group supervision that focuses on therapists’ unconscious communi" ******* END TEXT: "alert to unexposed and unexpressed anger. Further issues of burnout prevention are essential if the "
9780814793114 - page_49: "START TEXT: helper is to continue to provide competent treatment. Bell (1992) believes this is especially true w" ******* END TEXT: " I bent the frame and worked through some of my fears, I can now work with human suffering by being "
9780814793114 - page_50: "START TEXT: more fully present. And when I find myself distancing from a difficult situation, I know to start ex" ******* END TEXT: " therapist. Gays, lesbians, and their therapists: Studies in psychotherapy. New York: W. W. Norton.\n"
9780814793114 - page_51: "START TEXT: Silverman, D. (1993). Psychosocial impact of HIV-related caregiving health providers: A review and r" ******* END TEXT: "Psychotherapy and substance abuse: A practitioner’s handbook (428–450). New York: Guilford Press.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_52: "START TEXT: 4 Spirituality\nPascal Conforti\nIn the early years of my practice with HIV-infected patients in an ac" ******* END TEXT: "about him—a kind of spaciousness of spirit—that remained with him even as his body weakened and his "
9780814793114 - page_53: "START TEXT: mental faculties deteriorated. How might we describe that inner process that was so apparent in Ed’s" ******* END TEXT: "er levels of human life and consciousness, that is, into the area of spirituality. What is it about "
9780814793114 - page_54: "START TEXT: the illness and its surrounding circumstances that seem to evoke—one might even say require—the jour" ******* END TEXT: "nal history, and culture.\nJust as the caregiver needs to be cognizant of the person’s religious and "
9780814793114 - page_55: "START TEXT: cultural history, it is also essential that he or she remain open to how that person’s religious or " ******* END TEXT: "e has formed, anytime one dies, one dies in wholeness. And wholeness, in American Indian wisdom and "
9780814793114 - page_56: "START TEXT: spirituality, is seen not as the duration one has lived but rather as the fullness with which one en" ******* END TEXT: " spoke with simplicity and candor about his situation. He was clear that his physical condition was "
9780814793114 - page_57: "START TEXT: terrible. “I certainly do not want to suggest that this illness is a good thing,” he told me. “At th" ******* END TEXT: "a rational thing—a habit of mind, so to speak, that keeps us aware of what we think. Actually, what "
9780814793114 - page_58: "START TEXT: we think often changes, so what is important is that while we remain aware of that changing mental s" ******* END TEXT: "tressing. In many cases, they have experienced the world from their earliest years as a hostile and "
9780814793114 - page_59: "START TEXT: unloving environment. And it is often out of this early experience that an equally hostile and unlov" ******* END TEXT: "nscendent is reflected in our lives most by the longing in our hearts for love—for a love that goes "
9780814793114 - page_60: "START TEXT: beyond our so-called worthiness or unworthiness, for a love that in some mysterious and inexplicable" ******* END TEXT: "questions present themselves.\nThere was a short film produced several years ago in one of our state "
9780814793114 - page_61: "START TEXT: correctional systems. It was a skillful piece of film making, and it was designed, I am sure, with t" ******* END TEXT: " point that we need to be truthful. Truthfulness does not mean insensitivity, or a kind of awkward, "
9780814793114 - page_62: "START TEXT: self-conscious bluntness that is ill attuned to the sick person’s timing and inner space. But it doe" ******* END TEXT: "e medical directives, guardianship of minor children, and financial concerns—are best taken care of "
9780814793114 - page_63: "START TEXT: earlier rather than later when the person becomes very ill. The task at the end is primarily a task " ******* END TEXT: " conceivably hold for us.\nThe historical sources tell us that Francis, the son of a wealthy Italian "
9780814793114 - page_64: "START TEXT: merchant, gradually was drawn to leave his worldly position, of which he was quite fond, to follow J" ******* END TEXT: "Levine (1987) regularly reminds us that anything that is not brought to awareness cannot be healed.\n"
9780814793114 - page_65: "START TEXT: In the Christian spiritual tradition, there is a way of reading some of Jesus’s stories, particularl" ******* END TEXT: "persons suffering from HIV-related diseases, many of them in the last stages of their illness, I am "
9780814793114 - page_66: "START TEXT: particularly indebted to the work of Stephen Levine. Three of his books provide an excellent source " ******* END TEXT: "lly relevant to the subject matter that we have been considering in this chapter on spirituality.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_67: "START TEXT: 5 Grief and Loss in HIV/AIDS Work\nNoel Elia\nLoss and grieving echo throughout the course of HIV/AIDS" ******* END TEXT: "s, and sometimes we may act out of these unconscious reverberations. We may offer the client health "
9780814793114 - page_68: "START TEXT: education, for example, instead of working toward processing his or her feelings, or we may neglect " ******* END TEXT: " the physician did not read her chart, which was available to him and clearly specified her wishes.\n"
9780814793114 - page_69: "START TEXT: Unfortunately, Deidre’s situation is common. In medicine, as in society, death is considered the ene" ******* END TEXT: "come more familiar with the needs, concerns, and anxieties of individuals who face the end of their "
9780814793114 - page_70: "START TEXT: lives, Kubler-Ross wrote On Death and Dying (1969). Her five stages of mourning—denial, anger, barga" ******* END TEXT: "ychotherapy to HIV-infected and affected persons who are clients at a methadone maintenance program "
9780814793114 - page_71: "START TEXT: at Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx. Primary care and mental health services are integrated in" ******* END TEXT: "she is attending to other life and death concerns, such as a welfare snag, recovery from addiction, "
9780814793114 - page_72: "START TEXT: or violence in his or her neighborhood or home. The practitioner who wants to “work on the AIDS issu" ******* END TEXT: "leaving their apartments only to complete the bare minimum of chores. One patient described feeling "
9780814793114 - page_73: "START TEXT: like one big germ when she is around family members, who have stopped touching her since learning sh" ******* END TEXT: "out their illnesses, it is not therapeutic. It is, however, imperative to work with the reluctance.\n"
9780814793114 - page_74: "START TEXT: • The client’s religious or spiritual belief system is an important influence on outlook about death" ******* END TEXT: "Latin cultures, however, a more demonstrative display of emotion would have been totally understood "
9780814793114 - page_75: "START TEXT: and fully expected. In some African countries mourners wear white in celebration of the deceased per" ******* END TEXT: "l Matilda called for an appointment.\nUpon her arrival, Matilda immediately began to tell her story. "
9780814793114 - page_76: "START TEXT: She described having had the opportunity to hold her baby, to baptize her baby, to name her baby, an" ******* END TEXT: "oyfriend, Robert, whom she has not told her HIV status, but she thinks “he must know.” Angela tells "
9780814793114 - page_77: "START TEXT: me they are thinking about having a child. For the first time she also reveals the existence of a da" ******* END TEXT: "me work with the family, I was invited to the funeral, where I encountered Leslie’s father, outside "
9780814793114 - page_78: "START TEXT: drinking beer with Leslie’s uncles. Inside, her mother explained that her husband “was taking the de" ******* END TEXT: "eling. This is not false reassurance but instead an effort to help the client to feel “less crazy.”\n"
9780814793114 - page_79: "START TEXT: While some unresolved loss is inevitable, it appears that, with treatment, “healthy enough” resoluti" ******* END TEXT: "ith AIDS has allowed me to become comfortable “enough” with death to talk about it in a direct way. "
9780814793114 - page_80: "START TEXT: This may be what clients most appreciate about our presence in their lives. The ramifications of bei" ******* END TEXT: "(1944). Symptomatology and management of acute grief. American Journal of Psychiatry, 101, 141–148.\n"
9780814793114 - page_81: "START TEXT: Millan, E, & Elia, N. (In press). Model of Multiple Opression in psychotherapy with HIV-infected inj" ******* END TEXT: "r. New York: W. W. Norton.\nYalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_82: "START TEXT: 6 Cross-Cultural Mental Health Care\nMark G. Winiarski\n\nCulture-free service delivery is nonexistent " ******* END TEXT: "nd experiences of each client.\nCurrent psychotherapy and counseling practice seems unable to divest "
9780814793114 - page_83: "START TEXT: itself of historical practices that placed a premium on verbal intelligence expressed in English, co" ******* END TEXT: "s.\n• Those of different racial backgrounds and, within the category of race, diverse ethnic groups.\n"
9780814793114 - page_84: "START TEXT: • Cultures based on geography: urban, rural, suburban, for example. Even within New York City, there" ******* END TEXT: "tance of a member of a minority group to expose himself or herself to a majority-culture therapist.\n"
9780814793114 - page_85: "START TEXT: This chapter does not offer a cookbook of cultural differences and the “proper” responses. The proce" ******* END TEXT: "ers of justice is repeated constantly as I deal with issues of power, justice, oppression, and just "
9780814793114 - page_86: "START TEXT: about every other topic that emerges in my work. Wrote Gates (1995), “As blacks exulted at Simpson’s" ******* END TEXT: " culture and wrote that “Although it is true that childhood experiences vary not only in individual "
9780814793114 - page_87: "START TEXT: families but also with respect to each child in the same family, nevertheless most experiences are t" ******* END TEXT: "can lesbians and gay men and Gock (1992) has written about gay and lesbian Asian-Pacific Islanders.\n"
9780814793114 - page_88: "START TEXT: A relatively new journal titled Culture Diversity and Mental Health, published by Wiley, should be r" ******* END TEXT: "oes p.o. (pronounced pee-oh) mean?\n6. You have two job offers as a mental health counselor and must "
9780814793114 - page_89: "START TEXT: choose one. The first entails working with white, middle-class college students at a local universit" ******* END TEXT: "or Clinical Practice\nAs clinicians strive for cultural competence, these points may prove helpful:\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_90: "START TEXT: • It is a mistake to assume that because a person has certain cultural/ethnic characteristics, he or" ******* END TEXT: "hology, social work, and sociology to get a sense for the literature in and regarding that culture.\n"
9780814793114 - page_91: "START TEXT: 2. Find a supervisor who is of that culture or, at least, competent to work with that culture. If yo" ******* END TEXT: "ies in society that oppress and enrage are easily reenacted in mental health service delivery. Many "
9780814793114 - page_92: "START TEXT: providers and agencies that provide services are majority culture, and their styles reflect that cul" ******* END TEXT: "a dominant theme in the therapy. It is no wonder that this occurs so seldom. Nevertheless, it must.\n"
9780814793114 - page_93: "START TEXT: • Some clients may use cultural explanations for irresponsible behavior. You need to be sufficiently" ******* END TEXT: "be because you fear the client.\n— A significant emotional response, such as revulsion, to attitudes "
9780814793114 - page_94: "START TEXT: and behaviors discussed by the client. These areas may include disciplining of children, sexual prac" ******* END TEXT: "dominantly reflective of a white, male, middle-class, and heterosexual society. Cultural competence "
9780814793114 - page_95: "START TEXT: is a process that begins with reflecting on one’s prejudices and attitudes. With openness, one can b" ******* END TEXT: "al Studies.\nErikson, K. T. (1962). Notes on the sociology of deviance. Social Problems, 9, 307–314.\n"
9780814793114 - page_96: "START TEXT: Flaskerud, J. H. (1986). Effects of culture-compatible intervention on the utilization of mental hea" ******* END TEXT: ", O. (1989). Hispanics and mental health: A framework for research. Malabar, FL: Robert E. Krieger.\n"
9780814793114 - page_97: "START TEXT: Scheff, T. J. (1974). The labelling theory of mental illness. American Sociological Review, 39, 444–" ******* END TEXT: "ental health services with HIV primary care: The Bronx experience. AIDS Patient Care, 7, 322–326.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_100: "START TEXT: Background Reading\nAt the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, patients typically died quickly from a" ******* END TEXT: "challenges, persons with mental illness who subsequently become HIV-infected also present providers "
9780814793114 - page_101: "START TEXT: with unique challenges around treatment compliance and diagnosis. What is the most effective method " ******* END TEXT: "obsen, 1986; Price & Forejt, 1988; Rundell, Wise, & Ursano, 1986; Schmidt & Miller, 1988). Adequate "
9780814793114 - page_102: "START TEXT: population-based descriptive studies that oudine the frequency and the severity of psychiatric illne" ******* END TEXT: "th HIV/AIDS. The project firmly established psychiatry as an integral part of the multidisciplinary "
9780814793114 - page_103: "START TEXT: treatment team of providers, allowing exploration of the unique role of psychiatry in the treatment " ******* END TEXT: "The diagnosis was pneumonia.\nIn this clinical example, the psychiatrist was in the best position to "
9780814793114 - page_104: "START TEXT: appreciate the interaction between medical and psychiatric illness. Alcohol abuse led to a fracture " ******* END TEXT: "onsulting psychiatrist looked further into the medical record. Peter was clearly immunocompromised; "
9780814793114 - page_105: "START TEXT: the brain scan showed tissue wasting, and the lumbar puncture showed an elevated β-2-microglobulin l" ******* END TEXT: "allow a psychiatric assessment. Over the last few weeks, her condition had deteriorated, and family "
9780814793114 - page_106: "START TEXT: members were bracing themselves for her death. In the family’s community, good people, normal people" ******* END TEXT: "ts, providers, and family members. Education, as a form of advocacy, empowers those who receive it.\n"
9780814793114 - page_107: "START TEXT: Psychiatrist as Therapist\nCanda worked as a prostitute for fifteen years. She was already addicted t" ******* END TEXT: "counted for seventeen of twenty-five patients who died (Eskild et al., 1994). The role of a skilled "
9780814793114 - page_108: "START TEXT: psychotherapist with medical expertise needs to be better defined in working with such challenging p" ******* END TEXT: "of homeless, mentally ill, HIV-infected persons. Links among the public and the private sectors and "
9780814793114 - page_109: "START TEXT: university- and community-based agencies must be encouraged. Pooling academic and front-line resourc" ******* END TEXT: "treatment plans, rather than population-based medication dosage recommendations. This is especially "
9780814793114 - page_110: "START TEXT: important in HIV/AIDS patients, who tend to be prescribed ten and twenty medications simultaneously " ******* END TEXT: " is made, obtain releases of information, and provide the consultant with as much information about "
9780814793114 - page_111: "START TEXT: the individual’s illness and potential need for medication as possible. Important information to inc" ******* END TEXT: "D4 count between 200 and 500), a phone consultation is warranted to determine if further evaluation "
9780814793114 - page_112: "START TEXT: is necessary. It is important to remember that any change in mental status, even a relatively subtle" ******* END TEXT: "McKusick, L. (1987). AIDS: a psychosocial research agenda. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 9, 21–28.\n"
9780814793114 - page_113: "START TEXT: Cote, T. R., Biggar, R.J., & Dannenberg, A. L. (1992). Risk of suicide among persons with AIDS. Jour" ******* END TEXT: "edicine, 6, 87–99.\nLee, B. L., Wong, D., Benowitz, N. L., 8c Sullam, P. M. (1993). Altered patterns "
9780814793114 - page_114: "START TEXT: of drug metabolism in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clinical Pharmacology and Th" ******* END TEXT: "Maintenance of hope in HIV-spectrum homosexual men. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1322–1326.\n"
9780814793114 - page_115: "START TEXT: Rait, D. S. (1991). The family context of AIDS. Psychiatric Medicine, 9, 423–439.\nRegier, D., Goldbe" ******* END TEXT: " S. K., & Battin, M. P. (1988). AIDS, psychiatry and euthanasia. Psychiatric Annals, 18, 594–603.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_98: "START TEXT: 7 The Role of Psychiatry in HIV Care\nKarina K. Uldall\nPsychiatry plays a significant role in the tre" ******* END TEXT: " patient management can be handled by a diverse treatment team consisting of primary-care providers "
9780814793114 - page_99: "START TEXT: (physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners), psychiatrists, nurses, psychologists, socia" ******* END TEXT: "are of the HIV-affected person is multidisciplinary care. My clinical practice reflects that model.\n"
9780814793114 - page_116: "START TEXT: 8 Secondary Prevention: Working with People with HIV to Prevent Transmission to Others\nKathy Parish\n" ******* END TEXT: "ment, and discomfort about having to use condoms, when they had no experience using them and had no "
9780814793114 - page_117: "START TEXT: need for birth control. This was not a simple safer-sex crisis. A multitude of emotional, psychologi" ******* END TEXT: "e most potential for positive effect, it would make sense to start with those people currently in a "
9780814793114 - page_118: "START TEXT: position to directly affect transmission: the people with HIV themselves and their sexual partners (" ******* END TEXT: "ably there exists some doubt that people would be that altruistic, that they would care about their "
9780814793114 - page_119: "START TEXT: partners’ safety more than their own basic gratification. Sometimes, the partners themselves might n" ******* END TEXT: "are reported in the literature include several populations and approaches. In studying HIV-positive "
9780814793114 - page_120: "START TEXT: women and childbearing decisions, Kline and VanLandingham (1994) noted that partner-related factors," ******* END TEXT: "r of consistent condom use in a study of 351 adults with hemophilia, supporting the conclusion that "
9780814793114 - page_121: "START TEXT: sexual communication is a key factor in risk reduction (Parish, Man-del, Thomas, & Gomperts, 1989). " ******* END TEXT: "ch partners are invited as well. As part of the risk-reduction services, we offer free confidential "
9780814793114 - page_122: "START TEXT: or anonymous testing for partners; free condoms and safer sex literature; counseling for adolescents" ******* END TEXT: "or be self-aware of values, beliefs, and feelings elicited by the work, especially about sexuality, "
9780814793114 - page_123: "START TEXT: illness, and death, and be willing to deal with these honestly and to get help when needed.\nBarriers" ******* END TEXT: "ention. John and Susan had both been given inaccurate information from lay and professional people, "
9780814793114 - page_124: "START TEXT: giving them a false sense of security about having unprotected sex.\n• John and Susan’s decision not " ******* END TEXT: "ed thinking, reduced capacity to reason or problem-solve, and suspicion can manifest with HIV/AIDS, "
9780814793114 - page_125: "START TEXT: and each of these problems makes it difficult for a person to understand, decide, make changes, and " ******* END TEXT: "address these. Choice of condom type/brands, other contraceptives, female condoms, and allergies or "
9780814793114 - page_126: "START TEXT: sensitivities are discussed. Information about other STDs and protection from and treatment for thes" ******* END TEXT: "e risk, and patients may need assistance in getting word to them and encouraging them to be tested.\n"
9780814793114 - page_127: "START TEXT: — Communicating with the partner. Here, the patient’s experience in talking with a partner about saf" ******* END TEXT: "ome aware of and to acknowledge these losses. Assistance is offered in understanding and addressing "
9780814793114 - page_128: "START TEXT: the needs of other family members. Support is offered for grieving what is lost in relationships and" ******* END TEXT: "ly, they need a different message from those who don’t appear to care about unprotected sex. Single "
9780814793114 - page_129: "START TEXT: people with HIV infection may fear getting involved and being rejected. Once in a relationship, some" ******* END TEXT: "als as well as their partners, the ability to say no to unsafe sex and to communicate what they can "
9780814793114 - page_130: "START TEXT: feel comfortable with are important communication skills that a counselor can help develop.\n• Indivi" ******* END TEXT: "eople with many needs, and to be nonjudgmental and empathic. Finally, the counselor should consider "
9780814793114 - page_131: "START TEXT: the impact she or he can have not only on an individual but on a partner, a couple, a family, a netw" ******* END TEXT: "HIV-seropositive man who practices unsafe sex. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 42, 239–240, 264.\n"
9780814793114 - page_132: "START TEXT: Kline, A., & VanLandingham, M. (1994). HIV-infected women and sexual risk reduction: the relevance o" ******* END TEXT: ".), AIDS and the Heterosexual Population, (83–102). Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers.\n"
9780814793114 - page_133: "START TEXT: Simoni, J. M., Mason, H. R. C, Marks, G., Ruiz, M. S., Reed, D., & Richardson, J. L. (1995). Women’s" ******* END TEXT: "1990–1993. Poster session presented at National Hemophilia Foundation Annual Meeting, Dallas, Texas."
