9781479824243 - page_357: "START TEXT: About the Authors\nSonia Livingstone is Professor i" ******* END TEXT: "or the Connected Youth and Digital Futures series."
9781479824243 - page_358: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nWe first acknowledge the generosit" ******* END TEXT: "scussed The Class with Nancy Baym, Kate Crawford, "
9781479824243 - page_x: "START TEXT: danah boyd, Megan Finn, Mary Gray, Jessa Lingel, a" ******* END TEXT: " to a point we could not have reached separately.\n"
9781479824243 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Nevertheless, writing is largely a solitary activi" ******* END TEXT: "or the Regents of the University of California.\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_255: "START TEXT: Appendix\nThe Young People\nThe 28 young people in t" ******* END TEXT: "nd cultural capital on the basis of our knowledge "
9781479824243 - page_256: "START TEXT: of parental occupation, home location (postcode), " ******* END TEXT: "couple, Muslim, low economic and cultural capital\n"
9781479824243 - page_257: "START TEXT: Dilruba: girl, mixed other, first language not Eng" ******* END TEXT: "meowner, low economic and medium cultural capital\n"
9781479824243 - page_258: "START TEXT: Mark: boy, black African, first language not Engli" ******* END TEXT: " Muslim, low economic and medium cultural capital\n"
9781479824243 - page_259: "START TEXT: Social Class in the Class\nAs figure A.1 illustrate" ******* END TEXT: "ite parent. In the lower left of the figure, most "
9781479824243 - page_260: "START TEXT: of the young people were black, mixed black or oth" ******* END TEXT: "16 to 18, and most secondary schools offer an inte"
9781479824243 - page_261: "START TEXT: grated place for learning for young people aged 11" ******* END TEXT: "e class, the then Conservative secretary of state "
9781479824243 - page_262: "START TEXT: for education continued in this tradition, creatin" ******* END TEXT: "hite British children come somewhere in between.5\n"
9781479824243 - page_263: "START TEXT: Research Methods\nThe first phase of our fieldwork," ******* END TEXT: "terviews played a greater role, and we interviewed"
9781479824243 - page_264: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: " "
9781479824243 - page_265: "START TEXT: each child separately and also one or both of thei" ******* END TEXT: "ted his or her interests and activities, although "
9781479824243 - page_266: "START TEXT: we did not quite manage this for everyone. In the " ******* END TEXT: "ings that we did not see and some that we saw but "
9781479824243 - page_267: "START TEXT: have not included in these pages. In relation to t" ******* END TEXT: "ach listed a range of people who were recorded as "
9781479824243 - page_268: "START TEXT: individuals and also classified as members of the " ******* END TEXT: "g of nodes established for the overall network.\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_20: "START TEXT: 1\nLiving and Learning in the Digital Age\nWhy is it" ******* END TEXT: "re experiences in order to reach a judgment about "
9781479824243 - page_21: "START TEXT: what might have been lost or gained. These questio" ******* END TEXT: "onomic, and cultural upheavals of recent years by "
9781479824243 - page_22: "START TEXT: reference to this period, but since it encompassed" ******* END TEXT: " consequence, it is claimed, is a permanent sense "
9781479824243 - page_23: "START TEXT: of instability, even crisis—in relation to the eco" ******* END TEXT: "up. In reflexive modernity, everyone is inundated "
9781479824243 - page_24: "START TEXT: with knowledge about the society they live in—rece" ******* END TEXT: "its power) builds into its operations a host of as"
9781479824243 - page_25: "START TEXT: sumptions about what individuals should know and d" ******* END TEXT: "wn. While many parents worry, feel inadequate, or "
9781479824243 - page_26: "START TEXT: try to play the system, schools and local authorit" ******* END TEXT: "l over their fertility, and the changed status of "
9781479824243 - page_27: "START TEXT: marriage.24 The changing ethnic and religious comp" ******* END TEXT: "cluding the emergence of an entrenched underclass "
9781479824243 - page_28: "START TEXT: that disproportionally includes children.31 In Bri" ******* END TEXT: "y also exist in the mixed London suburb where the "
9781479824243 - page_29: "START TEXT: class lived—or it may be coming tomorrow if it is " ******* END TEXT: "bring more (or different) risks or opportunities?\n"
9781479824243 - page_30: "START TEXT: The Changing Role of Education in Late Modernity\nA" ******* END TEXT: "ally advocated passionately by progressivists and "
9781479824243 - page_31: "START TEXT: educational reformers.50 For instance, the Germani" ******* END TEXT: " by the lack of close attention to young people’s "
9781479824243 - page_32: "START TEXT: voices and experiences in these debates. So our fi" ******* END TEXT: "nize children’s rights and hear children’s voices "
9781479824243 - page_33: "START TEXT: by seeing children as people in the present rather" ******* END TEXT: "into being, as it were, by drawing on the genres, "
9781479824243 - page_34: "START TEXT: tools, and narratives available to them.68 Jeffrey" ******* END TEXT: " and by those around them, including at the level "
9781479824243 - page_35: "START TEXT: of wider cultural pronouncements on certain catego" ******* END TEXT: "ant influence on children’s social development.82\n"
9781479824243 - page_36: "START TEXT: In Inventing Adulthoods, Sheila Henderson et al. s" ******* END TEXT: "ns of Beck, Giddens, et al. as overly celebrating "
9781479824243 - page_37: "START TEXT: agency and choice, there is agreement on all sides" ******* END TEXT: " among people to sort them for a stratified labor "
9781479824243 - page_38: "START TEXT: market.99 As Basil Bernstein has shown, the ways i" ******* END TEXT: "he whole and pronounce upon it.\n—Isaiah Berlin106\n"
9781479824243 - page_39: "START TEXT: This book is simultaneously wide ranging and tight" ******* END TEXT: "ion, the lack of jobs, or insufficient investment "
9781479824243 - page_40: "START TEXT: in education. The structure of this book thus plac" ******* END TEXT: "se ideas further, we now turn to the fieldwork.\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_212: "START TEXT: 10\nLife Trajectories, Social Mobility, and Cultura" ******* END TEXT: " they did or did not choose to study languages).3\n"
9781479824243 - page_213: "START TEXT: This process represented yet another timescale as " ******* END TEXT: "res, how they reflected on the way they had grown "
9781479824243 - page_214: "START TEXT: up, and what the process of imagining tells us abo" ******* END TEXT: " lives already apply more to some than to others.\n"
9781479824243 - page_215: "START TEXT: The language used to point to these processes of c" ******* END TEXT: "ons led him into a self-knowing state of anxiety:\n"
9781479824243 - page_216: "START TEXT: GIDEON: I want to do good.\nINTERVIEWER: Yes.\nGIDEO" ******* END TEXT: "“Right, I like that, and I want to do something.”\n"
9781479824243 - page_217: "START TEXT: INTERVIEWER: Do you think he hasn’t really found h" ******* END TEXT: " sort of dawn on him perhaps, you know, later on.\n"
9781479824243 - page_218: "START TEXT: As we saw in chapter 4, Gideon presented a highly " ******* END TEXT: "fantasy of becoming a football player left him in "
9781479824243 - page_219: "START TEXT: limbo for the present. A few months later, at the " ******* END TEXT: "their future, but these ideas focused more on the "
9781479824243 - page_220: "START TEXT: stepping-stones required to get them to their goal" ******* END TEXT: "elescope, dominating the relatively small room.13\n"
9781479824243 - page_221: "START TEXT: In Sara’s mapping out of the steps and qualificati" ******* END TEXT: ": Yes, yes. Okay.\nSEBASTIAN: It’s very enjoyable.\n"
9781479824243 - page_222: "START TEXT: Sebastian kept the two rationales separate: drama " ******* END TEXT: "a try, then? You’re going to try and be an actor?\n"
9781479824243 - page_223: "START TEXT: MEGAN: Yes, like, I love acting.\nINTERVIEWER: Are " ******* END TEXT: " earlier. Few were as explicit as Megan that life "
9781479824243 - page_224: "START TEXT: was not going to change: “I think my life’s going " ******* END TEXT: "hing his father (from whom he was now separated):\n"
9781479824243 - page_225: "START TEXT: When I used to live with my dad, in his flat, I al" ******* END TEXT: "n the moment when they joined the social scene.17 "
9781479824243 - page_226: "START TEXT: The boys also told stories of getting on Facebook," ******* END TEXT: " future. Both boys narrated a sense of growing up "
9781479824243 - page_227: "START TEXT: and working through a specific kind of institution" ******* END TEXT: "he conditions under which children grow up—longer "
9781479824243 - page_228: "START TEXT: education, less secure employment, increased socia" ******* END TEXT: "or themselves and thus frequently came up against "
9781479824243 - page_229: "START TEXT: the supposedly gender-neutral values of the school" ******* END TEXT: "zing this as their fault; yet they stayed hopeful "
9781479824243 - page_230: "START TEXT: even years later.23 Given the rhetoric of the Amer" ******* END TEXT: "y lifeworld contexts. This would suggest that the "
9781479824243 - page_231: "START TEXT: reflexivity that we have highlighted in this chapt" ******* END TEXT: "ries that young people tell betray their origins. "
9781479824243 - page_232: "START TEXT: Most often, we saw young people learning an identi" ******* END TEXT: "ng we will have to return to in 20 years’ time.\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_41: "START TEXT: 2\nA Year of Fieldwork\nProgress Day: Exploring Conn" ******* END TEXT: "ed, the interviews could be seen as revealing how "
9781479824243 - page_42: "START TEXT: “school” was performed for the families. Progress " ******* END TEXT: "cover their child’s ranking within the class, and "
9781479824243 - page_43: "START TEXT: they persisted in trying to find this out by askin" ******* END TEXT: " the student’s voice was often prominent in these "
9781479824243 - page_44: "START TEXT: interviews, since the young people understood the " ******* END TEXT: "people’s lives in what has been called the age of "
9781479824243 - page_45: "START TEXT: individualization or the risk society. We pursue t" ******* END TEXT: " of average size (see the appendix).10 A personal "
9781479824243 - page_46: "START TEXT: connection to one of the assistant headteachers he" ******* END TEXT: "y called him Sir, but in the park, it was Julian.\n"
9781479824243 - page_47: "START TEXT: So what was the school like? Victoria Forest Schoo" ******* END TEXT: "y became a substantive theme throughout the book.\n"
9781479824243 - page_48: "START TEXT: The school told us that the class they assigned to" ******* END TEXT: "r in pairs, mainly during breaks and lunch hours.\n"
9781479824243 - page_49: "START TEXT: Getting to the school ourselves, we were often cau" ******* END TEXT: "ed and rarely making much progress. Lydia fiddled "
9781479824243 - page_50: "START TEXT: with her hair most of the time, while Max—whom we " ******* END TEXT: "ining so individualistic a discourse of learning.\n"
9781479824243 - page_51: "START TEXT: We followed the students as they moved through a v" ******* END TEXT: "s also motivating. The learning identity on offer "
9781479824243 - page_52: "START TEXT: in these rehearsals was different too: rather than" ******* END TEXT: "n Progress Day, the parents ranged between mildly "
9781479824243 - page_53: "START TEXT: positive and very interested in our project. We we" ******* END TEXT: "es seemed to put the young person back in charge.\n"
9781479824243 - page_54: "START TEXT: While triangulating observations and interviews pe" ******* END TEXT: "lidays, with rules on time spent on television or "
9781479824243 - page_55: "START TEXT: games relaxed and bedtimes later (see chapter 7).2" ******* END TEXT: "s]. I can do whatever I want really.” And getting "
9781479824243 - page_56: "START TEXT: together face-to-face always trumped media use, al" ******* END TEXT: "oncern with Year 9, this being often seen as part "
9781479824243 - page_57: "START TEXT: of an internationally recognized “middle-school” p" ******* END TEXT: "no one developed an interest they had not already "
9781479824243 - page_58: "START TEXT: had before. Most striking were the blocked or opaq" ******* END TEXT: "owledging that they are all interconnected in the "
9781479824243 - page_59: "START TEXT: young people’s everyday lives. What do we mean by " ******* END TEXT: "sconnections between home, school, and peer group "
9781479824243 - page_60: "START TEXT: that were most interesting, as well as the young p" ******* END TEXT: "nections and disconnections in the digital age.\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_61: "START TEXT: 3\nNetworks and Social Worlds\nA key challenge we se" ******* END TEXT: "ultural logic” of our time. Kazys Varnelis speaks "
9781479824243 - page_62: "START TEXT: for many contemporary scholars in arguing that, “a" ******* END TEXT: "the same class, even seated together by teachers, "
9781479824243 - page_63: "START TEXT: what connections do the young people themselves cr" ******* END TEXT: " lived a rather fragile life in and out of school."
9781479824243 - page_64: "START TEXT: \n\nFigure 3.1. The class as a social network. Note:" ******* END TEXT: "tense or frequent the connections between people.\n"
9781479824243 - page_65: "START TEXT: Last but perhaps most interesting in terms of what" ******* END TEXT: "nks among the boys across class and ethnic lines. "
9781479824243 - page_66: "START TEXT: Sara, a “gifted and talented” middle-class mixed-r" ******* END TEXT: ".” Shane, whose family was not well-off, was more "
9781479824243 - page_67: "START TEXT: willing to have a go at explaining how social clas" ******* END TEXT: "r and poorer families. Yet in principle they have "
9781479824243 - page_68: "START TEXT: considerable freedom in how they play these cards:" ******* END TEXT: "tal connections.13 The clique was equally well con"
9781479824243 - page_69: "START TEXT: nected online, and so, too, were the girls on the " ******* END TEXT: "laying football and computer games both at school "
9781479824243 - page_70: "START TEXT: and on the weekends, with others from the class, t" ******* END TEXT: " Sony PlayStation 3 and Xbox users can only enter "
9781479824243 - page_71: "START TEXT: the same game world with others playing the same s" ******* END TEXT: " political links, or swearing excessively). Since "
9781479824243 - page_72: "START TEXT: the class had more boys than girls, this central p" ******* END TEXT: "out.\nINTERVIEWER: And before the film, basically.\n"
9781479824243 - page_73: "START TEXT: ALICE: Yes, way before the film.\nMAX: Way before t" ******* END TEXT: "But their Facebook profiles also conformed to the "
9781479824243 - page_74: "START TEXT: norm whereby the two girls, but not Max, could be " ******* END TEXT: "immediate family, also including the young people "
9781479824243 - page_75: "START TEXT: who lived in his block of flats—with whom he playe" ******* END TEXT: "ndary form of social organization in their lives.\n"
9781479824243 - page_76: "START TEXT: Language mattered a lot. Sedat and Hakim had both " ******* END TEXT: "tives in Pakistan over the summer, and her mother "
9781479824243 - page_77: "START TEXT: subsequently arranged Skype calls for them to stay" ******* END TEXT: "ol and family almost in equal measure. Figure 3.3 "
9781479824243 - page_78: "START TEXT: offers a simple overview of the ego networks, show" ******* END TEXT: "transcending such conventional social boundaries.\n"
9781479824243 - page_79: "START TEXT: If we were to look more closely into the class mem" ******* END TEXT: "ather explicitly linked the restrictions on young "
9781479824243 - page_80: "START TEXT: people’s movement in their locale with their enthu" ******* END TEXT: ". Nick’s mum always says, “Hi.” People that I see "
9781479824243 - page_81: "START TEXT: there in the park go, “all right?” and I’m like, “" ******* END TEXT: "ins and thus within young people’s lives. What we "
9781479824243 - page_82: "START TEXT: have seen here is that the young people themselves" ******* END TEXT: " digital age. Barry Wellman and Lee Rainie argue,\n"
9781479824243 - page_83: "START TEXT: In generations past, people usually had small, tig" ******* END TEXT: "ked any ready means of doing so?43 Such questions "
9781479824243 - page_84: "START TEXT: are taken up in chapter 4. We have seen here that " ******* END TEXT: " their offline and online relations with peers.\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_100: "START TEXT: and online, he relished the linguistic repertoire " ******* END TEXT: "oved [what had been claimed].” Yet these teachers "
9781479824243 - page_101: "START TEXT: knew that they could be presented with edited high" ******* END TEXT: "material and discursive resources, is imbued with "
9781479824243 - page_102: "START TEXT: relations of power, and is malleable through indiv" ******* END TEXT: "file was full of the fashion images that mirrored "
9781479824243 - page_103: "START TEXT: her conversation at school and home, her interests" ******* END TEXT: "e successful than others, hints at people’s often "
9781479824243 - page_104: "START TEXT: unsatisfied desire to be in touch with each other," ******* END TEXT: " or intimacy. It also provides, of course, a back "
9781479824243 - page_105: "START TEXT: channel for communication about school or family t" ******* END TEXT: "vailability of digital networked spaces to pursue "
9781479824243 - page_106: "START TEXT: such connections and disconnections, thereby const" ******* END TEXT: "-mediated in ways that will continue to unfold.\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_85: "START TEXT: 4\nIdentities and Relationships\nHaving analyzed the" ******* END TEXT: "matter of an online world of multiple “weak ties” "
9781479824243 - page_86: "START TEXT: and an offline world of grounded, strong ties? Wea" ******* END TEXT: "s, likes, images, links, etc.) visible to others.\n"
9781479824243 - page_87: "START TEXT: Given the explosion of “weak ties” in the digital," ******* END TEXT: "ow familiar to him as part of his self-narrative:\n"
9781479824243 - page_88: "START TEXT: I used to be quite small in Year 7 and 8, and I us" ******* END TEXT: "ecent difficulty. His father took him on extended "
9781479824243 - page_89: "START TEXT: cycling holidays, and his mother contributed a ser" ******* END TEXT: "ittle to him. He had over 1,000 Facebook friends, "
9781479824243 - page_90: "START TEXT: twice the class average, and unlike the typical, f" ******* END TEXT: "a “daddy’s girl,” able to get whatever she wanted "
9781479824243 - page_91: "START TEXT: from her home-working father. With her mother, who" ******* END TEXT: " intimacies, preferring face-to-face time to talk "
9781479824243 - page_92: "START TEXT: about what mattered to them, all the while missing" ******* END TEXT: " invite someone, like, an inbox or something. But "
9781479824243 - page_93: "START TEXT: I don’t use it to talk to people that much.” This " ******* END TEXT: "res.… It’s just random pictures, like if I send a "
9781479824243 - page_94: "START TEXT: picture, you can reblog it. But you have different" ******* END TEXT: "can’t really create that myself, and I’m not that "
9781479824243 - page_95: "START TEXT: good with technology either, so I can’t just do th" ******* END TEXT: "ne whom others would come to with their problems:\n"
9781479824243 - page_96: "START TEXT: DILRUBA: Like most of my friends that I still have" ******* END TEXT: " Her comment about what is or is not her business "
9781479824243 - page_97: "START TEXT: is interesting, as it turned out that Dilruba was " ******* END TEXT: "even, to “follow” her, but one might occasionally "
9781479824243 - page_98: "START TEXT: “favorite” her tweet, especially if she had posted" ******* END TEXT: "on Facebook lay a “real-life” (offline) incident:\n"
9781479824243 - page_99: "START TEXT: AIDEN: Basically some girl Facebooked me and said," ******* END TEXT: "oken at school to adults, at home, on the street, "
9781479824243 - page_107: "START TEXT: 5\nLife at School\nFrom Routines to Civility\nSchool " ******* END TEXT: "s on the considerable efforts the school put into "
9781479824243 - page_108: "START TEXT: creating the norms and ideals of a civil society, " ******* END TEXT: "ge and forging common experiences in lesson time.\n"
9781479824243 - page_109: "START TEXT: Learning Civility\nSchools are expected to fulfill " ******* END TEXT: "people were themselves aware of this expectation. "
9781479824243 - page_110: "START TEXT: In a discussion about school rules, Gideon and Meg" ******* END TEXT: "ollaborating strangers,” although these, too, are "
9781479824243 - page_111: "START TEXT: uneasy terms with which to acknowledge that comple" ******* END TEXT: "y have facilitated learning from the teacher, the "
9781479824243 - page_112: "START TEXT: result, as Alice explained to us, was an environme" ******* END TEXT: "anagement and “anger management,” which were also "
9781479824243 - page_113: "START TEXT: celebrated in discussions between teacher and pare" ******* END TEXT: " about a black boy in a white neighborhood seeing "
9781479824243 - page_114: "START TEXT: a black girl, saying the wrong thing, and getting " ******* END TEXT: "lways celebrated by the group, along with rituals "
9781479824243 - page_115: "START TEXT: such as Secret Santa at Christmas, adding to the c" ******* END TEXT: "rts and reality television mentioned by teachers.\n"
9781479824243 - page_116: "START TEXT: High-culture references, by contrast, were rather " ******* END TEXT: "s catches the students’ attention. But the lesson "
9781479824243 - page_117: "START TEXT: begins to go awry precisely because of the student" ******* END TEXT: "e difference, as social awkwardness is preferable "
9781479824243 - page_118: "START TEXT: to conflict. In such lessons, the aspirations for " ******* END TEXT: "er, because I don’t really like my maths teacher.\n"
9781479824243 - page_119: "START TEXT: We had been asking whether the young people prefer" ******* END TEXT: "ER: Tell me a bit more what you think about that.\n"
9781479824243 - page_120: "START TEXT: DILRUBA: Because if they’re, like, keep shouting a" ******* END TEXT: "nt borne out in this instance by Max’s continuing "
9781479824243 - page_121: "START TEXT: poor relationship with the science teacher, leadin" ******* END TEXT: "s friendship with a girl, Ruth, to accelerate the "
9781479824243 - page_122: "START TEXT: breakdown in the contract between teacher and stud" ******* END TEXT: " Being bad and not getting in trouble is so good.\n"
9781479824243 - page_123: "START TEXT: Conclusions\nSince members of the class were embedd" ******* END TEXT: " sit with? Why do some hang out with others? Few, "
9781479824243 - page_124: "START TEXT: if any, dissented from the avowed aim of learning " ******* END TEXT: ", for instance, than they were to mark out Sedat, "
9781479824243 - page_125: "START TEXT: Lydia, or Shane as, frankly, uncivil.36 Similarly," ******* END TEXT: "cratic accountability initiated by the school—for "
9781479824243 - page_126: "START TEXT: instance, Mark was the class representative on the" ******* END TEXT: " civility become a necessity to avoid conflict.\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_127: "START TEXT: 6\nLearning at School\nMeasuring and “Leveling” the " ******* END TEXT: " the school to reflect on and take control of the "
9781479824243 - page_128: "START TEXT: kind of learner they are or should be. On the othe" ******* END TEXT: "e classroom so that, as they filtered through the "
9781479824243 - page_129: "START TEXT: door one by one, the teacher could comment on thei" ******* END TEXT: "tomatically one level higher. So you don’t really "
9781479824243 - page_130: "START TEXT: need to write that down, ’cause it’s obvious.” The" ******* END TEXT: "anking students against each other or against any "
9781479824243 - page_131: "START TEXT: absolute expectations, targets were highly individ" ******* END TEXT: "so that I can explain it to you. So everybody now "
9781479824243 - page_132: "START TEXT: should be looking at the target in the assessment " ******* END TEXT: "e is all the other things we are going to have to "
9781479824243 - page_133: "START TEXT: take into consideration as well. So today, if you " ******* END TEXT: "ts, even though a tough examination loomed ahead.\n"
9781479824243 - page_134: "START TEXT: Accounting for Learning to Parents\nThe more embedd" ******* END TEXT: "ts—how your child’s targets relate to sort of the "
9781479824243 - page_135: "START TEXT: average target. So you don’t know that. But in a s" ******* END TEXT: "dents’ parents, few of the students challenged or "
9781479824243 - page_136: "START TEXT: even reflected on the adoption of levels as a way " ******* END TEXT: "position to the system was expressed as apathy or "
9781479824243 - page_137: "START TEXT: ignorance. The few students who did not know what " ******* END TEXT: "are? Could you say, “I’m a level 7 or a level …”?\n"
9781479824243 - page_138: "START TEXT: LYDIA: Not really.\nINTERVIEWER: Could you say wher" ******* END TEXT: "ructure that allowed for a series of performances "
9781479824243 - page_139: "START TEXT: but also enabled him to move between different lev" ******* END TEXT: "lass, behavior—both “good” and “bad.” The history "
9781479824243 - page_140: "START TEXT: of schools has seen the deployment of a series of " ******* END TEXT: "of class time to the ongoing process of recording "
9781479824243 - page_141: "START TEXT: students’ attainment, ill discipline, or lateness." ******* END TEXT: "rlooked. We witnessed him playing a tactical game "
9781479824243 - page_142: "START TEXT: when, once, a teacher promised a commendation for " ******* END TEXT: "ofar as they can be mined for learning analytics. "
9781479824243 - page_143: "START TEXT: For instance, SIMS could be scrutinized for the pr" ******* END TEXT: "elatively little criticism of the system. Rather, "
9781479824243 - page_144: "START TEXT: students, teachers, and parents were variously pre" ******* END TEXT: "d be seen to shape the learning process at VFS.23\n"
9781479824243 - page_145: "START TEXT: At first, we had thought the practice of making vi" ******* END TEXT: "d, and everyone knew how everyone else was doing. "
9781479824243 - page_146: "START TEXT: Surveillance tends to result in standardization, a" ******* END TEXT: "risks with unproven forms of assessment, and they "
9781479824243 - page_147: "START TEXT: confuse expectations of parents. Thus, we are incl" ******* END TEXT: "ternative possibilities are thereby excluded.29\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_148: "START TEXT: 7\nLife at Home Together and Apart\nMany of the anxi" ******* END TEXT: " family life in ways that are hard to classify or "
9781479824243 - page_149: "START TEXT: predict. We wanted to understand how the young peo" ******* END TEXT: "ed by a history of past troubles (and pleasures).\n"
9781479824243 - page_150: "START TEXT: Since the arrival of electronic media in the home " ******* END TEXT: "rents constructed their accounts of family life re"
9781479824243 - page_151: "START TEXT: vealed something of how the family lived and also " ******* END TEXT: " mother’s philosophy was one of self-reliance, as "
9781479824243 - page_152: "START TEXT: revealed when we asked about social media: “I don’" ******* END TEXT: "ld us, “They just help me a little bit, like, but "
9781479824243 - page_153: "START TEXT: usually I’m fine. But my dad’s usually the one tha" ******* END TEXT: "this current year, “I will work, and I’m going to "
9781479824243 - page_154: "START TEXT: make it happen.” And we’ve supported her with that" ******* END TEXT: "ct, leaving the family with significant financial "
9781479824243 - page_155: "START TEXT: problems—nearly losing their home—as well as consi" ******* END TEXT: "plaining that her loud eating annoyed her mother.\n"