9780814793114 - page_134: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_137: "START TEXT: 9 Psychoeducational Group Work for Persons with AIDS Dementia Complex\nMichele Killough Nelson\nIn the" ******* END TEXT: "member, like what I wanted to get at the store, and I get lost when I try to follow conversalions.” "
9780814793114 - page_138: "START TEXT: Later in the decline, a person with ADC may have slowed speech and thought processes, difficulty con" ******* END TEXT: "ir situation and generate new coping strategies, but this approach was not helpful for most people.\n"
9780814793114 - page_139: "START TEXT: After I spoke with a number of clients with ADC about what they wanted, it became clear that a group" ******* END TEXT: "o their clients’ feelings during the assessment and must help their clients maintain their dignity.\n"
9780814793114 - page_140: "START TEXT: Designing the Group\nThe therapy group was designed with three goals in mind:\n1. Issues specific to A" ******* END TEXT: "ns with a major mental illness, such as schizophrenia, or a problematic personality disorder. There "
9780814793114 - page_141: "START TEXT: may also be problems if clients have remarkably different levels of cognitive functioning, although " ******* END TEXT: "Domain-specific training has also been proposed by some authors (Parente & Anderson-Parente, 1989).\n"
9780814793114 - page_142: "START TEXT: Direct remediation requires first clearly defining the specific deficit area and understanding the c" ******* END TEXT: "g external aids, encouraging clients to take whatever time they needed to express themselves and to "
9780814793114 - page_143: "START TEXT: complete tasks, making travel plans in advance and with supervision, encouraging participation in so" ******* END TEXT: "ed), current substance abuse or other high-risk behaviors, and ability to participate appropriately "
9780814793114 - page_144: "START TEXT: (e.g., no patients with severe ADC). Collaboration with clients’ case managers and health care worke" ******* END TEXT: "her they had completed an activity, even when it was on their list, so checking off items became an "
9780814793114 - page_145: "START TEXT: important new skill for some people. The coleaders then distributed copies of a blank checklist with" ******* END TEXT: "ig picture instead of getting lost in the details, as many were beginning to do. We encouraged them "
9780814793114 - page_146: "START TEXT: first to scan the document for the general idea, then read it thoroughly, and finally read it again " ******* END TEXT: " writings by Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery (1979) and Burns (1980). Examples are given in Figure 9.1.\n"
9780814793114 - page_147: "START TEXT: Figure 9.1.Sample Unhelpful Thoughts\n\nSession 5: Coping with Feelings of Frustration, Anxiety, and D" ******* END TEXT: "in multiple situations, such as “I’m a little tired, so could you (drive, get dinner, etc.) today?”\n"
9780814793114 - page_148: "START TEXT: Figure 9.2.Refuting Unhelpful Thoughts\n\nThe rest of the session was spent talking about ways clients" ******* END TEXT: "• Get adequate rest.\n• Focus on staying calm and not letting anxiety interfere with concentration.\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_149: "START TEXT: Session 7: Decision Making\nMany clients reported new difficulties with decision making. In this sess" ******* END TEXT: "satory remediation strategies, especially checklists and alarm watches, were rated as most helpful. "
9780814793114 - page_150: "START TEXT: They reported appreciating having a forum in which to discuss their feelings with others who underst" ******* END TEXT: "ctiveness and utility of this group. Is it cost-effective or desirable to provide psychoeducational "
9780814793114 - page_151: "START TEXT: services to people whose median life expectancy is just six months? Do improved social support, self" ******* END TEXT: "?\n— Can the decline be explained by other factors, such as poor nutrition, depression, or delirium?\n"
9780814793114 - page_152: "START TEXT: — Is the nature of the decline consistent with ADC (e.g., decline in psychomotor speed and memory fo" ******* END TEXT: "s new strategies to cope with difficult or frightening situations\n— Providing supportive counseling\n"
9780814793114 - page_153: "START TEXT: — Helping clients learn that it is okay to ask for help from others and then teaching them how to as" ******* END TEXT: "; and close contact with the client’s health care providers to coordinate treatment appropriately.\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_154: "START TEXT: Conclusion\nAfter doing this work for three years with more than fifty clients, I am acutely aware of" ******* END TEXT: "rolled study: San Diego cohort. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 4(1), 15–20.\n"
9780814793114 - page_155: "START TEXT: Delis, D. L., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. A. (1987). California Verbal Learning Test, Adul" ******* END TEXT: "(3), 55–65.\nReinvang, I., Froland, S. S., & Skripeland, V. (1991). Prevalence of neuropsychological "
9780814793114 - page_156: "START TEXT: deficit in HIV infection. Incipient signs of AIDS dementia complex in patients with AIDS. Acta Neuro" ******* END TEXT: "Yalom, I. D. (1995). Theory and practice of group psychotherapy (4th ed.). New York: Basic Books.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_157: "START TEXT: 10 Rural Practice\nI. Michael Shuff\nHIV disease has come to small-town and rural America. It may be l" ******* END TEXT: "al communities suffer as much from stereotyping as do any other segments of our society. Remarkable "
9780814793114 - page_158: "START TEXT: diversity resides within these communities, making generalizations misleading and even dangerous.\nBa" ******* END TEXT: "crease in AIDS cases among rural men infected through sexual contact with other men increased by 69 "
9780814793114 - page_159: "START TEXT: percent, while the percentage increase for those in the same risk category in urban areas was 19 per" ******* END TEXT: "ng, 1993) focused on urban and nonurban women of childbearing age. Rates of HIV infection for these "
9780814793114 - page_160: "START TEXT: women ranged from o to 12.2 per 1,000 population. Rates were highest in East Coast urban areas, but " ******* END TEXT: " of knowledge about AIDS but unrealistic fears regarding transmission. One third of the nurses held "
9780814793114 - page_161: "START TEXT: strongly negative attitudes toward homosexuality. This attitude decreased when they reported knowing" ******* END TEXT: "V/AIDS service delivery systems.\nRounds, Galinsky, and Stevens (1991) reported on a unique approach "
9780814793114 - page_162: "START TEXT: to HIV support groups tailored to rural areas. They established a telephone support group for HIV-in" ******* END TEXT: "available, and the patterns of help-seeking behavior in which those living with HIV disease engage.\n"
9780814793114 - page_163: "START TEXT: My Clinical Work\nI write after more than a decade of labor in HIV service delivery, in settings that" ******* END TEXT: "in Rural Areas\nTwo barriers to care for HIV/AIDS are the most salient in nonurban and rural areas:\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_164: "START TEXT: 1. Geography. This is the most obvious barrier, both for those with HIV disease and for those who at" ******* END TEXT: "e as focal points for the development of HIV services that can serve larger geographic areas. (Note "
9780814793114 - page_165: "START TEXT: that these regional areas do not necessarily follow state boundaries.) Since a proportionately large" ******* END TEXT: "ial networks for providing support and care in nonurban areas. Experience bears this out. People in "
9780814793114 - page_166: "START TEXT: small towns and in rural areas typically have different expectations regarding caregiving, founded i" ******* END TEXT: "ay person. If that person leaves or becomes ill, the network falls into crisis. Maintenance becomes "
9780814793114 - page_167: "START TEXT: a constant issue and can be difficult, given the far-flung geographic spread of the service delivery" ******* END TEXT: "rities such as African Americans and Hispanics in given localities. But another example of cultural "
9780814793114 - page_168: "START TEXT: diversity is the presence of migrant farm workers, which represents a very mobile population. Some n" ******* END TEXT: "n are barriers to accessing care.\nAlthough fairly obvious, this is often lost on discharge planners "
9780814793114 - page_169: "START TEXT: in large, urban, tertiary-care hospitals. Hospital staff need to work closely with community-based c" ******* END TEXT: "contact with any gay or lesbian friends. In more extreme cases, the HIV-infected person is asked to "
9780814793114 - page_170: "START TEXT: renounce his or her sexual orientation. Religious rites of reconversion may also be a part of the ba" ******* END TEXT: "t from denial of hospital visiting privileges to lovers to denial of access to services altogether.\n"
9780814793114 - page_171: "START TEXT: A particularly interesting twist on institutionalized homophobia is the referral of gay and lesbian " ******* END TEXT: "Epidemiology, Bureau of Health Resources Development, Health Resources and Services Administration.\n"
9780814793114 - page_172: "START TEXT: D’Augelli, A. R. (1989). AIDS fears and homophobia among rural nursing personnel. AIDS Education and" ******* END TEXT: "(1992). HIV infection and AIDS—Georgia, 1991. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 41, 876–878.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_173: "START TEXT: 11 Mental Health Issues of HIV-Negative Gay Men\nAriel Shidlo\nI wish I just became HIV-positive and g" ******* END TEXT: "ee Frederick & Glass-man, 1996).\nI myself am an HIV-negative gay man who came out in 1980, just one "
9780814793114 - page_174: "START TEXT: year before AIDS was identified. When I first tested for HIV antibodies in 1987, I expected to test " ******* END TEXT: "s lifetime(Hoover et al., 1991).\nAlready many gay men in cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, "
9780814793114 - page_175: "START TEXT: and New York, where the gay community is dense and enmeshed, have experienced a multitude of deaths " ******* END TEXT: "nown serostatus partner (Achievements, 1995). Figures for receptive unprotected anal intercourse in "
9780814793114 - page_176: "START TEXT: this sample were 25 percent for men under age 30 and 17 percent for men age 30 and above.\nMy clinica" ******* END TEXT: "-based Community AIDS Prevention Activists are creating new and exciting forums for such dialogues.\n"
9780814793114 - page_177: "START TEXT: Rofes (1996) has asked whether a gay culture filled with warnings about the hazards of anal sex has " ******* END TEXT: " stay uninfected: They are therefore the only outcome group of primary prevention. HIV-negative and "
9780814793114 - page_178: "START TEXT: positive men should be viewed as distinct target groups for prevention activities, each with its own" ******* END TEXT: "that it would promote what has been called “viral apartheid” and facilitate a dangerous demarcation "
9780814793114 - page_179: "START TEXT: between HIV-positive and -negative gay men. Others believe that promoting an HIV-negative identity i" ******* END TEXT: " to talk openly about their feelings without fear of neglecting, offending, or hurting HIV-positive "
9780814793114 - page_180: "START TEXT: men or incurring their resentment or anger (Odets, 1995).\n• Staying HIV-negative is an ongoing proce" ******* END TEXT: "eer counseling program for HIV-negative gay men at St. Vincent’s Hospital and Medical Center in New "
9780814793114 - page_181: "START TEXT: York, I was initially fearful of negative reactions from the gay community. Would we be vilified for" ******* END TEXT: "solation that some gay men feel about their seronegative statuses (Gay Men’s Health Crisis, 1995b).\n"
9780814793114 - page_182: "START TEXT: • HIV-negative gay men need to be helped to develop an identity that integrates being uninfected int" ******* END TEXT: " unique constellation of meanings attached to sex and AIDS. Help your clients articulate aloud what "
9780814793114 - page_183: "START TEXT: anal intercourse with and without a condom means to them, what oral sex with and without a condom me" ******* END TEXT: "ted with permitting trauma to the mouth and throat, thereby increasing susceptibility to infection; "
9780814793114 - page_184: "START TEXT: do not have a large numbers of partners within a short period of time, since doing so can also cause" ******* END TEXT: "out ejaculation is safe, unprotected anal intercourse limited to insertion of tip of penis is okay.\n"
9780814793114 - page_185: "START TEXT: — Distrust of safer sex credo; the role of the ambiguous data on oral sex as leading to unprotected " ******* END TEXT: "sults.\n3. The couple continues to use condoms every time they have anal intercourse for six months.\n"
9780814793114 - page_186: "START TEXT: 4. The couple then has another HIV test together.\n5. If both test seronegative, the couple agrees th" ******* END TEXT: "hey actually mean when they report that they are “addicted” to sex. Is this an accurate description "
9780814793114 - page_187: "START TEXT: of dyscontrol and compulsion, or is it an AIDS-phobic and gay-phobic misinterpretation of high level" ******* END TEXT: ", 1371–1389.\nDalit, B. J. (1996, July). Identity issues in HIV-negative gay men. Paper presented at "
9780814793114 - page_188: "START TEXT: the Eighteenth National Lesbian and Gay Health Conference and the Fourteenth National AIDS/HIV Forum" ******* END TEXT: "stance use and high risk sexual behavior: A structural model. Manuscript submitted for publication.\n"
9780814793114 - page_189: "START TEXT: Peterson, J. L., Coates, T. J., Catania, J. A., Middleton,, L., Hilliard, B., & Hearst, N. (1992). H" ******* END TEXT: "Yalom, I. D. (1995). Theory and practice of group psychotherapy (4th ed.). New York: Basic Books.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_190: "START TEXT: 12 Working with and for Children\nDottie Ward-Wimmer\nWe sat together on his hospital bed. Beautiful d" ******* END TEXT: "ild’s care after her death.\nChildren and teens with AIDS need support as they walk into the future.\n"
9780814793114 - page_191: "START TEXT: “It’s all right to fly now,” they whispered. Hardly more than children themselves, the young parents" ******* END TEXT: "lturally accepted behaviors and, most important, about the culturally determined roles of children.\n"
9780814793114 - page_192: "START TEXT: Forgotten Children of the AIDS Epidemic (Geballe, Gruendel, & Andi-man, 1995) focuses squarely on th" ******* END TEXT: "we do for the children? At the risk of oversimplifying, the best answer still is to walk with them.\n"
9780814793114 - page_193: "START TEXT: My Clinical Work\nAt the St. Francis Center, in Washington, D.C., we believe our job is to provide co" ******* END TEXT: "only one HIV-positive member; in these families, dying and grieving are experienced simultaneously. "
9780814793114 - page_194: "START TEXT: Many children in our grief groups are losing, or have already lost, both a parent and a sibling. Mor" ******* END TEXT: "h a group of case managers around the issue of disclosure, I was reminded of how easy it is to blur "
9780814793114 - page_195: "START TEXT: the edges. In a role play the “counselor” repeatedly asked the “mother,” who was considering telling" ******* END TEXT: "gh the youngest child may be the designated patient, the teen caught in the middle is often the one "
9780814793114 - page_196: "START TEXT: who really needs your attention. She may also need you as an advocate so that her needs and decision" ******* END TEXT: "e emotional muscle building. We have found work in four areas to be essential for children who must "
9780814793114 - page_197: "START TEXT: face and deal with actual or anticipated loss. These building blocks are easily woven into the thera" ******* END TEXT: " children that they need to find ways to “get rid of” their anger. Nonsense! We throw garbage away. "
9780814793114 - page_198: "START TEXT: We keep the good stuff, and anger is part of the good stuff. It is the voice of the Self we work so " ******* END TEXT: "than about clinical facts. When they first arise, it is usually more appropriate to reflect on them "
9780814793114 - page_199: "START TEXT: with the youngster, exploring the reason for asking as well as who else has been asked. Then plan wi" ******* END TEXT: "need for planning for the child’s future.\nLaws regarding temporary and permanent guardianship vary. "
9780814793114 - page_200: "START TEXT: Counselors ought not to attempt to be legal advisers, but they absolutely must know how to direct th" ******* END TEXT: "efeat when he or she wishes the sick person would “just die and get it over with” because the child "
9780814793114 - page_201: "START TEXT: wants a normal life for himself or herself. Few of the teens in our support group have told school f" ******* END TEXT: "uch different from going to Cleveland. If not told the truth, they wait for the deceased to return.\n"
9780814793114 - page_202: "START TEXT: — Childhood bereavement has an intermittent rhythm. We’ve all seen children profoundly sad one momen" ******* END TEXT: "ild functions, and the inner world from which the child must draw the strength to cope and heal. In "
9780814793114 - page_203: "START TEXT: short, the therapist’s role is to offer comfort, help find clear answers (that are acceptable to the" ******* END TEXT: "t of the parents’ arms, he or she can be given permission to do whatever is desired. Like the child "
9780814793114 - page_204: "START TEXT: in the first vignette who heard his parents say, “It’s all right to fly now,” children may need to h" ******* END TEXT: "h of us—client, family, and therapist—to find our own “right way” while each helps the other along.\n"
9780814793114 - page_205: "START TEXT: REFERENCES\nAxline, V. (1969). Play therapy (Rev. ed.). New York: Ballantine Books.\nBoyd-Franklin, N." ******* END TEXT: "of America.\nWiener, L., Best, A., & Pizzo, P. (1994). Be a friend. Morton Grove, IL: Albert Whitman."
9780814793114 - page_206: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_209: "START TEXT: 13 HIV Mental Health Services Integrated with Medical Care\nBarbara C. Kwasnik, Rosemary T. Moynihan," ******* END TEXT: "lifestyles are known, or being isolated and discriminated against if their diagnoses are disclosed.\n"
9780814793114 - page_210: "START TEXT: 3. The lack of stable housing, child care, transportation, and financial resources all act as barrie" ******* END TEXT: "motherapy, radiation, nutrition, and mental health care, has become the standard treatment (DeVita, "
9780814793114 - page_211: "START TEXT: Hellman, & Rosenberg, 1989). The emerging field of integrated mental illness and chemical abuse (MIC" ******* END TEXT: "ny and interrelated problems.\nOur project to integrate care was funded in 1991 and again in 1994 by "
9780814793114 - page_212: "START TEXT: the Special Projects of National Significance program, created as part of Title II of the Ryan White" ******* END TEXT: "r parallel or serial treatment by different disciplines, she needed a different model of treatment.\n"
9780814793114 - page_213: "START TEXT: Integrated Engagement\nIn an integrated program, inpatient stays, medical visits, substance abuse tre" ******* END TEXT: "ion. Similarly, medical staff benefit from knowledge of the patient’s strengths, abilities to cope, "
9780814793114 - page_214: "START TEXT: and emotional responses to the progression of the disease and other concerns.\nA commitment to work t" ******* END TEXT: "time is spent in consultation between mental health and primary medical care staff on the patient’s "
9780814793114 - page_215: "START TEXT: progress and evolving needs and on assessment of the effectiveness of treatment. Multidisciplinary r" ******* END TEXT: " separation from her mother. From other families, Sacha and Dwight, both nine, worked through their "
9780814793114 - page_216: "START TEXT: grief for their parents in a weekly therapeutic play group, and fifteen-year-old Alysha visited her " ******* END TEXT: "t from varying perspectives.\n• More interdisciplinary discussion means more rounds, staff meetings, "
9780814793114 - page_217: "START TEXT: and time spent explaining, negotiating, and incorporating changes. This need for extensive communica" ******* END TEXT: " providing some services onsite at affiliated agencies and allotting some staff time to communicate "
9780814793114 - page_218: "START TEXT: with other health care professionals, both through formal consultations and less formal interactions" ******* END TEXT: " are modified as staff more comprehensively understand patient problems. In addition, discussion of "
9780814793114 - page_219: "START TEXT: the impact and the implications of disease progression and treatment helps all staff to think about " ******* END TEXT: " frequently requires periods of “time out” or rest. Substance abuse and recovery remains an ongoing "
9780814793114 - page_220: "START TEXT: life struggle, often with episodic relapses and hiatuses in treatment. These are dealt with by keepi" ******* END TEXT: "ary, you must engage in simultaneous translation into several “foreign languages” much of the time.\n"
9780814793114 - page_221: "START TEXT: You must spend the time to learn about the perspectives, knowledge bases, jargons, administrative st" ******* END TEXT: "rry’s emotional life. Mental health staff were able to understand the physical and emotional stress "
9780814793114 - page_222: "START TEXT: related to her illness and treatment. Together they provided a supportive, integrated structure of c" ******* END TEXT: "(1980). I’ll quit tomorrow: a practical guide to alcoholism treatment. San Francisco: Harper & Row.\n"
9780814793114 - page_223: "START TEXT: Leukefeld, C. G. (1989). Psychosocial issues in dealing with AIDS. Hospital and Community Psychiatry" ******* END TEXT: "irus infection in women [Editorial]. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2S7, 2074–2076.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_224: "START TEXT: 14 Delivering Mental Health Services to the Home\nDennee Frey, Karen Oman, and William R. Wagner\nIn t" ******* END TEXT: "with symptoms of depression, anxiety, or other emotional reactions to their situations. Because the "
9780814793114 - page_225: "START TEXT: majority of the patients were, in fact, homebound, they were unable to go to a psychiatrist’s or psy" ******* END TEXT: " Ohio, and Washington, D.C. The objectives of our AIDS Psychiatric Homecare Program were threefold:\n"
9780814793114 - page_226: "START TEXT: 1. To maintain the patient at home and to reduce the risk for acute care or psychiatric hospitalizat" ******* END TEXT: "he psychiatrist offer continuing education to the field staff about the ever-changing arena of HIV.\n"
9780814793114 - page_227: "START TEXT: Home-Based Services\nBecause most of our patients have only limited ability to leave their places of " ******* END TEXT: "ed the drug treatment program, her depression resolved, and the psychotic features were eliminated.\n"
9780814793114 - page_228: "START TEXT: Comprehensive Assessment\nThe cornerstone of effective home-based mental health treatment is a compre" ******* END TEXT: ", all of the team’s interventions are designed to reinforce the patient’s existing support systems.\n"
9780814793114 - page_229: "START TEXT: We may introduce the patient to ancillary community resources as a critical beginning both to ensure" ******* END TEXT: "nue providing care, patient suicidality or substance abuse, neglect, inadequate care provision, and "
9780814793114 - page_230: "START TEXT: safety risks are just a few of the potential crises that can develop in the home. These issues need " ******* END TEXT: "grams provide only very limited coverage for in-home mental health care. Private insurance carriers "
9780814793114 - page_231: "START TEXT: offer even fewer benefits. The challenge in the next decade will be to demonstrate empirically the c" ******* END TEXT: "ily hospitalize the daughter in a psychiatric facility for treatment of acute psychotic depression.\n"
9780814793114 - page_232: "START TEXT: In another case, a twenty-nine-year-old single male was referred for evaluation of early signs and s" ******* END TEXT: "ore than a year. He had a stockpile of unused morphine and sleeping pills stored up “just in case.”\n"
9780814793114 - page_233: "START TEXT: Suicidal ideation is no alien thought to people with AIDS (Dilley, Ochitill, Perl, & Volberding, 198" ******* END TEXT: " live and die with dignity.\n• The medical model emphasizes “medication compliance? Our professional "
9780814793114 - page_234: "START TEXT: values make us advocates for every person’s right to self-determination.\nOne of the more frequent co" ******* END TEXT: "e East Coast to assist with his care. During her stay, her son became progressively weaker and more "
9780814793114 - page_235: "START TEXT: depressed. The associated feelings of hopelessness, coupled with the weakness, impaired the patient’" ******* END TEXT: " good friend, sibling, or parent figure in the clinician. The family or caregiver may feel the same "
9780814793114 - page_236: "START TEXT: way or may develop a more negative transference because of the perceived intimacy between the patien" ******* END TEXT: "ur personal reactions to the patient’s body, surroundings, smells, and neediness is a good place to "
9780814793114 - page_237: "START TEXT: begin. Each member of the team needs constantly to examine areas of intense curiosity to determine w" ******* END TEXT: "ble doors, comfort-controlled temperatures, pleasant lighting, possibly panic or alarm buttons, and "
9780814793114 - page_238: "START TEXT: privacy. Working in the field, uncertainty abounds. We never know what situations we’re going to con" ******* END TEXT: "sometimes, as Dorothy Gayle of Kansas said, “There’s no place like home” to provide these services.\n"
9780814793114 - page_239: "START TEXT: REFERENCES\nThe project described was supported by grant number BRH970015-03-3 from the Health Resour" ******* END TEXT: "nal suicide: then and now, when and how. Focus: A Guide to Aids Research and Counseling, 9(s), 1–4.\n"
9780814793114 - page_240: "START TEXT: National AIDS Fund (1994). Evaluation report for second year of the AIDS Psychiatric Homecare Projec" ******* END TEXT: "d neuropsychological complications of HIV infection and AIDS. American Psychologist, 43, 929–934.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_241: "START TEXT: 15 Case Management: Coordination of Service Delivery for HIV-Infected Individuals\nDavid D. Barney an" ******* END TEXT: "e services and healing ceremonies have helped me build self-esteem and obtain independence. Through "
9780814793114 - page_242: "START TEXT: the encouragement and support of staff, I have obtained employment as a teaching assistant at a loca" ******* END TEXT: "ot be taken as literal or exclusive, since a key aspect of effective case management is flexibility "
9780814793114 - page_243: "START TEXT: and responsiveness to the particular needs of the client. Indeed, case management practice does vary" ******* END TEXT: "that limit access to the needed support services. Caseworkers can be advocates at the client level, "
9780814793114 - page_244: "START TEXT: by advocating for the individual needs of a particular client, or at the systems level, by promoting" ******* END TEXT: "y American Indians receiving psychological and medical care. Tribal ritual and ceremonial practices "
9780814793114 - page_245: "START TEXT: provide a code for ethical behavior and a social organization that contribute to a meaning of life. " ******* END TEXT: "r problems and backgrounds.\nAn important element in creating this environment has been the practice "
9780814793114 - page_246: "START TEXT: of employing staff who are culturally sensitive, professional, and committed to working with our Ame" ******* END TEXT: "natural/herbal medicines.\nIn American Indian culture, there is a belief that a person is subject to "
9780814793114 - page_247: "START TEXT: illness caused by natural and supernatural causes. Through traditional spirituality, clients are abl" ******* END TEXT: "ound that our agency’s case management services actually improved their quality of life. By using a "
9780814793114 - page_248: "START TEXT: pre- and posttest instrument, we found that the improvement in the quality of life to be statistical" ******* END TEXT: "y, to supplement caseworkers’ activities. While this is clearly beneficial to the caseworker, there "
9780814793114 - page_249: "START TEXT: are quality-of-care issues to consider; if the coordination between the caseworker (who holds primar" ******* END TEXT: "l service delivery systems are poorly designed and lack adequate resources to respond to all of the "
9780814793114 - page_250: "START TEXT: clients’ needs. An experienced caseworker will be able to acquire more benefits for clients; however" ******* END TEXT: "fied to represent the concerns of increased costs and time required for transportation. At present, "
9780814793114 - page_251: "START TEXT: there are few models of case management services that effectively serve rural populations.\n\nTools fo" ******* END TEXT: " advancing stages of HIV progression.\nAt the Ahalaya Project, our evaluation efforts have indicated "
9780814793114 - page_252: "START TEXT: that the most important mental health-related goal of case management, from our clients’ perspective" ******* END TEXT: "ckground who are also HIV-infected.\nMany clients are isolated due to their sexual orientation, poor "
9780814793114 - page_253: "START TEXT: health, and other social issues. The agency needs to develop support services that allow clients to " ******* END TEXT: "ncludes another difficult task. The caseworker will probably need to contact individuals and family "
9780814793114 - page_254: "START TEXT: members and, in the process of discussing the children’s needs, reveal the client’s HIV status. This" ******* END TEXT: "th a terminal disease, the natural response is, “I will die before my time.” Clients are faced with "
9780814793114 - page_255: "START TEXT: thinking about how much time they have left, what they want to achieve before they die, and, most im" ******* END TEXT: "n, B. (1992). The structure and process of AIDS case management. Health and Social Work, 17, 47–56.\n"
9780814793114 - page_256: "START TEXT: Piette, J. D., Thompson, B. J., Fleishman, J. A., & Mor, V. (1993). The organization and delivery of" ******* END TEXT: "1989). Case management in a community-based AIDS agency. QRB: Quality Review Bulletin, is, 31–36.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_257: "START TEXT: 16 A Comprehensive Center for Women with HIV\nKaren Meredith and Rebecca Bathon\n\nPeople who make me f" ******* END TEXT: "pecially those of childbearing age (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995; Quinn, 1995).\n"
9780814793114 - page_258: "START TEXT: Background Reading\nHIV disease has disproportionately affected minority and disenfranchised women, m" ******* END TEXT: "st consider how they will be able to manage the daily demands of motherhood as they become more ill "
9780814793114 - page_259: "START TEXT: (Armistead & Forehand, 1995; Arras, 1990; Bradley-Springer, 1994; Shel-ton et al., 1993).\nIn additio" ******* END TEXT: " support. If the woman’s psychiatric situation is sufficiently serious, referral is made to various "
9780814793114 - page_260: "START TEXT: community mental health programs and, if necessary, inpatient psychiatric services. Unfortunately, c" ******* END TEXT: " to learn the child’s HIV serostatus. During that six-month period, Mary dealt with her feelings of "
9780814793114 - page_261: "START TEXT: guilt about possibly infecting her child. She expressed constant fear about how she would be able to" ******* END TEXT: "tinues to see the other women by attending biweekly support group sessions for program “graduates.”\n"
9780814793114 - page_262: "START TEXT: Barriers to Dealing with HIV in Women\nBarriers we have encountered include:\n\n• Denial of HIV infecti" ******* END TEXT: "of worthlessness and adds to their feelings of isolation and rejection. A history of abuse can be a "
9780814793114 - page_263: "START TEXT: cofactor in this situation. In a recent survey of sixty-nine women, predominantly African American a" ******* END TEXT: "wth.\nWe have found three components to be helpful in promoting our clients’ sense of self-efficacy:\n"
9780814793114 - page_264: "START TEXT: 1. Education. The client must have adequate information in order to be able feel in control of her o" ******* END TEXT: " by involving the client in all phases of a program’s implementation. At the most basic level, this "
9780814793114 - page_265: "START TEXT: means including the client when her clinical and psychosocial care plans are being developed. This c" ******* END TEXT: "this might mean taking a leave of absence from his work, which might require enrolling in Medicaid.\n"
9780814793114 - page_266: "START TEXT: • Because women often place their care needs last, encourage a client to “listen to her body and her" ******* END TEXT: "es of behavior change” model to understand and intervene with clients who continue risky behaviors.\n"
9780814793114 - page_267: "START TEXT: It can be frustrating for the counselor to work with clients who continue behaviors that put themsel" ******* END TEXT: "ffective the therapy will be in the general HIV-infected population, in women with different levels "
9780814793114 - page_268: "START TEXT: of adherence, and especially in women with advanced disease, remains to be learned.\nWe see a couple " ******* END TEXT: "We have created a nonjudgmental, accepting atmosphere in which the women feel welcome, where issues "
9780814793114 - page_269: "START TEXT: can be discussed by the women without their feeling ridiculed or embarrassed by their lack of knowle" ******* END TEXT: "erent voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\n"
9780814793114 - page_270: "START TEXT: Grimes, R. M., & Grimes, D. E. (1995). Psychological states in HIV disease and the nursing response." ******* END TEXT: " C, & Norcross, J. C. (1992). In search of how people change. American Psychologist, 47, 1102–1114.\n"
9780814793114 - page_271: "START TEXT: Quinn, S. C. (1993). Perspective: AIDS and the African-American woman: The triple burden of race, cl" ******* END TEXT: "1). Women and AIDS: Implications for counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 265–287."