9781479824243 - page_156: "START TEXT: So while Abby’s father told a story of the family " ******* END TEXT: " adds to the options and tensions of family life.\n"
9781479824243 - page_157: "START TEXT: Typical of UK homes in the early 21st century, all" ******* END TEXT: "ssessions, since media represent a means by which "
9781479824243 - page_158: "START TEXT: even relatively poor families can try to “keep up." ******* END TEXT: "subtle, involving the temporal and spatial arrange"
9781479824243 - page_159: "START TEXT: ments of family life. First, she divided the after" ******* END TEXT: "sion was used as a source of commonality. In that "
9781479824243 - page_160: "START TEXT: family as in others, it was the children growing u" ******* END TEXT: " for the children despite their own recent split:\n"
9781479824243 - page_161: "START TEXT: We keep trying to limit their computer time.… Ther" ******* END TEXT: "d this upset his father, as his mother explained:\n"
9781479824243 - page_162: "START TEXT: ADAM’S MOTHER: This is because [Adam’s father’s] p" ******* END TEXT: "ion, which he considered inconsistent and unfair:\n"
9781479824243 - page_163: "START TEXT: He doesn’t want me to have 18s [age rated] either," ******* END TEXT: "cebook, resulting in a family row; but her father "
9781479824243 - page_164: "START TEXT: responded that this was to be expected of a 13-yea" ******* END TEXT: ", often around the television set, their children "
9781479824243 - page_165: "START TEXT: generally responded positively even while seeking—" ******* END TEXT: "eting media use as indicative of attitudes to the "
9781479824243 - page_166: "START TEXT: media per se, therefore, we see media use as a way" ******* END TEXT: "ds the exercise of choice over how time and space "
9781479824243 - page_167: "START TEXT: within the home can be used to support a particula" ******* END TEXT: "anize social relations, and what they displace.\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_168: "START TEXT: 8\nMaking Space for Learning in the Home\nThe modern" ******* END TEXT: "cademic attainment and labor-market competition.3\n"
9781479824243 - page_169: "START TEXT: Taken together, these shifts are reconfiguring the" ******* END TEXT: "ns, and they are also shaped by cultural beliefs. "
9781479824243 - page_170: "START TEXT: While they are often instrumentally oriented towar" ******* END TEXT: "his parents’ agenda. First, his twice-weekly atten"
9781479824243 - page_171: "START TEXT: dance at Quran school, which involved a considerab" ******* END TEXT: "her could not communicate well with the children.\n"
9781479824243 - page_172: "START TEXT: Both the Quran school and the home investment in e" ******* END TEXT: "out it, what they hoped their children would gain "
9781479824243 - page_173: "START TEXT: from it. The fear of “missing out,” it seemed, dro" ******* END TEXT: "m what exactly was being learned or where it might"
9781479824243 - page_174: "START TEXT: " ******* END TEXT: " "
9781479824243 - page_175: "START TEXT: lead. As we also noted in chapter 7, when we visit" ******* END TEXT: "estment to support their high-achieving children.\n"
9781479824243 - page_176: "START TEXT: The notion of investment here needs careful unpack" ******* END TEXT: "ly antisocial behavior, and to mitigate against ob"
9781479824243 - page_177: "START TEXT: sessive solitary game playing. Dom’s bedroom was o" ******* END TEXT: "ssing: “You have to move on to the next level and "
9781479824243 - page_178: "START TEXT: stuff, and it’s … and I still haven’t moved on, bu" ******* END TEXT: "nd it would just be a set of questions, and then, "
9781479824243 - page_179: "START TEXT: if you answer them, you don’t realize it, but ever" ******* END TEXT: "d activity; he immediately set up a commentary, a "
9781479824243 - page_180: "START TEXT: dialogue with other boys—a jokey banter as a form " ******* END TEXT: "uple, each self-employed in creative enterprises. "
9781479824243 - page_181: "START TEXT: Giselle drew, performed, played music, and had a s" ******* END TEXT: "ing creative and flexible opportunities to learn:\n"
9781479824243 - page_182: "START TEXT: INTERVIEWER: Do you feel that what [Giselle] does " ******* END TEXT: "nces, and resources that vary across contexts. At "
9781479824243 - page_183: "START TEXT: school, as we saw in chapter 6, priority was given" ******* END TEXT: "fers their children more freedom over their lives "
9781479824243 - page_184: "START TEXT: but at a long-term cost in achievement.18 And as d" ******* END TEXT: "ds,” even though she had warned him he would need "
9781479824243 - page_185: "START TEXT: extracurricular achievements for his CV. While acc" ******* END TEXT: "erse processes of informal and formal learning.22\n"
9781479824243 - page_186: "START TEXT: The school’s predominant focus on curricular learn" ******* END TEXT: "ed between homes and school and other places in a "
9781479824243 - page_187: "START TEXT: simple and unproblematic fashion. This chapter has" ******* END TEXT: "ive when conceptualized in ways that might extend "
9781479824243 - page_188: "START TEXT: or transform learning but were more effective when" ******* END TEXT: "learning was successful precisely because parents "
9781479824243 - page_189: "START TEXT: were keen to discuss how they were variously appro" ******* END TEXT: "apital in supporting their children’s learning.\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_190: "START TEXT: 9\nLearning to Play Music\nClass, Culture, and Taste" ******* END TEXT: "ment—is to a great extent voluntary and privately "
9781479824243 - page_191: "START TEXT: financed, what does it reveal about how inequaliti" ******* END TEXT: "se lessons, suggesting that playing an instrument "
9781479824243 - page_192: "START TEXT: may still be regarded as a gendered accomplishment" ******* END TEXT: "edagogy—or relations between ways of teaching and "
9781479824243 - page_193: "START TEXT: the knowledge being learned—contribute to what cul" ******* END TEXT: "e learning in the family calculus of achievement:\n"
9781479824243 - page_194: "START TEXT: I don’t really care. I just do it to keep my mum h" ******* END TEXT: "h a friend, she doesn’t want to go. So that’s one "
9781479824243 - page_195: "START TEXT: of her difficulties, doing things on her own. And " ******* END TEXT: "nowledge of music—whether their broad interest in "
9781479824243 - page_196: "START TEXT: music listening for leisure or their specific expe" ******* END TEXT: "ing the keyboard at his mother’s house. Whilst he "
9781479824243 - page_197: "START TEXT: isn’t incredibly keen, he is dutiful and well orga" ******* END TEXT: "e’re going to do this week,” “Let’s do this piece "
9781479824243 - page_198: "START TEXT: now.” He also makes the judgments about quality, a" ******* END TEXT: "rogression in a way that suited him. Indeed, such "
9781479824243 - page_199: "START TEXT: a disciplined experience out of school may even ha" ******* END TEXT: "d and interacted with both Giselle and her mother "
9781479824243 - page_200: "START TEXT: was also very different from Adrian’s transactions" ******* END TEXT: "ther words, Rachel is not going to force accuracy "
9781479824243 - page_201: "START TEXT: at the expense of getting it. This gives Giselle a" ******* END TEXT: "laying the saz, especially since this achievement "
9781479824243 - page_202: "START TEXT: clearly earned him respect within the highly organ" ******* END TEXT: "serves this with great interest. We enter a light "
9781479824243 - page_203: "START TEXT: industrial area. There are many people around—I se" ******* END TEXT: "f the sazes are bass and some tenor and therefore "
9781479824243 - page_204: "START TEXT: there was an element of harmony. For most of the s" ******* END TEXT: " disciplined—whom we did not see at school. There "
9781479824243 - page_205: "START TEXT: are a number of reasons why the Turkish community " ******* END TEXT: "t me being there was a bit odd but that it wasn’t "
9781479824243 - page_206: "START TEXT: significantly altering a normal everyday experienc" ******* END TEXT: "anship. He downloads music, one of his older broth"
9781479824243 - page_207: "START TEXT: ers showed him how to do this online and these are" ******* END TEXT: "elation to their music making and music learning. "
9781479824243 - page_208: "START TEXT: The relation between the teaching style on offer a" ******* END TEXT: "have—and perhaps did—facilitate their learning in "
9781479824243 - page_209: "START TEXT: school. But such experiences remained largely unkn" ******* END TEXT: "rity ethnic homes who loved music, were supported "
9781479824243 - page_210: "START TEXT: by their families’ enthusiasm and skill, and were " ******* END TEXT: " terms of nonconvertible (sub)cultural capital.28\n"
9781479824243 - page_211: "START TEXT: These various concepts of cultural capital help to" ******* END TEXT: " to look back over the year we spent with them.\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_233: "START TEXT: Conclusion\nConservative, Competitive, or Connected" ******* END TEXT: " is also new, as is the World Challenge’s efforts "
9781479824243 - page_234: "START TEXT: to link individual and collaborative activities ac" ******* END TEXT: "urse of opportunity is presented as fair and inclu"
9781479824243 - page_235: "START TEXT: sive, and teachers, parents, and young people all " ******* END TEXT: "y, then, did it seem to fail to recalibrate other "
9781479824243 - page_236: "START TEXT: or new kinds of home-school relationship? In part," ******* END TEXT: "and deliver one-to-many content in the classroom. "
9781479824243 - page_237: "START TEXT: We argued in chapter 6 that this facilitated an un" ******* END TEXT: " with people, like, I probably wouldn’t have made "
9781479824243 - page_238: "START TEXT: friends with before because you’re all kind of con" ******* END TEXT: "cused on the business of sorting and stratifying, "
9781479824243 - page_239: "START TEXT: prioritize a philosophy of “becoming,” parents try" ******* END TEXT: "re likely to burden today’s youth more than older "
9781479824243 - page_240: "START TEXT: generations, well into the future. And children an" ******* END TEXT: "ey were only 13 or 14 years old, and as we saw in "
9781479824243 - page_241: "START TEXT: chapter 1, surveys show that young teenagers are g" ******* END TEXT: " understandings. For instance, despite the public "
9781479824243 - page_242: "START TEXT: hyperbole about the opportunities of youth and edu" ******* END TEXT: "ish to engage with adults in their online spaces.\n"
9781479824243 - page_243: "START TEXT: While friendships tended to be more socially homog" ******* END TEXT: " widely. Moreover, since all concerned acceded to "
9781479824243 - page_244: "START TEXT: the standardized, supposedly fair, and generally c" ******* END TEXT: " of individual rights but that even when everyone "
9781479824243 - page_245: "START TEXT: is in a separate space or using a different techno" ******* END TEXT: " encourage young people’s intrinsic interests, to "
9781479824243 - page_246: "START TEXT: find ways to recognize small achievements in meani" ******* END TEXT: " with daily difficulties and upsets. Their online "
9781479824243 - page_247: "START TEXT: lives largely mirrored rather than opposed both pu" ******* END TEXT: "o support civility, showing also how young people "
9781479824243 - page_248: "START TEXT: and their families supported this emphasis on incl" ******* END TEXT: " so teachers, parents, and young people alike are "
9781479824243 - page_249: "START TEXT: now highly attuned to questions of privacy and tru" ******* END TEXT: "aboration, empathy, and civic engagement. Against "
9781479824243 - page_250: "START TEXT: conservatism, calls for connection invite creative" ******* END TEXT: "forms of knowledge, but they stick to the top-ten "
9781479824243 - page_251: "START TEXT: Google hits, and their favorite sites include Amaz" ******* END TEXT: "ss the power of networked technologies to support "
9781479824243 - page_252: "START TEXT: self-motivated paths to living and learning is an " ******* END TEXT: "f-protective practices that stand in the way of re"
9781479824243 - page_253: "START TEXT: thinking society in the digital age. But for our c" ******* END TEXT: " of conceptualizing learning alter such seemingly "
9781479824243 - page_254: "START TEXT: overdetermining social structures? These questions" ******* END TEXT: "tified fears about a risky or threating future.\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_v: "START TEXT: Contents\nList of Figures and Tables\nAcknowledgment" ******* END TEXT: "pendix\nNotes\nReferences\nIndex\nAbout the Authors\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS\nNew York\nwww.nyupress.or" ******* END TEXT: " 7  6  5  4  3  2  1\nAlso available as an ebook\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Figures and Tables\nFigures\nFigure 3.1. The class a" ******* END TEXT: "f the class\nTable A.1. Research design overview\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_i: "START TEXT: The Class\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "The Class\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_339: "START TEXT: Index\nAbby (class member), 2, 52, 214, 256, 299n12" ******* END TEXT: "al inequality, 37; on social reproduction, 273n34\n"
9781479824243 - page_340: "START TEXT: Beck-Gernsheim, E., 24, 26, 278n103, 280n14; choic" ******* END TEXT: "3, 66–68, 284n3, 311n26; subject lessons division "
9781479824243 - page_341: "START TEXT: of, 4; surveillance of, 7, 140, 146; year in life " ******* END TEXT: " trajectories, social mobility, and, 212–32, 239; "
9781479824243 - page_342: "START TEXT: music learning and, 192–93; nonconvertible (sub-)," ******* END TEXT: "nt middle-class home, 175; choice biography, 180; "
9781479824243 - page_343: "START TEXT: the class relationships, 63, 225; digital media re" ******* END TEXT: " difficulties, 89, 153–56; in digital age, 26–29; "
9781479824243 - page_344: "START TEXT: diversity, social change and, 26–27, 148–49; enric" ******* END TEXT: "atment, 119; uncertain future of, 215–18; visible "
9781479824243 - page_345: "START TEXT: popularity of, 87–90, 97; World Challenge selectio" ******* END TEXT: "ives, 156–60; multiple media devices, 157–59, 241\n"
9781479824243 - page_346: "START TEXT: homework, 53–54, 63, 149\nHorst, H., 280n9, 284n25," ******* END TEXT: "ltivation, 170, 178, 183–84, 209; on differential "
9781479824243 - page_347: "START TEXT: role of family, 230; on middle-class families, 311" ******* END TEXT: "n the Day of VFS, A (school film), 57, 282nn31–32\n"
9781479824243 - page_348: "START TEXT: life plan, fulfilling, 222–23, 307n14\nlife satisfa" ******* END TEXT: "ublic nature, 92–93, 94; flirting, 92; fulfilling "
9781479824243 - page_349: "START TEXT: life plan, 222–23; homework and, 54; levels self-a" ******* END TEXT: "ons, 6, 84\nnetworked individualism, 82–83, 285n40\n"
9781479824243 - page_350: "START TEXT: networks and social worlds, 61, 82–85, 91–92, 249," ******* END TEXT: "282n36\npolitics, education policy and, 30, 270n14\n"
9781479824243 - page_351: "START TEXT: poor, 28; economic and cultural capital lacking fo" ******* END TEXT: "ilure and criticism, 199, 201, 294n37; government "
9781479824243 - page_352: "START TEXT: quality inspection, 50, 280n12; home and peer cult" ******* END TEXT: "f-taught music learning, 16, 190, 193, 205–7, 208\n"
9781479824243 - page_353: "START TEXT: “sensitising concepts,” 22, 272n8\nSergei (class me" ******* END TEXT: " 44\nsocial worlds. See networks and social worlds\n"
9781479824243 - page_354: "START TEXT: society: digital technology and, 7, 20–23, 186, 26" ******* END TEXT: "iforms in, 280n16; social mobility in, 47, 278n98\n"
9781479824243 - page_355: "START TEXT: United States (US), 261; family media use, 166, 30" ******* END TEXT: "in having, 28, 241. See also class, the; students\n"
9781479824243 - page_356: "START TEXT: Yusuf (class member), 2, 258; class relationships," ******* END TEXT: "p-down approach of teacher-managed student, 180\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_1: "START TEXT: Introduction\nAn Invitation to Meet the Class\nWe fi" ******* END TEXT: " we were being introduced to the class; both were "
9781479824243 - page_10: "START TEXT: We also listened to the many expectations, hopes, " ******* END TEXT: " offer you an omniscient narrator’s point of view "
9781479824243 - page_11: "START TEXT: to tell you what everyone is really thinking, and " ******* END TEXT: "e rooted in tradition even as they open up to new "
9781479824243 - page_12: "START TEXT: routes and flows. To interrogate and critique the " ******* END TEXT: "the main steps of our research methods to life by "
9781479824243 - page_13: "START TEXT: reflecting on a typical “day in the life” and “yea" ******* END TEXT: "despite having many contacts on social networking "
9781479824243 - page_14: "START TEXT: sites, those whom they called “friends” comprised " ******* END TEXT: " measurement system implemented in support of the "
9781479824243 - page_15: "START TEXT: government-mandated national curriculum. The resul" ******* END TEXT: "embedded in community practices far away from the "
9781479824243 - page_16: "START TEXT: classrooms of London—provided for, encouraged, and" ******* END TEXT: "ies they follow in practice, and the factors that "
9781479824243 - page_17: "START TEXT: facilitate or block them. While our observations p" ******* END TEXT: "ries between home and school. We could, and often "
9781479824243 - page_18: "START TEXT: did, bemoan these instances, hoping that tentative" ******* END TEXT: " impatient for a book (about them!) to appear and "
9781479824243 - page_19: "START TEXT: were disappointed to hear of the glacial pace of a" ******* END TEXT: "uld be called “The Class,” of course. So it is.\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_2: "START TEXT: discreetly made up, with earrings and nail varnish" ******* END TEXT: "y friendly. A small, very self-composed boy, Max, "
9781479824243 - page_3: "START TEXT: seemed not to have any close friends. A fringe fel" ******* END TEXT: "ng, often questioning what it can or should offer "
9781479824243 - page_4: "START TEXT: young people. Increasing social inequality, along " ******* END TEXT: "e school, this book offers a rich portrait of the "
9781479824243 - page_5: "START TEXT: young people’s everyday lives. Most simply, we wan" ******* END TEXT: "th. In such analyses, people have become detached "
9781479824243 - page_6: "START TEXT: from their traditional roots in social class, ethn" ******* END TEXT: "s. Many public and private hopes center on the pos"
9781479824243 - page_7: "START TEXT: sibility that digital networked technologies in pa" ******* END TEXT: "digital identity—all these must be contextualized "
9781479824243 - page_8: "START TEXT: within the different spheres and relationships tha" ******* END TEXT: "for us to observe directly; yet it was the sphere "
9781479824243 - page_9: "START TEXT: of life that the young people were most keen to te" ******* END TEXT: "s of technology bought for them by their parents. "
9781479824243 - page_269: "START TEXT: Notes\nIntroduction\n    1. In the British school sy" ******* END TEXT: "(1996), MacKenzie and Wajcman (1999), and Hutchby "
9781479824243 - page_270: "START TEXT: (2001). And Nancy Baym (2015, p. 175) reminds us t" ******* END TEXT: "e at frequent intervals. Educational practice was "
9781479824243 - page_271: "START TEXT: affected by the influx of educational technologies" ******* END TEXT: "the onward flows (and counter- or cross-flows) of "
9781479824243 - page_272: "START TEXT: globalization—as seen in the often conflict-ridden" ******* END TEXT: "ee Hill and Tisdall (1997) and Chambers (2012).\n  "
9781479824243 - page_273: "START TEXT: 25. Hagell et al. (2013); see also Beck and Beck-G" ******* END TEXT: " and family, and four in five are also relatively "
9781479824243 - page_274: "START TEXT: happy at school. Children’s Society (2012); see al" ******* END TEXT: " (1999).\n  57. Edwards (1997), Chisholm (2008).\n  "
9781479824243 - page_275: "START TEXT: 58. J. Thompson (2011, p. 61). We hesitate to use " ******* END TEXT: ".\n  69. Arnett (1995); see also Buchner (1990).\n  "
9781479824243 - page_276: "START TEXT: 70. d. boyd (2014).\n  71. Benwell and Stokoe (2006" ******* END TEXT: "tracking the to-and-fro between local, short, and "
9781479824243 - page_277: "START TEXT: longer-term forms of identification across the hou" ******* END TEXT: "2), Biressi and Nunn (2013), and Skeggs (2013).\n  "
9781479824243 - page_278: "START TEXT: 98. Brown et al. (2011). There is little evidence " ******* END TEXT: "ures they follow) interact with individuals so as "
9781479824243 - page_279: "START TEXT: to reproduce rather than alter social hierarchies " ******* END TEXT: "n, that is both lived and imagined” (p. 797).\n    "
9781479824243 - page_280: "START TEXT: 8. Marcus (1995).\n    9. Horst and Miller (2012, p" ******* END TEXT: "Welsh schools (see www.ofsted.gov.uk/about-us).\n  "
9781479824243 - page_281: "START TEXT: 19. For a handful of the students, the end of scho" ******* END TEXT: "ed about this, and so she checked it out, saying, "
9781479824243 - page_282: "START TEXT: “Twenty-five years ago, it was like pretty rough u" ******* END TEXT: " Dijk (2012).\n    2. Varnelis (2008, p. 145).\n    "
9781479824243 - page_283: "START TEXT: 3. Furthermore, today’s conceptions of social netw" ******* END TEXT: "not have been pursuing the same homework tasks.\n  "
9781479824243 - page_284: "START TEXT: 13. The question “Who do you spend time with onlin" ******* END TEXT: "eme, see Silverstone (2005) and Siapera (2014).\n  "
9781479824243 - page_285: "START TEXT: 27. By contrast, Yusuf attended a mosque school tw" ******* END TEXT: " if the pace of change is somewhat overclaimed.\n  "
9781479824243 - page_286: "START TEXT: 41. Complexities and contingencies of economic and" ******* END TEXT: "ty (such as electricity or water), and thus socio-"
9781479824243 - page_287: "START TEXT: technical conventions, priorities, and standards h" ******* END TEXT: "icating that young people do not care about their "
9781479824243 - page_288: "START TEXT: privacy, but the key point is that privacy means c" ******* END TEXT: "ve ethnography.”\n  27. Spencer and Pahl (2006).\n  "
9781479824243 - page_289: "START TEXT: 28. Chambers (2013) argues that in late modernity," ******* END TEXT: "ns, reminding us to focus on how young people act "
9781479824243 - page_290: "START TEXT: and interact as much as on the particularities of " ******* END TEXT: "he living together in a multiethnic society.”\n    "
9781479824243 - page_291: "START TEXT: 5. A report on young people’s social networks for " ******* END TEXT: "g people that they represented—as a problem to be "
9781479824243 - page_292: "START TEXT: controlled rather than an opportunity to be harnes" ******* END TEXT: "k their own references, for their own purposes.\n  "
9781479824243 - page_293: "START TEXT: 21. Alvermann (2012) contests this normative disti" ******* END TEXT: " (2013, p. 2020) put it, drawing on Stuart Hall’s "
9781479824243 - page_294: "START TEXT: earlier work, in the 21st century, “multicultural " ******* END TEXT: "were of the quantification of their learning.\n    "
9781479824243 - page_295: "START TEXT: 4. This seepage into gaming and from gaming into l" ******* END TEXT: " number of the entries for public consumption).\n  "
9781479824243 - page_296: "START TEXT: 14. During each lesson or immediately after, teach" ******* END TEXT: "erise current cultures of summative assessment in "
9781479824243 - page_297: "START TEXT: many countries.” By contrast, Visscher et al. (200" ******* END TEXT: "ls in writing. See Common Sense Media (2012).\n    "
9781479824243 - page_298: "START TEXT: 3. See Morley (2000), Hoover et al. (2004), and Br" ******* END TEXT: "ecause institutional provision was age related.\n  "
9781479824243 - page_299: "START TEXT: 11. As Fiese and Sameroff (1999, p. 3) put it, “fa" ******* END TEXT: "nto the house is because I don’t really like that "
9781479824243 - page_300: "START TEXT: attitude in myself.” For her, the research project" ******* END TEXT: "12).\n    2. Buckingham (2007), Selwyn (2013).\n    "
9781479824243 - page_301: "START TEXT: 3. Brown et al. (2011).\n    4. See Bradbrook et al" ******* END TEXT: "lass phenomenon. See Schwartz and Arena (2013).\n  "
9781479824243 - page_302: "START TEXT: 16. The term “habitus” is most associated with Bou" ******* END TEXT: "rded a range of benefits including improved engage"
9781479824243 - page_303: "START TEXT: ment with homework, more independent learning, and" ******* END TEXT: "tween economic, social, and cultural capital.\n    "
9781479824243 - page_304: "START TEXT: 4. As Kassabian says (2013), the experience of “ub" ******* END TEXT: "ee Barron (2006) and Renninger and Hidi (2011).\n  "
9781479824243 - page_305: "START TEXT: 11. Green (2008) takes on this challenge directly " ******* END TEXT: "els. Although his piano lesson lacked the relaxed "
9781479824243 - page_306: "START TEXT: atmosphere, the sense of purpose in practicing the" ******* END TEXT: ". See, for instance, Brah and Phoenix (2004).\n    "
9781479824243 - page_307: "START TEXT: 9. See Hodkinson and Sparkes (1997) for a discussi" ******* END TEXT: "scussion of this phenomenon, see Kehily (2002).\n  "
9781479824243 - page_308: "START TEXT: 22. See, for example, Weis (2004), Williamson (200" ******* END TEXT: "ents, sums raised, and hopes for the holiday.\n    "
9781479824243 - page_309: "START TEXT: 3. Here, as elsewhere in this book, we saw how dif" ******* END TEXT: "ntinue to be shaped by gender and social class.\n  "
9781479824243 - page_310: "START TEXT: 12. Social Attitudes of Young People Community of " ******* END TEXT: "ng pace and vibrancy” (Tomlinson, 1999, p. 87).\n  "
9781479824243 - page_311: "START TEXT: 26. Or, in the language of social network analysis" ******* END TEXT: "s on offer. See also Brantlinger’s (2003) account "
9781479824243 - page_312: "START TEXT: of how middle-class parents justify their strategi" ******* END TEXT: ", as noted here, from ethnic minority backgrounds "
9781479824243 - page_313: "START TEXT: (and some were well educated, such as the families" ******* END TEXT: "ee chapter 10.\n    9. Monge and Contractor (2003)."
9781479824243 - page_314: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_315: "START TEXT: References\nAdam, B., 2004. Time. Cambridge, UK: Po" ******* END TEXT: "Report Project 5. Leeds, UK: University of Leeds.\n"
9781479824243 - page_316: "START TEXT: Bakan, J. 2012. Childhood under siege: How big bus" ******* END TEXT: " family learning experience. Coventry, UK: Becta.\n"
9781479824243 - page_317: "START TEXT: Belfiore, E. 2012. “Defensive instrumentalism” and" ******* END TEXT: "t (pp. 201–218). Oxford: Oxford University Press.\n"
9781479824243 - page_318: "START TEXT: Bourdieu, P., 1984. Distinction: A social critique" ******* END TEXT: "dusage. Digital Formations. New York: Peter Lang.\n"
9781479824243 - page_319: "START TEXT: Buchner, P., 1990. Growing up in the eighties: Cha" ******* END TEXT: "y gap. Sociology of Education 77, no. 3: 185–210.\n"
9781479824243 - page_320: "START TEXT: Chisholm, L., 2008. Re-contextualising learning in" ******* END TEXT: "mises. Pervasive computing, IEEE 9, no. 3: 37–44.\n"
9781479824243 - page_321: "START TEXT: Cribb, J., Hood, A., Joyce, R., and Phillips, D. 2" ******* END TEXT: "ipations.org/Volume%204/Issue%201/4_01_dover.htm.\n"
9781479824243 - page_322: "START TEXT: Drotner, K., 1994. Ethnographic enigmas: “The ever" ******* END TEXT: "tred progressive tradition. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.\n"
9781479824243 - page_323: "START TEXT: Fischer, C.S., 1981. What do we mean by “friend”? " ******* END TEXT: " 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\n"
9781479824243 - page_324: "START TEXT: Giroux, H.A., ed. 1983. Hidden curriculum and mora" ******* END TEXT: "d mental health (pp. 47–74). Bristol, UK: Policy.\n"
9781479824243 - page_325: "START TEXT: Hagell, A., Sandberg, S., and MacDonald, R., 2012." ******* END TEXT: "hut_down_amid_growing_data_privacy_concerns.html.\n"
9781479824243 - page_326: "START TEXT: Hey, V., 2005. The contrasting social logics of so" ******* END TEXT: "ked publics (pp. 1–14). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.\n"
9781479824243 - page_327: "START TEXT: Ito, M., Baumer, S., Bittanti, M., boyd, d., Cody," ******* END TEXT: " Journal of Children and Media 4, no. 3: 298–315.\n"
9781479824243 - page_328: "START TEXT: Kehily, M.J., 2002. Sexuality, gender and schoolin" ******* END TEXT: "ms. Mind, Culture and Activity 7, no. 4: 273–290.\n"
9781479824243 - page_329: "START TEXT: Lenhart, A., 2015. Teen, social media and technolo" ******* END TEXT: "ity, education and technology. London: Routledge.\n"
9781479824243 - page_330: "START TEXT: Luckin, R., Bligh, B., Manches, A., Ainsworth, S.," ******* END TEXT: "rnacular. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.\n"
9781479824243 - page_331: "START TEXT: McLeod, J.K., and Vasinda, S., 2009. Electronic po" ******* END TEXT: "ion of access? In Z. Bekerman, N.C. Burbules, and "
9781479824243 - page_332: "START TEXT: D. Silberman-Keller, eds., Learning in places: The" ******* END TEXT: "ife. Media, Culture & Society 35, no. 6: 677–691.\n"
9781479824243 - page_333: "START TEXT: Player-Koro, C., 2013. Hype, hope and ICT in teach" ******* END TEXT: "or information. Nordicom Review 34, no. 1: 33–48.\n"