9780814793114 - page_272: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_275: "START TEXT: 17 How Do We Know It Works? Quantitative Evaluation\nMichael Mulvihill\nIn these times of shrinking re" ******* END TEXT: "ons feed back information to service providers so that they can improve their programs. Evaluations "
9780814793114 - page_276: "START TEXT: also help define which services work better than others and provide guidelines on how to make servic" ******* END TEXT: "tions, broadly stated, are: Are we reaching the service population(s) we hope to serve? Is the full "
9780814793114 - page_277: "START TEXT: array of psychosocial problems being addressed? Qualitative evaluations are more likely to deal with" ******* END TEXT: "oing things versus the new program.\n• The new program versus a “control” program. A control program "
9780814793114 - page_278: "START TEXT: is one that appears very much like the new program but is absent the “active ingredients”—those that" ******* END TEXT: "inician’s best treatment efforts.\n• Participation in multiple programs. A client may attend several "
9780814793114 - page_279: "START TEXT: different treatment programs in the community so that it cannot be ascertained that one program alon" ******* END TEXT: "cs with integrated mental health care, a greater number of patients with HIV would avail themselves "
9780814793114 - page_280: "START TEXT: of those services since they would be available on site. This arrangement would surmount the barrier" ******* END TEXT: "m scale is reliable if it is always ten pounds off, because the amount of error is always the same.\n"
9780814793114 - page_281: "START TEXT: To ensure reliability, often those who administer the assessment instruments have to be specially tr" ******* END TEXT: "sues of your evaluation. This can be a laborious process, but it can be quite enlightening as well.\n"
9780814793114 - page_282: "START TEXT: One approach might be to conduct a focus group, in which a group of professionals gathers to discuss" ******* END TEXT: "f medical and mental health visits, etc.—were all obtained by reviewing patients’ medical records.\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_283: "START TEXT: How Do I Structure the Evaluation?\nOne of the most vexing issues in doing a credible evaluation is d" ******* END TEXT: "tment groups, the historical factors that might have an impact on the outcomes are similar, and the "
9780814793114 - page_284: "START TEXT: regression-to-the-mean issues are theoretically equal. In other words, by the randomization process," ******* END TEXT: "e system of care fared better relative to patients entering another system of care. Furthermore, we "
9780814793114 - page_285: "START TEXT: were able to assess the degree to which mental health services were delivered to more patients and w" ******* END TEXT: "While statistics can do many tasks, including making predictions, we will discuss only comparisons.\n"
9780814793114 - page_286: "START TEXT: Comparing Group Means\nWe discussed evaluative comparisons, broadly speaking, and then the narrowing " ******* END TEXT: "s. These variables include gender, age, race, ethnic identification, and marital status, among many "
9780814793114 - page_287: "START TEXT: others. If you want to learn if individuals in a certain age group or sex responded better to your p" ******* END TEXT: " likely need to include in your list of independent variables each patient’s stage of illness. When "
9780814793114 - page_288: "START TEXT: considering issues of depression and anxiety, for example, it may be that persons with more symptoms" ******* END TEXT: "on fees, you may get the guidance you require, if not the assistance you need to develop a grant to "
9780814793114 - page_289: "START TEXT: support a major evaluation effort. The academic community often welcomes the development of partners" ******* END TEXT: " (1992). Some methodological lessons for surveys of persons with AIDS. Medical Care, 30, 1059–1066.\n"
9780814793114 - page_290: "START TEXT: Gerbert, B., Maguire, B. T., Bleecker, T., Coates, T. J., & McPhee, S. J. (1991). Primary care physi" ******* END TEXT: "t-form health survey (SF-36): Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 473–483.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_291: "START TEXT: 18 Qualitative Approaches to Evaluation\nMartha Ann Carey\nQualitative evaluation is a much underused " ******* END TEXT: "sues and themes, especially in populations that are unfamiliar to providers or scarcely researched.\n"
9780814793114 - page_292: "START TEXT: • How to make surveys relevant and in the natural vocabulary of respondents.\n• Rich and deep details" ******* END TEXT: "l place can, of course, be affected by physical surroundings and geography. The person in the inner "
9780814793114 - page_293: "START TEXT: city is affected differently by his or her geography than is a person in a wealthy suburb. Finally, " ******* END TEXT: "theory” in an ongoing process.\nIn this context, theory means an understanding of experiences of the "
9780814793114 - page_294: "START TEXT: participants from their perspective. Data collection and analyses occur jointly in a “constant compa" ******* END TEXT: "government agencies and private foundations, and hence this approach is used relatively less often.\n"
9780814793114 - page_295: "START TEXT: Evaluation using this approach generally focuses on needs assessment or on the description of implem" ******* END TEXT: "or plans to explore these issues with the community through the use of focus groups and interviews.\n"
9780814793114 - page_296: "START TEXT: Focus Groups\nUse of focus groups is a recently popular approach that provides insight into complex b" ******* END TEXT: "inhibit some participants’ description (i.e., as they seek to fit in with the group) (Carey, 1994).\n"
9780814793114 - page_297: "START TEXT: After focus groups are conducted, the evaluator may use the information gathered to further refine t" ******* END TEXT: "e to the usefulness of the results. Planning for analysis should be done before data are collected.\n"
9780814793114 - page_298: "START TEXT: Qualitative data analysis is quite different from quantitative analysis, which analyzes the numbers " ******* END TEXT: "ed researchers. Each step in the analysis was examined for logical consistence and appropriateness.\n"
9780814793114 - page_299: "START TEXT: Evaluation of Existing Programs\nEvaluability\nNot every program can, or should, be evaluated. Program" ******* END TEXT: "d expertise can be obtained or personnel trained. Evaluation techniques are usually the enlightened "
9780814793114 - page_300: "START TEXT: application of good research methods. Computer software is now available to make coding and analysis" ******* END TEXT: "program leads to client improvements and that results are not influenced by nonprogrammatic factors "
9780814793114 - page_301: "START TEXT: such as employment or peer supports, the design of the evaluation must be rigorous.\nThis is the same" ******* END TEXT: "method. An example of expansion is O’Brien’s (1993) use of qualitative technique in the development "
9780814793114 - page_302: "START TEXT: of a questionnaire in HIV/AIDS research. She used focus groups to explore issues and problems in the" ******* END TEXT: "ive methodology, the case study approach actually uses all relevant information. Without using many "
9780814793114 - page_303: "START TEXT: cases (and in contrast to a typical quantitative approach, which has enough subjects to permit the a" ******* END TEXT: "117–144.\nGlaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine.\n"
9780814793114 - page_304: "START TEXT: Hofstede, C. (1984). Culture’s consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.\nKahn, R. L., & Cannell, C. E (" ******* END TEXT: "E. Newcomer (Eds.), Handbook of practical program evaluation (13–39). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_307: "START TEXT: 19 HIV/AIDS Mental Health Care: Politics, Public Policy, and Funding Decisions\nDouglas A. Wirth\nMost" ******* END TEXT: "itten by the man who administered these funds until his retirement from government service in 1996.\n"
9780814793114 - page_308: "START TEXT: The other major federal funding stream for HIV-infected persons is Medicaid (Tide XIX of the Social " ******* END TEXT: " man active in HIV/AIDS issues, a former director of five homeless shelters, a senior public policy "
9780814793114 - page_309: "START TEXT: analyst, and someone who has been active in federal and state policy-making as the director of gover" ******* END TEXT: "e, 1995).\nBut opposition emerged. During the legislative process, several issues came to the fore:\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_310: "START TEXT: • AIDS-related allocations versus those for other illnesses. “At the federal level, until recently t" ******* END TEXT: "rged. The group’s original goals focused on increasing annual C.A.R.E. Act allocations in the first "
9780814793114 - page_311: "START TEXT: five years of the legislation. During this period new cities qualified for more or additional funds," ******* END TEXT: "ongress who voted against continued federal funding for AIDS care, and 45 percent said they believe "
9780814793114 - page_312: "START TEXT: the government is doing too little to respond to AIDS, including a plurality of the people who voted" ******* END TEXT: "ct eligibility, find ways of shifting expenses to other entities, or undertalce some combination of "
9780814793114 - page_313: "START TEXT: these. Many states succeeded in decreasing their financial responsibility by shifting mental health " ******* END TEXT: " need. The state limits funding for new certificates, thereby limiting development of new programs.\n"
9780814793114 - page_314: "START TEXT: The future of Cost Containment: Medicaid Managed Care\nNow into the second decade of the AIDS pandemi" ******* END TEXT: "d cost-savings benefits of managed care as described in the literature are based almost exclusively "
9780814793114 - page_315: "START TEXT: on experience with full-risk capitation plans (Freund et al., 1989; Lang-well, 1990; Luft, 1978, 198" ******* END TEXT: "shifts health care away from inpatient units and emergency rooms, it may be possible to save money.\n"
9780814793114 - page_316: "START TEXT: A Critical Analysis\nState managed-care plans represent blueprints for a monumental restructuring of " ******* END TEXT: "ment statewide Medicaid managed-care programs, they often base their agenda on five specific goals:\n"
9780814793114 - page_317: "START TEXT: — Goal 1: To ensure that managed-care programs offer Medicaid recipients as wide a choice of primary" ******* END TEXT: "e consumer to take an interactive and dynamic role. To address unique issues and special needs, the "
9780814793114 - page_318: "START TEXT: community-based mental health system has devoted itself for many years to developing a specialized s" ******* END TEXT: " enhance access to and availability of mainstream medical care and services by Medicaid recipients.\n"
9780814793114 - page_319: "START TEXT: Issues regarding how to provide enhanced access for primary health care are very different from the " ******* END TEXT: "of these goals by creating an environment where health rates are quoted so low in order to secure a "
9780814793114 - page_320: "START TEXT: contract that ultimately payments for special care, such as psychiatric and psychological services, " ******* END TEXT: "ral, state, and local governments.\nThe effect of block grants on HIV/AIDS mental health funding may "
9780814793114 - page_321: "START TEXT: look something like this: An agency sensitive to community needs, such as the need for additional HI" ******* END TEXT: "by having a continuing good relationship with agencies that affect your work. In this relationship, "
9780814793114 - page_322: "START TEXT: project officers and others will tell you what is occurring within the agency and will help you lobb" ******* END TEXT: "vely. Consequently, infrastructure is critical, and agencies will need to build, buy, or lease it.\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_323: "START TEXT: Conclusion\nPeople living with HIV/AIDS already face incredible obstacles in accessing medical care, " ******* END TEXT: "K. (1995, June 30). Helms puts the brakes to a bill financing AIDS treatment. New York Times, A-12.\n"
9780814793114 - page_324: "START TEXT: Warren, N., Fullwood, P., Lee, J., & Salitan, D. (Eds.) (1995). Making a difference in a lot of ways" ******* END TEXT: "erspectives in HIV Care—Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 72 (Summer Suppl), 273–282.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Appendix A: Medical Primer\nAppendix B: Resources—Obtaining HIV/AIDS Information Fast\nContributors\nIn" ******* END TEXT: "ndix A: Medical Primer\nAppendix B: Resources—Obtaining HIV/AIDS Information Fast\nContributors\nIndex\n"
9780814793114 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nForewordG. Stephen Bowen\nIntroductionMark G. Winiarski\nPart I: Basic Concepts in HIV/AIDS M" ******* END TEXT: "l Care\n9 Psychoeducational Group Work for Persons with AIDS Dementia ComplexMichele Killough Nelson\n"
9780814793114 - page_viii: "START TEXT: 10 Rural PracticeI. Michael Shuff\n11 Mental Health Issues of HIV-Negative Gay MenAriel Shidlo\n12 Wor" ******* END TEXT: "lth Care: Politics, Public Policy, and Funding DecisionsDouglas A. Wirth\nAfterwordMark G. Winiarski\n"
9780814793114 - page_x: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_347: "START TEXT: Contributors\nDavid D. Barney, M.S.W., is the research and evaluation specialist at the National Nati" ******* END TEXT: "astoral services at the Spell-man Center, a division of St. Clare’s Hospital and Health Center, New "
9780814793114 - page_348: "START TEXT: York, New York. She works directly with HIV-infected patients and their loved ones as well as with p" ******* END TEXT: " abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, and the dual diagnosis of mental illness and chemical abuse.\n"
9780814793114 - page_349: "START TEXT: Karen Meredith, M.P.H., R.N., is an instructor in medicine at the Washington University School of Me" ******* END TEXT: "th the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. She also has a private consulting practice.\n"
9780814793114 - page_350: "START TEXT: Marjorie H. Royle, Ph.D., is the research and evaluation coordinator for the Department of Psychiatr" ******* END TEXT: "rector of the AIDS Mental Health and Primary Care Integration Project at Montefiore Medical Center, "
9780814793114 - page_351: "START TEXT: Bronx, New York. He also is principal investigator for an AIDS Mental Health Training Project funded" ******* END TEXT: "ct HOPE and as associate director of Tamanawit Unlimited, a consulting firm in Seattle, Washington.\n"
9780814793114 - page_352: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\n© 1997 by New York UniversityAll rights reserved\nLibrar" ******* END TEXT: "rength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_v: "START TEXT: We have no greater responsibility than to respect the trust our clients place in us. Part of this re" ******* END TEXT: "If the contents of any clinical anecdote resemble the situation of a real person, it is coincidence."
9780814793114 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Foreword\nG. Stephen Bowen\nSince 1981, when the first clinical descriptions of cancers and opportunis" ******* END TEXT: ", and great change. They have produced a body of knowledge—in clinical practice, development of new "
9780814793114 - page_xii: "START TEXT: models and programs of care, evaluation, and attention to public policy—that can be applied to menta" ******* END TEXT: "ethnicity, as reported in the literature, can be eliminated with expert care and good access to it.\n"
9780814793114 - page_xiii: "START TEXT: Changes in the Epidemic’s Epidemiology\nIn the early to mid-1980s the estimated number of HIV-infecte" ******* END TEXT: "ppression. Treatments now include those for opportunistic infections, antiretroviral agents, immune "
9780814793114 - page_xiv: "START TEXT: system enhancers, and blood cell stimulators. More clients will be taking combinations of these drug" ******* END TEXT: " (11 to 31 percent in one study depending on stage) do not have health insurance. Others may not be "
9780814793114 - page_xix: "START TEXT: successful in obtaining federal support include end-stage renal disease, hemophilia, sickle cell dis" ******* END TEXT: "with HIV/AIDS who do not have health insurance. Medicaid covers 40 percent of the costs of care and "
9780814793114 - page_xv: "START TEXT: comfortable with Western health care or don’t know how to access a broad range of services. Some do " ******* END TEXT: "ce studies, case reporting, counseling and testing, minority organization funding, school education "
9780814793114 - page_xvi: "START TEXT: programs, prevention programs targeted to people engaging in high risk behavior, and funding of stat" ******* END TEXT: "to know their HIV infection status for optimal medical management and prevention service provision.\n"
9780814793114 - page_xvii: "START TEXT: Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (C.A.RE.) Act\nA national response that provides su" ******* END TEXT: "98, SPNS funds were combined with funds from the federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services "
9780814793114 - page_xviii: "START TEXT: Administration’s Center for Mental Health Services and the National Institute of Mental Health to ex" ******* END TEXT: "dvocacy and political action. Other efforts in political advocacy that have been at least partially "
9780814793114 - page_xx: "START TEXT: therapies for people with HIV; however, this program covers some, but not all, people at late-stage " ******* END TEXT: "mbursement of costs) or to salaried employees and facilities of the health maintenance organization "
9780814793114 - page_xxi: "START TEXT: (HMO); preapproval requirements for access to specialists and specialized therapies; preapproved but" ******* END TEXT: "eimbursement for the services. More comprehensive and cost-effective service networks might result.\n"
9780814793114 - page_xxii: "START TEXT: What These Changes Mean to Mental Health Providers\nThe trends I have described mean that many more i" ******* END TEXT: " systems composed of linked community providers who regularly meet to solve referral and joint care "
9780814793114 - page_xxiii: "START TEXT: problems will be needed to facilitate the substitution of outpatient services for inpatient care. Be" ******* END TEXT: "th practitioners must assist all to find realistic and compassionate approaches to their epidemic.\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_xxiv: "START TEXT: Conclusion\nThe HIV epidemic and the resulting large numbers of people with AIDS are having a substan" ******* END TEXT: " people with HIV everywhere as much as working with people with HIV/AIDS has transformed our own.\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_i: "START TEXT: HIV Mental Health for the 21st Century\n" ******* END TEXT: "HIV Mental Health for the 21st Century\n"
9780814793114 - page_ii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_353: "START TEXT: Index\nAbuse, physical and sexual, 15, 262–63\nAcceptance, by provider, 58–59\nAccess to care, mental h" ******* END TEXT: "325–34. See also Antiretrovirals\nCommunity Advisory Board, 260\nCommunity Planning Initiative, xviii\n"
9780814793114 - page_354: "START TEXT: Compassion, 59\nCompliance: and combination therapies, 327–31\nrevaluation of concept, 33\nand self-det" ******* END TEXT: "33, 67–68\nreadings, 69–70\nsocietal attitude, 68\ntie to substance abuse, 77–78\nunmourned loss, 76–77\n"
9780814793114 - page_355: "START TEXT: Grounded theory, in qualitative evaluation, 293–94\nGroup therapy: for AIDS Dementia Complex, 137–56\n" ******* END TEXT: "43\ndifferential diagnoses, 98, 111–12, 151–52\nand home care, 224–40. See also AIDS Dementia Complex\n"
9780814793114 - page_356: "START TEXT: New treatments: exclusion from, 327, 331\nand longevity, xiii–xiv\npsychosocial aspects, 325–34\nOpport" ******* END TEXT: "eliefs, 35, 53\nreadings, 65–66\ntherapeutic stances, 57–63\nStakeholders, in program development, 295\n"
9780814793114 - page_357: "START TEXT: Stigma, 4, 56\nregarding mental health care, 167\nand oppression, 71\nfor providers in rural areas, 165" ******* END TEXT: "are in context of family unit, 265\ncenter for, 257–71\nreadings, 258–59\nZidovudine, description, 339\n"
9780814793114 - page_358: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_xxix: "START TEXT: Chapter 3 is about countertransference—the feelings of the provider—and describes the author’s caref" ******* END TEXT: "ort with this medical specialty.\nThis part’s final chapter is on secondary prevention: working with "
9780814793114 - page_xxv: "START TEXT: Introduction\nMark G. Winiarski\nAs we approach the 21st century and the third decade of the AIDS epid" ******* END TEXT: ", specialized case management, psychoeducational group work with clients with dementia, specialized "
9780814793114 - page_xxvi: "START TEXT: care for children, and development and evaluation of new models of care, among the many aspects desc" ******* END TEXT: "d persons but that will be the foundations for the work of the next ten years. It is hoped that you "