9781479824243 - page_334: "START TEXT: Salen, K., ed., 2008. The ecology of games: Connec" ******* END TEXT: " of class. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\n"
9781479824243 - page_335: "START TEXT: Shaw, B., Watson, B., Frauendienst, B., Redecker, " ******* END TEXT: " Journal of Youth Adolescence 24, no. 5: 551–576.\n"
9781479824243 - page_336: "START TEXT: Steiner-Adair, C. 2013. The big disconnect: Protec" ******* END TEXT: "nd culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\n"
9781479824243 - page_337: "START TEXT: Turkle, S., 1984. The second self: Computers and t" ******* END TEXT: ": Bodies, pedagogy and writing. Amsterdam: Sense.\n"
9781479824243 - page_338: "START TEXT: Watson, S., and Saha, A., 2013. Suburban drifts: M" ******* END TEXT: "ordic Journal of Youth Research 2, no. 2: 2–16.\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_ii: "START TEXT: CONNECTED YOUTH AND DIGITAL FUTURES\nThis series ex" ******* END TEXT: "l Age\nSonia Livingstone and Julian Sefton-Green\n\n\n"
9781479824243 - page_iii: "START TEXT: The Class\nLiving and Learning in the Digital Age\nS" ******* END TEXT: "efton-Green\n\nNEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS\nNew York\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_347: "START TEXT: About the Authors\nHenry Jenkins is Provost’s Profe" ******* END TEXT: "sroom serves as National Public Radio’s youth desk"
9781479899982 - page_348: "START TEXT: .\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: ".\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_ix: "START TEXT: Emory University; European Institute of Design; Ge" ******* END TEXT: "n both the West and East Coast, who invited us to "
9781479899982 - page_vii: "START TEXT: Acknowledgments\nWe would like to collectively ackn" ******* END TEXT: "project (Raffi Sarkissian, Karl Baumann, Samantha "
9781479899982 - page_viii: "START TEXT: Close, Diana Lee, Ritesh Mehta, Kevin Driscoll, Rh" ******* END TEXT: "rsity; the Digital Media and Learning Conference; "
9781479899982 - page_x: "START TEXT: their events—the Los Angeles Auror Brigade, the HP" ******* END TEXT: " Pastor and the USC Program for Environmental and "
9781479899982 - page_xi: "START TEXT: Regional Equity. We also owe a huge thank you to V" ******* END TEXT: " that you’re never too old to find what you love.\n"
9781479899982 - page_xii: "START TEXT: Neta: Neta would like to thank her family for thei" ******* END TEXT: "rsation does, too, with many more contributors.\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_290: "START TEXT: Afterword\nNecessary Learning\nElisabeth Soep\nPrefac" ******* END TEXT: " support of humanity, racial equity, and freedom.\n"
9781479899982 - page_291: "START TEXT: The makers were also, all along the way, producing" ******* END TEXT: "ansmedia making, and (3) learning as the “release "
9781479899982 - page_292: "START TEXT: of imagination.” Throughout, I will consider both " ******* END TEXT: "In Dewey’s view, experience is always key, though "
9781479899982 - page_293: "START TEXT: not always educative; it can be “mis-educative” if" ******* END TEXT: "s the ability to forge a collective voice and the "
9781479899982 - page_294: "START TEXT: agency required to bring about change. The fans Ne" ******* END TEXT: "(Gee 1996)? The studies of participatory politics "
9781479899982 - page_295: "START TEXT: offered here provide concrete examples of the cond" ******* END TEXT: "oo many young people spend too much of their time "
9781479899982 - page_296: "START TEXT: in. I am talking about the ones that sideline thei" ******* END TEXT: "selves and the conditions of their social worlds.\n"
9781479899982 - page_297: "START TEXT: So far in this Afterword, I have described some ba" ******* END TEXT: "f from one another as sources of wisdom, collabora"
9781479899982 - page_298: "START TEXT: tors in action, and drivers of social justice, the" ******* END TEXT: "d language arts learning; Kris Gutierrez’s notion "
9781479899982 - page_299: "START TEXT: of “third space” (2008) illuminates the learning t" ******* END TEXT: "gy allows that those who have stolen it sometimes "
9781479899982 - page_300: "START TEXT: aren’t aware of the violence they are a part of. T" ******* END TEXT: "l, historical, and aesthetic context and intended "
9781479899982 - page_301: "START TEXT: audience. They might access these texts through ph" ******* END TEXT: "rters have pinned to it. Maker-based environments "
9781479899982 - page_302: "START TEXT: are seen by these authors as a way to cultivate le" ******* END TEXT: "rs and celebrities, music mixes, print media, and "
9781479899982 - page_303: "START TEXT: online posts; and face-to-face gatherings of “road" ******* END TEXT: "oach to education would emphasize informal, often "
9781479899982 - page_304: "START TEXT: self-motivated, learning … rather than more formal" ******* END TEXT: " play, arrange sound and rhythm in an original com"
9781479899982 - page_305: "START TEXT: position, place pigment on a canvas, or string tog" ******* END TEXT: "tioning of comic book superheroes as undocumented "
9781479899982 - page_306: "START TEXT: immigrants whose epic stories shatter stereotypes " ******* END TEXT: "magine and systematically work to create anything—"
9781479899982 - page_307: "START TEXT: not only a world that is more humane and just and " ******* END TEXT: "disclosure, expression, and community inquiry can "
9781479899982 - page_308: "START TEXT: be high-risk activities, and when “context collaps" ******* END TEXT: "and large ways, we are all civic educators now.\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_311: "START TEXT: Bibliography\nAbrego, Leisy Janet. 2006. “‘I Can’t " ******* END TEXT: " after 9/11. New York: New York University Press.\n"
9781479899982 - page_312: "START TEXT: Amarasingam, Amarnath. 2010. “Laughter the Best Me" ******* END TEXT: "eb Sphere.” Journal of Communication 61: 835–856.\n"
9781479899982 - page_313: "START TEXT: Bennett, W. Lance, Chris Wells, and Allison Rank. " ******* END TEXT: "Works and Cultures 10. doi:10.3983/twc.2012.0303.\n"
9781479899982 - page_314: "START TEXT: Buckingham, David. 2000. The Making of Citizens: Y" ******* END TEXT: "s/boston-marathon-bombing-developments.html?_r=0.\n"
9781479899982 - page_315: "START TEXT: Cope, Bill, and Mary Kalantzis. 2000. Multiliterac" ******* END TEXT: " Culture in the Twentieth Century. London: Verso.\n"
9781479899982 - page_316: "START TEXT: Dery, Mark. 1993. “Culture Jamming: Hacking, Slash" ******* END TEXT: "io/eisner_arts_and_the_practice_of_education.htm.\n"
9781479899982 - page_317: "START TEXT: Eliasoph, Nina. 1998. Avoiding Politics: How Ameri" ******* END TEXT: "Generation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.\n"
9781479899982 - page_318: "START TEXT: García Bedolla, Lisa. 2005. Fluid Borders: Latino " ******* END TEXT: "sing the Imagination. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.\n"
9781479899982 - page_319: "START TEXT: Gross, Larry. 1993. Contested Closets: The Politic" ******* END TEXT: "ins and David Thorburn. Cambridge, UK: MIT Press.\n"
9781479899982 - page_320: "START TEXT: Hussein, Yasmin. 2013. “Why I Won’t Be Watching ‘Z" ******* END TEXT: "pation and Politics.” Convergence 19(3): 265–286.\n"
9781479899982 - page_321: "START TEXT: Jenkins, Henry, Katie Clinton, Ravi Purushotma, Al" ******* END TEXT: "thefeministwire.com/2014/10/protest-in-ferguson/.\n"
9781479899982 - page_322: "START TEXT: Kelty, Christopher M. 2013. “From Participation to" ******* END TEXT: "hrough-practice-participatory-culture-practices/.\n"
9781479899982 - page_323: "START TEXT: Kligler-Vilenchik, Neta, and Sangita Shresthova. 2" ******* END TEXT: "Works and Cultures 10. doi:10.3983/twc.2012.0325.\n"
9781479899982 - page_324: "START TEXT: “The Liberty Movement.” n.d. Libertarianism.com. h" ******* END TEXT: "any-means-necessary-annotated.Malitz, Zack. 2012. "
9781479899982 - page_325: "START TEXT: “Détournement/Culture Jamming.” In Beautiful Troub" ******* END TEXT: "ce Fiction Feminism. Seattle, WA: Aqueduct Press.\n"
9781479899982 - page_326: "START TEXT: Meyer, David S., and Nancy Whittier. 1994. “Social" ******* END TEXT: "ge, MA: MIT. http://ccs.mit.edu/papers/CCSWP205/.\n"
9781479899982 - page_327: "START TEXT: Panth, Sabina. 2010. “Bonding vs. Bridging.” World" ******* END TEXT: "i/Public_choice_theory (accessed August 8, 2012).\n"
9781479899982 - page_328: "START TEXT: Punathambekar, Aswin. 2012. “On the Ordinariness o" ******* END TEXT: " Fatal Subway Push.” New York Times, December 29. "
9781479899982 - page_329: "START TEXT: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/30/nyregion/woman-i" ******* END TEXT: "rew-slack/cultural-acupuncture-and_b_633824.html.\n"
9781479899982 - page_330: "START TEXT: Slack, Andrew. 2013. “Ad Campaign (Lip) Glosses ov" ******* END TEXT: "/politics/rand-pauls-mixed-inheritance.html?_r=0.\n"
9781479899982 - page_331: "START TEXT: Tarrow, Sidney. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Mo" ******* END TEXT: "ocesses. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\n"
9781479899982 - page_332: "START TEXT: Wattenberg, Martin P. 2008. Is Voting for Young Pe" ******* END TEXT: "ital-age-few-moments-joseph-kahne-and-cathy.html.\n"
9781479899982 - page_333: "START TEXT: Zimmerman, Arely M. 2011. “Dreams Detained: Undocu" ******* END TEXT: "erican Citizen. New York: Oxford University Press."
9781479899982 - page_334: "START TEXT: \n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_1: "START TEXT: 1\nYouth Voice, Media, and Political Engagement\nInt" ******* END TEXT: "aw on symbols that took shape during this period. "
9781479899982 - page_10: "START TEXT: masks) to Sesame Street (“99 percent of the world’" ******* END TEXT: "cumented immigrants, youth who are more “socially "
9781479899982 - page_11: "START TEXT: marginalized.” In our work, we’ve discovered young" ******* END TEXT: "cover their political voice), and Ethan Zuckerman "
9781479899982 - page_12: "START TEXT: (who has been developing case studies exploring be" ******* END TEXT: "the cases referenced above reflected an initial de"
9781479899982 - page_13: "START TEXT: sire to look at groups defined around brands (Invi" ******* END TEXT: ", as well as on the deployment of content worlds, "
9781479899982 - page_14: "START TEXT: often drawn from popular culture. In each case, as" ******* END TEXT: "ationship between participatory and institutional "
9781479899982 - page_15: "START TEXT: politics, as well as the value of educational as o" ******* END TEXT: "w to tell our own stories by any means necessary.\n"
9781479899982 - page_16: "START TEXT: Our team glanced at each other knowingly when Iked" ******* END TEXT: "ic culture, developed over the next five sections "
9781479899982 - page_17: "START TEXT: of this chapter. First, we look at how new hybrid " ******* END TEXT: " signal, activist groups surf media flows. Rather "
9781479899982 - page_18: "START TEXT: than seeing themselves as saboteurs who seek to de" ******* END TEXT: "pe on American college campuses in recent years.\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_19: "START TEXT: Networked Practices\nIn many cases, media tactics m" ******* END TEXT: " on signon.org. Then they volunteered to organize "
9781479899982 - page_2: "START TEXT: The protest movements of the 1960s also tried to t" ******* END TEXT: "have described as a crisis in American democracy.\n"
9781479899982 - page_20: "START TEXT: protests in Virginia, New York, New Jersey, Michig" ******* END TEXT: "forms has not guaranteed a political outcome, espe"
9781479899982 - page_21: "START TEXT: cially when those tools are controlled by corporat" ******* END TEXT: "en to me, becomes “other people need to hear this "
9781479899982 - page_22: "START TEXT: because I know they’re from somewhere else than wh" ******* END TEXT: "e Donald Duck cartoons. McIntosh (2011) explains:\n"
9781479899982 - page_23: "START TEXT: I felt that Donald Duck would make an ideal pop cu" ******* END TEXT: "effects of long-distance phone calls. Rather, the "
9781479899982 - page_24: "START TEXT: telephone was one tool among many this movement de" ******* END TEXT: "ons of transmedia activism and mobilization. Lina "
9781479899982 - page_25: "START TEXT: Srivastava (n.d.), who originated the concept, def" ******* END TEXT: "o act collectively to achieve their shared social "
9781479899982 - page_26: "START TEXT: agenda. Drawing on ideas from Robert Putnam and Fr" ******* END TEXT: "ide the critical counterpublic, both potential sup"
9781479899982 - page_27: "START TEXT: porters and potential haters. All of the groups we" ******* END TEXT: "twork members exposed. IC was too centralized and "
9781479899982 - page_28: "START TEXT: not sufficiently participatory, and knowledge was " ******* END TEXT: "e the power to imagine better.” Neither a generic "
9781479899982 - page_29: "START TEXT: celebration of the human creative capacity nor a s" ******* END TEXT: "ions is a key stage in their political awakening.\n"
9781479899982 - page_3: "START TEXT: By Any Media Necessary seeks to address a core con" ******* END TEXT: " models for debate, collaboration, and collective "
9781479899982 - page_30: "START TEXT: There is no doubt a utopian dimension of this civi" ******* END TEXT: "esto for what they call the “public imagination”:\n"
9781479899982 - page_31: "START TEXT: Any democracy requires a thriving public imaginati" ******* END TEXT: "h these remixes tap into broadly shared knowledge "
9781479899982 - page_32: "START TEXT: about current popular culture trends that might be" ******* END TEXT: " to become. These images also provided a means by "
9781479899982 - page_33: "START TEXT: which the debates about immigration rights might b" ******* END TEXT: " explore fabricated worlds that operate according "
9781479899982 - page_34: "START TEXT: to different norms, laws, and structures than thos" ******* END TEXT: "different status for Muslims in American media.\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_35: "START TEXT: Photo from Noor Tagouri’s campaign to become a hij" ******* END TEXT: " a hijab-wearing anchor on commercial television.\n"
9781479899982 - page_36: "START TEXT: Writing about a 1957 news photograph showing white" ******* END TEXT: " diverse everyday experiences to a larger project "
9781479899982 - page_37: "START TEXT: of empire building. Today, the term “imagining com" ******* END TEXT: "lic good. It conveys a sense of the altruistic, a "
9781479899982 - page_38: "START TEXT: kind of “service,” doing good for others, such as " ******* END TEXT: "d in relation to the “second-wave” libertarians).\n"
9781479899982 - page_39: "START TEXT: Christina Evans (2015), another member of the YPP " ******* END TEXT: "participatory culture and participatory politics.\n"
9781479899982 - page_4: "START TEXT: decision making. Such sites enable rapid innovatio" ******* END TEXT: " participation is central to this book’s project.\n"
9781479899982 - page_40: "START TEXT: Participatory culture describes a diverse set of s" ******* END TEXT: "aining their differences must be done by thinking "
9781479899982 - page_41: "START TEXT: concretely about the practices, tools, ideologies," ******* END TEXT: "nity members. A more participatory culture is not "
9781479899982 - page_42: "START TEXT: an inevitable outgrowth of technological change; t" ******* END TEXT: "eaningfully participate in the political process.\n"
9781479899982 - page_43: "START TEXT: What Does Participatory Politics Look Like?\nIn a w" ******* END TEXT: "n the decisions of civic and political leaders.… \n"
9781479899982 - page_44: "START TEXT: Production. Members not only circulate information" ******* END TEXT: "and the percentage who had started a group online "
9781479899982 - page_45: "START TEXT: supporting a cause went from 14 to 26 percent. By " ******* END TEXT: "t has for youth participation. But Hay is correct "
9781479899982 - page_46: "START TEXT: in stressing that participatory politics may be ju" ******* END TEXT: "ever evolving array of digital platforms. We have "
9781479899982 - page_47: "START TEXT: seen similar patterns throughout our interviews wi" ******* END TEXT: "round shared interests (fandom, for example) also "
9781479899982 - page_48: "START TEXT: shapes political identities: “online, nonpolitical" ******* END TEXT: " and participated online but never “IRL” (in real "
9781479899982 - page_49: "START TEXT: life). In high school, an encounter with the video" ******* END TEXT: "evement, career success or civic engagement. (42)\n"
9781479899982 - page_5: "START TEXT: Ethan Zuckerman (forthcoming) has asked his reader" ******* END TEXT: "can dramatically shape the public’s perception of "
9781479899982 - page_50: "START TEXT: Young people often take more chances and invest mo" ******* END TEXT: "r anything. I’m just kind of there.” What’s more, "
9781479899982 - page_51: "START TEXT: at 15, he did not have a driver’s license, access " ******* END TEXT: "hat a more ideal society might look like, and the "
9781479899982 - page_52: "START TEXT: real-world roadblocks that make it difficult to ac" ******* END TEXT: "y, there must be equality and reciprocity between "
9781479899982 - page_53: "START TEXT: participants, a standard not fully met by every or" ******* END TEXT: " do we create a deliberative public space?” The an"
9781479899982 - page_54: "START TEXT: swer may be to make civic and political discussion" ******* END TEXT: "they allow them to talk about. So while the civic "
9781479899982 - page_55: "START TEXT: imagination may perform some bridging functions in" ******* END TEXT: "lternatives and through them, to think about what "
9781479899982 - page_56: "START TEXT: kinds of change might be possible. Fourth, we talk" ******* END TEXT: "f different causes, rather than define themselves "
9781479899982 - page_57: "START TEXT: around a single mission, and they have relied on t" ******* END TEXT: "es involves considerable risks and understandable "
9781479899982 - page_58: "START TEXT: anxieties, and we take a look at the important rol" ******* END TEXT: "and an expanded capacity for voice via new media.\n"
9781479899982 - page_59: "START TEXT: Chapter 7 pulls together many insights about parti" ******* END TEXT: "inciples and practices of participatory politics. "
9781479899982 - page_6: "START TEXT: Brown or others involved in police violence. This " ******* END TEXT: "al of multiple grand juries to take legal action?\n"
9781479899982 - page_60: "START TEXT: Educators from the National Writing Project and th" ******* END TEXT: " of contemporary political and civic practices.\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_7: "START TEXT: Throughout this book, we will be exploring in what" ******* END TEXT: "ming of age at a particular historical, cultural, "
9781479899982 - page_8: "START TEXT: and technological juncture, and our analysis deals" ******* END TEXT: "d the Internet (Bennett 2008[b]; Ito et al. 2009; "
9781479899982 - page_9: "START TEXT: Jenkins et al. 2006; Kahne, [Lee, and Feezell] 201" ******* END TEXT: "gle to everything from V for Vendetta (Guy Fawkes "
9781479899982 - page_100: "START TEXT: Matt Scott Crum (2014), a self-identified IC mille" ******* END TEXT: "ral, not tangential, to their existence. Chapter 3"
9781479899982 - page_101: "START TEXT: will reveal how a multiple-issue-based approach—r" ******* END TEXT: "rm legacy for youth and participatory politics.\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_61: "START TEXT: 2\n“Watch 30 Minute Video on Internet, Become Socia" ******* END TEXT: "lity program on U.S. television, was attracting a\n"
9781479899982 - page_62: "START TEXT: little over 7 million average weekly viewers (base" ******* END TEXT: "ical (2006), which was a takeoff of Disney’s High "
9781479899982 - page_63: "START TEXT: School Musical. In this film, IC’s founders turned" ******* END TEXT: "xamples of marginalized groups seeking collective "
9781479899982 - page_64: "START TEXT: power through participatory politics, but it’s wor" ******* END TEXT: "cy makers and NGOs? And why didn’t IC work harder "
9781479899982 - page_65: "START TEXT: to balance the friendship and cordiality it so tre" ******* END TEXT: "not allowed. Something must be fishy. You must be "
9781479899982 - page_66: "START TEXT: a scam.’” At this point, his usually enthusiastic " ******* END TEXT: "hat capitalise on current events. Political engage"
9781479899982 - page_67: "START TEXT: ment becomes a matter of clicking a few links. In " ******* END TEXT: "ts have not always been seen as a positive thing.\n"
9781479899982 - page_68: "START TEXT: Indeed, the most persistent skepticism centers aro" ******* END TEXT: "can see the circulation of these political videos "
9781479899982 - page_69: "START TEXT: as one mechanism through which monitorial citizens" ******* END TEXT: "inds of action in support of the cause, including "
9781479899982 - page_70: "START TEXT: contributing time and money. A large part of IC’s " ******* END TEXT: " at the time of her interview, the key to IC’s suc"
9781479899982 - page_71: "START TEXT: cess with young people is their “youthful, hip vib" ******* END TEXT: "se activist groups that have been most successful "
9781479899982 - page_72: "START TEXT: at helping youth find their civic voice often tap " ******* END TEXT: "ted to this sense of connection between IC youth. "
9781479899982 - page_73: "START TEXT: Melissa Brough (2012) traced the early history and" ******* END TEXT: "ey saw as central tools in spreading its message.\n"
9781479899982 - page_74: "START TEXT: Spreading Kony 2012\nThere has been a tendency to d" ******* END TEXT: "ose early supporters, that many of them displayed "
9781479899982 - page_75: "START TEXT: signs of strong religious commitments, as well str" ******* END TEXT: " in relation to the larger IC story: for example, "
9781479899982 - page_76: "START TEXT: while critics saw something patronizing in the way" ******* END TEXT: "re than a month after the film’s release. Writing "
9781479899982 - page_77: "START TEXT: for Policy Mic, Shanoor Servai (2012) called Cover" ******* END TEXT: "ms IC produces and various campaigns it launches.\n"
9781479899982 - page_78: "START TEXT: Goals " ******* END TEXT: "Goals "
9781479899982 - page_79: "START TEXT: postcolonial nation-states in the so-called develo" ******* END TEXT: "evealed continuing tensions in IC’s vision of new "
9781479899982 - page_80: "START TEXT: and social media, which may have surprised those w" ******* END TEXT: " Estate was a visible display of this investment.\n"
9781479899982 - page_81: "START TEXT: As these real and imagined Time covers reveal, pos" ******* END TEXT: "le we interviewed, who saw their involvement with "
9781479899982 - page_82: "START TEXT: IC as crucial to countering negative perspectives " ******* END TEXT: "it organization—a means to an end.\nComprehensible "
9781479899982 - page_83: "START TEXT: continually negotiates between the recognition tha" ******* END TEXT: "ieve … that every single person is unique and has "
9781479899982 - page_84: "START TEXT: their own powerful story. I think that if more peo" ******* END TEXT: "nization sees Joseph Kony as the problem, raising "
9781479899982 - page_85: "START TEXT: awareness about him and eventually capturing him a" ******* END TEXT: ", and therefore easily actionable story.\nActivism "
9781479899982 - page_86: "START TEXT: we interviewed stressed how the rough-hewn quality" ******* END TEXT: " form of global citizenship under neoliberal gover"
9781479899982 - page_87: "START TEXT: nance that seeks to mobilise global youth on inter" ******* END TEXT: "ut they are all fertile arenas of culture to work "
9781479899982 - page_88: "START TEXT: with. It may take an open mind and a bit of person" ******* END TEXT: "g public perception of IC’s messaging. Many other "
9781479899982 - page_89: "START TEXT: members stressed the ways that they first learned " ******* END TEXT: "ages that might not otherwise be heard.\nConsensus "
9781479899982 - page_90: "START TEXT: such training and shows activists enacting situati" ******* END TEXT: "here the money goes. I raised some concerns about "
9781479899982 - page_91: "START TEXT: it certainly, but my end goal was always to have p" ******* END TEXT: "aid of criticism is because the kids at my school "
9781479899982 - page_92: "START TEXT: were already criticizing me about it, and I didn’t" ******* END TEXT: "h supporters but that they definitely did so now. "
9781479899982 - page_93: "START TEXT: As one informal step, IC created “trolling Thursda" ******* END TEXT: "eir members to defend their positions.\nSpreadable "
9781479899982 - page_94: "START TEXT: of the current political situation in Uganda and t" ******* END TEXT: "ristmas Massacres, before ending with a update on "
9781479899982 - page_95: "START TEXT: the “LRA Today.” Those who want to “Dive Deeper” a" ******* END TEXT: "e nuanced understanding of the conflict.\nTop-Down "
9781479899982 - page_96: "START TEXT: had one minute maybe you could open with talking a" ******* END TEXT: "they make sizeable donations and encourage others "
9781479899982 - page_97: "START TEXT: to do the same; and they also seek “product-placem" ******* END TEXT: "r culture-inflected modes of civic engagement. In "
9781479899982 - page_98: "START TEXT: fact, most of IC’s leaders are only one or two ste" ******* END TEXT: "sion to refocus on institutional efforts has been "
9781479899982 - page_99: "START TEXT: painful. As a consequence of the shift, IC’s grass" ******* END TEXT: "to their lives. An article published in Medium by "
9781479899982 - page_102: "START TEXT: 3\n“Decreasing World Suck”\nHarnessing Popular Cultu" ******* END TEXT: "well as to pressing issues raised by its members.\n"
9781479899982 - page_103: "START TEXT: The HPA operates within the structures of the Harr" ******* END TEXT: "eter Dahlgren’s (2009) model of the civic culture "
9781479899982 - page_104: "START TEXT: circuit, “civic agency is premised on people being" ******* END TEXT: "over 5,000 young people as voters, and during the "
9781479899982 - page_105: "START TEXT: marriage-equality campaign in Maine, they called m" ******* END TEXT: "though they are articulated differently) and have "
9781479899982 - page_106: "START TEXT: collaborated on multiple campaigns and projects, o" ******* END TEXT: "ts and artifacts produced by the groups and their "
9781479899982 - page_107: "START TEXT: members. An ethnographic component included partic" ******* END TEXT: " they use for purposes of creative production and "
9781479899982 - page_108: "START TEXT: circulation (Jenkins, Ford, and Green 2013). Simil" ******* END TEXT: "previously thought of themselves as civic actors.\n"
9781479899982 - page_109: "START TEXT: The three case studies described here are distinct" ******* END TEXT: "ement with the text starts individually, when her "
9781479899982 - page_110: "START TEXT: recognition of Madonna as an empowered woman inspi" ******* END TEXT: "l networking sites. As online culture has brought "
9781479899982 - page_111: "START TEXT: fan communities further into the mainstream, makin" ******* END TEXT: "the emergence of modern fan culture. He describes "
9781479899982 - page_112: "START TEXT: how these early fans conversed through letter page" ******* END TEXT: " political connections was usually aimed at expres"
9781479899982 - page_113: "START TEXT: sion, education, and conscience raising—it general" ******* END TEXT: ", as Gray, Sandvoss, and Harrington (2007) claim, "
9781479899982 - page_114: "START TEXT: our current media moment, characterized by increas" ******* END TEXT: "t issues, because they can connect to that story.\n"
9781479899982 - page_115: "START TEXT: Erin is a “die-hard” activist, one who was civical" ******* END TEXT: "Vilenchik et al. 2012) has described, the HPA has "
9781479899982 - page_116: "START TEXT: thrived by tapping the preexisting infrastructures" ******* END TEXT: "he friends that they’ve made and stuff like that.\n"
9781479899982 - page_117: "START TEXT: Fannish civics succeeds most when it taps practice" ******* END TEXT: "s how one young man organized his classmates into "
9781479899982 - page_118: "START TEXT: Dumbledore’s Army, a loosely organized activist gr" ******* END TEXT: "ortunity to imagine themselves as the heroes that "
9781479899982 - page_119: "START TEXT: they have grown up watching, rather than treating " ******* END TEXT: "ves of media interest. Harry Potter constitutes a "
9781479899982 - page_120: "START TEXT: form of cultural currency that can carry the group" ******* END TEXT: "he same universe, the scale is much more minimal. "
9781479899982 - page_121: "START TEXT: Still, the fan community lives on—while some fan c" ******* END TEXT: "necessarily actively involved in the Hunger Games "
9781479899982 - page_122: "START TEXT: fan community. Thus an early step in the campaign’" ******* END TEXT: "ose within Hunger Games fandom, Madison, a Hunger "
9781479899982 - page_123: "START TEXT: Games fan who collaborated with Imagine Better, fe" ******* END TEXT: " was clear that the organizers were not “insider” "
9781479899982 - page_124: "START TEXT: fans—at least not to the same extent. Underscoring" ******* END TEXT: "nsible for the cinematic texts central to its own "
9781479899982 - page_125: "START TEXT: fan universe—for several years, the group petition" ******* END TEXT: "was raising awareness around economic inequality, "
9781479899982 - page_126: "START TEXT: began by encouraging participants to upload photos" ******* END TEXT: "em in Panem is connected to the fact that African "