9780814793114 - page_xxvii: "START TEXT: will continue to turn to this volume for emotional and professional sustenance as you continue this " ******* END TEXT: "rves people facing chronic illness, a national professional organization, universities, an advocacy "
9780814793114 - page_xxviii: "START TEXT: organization, a special center for American Indians, among others.\nAs I edited their chapters, my wi" ******* END TEXT: "-related practitioners have found—the need to “bend the frame” in order to meet the client’s needs. "
9780814793114 - page_xxx: "START TEXT: people with HIV to prevent transmission to others. It astonishes me that so little secondary prevent" ******* END TEXT: " center for women with HIV in St. Louis, Missouri, and is cowritten by a nurse and a social worker.\n"
9780814793114 - page_xxxi: "START TEXT: I included a fourth part, “How Do We Know It Works?,” to communicate to clinicians and potential pro" ******* END TEXT: "e, that block grants will significantly reduce opportunities to develop innovative HIV/AIDS-related "
9780814793114 - page_xxxii: "START TEXT: mental health programs. And it is unlikely that health maintenance organizations will reduce their p" ******* END TEXT: "olely the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official views of HRSA.\n"
9780814793114 - page_xxxiii: "START TEXT: I wish also to acknowledge Robert Massad, M.D., the chairman of the Department of Family Medicine, M" ******* END TEXT: ", C. (1996). Positive: HIV-affirmative counseling. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.\n"
9780814793114 - page_xxxiv: "START TEXT: Karon, J. M., Rosenberg, P. S., McQuillan, G., Khare, M., Gwinn, M. & Petersen, L. R. (1996). Preval" ******* END TEXT: "hotherapy. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press. (Now distributed by Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights, MA.)\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_1: "START TEXT: I Basic Concepts in HIV/AIDS Mental Health\n" ******* END TEXT: "I Basic Concepts in HIV/AIDS Mental Health\n"
9780814793114 - page_2: "START TEXT: \n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_135: "START TEXT: II Specialized Aspects of HIV/AIDS Clinical Care\n" ******* END TEXT: "II Specialized Aspects of HIV/AIDS Clinical Care\n"
9780814793114 - page_136: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_207: "START TEXT: III Models of Clinical Care\n" ******* END TEXT: "III Models of Clinical Care\n"
9780814793114 - page_208: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_273: "START TEXT: IV How Do We Know It Works?\n" ******* END TEXT: "IV How Do We Know It Works?\n"
9780814793114 - page_274: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_305: "START TEXT: V HIV Mental Health Policy and Programs\n" ******* END TEXT: "V HIV Mental Health Policy and Programs\n"
9780814793114 - page_306: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814793114 - page_iii: "START TEXT: HIV Mental Health for the 21st Century\nEDITED BYMark G. Winiarski\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "HIV Mental Health for the 21st Century\nEDITED BYMark G. Winiarski\n\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_i: "START TEXT: EVERYDAY COURAGE\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "EVERYDAY COURAGE\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_ii: "START TEXT: QUALITATIVE STUDIES IN PSYCHOLOGY\nGENERAL EDITORSMichelle Fine and Jeanne Marecek\nEveryday Courage:T" ******* END TEXT: "lle Fine and Jeanne Marecek\nEveryday Courage:The Lives and Stories of Urban Teenagersby Niobe Way\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_iii: "START TEXT: EVERYDAY COURAGE\nThe Lives and Stories of Urban Teenagers\nNIOBE WAY\n\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "EVERYDAY COURAGE\nThe Lives and Stories of Urban Teenagers\nNIOBE WAY\n\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESSNew York and London\n© 1998 by New York UniversityAll rights reserved\nLibrar" ******* END TEXT: "are chosen for strength and durability.\nManufactured in the United States of America\n10 9 8 7 6 5\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_v: "START TEXT: To “Malcolm” and “Eva”" ******* END TEXT: "To “Malcolm” and “Eva”"
9780814793398 - page_vi: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\nIntroduction\n1. Interpreting Narratives\n2. A Study of Urban Youth\nIndividua" ******* END TEXT: "rence\nIndividual Lives—Part II\n10. Eva’s Story\nEpilogue\nAppendix A\nAppendix B\nNotes\nReferences\nIndex"
9780814793398 - page_viii: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nFirst and foremost, I wish to express my gratitude to the adolescents who were willi" ******* END TEXT: "en possible without them. Thank you as well to Jamie Aronson and Stacy Scott for helping to conduct "
9780814793398 - page_x: "START TEXT: the interviews, to Madeline Alers for taking the photos that grace the cover of this book, and to An" ******* END TEXT: "d every step of the process. His insights and humor were critical to the completion of this book.\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introdution\nA feared and seemingly ineradicable stereotype, the urban teen—pregnant, drug-addicted, " ******* END TEXT: "eens who are neither murderers nor superheroes, and are not typically featured on the evening news.\n"
9780814793398 - page_10: "START TEXT: Before continuing, I want briefly to note what my book will not address. It does not provide an over" ******* END TEXT: "ress those topics that seemed most pressing when the teens in the study spoke about their worlds.\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_2: "START TEXT: Among the adolescents described in this book, some do eventually drop out of school or become teenag" ******* END TEXT: "otlowitz’s There Are No Children Here, there has been an outpouring of journalistic accounts of the "
9780814793398 - page_3: "START TEXT: lives of urban children and adolescents.2 Michael Massing noted this phenomenon recently in the New " ******* END TEXT: "eaded households. Their lives are as complex and multilayered as their views. Their biggest concern "
9780814793398 - page_4: "START TEXT: on a given day may be, as it is perhaps for their suburban counterparts, whether they will go to the" ******* END TEXT: "en pregnancy, school dropouts, drug use, gangs, violent and criminal behavior, or on related issues "
9780814793398 - page_5: "START TEXT: such as sexual attitudes or behaviors (e.g., contraceptive use or frequency of sexual activity). As " ******* END TEXT: " (five or more drinks per occasion on five or more days in the past month).19 Furthermore, the 1990 "
9780814793398 - page_6: "START TEXT: national birthrate statistics for fifteen- to seventeen-year-old girls indicate that twenty-three in" ******* END TEXT: "ve reality” (i.e., concrete material and environmental conditions), but also how the environment is "
9780814793398 - page_7: "START TEXT: perceived and constructed by the individuals in that environment.24 Although researchers may presume" ******* END TEXT: " wide variety of topics relevant to their daily lives (e.g., themselves, their relationships, their "
9780814793398 - page_8: "START TEXT: school, the larger society, etc.) over time, is critical for a rich and full understanding of adoles" ******* END TEXT: "t large.30 I did not attempt to produce separate findings with respect to each of these topics, but "
9780814793398 - page_9: "START TEXT: rather to detect themes that arose when these adolescents spoke about a range of their experiences.\n" ******* END TEXT: "g of urban adolescents, adolescence, and more generally for the field of social science as a whole.\n"
9780814793398 - page_11: "START TEXT: 1Interpreting Narratives\nAS I RODE the subway each week to the school during the first year of the s" ******* END TEXT: "he theoretical framework of my study is essential for understanding the teens’ stories that follow.\n"
9780814793398 - page_12: "START TEXT: Form\nObjectivity?\nCriticizing the objective ideal in the social sciences, Rabinow and Sullivan write" ******* END TEXT: "nderstandings—is a powerful trope or figure for scientific research but an untenable research tool.\n"
9780814793398 - page_13: "START TEXT: One outcome of this questioning of objectivity is that generalizations and universals that surpass t" ******* END TEXT: "hilistic indeterminacy. Biases allow researchers to maintain order and structure and gain access to "
9780814793398 - page_14: "START TEXT: meaning. In short, they allow us to avoid chaos. Prejudices are commonly perceived to inhibit truth-" ******* END TEXT: "emain receptive to interpretations that at first glance seem “impossible,” “absurd,” or unexpected.\n"
9780814793398 - page_15: "START TEXT: In my own research, I attempted to remain alert to the unexpected. I took note when I was quick to d" ******* END TEXT: "intain this reflective stance during my analyses to keep myself open to what I did not know or what "
9780814793398 - page_16: "START TEXT: my expectations prevented me from seeing. Having an awareness of and an openness to “the possibility" ******* END TEXT: " that drives the interpretation of the data—developmental psychologists have typically continued to "
9780814793398 - page_17: "START TEXT: believe that the only valid knowledge is knowledge generated by testing theories. There has been a g" ******* END TEXT: " has greatly influenced and provoked much of the current interest in the interpretive turn, writes:\n"
9780814793398 - page_18: "START TEXT: [The hermeneutic circle] is not to be reduced to the level of a vicious circle or even a circle whic" ******* END TEXT: "e lifespan or across a period within the lifespan. They create a story of development that tries to "
9780814793398 - page_19: "START TEXT: explain at the “meta” level the stages or sequences of development. These theories focus on describi" ******* END TEXT: "k to ground my research, however, was at odds with the purpose of my investigation. How could I put "
9780814793398 - page_20: "START TEXT: the stories of a sample of adolescents who have rarely been studied into a framework that had been d" ******* END TEXT: "ynonymous with the arduous struggle for an independent selfhood or for an autonomous sense of self. "
9780814793398 - page_21: "START TEXT: Adolescents are moving away from their parents emotionally and physically—“trying to free [themselve" ******* END TEXT: "hese themes are always implicitly and explicitly a reaction to our popular theories of adolescence.\n"
9780814793398 - page_22: "START TEXT: The Decentered Experience\nFollowing feminist theory, I resisted framing my project within the unitar" ******* END TEXT: "any different directions at once. In my analyses, I aimed to capture some of this movement. I, as a "
9780814793398 - page_23: "START TEXT: reader, was also going in many different directions and, therefore, I noted in my analyses the vario" ******* END TEXT: "and working-class adolescents. I want to offer my perspective on some of the ways urban adolescents "
9780814793398 - page_24: "START TEXT: speak about their worlds. To use Richard Rorty’s words, my intention is to continue a “conversation " ******* END TEXT: "ut urban adolescents. Gilligan and her colleagues have spent almost two decades conducting research "
9780814793398 - page_25: "START TEXT: on the lives of adolescent girls and women and, like the previously cited studies, their approach em" ******* END TEXT: "ical metaphors, they assert, better capture the varied nature of human interaction and experiences.\n"
9780814793398 - page_26: "START TEXT: Gilligan and her colleagues have taken the beliefs that characterize the interpretive turn and creat" ******* END TEXT: "c, and eventually the policymakers who shape their subjects’ lives. I understand the process of the "
9780814793398 - page_27: "START TEXT: interview to be a process of jointly constructed meaning. I listened to the adolescents knowing that" ******* END TEXT: "d becomes less problematic when I acknowledge that my research is about relationships—relationships "
9780814793398 - page_28: "START TEXT: between me, as reader, interviewer, and a former counselor in the school, and the adolescents in the" ******* END TEXT: "beliefs are firmly integrated into the specifics of my research project to which I will now turn.\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_29: "START TEXT: 2A Study of Urban Youth\nWHEN I FIRST decided to study urban adolescents’ perceptions of their worlds" ******* END TEXT: "epth investigation of urban youth in their passage through adolescence rather than to generalize to "
9780814793398 - page_30: "START TEXT: larger populations, I chose to investigate a small sample of teenagers. Twelve girls and twelve boys" ******* END TEXT: "peatedly. During the last year of the study, metal detectors were installed at the front doors, but "
9780814793398 - page_31: "START TEXT: this novelty was quickly criticized for slowing down the morning surge to classes, and for its lack " ******* END TEXT: " are likely to be found teaching here rather than in the traditional program. Students and teachers "
9780814793398 - page_32: "START TEXT: in both programs are acutely aware of this discrepancy, creating an obvious tension between programs" ******* END TEXT: " this study spent most of their days, and it is the place where the students told us their stories.\n"
9780814793398 - page_33: "START TEXT: Strategies\nMy colleagues and I conducted semistructured interviews as our method of inquiry. The ado" ******* END TEXT: " the first year of interviews that a greater incentive for some of the students was the opportunity "
9780814793398 - page_34: "START TEXT: to miss classes. While we tried to avoid having them miss core classes, inevitably they ended up mis" ******* END TEXT: " the complexity of voice and of relationships by paying close attention to the language used by the "
9780814793398 - page_35: "START TEXT: interviewees. It attunes the reader’s ear to what is being said and also, perhaps, to what is not be" ******* END TEXT: "mmaries involve three steps: (1) the determination of a narrative; (2) a summary of that narrative; "
9780814793398 - page_36: "START TEXT: and (3) the exploration of all the gathered narrative summaries to find evidence of similar themes.\n" ******* END TEXT: "ee entries summarizing her relationship with her best friend for each year she was interviewed (see "
9780814793398 - page_37: "START TEXT: Appendix B for an example). I created separate matrices for each of the five general conceptual cate" ******* END TEXT: "pen, creating a trail of evidence indicating where and how frequently a particular theme emerges in "
9780814793398 - page_38: "START TEXT: the text. I, as the reader, look for the nuances in the theme and the places where the theme is not " ******* END TEXT: "roughly, and these explanations will, by that time, be firmly grounded in the teens’ perceptions.\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_39: "START TEXT: Part IINDIVIDUAL LIVES\n \n" ******* END TEXT: " Part IINDIVIDUAL LIVES\n \n"
9780814793398 - page_40: "START TEXT: In this book, I present two case studies of adolescents who were interviewed over the three years of" ******* END TEXT: "chelle Fine and Lois Weis emphasize the importance of representing the “mundane” or the “rituals of "
9780814793398 - page_41: "START TEXT: daily living.” They note that as socially responsible researchers we should “recognize how carefully" ******* END TEXT: "ided by the rhythms of the stories. I begin and end this book with a story of a life in progress.\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_42: "START TEXT: 3Malcolm’s Story\nMALCOLM, a tall, lanky, light-skinned African American student walks into the room " ******* END TEXT: " a beauty salon, and his younger sister in a part of the city plagued by “a lot of violence” in the "
9780814793398 - page_43: "START TEXT: streets. He doesn’t belong to a gang but the scars on his face and back (he shows them to Mike) prov" ******* END TEXT: "her figure. Malcolm explains that since his mother has provided him and his sister with “everything "
9780814793398 - page_44: "START TEXT: we have needed,” his mother has served as both father and mother in his family:\nWas there ever a mal" ******* END TEXT: " his family. While his appearance fits the stereotype of an adolescent, his actions clearly do not. "
9780814793398 - page_45: "START TEXT: Malcolm is sensitive to the needs of others and willing to assume adult responsibilities.\nMalcolm id" ******* END TEXT: "n involved in a long-term relationship. At this point in his life, Malcolm says, he has no interest "
9780814793398 - page_46: "START TEXT: in staying with “only one girl.” “I just wanna expand mostly, you know? When I see something I like," ******* END TEXT: " “youthful” quality to Malcolm’s perspective, there is also a certain sophistication: the answer to "
9780814793398 - page_47: "START TEXT: Mike’s question is not simply “yes” or “no.” Malcolm engages with Mike’s question, tosses it around," ******* END TEXT: ".\nYeah, it’s not like I’m trying to get one ’cause, you know, if that happens, you know. I’m there.\n"
9780814793398 - page_48: "START TEXT: So it wouldn’t be the worst thing in the world for you?\nSo, I wouldn’t really—so, what I’m saying, I" ******* END TEXT: "k they’re kicking out profanity. That’s all they pick up.” Malcolm strongly believes that rap music "
9780814793398 - page_49: "START TEXT: can offer people much more than most adults are willing or able to grasp. He hopes to be able to bec" ******* END TEXT: "uture, Malcolm says his mother’s death as well as the consequences of his own death for his mother:\n"
9780814793398 - page_50: "START TEXT: Do you fear your own death?\nNot really. … I just be thinking how, I want to leave them. And then I b" ******* END TEXT: " school. Malcolm represents himself as resisting simplistic classifications and in need of respect:\n"
9780814793398 - page_51: "START TEXT: Okay, anything else about you that I didn’t ask that would be important to know in knowing who you a" ******* END TEXT: "se she’s the one really supporting me and stuff, you know. None of [my friends or girlfriend] are.”\n"
9780814793398 - page_52: "START TEXT: Malcolm’s mother, however, doesn’t always support him:\nLast night I cooked for everybody—my mother a" ******* END TEXT: "at come into play between the two of you [that his sister is not doing as well in school as he is]?\n"
9780814793398 - page_53: "START TEXT: Well, not really. My mother doesn’t bring that up ’cause she doesn’t try to compare us. I just try t" ******* END TEXT: "r, but his shaky tone indicates otherwise (this was the first time that he can remember meeting his "
9780814793398 - page_54: "START TEXT: father). While his sister will occasionally have contact with their father, Malcolm prefers not to h" ******* END TEXT: "ift in roles (“I just took over that role”) is frustrating, enjoyable, overwhelming, or, perhaps, a "
9780814793398 - page_55: "START TEXT: mixture of all these emotions. However, he has taken on the caretaker role and he wants Mike to know" ******* END TEXT: "well as being with his peers. He is caught in an environment that has no clear route toward safety.\n"
9780814793398 - page_56: "START TEXT: Malcolm prefers to spend time with his girlfriend rather than with his male friends:\nWe could talk, " ******* END TEXT: "ers her a close friend, he is not in love with her. Like last year, Malcolm seems cautious of being "
9780814793398 - page_57: "START TEXT: intimate with others. He also explains that while his girlfriend is a close friend, she is not a bes" ******* END TEXT: "t before anything surprising happens.\nWhen you say it seems more like a struggle, what do you mean?\n"
9780814793398 - page_58: "START TEXT: You know, it’s like—’cause it’s now the time when I’m in the tenth grade and stuff and this year’s e" ******* END TEXT: "o much. Just ’cause you done wrong then, just look forward to what you can do now. Stuff like that.\n"
9780814793398 - page_59: "START TEXT: A strong but not mindless sense of optimism, trying hard, and “looking forward” are themes that are " ******* END TEXT: "probation), and of his recent academic achievements that include making the honorable mention list.\n"
9780814793398 - page_60: "START TEXT: Malcolm is quite proud of being on the honorable mention list. He tells Mike that he received a “lit" ******* END TEXT: " will really go. After high school, Malcolm says he would like to be an entertainer or an engineer.\n"
9780814793398 - page_61: "START TEXT: When you think of the future, what do you think of?\nI just think of me growing up. I just wanna be w" ******* END TEXT: "wn laziness becomes clear in this passage. He wants to be remembered as self-reliant and as someone "
9780814793398 - page_62: "START TEXT: who “got out.” Strikingly, his awareness of death pushes him to want to “be somebody.” He tries not " ******* END TEXT: "luence them in some way to make them understand I got the quality, I could do the job, I give it my "
9780814793398 - page_63: "START TEXT: best. You know, I’m gonna be here on time. If you wanna put it all hard on me, you know … I’ll prove" ******* END TEXT: "The small, claustrophobic, soundproof closet seems to get smaller with each passing year. When I go "
9780814793398 - page_64: "START TEXT: to Malcolm’s classroom to ask him if he is willing to be interviewed again this year, he and a frien" ******* END TEXT: "just barely keeping things together,” and that he and his mother try not to show their feelings too "
9780814793398 - page_65: "START TEXT: much “so that way it won’t affect us in our ability to do what we have to get done.”\nGrowing increas" ******* END TEXT: "Well it’s not people supporting me, but people showing the same strength.\nAnd so they inspired you?\n"
9780814793398 - page_66: "START TEXT: Yeah. Not in school, but people that I’ve seen as I grew up. You know, like my mother, she has some " ******* END TEXT: " about his girlfriend have changed from the previous year, they have not changed regarding his male "
9780814793398 - page_67: "START TEXT: peers. When I encourage him to tell me why he doesn’t discuss his troubles with his male peers, Malc" ******* END TEXT: "ys’ interviews).\nMalcolm explicitly tells me that he does not tell his male peers when he is angry:\n"
9780814793398 - page_68: "START TEXT: Why don’t you confront your friends when you are angry with them?\nI don’t know. … I guess it’s somet" ******* END TEXT: "ably singled out may not only encourage a student, such as Malcolm, to complete his schoolwork—even "
9780814793398 - page_69: "START TEXT: when he skips classes—but may also prompt those who do not receive such notice to put little effort " ******* END TEXT: " clearly appreciates who he is and both understands and seeks to maintain his three-dimensionality:\n"
9780814793398 - page_70: "START TEXT: When you say you’re independent to a point, what’s the point?\nI feel that I still find myself not al" ******* END TEXT: "at he has to do. In fact, Malcolm states that, instead of leading to feelings of being overwhelmed, "
9780814793398 - page_71: "START TEXT: as I had interpreted his statements earlier, the responsibilities of his young life have enhanced hi" ******* END TEXT: "u got to take it upon yourself to think differently. It’s a poison, it’s really not helping nobody. "
9780814793398 - page_72: "START TEXT: You know, so if they could take it upon themselves to realize that what they’re doing is killing, th" ******* END TEXT: "nd vulnerable this year than in previous years, most likely the result of his difficult experiences "
9780814793398 - page_73: "START TEXT: over the past year. The depths of his introspection may also be the result of speaking with a woman," ******* END TEXT: "ontact him again to hear more about his life—the life of an ordinary and extraordinary young man.\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_74: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: " "
9780814793398 - page_75: "START TEXT: PATTERNS\n \n" ******* END TEXT: "PATTERNS\n \n"
9780814793398 - page_76: "START TEXT: I started the book with the story of an individual. I now turn to the patterns or themes that I dete" ******* END TEXT: "ps (i.e., within one topic). The theme discussed in chapter 6—the importance of mothers—was evident "
9780814793398 - page_77: "START TEXT: throughout each interview, not only when the adolescents were asked about their mothers. The themes " ******* END TEXT: " and girls’ stories are presented separately while in other chapters they are presented together.\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_100: "START TEXT: It’s not really to do with trusting other people, I just don’t really—I don’t really have no confide" ******* END TEXT: "o disagree or argue with others because they would be perceived as rude or disrespectful. The boys’ "
9780814793398 - page_101: "START TEXT: avoidance of conflict did not suggest a lack of interest in openness and honesty with others, but ra" ******* END TEXT: "s, and desires are not being heard by them and are, even more seriously, barely audible to himself.\n"
9780814793398 - page_102: "START TEXT: In his second-year interview (he is still a freshman), Tyrone, once again, speaks to Helena of being" ******* END TEXT: "f-protection.\nWhen Helena asks Tyrone to describe himself in his third-year interview, he responds:\n"
9780814793398 - page_103: "START TEXT: Determined and outspoken. … Outspoken for the fact that if I see something I dislike, I know I only " ******* END TEXT: " her. So I really got mad when I found out that. … Most of the time I am a calm person, okay? Kind, "
9780814793398 - page_104: "START TEXT: I don’t bother anyone. But when somebody really gets on my nerves, I just lost my head. … If I had a" ******* END TEXT: " that for many women, “the mere idea of mentioning a hurt, expressing a grievance, showing a friend "
9780814793398 - page_105: "START TEXT: that she has made one angry … can make a woman very nervous.”15 Furthermore, they claim that “women " ******* END TEXT: "elves in their relationships (although not with boys) than the boys? (3) Why do both boys and girls "
9780814793398 - page_106: "START TEXT: have difficulty speaking out with boys? and (4) Why does the capacity for speaking out increase for " ******* END TEXT: "erests.”25 White middle- or upper-class adolescent girls and women may understand that even if they "
9780814793398 - page_107: "START TEXT: remain silent (or, perhaps, especially if they remain silent), they will still be granted certain, a" ******* END TEXT: "xtent, be addressed even if they do not speak up; or, perhaps, they believe that they may lose what "
9780814793398 - page_108: "START TEXT: little privilege they have if they speak out. Those with the least power in society—poor girls and w" ******* END TEXT: " responding to cultural pressures to maintain relationships with boys and men. In order to maintain "
9780814793398 - page_109: "START TEXT: even tenuous relationships with boys, girls may believe that the best strategy is to remain silent, " ******* END TEXT: "more difficult. It is likely that adolescents who feel good about themselves will be more outspoken "
9780814793398 - page_110: "START TEXT: than adolescents who do not. In addition, Mary, the Irish American young woman who only “found [her]" ******* END TEXT: "enagers—boys and girls—need help in developing or maintaining their ability to listen to themselves "
9780814793398 - page_111: "START TEXT: and to speak their minds. They also may need help learning how to speak in voices that can and will " ******* END TEXT: "of poor and working-class adolescents who grow up to be resistant, healthy, and confident adults.\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_78: "START TEXT: 4Voice and Silence\nI have a voice. I mean I like to be heard.\nAre you heard?\nIn most of my classes, " ******* END TEXT: "ind by telling all one’s heart.”1 The girls discussed open conflict and honest speaking not only as "
9780814793398 - page_79: "START TEXT: an ideal but as a necessity; they needed to tell people what they thought or felt because if they di" ******* END TEXT: " made myself aggravated and I became a royal pain in the witch and I was taking it out on everybody "
9780814793398 - page_80: "START TEXT: close to me and not the person that’s really being the source of my aggravation. So, you know, I can" ******* END TEXT: "’s son.” While speaking honestly is possible for Mary this year, it may still be difficult for her.\n"
9780814793398 - page_81: "START TEXT: When I ask Mary, who recently passed the GED exam (and thus received her high school equivalency dip" ******* END TEXT: " ambivalent or uncertain about her willingness to express her feelings to her teacher (“most of the "
9780814793398 - page_82: "START TEXT: time I just listen,” “[it] just makes me want to say …,” “I always say that when they call me out … " ******* END TEXT: "iminated against her “black West Indian friends.” She circulated a petition in the school and spoke "
9780814793398 - page_83: "START TEXT: with teachers until the teachers and administrators agreed to include black West Indian students. Sh" ******* END TEXT: " he was like, “That’s wrong and I think they should make it illegal.” I said, “Well, I’m not saying "
9780814793398 - page_84: "START TEXT: that I’m for abortion or anything, but, you know, you’re only one person and it’s like I feel though" ******* END TEXT: "er junior year, Christine, an African American student, suggests a similar pattern with her father:\n"
9780814793398 - page_85: "START TEXT: [My father and I] have discussions every once in a while. But then I don’t agree with his view so wh" ******* END TEXT: "enge their mothers. As Milagro suggests below, they may also feel more protective of their mothers.\n"
9780814793398 - page_86: "START TEXT: Milagro, a Dominican American student, tells me in her junior year about her need to speak up when s" ******* END TEXT: "briela says “a lot of people say [to me], ’Oh, you got courage,’ it’s not courage, it’s just that I "
9780814793398 - page_87: "START TEXT: don’t care.” Gabriela expresses her anger because she does not care about the consequences. In contr" ******* END TEXT: " not just for its own sake, but also for the sake of maintaining connection. They did not typically "
9780814793398 - page_88: "START TEXT: speak of fearing isolation or alienation from others if they spoke honestly, but rather of having cl" ******* END TEXT: " both taking care of one’s own needs and the needs of others—it is deeply embedded in relationship.\n"
9780814793398 - page_89: "START TEXT: With “Attitude”\nOccasionally the girls framed their outspoken voices as having “an attitude.” When F" ******* END TEXT: "e’s reference to her mother), but, at the same time, they found this posture “sometimes necessary.”\n"
9780814793398 - page_90: "START TEXT: The Complexities of Voice\nVariations across Relationships\nWhen Christine is asked to describe hersel" ******* END TEXT: "nding when others insult her. Her “low self-esteem” seems to overwhelm her when casual conversation "
9780814793398 - page_91: "START TEXT: is called for, but when someone is “putting [her] down” she has learned from her father that she mus" ******* END TEXT: "ds speaking with boys and men in general too “dangerous,” and has consequently cut herself off from "
9780814793398 - page_92: "START TEXT: most boys and men in her sophomore and junior years. She believes that they will inevitably betray o" ******* END TEXT: " may be more “at risk” psychologically than Gayle or Shakira. Silencing oneself may be an effective "
9780814793398 - page_93: "START TEXT: way of protecting oneself in certain circumstances. However, the consequences will likely be determi" ******* END TEXT: " (the two people with whom she lives), and, furthermore, she “did not mind” staying in the shelter. "
9780814793398 - page_94: "START TEXT: The only reason she came home, she says, is because her mother asked her to return. Tyiesha sounds a" ******* END TEXT: " sex with [him] and I’m not gonna say nothing about it … I don’t know.\nHow else are you vulnerable?\n"
9780814793398 - page_95: "START TEXT: Like when my friend asked me to go somewhere and I can’t go and they keep asking me and asking me, “" ******* END TEXT: "Speaking one’s mind was typically framed by the boys as “disrespectful,” disruptive, and dangerous.\n"
9780814793398 - page_96: "START TEXT: Silencing in Relationships\nMarvin, an African American student, speaks in a soft voice and has a har" ******* END TEXT: "arvin may feel particularly wary of speaking up in, and therefore losing, a long-term relationship.\n"
9780814793398 - page_97: "START TEXT: Albert, a Puerto Rican teenager, also seems to silence himself in his relationships. Like Marvin, Al" ******* END TEXT: "olescent girls also spoke about being “too nice,” their discussions were interspersed with examples "
9780814793398 - page_98: "START TEXT: of speaking unabashedly about their feelings. Albert and Marvin, in contrast, speak only of people t" ******* END TEXT: ", but since their anger remains unexpressed and their problems unresolved, they trust fewer friends "
9780814793398 - page_99: "START TEXT: and distance themselves from their male peers. They diminish the intimacy of their relationships in " ******* END TEXT: "say something out of context that I shouldn’t have said. … I really don’t like talking that much. …\n"
9780814793398 - page_112: "START TEXT: 5Desire and Betrayal in Friendships\nGUILLERMO, a Bolivian American adolescent with jet-black hair pu" ******* END TEXT: "t’s the point of view that I have … I tried to look for a person, you know, but it’s not that easy.\n"
9780814793398 - page_113: "START TEXT: A “real friend” for Guillermo is someone with whom he could “go out,” talk about everything, and to " ******* END TEXT: "r same-sex peers.5 Like the theme of outspokenness among the girls, these feelings of distrust were "
9780814793398 - page_114: "START TEXT: particularly evident in the teens’ junior- and senior-year interviews. Many of the boys also told us" ******* END TEXT: "t into deep-depth conversation, you just be like you talk about such and such things. You know, you "
9780814793398 - page_115: "START TEXT: go places, yeah, but they’re not the ones that you really be like: “I want to go do something, you k" ******* END TEXT: "(“makes you seem as if you’re gay”). Instead, he chooses to spend intimate time with his girlfriend "
9780814793398 - page_116: "START TEXT: with whom he does not have to fear breaking social norms. He feels safer and, perhaps, more accepted" ******* END TEXT: ".” … So I just don’t really bother with it, you know, trying to make best friends. Say whatever you "
9780814793398 - page_117: "START TEXT: want behind my back, I don’t care … whatever you do behind my back, I don’t care.\nAlthough there are" ******* END TEXT: " Malcolm’s peers choose to denigrate each other. Malcolm also implies a connection between violence "
9780814793398 - page_118: "START TEXT: and arrogance when he slips from saying “violence” to “arrogance” in response to my question. Victor" ******* END TEXT: "from the inner city. Even though these boys came into the interview office looking “hip-hop,” cool, "
9780814793398 - page_119: "START TEXT: laid back, and macho (pants riding low on their hips, headphones from their Walkman around their nec" ******* END TEXT: "ther boys: fear of betrayal, fear of theft, and, presently, as Albert made clear, fear of violence.\n"
9780814793398 - page_120: "START TEXT: When Albert, who has recently transferred to the school, is asked in his sophomore year if he would " ******* END TEXT: " a friend is going to be there for you and they’ll support you and stuff like that. Whether they’re "
9780814793398 - page_121: "START TEXT: good and bad times, you can share with them, you would share your feelings with them, your true feel" ******* END TEXT: "r, however, the situation has changed:\nDo you have a close or best friend?\nNo. I don’t trust nobody\n"
9780814793398 - page_122: "START TEXT: You don’t trust nobody? How come?\n(Pause) Can’t trust nobody these days.\nHave you had bad experienc" ******* END TEXT: "the “good old days” in the clichéd expression than time at a younger age.\nAbout girls, Albert says:\n"
9780814793398 - page_123: "START TEXT: You can’t also trust girls, you know it’s not always the friend, it also has to be with the girls … " ******* END TEXT: "is freshman year, he says: “Nah, I got a lot of best friends. We fool around a lot, sometimes we’re "
9780814793398 - page_124: "START TEXT: mischievous. Sometimes we have real big conversations, arguments, all that. But we always come back " ******* END TEXT: "self sometimes [that I was making them mad]. We don’t, like—we don’t keep anything from each other.\n"
9780814793398 - page_125: "START TEXT: Open communication and helping each other with difficulties are clearly important elements of Marcus" ******* END TEXT: " you think about him, you get to miss him a little bit, but then after a while you just forget him.\n"
9780814793398 - page_126: "START TEXT: Along with Albert, Marcus suggests a sequence of coping with the loss of a friendship that first inv" ******* END TEXT: "e would have close or best friends if I could guarantee him that they would not leave, Marcus says:\n"
9780814793398 - page_127: "START TEXT: No.\nWhy not?\nI don’t know. I wouldn’t—I don’t know—I just wouldn’t. … I mean if I tell you a secret," ******* END TEXT: "know. I just think I always think that [my friends] won’t be there when I probably need them a lot.\n"
9780814793398 - page_128: "START TEXT: Confidentiality and reliability were, in fact, the two most important qualities of close or best fri" ******* END TEXT: "n of why, in fact, he has no interest in having a close or best friend: “Having a best friend would "
9780814793398 - page_129: "START TEXT: be boring because we would know everything about each other … there would be no surprises.” While Ma" ******* END TEXT: " cousin, however, stands apart from her previous friendships—she is the exception. While describing "
9780814793398 - page_130: "START TEXT: her close relationship with her cousin, Marie speaks about the potential perils of friendships:\nWe h" ******* END TEXT: " year that she does not want to “get too many feelings for him and end up …” (she does not complete "
9780814793398 - page_131: "START TEXT: her sentence). Marie says she has never “really” trusted a boy enough to let herself feel for him as" ******* END TEXT: "r why her best friends have not been there “forever,” she responds by giving a nonidealized answer:\n"
9780814793398 - page_132: "START TEXT: See, I’m not the type of person that if I have a boyfriend, I’m gonna devote all my time to my boyfr" ******* END TEXT: " But yet when you really need somebody, they’re not there. And every time I needed her she’s there.\n"
9780814793398 - page_133: "START TEXT: These girls seem resilient in their friendships and also perceive their friendships to be resilient." ******* END TEXT: "d many of the boys, but sustained such relationships in the midst of their fears and experiences.15\n"
9780814793398 - page_134: "START TEXT: Falling Out of Relationships\nA few girls, however, suggested patterns similar to those heard among t" ******* END TEXT: " friend “understands the things that I understand. … We’re kind of like the same person … sometimes "
9780814793398 - page_135: "START TEXT: we don’t agree on everything but most of the time we do.” Felicia’s relationship with her best frien" ******* END TEXT: " states that she does not have close friends because she cannot “trust anybody.” When I ask Tyiesha "
9780814793398 - page_136: "START TEXT: in her freshman year why she considers her friend of three years to be her best friend, she says: “I" ******* END TEXT: "stions concerning the intimacy of her previous best friendships. Tyiesha’s apparent loneliness this "
9780814793398 - page_137: "START TEXT: year may have led her to describe her relational history in ways that do not reflect how she felt at" ******* END TEXT: " as involving open communication and mutual sharing of thoughts and feelings. In their descriptions "
9780814793398 - page_138: "START TEXT: of friendships, only two of the boys and none of the girls emphasized the activities they “do” with " ******* END TEXT: "le in the present study only two boys spoke of difficulties having close, intimate friendships with "
9780814793398 - page_139: "START TEXT: girls, twenty-two of the girls and boys reported having difficulties attaining or maintaining emotio" ******* END TEXT: "to not having such relationships during high school may suggest that boys fall out of relationships "
9780814793398 - page_140: "START TEXT: with other boys right at the point in their lives when messages about the presumed link between manh" ******* END TEXT: "indirectly and directly with the poverty, violence, racism, and homophobia that shapes and pervades "
9780814793398 - page_141: "START TEXT: these adolescents’ lives. When asked about the reasons for the distrustful feelings among his male p" ******* END TEXT: "ight suggests in his novel Native Son, it is difficult for a person to learn to trust others if the "
9780814793398 - page_142: "START TEXT: society in which she or he exists systematically corrodes, debilitates, and dismantles that trust.\nE" ******* END TEXT: " others spoke about trusting neither their peers nor their parents.35 Some of the parents, however, "
9780814793398 - page_143: "START TEXT: specifically warned their children not to trust their peers. Such messages may reflect a belief syst" ******* END TEXT: "e white boys in their sample were the least likely of all groups to discuss their personal problems "
9780814793398 - page_144: "START TEXT: with their school friends or to feel that they could rely on their best friend for help.40 Gallagher" ******* END TEXT: "h methods that allow adolescents to speak about what they have and what they want in their lives.\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_145: "START TEXT: 6“I Never Put Anyone in Front of My Mother”\nWhat would you say makes your life worth living?\nWorth l" ******* END TEXT: "h fathers, siblings, and peers. While some of the adolescents spoke about the significance of their "
9780814793398 - page_146: "START TEXT: mothers and fathers, they typically believed that their relationships with their mothers were most i" ******* END TEXT: "me, she’s not soft, so they say—they say women can’t raise boy children, but if the woman is right, "