9781479899982 - page_127: "START TEXT: Americans are incarcerated at six times the rate o" ******* END TEXT: "aching already-dedicated HPA members. At the same "
9781479899982 - page_128: "START TEXT: time, relative to the number of views, the videos " ******* END TEXT: "the difference between Veronica Mars star Kristen "
9781479899982 - page_129: "START TEXT: Bell soliciting support from her followers, and Ve" ******* END TEXT: "e normative stance that prefers drillability over "
9781479899982 - page_130: "START TEXT: spreadability as a mode of audience engagement. Si" ******* END TEXT: "glue that holds a community together, and we will "
9781479899982 - page_131: "START TEXT: address the challenges these groups face when atte" ******* END TEXT: "a (Schudson 1999), young people are “required”—by "
9781479899982 - page_132: "START TEXT: others, as well as in their own perception—to have" ******* END TEXT: "we can still link. We were trying to get involved "
9781479899982 - page_133: "START TEXT: in some environmental issues so we called it herbo" ******* END TEXT: "iled narrative space, only a fraction of which is "
9781479899982 - page_134: "START TEXT: ever directly seen or encountered within the text," ******* END TEXT: "to see a social issue in a different light and to "
9781479899982 - page_135: "START TEXT: reach some shared understanding around it. But emp" ******* END TEXT: " some fans felt that the campaign did not tap the "
9781479899982 - page_136: "START TEXT: potentially rich symbolism of the Superman content" ******* END TEXT: "a situation involving violent confrontations. Meta"
9781479899982 - page_137: "START TEXT: phoric resistance—in the context of U.S. democracy" ******* END TEXT: "ne that does not center around a specific content "
9781479899982 - page_138: "START TEXT: world. The informal online community of Nerdfighte" ******* END TEXT: "broadly defined agenda inspires acts ranging from "
9781479899982 - page_139: "START TEXT: the interpersonal level, such as helping out a fri" ******* END TEXT: "as well as “atheists, agnostics and skeptics.” In "
9781479899982 - page_140: "START TEXT: comparison to some of the more controversial issue" ******* END TEXT: " videos received the most votes by the community.\n"
9781479899982 - page_141: "START TEXT: P4A encourages the mode of expression preferred by" ******* END TEXT: "e a sense of community or an activist commitment, "
9781479899982 - page_142: "START TEXT: Nerdfighters may also suggest an additional route " ******* END TEXT: "e participation of its members?” This question, re"
9781479899982 - page_143: "START TEXT: flecting the concern of many Nerdfighters over the" ******* END TEXT: "ext of the Nerdfighters—as well as the HPA, which "
9781479899982 - page_144: "START TEXT: acknowledges a similar demographic skew in its mem" ******* END TEXT: "sm—mobilizing fan enthusiasm toward participatory "
9781479899982 - page_145: "START TEXT: politics. Through their different characteristics " ******* END TEXT: "ncies, practices, identities, and discussion—that "
9781479899982 - page_146: "START TEXT: helps us understand how citizens can use the media" ******* END TEXT: "lding both on the shared content world and shared "
9781479899982 - page_147: "START TEXT: community structures. In a form of cultural acupun" ******* END TEXT: "vism, ones that bridge popular cultural interests "
9781479899982 - page_148: "START TEXT: and political causes. The achievements of the grou" ******* END TEXT: "iate the tension between publicity and privacy.\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_149: "START TEXT: 4\nBetween Storytelling and Surveillance\nThe Precar" ******* END TEXT: "e might think of this Facebook exchange as a form "
9781479899982 - page_150: "START TEXT: of informal, collaborative storytelling, shedding " ******* END TEXT: " and misrepresented in the media.” As Shaikley sug"
9781479899982 - page_151: "START TEXT: gests, American Muslim youth operate in an extreme" ******* END TEXT: "medy video posted on GoatFace Comedy (a youth-run "
9781479899982 - page_152: "START TEXT: online comedy channel). After the summits end, par" ******* END TEXT: " for six months, participated in three MPAC Young "
9781479899982 - page_153: "START TEXT: Leader Summits in New York, Los Angeles, and Washi" ******* END TEXT: "ting on these realities, Sadia, a young Pakistani "
9781479899982 - page_154: "START TEXT: American, sighed and observed, “It’s been 11 years" ******* END TEXT: "derscored on December 27, 2012, when Sunando Sen, "
9781479899982 - page_155: "START TEXT: a man of Indian origin, died after being pushed un" ******* END TEXT: " background, leading to what Maira describes as a "
9781479899982 - page_156: "START TEXT: “self-conscious production of and engagement with " ******* END TEXT: "tablish and maintain networks. They turn to their "
9781479899982 - page_157: "START TEXT: networks to share stories they create and appropri" ******* END TEXT: "127–130). As a consequence, they found themselves "
9781479899982 - page_158: "START TEXT: putting up or removing online content depending on" ******* END TEXT: "channels that Kahne et al. (2014) see as integral "
9781479899982 - page_159: "START TEXT: to participatory politics. In Democracy Remixed, w" ******* END TEXT: "es about what it means to be Muslim and American.\n"
9781479899982 - page_160: "START TEXT: To be clear, in addition to a large number of Isla" ******* END TEXT: "to be drifting away from brick-and-mortar Islamic "
9781479899982 - page_161: "START TEXT: centers. Imam Shamsi Ali asks: “Where is the young" ******* END TEXT: " Muslim issues by posting content with a question "
9781479899982 - page_162: "START TEXT: like: “Hey, what do you guys think about this?” Ci" ******* END TEXT: "topics that require urgent attention (104). Young "
9781479899982 - page_163: "START TEXT: American Muslims’ ongoing use of new and social me" ******* END TEXT: "comes the life force of these new media networks.\n"
9781479899982 - page_164: "START TEXT: Storytelling: Taking Control of the Narratives\nIn " ******* END TEXT: "ves] through various media platforms” (Brough and "
9781479899982 - page_165: "START TEXT: Shresthova 2012), are examples of an important mod" ******* END TEXT: "ltaneously within the Muslim and American spirit.\n"
9781479899982 - page_166: "START TEXT: While the stories that young American Muslims shar" ******* END TEXT: " subsumed within what Robert D. Benford and David "
9781479899982 - page_167: "START TEXT: A. Snow (2000) characterize as discussions of “fra" ******* END TEXT: "correctness of their fictional actions. (200–201)\n"
9781479899982 - page_168: "START TEXT: Johanna Blakley and Sheena Nahm (2011), two resear" ******* END TEXT: " Like?” centered on a photo station placed at the "
9781479899982 - page_169: "START TEXT: Islamic Society of North America (ISNA) annual con" ******* END TEXT: "ocal events at which participants shared personal "
9781479899982 - page_170: "START TEXT: stories. In 2011, the project’s organizers embrace" ******* END TEXT: "thousands of hits, but American Muslim youth were "
9781479899982 - page_171: "START TEXT: contributing their own photos from around the coun" ******* END TEXT: "their lethal craft.” Similar statements were made "
9781479899982 - page_172: "START TEXT: during a debate—“Mining Online for What May Have R" ******* END TEXT: "n the conversation she had with Shresthova turned "
9781479899982 - page_173: "START TEXT: to concerns about civil liberties and privacy. She" ******* END TEXT: "easily online exchanges could be used against the "
9781479899982 - page_174: "START TEXT: protesters: “They had every email from the MSU, ev" ******* END TEXT: "ress their often controversial perspectives. Many "
9781479899982 - page_175: "START TEXT: worried more about hostile “peer” audiences and “s" ******* END TEXT: "ed. I do in fact hate Islam. It is a death cult.”\n"
9781479899982 - page_176: "START TEXT: As discussed earlier, new and social media provide" ******* END TEXT: "ers” Facebook page dedicated to disparaging them. "
9781479899982 - page_177: "START TEXT: The page featured photographs that the sisters had" ******* END TEXT: "s to be smarter about how you frame that content.\n"
9781479899982 - page_178: "START TEXT: In explaining how he thinks about surveillance, Al" ******* END TEXT: "tween 2005 and 2011, the group toured extensively "
9781479899982 - page_179: "START TEXT: in the United States and abroad, and was, at one p" ******* END TEXT: "en space for critique and reflection, one that is "
9781479899982 - page_180: "START TEXT: rare in many societies” (11). They quote from the " ******* END TEXT: " stacked against the specific minority community.\n"
9781479899982 - page_181: "START TEXT: Our research suggests that post-9/11 American Musl" ******* END TEXT: "beings.… GREAT VIDEO!!” For others, the “Un-Aired "
9781479899982 - page_182: "START TEXT: Lowe’s Commercial” signaled more serious concerns." ******* END TEXT: "ings of Jihad:\n\nTweets from Hijabi Girl and Hend.\n"
9781479899982 - page_183: "START TEXT: At last count, Hijabi Girl’s one-liner had been re" ******* END TEXT: "their stories and challenge existing stereotypes, "
9781479899982 - page_184: "START TEXT: they have turned to new media platforms and practi" ******* END TEXT: "surveillance, and leveraging humor become crucial "
9781479899982 - page_185: "START TEXT: practices for an emergent American Muslim counterp" ******* END TEXT: "nces of social media and participatory culture.\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_186: "START TEXT: 5\nDREAMing Citizenship\nUndocumented Youth, Coming " ******* END TEXT: " Shadows Week campaign in 2011, a youth-organized "
9781479899982 - page_187: "START TEXT: event in which undocumented youth and their allies" ******* END TEXT: "ally marginalized groups to enact citizenship and "
9781479899982 - page_188: "START TEXT: become politically engaged. The case of the DREAMe" ******* END TEXT: "nited States in 2008 and that Latinos represented "
9781479899982 - page_189: "START TEXT: 78 percent of this population. All but three of th" ******* END TEXT: "ainst discriminatory educational practices in the "
9781479899982 - page_190: "START TEXT: Los Angeles Unified School District. Seven hundred" ******* END TEXT: "hold on the civic imaginations of many Americans.\n"
9781479899982 - page_191: "START TEXT: The emergence of the DREAM movement is particularl" ******* END TEXT: "cial acculturation, they are continuously evading "
9781479899982 - page_192: "START TEXT: workplace and apartment raids by authorities, chal" ******* END TEXT: " low-income communities. On the other hand, there "
9781479899982 - page_193: "START TEXT: is growing evidence that members of marginalized c" ******* END TEXT: "nt identity, particularly through storytelling in "
9781479899982 - page_194: "START TEXT: coming out videos as well as other kinds of testim" ******* END TEXT: "here as opposed to folks who are in the Midwest or"
9781479899982 - page_195: "START TEXT: ganizing what’s a completely different set of issu" ******* END TEXT: "d a section titled “Our Stories” where youth were "
9781479899982 - page_196: "START TEXT: asked to come out as undocumented. Around the same" ******* END TEXT: " well beyond LGBTQ movements, with members of the "
9781479899982 - page_197: "START TEXT: fat acceptance and disability rights movements als" ******* END TEXT: "ed United We Dream network, launched the “No More "
9781479899982 - page_198: "START TEXT: Closets” campaign in 2013, which urged undocumente" ******* END TEXT: "ated via new media, serve four key functions with "
9781479899982 - page_199: "START TEXT: regard to participatory politics. These functions " ******* END TEXT: "EAMers want legal citizenship status because they "
9781479899982 - page_200: "START TEXT: feel like citizens on a cultural and emotional lev" ******* END TEXT: "e years it actually has been like one of the best "
9781479899982 - page_201: "START TEXT: things I’ve had and one of the best experiences I’" ******* END TEXT: "s (arrest, deportation, etc.). This is a contrast "
9781479899982 - page_202: "START TEXT: to the outlook of some of the Nerdfighters intervi" ******* END TEXT: " to come out. We have to come out of the shadows.\n"
9781479899982 - page_203: "START TEXT: Sharing stories through various social and digital" ******* END TEXT: "cifically calling them out by their usernames and "
9781479899982 - page_204: "START TEXT: implicitly referencing the networked online commun" ******* END TEXT: "the period when Zimmerman was conducting research "
9781479899982 - page_205: "START TEXT: for this case study have been taken down by users " ******* END TEXT: "ive efforts (the enactment of DACA, for example).\n"
9781479899982 - page_206: "START TEXT: Many DREAMers who uploaded their coming out storie" ******* END TEXT: " experience and collective identity in youth’s com"
9781479899982 - page_207: "START TEXT: ing out narratives resembles the testimonio (testi" ******* END TEXT: "tutionalized politics. One interview participant, "
9781479899982 - page_208: "START TEXT: Nathan, explained how the personal, affective work" ******* END TEXT: "e country. He later formed a media-centered youth "
9781479899982 - page_209: "START TEXT: collective, Dreamers Adrift, which uses digital me" ******* END TEXT: "ar Senators: DREAM Act 2011,” by Dreamers Adrift.\n"
9781479899982 - page_210: "START TEXT: Julio’s story demonstrates how undocumented youth " ******* END TEXT: "rness of their lack of support for the DREAM Act.\n"
9781479899982 - page_211: "START TEXT: Such representations have been important for creat" ******* END TEXT: "ctivist, noted, “Anyone can post on Facebook. The "
9781479899982 - page_212: "START TEXT: key is to have a strategy.” Asked to elaborate, sh" ******* END TEXT: "s now perceived as an organization with a constitu"
9781479899982 - page_213: "START TEXT: ency for whom it “spoke.” One of its founders, Kem" ******* END TEXT: "nto different modes of activism, including public "
9781479899982 - page_214: "START TEXT: protest and civil disobedience. Transmedia mobiliz" ******* END TEXT: "ovide alternative entry points for youth who other"
9781479899982 - page_215: "START TEXT: wise would not have the opportunity to be “active”" ******* END TEXT: "urity, deportation of immigrants continues. As of "
9781479899982 - page_216: "START TEXT: June 2015, pundits were proclaiming that immigrati" ******* END TEXT: "-shirts, buttons, and other garments that declare "
9781479899982 - page_217: "START TEXT: their status, especially when they anticipate gett" ******* END TEXT: "15 years as an undocumented immigrant in the U.S. "