9780814793398 - page_147: "START TEXT: she knows how to raise her children right. So she raised me right and I guess she said through praye" ******* END TEXT: "done, I gotta go to my mother. If I need her help, I go to my mother. She’s been there for so long.\n"
9780814793398 - page_148: "START TEXT: As in the previous year, Jamal explains that his relationship with his mother is important to him be" ******* END TEXT: "s mother, he insists in his interviews, was enough to ensure a good upbringing. In the last section "
9780814793398 - page_149: "START TEXT: of Jamal’s senior-year interview, Jamie asks him how he has been able to be so successful:\nBack to t" ******* END TEXT: " that and still she’s alive. And so I think that might happen to me now, I could go through it too.\n"
9780814793398 - page_150: "START TEXT: Along with the other boys in the study, Albert is motivated by watching his mother endure and takes " ******* END TEXT: "nior year if there is any adult that he looks up to, he says:\nMy mother.\nWhy do you look up to her?\n"
9780814793398 - page_151: "START TEXT: It’s like that same thing I said last year. She’s been through a lot and still she’ll keep on taking" ******* END TEXT: " matching oversized T-shirt, Albert proudly tells me: “Same way my mother is, that’s the way I am.”\n"
9780814793398 - page_152: "START TEXT: When I ask Albert in his senior year what made it possible for him to do well in school, he says his" ******* END TEXT: "ship with his mother that is closer than it ever has been before.\nIn his junior year, I ask Victor:\n"
9780814793398 - page_153: "START TEXT: Which would you say is the most important relationship right now?\nMy mother. Me and my mother. Why i" ******* END TEXT: "otivation, their role models, and as the most important relationship in their lives. They idealized "
9780814793398 - page_154: "START TEXT: their mothers but also learned concrete survival skills from them. It is interesting to note that wh" ******* END TEXT: "ning who would be most missed if “lost.” Marie states unequivocally that this person is her mother.\n"
9780814793398 - page_155: "START TEXT: Marie, in her sophomore year, feels more comfortable sharing her personal life with her mother than " ******* END TEXT: "t treatment by their fathers.\nLike the boys, Marie also believes that her mother gives her courage:\n"
9780814793398 - page_156: "START TEXT: I mean the thing that sticks out for me in your interviews is how you’ve had such a hard time with y" ******* END TEXT: "e and everything. She’s always there for me. I don’t know what I’d do if she—without her, you know?\n"
9780814793398 - page_157: "START TEXT: Chantel\nChantel’s interviews suggest similar themes. An African American student, Chantel lives with" ******* END TEXT: "with everything. It’s like she’s real smart and stuff. I have to say, I probably do look up to her.\n"
9780814793398 - page_158: "START TEXT: Chantel’s admiration of her mother, like that of so many teens in this study, is based on her mother" ******* END TEXT: "else. But I don’t know, I don’t know, it’s different. Everybody’s like, “I wish I had your mother.”\n"
9780814793398 - page_159: "START TEXT: In emphasizing that her mother is not like “a mother,” Chantel distinguishes between a presumably di" ******* END TEXT: "with my father … and my life wouldn’t be possible if something happened to her, if she wasn’t here.\n"
9780814793398 - page_160: "START TEXT: While stressing her independence, Chantel believes she needs her mother. Her desire to be independen" ******* END TEXT: "scussing such topics as marital difficulties with his mother later in life. The girls, in contrast, "
9780814793398 - page_161: "START TEXT: typically felt both close to their mothers and comfortable talking with them about most, if not all," ******* END TEXT: "g many of the adolescents is clearly related to the specific ethnic communities of which they are a "
9780814793398 - page_162: "START TEXT: part. Gloria Wade-Gayles states that in black communities, “praise for our mothers is the refrain of" ******* END TEXT: "in their lives. Had this discussion of maternal relationships been carried on in isolation, without "
9780814793398 - page_163: "START TEXT: questions about other parts of their lives, I would not have understood the extent to which they per" ******* END TEXT: "able to come closer to understanding what their lives “feel like and what they mean personally”11\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_164: "START TEXT: 7Maintaining a “Positive Attitude”/Fearing Death\nAS THE ADOLESCENTS spoke about their futures, about" ******* END TEXT: "and a real fear of meeting a violent death. They had optimistic and grave expectations. Contrary to "
9780814793398 - page_165: "START TEXT: what many social scientists have suggested,1 these adolescents were neither hopeless nor optimistic " ******* END TEXT: "on on earth—and it’s true because they say that he had a mission. He died and now everybody’s like, "
9780814793398 - page_166: "START TEXT: all the Spanish people and everybody, they’re like real close. Like he’s had—his death has brung uni" ******* END TEXT: " ’cause there’s nothing else to life but the future, you know? …\nWhat’s the first feeling you have?\n"
9780814793398 - page_167: "START TEXT: I feel I can do it. …\nOkay, what are some fears about the future?\nThat it might not turn out that wa" ******* END TEXT: "at if something goes wrong here?” ’Cause the future is so uncertain, you know. I mean sometimes the "
9780814793398 - page_168: "START TEXT: best-laid plans go frustrated. So it’s like, “What if I get kicked out of school for some reason?” C" ******* END TEXT: " friend who got shot]. She could’ve been gone, you know, for no reason. Maybe because she was black "
9780814793398 - page_169: "START TEXT: … I don’t like thinking like that but maybe it is that way [however] when it happened to [the princi" ******* END TEXT: "e that Satan is just taking everybody away like that.\nWhat do you think will happen in your future?\n"
9780814793398 - page_170: "START TEXT: Working and getting a lot of money. I’ll get married later on after I finish college and stuff. And " ******* END TEXT: "n, they must maintain hope about their own lives. They must believe that there will be a difference "
9780814793398 - page_171: "START TEXT: between their own futures and the fate of so many of their family members and peers. What would it m" ******* END TEXT: "e and death would be accompanied by feelings of hopelessness or, at the very least, a tentativeness "
9780814793398 - page_172: "START TEXT: about one’s own future, the teens’ stories of violence and death were heard in concert with “positiv" ******* END TEXT: " with whom she is speaking. Her outlook allows her to deny or “forget” her anguish, disappointment, "
9780814793398 - page_173: "START TEXT: and anger. It also permits her to acknowledge the difficulties in the world while maintaining hope a" ******* END TEXT: "how all the men would rape girls and stuff no matter who they were. You know, I used to see them in "
9780814793398 - page_174: "START TEXT: movies how uncles and stuff would rape their nieces or daughters and stuff and that’s when I started" ******* END TEXT: "raid to denying such feelings, Gayle suggests that while she actively takes precautions in response "
9780814793398 - page_175: "START TEXT: to her concerns (she does not neglect her own need to protect herself), she is ambivalent about ackn" ******* END TEXT: "gs in life. Like when I walk out in the street, I’m not gonna think I’m gonna get shot or whatever.\n"
9780814793398 - page_176: "START TEXT: Telling me about her expectations of success, her future and present orientation, her worries that s" ******* END TEXT: "er the adult world, they become increasingly wary of the obstacles, challenges, and troubles before "
9780814793398 - page_177: "START TEXT: and around them. Consequently, they seem to find it more difficult to maintain a positive stance. Ho" ******* END TEXT: "lf overlooking his mistreatment of her: “I [saw] a hole and I want[ed] to cover it up.” Maintaining "
9780814793398 - page_178: "START TEXT: a positive attitude may be essential for coping. However, it may also discourage girls from protecti" ******* END TEXT: "They could think that you were trying to do for yourself, trying to make a name, trying to get out.\n"
9780814793398 - page_179: "START TEXT: Malcolm’s wish to “take one day at a time” stems from his concern about bad things happening in the " ******* END TEXT: "iew that he tries not to think of the things that could get in the way of doing what he wants to do "
9780814793398 - page_180: "START TEXT: in the future. “If there is, I just try to walk around it or through it or whatever.” When asked wha" ******* END TEXT: "its tenuousness.\nIn addition, he believes that his positive outlook will lead to positive outcomes:\n"
9780814793398 - page_181: "START TEXT: When you think about the future, what do you think of?\nThe best. I think—I strongly believe that if " ******* END TEXT: "hat it would come back on me, and things wouldn’t happen as good as I hoped, but I just don’t know.\n"
9780814793398 - page_182: "START TEXT: Resisting my leading question, Tyrone wants to be optimistic. In contrast to his peers, however, he " ******* END TEXT: "es of those in their communities. They emphasize the importance of having a “positive attitude” and "
9780814793398 - page_183: "START TEXT: speak about the death and violence in their communities and the possibilities of “all of a sudden” b" ******* END TEXT: "helps them cope and dream and also silences them and leaves them alone to work on “their attitude.”\n"
9780814793398 - page_184: "START TEXT: The adolescents, as revealed in this chapter, actively engage and struggle with creating values, mes" ******* END TEXT: "and powerful “dream” nor an equally powerful but all too tangible reality to gain the upper hand.\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_185: "START TEXT: 8“Slacking Up” in School\nHow do you feel about how you do in school?\nI’m lazy. I mean, the work’s no" ******* END TEXT: " high school as she did in middle school, also attributes her poor grades to her “laziness … it has "
9780814793398 - page_186: "START TEXT: nothing to do with the school itself.” In fact, most of the students in the study blamed themselves " ******* END TEXT: "ll in my mind. ’Cause I know I could do it. But see, I’m like kind of lazy ’cause I be like I don’t "
9780814793398 - page_187: "START TEXT: progress that fast. Then when I think about it in my head, I’m like, “Damn,” you know, “Let’s get ou" ******* END TEXT: "one else, it happened ’cause of me. So since it happened ’cause of me, I shouldn’t have no regrets. "
9780814793398 - page_188: "START TEXT: I shouldn’t feel sorry. If you do the crime, you do the time. So you just gotta do what you gotta do" ******* END TEXT: "s.]\nWhy do you think you’re lazy?\nI dunno. I just don’t feel like doing things and I don’t do them.\n"
9780814793398 - page_189: "START TEXT: But do you think that it all has to do with you being lazy or do you think that part of the reason m" ******* END TEXT: "y of his lazy behavior appears to provide him with a sense of security that he can and will change.\n"
9780814793398 - page_190: "START TEXT: In his senior year, Samuel begins to offer another perspective:\nI mean, how did you do in school thi" ******* END TEXT: " “laziness” is not a personality trait, but often a response to a frustrating “external” situation. "
9780814793398 - page_191: "START TEXT: Unfortunately, the importance of understanding the reasons for laziness became evident to us only du" ******* END TEXT: "ear. … I’m not doing as good as I can be doing. I don’t know why, I’m just lazy. It’s like I’m real "
9780814793398 - page_192: "START TEXT: smart when I’m in school, I know what I’m doing. But it’s like bringing home the homework. When it c" ******* END TEXT: "ivated. Because if I go into a class and she’s going, “wa wa wa wa,” I’m not going to be motivated.\n"
9780814793398 - page_193: "START TEXT: Stemming, perhaps, from her mother’s dismissive attitude, Chantel initially struggles to tell me tha" ******* END TEXT: "she is not inspired in her classes and is, therefore, unmotivated to complete the work. At the same "
9780814793398 - page_194: "START TEXT: time, though, she believes that the problem lies primarily within herself (“but it’s me”).\nSonia, wh" ******* END TEXT: "ness (she doesn’t understand the material) during this sophomore-year interview, her reason is once "
9780814793398 - page_195: "START TEXT: again focused on herself. Sonia seems unsure about whether her “laziness” is fluid and changeable or" ******* END TEXT: "ing like 35 hours a week sometimes. … So finally I just don’t do it anymore.\nSo, do you still work?\n"
9780814793398 - page_196: "START TEXT: On the weekends I do pharmacy [15 hours per week] and during the week I work at the junior high as a" ******* END TEXT: "ain it clear enough for me. And everybody else catches on.\nSo what is that like for you?\nIt’s hard.\n"
9780814793398 - page_197: "START TEXT: Without prompting, Felicia suggests that both she and her teacher are the reasons for her struggles " ******* END TEXT: " desire to have fun.\nIn his second-year interview, Alfredo tells me he is doing terribly in school:\n"
9780814793398 - page_198: "START TEXT: So what is that about?\nI could do my work. And when I do it, it’s always—I always get a good grade f" ******* END TEXT: "n’t like, you know, having an assignment and just sitting in class writing about whatever, whatever "
9780814793398 - page_199: "START TEXT: so forth. … And there just some people that have strong, you know, more willpower than others and I " ******* END TEXT: "icularly angry with himself for believing the praise of his teachers yet continuing not to do well.\n"
9780814793398 - page_200: "START TEXT: Mary, while discussing her decision to drop out after her junior year, provides a balanced critique " ******* END TEXT: "school, work, and peer-related factors—especially when they were encouraged to do so by their inter "
9780814793398 - page_201: "START TEXT: viewers—many of the students were not. Instead, most of the adolescents unyieldingly maintained that" ******* END TEXT: "alk to a student, or they had to move their car. Sometimes they did not even apologize. I have also "
9780814793398 - page_202: "START TEXT: seen students imitate such behavior and then proceed to ignore or openly challenge a teacher’s repri" ******* END TEXT: "ividual effort and responsibility can be seen on the bulletin boards, blackboards, and other public "
9780814793398 - page_203: "START TEXT: spaces in and outside of this high school. These students have been taught through movies, televisio" ******* END TEXT: "dividual effort, responsibility, and success. These students may consider it too risky, given their "
9780814793398 - page_204: "START TEXT: experiences with their parents, teachers, and other adults, to criticize their school to these very " ******* END TEXT: "iefs about them—and educators, psychologists, policymakers, and parents must be ready to respond.\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_205: "START TEXT: 9Racism, Sexism, and Difference\nAFTER THE FIRST YEAR of interviews, I sat down to listen to the audi" ******* END TEXT: "hy responses about their direct clashes with racism. For the girls, these questions commonly led to "
9780814793398 - page_206: "START TEXT: responses about their awareness of the reality of racism but their lack of or infrequent brushes wit" ******* END TEXT: "ed around. We’re not stealing stuff but the guy is watching us. You know what I mean? And I’m like, "
9780814793398 - page_207: "START TEXT: “Why you sweating us? You know, what’s the point? I got money right here.” Boom. Or like one time—al" ******* END TEXT: "There were other kids, some white kids waiting down there, that were waiting there before I went to "
9780814793398 - page_208: "START TEXT: downtown [sighs] and they were in a crowd too. And we were four people and he comes to tell us that " ******* END TEXT: "hiring and they be like, ’We’re not giving out applications.’” Jerome, also African American, tells "
9780814793398 - page_209: "START TEXT: Mike about white cops arresting him and his friends for bothering a group of white teenagers when, i" ******* END TEXT: "t think so.\nHow about in school, so you think you’ve ever experienced discrimination at school?\nNo.\n"
9780814793398 - page_210: "START TEXT: Marie and her female peers repeatedly stated that while they have witnessed racist acts, they have n" ******* END TEXT: "rrounded by basically black people so the only time I really encounter white people is in school or "
9780814793398 - page_211: "START TEXT: from shopping or something. … I haven’t experienced it but I’m sure I will.\nWhy do you think you’re " ******* END TEXT: "examples of personal experiences of sexism and only a few girls stated that sexism may be a problem "
9780814793398 - page_212: "START TEXT: for them in the future. “Maybe … I don’t know,” Marie says in response to my question about whether " ******* END TEXT: "going to run into somebody who’s like racist or prejudiced or, you know, they already have in their "
9780814793398 - page_213: "START TEXT: mind that they’re going to hire a certain person and stuff like that. You’re always going to run int" ******* END TEXT: " if given a chance, he can “prove” himself to others and, ultimately, challenge racist stereotypes.\n"
9780814793398 - page_214: "START TEXT: Eva reports similar feelings:\nI’m proud to be who I am and I feel as though I just want to make a di" ******* END TEXT: "re not, you’re not. I mean, you cannot blame people for what you don’t get.” Mary also condemns the "
9780814793398 - page_215: "START TEXT: stance of victim when asked whether or not sexism will be an obstacle for her in her future: “No, I " ******* END TEXT: "rmined to give back to her community by becoming a role model.\nJamal also wants to be a role model:\n"
9780814793398 - page_216: "START TEXT: What does it mean to you to be a black man in this society?\nBeing a black man and not being on drugs" ******* END TEXT: "ew.” This belief appears to strengthen her ambitions as well as the ambitions of many of her peers.\n"
9780814793398 - page_217: "START TEXT: A Question of Difference\nWhile asking the participants about their experiences of racism and sexism " ******* END TEXT: "becomes evident, however, is that my question about difference is commonly interpreted by the teens "
9780814793398 - page_218: "START TEXT: as a question about racism. Albert seems to believe that had he stated that my race or ethnicity “ma" ******* END TEXT: "interviewed you as a white woman. Do you feel that the fact that we are white influenced you in any "
9780814793398 - page_219: "START TEXT: way in terms of how you are? Like what you tell or what you decide not to tell me?\nNo, because I don" ******* END TEXT: "diced against no one, racist against no one. It would make no difference. I talk to you like I talk "
9780814793398 - page_220: "START TEXT: to anyone else. You know, except for like people in my age bracket, you know, I talk to them differe" ******* END TEXT: "uld say, “Oh, where are you from,” you know, like that. But that’s all—that’s about it. That’s all.\n"
9780814793398 - page_221: "START TEXT: Okay, so it may feel a little close and also possible you could speak Spanish?\nMm-hmm.\nSo that would" ******* END TEXT: "not to perceive sexism as an obstacle for themselves or for their female peers. Sexism in the world "
9780814793398 - page_222: "START TEXT: of adolescence may be insidious and difficult to “see.” Like racism for urban, ethnic-minority girls" ******* END TEXT: "ver, did believe that the gender of the interviewer made a difference. They also explained that our "
9780814793398 - page_223: "START TEXT: age, understanding, familiarity, and acceptance were more important for them than our race or ethnic" ******* END TEXT: "e their discussions of their futures, the teens’ perspectives on discrimination and difference were "
9780814793398 - page_224: "START TEXT: both from the margins and from the inside. They knew about rampant racism, and they were deeply opti" ******* END TEXT: "eating strategies to cope as effectively as they can with the very real challenges they confront.\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_225: "START TEXT: Part IIINDIVIDUAL LIVES\n \n" ******* END TEXT: "Part IIINDIVIDUAL LIVES\n \n"
9780814793398 - page_226: "START TEXT: I began this book with Malcolm’s story, and will end it with Eva’s. Like Malcolm’s, Eva’s story reve" ******* END TEXT: "e often forget to slow down and simply listen to a story told by a teenager. Here is Eva’s story.\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_227: "START TEXT: 10Eva’s Story\nWITH HER HAIR pulled tight into a barrette behind her head, Eva, a strikingly beautifu" ******* END TEXT: "She says she has many halfbrothers and sisters (“so many, I don’t know”) because her father has had "
9780814793398 - page_228: "START TEXT: numerous girlfriends. Her mother isn’t steadily employed but occasionally tailors clothes, and her f" ******* END TEXT: "o his side and he listens to mine. And the reasons I did whatever I did, you know, and I like that.\n"
9780814793398 - page_229: "START TEXT: Eva appreciates the mutual respect and openness in her relationship with her father. Her father’s re" ******* END TEXT: "ivities include community service and going to a local college Upward Bound program. Eva attributes "
9780814793398 - page_230: "START TEXT: her success in school to her best friend’s encouragement. Her friendship with Tamara remains an impo" ******* END TEXT: "ar, with her boyfriend. Eva is firm in her views and in her refusal to follow rules and conventions "
9780814793398 - page_231: "START TEXT: of behavior in which she does not believe (“I don’t believe in that, and I’m not going to follow tha" ******* END TEXT: "ing questions and trying to get beneath the surface an essential part of her approach to the world.\n"
9780814793398 - page_232: "START TEXT: She also thinks it is good not to be “normal” because “I think if I’m doing something positive and u" ******* END TEXT: "nks for herself. When Helena asks why she does not use drugs, she says, “If I don’t like something, "
9780814793398 - page_233: "START TEXT: I don’t continue doing it.” Eva repeatedly insists that she is not one who follows the crowd. She is" ******* END TEXT: " and as an athlete, it should not be surprising that she “loves” school. I am nonetheless surprised "
9780814793398 - page_234: "START TEXT: at her absolute and unequivocal affirmation of her school—the same one that I perceive having so man" ******* END TEXT: "ng or losing, well, I do like to win. I try my hardest to win, but you know, I don’t take losing as "
9780814793398 - page_235: "START TEXT: hard as most people do. I just see it as an opportunity to get better and try to catch up to that pe" ******* END TEXT: "ose things can do. … Drugs can’t do nuthin’ to me. Only I can do …”), Eva suggests, once again, the "
9780814793398 - page_236: "START TEXT: importance of individual responsibility. She believes she is entirely responsible for what she does " ******* END TEXT: "aying that although she still lives with her mother, she “really” has three homes—her mother’s, her "
9780814793398 - page_237: "START TEXT: father’s, and her aunt and uncle’s: “When I’m having problems at one place, I just go to the other h" ******* END TEXT: " of respect” for Eva’s belongings. Eva tries to complain to her mother but to no avail; indeed, she "
9780814793398 - page_238: "START TEXT: says, she rarely feels supported by her mother when she is angry with her sisters.\nEva, once again, " ******* END TEXT: "n two days out of the entire school year.) She also likes the fact that her friend is not “normal”: "
9780814793398 - page_239: "START TEXT: “If you really talk to her and understand her, she’s just not normal. And I don’t like to be normal " ******* END TEXT: "—sometimes I think, how can you say something is good if you don’t have nothing to compare it with?\n"
9780814793398 - page_240: "START TEXT: Eva is aware of the necessity for contrasting conditions that throw both light and shadow on her fee" ******* END TEXT: "iend is like an ice cream sundae right there, you know. It’s just tempting you to mess up your diet "
9780814793398 - page_241: "START TEXT: process so I’d just be like no, if you have the willpower to say no, it’s better.\nEchoing a theme he" ******* END TEXT: "se? No, just goofy.” Eva’s self-description has changed from last year when she said she was smart, "
9780814793398 - page_242: "START TEXT: trusting, loyal, and full of “potential.” This year she describes herself as “goofy.” There is a sel" ******* END TEXT: "year, however, Eva’s responses betray a self-conscious note (“I’m not trying to brag or anything”).\n"
9780814793398 - page_243: "START TEXT: During the drug-and-alcohol-use section of the interview protocol, Eva admits to smoking cigarettes " ******* END TEXT: "rthright in many of her relationships, she does not seem outspoken with boys until her senior year.\n"
9780814793398 - page_244: "START TEXT: Eva is on the honor roll throughout her entire junior year and says that she does well because she “" ******* END TEXT: ".\nYou seem so motivated in so many ways. But you feel like it’ll be hard to follow through with it?\n"
9780814793398 - page_245: "START TEXT: Like doing the work, no, I could do the work. I could do anything, any work. I mean I like things th" ******* END TEXT: "orhood, she suggests here that her life is always at risk, regardless of her precautions. She feels "
9780814793398 - page_246: "START TEXT: hopeful about her future but is also acutely mindful of the unpredictability and possibility of deat" ******* END TEXT: "eatedly from many of the teachers and students, I am already well aware that she is popular in this "
9780814793398 - page_247: "START TEXT: school. As I watch her, I realize that I am feeling awkward and nervous. Her confidence and energy r" ******* END TEXT: " a whole different thing. I think she would prefer me—much rather me to get married, have kids, and "
9780814793398 - page_248: "START TEXT: stay in the house, and be a mother figure, which is good, you know. I just want something more than " ******* END TEXT: "ed to be God takes you as you are or whatever. [My mother] starts preaching like that. … Like she’s "
9780814793398 - page_249: "START TEXT: more into what people think of her. “Well, I don’t want you to go like that. [Get] clean, nice and d" ******* END TEXT: "her can or will not. Eva believes that she and her father are, in fact, very similar to each other:\n"
9780814793398 - page_250: "START TEXT: Like, how do you see yourself similar to your dad?\nOh, he’s really funny. I like to joke around too." ******* END TEXT: " based on the context of her parents’ long-term relationship. While Eva presents a fairly one-sided "
9780814793398 - page_251: "START TEXT: image of her relationships with her parents in the first two years of her interviews, her representa" ******* END TEXT: " a long time: “I want to be able to educate my children. … If you don’t teach them, that’s why they "
9780814793398 - page_252: "START TEXT: turn to the streets. You have to have good morals.” Eva’s strong commitment to education is once aga" ******* END TEXT: " Eva still looks up to her best friends because they motivate her to try her hardest in school. Her "
9780814793398 - page_253: "START TEXT: friends, along with Giovanni and King, inspire and encourage her to overcome the obstacles she confr" ******* END TEXT: "ell, as if I, simply by asking about girls, am participating in the rhetoric and belief system that "
9780814793398 - page_254: "START TEXT: Eva refuses to accept. She does not want to be boxed or categorized, and her opposition to my questi" ******* END TEXT: "I want to get through to other people, other kids, like minorities like myself and stuff like that.\n"
9780814793398 - page_255: "START TEXT: In a voice brimming with passion, Eva reveals her individual and communal spirit. She strives for in" ******* END TEXT: "ly, are not being heard. You know, they’re turning the “well nobody’s listening to me” into “I must "
9780814793398 - page_256: "START TEXT: be a nobody,” you know, turning to crack, drugs, or whatever. I don’t want to be like that. I can’t " ******* END TEXT: "ally one of the people who work in the “corporations” (“who’s gonna take care of your business when "
9780814793398 - page_257: "START TEXT: you’re gone?”)—about the state of the work world. As she has done throughout her senior-year intervi" ******* END TEXT: " proud member of the black community but also an outspoken individual who will not let the state of "
9780814793398 - page_258: "START TEXT: her community (her perception of it) obstruct her desire to make a difference.\nEva ends the intervie" ******* END TEXT: "lives. Like a conversation, these case studies cover a lot of ground, ramble and pause, fire up and "
9780814793398 - page_259: "START TEXT: dwindle out. But in the half-finished sentences, the turn of a seemingly minor phrase, the repeated " ******* END TEXT: " to see and experience the nuances of a life as well as reveal the relational nature of research.\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_260: "START TEXT: Epilogue\nSo what have we learned by listening to urban teenagers speak about their worlds over time?" ******* END TEXT: " most widely accepted stories of adolescent development—the story of independence and autonomy told "
9780814793398 - page_261: "START TEXT: about adolescent boys and the story of relationships and voice told about adolescents girls—are not " ******* END TEXT: "out all three years of their interviews. The boys told numerous stories of retreating from conflict "
9780814793398 - page_262: "START TEXT: or disagreement, and thereby silencing their anger and frustration—particularly with their male peer" ******* END TEXT: "ared to be no gender differences in the desire for close, intimate friendships with same-sex peers.\n"
9780814793398 - page_263: "START TEXT: When one considers the third set of themes, the relational picture becomes even more complex. The ad" ******* END TEXT: "e about learning to be independent by watching their mothers while others wished that their mothers "
9780814793398 - page_264: "START TEXT: were more independent. Notably, the girls’ discussions of existing or future male partners (their mo" ******* END TEXT: "nce; they were strong individualists who were seeking authentic connections. Cultural distinctions, "
9780814793398 - page_265: "START TEXT: therefore, do not fully address the question regarding why the patterns detected in the present stud" ******* END TEXT: "o separate from their parents), perhaps we should listen to what they are actually struggling with.\n"
9780814793398 - page_266: "START TEXT: Futures, Schools, and Discrimination\nThe adolescents’ discussions of their futures and their school " ******* END TEXT: "ey focused on individual effort and responsibility, but they also discussed, at times, a collective "
9780814793398 - page_267: "START TEXT: “we” as they spoke with a communal rather than an individual voice. Like Malcolm and Eva, the adoles" ******* END TEXT: "chool, or collectively fight against discrimination. Yet I heard them say that the reason they were "
9780814793398 - page_268: "START TEXT: doing poorly was because they were “lazy” and that they were not going to use race or gender “as an " ******* END TEXT: "y will. The stories told by the adolescents in this study need to be heard not only by students and "
9780814793398 - page_269: "START TEXT: teachers of adolescent development, but also by parents, teachers, and policymakers who are trying t" ******* END TEXT: "l responsibility and action, we need to help these urban youth find the “we” that they are seeking. "
9780814793398 - page_270: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_271: "START TEXT: Appendix AResearch Interview Protocol\n1. Family Information\nWhom do you live with? [If the teen live" ******* END TEXT: "teen gives you, such as “we are close” or “we don’t get along,” ask what they mean by close or what "
9780814793398 - page_272: "START TEXT: makes them feel that they don’t get along, and then ask them to give you an example of being close o" ******* END TEXT: " are closer to one brother or sister more than the others? Which one? Why do you feel this way? Why "
9780814793398 - page_273: "START TEXT: do or don’t you feel that way with your other sisters and brothers?\nDo you think any of your relatio" ******* END TEXT: "about the relationship? Explain.\nIs there anything you would like to change about the relationship?\n"
9780814793398 - page_274: "START TEXT: Are you sexually involved with him/her?\nIf yes:\nHow long have you been sexually involved?\nWhat made " ******* END TEXT: " about yourself? [Probe for examples. Teenager should be encouraged to be as specific as possible.]\n"
9780814793398 - page_275: "START TEXT: Do you think you have changed over the past year? How have you changed or in what ways have you not " ******* END TEXT: " as you would like?\nDo you think how you do as a student will have any effect on you later in life?\n"
9780814793398 - page_276: "START TEXT: Do you think your thoughts about school have changed over the past year? How have they changed? What" ******* END TEXT: "nt to add? Explain.\nDo you have any questions for me?\nThank you for participating in the project.\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_277: "START TEXT: Appendix B\nConceptually Clustered Matrix for Relationships with Peers\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "Appendix B\nConceptually Clustered Matrix for Relationships with Peers\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_278: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_279: "START TEXT: Notes\nNotes to the Introduction\n1. Throughout this book, “urban adolescents” will refer to those who" ******* END TEXT: "er & Way, 1996.\n15. Bell-Scott & Taylor, 1989, p. 122.\n16. Children’s Defense Fund, 1991.\n17. Ibid.\n"
9780814793398 - page_280: "START TEXT: 18. While these numbers refer to ethnic/racial groups rather than to urban poor or working-class you" ******* END TEXT: "aken from a talk given by Toni Morrison at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in April 1992.\n"
9780814793398 - page_281: "START TEXT: 32. This expression was also taken from a talk given by Toni Morrison concerning the reasons she wro" ******* END TEXT: " day-to-day explanatory models of thought that we carry around with us to make sense of our worlds.\n"
9780814793398 - page_282: "START TEXT: 16. I am focusing here on where one begins one’s research project conceptually. I am not critiquing " ******* END TEXT: "e immersed.\n39. Brown & Gilligan, 1990, p. 3.\n40. Gilligan, Brown, & Rogers, 1990, p. 89.\n41. Ibid.\n"
9780814793398 - page_283: "START TEXT: 42. Ibid., p. 107.\n43. Gilligan, 1991.\n44. “No one, not even the least privileged among us, is ever " ******* END TEXT: "er, 1991.\n13. Ibid., p. 42.\n14. Miles & Huberman, 1984.\n15. Gilligan, Brown, & Rogers, 1990, p. 96.\n"
9780814793398 - page_284: "START TEXT: Notes to the Introduction to Chapter 3\n1. Fine & Weis, 1996, p. 260.\nNotes to Chapter 3\n1. The descr" ******* END TEXT: " Themes are often evident among only a subset of participants and I do not want to imply otherwise. "
9780814793398 - page_285: "START TEXT: Furthermore, I do not want to leave my reader wondering what I meant by “many” or “some” or “a few” " ******* END TEXT: "986), have focused on middle- and upper-class girls and women.\n18. Simpson & Weiner, 1989, p. 1051.\n"
9780814793398 - page_286: "START TEXT: 19. In contrast to the present findings, Fordham’s (1993) study of adolescent girls from Washington," ******* END TEXT: " trust prevented them from having close or best friends. Similarly, all but two of the twelve girls "
9780814793398 - page_287: "START TEXT: spoke about not trusting other girls by their third-year interviews (none of the girls voiced comple" ******* END TEXT: " while they struggled with trusting their female peers, they had one or more close or best friends.\n"
9780814793398 - page_288: "START TEXT: 15. It is important to note that these adolescents were not having close relationships with those wh" ******* END TEXT: "s.\n31. Ibid.\n32. Epstein & Karweit, 1983, p. 60.\n33. Haynes & Emmons, 1994.\n34. Gold & Yanof, 1985.\n"
9780814793398 - page_289: "START TEXT: 35. The typical assertion concerning the connections between parent and peer relationships has been " ******* END TEXT: "\n10. Shorris, 1992.\n11. T. Morrison, 1992, talk given at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.\n"
9780814793398 - page_290: "START TEXT: Notes to Chapter 7\n1. Lamm, Schmidt, & Trommsdorff, 1976.\n2. The theme was evident in the interviews" ******* END TEXT: "ps with parents, teachers, and peers.\n4. Fine & Zane, 1989.\n5. Ibid.\n6. MacLeod, 1987/1995, p. 262.\n"
9780814793398 - page_291: "START TEXT: 7. Pastor and her colleagues note: “Critical insights without opportunities for students to reconstr" ******* END TEXT: "es to Chapter 10\n1. This information was obtained from Helena’s notes of this first-year interview.\n"
9780814793398 - page_292: "START TEXT: Notes to the Epilogue\n1. Belle, 1989; Deaux, 1977; Douvan & Adelson, 1966; Epstein & Karweit, 1983.\n" ******* END TEXT: "MacLeod, 1987/1995; Steinitz & Solomon, 1986; Taylor, Gilligan, & Sullivan, 1995; Winfield, 1995.\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_293: "START TEXT: References\nAlan Guttmacher Institute. (1994). Sex and America’s teenagers. New York.\nAmes, C. (1985)" ******* END TEXT: "ltz, L. (1991). Double stitch: Black women write about mothers and daughters. Boston: Beacon Press.\n"
9780814793398 - page_294: "START TEXT: Bell-Scott, P., & Taylor, R. L. (1989). Introduction: The multiple ecologies of black adolescent dev" ******* END TEXT: "Adolescence, 19, 19–32.\nCampbell, A. (1984). The girls in the gang. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.\n"
9780814793398 - page_295: "START TEXT: Children’s Defense Fund. (1991). Preventing adolescent pregnancy: What schools can do. Washington, D" ******* END TEXT: "ropouts: Notes on the politics of an urban high school. Albany: State University of New York Press.\n"
9780814793398 - page_296: "START TEXT: Fine, M., & Macpherson, P. (1995). Hungry for an us. Feminism and Psychology, 5(2), 181–200.\nFine, M" ******* END TEXT: " Mothers, daughters, and girlfriends. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 654–659.\n"
9780814793398 - page_297: "START TEXT: Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from prison notebooks. New York: International Publishers.\nGreenberg," ******* END TEXT: "). Race, maternal authority and adolescent aspiration. American Journal of Sociology, 76, 999–1020.\n"
9780814793398 - page_298: "START TEXT: Kerns, K. A., & Barth, J. M. (1995). Attachment and play: Convergence across components of parent-ch" ******* END TEXT: "rch on black adolescents: A legacy of cultural bias. Journal of Adolescent Research, 4(2), 254–264.\n"
9780814793398 - page_299: "START TEXT: Messer, S., Sass, L., & Woolfolk, R. (1984). Hermeneutics and psychological theory: Interpretive per" ******* END TEXT: "Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Project on the Psychology of Women and the Development of Girls.\n"
9780814793398 - page_300: "START TEXT: ———. (1993). Voice, play, and a practice of ordinary courage in girls’ and women’s lives. Harvard Ed" ******* END TEXT: " J. (1988). Can there be a feminist ethnography? Women’s Studies International Forum, 11(1), 21–27.\n"
9780814793398 - page_301: "START TEXT: Stack, C. (1974). All our kin: Strategies for survival in a black community. New York: Harper and Ro" ******* END TEXT: "urban adolescent girls speak about their relationships. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 107–128.\n"
9780814793398 - page_302: "START TEXT: ———. (1996). Between experiences of betrayal and desire: Close friendships among urban adolescents. " ******* END TEXT: "). Adolescent relations with mothers, fathers, and friends, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\n\n\n"
9780814793398 - page_303: "START TEXT: Index\nAcademic performance: perceptions of, 267\nand self-blame, 201. See also School(s), attitude to" ******* END TEXT: "sions of, 83–88, 124\nexpressions of, as outspokenness, 81–82, 95, 101, 103–4\nsuppression of, 53–54, "
9780814793398 - page_304: "START TEXT: 67–68, 79–80, 94–95, 97–99, 100, 124, 177. See also Rage\nAnzaldua, Gloria, 264\nArrogance, as source " ******* END TEXT: "8, 76–77, 277–78\nimportance of openness in gathering of, 15–16\nobjectivity of, 12\nsurprises in, 267\n"
9780814793398 - page_305: "START TEXT: Death: attitude toward, 49–50, 62\nand depending on others, 70\nfear of, 164–84, 266\nDebold, Elizabeth" ******* END TEXT: "ng boys, 112–29, 133–44\namong girls, 129–44, 239, 240\nbetrayal in, 118, 121–23, 127–37, 168, 262–63\n"
9780814793398 - page_306: "START TEXT: conceptually clustered matrix for, 277–78\nimportance of maintaining, 109, 263\ninterview protocol on," ******* END TEXT: "erences in, 143–44\nJamal (case study): on effect of interviewer’s sex and race, 218\non friends, 119\n"
9780814793398 - page_307: "START TEXT: on laziness in school, 188\non mother, 146–49\non overcoming discrimination, 212–13, 215–16\non speakin" ******* END TEXT: "ess to challenge, 85, 96, 155, 161, 191, 249. See also Parents\nMusic, as self-expression, 58, 71–72\n"
9780814793398 - page_308: "START TEXT: Narrative summaries, in analysis of data, 34, 35–36\nNative Son (Wright), 141\nNicholson, Linda, 89, 9" ******* END TEXT: "(s), 48, 65–66, 231, 238\ndesire to be, 215–16\ninterview protocol on, 274. See also Male role models\n"
9780814793398 - page_309: "START TEXT: Romantic relationships. See Boyfriend(s); Girlfriend(s)\nRelationships Rorty, Richard, 24\nSafety. See" ******* END TEXT: "an, W., 12\nSuspension rate, at school studied, 30–31\nTalking Back (hooks), 110\nTaylor, Ronald L., 5\n"
9780814793398 - page_310: "START TEXT: Teachers: lack of support for, 202\nrelationships with, 83–84, 99, 185–204\nTheory, data-driven, empha" ******* END TEXT: "un, 267\nWork outside of school, 44, 65, 195–96\nWright, Richard, 141\nYouth. See Adolescents, urban\n\n\n"