9781479899982 - page_218: "START TEXT: and returned to Mexico to be reunited with them. S" ******* END TEXT: "political participation and electoral politics.\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_219: "START TEXT: 6\nBypassing the Ballot Box\nHow Libertarian Youth A" ******* END TEXT: "tarians, who seek to effect social change through "
9781479899982 - page_220: "START TEXT: educational and discursive means rather than elect" ******* END TEXT: "ous consideration. It is one of the indispensable "
9781479899982 - page_221: "START TEXT: guides to an understanding of the structure of soc" ******* END TEXT: "ianism, we can also see the growing importance of "
9781479899982 - page_222: "START TEXT: participatory politics in this age of “digital civ" ******* END TEXT: "ir increasing efforts to gain distance from them.\n"
9781479899982 - page_223: "START TEXT: Later in this chapter, we will explain young liber" ******* END TEXT: " Liberty embraces the diversity of justifications "
9781479899982 - page_224: "START TEXT: for liberty and encourages debate and discourse on" ******* END TEXT: "ctra, a popular video artist within the movement.\n"
9781479899982 - page_225: "START TEXT: On “Hearting Hayek”: Libertarians, Fandom and Part" ******* END TEXT: "ists dueling for intellectual supremacy. \n\nOn the "
9781479899982 - page_226: "START TEXT: DIY side, there are the much less polished videos " ******* END TEXT: "vely seek out more work by their favorite authors "
9781479899982 - page_227: "START TEXT: and build strong emotional relationships with it. " ******* END TEXT: "as much as we love Ayn Rand, she’s not our saint.\n"
9781479899982 - page_228: "START TEXT: When his interviewer expressed surprise at this me" ******* END TEXT: "rianism in ways that are comprehensible, current, "
9781479899982 - page_229: "START TEXT: and fun. Dorian Electra described her desire to ma" ******* END TEXT: "$t Ca$h” promo image, courtesy of Dorian Electra.\n"
9781479899982 - page_230: "START TEXT: The creative productions of young artists/theory f" ******* END TEXT: "and shaping the tastes of its participants—who con"
9781479899982 - page_231: "START TEXT: sistently characterize themselves as a far cry fro" ******* END TEXT: "people. The question is worthwhile, and answering "
9781479899982 - page_232: "START TEXT: it requires us to consider the hybrid forms that a" ******* END TEXT: "vative students benefit from the resources of the "
9781479899982 - page_233: "START TEXT: Young America’s Foundation, the Leadership Institu" ******* END TEXT: "ted me saying that they really loved my stuff and "
9781479899982 - page_234: "START TEXT: they wanted to support me however they could. They" ******* END TEXT: "streams, SFL characterizes itself as a grassroots "
9781479899982 - page_235: "START TEXT: network that developed organically after a 2008 ro" ******* END TEXT: "the institutional support the group has received.\n"
9781479899982 - page_236: "START TEXT: Students for Liberty is in no sense a stealth orga" ******* END TEXT: "articipatory politics as “interactive, peer-based "
9781479899982 - page_237: "START TEXT: acts through which individuals and groups seek to " ******* END TEXT: "ierarchical institutions and structures of power:\n"
9781479899982 - page_238: "START TEXT: These practices are focused on expression and are " ******* END TEXT: "rassroots decision making dominates participatory "
9781479899982 - page_239: "START TEXT: politics, while more powerful and elite agents pla" ******* END TEXT: ":\n\nMeme circulated in libertarian Facebook group.\n"
9781479899982 - page_240: "START TEXT: And there was this meme of actor/comedian Drew Car" ******* END TEXT: ":\n\nMeme circulated in libertarian Facebook group.\n"
9781479899982 - page_241: "START TEXT: While this image, which suggests that the two majo" ******* END TEXT: "alternative mechanisms, namely educational means.\n"
9781479899982 - page_242: "START TEXT: Charles, 25, explained, “What really matters in te" ******* END TEXT: ") have also noted among young Americans a decline "
9781479899982 - page_243: "START TEXT: in other types of activities related to public lif" ******* END TEXT: "o-party system. Rather than taking up the task of "
9781479899982 - page_244: "START TEXT: fixing an impossibly corrupt system, McCobin and m" ******* END TEXT: " scientists, also supports a nonvoting stance and "
9781479899982 - page_245: "START TEXT: is identified by many young libertarians as an inf" ******* END TEXT: "ws of electoral politics and their conceptions of "
9781479899982 - page_246: "START TEXT: citizenship more broadly. As 24-year-old Rusty put" ******* END TEXT: "body of literature (Norris 1999; Lichterman 1995, "
9781479899982 - page_247: "START TEXT: 1996; Youniss et al. 2002; Juris and Pleyers 2009;" ******* END TEXT: "terview: “I think I view kind of civic engagement "
9781479899982 - page_248: "START TEXT: and my role in it as more community engagement. So" ******* END TEXT: " expand notions of citizenship through discursive "
9781479899982 - page_249: "START TEXT: change, young libertarians even built bridges with" ******* END TEXT: "reside within the larger institutions of MPAC and "
9781479899982 - page_250: "START TEXT: ICSC respectively. Along with the benefits of such" ******* END TEXT: "as a dead end or time suck and seeking to promote "
9781479899982 - page_251: "START TEXT: change through other means. Still, we argue that p" ******* END TEXT: "stitute analyst who knows both Pauls. “Unlike his "
9781479899982 - page_252: "START TEXT: father, he’s not interested in educating,” said Sa" ******* END TEXT: "d reshape institutional politics as we know it.\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_253: "START TEXT: 7\n“It’s Called Giving a Shit!”\nWhat Counts as “Pol" ******* END TEXT: "rked away from claiming their work is political.”\n"
9781479899982 - page_254: "START TEXT: “Why is activism considered a dirty word?” another" ******* END TEXT: "ed to be in place to enable such transformations.\n"
9781479899982 - page_255: "START TEXT: Some of the groups’ activities can be described as" ******* END TEXT: "olitics (as in the case of Students for Liberty). "
9781479899982 - page_256: "START TEXT: We could have pushed further to consider, for exam" ******* END TEXT: "identities of citizenship, and the foundations of "
9781479899982 - page_257: "START TEXT: civic agency, are embedded” (106). Civic cultures " ******* END TEXT: "ld.” The groups we have discussed often display a "
9781479899982 - page_258: "START TEXT: complex blending between interest-driven and frien" ******* END TEXT: "range of backgrounds, as Madison’s Capitol Square "
9781479899982 - page_259: "START TEXT: filled with local teachers, graduate students, sen" ******* END TEXT: "the removal of an unpopular governor from office) "
9781479899982 - page_260: "START TEXT: were expressed through a shared language drawn fro" ******* END TEXT: "stical modes, from traditional forms of political "
9781479899982 - page_261: "START TEXT: education to a style of politics that borrows heav" ******* END TEXT: "ic resources, new modes of communication, and new "
9781479899982 - page_262: "START TEXT: rhetorical practices are changing political speech" ******* END TEXT: "ain Chick-fil-A for its owner’s support of homopho"
9781479899982 - page_263: "START TEXT: bic organizations. Signorile argues that the campa" ******* END TEXT: "ed the useful skills she picked up along the way:\n"
9781479899982 - page_264: "START TEXT: As a teenager I was heavily involved in the Boston" ******* END TEXT: " seeking to change the ways American Muslims were "
9781479899982 - page_265: "START TEXT: perceived. The focus on Ramadan addressed the when" ******* END TEXT: "ess. Members of the University of Chicago’s Black "
9781479899982 - page_266: "START TEXT: Youth Project are dedicated to mobilizing communit" ******* END TEXT: " as we’ve seen, dwarfed hit television series and "
9781479899982 - page_267: "START TEXT: Hollywood blockbusters. This extraordinary example" ******* END TEXT: "uently, the student ran a persistent social media "
9781479899982 - page_268: "START TEXT: campaign seeking to get Ramirez removed from offic" ******* END TEXT: " of expressive politics with traditional kinds of "
9781479899982 - page_269: "START TEXT: street protest—again, change by any means or media" ******* END TEXT: "h their study of Invisible Children and the Harry "
9781479899982 - page_270: "START TEXT: Potter Alliance: “shared media experiences” (or wh" ******* END TEXT: "ry’s name.” Throughout this campaign, HPA members "
9781479899982 - page_271: "START TEXT: confronted conflicted loyalties, a tension that al" ******* END TEXT: "identities around materials borrowed from popular "
9781479899982 - page_272: "START TEXT: culture, in part because they wanted to forge stro" ******* END TEXT: "ticipation, how interactions with others actually "
9781479899982 - page_273: "START TEXT: serves to support (or not) participatory activitie" ******* END TEXT: "g discomfort and disagreement in spaces where one "
9781479899982 - page_274: "START TEXT: seeks friendship and fellowship. These stakes are " ******* END TEXT: "tions should be taken. This consensus orientation "
9781479899982 - page_275: "START TEXT: may account for why many IC supporters were ill pr" ******* END TEXT: "not getting me to LeakyCon. But it turns out that "
9781479899982 - page_276: "START TEXT: it is kinda the same thing. People’s willingness t" ******* END TEXT: "rth. The kinds of networked publics we are describ"
9781479899982 - page_277: "START TEXT: ing are often themselves precarious but individual" ******* END TEXT: " heard by democratic institutions—and many others "
9781479899982 - page_278: "START TEXT: may be effectively so, as attempts to restrict vot" ******* END TEXT: " threaten more participatory political practices.\n"
9781479899982 - page_279: "START TEXT: Given the general disillusionment with government " ******* END TEXT: " see Cochran 2012). Such videos attract attention "
9781479899982 - page_280: "START TEXT: through their unconventional representations of th" ******* END TEXT: "rly, actions and issues relevant to one community "
9781479899982 - page_281: "START TEXT: may not resonate with the same urgency in another." ******* END TEXT: " believe that all humans no matter where you come "
9781479899982 - page_282: "START TEXT: from, no matter what you look like, no matter what" ******* END TEXT: "to mustering the courage to get involved with IC:\n"
9781479899982 - page_283: "START TEXT: In August 2010, right before starting my senior ye" ******* END TEXT: "nding of what constitutes participatory politics.\n"
9781479899982 - page_284: "START TEXT: Is Everybody Happy?\nOne example of the need for su" ******* END TEXT: "e woman. Beijing is happy, but profoundly crowded "
9781479899982 - page_285: "START TEXT: and hazy—intentionally or not, the video is a stat" ******* END TEXT: "phy as a crucial dimension for understanding when "
9781479899982 - page_286: "START TEXT: and how participatory culture becomes participator" ******* END TEXT: "ases, they are localizing genres of participation "
9781479899982 - page_287: "START TEXT: from elsewhere—again, the “Happy” phenomenon, but " ******* END TEXT: "aph machines you just turned and turned. You have "
9781479899982 - page_288: "START TEXT: an obligation, your generation, young people, have" ******* END TEXT: "oncluded, “I think there are people today who get "
9781479899982 - page_289: "START TEXT: involved but they do not believe in the political " ******* END TEXT: "eeking political change by any media necessary.\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_ii: "START TEXT: CONNECTED YOUTH AND DIGITAL FUTURES\nSeries Editor:" ******* END TEXT: " Neta Kligler-Vilenchik, and Arely M. Zimmerman\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_v: "START TEXT: Contents\nAcknowledgments\n1  Youth Voice, Media, an" ******* END TEXT: "Soep\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex\nAbout the Authors\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_iv: "START TEXT: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS\nNew York\nwww.nyupress.or" ******* END TEXT: "10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\nAlso available as an ebook\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_i: "START TEXT: By Any Media Necessary\n\n\n" ******* END TEXT: "By Any Media Necessary\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_335: "START TEXT: Index\n#BlackLivesMatter, 6, 276\n#FreeHappyIranians" ******* END TEXT: ", Lisa Garcia, 208\nBell, Kristen, 80, 96, 128–129\n"
9781479899982 - page_336: "START TEXT: Benford, Robert D., 166\nBennett, W. Lance, 9, 247," ******* END TEXT: "89\nThe Colbert Report, 113\nCollective action, 276\n"
9781479899982 - page_337: "START TEXT: Collins, Suzanne, 121, 136\nComic-Con, 85\n“Coming o" ******* END TEXT: "16; Dreamers Adrift, 209–210; Dream Team LA, 211; "
9781479899982 - page_338: "START TEXT: “My Name is Mohammad …” 186–188, 195, 203–204; Nat" ******* END TEXT: "g, 167, 193\nFrazier, Nancy, 157\nFree Software, 40\n"
9781479899982 - page_339: "START TEXT: Freedom Riders, 23, 89–90, 275\nFreedom Works, 232\n" ******* END TEXT: "9\nHogwarts at Ravelry, 50, 52\nHonesty Policy, 284\n"
9781479899982 - page_340: "START TEXT: Hoppe, Hans-Hermann, 226\nHotmail, 178\nHowe, Neil, " ******* END TEXT: ", 294\nKennedy, Robert F., 287\nKhalid, Wardah, 175\n"
9781479899982 - page_341: "START TEXT: Khalifa, Wiz, 226\nKhan, Lena, 181\nKibria, Nazli, 1" ******* END TEXT: "ight Wing Radio Duck,” 22–23\nMcKee, Alan, 226–227\n"
9781479899982 - page_342: "START TEXT: Measuring success, 103–104\nMechanisms of translati" ******* END TEXT: "tivism, 274\nO’Reilly, Bill, 23\nOren, Michael, 173\n"
9781479899982 - page_343: "START TEXT: Orientalism, 167\nOrlikowski, Wanda, 264\nOxFam, 121" ******* END TEXT: "227–228\nRang De Basanti, 286\nReciprocity, 52, 203\n"
9781479899982 - page_344: "START TEXT: Remix, 22, 98\nRepublican Party, 247, 251, 280\nReso" ******* END TEXT: "0, 165–172, 184, 193–194, 203, 207, 263, 302, 304\n"
9781479899982 - page_345: "START TEXT: Strategic nonvoters, 58, 239–243\nStrauss, William," ******* END TEXT: "rt, 114, 157\nWard, Anna, 197\nWarner, Michael, 157\n"
9781479899982 - page_346: "START TEXT: Warner Brothers (Warner Communications), 116, 125," ******* END TEXT: "1–242, 245\nZukin, Cliff, 242–243, 254, 284, 285\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_309: "START TEXT: Notes\nChapter 1. Youth Voice, Media, and Political" ******* END TEXT: "l of viral distribution in their book, Spreadable "
9781479899982 - page_310: "START TEXT: Media, and we remain somewhat uncomfortable with t" ******* END TEXT: "with the neoliberalism of the 1980s and beyond.\n\n\n"
9781479899982 - page_iii: "START TEXT: By Any Media Necessary\nThe New Youth Activism\nHenr" ******* END TEXT: "sabeth Soep\n\nNEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS\nNew York\n\n\n"